PMID- 18895568 TI - Head and facial pains associated with disturbances of the temporomandibular joints. PMID- 18895569 TI - Second annual progress report on fluoride investigations. PMID- 18895570 TI - The Veterans Administration program. PMID- 18895571 TI - OSTEOMYELITIS of torus palatinus. PMID- 18895572 TI - FACIAL pains and temporomandibular joint disfunction. PMID- 18895574 TI - Anatomic structures which limit the borders of artificial dentures. PMID- 18895573 TI - Fibrous and granulomatous lesions of the jaws. PMID- 18895575 TI - Responsibility of the dentist in cancer control. PMID- 18895576 TI - The value and progress of dental departments in mental hospitals. PMID- 18895577 TI - The Council on Dental Health. PMID- 18895578 TI - EIGHT supernumerary bicuspids. PMID- 18895580 TI - CONSERVATIVE management of radicular cyst. PMID- 18895579 TI - NASOPALATINE cyst. PMID- 18895581 TI - Vitamin problems in oral pathology. PMID- 18895582 TI - Some facts concerning Vincent's infection. PMID- 18895583 TI - Analgesia. PMID- 18895584 TI - Our opportunities to improve dental public relations. PMID- 18895585 TI - Present status of preventive procedures. PMID- 18895586 TI - Traumatic injuries to children's teeth. PMID- 18895587 TI - Dental programs at Harvard and Columbia. PMID- 18895589 TI - Analgesia for operative dentistry. PMID- 18895588 TI - Selection of posterior teeth in complete denture prosthesis. PMID- 18895590 TI - Dental health programs in New York State with special emphasis on the dental hygiene teacher program. PMID- 18895591 TI - A papilloma overlying a mucous cyst. PMID- 18895592 TI - Correction of occlusal disharmony of the natural dentition. PMID- 18895593 TI - Prescriptions for inhibiting dental caries. PMID- 18895594 TI - National legislative proposals for financing dental care. PMID- 18895595 TI - CARCINOMA of the antrum. PMID- 18895596 TI - GIANT cell tumor. PMID- 18895597 TI - Practical measures for reducing the incidence of dental decay. PMID- 18895598 TI - Use of radioactive iodine as a tracer in the study of the physiology of teeth. PMID- 18895599 TI - Ability to pay for dental services. PMID- 18895600 TI - Dental health programs in New York State. PMID- 18895601 TI - SUPERNUMERARY biscuspids. PMID- 18895603 TI - Technique of impregnation for caries prophylaxis. PMID- 18895602 TI - Chemotherapy and the antibiotics. PMID- 18895604 TI - The dentist and malpractice. PMID- 18895605 TI - Case report; ocular disturbance and sore throat from impacted molar. PMID- 18895606 TI - Aesthetics and acrylic resins. PMID- 18895607 TI - A system of periodontal treatment for the general practitioner. PMID- 18895608 TI - Some aspects of general anaesthesia in oral surgery. PMID- 18895609 TI - The dawn of surgery. PMID- 18895610 TI - Anoci-association in general practice. PMID- 18895611 TI - Technique of impregnation for caries prophylaxis. PMID- 18895612 TI - Histoplasmosis; cutaneous and mucomembranous lesions, mycologic and pathologic observations. PMID- 18895613 TI - Poikiloderma vasculare atrophicans; report of a case with observations at autopsy. PMID- 18895614 TI - Simple plastic mount for permanent preservation of fungi and small arthropods. PMID- 18895615 TI - Acrodermatitis pustulosa perstans (so-called pustular psoriasis). PMID- 18895616 TI - Ninth day erythema showing photosensitivity. PMID- 18895617 TI - Studies on sensitivity to sulfonamide ointments. PMID- 18895618 TI - Suppurative ringworm contracted from cattle. PMID- 18895619 TI - Acquired loose skin (chalazoderma) report of a case. PMID- 18895620 TI - Allergic contact dermatitis due to wool fat and cholesterol. PMID- 18895621 TI - Cutaneous testing in a case of exfoliative dermatitis caused by penicillin. PMID- 18895622 TI - Granular cell myoblastoma; report of two cases. PMID- 18895623 TI - Chemistry of palmar sweat; reducing substances (glucose). PMID- 18895624 TI - Chemistry of palmar sweat; urea. PMID- 18895625 TI - Extensive Trichophyton purpureum infection, with nevoid anomaly of the skin; report of a case, together with mycologic and physiologic studies. PMID- 18895626 TI - Kaposi's varicelliform eruption; isolation of the virus of herpes simplex from the cutaneous lesions of three adults and one infant. PMID- 18895627 TI - Ascorbic acid in the treatment and prevention of poison oak dermatitis. PMID- 18895628 TI - Tropical lichenoid dermatitis. PMID- 18895629 TI - Sulfonemide sensitivity and prophylaxis against venereal disease. PMID- 18895630 TI - Treatment of scabies with DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane). PMID- 18895631 TI - Improvements in the paraffin method. PMID- 18895632 TI - The stability of so-called axonal acid phosphatase as determined by experiments in its stainability. PMID- 18895633 TI - Differential staining of tissue in the block with picric acid and the Feulgen reaction. PMID- 18895634 TI - Some oil soluble dyes which stain suberized deposits in orange vesicles. PMID- 18895635 TI - Phloxine as an histologic stain, especially in combination with hematoxylin. PMID- 18895636 TI - Chlorazol paper brown B as a stain for plant tissues. PMID- 18895637 TI - A simple method for squashing and mounting preparations after any stain. PMID- 18895638 TI - The nutritional role of lipotropic factors. PMID- 18895639 TI - Nutrition and health. PMID- 18895640 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895641 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895642 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895643 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895644 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895645 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895647 TI - Lesions of the small intestines. PMID- 18895646 TI - The importance of the gastrointestinal tract in regulating the white corpuscles under physiological and pathological conditions. PMID- 18895648 TI - A case of gallstone ileus. PMID- 18895649 TI - The adrenal glands and the gastrointestinal tract. PMID- 18895650 TI - Scleroderma with gastrointestinal involvement. PMID- 18895651 TI - Preoperative preparation and postoperative care in anorectal operations. PMID- 18895652 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895653 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895654 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895655 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895656 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895657 TI - Attempts to produce deciduomata in the pregnant rat. PMID- 18895658 TI - Production of secondary deciduomata in the castrate and lactating rat. PMID- 18895659 TI - The quantitative recovery of synthetic estrogens from tissues of birds (Gallus domesticus) the response of the birds' testis, comb and epidermis to estrogen and of humans to ingestion of tissues from treated birds. PMID- 18895660 TI - The relation of thyroxine to total iodine in the thyroid gland. PMID- 18895661 TI - Effects of steriods on lactation. PMID- 18895662 TI - Influence of reproductive stage upon the fertility of gonadotrophin-treated female rabbits. PMID- 18895663 TI - Influence of progesterone upon the fertility of gonadotrophin-treated female rabbits. PMID- 18895664 TI - The determination of protein-bound blood estrogen. PMID- 18895665 TI - The effects of a large dose of para-amino-benzoic acid on the body and endocrine gland weights of rats; toxic manifestations. PMID- 18895666 TI - Threshold bleeding and the sex skin in the castrate female chimpanzee. PMID- 18895667 TI - Testis transplantation performed by John Hunter. PMID- 18895668 TI - Further observation on the thyroxine-like action of elemental iodine in the rat. PMID- 18895669 TI - Psychiatric study of William Heirens. PMID- 18895671 TI - Red hair and outlawry. PMID- 18895670 TI - The treatment of naval offenders, war and postwar. PMID- 18895672 TI - United States Army supervision of civil prisons in Bavaria. PMID- 18895673 TI - A university and law enforcement work together in the control of juvenile delinquency. PMID- 18895674 TI - Some observations on occupational markings. PMID- 18895675 TI - Dissemination of fingerprints before conviction as an invasion of the right of privacy. PMID- 18895677 TI - The divorce problem. PMID- 18895676 TI - Marriage and divorce in Iowa, 1940-47. PMID- 18895678 TI - Student views on mate selection. PMID- 18895679 TI - Home sex education and monogamy. PMID- 18895680 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895681 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895682 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895683 TI - Nutrition of the pregnant woman in relation to malformations of the new born. PMID- 18895684 TI - The importance of the Rh factor in midwifery. PMID- 18895685 TI - HOW can we combat food and drink infections? PMID- 18895686 TI - Hemophilia; a report of the mechanism of the development and action of an anticoagulant in two cases. PMID- 18895687 TI - Thrombocytic acroangiothrombosis (platelet thrombosis of the capillaries, arterioles, and venules). PMID- 18895688 TI - Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura; hemorrhagic diathesis with generalized platelet thromboses. PMID- 18895689 TI - Chemotherapy of multiple myeloma; the use of antimony; preliminary report. PMID- 18895690 TI - The influence of nitrogen mustard on mycosis fungoides; observations relating its effect to the reticulo-endothelial system. PMID- 18895691 TI - Lecithin and the erythrocyte factor in the blood sedimentation phenomenon. PMID- 18895692 TI - The coexistence of chronic leukemia and pregnancy. PMID- 18895693 TI - New forms of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. PMID- 18895695 TI - Etiological factors responsible for cornification of the base of the fourth cleft. PMID- 18895694 TI - The nails as an illustration of the principles of pathology. PMID- 18895696 TI - Hypoglycemia in bronchial asthma. PMID- 18895697 TI - The Hahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia, 1898-1948. PMID- 18895698 TI - Monckeberg's sclerosis; clinical case study. PMID- 18895699 TI - Use of the anti-histaminic drugs in the practice of oto-laryngology. PMID- 18895700 TI - Review of the nitrogen mustards. PMID- 18895701 TI - Sulphur 30. reproven; a new slant its repertorial values. PMID- 18895702 TI - Equisetum hyemale. PMID- 18895703 TI - Pareira brava, virgin vine. PMID- 18895704 TI - Nephroptosis. PMID- 18895705 TI - Homeopathic remedies in rheumatism. PMID- 18895706 TI - A study in degenerative diseases, including cancer. PMID- 18895707 TI - The management of tumors by the hospital team. PMID- 18895708 TI - A clinical and pathological study of pigmented tumors. PMID- 18895710 TI - The physiological system of the connective tissue. PMID- 18895709 TI - The effects of the atlas lesion; a preliminary report. PMID- 18895711 TI - Blood cultures in the diagnosis of brucellosis. PMID- 18895712 TI - Conjunctivitis. PMID- 18895713 TI - Osteopathic manipulative and sinus therapy in the treatment of myopia. PMID- 18895715 TI - Personal experiences with the fenestration operation. PMID- 18895714 TI - Cataract surgery. PMID- 18895716 TI - Simple trephining in acute frontal sinusitis. PMID- 18895717 TI - Earache. PMID- 18895718 TI - Is it sinus disease, allergy, or nasal disease? PMID- 18895720 TI - How Chicago hospitals are meeting problem of chronically ill. PMID- 18895719 TI - The topical use of antibiotics in surgical infections. PMID- 18895721 TI - The acute toxicity of ethylene imine to small animals. PMID- 18895722 TI - A comparison of acute toxicities of ethylene imine and ammonia to mice. PMID- 18895724 TI - Antimony trisulfide. PMID- 18895723 TI - Toxicological studies on laboratory animals of certain alkyldinitrophenols used in agriculture. PMID- 18895725 TI - Air contamination during machining of beryllium stainless steel. PMID- 18895726 TI - Proteinuria and kidney injury among workmen exposed to cadmium and nickel dust; preliminary report. PMID- 18895727 TI - Two outbreaks of carbon disulfide poisoning in rayon staple fiber plants in Poland. PMID- 18895728 TI - A study of the health hazards of the tobacco stemming and redrying industry. PMID- 18895729 TI - Tellurium; the toxicity of ingested tellurium dioxide for rats. PMID- 18895730 TI - The determination of lead in freshly voided urine; a rapid screening test. PMID- 18895731 TI - Further experience with the range finding test in the industrial toxicology laboratory. PMID- 18895732 TI - Working conditions of private duty and staff nurses. PMID- 18895733 TI - WORK injuries in manufacturing, second quarter of 1947. PMID- 18895734 TI - College freshmen norms for the Kuder preference record. PMID- 18895735 TI - New developments in clerical testing. PMID- 18895736 TI - Psychologists in industry. PMID- 18895737 TI - Some factors influencing the rate of metabolism of ethyl alcohol. PMID- 18895738 TI - The drinking driver; problems of enforcement. PMID- 18895739 TI - Attitudes and experiences of American-Jewish and American-Irish male youth as related to differences in adult rates of inebriety. PMID- 18895740 TI - The mobilization of community resources for the attack on alcoholism. PMID- 18895741 TI - ALCOHOLISM, an occupational disease of seamen; approaches to a solution of the problem in the Port of New York. PMID- 18895742 TI - The influence of biotin deficiency on the course of infection with Trypanosoma lewisi in the albino rat. PMID- 18895743 TI - Studies on hemoflagellates; the specificity of serological reactions of Leishmania donovani, L. brasiliensis, L. tropica, and Trypanosoma cruzi. PMID- 18895744 TI - The effect of penicillin on growth and toxin production by enterotoxic staphylococci. PMID- 18895745 TI - Distribution of a rodent-adapted strain of poliomyelitis virus in the cotton rat. PMID- 18895746 TI - Skin reactions in sensitized, infected and normal rabbits with filarial and other nematode antigens. PMID- 18895747 TI - Studies on immunity to Asiatic cholera; the excretion of coproantibody in experimental enteric cholera in the guinea pig. PMID- 18895748 TI - Mechanisms of infection in rodent poliomyelitis in relation to age and portal of entry. PMID- 18895749 TI - Aerial mapping in malaria control. PMID- 18895750 TI - Potentialities of transportation of exotic anophelines by airplane. PMID- 18895751 TI - Transmission of Plasmodium gallinaceum by Anopheles quadrimaculatus. PMID- 18895752 TI - The metabolism of cinchonine in dogs and in man. PMID- 18895753 TI - IMMUNIZATION against pneumonia. PMID- 18895754 TI - A study of the metabolism in Addison's disease; on the metabolism of lipids, nitrogen, and minerals, and on the vitamin C household. PMID- 18895755 TI - The pathogenesis and different forms of jaundice. PMID- 18895756 TI - Arterial hypertension in a child cured by nephrectomy. PMID- 18895757 TI - The necessity and possibility of giving detoxified large oral doses of salicylates in the treatment of rheumatic fever in order to prevent or cure the inflammatory stage of carditis. PMID- 18895758 TI - Hyperostosis cranialis interna; the Morgagni and Stewart-Morel syndromes; examination of females suffering from diabetes mellitus and other endocrine disorders as well as female epileptics. PMID- 18895759 TI - The treatment of post-diphtheritic polyneuritis with vitamin B. PMID- 18895760 TI - Examination of diodrast clearance and tubular excretory capacity in man by means of two single injections of diodrast (umbradil). PMID- 18895761 TI - Boeck's sarcoid with erythema nodosum as an initial symptom; report of a case. PMID- 18895763 TI - A concept of renal thresholds. PMID- 18895762 TI - On the pathophysiological and clinical aspects of the crises of asthma bronchiale; the pulmonary ventilation, oxygen uptake and blood pressure. PMID- 18895764 TI - Bilateral pneumothorax in cases of diphtheria in which tracheotomy was performed. PMID- 18895765 TI - Malaria tertiana and renal injury. PMID- 18895766 TI - Sickle cell disease; circulatory stasis to small blood vessels. PMID- 18895767 TI - On the secretion of gastric juice in recovery after pernicious bothriocephalus anemia. PMID- 18895768 TI - On the pathophysiological and clinical aspects of the crises of asthma bronchiale; effects of the crises on the body temperature. PMID- 18895770 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895769 TI - Pancreatic disease combined with vitamin-K-refractory hypoprothrombinemia. PMID- 18895771 TI - Tannin internally for intestinal allergy. PMID- 18895772 TI - Diphyllobothrium latum and pernicious anemia; does feeding of Diphyllobothrium latum influence the interaction between the intrinsic and the extrinsic factors of Castle? PMID- 18895773 TI - The significance of the speed of injection for the therapeutic effect of K strophanthin. PMID- 18895774 TI - Raynaud's syndrome originating from reversible precipitation of protein. PMID- 18895775 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895776 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895777 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895778 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895779 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895780 TI - Diseases of the veins in middle and old age. PMID- 18895781 TI - The dysenteries. PMID- 18895782 TI - Syphilitic cardiovascular disease; an analysis of 59 cases of aortic aneurysm and a review of modern concepts of treatment. PMID- 18895783 TI - Comments on hypoparathyroidism and cataract formation. PMID- 18895784 TI - Diagnostic aspects of subdural hematoma. PMID- 18895785 TI - Treatment of lipoid nephrosis. PMID- 18895786 TI - Review of a minor epidemic of ringworm of the scalp. PMID- 18895787 TI - Ulcerative colitis. PMID- 18895788 TI - The general care of cardiac patients. PMID- 18895789 TI - Management of the nephrotic syndrome. PMID- 18895790 TI - The early manifestations of multiple sclerosis. PMID- 18895791 TI - Two cases of foreign bodies in the bladder and urethra. PMID- 18895792 TI - Erythema nodosum. PMID- 18895793 TI - Cooley's anemia. PMID- 18895794 TI - Argyria. PMID- 18895796 TI - Contact lenses. PMID- 18895795 TI - Coronary artery heart disease. PMID- 18895797 TI - Common inflammatory dermatologic diseases of the feet. PMID- 18895798 TI - Priapism, its etiology and pathogenicity; presentation of a case associated with left ureteral calculus. PMID- 18895799 TI - Psychodynamic concepts in psychomatic medicine. PMID- 18895800 TI - BENIGN spontaneous pneumothorax. PMID- 18895801 TI - The TREATMENT of leukemia. PMID- 18895802 TI - Allergy in general practice. PMID- 18895803 TI - Plastic surgical principles in everyday practice. PMID- 18895804 TI - The plasma proteins. PMID- 18895805 TI - Abbreviated history of cancer. PMID- 18895806 TI - Incidence of certain diseases among the Navajos. PMID- 18895807 TI - Osteodystrophia fibrosa. PMID- 18895808 TI - Surgery in congenital malformations of the heart and great vessels. PMID- 18895810 TI - Acute infections of the skin. PMID- 18895809 TI - Virus hepatitis. PMID- 18895811 TI - The effect of time of heating sera at 56 degrees C. upon the Kline test. PMID- 18895812 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895813 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895814 TI - Experimental investigation of parodontal disease; further clinical studies of sugar-cane gnawing in treatment of gingival disease. PMID- 18895815 TI - Serological diagnosis of epidemic influenza by the complement-fixation reaction. PMID- 18895816 TI - The general practitioner and the in influenza problem. PMID- 18895817 TI - Amoebic abscess of the left buttock in a symptomless cyst carrier. PMID- 18895818 TI - A case of severe pre-eclamptic toxaemia with central placenta praevia. PMID- 18895819 TI - Abdominal implantation of fertilized ovum. PMID- 18895820 TI - A case of cerebellar tumour simulating pyloric obstruction. PMID- 18895821 TI - Erythroblastosis foetalis and breast-feeding. PMID- 18895822 TI - Student health and the B.M.S.A. PMID- 18895823 TI - Sudden death after intravenous injection of mercurial diuretic. PMID- 18895824 TI - Tetralogy of Fallot. PMID- 18895825 TI - Foreign body in the vagina. PMID- 18895826 TI - Alleviation of prickly heat. PMID- 18895827 TI - PROFFESSION and the National Health Service Act, 1946. PMID- 18895828 TI - Arabinosis, an exogenous macromolecular storage disease with a report of a case following the intravenous use of acacia in the treatment of the nephrotic syndrome. PMID- 18895829 TI - Metabolic factors in the morbidity of atherosclerosis. PMID- 18895830 TI - Uterine bleeding associated with uremia; report of two cases. PMID- 18895832 TI - Ambulatory treatment of psychiatric cases. PMID- 18895831 TI - Sulfadiazine injury to the kidney of a toxic type. PMID- 18895833 TI - An evaluation of the accuracy of cholecystography. PMID- 18895834 TI - Complete bilateral bony ankylosis of the tempero-mandibular joint; report of a case. PMID- 18895835 TI - Some aspects of the anatomy and function of the pituitary gland with especial reference to the neurohypophysis. PMID- 18895836 TI - Echinococcus cysts of the liver; report of two cases. PMID- 18895837 TI - Ligation of the splenic artery; progress report of case operated 34 years ago for Banti's disease with a discussion of present conditions. PMID- 18895838 TI - Arterial embolism. PMID- 18895839 TI - Feeding of the premature infant. PMID- 18895840 TI - Chest pain. PMID- 18895841 TI - A standard of excellence in child guidance. PMID- 18895842 TI - Nervous tension. PMID- 18895843 TI - Acute migratory non-suppurative thyroiditis. PMID- 18895844 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895845 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895846 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895847 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895848 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895849 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895850 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895851 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895852 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895853 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895854 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895855 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895856 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895857 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895859 TI - Seminal vesiculitis. PMID- 18895858 TI - STATE legislation on animal experimentation. PMID- 18895860 TI - Fluorescent microscopy of fluid movements in living tissue. PMID- 18895861 TI - Bronchoscopy in early diagnosis of lung carcinoma. PMID- 18895862 TI - Asthma and hay fever; a different concept. PMID- 18895863 TI - Some diagnostic points on hepatic disease. PMID- 18895864 TI - Sodium restriction in hypertension. PMID- 18895865 TI - A discussion of the treatment of functional dysmenorrhea and a hormal test for endometriosis. PMID- 18895866 TI - Industrial noise as it affects hearing. PMID- 18895867 TI - Oxidized cellulose in nasal and pharyngeal hemorrhages. PMID- 18895868 TI - Teratoma of the mediastinum; a case report. PMID- 18895869 TI - Psychiatry and the future of medicine. PMID- 18895870 TI - Intratracheal anesthesia; a review of postoperative course in 50 cases. PMID- 18895871 TI - Diagnosis of bulbar poliomyelitis. PMID- 18895872 TI - Diabetes mellitus and cirrhosis of the liver; a case report. PMID- 18895873 TI - Biliary surgery. PMID- 18895874 TI - Use of iso-par ointment in the treatment of otitis externa. PMID- 18895875 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895876 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895877 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895878 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895879 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895880 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895881 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895882 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895883 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895884 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895885 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895886 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895887 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895888 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895889 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895890 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895891 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895892 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895893 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895894 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895895 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895896 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895897 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895898 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895899 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895900 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895901 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895902 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895903 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895904 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895905 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895906 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895907 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895909 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895908 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895910 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895911 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895912 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895913 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895914 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895915 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895916 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895917 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895918 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895919 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895920 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895921 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895922 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895923 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895924 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895925 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895926 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895927 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895928 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895929 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895930 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895931 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895932 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895933 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895934 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895935 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895936 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895937 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895938 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895939 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895940 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895941 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895942 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895943 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895944 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895945 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895946 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895947 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895948 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895949 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895950 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895951 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895952 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895953 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895954 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895955 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895956 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895958 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895957 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895960 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895959 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895961 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895963 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895962 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895965 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895964 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895966 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895968 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895967 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895969 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895970 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895971 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895972 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895973 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895974 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895975 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895976 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895977 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895978 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895979 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895980 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895981 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895982 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895983 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895984 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895986 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895985 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895987 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895989 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895988 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895990 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895991 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895992 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895993 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18895995 TI - Leucoderma. PMID- 18895994 TI - Barbiturate poisoning. PMID- 18895996 TI - The effects of wars on the evolution of surgery. PMID- 18895997 TI - Short notes on a few sulphonamides based on personal experience. PMID- 18895998 TI - Truth drugs. PMID- 18895999 TI - Human genetics and medicine. PMID- 18896000 TI - Percussion of the sternum in the diagnosis of heart disease. PMID- 18896001 TI - Rationale of heparin in the treatment of thromboembolic disease. PMID- 18896002 TI - Iron deficiency. PMID- 18896003 TI - Antivivisectionism, a threat to medicine. PMID- 18896004 TI - The present status of industrial medicine. PMID- 18896005 TI - Emergencies of injuries of the chest. PMID- 18896006 TI - Abdominal injuries. PMID- 18896007 TI - Advances in head injuries. PMID- 18896008 TI - Emergency treatment of the injured extremity. PMID- 18896009 TI - Emergency surgery; general summary. PMID- 18896010 TI - The accident problem. PMID- 18896011 TI - Internal derangements of the knee. PMID- 18896012 TI - Skin problems of the aged (geriatrics). PMID- 18896013 TI - Use of BAL in lead poisoning; a preliminary report on one case. PMID- 18896014 TI - Elephant tusks, a source of human anthrax. PMID- 18896015 TI - Group tension. PMID- 18896016 TI - Physical medicine in everyday practice. PMID- 18896017 TI - Tropical medicine; the helminthes. PMID- 18896018 TI - Recent advances in the treatment of heart disease. PMID- 18896019 TI - Medical women in Germany. PMID- 18896020 TI - Medical education and medical licensure in Peru. PMID- 18896021 TI - Education for the professions. PMID- 18896022 TI - The health insurance plan of Greater New York. PMID- 18896024 TI - The law of agency in the practice of physical medicine; its educational implications. PMID- 18896023 TI - Anatomy in the changing medical world. PMID- 18896025 TI - Postgraduate courses for British doctors. PMID- 18896026 TI - How much time should be allotted to the teaching of health economics. PMID- 18896027 TI - The education of the doctor in social and moral responsibility. PMID- 18896028 TI - Central nervous system manifestations; report of a case with recovery. PMID- 18896029 TI - Bronchiectasis. PMID- 18896030 TI - Hepatic insufficiency in chronic ulcerative colitis; report of two cases. PMID- 18896031 TI - Coarctation of the aorta; report of three cases. PMID- 18896032 TI - Principles governing the choice and parenteral administration of fluids. PMID- 18896033 TI - Infantile cortical hyperostoses. PMID- 18896034 TI - Propyl thiouracil in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. PMID- 18896035 TI - One stage resection of the sigmoid colon with primary end-to-end anastomosis for malignancy; case report. PMID- 18896036 TI - Recent advances in ophthalmology. PMID- 18896037 TI - Tabes dorsalis with a Charcot fracture. PMID- 18896038 TI - Diverticulosis and diverticulitis of the colon. PMID- 18896039 TI - Sterility. PMID- 18896040 TI - Induction of labor, using the Voorhees bag. PMID- 18896041 TI - Traumatic diaphragmatic hernia. PMID- 18896042 TI - Eczema at the body openings. PMID- 18896043 TI - Silicosis. PMID- 18896044 TI - Differential diagnosis of anterior chest pain. PMID- 18896045 TI - The rational use of iron, folic acid and liver in anemia. PMID- 18896046 TI - Vaccinia involving the eyelid; report of case. PMID- 18896047 TI - Carbon monoxide. PMID- 18896048 TI - Status of subtilin and pyocyanine as antibiotics. PMID- 18896049 TI - Physical medicine in general practice. PMID- 18896050 TI - Fibromyxoma of the right thigh and mixed dermoid and serous cyst of the right ovary; report of a case. PMID- 18896051 TI - Infant cyanosis and nitrates. PMID- 18896052 TI - Spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage, diagnosis, management, and prognosis; presentation of two cases resembling Dietl's crisis and six fatal cases of ruptured intracranial aneurysm (two leutic). PMID- 18896053 TI - General principles underlying the X-ray diagnosis of mediastinal tumors. PMID- 18896054 TI - The use of dolophine (dimethylamino heptanone-methadon) in the control of pain in bone and joint disorders. PMID- 18896055 TI - Diabetes mellitus. PMID- 18896056 TI - Gastric cancer, a challenge to the medical profession. PMID- 18896057 TI - Recent advances in oto-laryngology. PMID- 18896058 TI - Recent advances in surgery with special reference to vagus nerve resection in the treatment of peptic ulcer. PMID- 18896059 TI - Industrial health problems in the South. PMID- 18896060 TI - Management of arterial emboli. PMID- 18896061 TI - School health service recommendations. PMID- 18896062 TI - The management of rectal prolapse. PMID- 18896063 TI - Observations in electric shock therapy. PMID- 18896064 TI - Resuscitation of the asphyxiated newborn infant. PMID- 18896065 TI - Practical aspects of psychosomatic medicine. PMID- 18896066 TI - Protruded intervertebral disc. PMID- 18896068 TI - Surgery in mental hospitals. PMID- 18896067 TI - Some visual defects and ocular diseases the general practitioner ought to know about. PMID- 18896069 TI - The treatment of burns. PMID- 18896070 TI - Symposium on plastic and reconstructive surgery. PMID- 18896071 TI - Scope of plastic surgery. PMID- 18896072 TI - Recent progress in plastic surgery. PMID- 18896073 TI - An overweight infant; case report. PMID- 18896074 TI - The health of authors. PMID- 18896075 TI - Prefrontal leucotomy and the depersonalization syndrome. PMID- 18896076 TI - Effect of stilboestrol on mouse tumours. PMID- 18896077 TI - Auscultation in acute abdominal disease. PMID- 18896078 TI - Rupture of rectus abdominis muscle during pregnancy; report of two cases. PMID- 18896079 TI - Fatal haemorrhage in aberrant lung tissue; report of a case. PMID- 18896080 TI - Retractor for operations on nucleus pulposus. PMID- 18896081 TI - Employment of tuberculous staff in a sanatorium. PMID- 18896082 TI - Present status of disc surgery. PMID- 18896083 TI - Treatment of boils. PMID- 18896084 TI - Amoebiasis in Ceylon. PMID- 18896085 TI - Gaucher's disease without splenomegaly. PMID- 18896086 TI - Treatment of tuberculosis with streptomycin and sulphetrone. PMID- 18896087 TI - Histology of typical lesions after streptomycin. PMID- 18896088 TI - Primary splenic abscess. PMID- 18896089 TI - Antithyroid activity of ergothioneine in man. PMID- 18896090 TI - Wernicke's encephalopathy simulating diabetic coma. PMID- 18896091 TI - Death from renal anoxia after myanesin anaesthesia. PMID- 18896092 TI - Bilateral zoster; report of a case. PMID- 18896093 TI - The effect of miracil D on human schistosomiasis. PMID- 18896094 TI - Diet and disease in the subarctic. PMID- 18896095 TI - Gastric cancer. PMID- 18896096 TI - Glandular enlargement of uncertain origin. PMID- 18896097 TI - Streaky blood films. PMID- 18896098 TI - Tuberculosis and the general practitioner. PMID- 18896099 TI - Pre-operative care; one phase of a total surgical plan. PMID- 18896100 TI - Perforated duodenal ulcer in an octogenarian. PMID- 18896101 TI - PRE-OPERATIVE care; anaesthetist's comments. PMID- 18896102 TI - Ruptured tubal pregnancy of long standing. PMID- 18896103 TI - Infection cycles in western equine and St. Louis encephalitis. PMID- 18896104 TI - Acute otitis media in scarlet fever. PMID- 18896105 TI - Diabetes in an infant. PMID- 18896107 TI - A case of jaundice with unusual features. PMID- 18896106 TI - Anuria following transurethral resection. PMID- 18896108 TI - Scoliosis; case presentation. PMID- 18896109 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896110 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896111 TI - The clinical significance of gas shadows in X-ray examinations of compound wounds. PMID- 18896112 TI - A clinical evaluation of the newer liver function tests. PMID- 18896113 TI - Unnecessary surgery. PMID- 18896114 TI - Extragenital chancre. PMID- 18896115 TI - Group psychotherapy; remarks on its basis and application. PMID- 18896116 TI - Adaptation of the newborn for normal behavior. PMID- 18896118 TI - Tomorrow's medical practice. PMID- 18896117 TI - The objectives of anesthesiology. PMID- 18896119 TI - Treatment for alcoholism in Washington and the Yale plan. PMID- 18896120 TI - What the courts call excessive fees. PMID- 18896121 TI - Cues for handling cancer patients. PMID- 18896122 TI - Medicine's prepay plans on upswing. PMID- 18896123 TI - FIFTY-seven prepay plans approved by medical societies. PMID- 18896125 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896124 TI - German health insurance seen as assembly-line medicine. PMID- 18896126 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896127 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896128 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896129 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896130 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896131 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896132 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896133 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896134 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896136 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896135 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896137 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896138 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896139 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896140 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896141 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896142 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896143 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896145 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896144 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896146 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896147 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896148 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896149 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896150 TI - Plantar warts in school children with special reference to treatment by curettage. PMID- 18896151 TI - The reinstatement of the family. PMID- 18896152 TI - The social implications of medico-psychological disorders. PMID- 18896153 TI - The family doctor and the new health service. PMID- 18896154 TI - Social work in V. D. centre. PMID- 18896156 TI - Meniere's disease. PMID- 18896155 TI - The importance of mental hygiene in preventive medicine. PMID- 18896157 TI - Indications for and against spiral analgesia and prevention and treatment of complications. PMID- 18896158 TI - Benign Cushing's syndrome and its treatment. PMID- 18896159 TI - Rehabilitation of the aged sick. PMID- 18896160 TI - The treatment of congenital talipes. PMID- 18896161 TI - Defective colour vision and its practical importance. PMID- 18896162 TI - The treatment of neurosyphilis. PMID- 18896164 TI - The management and treatment of haemophilia. PMID- 18896163 TI - Heart disease and pregnancy. PMID- 18896165 TI - The first principles of hospital planning. PMID- 18896166 TI - Polyarteritis (periarteritis) acuta nodosa. PMID- 18896167 TI - Urinary infection. PMID- 18896168 TI - The practice of modern surgical pathology or biopathology. PMID- 18896170 TI - The role of physical medicine in the general hospital. PMID- 18896169 TI - Fractured hips during the New Year's ice storm. PMID- 18896171 TI - Treatment of multiple sclerosis; preliminary report. PMID- 18896172 TI - The correction of protruding ears. PMID- 18896173 TI - Thyrotoxicosis with normal basal metabolic rate, normal cardiac rate, hyperglycemia and acidosis. PMID- 18896174 TI - Case histories of vitamin E therapy in heart disease. PMID- 18896175 TI - The bedpan. PMID- 18896176 TI - Penicillin-vasoconstrictor treatment of post-influenzal rhinitis and sequelae; results with three methods of administration. PMID- 18896177 TI - Psychiatry today. PMID- 18896178 TI - Hughlings Jackson and the thinking machine. PMID- 18896179 TI - Radiation treatment of infected or hypertrophied lymphoid tissue in the throat and nasopharynx. PMID- 18896180 TI - Recognition of nonopaque foreign bodies in the tracheobronchial tree; report of one case. PMID- 18896181 TI - The evolution of inguinal hernia surgery. PMID- 18896182 TI - ANEMIA, a review of its causes and therapy. PMID- 18896183 TI - A case of dyspepsia. PMID- 18896184 TI - Recent changes in the treatment of blood diseases. PMID- 18896185 TI - Minor surgery; wounds, burns and abrasions. PMID- 18896186 TI - Foreign bodies in Morgagnian crypts most likely causes of abscesses and fistulas. PMID- 18896187 TI - Metaphen and mercurochrome intravenously for sepsis. PMID- 18896188 TI - Histamine and anti-histamine products in the treatment of lower half headache. PMID- 18896189 TI - The removal of a parotid tumor by plastic technic. PMID- 18896190 TI - The influences of curare in surgical patients. PMID- 18896191 TI - Motion sickness and its relief. PMID- 18896192 TI - Sterility in women. PMID- 18896193 TI - Action of chemical reducing agents on the skin and errors in concept of allergy and dermatitis induced thereby. PMID- 18896194 TI - Current trends in medical rehabilitation. PMID- 18896195 TI - Are test tube babies legal? PMID- 18896196 TI - Early obstetrical experiences. PMID- 18896198 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896197 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896199 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896200 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896201 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896203 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896202 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896204 TI - Newer knowledge of the clinical value of complement fixation tests. PMID- 18896205 TI - Bronchial asthma and allergy. PMID- 18896206 TI - Renal carbuncle. PMID- 18896207 TI - A very early case of eclampsia. PMID- 18896208 TI - A large cyst of the tail of the pancreas. PMID- 18896209 TI - Orbital cellulitis followed by total blindness; a case report. PMID- 18896210 TI - Laennec's (portal) cirrhosis. PMID- 18896212 TI - The sick child in poliomyelitis. PMID- 18896211 TI - Epidemiology and recent developments in poliomyelitis. PMID- 18896213 TI - The treatment of the muscular aftereffects of poliomyelitis. PMID- 18896214 TI - Recent advances in the management of ear, nose and throat problems. PMID- 18896215 TI - Amebic abscess of the liver with bronchohepatic fistula; report of a case and discussion of emetine cardiotoxicity. PMID- 18896216 TI - Clinical use of folic acid. PMID- 18896218 TI - The surgical treatment of carcinoma of the right part of the colon. PMID- 18896217 TI - Carcinoma of the papilla of Vater. PMID- 18896219 TI - Management of large uterine myoma. PMID- 18896220 TI - The use of vioferm ointment in dermatology. PMID- 18896221 TI - The diagnosis and treatment of anemia. PMID- 18896222 TI - OCCUPATIONAL DERMATOSES. PMID- 18896223 TI - Amebic hepatitis and abscess. PMID- 18896224 TI - Circumvallate placenta. PMID- 18896225 TI - Chronic pneumonias. PMID- 18896227 TI - The chemotherapy of leprosy. PMID- 18896226 TI - Drug reactions and their treatment, with special reference to the use of BAL in heavy metal poisoning. PMID- 18896228 TI - Prostatic disease, with special reference to early diagnosis and treatment of carcinoma of the prostate. PMID- 18896229 TI - Forensic medicine. PMID- 18896230 TI - Voluntary prepaid medical care in metropolitan New York. PMID- 18896231 TI - Medical management of the postphlebitic lower limb. PMID- 18896232 TI - Medical care insurance in New York State. PMID- 18896233 TI - Problems encountered in the treatment of cutaneous cancer. PMID- 18896234 TI - Fifteen years of electrocardiographic exercise test in coronary stenosis. PMID- 18896235 TI - Cutaneous ulceration in organic central nervous disease; report of trophic ulcers in a case of postmeningitic myelitis and in a case of dermoid cyst of the spinal cord. PMID- 18896236 TI - The preparation of elderly patients for large-scale operations. PMID- 18896237 TI - Some observations on tumor of the acoustic nerve. PMID- 18896238 TI - The treatment of early syphilis with penicillin at Bellevue Hospital. PMID- 18896239 TI - Treatment of late acquired syphilis other than neurosyphilis. PMID- 18896240 TI - Treatment of neurosyphilis. PMID- 18896241 TI - The serologic tests in penicillin-treated syphilis. PMID- 18896242 TI - The value of symptoms and physical signs in the differential diagnosis of jaundice. PMID- 18896243 TI - Report of an itching dermatitis apparently due to schistosoma cercariae. PMID- 18896244 TI - Embolic occlusion of the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta. PMID- 18896246 TI - The management of difficult labor. PMID- 18896245 TI - Mixed empyema secondary to chronic paracholecystic abscess treated with streptomycin. PMID- 18896247 TI - The cancer potential in involuting organs. PMID- 18896248 TI - The treatment of certain serious infections in the newly-born infant. PMID- 18896249 TI - The management of Colles' fracture and its complications. PMID- 18896250 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896251 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896252 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896253 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896254 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896255 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896256 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896257 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896258 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896259 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896260 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896261 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896262 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896263 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896264 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896265 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896266 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896267 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896268 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896269 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896270 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896271 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896272 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896273 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896274 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896275 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896276 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896277 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896278 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896280 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896279 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896281 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896282 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896283 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896284 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896285 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896287 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896286 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896288 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896290 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896289 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896291 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896292 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896293 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896294 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896296 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896295 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896297 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896298 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896299 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896301 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896300 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896302 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896303 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896305 TI - Medical investigation of obscure and suspicious deaths in the interest of public safety. PMID- 18896304 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896306 TI - Nephrolithiasis. PMID- 18896307 TI - Management of ureteral calculi. PMID- 18896308 TI - Carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater. PMID- 18896309 TI - The surgical kidney in hypertension, with case report. PMID- 18896310 TI - Socialized medicine. PMID- 18896311 TI - Anticoagulant therapy in thrombosis and embolism. PMID- 18896312 TI - Pitfalls in spinal X-ray diagnosis. PMID- 18896314 TI - Leprosy, its detection and management. PMID- 18896315 TI - Cancer of the colon. PMID- 18896313 TI - Practical points in the diagnosis and treatment of actinomycosis and sporotrichosis. PMID- 18896316 TI - Differential diagnosis of subacute febrile arthritis. PMID- 18896317 TI - Biliary disease. PMID- 18896318 TI - Treatment of congestive heart failure. PMID- 18896319 TI - The clinical course of coronary disease. PMID- 18896320 TI - Present methods in the treatment of anterior poliomyelitis. PMID- 18896321 TI - Developments in surgery of the upper abdomen. PMID- 18896322 TI - The operative treatment of aneurysms and arteriovenous fistulas. PMID- 18896323 TI - The diagnosis of activity in pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 18896324 TI - Carcinoma of the colon. PMID- 18896325 TI - The concomitant diseases or conditions associated with polyarthritis. PMID- 18896326 TI - The differential diagnosis of low back pain. PMID- 18896328 TI - Diagnosis and management of peripheral nerve injuries. PMID- 18896327 TI - REPLACEMENT of the common duct. PMID- 18896329 TI - New developments in surgery of the heart. PMID- 18896330 TI - The care and mobilization of the paraplegic. PMID- 18896331 TI - Malignant lesions of the right colon, with particular reference to one-stage resection. PMID- 18896332 TI - Management of hypertension. PMID- 18896333 TI - Carcinoma of the stomach. PMID- 18896335 TI - Differentiation between psychogenic rheumatism and true rheumatic disease. PMID- 18896334 TI - Brain tumors. PMID- 18896336 TI - The painful shoulder. PMID- 18896337 TI - Psychosomatic aspects of problem cases in the practice of medicine. PMID- 18896338 TI - Diagnosis and treatment of retrorectal abscess. PMID- 18896339 TI - The aging heart. PMID- 18896340 TI - Selection of cases for gastric surgery. PMID- 18896341 TI - Differential diagnosis of lesions of the mammary gland. PMID- 18896342 TI - Rheumatic heart disease in children. PMID- 18896343 TI - Pre- and postoperative fistulas. PMID- 18896344 TI - IS scientific medicine too complicated? PMID- 18896345 TI - Recent advances in the control of rheumatic fever. PMID- 18896346 TI - The use and abuse of forceps. PMID- 18896347 TI - The abuse of rest as a therapeutic agent. PMID- 18896348 TI - Spoiled children. PMID- 18896349 TI - Surgical lesions of the chest. PMID- 18896350 TI - Diseases commonly confused with acute coronary occlusion. PMID- 18896351 TI - Procedures in office urology. PMID- 18896353 TI - SOME diagnostic aids in acute anterior poliomyelitis. PMID- 18896352 TI - Trigeminal neuralgia. PMID- 18896354 TI - Present status of folic acid therapy. PMID- 18896355 TI - Primary atypical pneumonia. PMID- 18896356 TI - The management of ulcerative colitis. PMID- 18896357 TI - Obesity in adults. PMID- 18896358 TI - Traumatic neuroses. PMID- 18896359 TI - Longevity and mortality of physicians. PMID- 18896360 TI - Manifestations of liver disease. PMID- 18896361 TI - The fenestration operation for otosclerosis. PMID- 18896362 TI - Sciatica, with particular reference to its causes and treatment. PMID- 18896363 TI - Milestones in midwifery. PMID- 18896364 TI - Cysts of the adrenal gland. PMID- 18896365 TI - Inguinal hernia. PMID- 18896366 TI - Some views on femoral hernia and its treatment. PMID- 18896367 TI - Ventral hernia. PMID- 18896368 TI - The hernia problem in children. PMID- 18896370 TI - The use and abuse of trusses. PMID- 18896369 TI - The choice of anaesthetics for operations on hernia. PMID- 18896371 TI - Clothing. PMID- 18896372 TI - The symptomatic treatment of bronchial asthma. PMID- 18896373 TI - Disaster services. PMID- 18896374 TI - Pain and its problems; principles of treatment. PMID- 18896375 TI - Cervicitis. PMID- 18896376 TI - Laxatives and aperients. PMID- 18896377 TI - Practical aspects of blood grouping. PMID- 18896378 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896379 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896380 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896381 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896382 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896383 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896384 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896385 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896386 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896387 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896388 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896389 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896390 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896391 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896392 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896393 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896394 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896395 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896396 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896397 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896398 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896399 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896400 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896401 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896403 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896402 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896404 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896405 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896406 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896407 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896408 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896409 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896410 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896411 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896412 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896414 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896413 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896415 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896416 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896417 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896418 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896419 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896420 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896421 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896422 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896423 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896424 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896425 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896426 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896427 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896428 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896429 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896430 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896431 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896432 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896433 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896434 TI - INDUSTRIAL diseases; an abstract review. PMID- 18896435 TI - An enlarging concept of the porphyrins in relation to clinical medicine. PMID- 18896436 TI - Present status of the prostatic problem. PMID- 18896437 TI - Indications for surgery in congenital cardiovascular anomalies. PMID- 18896438 TI - Gastric cancer; comparison of gross and microscopic differences between short term and five year survivors after gastrectomy. PMID- 18896439 TI - Blastomycosis of the spine with invasion of the spinal canal. PMID- 18896440 TI - pH changes in synovial fluid following perivascular sympathectomy. PMID- 18896441 TI - Principles of surgical treatment of slipped capital femoral epiphyses. PMID- 18896442 TI - American obstetrics and gynecology; a mature specialty. PMID- 18896443 TI - NECROPSIES in the hospitals of Chicago. PMID- 18896444 TI - The Central Service for the Chronically Ill. PMID- 18896445 TI - A microcrystallographic approach to the analysis of micro-incinerted tissues. PMID- 18896446 TI - A stand for bottles of fluid for parenteral administration for use on an operating room cart. PMID- 18896447 TI - Diagnosis of complications of chronic suppurative otitis media; report of case. PMID- 18896448 TI - Segmental compression of iliac artery by a metastatic malignant lesion; report of a case. PMID- 18896449 TI - The treatment of subacute bacterial endocarditis; a report of 40 cases. PMID- 18896450 TI - Endometrioma of the cecum; report of case. PMID- 18896451 TI - Chronic relapsing pancreatitis; a review of cases in which disease of the biliary or gastro-intestinal tract did not coexist. PMID- 18896452 TI - Chronic relapsing pancreatitis; a review of the pathologic anatomy in cases in which disease of the biliary or gastro-intestinal tract did not coexist. PMID- 18896453 TI - Chronic relapsing pancreatitis; its clinical course, sequelae, diagnosis and medical treatment in cases in which disease of the biliary or gastro-intestinal tract did not coexist. PMID- 18896454 TI - Diabetes mellitus associated with chronic relapsing pancreatitis. PMID- 18896455 TI - Chronic relapsing pancreatitis; surgical management. PMID- 18896456 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896457 TI - The public relations program of the Colorado State Medical Society. PMID- 18896458 TI - The purpose of state medical societies. PMID- 18896459 TI - The Washington scene and politico-medicine. PMID- 18896460 TI - Experiences of the Rocky Mountain states with the V. A. program. PMID- 18896461 TI - Clinical report on intravenous benadryl. PMID- 18896462 TI - Angiography, a new research weapon. PMID- 18896464 TI - ESTIMATION of renal function. PMID- 18896463 TI - The life and works of Sir Norman Moore. PMID- 18896465 TI - The blood group Rh; its clinical and pathological applications. PMID- 18896466 TI - The relationship between pharmacology and therapeutics. PMID- 18896467 TI - Fragilitas ossium tarda. PMID- 18896468 TI - A new era in childbirth. PMID- 18896469 TI - Chronic illness major cause of dependency. PMID- 18896471 TI - Thoracic surgery; its present scope. PMID- 18896470 TI - Control of tuberculosis among college students in Texas. PMID- 18896472 TI - The Army postgraduate surgical training program. PMID- 18896473 TI - Recent advances in treatment of the leukemias and the lymphomas. PMID- 18896474 TI - Sodium citrate in treatment of lead encephalopathy. PMID- 18896475 TI - Loffler's syndrome; report of a case in an infant. PMID- 18896476 TI - Early diagnosis of carcinoma of the uterus; the physician's responsibility. PMID- 18896477 TI - Radiation treatment of cancer of the cervix. PMID- 18896478 TI - Roentgen therapy for lymphoid hyperplasia of the nasopharynx. PMID- 18896479 TI - Dacryocystorhinostomy. PMID- 18896480 TI - Giant bullous cysts of the lung. PMID- 18896481 TI - Mediastinal cysts of bronchial origin. PMID- 18896482 TI - Treatment of bronchopulmonary suppuration by local injection of penicillin; report of 63 cases. PMID- 18896483 TI - Complete occlusion of the superior vena cava with chronic mediastinitis in a case of generalized actinomycosis. PMID- 18896484 TI - Radiotherapy in cancer of the thoracic oesophagus. PMID- 18896485 TI - The results of thoracoplasty in pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 18896486 TI - A comparison of vitamin A absorption in normal children and children with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas using oily and water soluble preparation. PMID- 18896487 TI - Management of lymph node metastases. PMID- 18896488 TI - Rupture of the pregnant uterus. PMID- 18896489 TI - Congenital bowel obstruction in the newborn; report of a case. PMID- 18896490 TI - Effects of atom bomb radiation on the human body. PMID- 18896491 TI - Oxygen therapy. PMID- 18896492 TI - Tetanus in Kanawha Valley treated in Charleston, West Virginia, hospitals. PMID- 18896493 TI - The present status of the treatment of diabetes mellitus and complications of the lower extremities. PMID- 18896494 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896496 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896495 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896497 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896498 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896499 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896500 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896501 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896502 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896504 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896503 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896505 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896506 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896507 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896508 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896509 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896510 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896511 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896512 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896513 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896514 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896515 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896516 TI - A syndrome of nontropical sprue with an unusual neurologic and psychiatric picture. PMID- 18896517 TI - Report of a case of Paget's disease in an 18 year old male, with a review of the literature. PMID- 18896518 TI - The Rh factor in pregnancy. PMID- 18896519 TI - Primary streptococcic peritonitis with complicating toxic myocarditis and pulmonary emboli; a report of a case with eventual recovery. PMID- 18896520 TI - Rural accidents. PMID- 18896521 TI - Animal experimentation and therapeutic advancement. PMID- 18896522 TI - Concerning breast lumps. PMID- 18896523 TI - Experimental attempts to transmit infectious mononucleosis to man. PMID- 18896524 TI - Studies of a carbohydrate-lipoid complex from the human strain tubercle bacillus H37. PMID- 18896525 TI - Quantitative coagulase and toxin production by staphylococci in relation to the clinical source of the organisms. PMID- 18896526 TI - Mortality in the socioeconomic districts of New Haven. PMID- 18896527 TI - Standardization of a complement fixation reaction with chicken serum as complement. PMID- 18896528 TI - Survey of pathologic specimens from the oral regions seen at the Army Institute of Pathology during World War II. PMID- 18896529 TI - The dental service in the postwar Army. PMID- 18896530 TI - Dental service in the Veterans Administration. PMID- 18896531 TI - Dental service of the U.S. Air Forces. PMID- 18896532 TI - Dental service in the European Command. PMID- 18896533 TI - Plastic artificial eye and restorations program, Veterans Administration. PMID- 18896534 TI - Opthalmoprosthesis, U.S. Army, World War II. PMID- 18896535 TI - Notes on dental supplies and equipment during World War II. PMID- 18896536 TI - General hospital dental service. PMID- 18896538 TI - Dentistry in the Selective Service System. PMID- 18896537 TI - A discussion of dental service in a theater of operations and suggested changes. PMID- 18896539 TI - Control of postoperative pain in lower third molar surgery; a preliminary report. PMID- 18896540 TI - Maxillary fractures. PMID- 18896541 TI - When teeth were expendable. PMID- 18896542 TI - Valiant workers carry Red Cross program to northernmost points of continent, overcoming intense cold, long distances and primitive communications. PMID- 18896543 TI - PENICILLIN therapy for diseases of the eye. PMID- 18896544 TI - FACTORS influencing the incidence of peptic ulcer. PMID- 18896545 TI - Hungertodesfalle in Gross-Berlin Oktober 1946 bis Februar 1947. PMID- 18896546 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896547 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896548 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896549 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896550 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896551 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896552 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896554 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896553 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896555 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896556 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896557 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896558 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896559 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896560 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896561 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896562 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896564 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896563 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896565 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896566 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896567 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896568 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896570 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896569 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896571 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896572 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896573 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896574 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896575 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896576 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896577 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896578 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896579 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896580 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896582 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896581 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896583 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896584 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896585 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896586 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896588 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896587 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896589 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896590 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896591 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896592 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896593 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896594 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896595 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896596 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896597 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896598 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896599 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896600 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896601 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896602 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896603 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896605 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896604 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896606 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896607 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896608 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896609 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896610 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896611 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896613 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896612 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896614 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896615 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896616 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896617 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896618 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896619 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896620 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896621 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896622 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896623 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896624 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896625 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896626 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896627 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896628 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896629 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896630 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896631 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896632 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896633 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896634 TI - Variations in the seasonal composition of the phytoplankton of Bombay harbour. PMID- 18896635 TI - Heartbeats. PMID- 18896636 TI - ATOMIC pile products to replace surgery. PMID- 18896637 TI - Effect of biotin on nitrogen content of yeast. PMID- 18896638 TI - The possible significance of the nucleic acid metabolism in relation to penicillin bacteriostasis. PMID- 18896639 TI - Biological value of soya-bean milk proteins by regeneration of liver protein in the rat. PMID- 18896641 TI - Indian henbane. PMID- 18896640 TI - Prolongation of insulin effect by combining it with casein-hydrolysate. PMID- 18896642 TI - Chromosomal changes and nutritional requirements of yeasts. PMID- 18896643 TI - On the preparation of pure cultures of Vorticella. PMID- 18896644 TI - Nickel-thoria-Kieselguhr catalyst for the Fischer-Tropsch reaction. PMID- 18896645 TI - Note on the deterioration in germination-capacity of a paddy strain in Malabar and South Kanara. PMID- 18896646 TI - The effect of particle size and velocity of movement of DDT aerosols in a wind tunnel on the mortality of mosquitoes. PMID- 18896647 TI - The World Federation of Scientific Workers. PMID- 18896648 TI - Advances in preventive medicine during the war of 1939-1945. PMID- 18896649 TI - Fractional precipitation of serum proteins. PMID- 18896650 TI - beta-Glucuronidase activity of ox spleen. PMID- 18896651 TI - Stabilization of penicillin-salt solutions with sodium citrate. PMID- 18896652 TI - A modified microbiological assay procedure. PMID- 18896653 TI - Mendelian inheritance in New Zealand Romney sheep. PMID- 18896654 TI - Foveal tritanopia. PMID- 18896655 TI - Visual cells of the guinea pig. PMID- 18896656 TI - PUBLICATION and classification of scientific knowledge. PMID- 18896657 TI - The institute of Seaweed Research. PMID- 18896658 TI - Mechanism of colour vision. PMID- 18896659 TI - The floating thread, a surface phenomenon on flowing water. PMID- 18896660 TI - Mechanical degradation of large molecules. PMID- 18896661 TI - Tryptophane as precursor of nicotinamide in mammals. PMID- 18896662 TI - Composition and structure of the liver cell in pregnancy. PMID- 18896663 TI - Fluorescent constituents of liver lipid extracts. PMID- 18896664 TI - Passive movements of newly formed acrogenous spores in Verticillium and some other genera of the hyphomycete fungi. PMID- 18896665 TI - Chick embryos surviving the inoculation of an equine strain of encephalomyelitis virus. PMID- 18896666 TI - Induced polycythaemia by l-ascorbic acid in albino mice. PMID- 18896667 TI - Detection of the free amino-acids of plant cells by partition chromatography. PMID- 18896668 TI - Army education courses; preparation for marriage. PMID- 18896669 TI - Tuberculosis of voles and shrews. PMID- 18896670 TI - SCIENTIFIC organization and management. PMID- 18896671 TI - Towards the synthesis of cholesterol. PMID- 18896672 TI - Pests of stored foods. PMID- 18896673 TI - Radiations from uranium (239) and neptunium (239). PMID- 18896674 TI - White-eyed mutants of Diptera. PMID- 18896675 TI - Excessive hydration in an animal with an open type of circulation. PMID- 18896676 TI - Two new antarctic leeches. PMID- 18896677 TI - Maturation of megaloblasts in bone marrow cultures. PMID- 18896678 TI - Acid production in saliva/cane sugar solutions. PMID- 18896679 TI - Sound emitted by dolphins. PMID- 18896680 TI - Physiological effects of alkyl polyphosphates. PMID- 18896682 TI - Progress in electron microscopy. PMID- 18896681 TI - Etiology of strawberry virus diseases. PMID- 18896687 TI - PHYSICAL methods useful in the identification and structure study of organic chemical substances. PMID- 18896688 TI - A modified Fitch thermal conductivity apparatus. PMID- 18896689 TI - Electrostatic analyzer for 1.5-mev protons. PMID- 18896690 TI - A laboratory oscilloscope. PMID- 18896691 TI - Scale expander for mass-spectrometer recorder. PMID- 18896692 TI - Continuously calibrated cathode-ray oscilloscope. PMID- 18896693 TI - A calibrating multivibrator for use in radio-isotope studies. PMID- 18896694 TI - GEIGER tube. PMID- 18896695 TI - Putting knowledge to work. PMID- 18896696 TI - An industrial research library. PMID- 18896697 TI - The Air University Library. PMID- 18896698 TI - The Royal Society and American scholars. PMID- 18896699 TI - Louis Agassiz and men of letters. PMID- 18896700 TI - Science in Chicago. PMID- 18896702 TI - Institute for the Study of Metals, the University of Chicago. PMID- 18896701 TI - Institute for Nuclear Studies, the University of Chicago. PMID- 18896703 TI - Institute of Radiobiology and Biophysics, the University of Chicago. PMID- 18896704 TI - The complete antivivisectionist. PMID- 18896705 TI - Viviparity in teleost fishes. PMID- 18896706 TI - Pathogenicity and isosterism. PMID- 18896707 TI - Control of hemorrhagic syndrome and reduction in X-irradiation mortality with a flavanone. PMID- 18896708 TI - A rapid chemical test for some plant virus diseases. PMID- 18896709 TI - Inhibition of gastric ulceration in the rat by o-hydroxybenzoic (salicylic) acid. PMID- 18896710 TI - Constitution of gymnosperm lignin. PMID- 18896711 TI - A method for making lantern slides. PMID- 18896712 TI - A simple micromethod for rapid extraction of lipids. PMID- 18896713 TI - Use of the freezing-drying technique for study of vasomotor activity. PMID- 18896714 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896715 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896717 TI - Artistic expression and neurotic illness. PMID- 18896718 TI - Psychiatry in World War II. PMID- 18896716 TI - Samuel Johnson's life of the poet Richard Savage, a paradigm for a type. PMID- 18896719 TI - Observations of psychiatry in World War II. PMID- 18896720 TI - Psychiatric aspects of women serving in the Army. PMID- 18896721 TI - A revision of the psychiatric rating scale. PMID- 18896722 TI - Preventive psychiatry. PMID- 18896723 TI - The frostration threshold. PMID- 18896724 TI - Tridione therapy; special aspects of its clinical use. PMID- 18896725 TI - Brief psychotherapy with enuretics in the Army. PMID- 18896727 TI - A study of tactics for resolving the autistic barrier in the psychotherapy of the schizophrenic personality. PMID- 18896726 TI - Criteria of therapy of war neuroses. PMID- 18896728 TI - Successful treatment of a case of phenobarbital poisoning with picrotoxin. PMID- 18896729 TI - Role of penicillin and fever therapy in neurosyphilis. PMID- 18896730 TI - The initial psychiatric interview in a general hospital. PMID- 18896731 TI - Progressive muscular dystrophy; report of a case in a nonidentical twin. PMID- 18896732 TI - Ulcerative colitis. PMID- 18896733 TI - Review of principles of electromyography. PMID- 18896734 TI - Unit electromyography in neuromuscular disease. PMID- 18896735 TI - The electromyogram in butulism. PMID- 18896736 TI - Techniques, nomenclature, and electroencephalographers. PMID- 18896737 TI - Mental hospitals and the mental hygiene movement in the United States. PMID- 18896738 TI - Psychiatric social work among children in New York and neighbouring states. PMID- 18896739 TI - The prevention of misfits at home and at work. PMID- 18896740 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896741 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896742 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896744 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896743 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896745 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896746 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896747 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896748 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896749 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896750 TI - Shock therapy. PMID- 18896751 TI - Hospital penicillin treatment centre. PMID- 18896752 TI - Training nursing assistants. PMID- 18896753 TI - The public health nurse and mental hygiene. PMID- 18896754 TI - Communicable disease techniques. PMID- 18896755 TI - Enuresis. PMID- 18896756 TI - A study of isolation technique. PMID- 18896757 TI - The electro-encephalograph. PMID- 18896758 TI - Effect of winter on skin conditions. PMID- 18896759 TI - Recent advances in surgery. PMID- 18896760 TI - Spinal anaesthesia. PMID- 18896761 TI - Modern treatment of puerperal sepsis. PMID- 18896762 TI - The ultimate sensitivity of radiation detectors. PMID- 18896763 TI - Red and infra-red filters for the study of the Herschel effect. PMID- 18896764 TI - The two-quanta explanation of the dependence of the threshold values and visual acuity on the visual angle and the time of observation. PMID- 18896765 TI - An infrared spectrophotometer for industrial research. PMID- 18896766 TI - The refractive indices of alcohol, water, and their mixtures at high pressures. PMID- 18896767 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896768 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896769 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896770 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896771 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896773 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896772 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896774 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896775 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896776 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896777 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896778 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896779 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896780 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896781 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896782 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896783 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896784 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896785 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896786 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896787 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896788 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896789 TI - Clinical treatment procedure with case studies; anomalies of the vertical muscles. PMID- 18896790 TI - Visual survey of East Canadian Arctic Eskimos. PMID- 18896792 TI - The physiology of contact lens solutions; difficulties encountered with contact lenses. PMID- 18896791 TI - The optometrist in the Army Medical Department. PMID- 18896793 TI - The semi-internship plan for new licensees. PMID- 18896794 TI - Role of the unit of accommodation. PMID- 18896796 TI - The Evans diagnostic apparatus and its uses in orthoptics. PMID- 18896795 TI - Anomalies of the vertical muscles. PMID- 18896797 TI - Optics and philosophy. PMID- 18896798 TI - Contact lens design. PMID- 18896799 TI - Some experiments on stereoscopic vision. PMID- 18896800 TI - Stereopsis and its cause. PMID- 18896801 TI - Headache. PMID- 18896802 TI - The employment of the blind in unsheltered occupations. PMID- 18896803 TI - Common misconceptions about cataracts. PMID- 18896804 TI - Industrial lighting. PMID- 18896805 TI - Intracapsular cataract extraction. PMID- 18896806 TI - Pseudo-tumour of the orbit. PMID- 18896807 TI - Ocular lesions associated with dendritic ulcer. PMID- 18896808 TI - A case of angiomatosis retinae. PMID- 18896809 TI - Direct inheritance in retinoblastoma. PMID- 18896810 TI - Alternative operations to corneo-scleral trephining in treatment of glaucoma. PMID- 18896811 TI - Spasm of accommodation. PMID- 18896812 TI - Tonsillectomy and poliomyelitis. PMID- 18896813 TI - Healing of experimental labyrinthine fistulas; further observations. PMID- 18896814 TI - Dislocation of the septal cartilage. PMID- 18896815 TI - Congenital atresia of the esophagus with tracheoesophageal fistula; a report of six cases. PMID- 18896816 TI - Contact ulcer of the larynx; the role of vocal reeducation. PMID- 18896817 TI - Effect of a typical nasal plastic correction on facial expression. PMID- 18896818 TI - Intranasal (sphenopharyngeal) encephalocele; a report of a case with intracranial repair and a review of the subject. PMID- 18896819 TI - Osteoma of the frontal sinuses. PMID- 18896820 TI - A different treatment of chronic purulent otitis media; deep lavage, aeration and application of gold foil membrane bearing ointment of scarlet red. PMID- 18896821 TI - Pyridoxine (B6) used in the treatment of vertigo. PMID- 18896822 TI - Vitamin P in rheumatic epistaxis. PMID- 18896823 TI - Allergy. PMID- 18896824 TI - The importance of being ignorant. PMID- 18896825 TI - Shift of bone conduction threshold on occlusion of the external ear canal. PMID- 18896826 TI - Bilateral thyrotomy for carcinoma of the larynx. PMID- 18896827 TI - Choanal atresia. PMID- 18896828 TI - Deep neck infection, submaxillary type, in a two-and-one-half months old infant. PMID- 18896829 TI - The present policies of the American Board of Ophthalmology and the national societies in relation to the progress of ophthalmology. PMID- 18896830 TI - Problems concerning convergence. PMID- 18896831 TI - Recent advances in surgical hemostasis; evaluation of absorbable agents. PMID- 18896832 TI - Eyesight conservation in the garment industry. PMID- 18896833 TI - Right eyes for the right job. PMID- 18896834 TI - Vision in industry. PMID- 18896835 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896836 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896837 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896838 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896839 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896840 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896841 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896843 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896842 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896844 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896845 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896846 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896847 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896848 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896849 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896850 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896851 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896852 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896853 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896854 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896855 TI - Familial haemorrhagic diatheses with prolonged bleeding-time (thrombopathias). PMID- 18896856 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896857 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896858 TI - A case of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita anatomically appearing as a foetal spinal muscular atrophy. PMID- 18896859 TI - Peroneal muscular atrophy in one egg twins. PMID- 18896860 TI - Preventive inoculation against whooping cough. PMID- 18896861 TI - Demonstration of pellagra in a girl aged 9 years. PMID- 18896862 TI - Edema, hypoproteinemia and fatty liver in two infants. PMID- 18896863 TI - Infarction of the lung in children. PMID- 18896864 TI - Vitamin C in the blood and urine of the newborn and in the cord and maternal blood. PMID- 18896866 TI - Penicillin in treatment of empyema in children. PMID- 18896865 TI - Thiamine, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, pantothenic acid and biotin in the urine of new born infants. PMID- 18896867 TI - Fallacies inherent in the proband method of analysis of human pedigrees for inheritance of recessive traits; two methods of correction of the formula. PMID- 18896868 TI - Streptomycin treatment of empyema caused by Hemophilus influenzae. PMID- 18896869 TI - Transposition of aorta and pulmonary artery with intact interventricular septum, patent foramen ovale and closed ductus arteriosus. PMID- 18896870 TI - Pneumococcic meningitis; recovery of an infant twenty-five days of age treated with sulfadiazine and penicillin. PMID- 18896871 TI - Nutritional requirement of the adolescent and its relation to the development of disease. PMID- 18896872 TI - Physical growth during adolescence. PMID- 18896873 TI - Improvement of body mechanics in adolescent children. PMID- 18896874 TI - Endocrine aspects of adolescence. PMID- 18896875 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896876 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896877 TI - Study and treatment homes for troubled children. PMID- 18896878 TI - Changing medical care in our changing national life. PMID- 18896879 TI - The adequacy of artificial feeding in infancy. PMID- 18896880 TI - Observations on insect-borne diseases in the South Pacific Campaign. PMID- 18896881 TI - Wilms' tumor (embryoma of the kidney). PMID- 18896882 TI - Oral penicillin in infants. PMID- 18896883 TI - Oral penicillin in the prophylaxis of recurrent rheumatic fever. PMID- 18896884 TI - Cerebral abscess; a complication of congenital cardiac disease (Fallot's tetralogy) report of two cases with diagnosis and operation. PMID- 18896885 TI - Peritonitis associated with neonatal diarrhea. PMID- 18896886 TI - Arachnodactylia. PMID- 18896887 TI - Congenital hemolytic anemia of the newborn infant caused by isoimmunization with agglutinogen B. PMID- 18896888 TI - Carbaminoylcholine (doryl) in the treatment of congenital megacolon. PMID- 18896889 TI - Ectromelia and associated development defects. PMID- 18896890 TI - Clinic on nephritis and nephrosis. PMID- 18896891 TI - Glumatic acid and mental functioning. PMID- 18896892 TI - A proposal concerning prepayment medical care. PMID- 18896893 TI - Infectious disease in pregnancy and fetal maldevelopment. PMID- 18896894 TI - The prevention of waste of penicillin. PMID- 18896895 TI - Major trends in materia medica; a brief historical review. PMID- 18896896 TI - ANTIHISTAMINE therapy; antidotes for allergy. PMID- 18896897 TI - PROPERTIES of antibiotic agents other than penicillin and streptomycin. PMID- 18896898 TI - Physiological and chemical aspects in the flavoring of medicinal preparations. PMID- 18896899 TI - Alginates in drugs and cosmetics. PMID- 18896901 TI - SODIUM thiocyanate pills; a question of deficiency. PMID- 18896900 TI - Seasonal variation as a factor in toxicity. PMID- 18896902 TI - ADVERTISING of dispensing services. PMID- 18896903 TI - The use of laboratory animals; teaching; research; assay. PMID- 18896904 TI - Survivals of magic in modern medicine. PMID- 18896905 TI - Determination of iodine in chiniofon and other compounds. PMID- 18896906 TI - Decline of pyrogenic activity of intravenous solutions. PMID- 18896907 TI - Comparative activities of amethocaine, cinchocaine and procaine. PMID- 18896908 TI - The pharmaceutical industry of Austria; its present state and future possibilities. PMID- 18896909 TI - A filtration unit. PMID- 18896910 TI - PHARMACY in West Africa. PMID- 18896911 TI - Joll's linctus. PMID- 18896912 TI - Radio-activity, old and new. PMID- 18896913 TI - [Estudio del pharmacological Cestrum parqui]. PMID- 18896914 TI - VISUALIZATION of body cavities; rayopake as a contrast medium. PMID- 18896915 TI - The Fitch case. PMID- 18896916 TI - Mildew preventives. PMID- 18896917 TI - Quaternaries vs. phenolics; germicidal effectiveness of some quaternary and phenolic compounds reported together with time-survival numbers of E. typhosa and S. aureus. PMID- 18896918 TI - Antiseptics and disinfectants as formulated for the British market. PMID- 18896919 TI - PERTAINING to penicillin. PMID- 18896920 TI - PROTEIN therapy. PMID- 18896921 TI - Pharmaceutical education in Cuba. PMID- 18896922 TI - Primary and secondary vacuoles in thymic cells exposed in vitro to X-rays. PMID- 18896923 TI - Light and dark adaptation of single photoreceptor elements in the eye of Limulus. PMID- 18896924 TI - A cytochemical study of glycogen synthesized from glucose or pyruvate by liver slices in vitro. PMID- 18896925 TI - Adenosinetriphosphatase in the sea urchin egg. PMID- 18896926 TI - Studies on the respiration of yeast after irradiation with ultraviolet light. PMID- 18896927 TI - A note on limiting reactions and temperature coefficients. PMID- 18896928 TI - The dissociation of anaerobic metabolism from enzymatic adaptation in yeast. PMID- 18896929 TI - The induction of biochemical mutations in Neurospora crassa by nitrogen mustard. PMID- 18896930 TI - The mechanism of inhibition of carbohydrate assimilation by dinitrophenol and azide. PMID- 18896931 TI - The mechanism of inhibition of bioluminescence by nephthoquinones. PMID- 18896932 TI - Chemical substances inducing excystment of the resting cysts of Colpoda duodenaria. PMID- 18896933 TI - Studies on the Hemophilus group of organisms; quantitative aspects of growth on various porphin compounds. AB - The porphin requirements of the Hemophilus organisms have been studied. Organisms of the parainfluenzae group show quantitative differences in their ability to synthesize heme. The ability of the parainfluenzae organisms to grow appears to depend on the rate with which they synthesize heme and in part at least on the properties of the medium to protect the heme from peroxidative breakdown. Quantitative studies of the growth of H. influenzae Turner on various iron porphins have been made. Iron protoporphin gives greatest growth when supplied in excess, although iron mesoporphin appears more efficient at lower concentrations. Iron deutero- and iron hematoporphin are much less effective. This suggests that although the vinyl groups are not essential for growth of the Turner organism they may be required for some particular enzymes which aid in attaining maximum growth. A number of substances potentiate the growth-promoting properties of iron porphins. These substances include reducing agents and agents which destroy H(2)O(2). E. influenzae Turner appears to require heme for anaerobic as well as aerobic growth. The possibility of an essential heme enzyme functioning under anaerobic conditions must therefore be considered. PMID- 18896934 TI - Bacteriophage formation without bacterial growth; formation of staphylococcus phage in the presence of bacteria inhibited by penicillin. AB - Bacteriophage will increase 100,000 times in Staphylococcus muscae cultures whose multiplication has been completely inhibited by penicillin. PMID- 18896935 TI - Bacteriophage formation without bacterial growth; the effect of niacin and yeast extract on phage formation and bacterial growth in the presence of penicillin. AB - 1. The addition of penicillin greatly increases the production of phage in bacterial suspensions containing 2.5 to 3.5 x 10(8) cells in 0.4 ml. broth plus 6.6 ml. Locke's solution. 2. Addition of niacin also greatly increases the formation of phage in the above system without the addition of penicillin. 3. The results indicate that niacin is necessary for phage production and that bacteria cannot utilize niacin in the presence of penicillin. 4. Staphylococcus muscae will grow in the synthetic medium of Fildes but do not form phage unless broth or yeast extract is added. 5. Phage formation requires the presence of one or more factors, besides niacin, present in broth and yeast extract which are not essential for bacterial growth. Penicillin does not prevent the utilization of the unknown substance or substances by the bacteria. 6. A solution containing biotin, guanine, adenine, beta-alanine, riboflavin, uracil, pyridoxamine, guanylic acid, adenylic acid, yeast nucleic acid, choline, p-aminobenzoic acid, a flavin component from liver, ribose, thymine, xanthine, folic acid, inositol, p aminophenyl alanine, pantothentic acid and a strepogenin concentrate cannot replace broth or yeast extraction in increasing phage formation in the synthetic medium of Fildes. 7. The results indicate there is a continual competition between the bacteria and phage for certain essential building elements. 8. The results are discussed in relation to possible methods of control of virus diseases. PMID- 18896936 TI - Bacteriophage formation without bacterial growth; the effect of iodoacetate, fluoride, gramicidin, and azide on the formation of bacteriophage. AB - 1. Iodoacetate, fluoride, and azide have been found to prevent the formation of phage and to inhibit the synthesis of ATP by Staphylococcus muscae. It is suggested that energy-rich phosphate is needed for the synthesis of phage. 2. Gramicidin prevented the formation of phage. 3. No differences were found between normal bacteria and phage-infected bacteria in the inorganic phosphate, adenosinetriphosphate, ribonucleic acid, and desoxyribonucleic acid content of the cells. 4. The mechanism of phage formation is discussed. PMID- 18896937 TI - Colorblind vision; luminosity losses in the spectrum for dichromats. AB - 1. Measurements have been made of the dark-adapted foveal threshold of normal and colorblind persons in five parts of the spectrum using a 1 degrees circular test field. 2. Compared to normals, protanopes (red-blinds) show an elevation of the threshold which increases slowly from blue to yellow and rises rapidly thereafter until in the red the threshold is more than ten times as high as normal. Deuteranopes (green-blinds) do not show so high an elevation, their maximum in the green being only about 70 per cent above normal. 3. These threshold elevations correspond to luminosity losses in the spectrum. For the protanope the total loss in the spectrum is nearly one-half of the normal luminosity; for the deuteranope it is nearly two-fifths of normal. 4. Such losses support the idea that colorblindness corresponds to the loss of one of the three receptor systems usually postulated to account for normal color vision. However, the color sensations reported by colorblind persons, especially monocular colorblinds, do not support the idea of a lost or inactivated receptor system. A fresh explanation for colorblindness is called for to reconcile these conflicting kinds of evidence. PMID- 18896938 TI - Interactions between enzyme-forming systems during adaptation. AB - Experiments on enzymatic adaptations in yeast to galactose and maltose under various conditions are examined. The pertinent facts established may be summarized as follows:- 1. The presence of exogenous nitrogen stimulates the rate of adaptation and raises considerably the attainable level of enzyme activity. 2. This stimulation is absent if the cells are unable to assimilate the added nitrogen. 3. Competitive interactions can be exhibited between two adaptive enzyme systems induced either serially or simultaneously in the same cell. 4. A similar kind of interaction was observed between an adaptive and a so called "constitutive" enzyme. 5. The presence of exogenous nitrogen modifies greatly the nature and extent of the interaction between the enzyme-forming systems. The significance of these results to our understanding of the mechanism of the modification and maintenance of cellular enzymatic constitution is discussed. The validity of the distinction between "constitutive" and "adaptive" enzymes is reexamined in the light of the data presented. PMID- 18896939 TI - The formation and stabilization of an adaptive enzyme in the absence of its substrate. AB - It is shown that various substrates accelerate the disappearance of an adaptive enzyme when its own substrate has been removed from the medium. The order of effectiveness of such substrates appears to be connected with their chemical similarity to the adaptive substrate. It is shown that two conditions which are able to inhibit the formation of adaptive enzymes-anaerobiosis and the presence of sodium azide-are equally able to prevent the disappearance of an adaptive enzyme after the removal of its substrate. Finally, it is shown that rapidly growing cultures, under optimal conditions for synthetic activity, are able to maintain and even appreciably to increase their initial content of an adaptive enzyme, in the absence of its specific substrate and in the presence of a normally competitive substrate. In the light of these results, the three major theories of enzyme formation hitherto proposed are evaluated. PMID- 18896940 TI - Studies on a new metabolite and its oxidation in the presence of ascorbic acid. AB - 1. A number of tissues, in particular, brain, liver, and kidney, incubated aerobically in vitro as slices or ground suspensions produce a compound which combines with p-aminobenzoic acid in acid solution to form a yellow color. 2. A study of this reaction in rat brain has shown that this compound can be produced when washed boiled brain protein is incubated aerobically with ascorbic acid. The latter acts as a catalyst to break the linkage between the protein and the compound. Oxygen is taken up in the process. 3. A number of aromatic hydroxy compounds such as epinephrine and catechol inhibit the reaction. Cyanide has little or no effect. No reaction occurs anaerobically. 4. The occurrence of the reaction in some animals has been described. PMID- 18896941 TI - [The mental hygiene in the prevention of social evils]. PMID- 18896942 TI - [Mental Hygiene to reverse]. PMID- 18896943 TI - [Mental hygiene and graduates of prisons]. PMID- 18896944 TI - [Mental hygiene worker]. PMID- 18896946 TI - An inquiry as to popular views on intelligence and related topics. PMID- 18896945 TI - The development of educational research in Great Britain; early history and later difficulties. PMID- 18896947 TI - A study of the H-T-P test. PMID- 18896948 TI - A comparison of the calculated and determined calorie and vitamin contents of mixed diets. PMID- 18896949 TI - Interepidemic studies on arthroped-borne virus encephalitides and poliomyelitis in Kern County, California, and the Yakima Valley, Washington, 1944. PMID- 18896950 TI - The rate of asymptomatic malarial infection in white and Negro service troops taking suppressive atabrine. PMID- 18896951 TI - Difference in dissemination of the virus of Japanese B encephalitis among domestic animals and human beings in Japan. PMID- 18896952 TI - Japanese B encephalitis in American soldiers in Korea. PMID- 18896953 TI - The relation of the oil treatment of floors and bedding to the control of respiratory diseases among Naval personnel. PMID- 18896954 TI - The mechanism of transmission of pathogenic organisms affecting the respiratory tract. PMID- 18896955 TI - Biological types of B. diphtheriae in Edinburgh. PMID- 18896956 TI - Public health in transition. PMID- 18896957 TI - Public health on the march. PMID- 18896958 TI - Chronic disease in the modern public health program. PMID- 18896959 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896960 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896961 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896962 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896963 TI - The control of smallpox. PMID- 18896964 TI - Public health aspects of flood relief. PMID- 18896966 TI - The welfare of the shop assistant. PMID- 18896965 TI - Organization and operation of a home help and domestic help service. PMID- 18896967 TI - Venereal diseases; past, present, and future. PMID- 18896968 TI - SIMPLE goiter in Colombia. PMID- 18896969 TI - RIO DOCE girls carry the gospel of health. PMID- 18896970 TI - Water supply standards and how to maintain them. PMID- 18896971 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896972 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896973 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896974 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896975 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896976 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18896977 TI - SYSTEM (The of social insurance in Czechoslovakia (as on July 1, 1947). PMID- 18896978 TI - The role of the radiologist in the management of patients with intestinal obstruction, with special reference to the use of the Miller-Abbott tube. PMID- 18896979 TI - Bagasse disease of the lungs. PMID- 18896980 TI - Symmetrical calcification of the cerebral basal ganglia; its roentgenologic significance in the diagnosis of parathyroid insufficiency. PMID- 18896981 TI - Emphysema, an early roentgen sign of bronchogenic carcinoma. PMID- 18896982 TI - Roentgenologic study of the small intestine; neoplastic and inflammatory diseases. PMID- 18896983 TI - X-ray signs of altered alimentary function following autonomic blockade with tetraethylammonium. PMID- 18896984 TI - Acute obstruction of the small bowel; value of roentgen examination in early diagnosis. PMID- 18896985 TI - Treatment of epitheliomas of the skin. PMID- 18896986 TI - A grid-front cassette; a useful application of the stationary grid. PMID- 18896987 TI - Off-distance cut-off; a problem in using a stationary filter grid. PMID- 18896988 TI - Routine positions in radiography of the skull and zygomatic arch. PMID- 18896989 TI - Standard electrical circuit symbols. PMID- 18896991 TI - The psychology of handling patients in the radiographic room. PMID- 18896990 TI - The X-ray technician's role in an industrial medical program. PMID- 18896992 TI - A method of controlling secondary radiation fog. PMID- 18896993 TI - A technique for radiography of the humerus in lateral view. PMID- 18896994 TI - Subtotal gastrectomy for gastric ulcer; study of end results. PMID- 18896996 TI - Vagus resection for ulcer; an interim evaluation; clinical results. PMID- 18896997 TI - A study of the results, both favorable and unfavorable, of section of the vagus nerves in the treatment of peptic ulcer. PMID- 18896998 TI - Section of the vagus nerves to the stomach in the treatment of peptic ulcer complications and end results after four years. PMID- 18896999 TI - Abdominal visceral sensation in man. PMID- 18897000 TI - The role of pinealomas in the causation of diabetes insipidus. PMID- 18897001 TI - The treatment of focal epilepsy by cortical excision. PMID- 18897002 TI - Urgent surgery in the aged. PMID- 18897004 TI - Resection and primary anastomosis in the treatment of gangrenous or non-reducible intussusceptions in children; a safe, simple, one layer silk anastomosis. PMID- 18897009 TI - A'suspension operation for prolapse of the rectum. PMID- 18897010 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897011 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897012 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897013 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897014 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897015 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897016 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897017 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897018 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897019 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897020 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897021 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897022 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897023 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897024 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897025 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897026 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897028 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897029 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897027 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897030 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897032 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897031 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897033 TI - Diseases of the maxillary sinuses resulting from pathologic changes. PMID- 18897034 TI - Anatomic study of the maxillary sinus from the standpoint of the oral surgeon. PMID- 18897035 TI - Dominant inheritance of cleft lip and palate in five generations. PMID- 18897036 TI - Preoperative and postoperative care in oral surgery. PMID- 18897037 TI - Management of oral surgical operations on the hospitalized patient. PMID- 18897038 TI - Exhalation deflector. PMID- 18897039 TI - Technics in the control of operative and postoperative hemorrhage. PMID- 18897040 TI - Responsibility of the oral surgeon in recognition of systemic disease by oral symptoms. PMID- 18897041 TI - Classification of extensive cysts of the jaws. PMID- 18897042 TI - Use of thiopental sodium in dental surgery. PMID- 18897043 TI - Preliminary report on penicillin ointment in postoperative mixed infection of the alveolus. PMID- 18897044 TI - Removal of massive scar tissue growth and benign polyp caused by ill-fitting lower denture. PMID- 18897045 TI - Atypical adamantinoma of the maxilla; report of case. PMID- 18897046 TI - Decortication in chronic empyema of tuberculous origin. PMID- 18897047 TI - Cavernostomy. PMID- 18897049 TI - Two unusual tumors of the sternum. PMID- 18897048 TI - Cardiac resuscitation. PMID- 18897050 TI - Pulmonary edema; experimental observations on dogs following acute peripheral blood loss. PMID- 18897051 TI - Pericardial coelomic cyst. PMID- 18897052 TI - The removal of foreign bodies from the pericardium and heart; a moving picture demonstration. PMID- 18897053 TI - The use of fluorescein to demonstrate the effect of artificial respiration upon the circulation. PMID- 18897054 TI - [Elephantiasis of the external male genitalia]. PMID- 18897055 TI - [Access route ideal for transverse incisions through the abdomen, with special attention to the urinary bladder]. PMID- 18897056 TI - [Aberrant thyroid tumor]. PMID- 18897057 TI - [Myomectomy and pregnancy]. PMID- 18897058 TI - [Adamantinoma of the jaw]. PMID- 18897059 TI - Segmental pulmonary resection for bronchiectasis. PMID- 18897060 TI - The management of the ununited fracture. PMID- 18897061 TI - An analysis of 1,100 consecutive thyroidectomies. PMID- 18897062 TI - The abuse of pelvic surgery in the female. PMID- 18897063 TI - Hidradenomas of the vulva; report of four cases with an evaluation of them in the light of analogous breast lesions. PMID- 18897064 TI - Surgical cure of innominate aneurysm; report of a case with comments on the applicability of surgical measures. PMID- 18897065 TI - The use of tetraethylammonium chloride in the treatment of experimental acute arterial insufficiency. PMID- 18897066 TI - The action of heparin on experimental venous thrombosis. PMID- 18897067 TI - Extensive blue nevus of Jadassohn-Tieche; report of a case. PMID- 18897068 TI - Benign intestinal tumors of vascular origin. PMID- 18897069 TI - War injuries of the chest; a report of a series of 678 cases. PMID- 18897070 TI - Endometriosis of the intestinal tract. PMID- 18897071 TI - The method for dissolution of common duct stones remaining after operation. PMID- 18897072 TI - Brackett operation for ununited fracture of the neck of the femur. PMID- 18897073 TI - Prolonged spinal anesthesia for operations on the hip and lower extremity. PMID- 18897074 TI - Lymph leakage (lymphorrhoa) a complication of saphenous vein ligation, with suggestions for treatment. PMID- 18897075 TI - Maxillary tumor of retinal anlage. PMID- 18897076 TI - Perforation of the aorta by acid gastric contents at site of gastroesophagostomy. PMID- 18897077 TI - Surgical management of ileal atresia in the newborn infant. PMID- 18897078 TI - Resection of the head of the pancreas and duodenum for multiple pancreatic calculi. PMID- 18897079 TI - Postappendectomy incisional interstitial inguinal hernia. PMID- 18897080 TI - Renal function studies in the wounded. PMID- 18897081 TI - Indications for thyroidectomy for hyperthyroidism. PMID- 18897082 TI - Some observations on exophthalmos. PMID- 18897083 TI - Maternal and infant mortality; a comparative study covering a period of twenty years, based on records of the Hospital of the Good Samaritan at Los Angeles, California. PMID- 18897084 TI - Preservation of the threatened pregnancy with particular reference to the use of diethylstilbestrol. PMID- 18897085 TI - Lipoma of the ileum causing ileoileal intussusception in an adult. PMID- 18897086 TI - A case of thrombophlebitis and allergy. PMID- 18897087 TI - Esophageal duplications or mediastinal cysts of enteric origin. PMID- 18897088 TI - A new infant tracheotomy tube. PMID- 18897089 TI - The experimental side of electrotherapy. PMID- 18897091 TI - Radiotherapy; its theory and practice. PMID- 18897090 TI - The tilting stretcher and postural drainage. PMID- 18897093 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897092 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897094 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897095 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897096 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897097 TI - LIQUID germicidal detergent. PMID- 18897098 TI - MANAGEMENT of menopause. PMID- 18897099 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897100 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897101 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897102 TI - Mal del pinto or carate and its treatment with chlorhydrate of 3-amino-4 oxiarsenbenzen (mapharsen). PMID- 18897104 TI - Plague; a survey of recent developments in the prevention and treatment of the disease. PMID- 18897103 TI - Some factors that influence the degree of parasitemia in ducks infected with P. lophurae. PMID- 18897105 TI - Method for testing ointments and fabrics to determine their effectiveness as barriers to schistosome cercariae. PMID- 18897106 TI - Visceral leishmaniasis complicated by severe anemia; improvement following splenectomy. PMID- 18897107 TI - The significance of Endameba histolytica in stools of individuals with acute diarrhea of moderate severity. PMID- 18897108 TI - A case of sprue maintained on folic acid. PMID- 18897109 TI - Sequelse of Japanese B encephalitis. PMID- 18897110 TI - Aedes aegypti control in the absence of a piped potable water supply. PMID- 18897112 TI - Experimental sporotrichosis in mice. PMID- 18897111 TI - Asymptomatic toxoplasmosis. PMID- 18897113 TI - Benzene hexachloride for area control of trombiculid mites. PMID- 18897114 TI - Multiple segmental resection in the treatment of bronchiectasis. PMID- 18897115 TI - Noxious gases and bronchiectasis. PMID- 18897117 TI - Transitory pulmonary infiltration (Loeffler's syndrome). PMID- 18897116 TI - Work capacity; its role in the treatment of tuberculosis. PMID- 18897118 TI - Endothelioma (mesothelioma) of the pleura; presentation of a case treated surgically. PMID- 18897119 TI - An unusual aortic aneurism followed for ten years. PMID- 18897120 TI - Thoracoscopy and pneumonolysis. PMID- 18897121 TI - Unilobar tuberculosis treated by lobectomy. PMID- 18897122 TI - Treatment of recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax with gomenol. PMID- 18897123 TI - The diagnostic significance of clubbed fingers. PMID- 18897124 TI - The second stage thoracoplasty. PMID- 18897125 TI - Observations on cystic and bullous emphysema of the lungs; a study of 100 cases. PMID- 18897126 TI - Treatment of complications arising in the course of pneumothorax therapy of pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 18897127 TI - Heparin in empyema; report of a case. PMID- 18897128 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897129 TI - A technic for the automatic maintenance of constant, controlled pneumothorax; a preliminary report. PMID- 18897130 TI - Dihydrostreptomycin in experimental tuberculosis; preliminary report. PMID- 18897131 TI - Peculiarities of pulmonary tuberculosis developing among twenty Hong-Kong prisoners. PMID- 18897132 TI - [The local TB control in the city of Buenos Aires]. PMID- 18897133 TI - [Childhood antituberculosis prophylaxis in preventive infirmaries and vaccination with c BCG]. PMID- 18897134 TI - [Impact of tuberculosis in maternity study of placenta, cord blood, milk and unborn]. PMID- 18897135 TI - [Tuberculin-thoracic survey of the students of a school group of Recife]. PMID- 18897137 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897136 TI - [Caseum calcified cavernous tuberculosis of the left kidney; nephroureterectomy]. PMID- 18897138 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897139 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897140 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897141 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897142 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897143 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897144 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897145 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897146 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897147 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897149 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897148 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897150 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897151 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897152 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897153 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897154 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897155 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897157 TI - Secondary pleurisy with effusion in pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 18897156 TI - Endocavitary aspiration; its practical applications. PMID- 18897158 TI - Tuberculosis in post-war Europe an international problem. PMID- 18897159 TI - Further investigations concerning the relation between erythema nodosum and tuberculosis. PMID- 18897160 TI - Persistent pulmonary collapse after artificial pneumothorax treatment. PMID- 18897161 TI - Feeding experiments. PMID- 18897162 TI - The toxic effects of coccidiostatic sulphonamides in chickens; miscellaneous observations on nutritional factors, intestinal flora and egg production. PMID- 18897164 TI - Further note on Arctic dog disease and its relationship to rabies. PMID- 18897165 TI - Contribution to the study of bovine paralytic rabies in Venezuela. PMID- 18897166 TI - The blood groups of cattle. PMID- 18897167 TI - Brucellosis as an occupational disease. PMID- 18897168 TI - The public health significance of animal Salmonella infections. PMID- 18897169 TI - The prevention and treatment of shock by intravenous gelatin. PMID- 18897170 TI - PAINFUL phantom foot of amputees. PMID- 18897171 TI - A report on an attempt to remove adult filaria from the heart of a dog. PMID- 18897173 TI - Swine practice. PMID- 18897172 TI - The differential diagnosis of mastitis in the field. PMID- 18897174 TI - Attenuation of hog-cholera virus by serial passage in rabbits. PMID- 18897175 TI - New symptoms of fowl paralysis artificially produced by blood transfusion. PMID- 18897176 TI - Recent developments in nutritional research. PMID- 18897177 TI - The Russian veterinary service. PMID- 18897178 TI - What is veterinary medicine? PMID- 18897179 TI - Treatment of retained placenta. PMID- 18897180 TI - STUDIES on retained bovine placenta in England. PMID- 18897182 TI - BOVINE leptospirosis. PMID- 18897181 TI - Lyophilized (desiccated) Brucella abortus vaccine (strain 19). PMID- 18897183 TI - Intratracheal anesthesia. PMID- 18897184 TI - Squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal cavity. PMID- 18897185 TI - Treatment of urethral calculi in male cats. PMID- 18897186 TI - Endocrine therapy in veterinary medicine. PMID- 18897187 TI - Recent developments in sulfonamide therapy. PMID- 18897188 TI - Small animal hospital records. PMID- 18897189 TI - Animal husbandry on Palestine's new farms. PMID- 18897190 TI - Hints on bovine surgery. PMID- 18897192 TI - SUIPESTIFER infection of swine. PMID- 18897191 TI - Brucellosis control in New York State. PMID- 18897193 TI - Trilene Anesthesia in small animal surgery. PMID- 18897194 TI - Encephalitis in the fox and in the dog. PMID- 18897195 TI - A dog learns to walk again. PMID- 18897196 TI - Diabetes insipidus in a dog. PMID- 18897197 TI - Rare calculi in a calf. PMID- 18897198 TI - Pure culture of Corynebacterium bovis isolated from amniotic fluid. PMID- 18897199 TI - The nervous system and the segmentation of the head in the Annulata. PMID- 18897201 TI - CINCHONA root disease caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi. PMID- 18897200 TI - A Physoderma disease of quack grass. PMID- 18897202 TI - Comparison of the carcinogenic activity in extracts of human liver and other human and animal organs. PMID- 18897203 TI - Cancer mortality among males and females in Denmark, England and Switzerland. PMID- 18897204 TI - Cancer mortality among males and females in Denmark, England and Switzerland; Danish towns and rural areas. PMID- 18897205 TI - Immunological studies of hydrocarbon-protein conjugates; precipitin reactions. PMID- 18897206 TI - Immunological studies of hydrocarbon-protein conjugates; quantitative results. PMID- 18897207 TI - Immunological studies of hydrocarbon-protein conjugates; inhibition reactions. PMID- 18897208 TI - Production of reticulum cell sarcoma and fibrosarcoma by methylcholanthrene adsorbed on activated carbon. PMID- 18897210 TI - The oxidation of methane at high pressures; experiments using pure methane and copper, silver, zinc, nickel, or monel metal as catalysts. PMID- 18897209 TI - Desoxycorticosterone acetate, mammary gland growth, and carcinogenesis in mice. PMID- 18897211 TI - The heterogeneity of activated cocoanut-shell charcoal. PMID- 18897212 TI - Studies in the formation of DDT. PMID- 18897213 TI - Studies on the formation of hexamine from formaldehyde and ammonium salts in aqueous solution. PMID- 18897214 TI - The isolation of sassfras lignin. PMID- 18897215 TI - A rapid colorimetric method for the determination of lysine in protein hydrolysates. PMID- 18897216 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897217 TI - The preparation of 1,10-phenanthroline from o-phenylenediamine. PMID- 18897218 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897219 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897220 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897221 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897222 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897223 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897224 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897225 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897226 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897227 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897228 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897229 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897230 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897231 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897232 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897234 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897233 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897235 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897236 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897238 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897237 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897239 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897240 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897241 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897242 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897243 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897244 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897245 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897246 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897247 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897248 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897249 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897250 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897251 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897253 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897252 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897254 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897256 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897255 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897257 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897258 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897259 TI - The future of orthodontia; a present-day problem for the orthodontist. PMID- 18897260 TI - Orthodontia a specialty in esthetics or correction? PMID- 18897261 TI - Some conditions not favorable to orthodontic procedure. PMID- 18897262 TI - Milo Hellman's studies on the evolution of the teeth, jaws, and face. PMID- 18897263 TI - The contributions of Milo Hellman to physical anthropology. PMID- 18897264 TI - Milo Hellman's contribution to orthodontics. PMID- 18897265 TI - Preoperative and postoperative treatment in surgical procedures. PMID- 18897266 TI - Benzylog; a new drug and its clinical application. PMID- 18897267 TI - Vitamin K and its effect on dental caries. PMID- 18897268 TI - Proteolysis in dental caries. PMID- 18897269 TI - Penicillin sensitivity of streptococci isolated from root canal infections and the normal mouth. PMID- 18897270 TI - A clinical study of the treatment of root canal and periapical infections with penicillin. PMID- 18897271 TI - Some observations on the association of the products of protein putrefaction with dental caries activity. PMID- 18897272 TI - Adaptability of the periodontal membrane. PMID- 18897273 TI - Transparency and light scattering of dental hard tissues. PMID- 18897274 TI - Impressions of Operation Crossroads. PMID- 18897275 TI - Micro estimation of vitamin C in human blood. PMID- 18897276 TI - Method for quantitative estimation of ammonia in saliva. PMID- 18897277 TI - The effect of disturbances in mineral metabolism on the dentin and pulp of the incisor of the white rat. PMID- 18897278 TI - The effect of pantothenic acid deficiency on the periodontal structures of mice. PMID- 18897279 TI - Epidemiologic studies of dental caries among institutionalized children. PMID- 18897281 TI - Studies on the polishing power of dentifrices. PMID- 18897280 TI - Variation in diet and incidence of dental caries in India. PMID- 18897282 TI - Electron and optical microscopy of tooth structure by the shadowed replica method. PMID- 18897284 TI - A cephalometric method for determining deficiencies of growth in the mandible. PMID- 18897283 TI - The action of saliva on starch and glucose. PMID- 18897285 TI - Mixed dentition case analysis; predicting width of unerupted teeth. PMID- 18897286 TI - Salivary citrate content in patients with and without erosion. PMID- 18897287 TI - Artificial redistribution of calcium salts in enamel by means of acid application. PMID- 18897288 TI - Laboratory and animal studies on the effect of penicillin on caries activity. PMID- 18897289 TI - Effect of penicillin on incidence of dental caries in rats fed on coarse corn. PMID- 18897291 TI - Density distribution of rat molar enamel. PMID- 18897290 TI - Penicillin by local injection. PMID- 18897292 TI - Oral conditions in workers chronically exposed to dilute and anhydrous hydrofluoric acid. PMID- 18897293 TI - Tristimulus photoelectric colorimetry of human incisors. PMID- 18897294 TI - Phosphate transfer in sclerosed dentin studied by means of radio-active phosphorus. PMID- 18897295 TI - Direct three dimensional observations on the organic elements of mature human enamel. PMID- 18897296 TI - Observations on enamel formation. PMID- 18897297 TI - Cementicles and other hard structures in the periodontal membrane. PMID- 18897298 TI - Healing of exposures in caries exposed pulps. PMID- 18897299 TI - Ossification at the distal end of the humerus in the female rat; changes at progressively longer intervals following hypophysectomy. PMID- 18897300 TI - Gigantism produced in normal female rats by chronic treatment with pure pituitary growth hormone; skeletal changes; skull and dentition. PMID- 18897302 TI - Carcinoma of the lip. PMID- 18897301 TI - Ossification at the distal end of the metacarpal in the female rat; response to pituitary growth hormone and thyroxin after hypophysectomy. PMID- 18897303 TI - Ossification of the distal end of the metacarpal in the female rat; changes with increasing age. PMID- 18897304 TI - Gigantism produced in normal female rats by chronic treatment with pure pituitary growth hormone; skeletal changes; tibia, costochondral junction, and caudal vertebrae. PMID- 18897305 TI - Propylthiouracil-hypothyroidism in the albino rat; its effect on the jaws. PMID- 18897306 TI - Location and extent of abrasion of teeth of primitive American Indians. PMID- 18897307 TI - Dental caries in the Syrian hamster; the effect of gonadectomy on caries activity. PMID- 18897308 TI - Preparation of synthetic saliva from direct analysis of human saliva. PMID- 18897309 TI - Controlled study of the character and occurrence of carious lesions in the molar teeth of the Syrian hamsters under different dietary conditions. PMID- 18897310 TI - Sodium carbonate and its relationship to fuso-spirochetal infection in dogs. PMID- 18897311 TI - Public relations stressed at bottlers convention. PMID- 18897312 TI - Retention of vitamins in low acid canned foods-14. PMID- 18897313 TI - New desiccant keeps quality in, moisture out. PMID- 18897314 TI - Automatic controls solve sewage pumping problems. PMID- 18897315 TI - Cheese quality improvement influenced by technology. PMID- 18897316 TI - Lactic fermentation and trace iron affect cracker quality. PMID- 18897317 TI - Prevention of bone darkening in frozen-packed chickens. PMID- 18897318 TI - Significance of bacteria in frozen vegetables. PMID- 18897319 TI - Effect of certain home practices on reduced ascorbic acid content of peas, rhubarb, snap beans, soybeans, and spinach. PMID- 18897320 TI - Effect of soy flours on rate of staling in plain cake. PMID- 18897321 TI - Effectiveness of fat in soy flour as a shortening agent. PMID- 18897322 TI - Thiamin and ascorbic acid values of raw and canned peas. PMID- 18897323 TI - Microbiology of spray-dried whole egg; Escherichia coli. PMID- 18897324 TI - Cooling of blanched vegetables and fruits for freezing. PMID- 18897325 TI - Vitamin retention and acceptability of fresh vegetables cooked by four household methods and by an institutional method. PMID- 18897326 TI - Ascorbic acid content of strawberries. PMID- 18897327 TI - The thymol turbidity test as a measure of liver disease with special reference to comparison of the turbidity at 18 hours with that at 30 minutes (18 hour turbidity ratio). PMID- 18897328 TI - The thymol turbidity test and impaired liver function. PMID- 18897329 TI - Studies of responses of certain hepatic tests in diseases of the liver and biliary tract; serum cephalin cholesterol flocculation, thymol turbidity, thymol flocculation and colloidal gold responses. PMID- 18897330 TI - Needle biopsy of the liver; general considerations. PMID- 18897331 TI - Peritoneoscopic and biopsy evaluation of hepatic disease. PMID- 18897332 TI - Human plasma phospholipid formation; study made with the aid of radiophosphorus. PMID- 18897333 TI - Treatment of cirrhosis of the liver with testosterone proprionate. PMID- 18897334 TI - The use of a high fluid intake and a low-sodium acid-ash diet in the management of portal cirrhosis with ascites. PMID- 18897335 TI - Histologic changes in the livers of patients with cirrhosis treated with methionine. PMID- 18897336 TI - Chronic retention jaundice in elderly patients. PMID- 18897337 TI - Liver biopsies in human subjects. PMID- 18897338 TI - What to do in a rebellious case of migraine; a list of the drugs being used today. PMID- 18897339 TI - The hydrogen ion concentration of the feces. PMID- 18897340 TI - Co-existence of pancreatic carcinoma and duodenal ulcer; report of three cases. PMID- 18897341 TI - Benign ulcer of the greater curvature with case report. PMID- 18897342 TI - Note on the intermittent and continuous secretion of gastric juice in the dog. PMID- 18897343 TI - Chronic non-specific ulcerative colitis; a roentgenologic study of its course. PMID- 18897344 TI - An evaluation of the clinical management of chronic ulcerative colitis. PMID- 18897345 TI - Treatment of idiopathic ulcerative colitis by means of a medical ileostomy and an orally administered protein hydrolysate-dextri-maltose mixture. PMID- 18897346 TI - Chemotherapy and antibiotics in chronic ulcerative colitis. PMID- 18897347 TI - Psychiatric factors in ulcerative colitis. PMID- 18897348 TI - The surgical treatment of ulcerative colitis. PMID- 18897349 TI - Hepatic dysfunction and cirrhosis in chronic ulcerative colitis. PMID- 18897350 TI - Movements of the esophagus in the presence of cardiospasm and other esophageal diseases; a roentgenologic study of muscular action. PMID- 18897351 TI - Gastric polyps. PMID- 18897352 TI - Gastroscopic observations in pernicious anemia. PMID- 18897353 TI - A study of gastric acids in prefrontal lobotomy. PMID- 18897354 TI - Repeated gastro-duodenal hemorrhages without discoverable explanation. PMID- 18897355 TI - Studies on the gall-bladder in unanesthetized dogs before and after vagotomy. PMID- 18897356 TI - Changes in motility of the human small intestine during sleep. PMID- 18897357 TI - Case of healed subacute bacterial endocarditis with acquired hemolytic anemia and unsuspected finding at autopsy as cause of death. PMID- 18897358 TI - Treatment of delayed opening of stoma following gastric resection. PMID- 18897359 TI - The production of mutations. PMID- 18897360 TI - Coat color, physique, and temperament; materials for the synthesis of hereditary behavior trends in the lower mammals and man. PMID- 18897362 TI - The chiropodial engine, its development and use in the practice of chiropody. PMID- 18897361 TI - Chromosome evolution in Sciara. PMID- 18897363 TI - Dermatophytosis. PMID- 18897365 TI - Aids to the early diagnosis of cancer of the stomach. PMID- 18897364 TI - Homeopathy in the teething child. PMID- 18897367 TI - Things that interfere with the homeopathic prescription. PMID- 18897366 TI - Asarum. PMID- 18897368 TI - ROYAL Hospital, Richmond, Surrey. PMID- 18897369 TI - Eventide homes in Australia. PMID- 18897370 TI - What should be done to extend benefits of proper medical care. PMID- 18897371 TI - Rising hospital costs and what we can do to control costs. PMID- 18897372 TI - Functions of a personal department; how to analyze jobs. PMID- 18897373 TI - The healing role played by one hospital chaplain. PMID- 18897374 TI - Operating rooms on the ground floor. PMID- 18897376 TI - HOW to make convalescents comfortable; a free home where dignity will dwell. PMID- 18897377 TI - HOW an unique step-by-step program will bring one hospital plant up-to-date. PMID- 18897375 TI - The role of medical photography in the hospital. PMID- 18897378 TI - Surgeons should not engage in private practice. PMID- 18897379 TI - The 50 bed hospital, its planning and costs. PMID- 18897380 TI - Minimum standards for chronic disease hospitals of 150 beds and over. PMID- 18897381 TI - It takes two to make a good record department, a well trained librarian and an understanding administrator. PMID- 18897382 TI - It's the system that counts in simplifying admission procedures. PMID- 18897383 TI - Contract rates for hospital service. PMID- 18897384 TI - Maternity hospital has a better formula for infant feeding. PMID- 18897385 TI - Introducing the nurse to society. PMID- 18897386 TI - The general hospital's contribution to the eradication of tuberculosis. PMID- 18897387 TI - Adjusting hospital service to medical progress. PMID- 18897388 TI - New horizons in hospital care. PMID- 18897389 TI - A practical outline of personnel management. PMID- 18897390 TI - The lepromin test; a review. PMID- 18897391 TI - Hyperparathyroidism; an operated case, subsequently autopsied. PMID- 18897392 TI - Studies on the diuretic effect of injectable xanthine derivates. PMID- 18897393 TI - Cupola tumors. PMID- 18897394 TI - Arteritis temporalis (Horton) (a symptom of a generalized vascular disease) a survey and a case with glaucoma. PMID- 18897396 TI - On the metabolism of iron in hemochromatosis. PMID- 18897395 TI - A case of isolated congenital dextrocardia. PMID- 18897397 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897398 TI - Temporal arteritis (Horton) a case without temporal arteritis. PMID- 18897399 TI - Angiokeratoma corporis diffusum (universale) Fabry, as a sign of an unknown internal disease; two autopsy reports. PMID- 18897400 TI - Benzene poising; examination of workers exposed to benzene with reference to the presence of estersulfate, muconic acid, urochrome A and polyphenols in the urine together with vitamin C deficiency; prophylactic measures. PMID- 18897401 TI - To what degree does gastric acidity show a tendency to rise or fall during the day? PMID- 18897402 TI - Clinical findings in Addison's disease. PMID- 18897403 TI - On the artificial kidney; apparatus for dialysis of the blood in vivo. PMID- 18897404 TI - The oxygen consumption of the liver, kidneys and pancreas at different times during the 24 hours. PMID- 18897405 TI - On the significance of motility disturbances of the stomach as cause of gastric distress. PMID- 18897406 TI - Pathological gastric motility, a criterion of roentgen diagnosis in cases of gastric distress. PMID- 18897407 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897408 TI - Normal serum esterase and pancreatic lipase in diseases outside the liver, the biliary ducts and the pancreas. PMID- 18897409 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897410 TI - The effect of prostigmine and physostigmine on the citric acid content of serum. PMID- 18897411 TI - Normal serum esterase and pancreatic lipase in serum in liver diseases. PMID- 18897412 TI - On changes in the organism resulting from insufficient gas exchange; certain changes in the blood in insufficient gas exchange, with special reference to its inorganic phosphorus, calcium, glucose and bicarbonate contents, and to its capacity for coagulation. PMID- 18897413 TI - Clinical observations on malaria tertiana in Finland, and on the difference between autumn and spring malaria. PMID- 18897415 TI - Sciatica, especially the prognosis by conservative treatment. PMID- 18897414 TI - Prognosis in medically treated sciatica; a follow-up investigation of 256 patients. PMID- 18897416 TI - The use of pyramidon in the treatment of rheumatic fever. PMID- 18897418 TI - Evidence for a three-component system of renal excretion. PMID- 18897417 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897419 TI - On American-Soviet medical relations. PMID- 18897420 TI - Skoraya pomoshch; the Moscow emergency medical aid system. PMID- 18897421 TI - The assimilation of carbon by saprophytes. PMID- 18897422 TI - The specific action of optical isomers of mepacrine upon dextral and sinistral strains of Bacillus mycoides Flugge. PMID- 18897423 TI - Psychologic disturbances in children during war. PMID- 18897424 TI - Treatment of neuroses associated with trauma of the brain. PMID- 18897425 TI - General non-specific resistance to infection. PMID- 18897426 TI - Gastro-intestinal reflex in caisson disturbances during rapid rise to high altitudes. PMID- 18897427 TI - Latent pulmonary fibrosis. PMID- 18897428 TI - Treatment of gunshot empyema of the pleural cavity. PMID- 18897429 TI - Treatment of trophic ulcers. PMID- 18897430 TI - Occult injuries to the heart. PMID- 18897431 TI - Recent observations on programs for medicine and national health in the USSR. PMID- 18897432 TI - The Academy of Medical Sciences, USSR. PMID- 18897433 TI - Observations made in follow-up examinations of poliomyelitis patients. PMID- 18897434 TI - Rhinitis medicine as a cause of poisoning. PMID- 18897435 TI - The relation of thyroid adenomata to neurocirculatory and gastric dystonia. PMID- 18897436 TI - A non-specific and a specific positive Wassermann test in succession in one and the same child suffering from congenital syphilis. PMID- 18897437 TI - Treatment of infantile atrophy with desoxycorticosteron. PMID- 18897438 TI - Stomatitis, erythema exsudativum multiforme syndrome. PMID- 18897439 TI - Do sulphonamides possibly have any effect on Balantidium coli? PMID- 18897440 TI - On the thymol turbidity test in morbilli patients. PMID- 18897441 TI - Acute infectious lymphocytosis. PMID- 18897443 TI - Immunization against scarlet fever and return cases 1937-1945. PMID- 18897442 TI - On blood-sugar curves and saccharosuria in children due to saccharose tolerance test. PMID- 18897444 TI - On changes in the cerebrospinal fluid during measles. PMID- 18897445 TI - Syndroma Cushing in a child of eight. PMID- 18897446 TI - Isolation of streptococci by the use of nutrient media containing thallium salts. PMID- 18897447 TI - Bacillary dysentery. PMID- 18897448 TI - Appendicitis is an inflammation of the vermiform appendix complicated with ulceration and perforation of its coats. PMID- 18897449 TI - Some Indian bazar medicines and their uses. PMID- 18897450 TI - Swellings in the caecal region. PMID- 18897451 TI - Subacute bacterial endocarditis. PMID- 18897452 TI - Curare effect in spastic states. PMID- 18897453 TI - The modern treatment of burns and scalds. PMID- 18897454 TI - Treatment of trachoma. PMID- 18897455 TI - Modern treatment of syphilis. PMID- 18897456 TI - Outlines of medical treatment in general practice with recent advances. PMID- 18897457 TI - Common psychological disorders in head-injury and their management. PMID- 18897458 TI - Paludrine, a new anti-malarial drug. PMID- 18897459 TI - Gangrene of the scrotum. PMID- 18897460 TI - Case of enteric fever in a village. PMID- 18897462 TI - Acute pain in the abdomen. PMID- 18897461 TI - A case of resisting ascariasis. PMID- 18897463 TI - Delirium after quinine administration. PMID- 18897464 TI - Typhoid fever. PMID- 18897465 TI - Virus pneumonia. PMID- 18897466 TI - Clinical aspects of bronchial asthma, diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 18897467 TI - Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis and vomiting in infancy. PMID- 18897468 TI - Medical observations on the management of shock. PMID- 18897469 TI - Torsion of the spermatic cord in the left inguinal canal in cryptorchid. PMID- 18897470 TI - Hydatidiform mole followed by chorionepithelioma. PMID- 18897471 TI - The malicious poisoning of water supplies and its detection. PMID- 18897472 TI - Forcing socialized medicine on America by the use of federal employees and government money. PMID- 18897473 TI - Changing trends in medical research and practice. PMID- 18897474 TI - Fifteen years' experience with free feeding of patients with bleeding peptic ulcer; fatal cases. PMID- 18897475 TI - Epidemiologic study of 757 cases of rheumatic fever. PMID- 18897476 TI - Low serum potassium level during recovery from diabetic coma with special reference to its cardiovascular manifestations. PMID- 18897477 TI - Metabolic studies in diabetic acidosis; the effect of the early administration of dextrose. PMID- 18897478 TI - Ventricular tachycardia and bilateral amaurosis produced by quinine poisoning. PMID- 18897479 TI - Rheumatoid arthritis in children; a clinical study. PMID- 18897480 TI - Acute panarteritis in allergic persons. PMID- 18897481 TI - Syphilis; a review of the recent literature. PMID- 18897482 TI - Prevention of renal damage by use of mixtures of sulphonamides; animal experimental and clinical studies. PMID- 18897483 TI - Sulphamerazine treatment of pneumonia in adults. PMID- 18897484 TI - Oral penicillin in treatment of pneumonia in the adult. PMID- 18897485 TI - Oral penicillin in young children. PMID- 18897486 TI - Lymphatic reactions among relatives of leukaemic patients. PMID- 18897487 TI - Production of Rh agglutinins anti-C and anti-E by artificial immunization of volunteer donors. PMID- 18897488 TI - Two cases of fugue after mepacrine administration. PMID- 18897489 TI - The dangers of going to bed. PMID- 18897490 TI - Oxygen unit for newborn infants. PMID- 18897491 TI - Thiouracil in toxic goitre. PMID- 18897492 TI - Q fever. PMID- 18897493 TI - BAL and malnutrition of the nervous system. PMID- 18897494 TI - The waning power of penicillin. PMID- 18897495 TI - Unusual pregnancy. PMID- 18897496 TI - Unjustified use of d-tubocurarine chloride. PMID- 18897497 TI - Dwarfism, hormones, and dieting. PMID- 18897498 TI - Acute poliomyelitis with special reference to early symptomatology and contact histories. PMID- 18897499 TI - Poliomyelitis; the pre-paralytic stage, and the effect of physical activity on the severity of paralysis. PMID- 18897500 TI - Poliomyelitis and polioencephalitis; the case for a review of terminology. PMID- 18897501 TI - Differential diagnosis of jaundice by flocculation tests. PMID- 18897502 TI - Paracolon bacillus infection causing cholecystitis and suppurative hepatitis. PMID- 18897503 TI - Uveoparotid syndrome (Heerfordt's disease). PMID- 18897504 TI - Organizing a geriatric department. PMID- 18897505 TI - Self-controlled three-way syringe device. PMID- 18897506 TI - The extent of neurosis. PMID- 18897507 TI - Staphylococcal infection by penicillin-resistant strains. PMID- 18897508 TI - Relief from pain in obstetrics. PMID- 18897509 TI - Childbearing and tuberculosis. PMID- 18897510 TI - Leukanaemia and myelosclerosis. PMID- 18897511 TI - Treatment of myocardial infarction. PMID- 18897512 TI - The management of the rheumatic state. PMID- 18897513 TI - The anticoagulants in cardiac and vascular diseases. PMID- 18897514 TI - An evaluation of the teaching methods of malignant disease. PMID- 18897515 TI - Urogenital malignancies. PMID- 18897516 TI - Diagnosis and treatment of cancer of the breast. PMID- 18897517 TI - Primary disturbances and abnormal calcium and phosphorous metabolism with secondary disturbances of the parathyroids. PMID- 18897518 TI - Nutritional dermatoses in the rat; the influence of deficiencies on the extent of injury and healing time of liquid mustard gas burns. PMID- 18897519 TI - Comparative efficiency of single and multiple dosage regimens of the penicillins. PMID- 18897520 TI - The treatment of heart failure. PMID- 18897521 TI - The treatment of heart failure; the use of diuretics. PMID- 18897522 TI - Diffuse congenital cystic hyperplasia of stomach clinically simulating carcinoma; report of a case. PMID- 18897523 TI - Modern concepts of the recognition and treatment of certain endocrine disorders. PMID- 18897524 TI - A newer treatment of scabies. PMID- 18897525 TI - Repair of cranial defects by cast chip-bone grafts. PMID- 18897526 TI - Treatment of placenta previa; some historical and modern aspects. PMID- 18897527 TI - A case of fatal coronary thrombosis in a subject with extensive pericardial adhesions. PMID- 18897528 TI - Chronic gastric volvulus; a case report. PMID- 18897529 TI - Food is medicine. PMID- 18897530 TI - Serum and plasma. PMID- 18897531 TI - The indigenous systems of medicine (Ayurveda and Unani). PMID- 18897532 TI - The treatment of acute perforated peptic ulcer. PMID- 18897533 TI - Refrigeration anaesthesia. PMID- 18897534 TI - Surgical treatment of congenital heart disease (tetralogy of Fallot). PMID- 18897535 TI - The examination of the hard of hearing. PMID- 18897536 TI - Control of T.N.T. sickness in industry. PMID- 18897537 TI - The treatment of certain psychoneuroses by modified insulin therapy. PMID- 18897538 TI - Bronchogenic carcinoma; 12 year review and operative results. PMID- 18897539 TI - Carcinoma of the urethra in the female. PMID- 18897540 TI - Cervical herniation of the lung. PMID- 18897542 TI - The treatment of peptic ulcer. PMID- 18897541 TI - Management of late toxaemias of pregnancy. PMID- 18897543 TI - Incoordinate uterine action in labour. PMID- 18897544 TI - Anaesthesia for intracranial operations. PMID- 18897545 TI - Accidental haemorrhage. PMID- 18897546 TI - Dupuytren's contracture. PMID- 18897547 TI - The field surgical unit. PMID- 18897548 TI - Subdural haematoma in infancy. PMID- 18897549 TI - Testosterone propionate in the treatment of pulmonary metastases from breast carcinoma; report of a case. PMID- 18897550 TI - Diverticulum of urethra in a male. PMID- 18897551 TI - Rhinophyma and its treatment. PMID- 18897552 TI - Note on the pathology of rhinophyma. PMID- 18897553 TI - Cystic intestinal pneumatosis. PMID- 18897554 TI - Acute mercurial poisoning by inhalation of metallic vapour in an infant. PMID- 18897555 TI - Echinococcus cyst. PMID- 18897556 TI - Immunization procedures recommended for foreign travel. PMID- 18897557 TI - Metopon hydrochloride (methyldihydromorphinone hydrochloride). PMID- 18897558 TI - Notes on trachoma. PMID- 18897559 TI - Osler; the textbook, and education in medicine. PMID- 18897560 TI - Diagnosis and treatment of kala-azar under rural conditions. PMID- 18897561 TI - Management of surgical haemorrhage by the general practitioners. PMID- 18897562 TI - Continence. PMID- 18897563 TI - Few lines on thread worm infection. PMID- 18897564 TI - Intraperitoneal saline in cholera. PMID- 18897565 TI - Trigeminal neuralgia. PMID- 18897566 TI - Rationale of heparin in the treatment of thromboembolic disease. PMID- 18897567 TI - Infantile scurvy. PMID- 18897568 TI - Brucellosis. PMID- 18897569 TI - Vaccination against tuberculosis. PMID- 18897570 TI - Trends of treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis in Scandinavia. PMID- 18897571 TI - The Scandinavian tuberculosis clinics. PMID- 18897572 TI - Method of BCG vaccination employed in St. Ultan's Hospital. PMID- 18897573 TI - Blood counts in BCG vaccination. PMID- 18897574 TI - The effect of diaphragmatic paralysis in the presence of adherent pleura. PMID- 18897575 TI - The origin and development of public health services in Ireland. PMID- 18897576 TI - Dublin's private medical schools. PMID- 18897577 TI - The pre-collegiate medical schools in Cork. PMID- 18897578 TI - Procedures in reorganization of a medical record department. PMID- 18897579 TI - The hospital visitor looks at the medical records. PMID- 18897580 TI - Personnel relations in the medical record department. PMID- 18897581 TI - Chemotherapy in surgery. PMID- 18897582 TI - Development of bacterial resistance to antibiotics. PMID- 18897583 TI - Anesthesia for abdominal surgery. PMID- 18897584 TI - Treatment of esophageal varices by injection of a sclerosing solution. PMID- 18897585 TI - White bread and epilepsy in animals. PMID- 18897586 TI - Role of agenized flour in the production of running fits. PMID- 18897588 TI - Hints in general surgery. PMID- 18897587 TI - The Babinski reflex after 50 years. PMID- 18897589 TI - Nitrogen trichloride treated (agenized) flour. PMID- 18897590 TI - CONTROL of rabies. PMID- 18897591 TI - Streptomycin-resistant diphtheria. PMID- 18897592 TI - Anesthesia Study Commission; findings of 11 years' activity. PMID- 18897593 TI - Recovery of poliomyelitis virus from the throat during the incubation period. PMID- 18897594 TI - Tolerance and addiction liability of 6-dimethylamino-4-4-diphenylheptanone-3 (methadon). PMID- 18897595 TI - Intraocular foreign bodies; wartime experiences applied to a peacetime problem. PMID- 18897596 TI - Urethane in leukemia. PMID- 18897597 TI - Medical group practice in the United States; report of a questionnaire survey of all listed groups, 1946. PMID- 18897598 TI - Oral use of stimulants obtained from inhalers. PMID- 18897599 TI - The advisability of breast feeding. PMID- 18897600 TI - Poisoning due to ingestion of wax crayons; report of a case. PMID- 18897601 TI - Massive resection of the intestine. PMID- 18897602 TI - Amino acid utilization in the surgical patient. PMID- 18897603 TI - New antibiotic agents. PMID- 18897604 TI - Psychiatric aspects of physical medicine. PMID- 18897605 TI - Combined streptomycin and sulfadiazine treatment in brucellosis. PMID- 18897607 TI - Cancer of the colon. PMID- 18897606 TI - Pancreatic calculosis. PMID- 18897608 TI - Tryparsamide optic neuritis treated by 2,3 dimercaptopropanol (BAL). PMID- 18897609 TI - The economics of the practice of radiology. PMID- 18897610 TI - Cancer of the stomach. PMID- 18897611 TI - Tularemia in Arkansas. PMID- 18897612 TI - Inversion of the uterus. PMID- 18897614 TI - The aims and purposes of medical education. PMID- 18897613 TI - The Association of American Medical Colleges. PMID- 18897615 TI - Medical manpower. PMID- 18897616 TI - Comments made at hearing before the New York State Commission on the need for a state university. PMID- 18897617 TI - The private practice of surgery in university hospitals. PMID- 18897618 TI - Responsibilities of the medical school in the training of physical therapists. PMID- 18897619 TI - A study of score faking on a medical interest test. PMID- 18897623 TI - The effect of tetraethylammonium on the small bowel of man. PMID- 18897624 TI - The prothrombin response to the parenteral administration of large doses of vitamin K in subjects with normal liver function and in cases of liver disease; a standardized test for the estimation of hepatic function. PMID- 18897625 TI - The renal regulation of acid-base balance in man; the nature of the mechanism for acidifying the urine. PMID- 18897626 TI - The renal regulation of acid-base balance in man; factors affecting the excretion of titratable acid by the normal human subject. PMID- 18897627 TI - Exchanges of sodium and potassium in familial periodic paralysis. PMID- 18897629 TI - Studies in serum electrolytes; the calcium-binding property of the serum proteins (multiple myeloma, lymphogranuloma venereum and sarcoidosis. PMID- 18897631 TI - Studies of hemophilia; the assay of the antihemophilic clot-promoting principle in normal human plasma with some observations on the relative potency of certain plasma fractions. PMID- 18897633 TI - Study of the disappearance of Congo red from the blood of non-amyloid subjects and patients with amyloidosis. PMID- 18897634 TI - Chemical, clinical, and immunological studies on the products of human plasma fractionation; comparative studies on the nutritive value of orally and intravenously administered human serum albumin in man. PMID- 18897635 TI - The effects of intravenous injection of concentrated human serum albumin upon blood plasma, ascites and renal functions in three patients with cirrhosis of the liver. PMID- 18897637 TI - Variations in the blood pressure response to repeated administration of tetraethyl ammonium chloride. PMID- 18897639 TI - Bornholm disease with illustrative case-reports. PMID- 18897640 TI - A case of primary tuberculosis of the mesenteric glands associated with tuberculomata in the brain in an adult female. PMID- 18897642 TI - A scarless incision. PMID- 18897641 TI - On the identity of Avitellina woodlandi and A. nagatyi, with further new records of some parasites from Egyptian food mammals. PMID- 18897643 TI - Primary bronchogenic carcinoma; report on four cases. PMID- 18897644 TI - Hippuric acid test and prothrombin time estimation in Egyptian hepatosplenomegaly and amoebic liver disease. PMID- 18897645 TI - Chemical composition of Egyptian buffalo's milk and its relation to milk laws. PMID- 18897646 TI - Chronic dilatation of the duodenum. PMID- 18897647 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897648 TI - The subacute subnutritional syndrome in infants. PMID- 18897649 TI - Percorten in the treatment of peptic ulcer and its complications. PMID- 18897651 TI - A rare case of bipartite bladder. PMID- 18897652 TI - Orthostatis albuminuria. PMID- 18897650 TI - Cloroben as snail poison for control of bilharziasis; its danger to the rice plant. PMID- 18897653 TI - Cystic degeneration of uterine fibromyomata; report of a case. PMID- 18897654 TI - The effect of nicotinic acid on the blood-picture of pellagrins. PMID- 18897655 TI - Acute infectious lymphocytosis; report of a case. PMID- 18897656 TI - The relation of the blood platelet count to liver disease. PMID- 18897657 TI - Nutrition problems in the Middle East. PMID- 18897658 TI - The surgical approach to the treatment of certain heart diseases. PMID- 18897659 TI - Traumatic injuries of the urinary system. PMID- 18897660 TI - Undulant fever; report of two cases. PMID- 18897661 TI - Child management in public health dentistry. PMID- 18897662 TI - Investigations into an outbreak of epidemic dropsy. PMID- 18897663 TI - Blood groups and their potentialities. PMID- 18897664 TI - Chronic pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 18897665 TI - Fracture of the neck of the femur. PMID- 18897666 TI - A scheme for re-orientation of Ayurveda. PMID- 18897667 TI - A case of sympodia. PMID- 18897668 TI - Reiter's disease. PMID- 18897669 TI - Onset of typhoid fever with aphasia. PMID- 18897670 TI - Indiana's licensed nursing homes. PMID- 18897671 TI - Indiana vocational rehabilitation. PMID- 18897672 TI - Home town medical care program of the Veterans Administration. PMID- 18897673 TI - Federal income tax and the medical profession. PMID- 18897674 TI - Trends in medicine. PMID- 18897675 TI - Planned parenthood, the road to national health and world peace. PMID- 18897676 TI - Present status of surgical treatment of duodenal ulcer. PMID- 18897677 TI - Stilbestrol medication. PMID- 18897678 TI - Digitalis glycosides, ouabain and strophanthin in general practice. PMID- 18897679 TI - Mass chest survey at the University of Kansas Medical Center outpatient dispensary. PMID- 18897680 TI - Colostomy. PMID- 18897681 TI - Cancer of the mouth. PMID- 18897682 TI - Lung abscess. PMID- 18897683 TI - The spread of tuberculosis in an Irish town; a study of slow motion contagion. PMID- 18897685 TI - The indications and use of blood transfusion. PMID- 18897684 TI - Blood serum transfusion. PMID- 18897686 TI - Infantile paralysis. PMID- 18897687 TI - Gastroenteritis. PMID- 18897688 TI - Possible infant salvage at Florence Crittenton Hospital. PMID- 18897689 TI - The rational use of diuretics in congestive heart failure. PMID- 18897690 TI - Michigan wants excellent nursing; two kinds. PMID- 18897691 TI - Parathyroid extract and diuresis. PMID- 18897692 TI - Control of blood loss during delivery. PMID- 18897693 TI - Treatment of the common respiratory infections. PMID- 18897694 TI - Symposium on poliomyelitis. PMID- 18897695 TI - Speculative high points on the cause, immunity and pathology of poliomyelitis. PMID- 18897697 TI - Treatment of poliomyelitis in the recovery and residual phases. PMID- 18897696 TI - Diagnosis and treatment of poliomyelitis. PMID- 18897698 TI - Criteria for diagnosis of psychosomatic symptoms. PMID- 18897699 TI - Postrheumatic arthralgia. PMID- 18897700 TI - A lawyer's comments on medical testimony in medicolegal cases. PMID- 18897701 TI - Congenital absence of vagina; treatment and aftercare. PMID- 18897702 TI - Advances in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 18897703 TI - Some problems arising in the treatment of cerebral palsy cases. PMID- 18897704 TI - Tuberculosis of the lung in children. PMID- 18897705 TI - The penicillin factors. PMID- 18897706 TI - Contribution of the Arabs to materia medica. PMID- 18897707 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897708 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897709 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897710 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897711 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897712 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897714 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897713 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897715 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897716 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897717 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897718 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897719 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897720 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897721 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897722 TI - Second ruptured tubal pregnancy with intra uterine pregnancy. PMID- 18897723 TI - The Pfannenstiel incision. PMID- 18897724 TI - Varicose veins; treatment by excision preferable to treatment by ligation and injection. PMID- 18897725 TI - Voluntary prepayment medical care plans. PMID- 18897726 TI - ANALYSIS of comparative contract benefits. PMID- 18897727 TI - Georgia and its health program. PMID- 18897728 TI - Endometriosis. PMID- 18897729 TI - Alcohol as a medical problem. PMID- 18897730 TI - Newer concepts in the use of digitalis preparations. PMID- 18897731 TI - The treatment of pruritus ani. PMID- 18897732 TI - Visceral pain. PMID- 18897733 TI - A comprehensive student-health service. PMID- 18897734 TI - Compulsory physical education for university students. PMID- 18897735 TI - Health examinations of students; pilot survey in Oxford. PMID- 18897736 TI - Familial idiopathic methaemoglobinaemia; five cases in one family. PMID- 18897737 TI - Rh factor and haemolytic disease of the newborn in Jerusalem Jews. PMID- 18897738 TI - Membranous nature of interstitial connective tissue. PMID- 18897739 TI - Glossopharyngeal zoster followed by varicella in two contacts. PMID- 18897740 TI - Detection of latent genital tuberculosis by culture of menstrual discharge. PMID- 18897741 TI - Mass radiography in the early diagnosis of chest disease. PMID- 18897742 TI - Hypertension and heredity. PMID- 18897743 TI - Coagulation factors. PMID- 18897744 TI - A simplified anatomical nomenclature. PMID- 18897745 TI - Penicillin by mouth. PMID- 18897746 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897747 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897748 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897749 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897750 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897751 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897752 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897753 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897754 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897756 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897755 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897757 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897758 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897759 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897760 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897761 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897762 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897763 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897764 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897765 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897766 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897767 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897768 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897769 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897770 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897771 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897772 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897773 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897774 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897775 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897776 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897778 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897777 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897779 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897780 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897781 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897782 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897783 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897784 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897785 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897786 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897787 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897788 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897789 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897790 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897791 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897792 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897793 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897795 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897794 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897796 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897797 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897798 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897799 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897800 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897801 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897802 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897803 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897804 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897805 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897806 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897807 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897808 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897809 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897810 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897811 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897812 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897813 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897815 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897814 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897817 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897816 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897818 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897819 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897820 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897821 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897822 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897823 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897824 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897825 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897826 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897827 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897828 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897829 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897830 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897831 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897832 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897833 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897834 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897835 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897836 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897837 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897838 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897839 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897840 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897841 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897842 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897843 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897844 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897845 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897846 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897847 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897848 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897849 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897850 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897851 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897852 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897853 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897854 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897855 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897856 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897857 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897858 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897859 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897860 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897861 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897862 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897863 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897864 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897865 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897866 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897867 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897869 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897868 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897870 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897871 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897872 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897873 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897874 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897875 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897876 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897877 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897878 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897879 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897880 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897881 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897882 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897883 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897884 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897885 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897886 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897887 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897888 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897889 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897890 TI - Problems in the early diagnosis and treatment of right heart failure; its significance in chronic pulmonary disease. PMID- 18897891 TI - The responsibility of the medical school to the physicians of Utah. PMID- 18897892 TI - Mental hygiene for the community. PMID- 18897893 TI - Ocular changes in diabetes. PMID- 18897894 TI - Treatment of duodenal ulcer. PMID- 18897895 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897896 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897897 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897898 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897899 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897901 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897900 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897902 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897903 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897904 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897905 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897906 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897907 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897908 TI - Hospital dietetics. PMID- 18897909 TI - The application of microbiological methods to the study of nutrition. PMID- 18897910 TI - The microbiological assay of amino acids. PMID- 18897911 TI - The genetical control of nutritional requirements in micro-organisms and its application to microbiological assays. PMID- 18897912 TI - The role of micro-organisms in the nutrition of farm animals. PMID- 18897913 TI - Comparison between direct microscopical and pure-cultural methods of observation of micro-organisms. PMID- 18897914 TI - Food yeast. PMID- 18897915 TI - Obesidade. PMID- 18897916 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897917 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897918 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897919 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897920 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897921 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897922 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897923 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897924 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897925 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897926 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897927 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897928 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897930 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897929 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897931 TI - Situs inversus in one monozygotic twin. PMID- 18897932 TI - A pedigree of sex-linked ichthyosis vulgaris. PMID- 18897933 TI - A new estimate of the linkage between the genes for colourblindness and haemophilia in man. PMID- 18897934 TI - A genetical factor in perniosis. PMID- 18897935 TI - The dysgenic effect of induced recessive mutations. PMID- 18897936 TI - Length of human gestation with special reference to prematurity. PMID- 18897937 TI - Phenylketonuria; data on 47 British families. PMID- 18897939 TI - Malignant tumors of the ovary. PMID- 18897938 TI - Blood volume in pregnancy; a critical review and preliminary report of results with a new technique. PMID- 18897940 TI - Advanced ectopic pregnancy, with a report of three cases. PMID- 18897941 TI - The intrauterine pack in the management of postpartum hemorrhage. PMID- 18897942 TI - Maternal congenital heart disease as an obstetric problem. PMID- 18897943 TI - The treatment of cervix carcinoma with radium and 800 kilovolt X-ray. PMID- 18897944 TI - Pelvic delivery following cesarean section. PMID- 18897945 TI - The arrest of abnormal uterine bleeding with pitressin tannate in oil. PMID- 18897946 TI - The evaluation of the results of carcinoma of the cervix uteri treated by radical vaginal operation. PMID- 18897947 TI - Carcinoma of the cervix complicating procidentia uteri. PMID- 18897948 TI - A comparison of the accuracy in diagnosis of the vaginal smear and the biopsy in carcinoma of the cervix. PMID- 18897949 TI - Pregnancy following tubal sterilization. PMID- 18897950 TI - Penicillin vaginal suppositories and the prevention of postpartum morbidity. PMID- 18897951 TI - Malignant granulosa-cell tumor in an intrasplenic ovarian graft in a castrated male mouse. PMID- 18897952 TI - A nine-year follow-up in cases of toxemia of pregnancy. PMID- 18897953 TI - Heparin in the treatment of toxemia of pregnancy; a preliminary report. PMID- 18897954 TI - Pregnancy and multiple sclerosis. PMID- 18897955 TI - Dysgerminoma of the ovary. PMID- 18897956 TI - Parotitis complicating the early puerperium. PMID- 18897957 TI - Papilloma of the cervix uteri in pregnancy. PMID- 18897959 TI - Current teaching trends in obstetrics. PMID- 18897958 TI - A modified method of surgical repair for prolapse of cervical stump with associated enterocele. PMID- 18897960 TI - Management of placenta previa. PMID- 18897961 TI - Nutritional deficiency and menstrual disturbances. PMID- 18897962 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897963 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897964 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897965 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897966 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897967 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897968 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897969 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897970 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897971 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897972 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897974 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897973 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897975 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897976 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897977 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897978 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897979 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897980 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897981 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897982 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897983 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897984 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897985 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897986 TI - The plasma cellular reaction and its relation to the formation of antibodies in vitro. PMID- 18897987 TI - Demonstration of the M protein in culture filtrates of hemolytic streptococci of group A. PMID- 18897988 TI - Shigella rio, a new type of Shigella. PMID- 18897989 TI - A study of the role of the thymus and spleen in the formation of antibodies in the rabbit. PMID- 18897990 TI - Responses of human subjects to vaccines in saline-in-mineral oil emulsion; Shigella paradysenteriae vaccines. PMID- 18897991 TI - Responses of human subjects to vaccines in saline-in-mineral oil emulsion; Hemophilis pertussis vaccines. PMID- 18897992 TI - Purified animal viruses. PMID- 18897993 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897994 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897995 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897996 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897997 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897998 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18897999 TI - The effects of oxygen tension on Plasmodium gallinaceum malaria in chicks. PMID- 18898000 TI - Reduction in immunity in chicken malaria following treatment with nitrogen mustard. PMID- 18898001 TI - Antigenic components of lactobacilli of human oral origin. PMID- 18898002 TI - Liver changes in pantothenate-deficient rats infected with Trypanosoma lewisi. PMID- 18898004 TI - Primary pneumonic plague in Mukden, 1946, and report of 39 cases with three recoveries. PMID- 18898003 TI - Distribution and rate of metabolism of phosphorus compounds in Trypanosoma equiperdum. PMID- 18898005 TI - Studies on the transmission and control of respiratory disease within Army barracks; hemolytic streptococcal contamination of the environment. PMID- 18898007 TI - Evaluation of ultraviolet radiation and dust control measures in control of respiratory disease at a Naval training center. PMID- 18898006 TI - The transmission and control of respiratory diseases in Army barracks; the spread of hemolytic streptococcal infections among enlisted personnel. PMID- 18898008 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898009 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898010 TI - Results of prolonged medical treatment of hyperthyroidism with thiourea. PMID- 18898011 TI - Rutin therapy for increased capillary fragility and retinopathy associated with diabetes mellitus. PMID- 18898012 TI - The synergistic or additive activity of chemotherapeutic compounds. PMID- 18898013 TI - Morphologic studies of the intestine in salmonella infection in guinea pigs and mice. PMID- 18898014 TI - Thromboplastic factors in the estimation of prothrombin concentration. PMID- 18898015 TI - Study of fixed tissue sections of sternal bone marrow obtained by needle aspiration; method and the morphology in various conditions. PMID- 18898016 TI - Study of fixed tissue sections of sternal bone marrow obtained by needle aspiration; comparison of nucleated cell count and volumetric pattern with histologic appearance. PMID- 18898017 TI - The blood lactate-pyruvate relationship in various physiologic and pathologic states. PMID- 18898018 TI - The relationships of peripheral venous pressures to pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 18898019 TI - Pain reaction thresholds in psychoneurotic patients. PMID- 18898020 TI - A vascular approach to the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis; a preliminary report. PMID- 18898021 TI - Dissecting aneurysms; a presentation of ten case reports and a correlation of clinical and pathological findings. PMID- 18898022 TI - The thrombo-embolism problem. PMID- 18898023 TI - Visual hallucinations. PMID- 18898024 TI - Electrical properties of living tissues. PMID- 18898025 TI - The influence of non-electrolytes on the ionic equilibria of cells. PMID- 18898026 TI - The treatment of coronary artery disease. PMID- 18898027 TI - The present status of diagnosis and treatment in the peptic ulcer problem. PMID- 18898028 TI - Principles in the use of diuretics. PMID- 18898029 TI - The treatment of itching dermatoses with antihistaminic drugs with particular reference to pyribenzamine. PMID- 18898030 TI - Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of sprue. PMID- 18898031 TI - Serum concentrations of penicillin following administration of crystalline penicillin G in peanut oil and beeswax. PMID- 18898032 TI - The treatment of acute infections of the nervous system. PMID- 18898033 TI - Adult hypothyroidism; observations based on a study of 151 cases, with detailed reports of two typical cases. PMID- 18898034 TI - Treatment of esophageal obstruction. PMID- 18898035 TI - Medical control of diabetes in the surgical patient. PMID- 18898036 TI - Islet cell adenoma of the pancreas. PMID- 18898037 TI - Vitamin D poisoning. PMID- 18898038 TI - Myelogenous leukemia. PMID- 18898040 TI - Effects of war on child health. PMID- 18898039 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898041 TI - Observations on rationing in tuberculosis. PMID- 18898042 TI - Generalized infection with the virus of herpes simplex. PMID- 18898043 TI - Effect of thiocyanate on basal blood pressure. PMID- 18898044 TI - Treatment of angina pectoris by reduction of basal metabolism. PMID- 18898045 TI - Chronic hepatitis treated with methionine and choline. PMID- 18898046 TI - Resection of two-thirds of the small intestine. PMID- 18898047 TI - A modification of the Boyle-Davis gag for oral intubation. PMID- 18898048 TI - Hyperventilation syndrome; report of a case. PMID- 18898049 TI - Carcinoma of the lungi, a challenge to early diagnosis. PMID- 18898050 TI - Multiple primary neoplasms; a summary of the literature and report of a case of four primary neoplasms with complete autopsy findings. PMID- 18898051 TI - Cancer of the breast; the present status of irradiation. PMID- 18898052 TI - Paraplegia as the result of metastasis from carcinoma of the prostate gland. PMID- 18898053 TI - Report of a case of syringomyelia complicating pregnancy. PMID- 18898054 TI - Chronic ulcerative colitis. PMID- 18898055 TI - OBSTETRIC case report. PMID- 18898056 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898057 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898058 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898059 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898060 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898061 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898062 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898063 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898064 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898065 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898066 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898067 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898068 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898069 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898070 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898071 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898072 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898073 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898074 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898075 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898076 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898077 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898078 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898079 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898080 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898081 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898082 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898083 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898085 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898084 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898086 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898087 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898088 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898089 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898090 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898092 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898093 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898091 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898094 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898095 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898096 TI - Ophthalmological facts and fallacies. PMID- 18898097 TI - The relationship of familial disease to intracranial calcifications; preliminary report. PMID- 18898098 TI - Carbon tetrachloride poisoning; report of a fatal case. PMID- 18898099 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898100 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898101 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898102 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898103 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898104 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898106 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898105 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898107 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898108 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898109 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898110 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898111 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898112 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898113 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898114 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898115 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898116 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898117 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898118 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898119 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898120 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898121 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898123 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898122 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898125 TI - The course of bronchiectasis in children. PMID- 18898124 TI - Progressive postoperative gangrene of the skin; observations on aetiology and treatment in two cases. PMID- 18898126 TI - Asthma in a child precipitated by carbohydrate dyspepsia. PMID- 18898127 TI - Multiple primary malignant lesions of the large bowel. PMID- 18898128 TI - Gastrojejunal ulcer. PMID- 18898129 TI - Secondary hemorrhage following trauma to major blood vessels. PMID- 18898130 TI - Intracranial mucocele; report of a case. PMID- 18898131 TI - Renal hypoplasia. PMID- 18898132 TI - The transverse incision in inguinal hernia. PMID- 18898133 TI - Miliary aneurysms with retinal degeneration; report of a case. PMID- 18898134 TI - Subcutaneous fat necrosis of the new-born; a case report. PMID- 18898135 TI - Duodenitis and alkalosis. PMID- 18898136 TI - Recent advances in the treatment of viral and rickettsial diseases. PMID- 18898137 TI - Recent advances in treatment in field of gastroenterology. PMID- 18898138 TI - Recent advances in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. PMID- 18898140 TI - Hematology. PMID- 18898139 TI - Recent advances in treatment of cancer. PMID- 18898141 TI - Recent advances in the treatment of pulmonary diseases. PMID- 18898142 TI - What's new in endocrinology. PMID- 18898143 TI - Foods for emergencies. PMID- 18898144 TI - Granuloma inguinale of the vagina and cervix uteri with bone metastases. PMID- 18898145 TI - The selling price of a medical practice. PMID- 18898146 TI - The veteran's own doctor. PMID- 18898147 TI - Surgical treatment of carcinoma of the breast. PMID- 18898148 TI - Psychotherapy aided by Meduna's carbon dioxide treatment. PMID- 18898149 TI - Reiter's syndrome. PMID- 18898150 TI - B. coli meningitis in the puerperal state; report of two cases. PMID- 18898151 TI - Senile cataract, from the standpoint of the general practitioner. PMID- 18898152 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898153 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898154 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898155 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898156 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898157 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898158 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898159 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898160 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898161 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898163 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898162 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898164 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898165 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898166 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898167 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898168 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898169 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898170 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898171 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898172 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898173 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898174 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898175 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898176 TI - Treatment of Graves' disease with radioactive iodine. PMID- 18898177 TI - Testosterone in the treatment of breast carcinoma. PMID- 18898178 TI - Infertility or sterility in the female. PMID- 18898180 TI - Fertility in men. PMID- 18898179 TI - Irregularities of uterine bleeding and their treatment. PMID- 18898181 TI - Evaluation of adrenal cortical function in man. PMID- 18898183 TI - Endocrine therapy in diseases of the prostate gland. PMID- 18898182 TI - The physiological basis of hypogonadism in the male. PMID- 18898184 TI - Cretinism. PMID- 18898185 TI - Endocrine problems during adolescence. PMID- 18898186 TI - Statural disturbances in pediatric practice. PMID- 18898187 TI - Periarteritis nodosa. PMID- 18898188 TI - Recurrent thrombocytopenia. PMID- 18898189 TI - Subacute bacterial endocarditis; etiologic considerations and prophylaxis. PMID- 18898190 TI - The present status of sympathectomy in the treatment of hypertension. PMID- 18898191 TI - Precordial leads in clinical electrocardiography. PMID- 18898192 TI - Recurrent esophageal hiatus hernia. PMID- 18898193 TI - Clinical problems of ageing and of the aged. PMID- 18898194 TI - Asthma. PMID- 18898195 TI - Food allergy. PMID- 18898196 TI - Recent developments in the treatment of acidosis. PMID- 18898197 TI - Children's problems. PMID- 18898198 TI - Epidemic ringworm of the scalp. PMID- 18898199 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898200 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898201 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898202 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898203 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898204 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898205 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898207 TI - Approaches to a concept of social medicine; a historical survey. PMID- 18898206 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898208 TI - Industrial and occupational environment and health. PMID- 18898209 TI - The place of nutrition in the relationship between environment and health. PMID- 18898211 TI - A statistical study of cancer among diabetics. PMID- 18898210 TI - Rural health programs in different nations. PMID- 18898212 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898213 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898214 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898215 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898216 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898217 TI - The fenestration operation for otosclerosis. PMID- 18898218 TI - Follow-up of abnormal pulmonary findings observed in mass chest X-ray surveys. PMID- 18898219 TI - Acute perforated gastric and duodenal ulcer; an 18-year survey. PMID- 18898220 TI - Streptomycin; its present uses. PMID- 18898221 TI - Cardiac findings due to sternal depression; report of two cases. PMID- 18898223 TI - Constrictive fibrino-pleurisy. PMID- 18898222 TI - Alimentary diverticula; single-stage cervical, thoracic and abdominal diverticulectomy. PMID- 18898224 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898225 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898226 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898227 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898228 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898229 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898230 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898231 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898232 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898234 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898233 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898235 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898236 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898237 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898238 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898239 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898240 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898241 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898242 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898243 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898244 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898245 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898246 TI - Congenital bladder neck obstructions. PMID- 18898247 TI - Mass survey of the gastro-intestinal tract. PMID- 18898248 TI - Epivascular choroidal pigment streaks, their pathology and possible prognostic significance, additional cases. PMID- 18898249 TI - Nitrogen mustards in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease and lymphosarcoma. PMID- 18898250 TI - Clinical evaluation of tetra-ethyl-ammonium. PMID- 18898251 TI - Pyribenzamine as an adjunct in the control of morphine withdrawal syndrome. PMID- 18898252 TI - The important role of allergy in pediatrics. PMID- 18898253 TI - The allergic child. PMID- 18898254 TI - Status asthmaticus. PMID- 18898255 TI - The basal metabolic rate in diagnosis. PMID- 18898256 TI - Some aspects of the management of the elderly patient. PMID- 18898257 TI - Malignancy of the nasal sinuses. PMID- 18898258 TI - Infiltrating carcinoma of the bladder; curability by segmental resection. PMID- 18898259 TI - Present day trends in the surgical treatment of carcinoma of the large intestine. PMID- 18898260 TI - Pancreatic cysts with report of two cases. PMID- 18898261 TI - A review of surgery of the spleen. PMID- 18898262 TI - A new concept in the treatment of Peyronie's disease. PMID- 18898263 TI - Surgical aspect of infestation with intestinal parasites. PMID- 18898264 TI - Cerebral damage following insulin hypoglycemia; review of recent literature and report of a case. PMID- 18898265 TI - An instructive case of dicumarol hemorrhage. PMID- 18898266 TI - Hermann von Helmholtz and the conservation of energy, a centenary note. PMID- 18898267 TI - The syndrome of idiopathic hyperlipemia with crises of violent abdominal pain. PMID- 18898268 TI - Gastrojejunocolic fistula; a new method of treatment. PMID- 18898270 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898269 TI - The effects of 2,3-dimercaptopropanol (BAL) on toxicity and excretion of gold. PMID- 18898272 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898271 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898273 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898274 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898275 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898277 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898276 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898278 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898279 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898280 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898281 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898282 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898283 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898284 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898285 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898286 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898287 TI - Some aspects, historical and otherwise, of surgery of the thorax. PMID- 18898288 TI - Some landmarks in surgical technique. PMID- 18898289 TI - Acute intestinal obstruction. PMID- 18898290 TI - Intra-thoracic actinomycosis presenting as empyema; report of a case. PMID- 18898291 TI - The heraldry of medicine. PMID- 18898292 TI - A conception of industrial health. PMID- 18898293 TI - The rhesus factor. PMID- 18898294 TI - Acne vulgaris. PMID- 18898295 TI - Post-transfusion hepatitis. PMID- 18898296 TI - The conquest of pain. PMID- 18898297 TI - Crime in the search of truth. PMID- 18898298 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898299 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898300 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898302 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898301 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898303 TI - The Royal Naval Medical School. PMID- 18898304 TI - The use and limitations of the portable service-afloat X-ray unit. PMID- 18898305 TI - Acute mental illness at sea; a study of 50 cases. PMID- 18898306 TI - Anaesthesia; 100 years of progress. PMID- 18898307 TI - Mass X-ray examination of the chest. PMID- 18898308 TI - A case of pulmonary tuberculosis treated with streptomycin. PMID- 18898309 TI - Five cases of poliomyelitis in jungle country. PMID- 18898310 TI - A case of regional ileitis (Crohn's disease) with discussion. PMID- 18898312 TI - Control of Army patient traffic in the Zone of Interior. PMID- 18898311 TI - A case of wasting of the small muscles of the hand due to a toxic neuritis following sulphonamide treatment. PMID- 18898313 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898314 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898315 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898317 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898316 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898318 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898319 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898321 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898322 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898320 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898324 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898323 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898325 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898326 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898327 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898328 TI - SCIENCE in Italy. PMID- 18898330 TI - Parasitic animals and the world's food. PMID- 18898329 TI - Carotenoid pigments. PMID- 18898331 TI - Tropical fruits; their storage and transport. PMID- 18898332 TI - IMPORTS of scientific and technical books. PMID- 18898334 TI - Theory of electrokinetic effects. PMID- 18898333 TI - Chromosome multiplication and reduction in somatic tissues; their possible relation to differentiation, reversion and sex. PMID- 18898335 TI - Mode of action of acridine antibacterials. PMID- 18898336 TI - Arsenolysis and phosphorolysis of the amylose and amylopectin fractions of starch. PMID- 18898337 TI - Structure of urea. PMID- 18898338 TI - Chromosome number of Sesamum laciniatum Klein. PMID- 18898340 TI - Quantitative relation between salt accumulation and salt respiration in plant cells. PMID- 18898339 TI - Mustard-gas mutation in Aspergillus nidulans. PMID- 18898341 TI - Absorption of protein and bacteria from normal and infected joints. PMID- 18898342 TI - Melarsen and melarsen oxide. PMID- 18898343 TI - Nutrition and cancer. PMID- 18898345 TI - Genetical and cytological studies of lethals induced by chemical treatment in Drosophila melanogaster. PMID- 18898344 TI - A study on the coccidia of Indian birds. PMID- 18898346 TI - An unexplained discrepancy between the actual and expected yield of virus from avian tumours and its implications. PMID- 18898347 TI - The lorisoid genus Arctocebus; observations based on the type material. PMID- 18898348 TI - Case study of an atypical 2 1/2 year old. PMID- 18898349 TI - The situation of the aged with in the family. PMID- 18898350 TI - Psychic constitution in childhood. PMID- 18898351 TI - Children with epilepsy; emotional problems and treatments. PMID- 18898353 TI - Research in psychotherapy. PMID- 18898352 TI - Projection technique in social case work procedure. PMID- 18898355 TI - Preschool clinical service and follow-up in a city health department. PMID- 18898354 TI - The diagnostic and prognostic validity of the Rorschach test in a child guidance clinic. PMID- 18898356 TI - The chemistry of human behavior. PMID- 18898357 TI - New trends in clinical psychology. PMID- 18898358 TI - Toward a dynamic interpretation of anti-Semitic attitudes. PMID- 18898359 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898360 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898361 TI - [Use of curare in convulsive therapy]. PMID- 18898362 TI - [Congenital hemihypertrophy body]. PMID- 18898363 TI - [Psychogenic reactions in disturbed field]. PMID- 18898364 TI - [Trends of juvenile desires expressed through writings]. PMID- 18898365 TI - [Around the current prognosis of paraphrenias]. PMID- 18898366 TI - [Multiple brain gliomas]. PMID- 18898367 TI - [Velo-pharyngeal-laryngeal myoclonus]. PMID- 18898368 TI - [Early ophthalmoscopic sign of intracranial hypertension]. PMID- 18898369 TI - The significance of self-control as developed during psychoanalytic treatment. PMID- 18898370 TI - Psychopathology of bargain hunters. PMID- 18898371 TI - The psychology of numbers. PMID- 18898372 TI - A prenutritional libidinal stage. PMID- 18898374 TI - Boy prostitutes of the metropolis. PMID- 18898373 TI - The experiment of Dr. Moreau. PMID- 18898375 TI - Psychopathology and sociology. PMID- 18898376 TI - Psychoses in military prisoners. PMID- 18898377 TI - Analysis of the Rorschach test by content. PMID- 18898378 TI - Narcoanalysis as a diagnostic aid in criminal cases. PMID- 18898379 TI - Religious and similar experiences and revelations in patients with alcohol problems. PMID- 18898380 TI - Notes on penal psychiatry. PMID- 18898381 TI - Serial electroencephalograms in brain injury. PMID- 18898382 TI - The neurologic examination of the soldier. PMID- 18898383 TI - Three types of thinking disorder; an investigation of the behavior on special tests of schizophrenics, general paretics and cerebral arteriosclerotics. PMID- 18898384 TI - A follow-up study of Army enlisted psychoneurotic discharges. PMID- 18898385 TI - Tubercle bacilli in cerebrospinal fluid of dementia praecox. PMID- 18898387 TI - Concept of refrigeration as a cause of facial paralysis. PMID- 18898386 TI - Urticaria under emotion. PMID- 18898388 TI - The health of all peoples. PMID- 18898389 TI - Present status of the Rh factor. PMID- 18898391 TI - Emotional aspects of maternity care. PMID- 18898392 TI - Surgical treatment of arthritis. PMID- 18898390 TI - Oxygen as therapy. PMID- 18898393 TI - Case discussions with student nurses. PMID- 18898394 TI - Social security and the nurse. PMID- 18898395 TI - Surgical applications of electrocoagulation. PMID- 18898396 TI - Physics and pressure; its meaning and applications in nursing. PMID- 18898399 TI - MORE about clinical facilities in the hospital as a whole and in the four basic services. PMID- 18898400 TI - Chronic myocarditis; a nursing care study. PMID- 18898401 TI - Values old and new. PMID- 18898398 TI - Research and nursing education. PMID- 18898397 TI - Stuttering. PMID- 18898402 TI - Thymectomy. PMID- 18898403 TI - Communicable disease care. PMID- 18898404 TI - Hospital nursing service. PMID- 18898405 TI - Living and working conditions for professional personnel in hospitals. PMID- 18898406 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898407 TI - Nurse's responsibility to her patient. PMID- 18898408 TI - A study of nutrition in pregnancy. PMID- 18898409 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898410 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898412 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898411 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898413 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898414 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898421 TI - Data on the occurrence of calcification in the eye tissues. PMID- 18898415 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898424 TI - Resistance-measuring of the eustachian tube and the ostium and isthmus valve mechanism. PMID- 18898423 TI - Contact glasses and veiling. PMID- 18898426 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898425 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898427 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898428 TI - Arachnoiditis of the cerebellopontines cistern. PMID- 18898429 TI - Meniere's disease and allergy. PMID- 18898430 TI - Hemangiomas of the mouth. PMID- 18898432 TI - Lymphosarcoma of the tonsil in a three-year-old child. PMID- 18898431 TI - Present-day concepts on the treatment of esophageal perforations. PMID- 18898433 TI - Neurinoma of the larynx; report of a case. PMID- 18898434 TI - Unusual laryngeal lesions. PMID- 18898436 TI - Mucoceles of frontal and orbital cells. PMID- 18898437 TI - Mucocele of the fronto-ethmoid area; report of two cases. PMID- 18898435 TI - Plasma cell tumors of the nasopharynx. PMID- 18898439 TI - Ludwig's angina; a surgical approach based on anatomical and pathological criteria. PMID- 18898438 TI - The prevention of recurrence of nasal polyps; a comparison of results of the postoperative use of radium and zinc ion transfer. PMID- 18898440 TI - The use of sulfamylon in rhinosinusitis. PMID- 18898441 TI - Wooden foreign body in the ethmoid capsule. PMID- 18898442 TI - The fissula ante fenestram of the human otic capsule; developmental and normal adult structure. PMID- 18898443 TI - Otogenous cholesteatoma. PMID- 18898444 TI - Mastoid bone biopsies. PMID- 18898445 TI - Report of two cases of stenosis of the larynx and trachea. PMID- 18898446 TI - The importance of correcting outstanding ears. PMID- 18898448 TI - The pathology of nasal polyps and related growths. PMID- 18898447 TI - Instruments useful in head and neck operations. PMID- 18898449 TI - The surgical treatment of postcricoid and cervical esophageal carcinoma. PMID- 18898450 TI - Carcinoma of the esophagus; an analysis of 145 cases with special reference to metastases and extensions. PMID- 18898451 TI - The role of bronchoscopy in bronchial obstruction, with special reference to spasmodic bronchial narrowing. PMID- 18898452 TI - Broncholithiasis; report of six cases. PMID- 18898453 TI - Medicine's new frontiers. PMID- 18898454 TI - Effect of urethane on malignant diseases; clinical, hematologic and histologic observations on patients with carcinoma, leukemia and related diseases. PMID- 18898455 TI - The diagnosis of histoplasmosis in ulcerative disease of the mouth and pharynx. PMID- 18898456 TI - Therapy of severe erythroblastosis fetalis with repeated and massive exchange transfusions. PMID- 18898457 TI - Traumatic saccular aneurysm of the thoracic aorta. PMID- 18898458 TI - Tuberculoma of the myocardium in a patient with tuberculous meningitis treated with streptomycin. PMID- 18898459 TI - Primary hypertension with chronic uremia. PMID- 18898460 TI - Blood banking and the clinical pathologist. PMID- 18898461 TI - The histoplasmin skin test. PMID- 18898462 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898463 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898464 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898465 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898466 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898467 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898468 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898469 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898470 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898473 TI - Hyperosmolarity and hyperelectrolytemia in pathologic conditions of childhood. PMID- 18898471 TI - Relation of lesions of the tongue in children to niacin deficiency. PMID- 18898472 TI - Basal metabolism of children with tumors. PMID- 18898474 TI - Comparison of axillar and intraperitoneal inoculation with Calmette-Guerin vaccine. PMID- 18898475 TI - Gonococcic vaginitis in children treated with a single injection of penicillin in beeswax and peanut oil; report of 20 cases. PMID- 18898476 TI - Scarlet fever immunization; report on reversal of reactions to the Dick test through use of a new type of antigen. PMID- 18898477 TI - Aid to interpretation of changes in the cerebrospinal fluid in pediatric cases. PMID- 18898478 TI - Serum iron levels in adolescent girls; a study of three cases. PMID- 18898479 TI - Acute infectious lymphocytosis. PMID- 18898482 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898481 TI - Potassium bromate poisoning. PMID- 18898480 TI - Diplococcus mucosus meningitis successfully treated with sulfadiazine and penicillin. PMID- 18898484 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898483 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898485 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898486 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898487 TI - Jaundice and anemia. PMID- 18898488 TI - Prolonged fever with convulsions. PMID- 18898490 TI - Tick paralysis; a report of two cases. PMID- 18898489 TI - Rheumatoid arthritis with associated cardiac involvement. PMID- 18898491 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898492 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898493 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898494 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898495 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898496 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898497 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898498 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898499 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898500 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898501 TI - An experimental study of the stability of certain factors of vitamin B complex toward various food, drug and cosmetic colors. PMID- 18898503 TI - Medicine and plant exploration. PMID- 18898502 TI - The effect of tyrothricin on fungi. PMID- 18898504 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898505 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898506 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898507 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898508 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898509 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898510 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898511 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898513 TI - USE of water in extractive preparations. PMID- 18898512 TI - Response of rats to diets containing varying amounts of glycerol and of propylene glycol. PMID- 18898514 TI - BOERHAAVE'S prescription. PMID- 18898515 TI - Barrier creams. PMID- 18898516 TI - Preparation of intravenous solutions. PMID- 18898517 TI - The unification of pharmacopoeias. PMID- 18898518 TI - Sterilized penicillin cream; bases made with a new emulsifying wax. PMID- 18898519 TI - HISTORY of hypodermic medication. PMID- 18898520 TI - An electron microscope analysis of certain nerve axon constituents. PMID- 18898521 TI - Exploratory electrophoretic experiments on luciferase preparations. PMID- 18898522 TI - The influence of various drugs on a crustacean synapse. PMID- 18898523 TI - Further observations on the influence of cyanide on some trypanosomes. PMID- 18898524 TI - Oxygen consumption in several small wild mammals. PMID- 18898525 TI - On the effect of ethyl alcohol upon frog nerve. PMID- 18898526 TI - Uric acid in marine invertebrates. PMID- 18898527 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898528 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898530 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898529 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898531 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898532 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898533 TI - Dominance order in Polistes wasps. PMID- 18898534 TI - The sexual behavior of intersexual domestic fowl. PMID- 18898536 TI - Relation of salinity to the activity of the spermatozoa of Gillichthys, a marine teleost. PMID- 18898535 TI - Dominance and the frustration-aggression hypothesis. PMID- 18898537 TI - The temperature coefficients of DDT action in insects. PMID- 18898538 TI - Determination of reproductive rates in rat populations by examination of carcasses. PMID- 18898539 TI - A sexual transformation of the osseus bulla in duck embryos following administration of estrogen. PMID- 18898541 TI - ARMY (THE) general classification test, with special reference to the construction and standardization of forms 1a and 1b. PMID- 18898540 TI - The killing action and rate of production of single particles of paramecin 51. PMID- 18898543 TI - Group and individual variability on the Goodenough draw-a-man test. PMID- 18898542 TI - The relation between scores obtained by Harvard freshmen on the Kuder preference record and their fields of concentration. PMID- 18898544 TI - Relations between ability and social status in a midwestern community; size of vocabulary. PMID- 18898545 TI - Note on an unnecessary source of confusion in statistical terminology. PMID- 18898546 TI - Some psychological hypotheses on Nazi Germany. PMID- 18898547 TI - A study of homesickness in college freshmen. PMID- 18898548 TI - Achievement of a group of socially maladjusted boys as revealed by the Stanford achievement test. PMID- 18898549 TI - The nature of motivation. PMID- 18898550 TI - Interests and personality traits of Bible institute students. PMID- 18898551 TI - Reactions to the death of President Roosevelt. PMID- 18898552 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898553 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898554 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898555 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898556 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898557 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898558 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898559 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898560 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898561 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898562 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898563 TI - The evaluation schedule and the public health program. PMID- 18898564 TI - Demands for service under health insurance; Dalhousie survey. PMID- 18898565 TI - Professional training for public health. PMID- 18898566 TI - The trend of modern sanitation, with special emphasis on standards for restaurant sanitation. PMID- 18898567 TI - Population problems in public health at the provincial level. PMID- 18898568 TI - IS there a public health problem associated with alcohol? PMID- 18898569 TI - The development of a beam-walking test and its use in measuring development of balance in children. PMID- 18898570 TI - An investigation of certain evolutionary tendencies in the female human structure. PMID- 18898571 TI - The effect of hard laboratory exercise on the total and differential leucocyte count of young women. PMID- 18898572 TI - A study of certain factors in their relation to the play of children. PMID- 18898573 TI - A comparative study of structure and function of normal, pronated, and painful feet among children. PMID- 18898574 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898575 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898576 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898577 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898578 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898579 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898580 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898581 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898582 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898583 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898584 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898585 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898586 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898587 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898588 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898589 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898590 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898591 TI - Developer solutions for X-ray films. PMID- 18898593 TI - An application of infrared photography. PMID- 18898592 TI - Medical photography in a teaching hospital. PMID- 18898594 TI - KODAK ektachrome film for full-color transparencies processed by the photographer. PMID- 18898595 TI - Polycystic kidneys. PMID- 18898596 TI - Sequestrum of temporal bone. PMID- 18898597 TI - Congenital esophageal atresia with esophagotracheal fistula. PMID- 18898598 TI - Radiography of injured lower extremities. PMID- 18898600 TI - Callus at site of gunshot wound. PMID- 18898599 TI - Postoperative cholangiography. PMID- 18898601 TI - An animation method for surgical motion pictures. PMID- 18898602 TI - Unsuspected bronchiectasis. PMID- 18898603 TI - Kirschner's operation for cicatricial stricture of esophagus. PMID- 18898604 TI - Mediastinal tumors of probable echinococcal origin. PMID- 18898605 TI - MEDICAL photography, then and now. PMID- 18898606 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898608 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898607 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898609 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898610 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898611 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898612 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898613 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898614 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898615 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898616 TI - The significance of giant follicular lymphadenopathy (Brill-Symmers disease). PMID- 18898617 TI - The diaphragm; a roentgen study in three dimensions. PMID- 18898618 TI - Development of the betatron for electron therapy. PMID- 18898619 TI - Differential diagnosis of retrocardiac shadows. PMID- 18898620 TI - The visible bronchial tree; a roentgen sign in pneumonic and other pulmonary consolidations. PMID- 18898621 TI - The endocrine factors in pelvic tumors, with a discussion of the Papanicolaou smear method for diagnosis. PMID- 18898622 TI - Myelography in intervertebral disk protrusion; horizontal beam examination with the patient prone. PMID- 18898623 TI - A subsequent report on roentgen therapy in the carotid sinus syndrome. PMID- 18898625 TI - Effective wave lengths; a new method independent of the measuring material. PMID- 18898624 TI - Angiography of the thoracic aorta and coronary vessels, with direct injection of an opaque solution into the aorta. PMID- 18898626 TI - Infrapulmonary effusion masquerading as an elevated diaphragm. PMID- 18898627 TI - Basal pleural fluid accumulations resembling elevated diaphragm. PMID- 18898628 TI - Influence of pharmacological agents on effects of irradiation. PMID- 18898629 TI - Rheumatoid spondylitis. PMID- 18898630 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898631 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898632 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898633 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898634 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898635 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898636 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898637 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898638 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898639 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898640 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898641 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898642 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898643 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898644 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898645 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898646 TI - Hormones. PMID- 18898647 TI - The pathology of sudden death. PMID- 18898648 TI - Anoxia in anaesthesia. PMID- 18898651 TI - The borrowing-lending hemodynamic phenomenon (hemometakinesia) and its therapeutic application in peripheral vascular disturbances. PMID- 18898649 TI - Gastro-intestinal decompression in the treatment of acute obstructions. PMID- 18898653 TI - Sympathectomy for obliterative arterial disease; indications and contraindications. PMID- 18898655 TI - Experiences with a bone bank. PMID- 18898654 TI - Chondrosarcoma. PMID- 18898656 TI - Penetrating wounds of major joints. PMID- 18898657 TI - Pulmonary cavernous hemangioma with arteriovenous fistula, surgical management; case report. PMID- 18898658 TI - Control of hemorrhage from wounds of the heart by the gelatin sponge patch technic; a new experimental method. PMID- 18898662 TI - Decortication of the lung in the treatment of tuberculous empyema. PMID- 18898663 TI - Anesthesia in thoracic surgery. PMID- 18898664 TI - Transgastric removal of large solid bodies impacted in the lower part of the esophagus. PMID- 18898665 TI - Surgical treatment of perforation of the esophagus. PMID- 18898666 TI - Resection of the esophagus for persistent stricture. PMID- 18898667 TI - Surgical management of irreducible intussusception. PMID- 18898668 TI - Congenital duodenal obstruction (intrinsic obstruction). PMID- 18898669 TI - Meckel's diverticulum as an acute surgical emergency. PMID- 18898670 TI - Polyposis of the colon. PMID- 18898671 TI - Obstruction due to volvulus of the colon. PMID- 18898672 TI - Carcinoma of the rectum and rectosigmoid; a statistical analysis of 844 cases. PMID- 18898673 TI - 137 consecutive combined abdominoperineal resections without mortality. PMID- 18898674 TI - Perforated appendix in children. PMID- 18898675 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898676 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898677 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898678 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898679 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898680 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898681 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898683 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898682 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898684 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898685 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898686 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898687 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898688 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898689 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898690 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898691 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898692 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898693 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898694 TI - Immunization of monkeys against malaria by means of killed parasites with adjuvants. PMID- 18898695 TI - The efficacy of chloroquine, quinacrine, quinine and totaquine in the treatment of Plasmodium malariae infections (quartan malaria). PMID- 18898696 TI - On the homogeneity of Plasmodium vivax infections acquired in highly endemic regions. PMID- 18898697 TI - Old and new methods of controlling malaria in Greek Macedonia. PMID- 18898698 TI - An investigation of the house-frequenting habits of mosquitoes of the British Guiana coastland in relation to the use of DDT. PMID- 18898699 TI - The transmission of Wuohereria bancrofti by Anopheles darlingi in the American tropics. PMID- 18898700 TI - Studies on cyclic passage of yellow fever virus in South American mammals and mosquitoes; marsupials (Metachirus nudicaudatus and Marmosa) in combination with Aedes aegypti as vector. PMID- 18898702 TI - Chloroquine in amebiasis. PMID- 18898701 TI - The reaction of certain species of bats to yellow fever virus. PMID- 18898703 TI - Protein hydrolysate-enriched media for the propagation of Trichomonas vaginalis (Donne). PMID- 18898704 TI - Conditions for drug testing in experimental schistosomiasis mansoni in mice. PMID- 18898705 TI - Screening of drugs in experimental schistosomiasis mansoni in mice. PMID- 18898706 TI - Effect of drugs during earliest stages of experimental schistosomiasis mansoni in mice. PMID- 18898707 TI - Typhus in Colombia; a survey of four towns by the complement fixation test, November 1946. PMID- 18898708 TI - The practice of tropical medicine in-London. PMID- 18898709 TI - A rickettsial disease in East Africa transmitted by ticks (Rhipicephalus simus and Haemaphysalis leachi). PMID- 18898710 TI - Typhus in Northern Nigeria; epidemiological studies. PMID- 18898711 TI - Typhus in Northern Nigeria; laboratory investigations. PMID- 18898712 TI - Typhus in Northern Nigeria; clinical studies. PMID- 18898713 TI - A case of fievre boutonneuse in Cyprus. PMID- 18898714 TI - Observations on the action of paludrine on malarial parasites. PMID- 18898716 TI - Growth of Protozoa in tissue culture; Plasmodium lophurae, exoerythrocytic forms, in vivo and in vitro. PMID- 18898715 TI - Outbreaks of sprue during the Burma Campaign. PMID- 18898717 TI - Polymorphism in Trypanosoma simaiae and the morphology of the metacyclic forms. PMID- 18898718 TI - Infection of man with Leptospira bovis in Palestine. PMID- 18898719 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898720 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898721 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898722 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898723 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898724 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898725 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898726 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898727 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898728 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898729 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898730 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898731 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898732 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898733 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898734 TI - Severe anaemia and hyperpiesia associated with prostatic obstruction. PMID- 18898735 TI - Genital tuberculosis. PMID- 18898736 TI - The treatment of serious tumours of the bladder. PMID- 18898737 TI - Some experiences of adrenal surgery. PMID- 18898738 TI - Anaesthesia in urological surgery. PMID- 18898740 TI - Hypertension in unilateral renal disease. PMID- 18898739 TI - Notes on recurrence in renal stone. PMID- 18898741 TI - A method of uretero-intestinal anastomosis; preliminary report. PMID- 18898742 TI - Ureteroduodenal anastomosis. PMID- 18898743 TI - Thrush infection of the urinary bladder; case report. PMID- 18898744 TI - Papillary carcinoma of a bladder diverticulum treated by transurethral resection. PMID- 18898745 TI - Diverticulum of the male urethra; report of a case. PMID- 18898746 TI - Ectopic ureteral orifice within an urethral diverticulum; report of a case. PMID- 18898747 TI - Heterotopic bone formation following suprapubic prostatectomy. PMID- 18898748 TI - The end results of the injection treatment of hydrocele. PMID- 18898749 TI - The influence of vasectomy upon the incidence of epididymitis following transurethral prostatectomy. PMID- 18898750 TI - Cancer of the breast in the male, secondary to estrogenic administration; report of a case. PMID- 18898752 TI - The treatment of Bacillus coli and Bacillus proteus infections of the urinary tract with a new sulfonamide (NU-445). PMID- 18898751 TI - The treatment of E. coli urinary infections with sulfathalidine (phthalylsulfathiazole). PMID- 18898753 TI - Streptomycin in genito-urinary infections. PMID- 18898754 TI - A modification of the Brown-Buerger cystoscope. PMID- 18898755 TI - The control of venereal diseases under the National Health Service. PMID- 18898756 TI - The masking or delay in the development of syphilis after penicillin therapy for gonorrhoea. PMID- 18898757 TI - The problem of default in a venereal diseases clinic; a medico-social analysis of 381 women patients. PMID- 18898758 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898759 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898760 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898761 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898762 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898763 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898764 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898765 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898766 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898767 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898768 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898769 TI - The experimental production and development of triploid frog embryos. PMID- 18898770 TI - Vaginal smears and mating responses in ovariectomized hamsters following estrone and progesterone injections with special reference to the vaginal smear in induced mating. PMID- 18898771 TI - A histological study of the effects of relaxin on the symphysis pubis of the guinea pig. PMID- 18898772 TI - Further observations on the function and posture of limbs following removal of the trunk neural crest in Amblystoma. PMID- 18898773 TI - The role of androgen in declining regenerative capacity during morphogenesis of the Platypoecilus maculatus gonopodium. PMID- 18898774 TI - Development in vitro of the early chick blastoderm explanted on yolk and albumen extract saline-agar substrata. PMID- 18898775 TI - The acid and alkaline phosphatase activity in the normal and recovering liver of the rat. PMID- 18898776 TI - Stresscoat deformation studies of the femur under static vertical loading. PMID- 18898777 TI - The use of plastic in reconstructions from serial sections. PMID- 18898778 TI - On the mounting of anatomical museum specimens in transparent plastics. PMID- 18898779 TI - Right diaphragmatic hernia with a supradiaphragmatic lobe of liver without persistence of the pleuroperitoneal conal. PMID- 18898780 TI - Mitosis and cell size. PMID- 18898781 TI - A description and evaluation of methods used and results obtained in preparing, mounting, and preserving gross cross sections of the body. PMID- 18898782 TI - An anomalous urinary bladder. PMID- 18898783 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898784 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898785 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898786 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898787 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898788 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898789 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898790 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898791 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898792 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898793 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898794 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898795 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898796 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898797 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898798 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898799 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898800 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898801 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898802 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898803 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898804 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898805 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898806 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898807 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898808 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898809 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898810 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898811 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898812 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898813 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898814 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898815 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898816 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898817 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898818 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898819 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898820 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898821 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898822 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898823 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898824 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898825 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898826 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898827 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898828 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898829 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898830 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898831 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898832 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898833 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898834 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898835 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898836 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898837 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898838 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898839 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898840 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898841 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898842 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898843 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898844 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898845 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898847 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898846 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898848 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898849 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898850 TI - Thermal decomposition of explosives in the solid phase; the thermal decomposition in a vacuum of certain mono- and di-nitrobenzenediazo-oxides, with a note on the kinetics of thermal breakdown of 2-nitrobenzene-4-diazo-l-oxide. PMID- 18898851 TI - Studies in the terpenes; a synthesis of dl-2: 2: 3-trimethylcyclohexane-l carboxylic acid. PMID- 18898852 TI - The synthesis of alpha-amino-gamma-(p-hydroxyphenyl) butyric acid, a homologue of tyrosine. PMID- 18898853 TI - Studies in the azole series; a novel route to 5-aminothiazoles. PMID- 18898854 TI - Studies in the azole series; the interaction of alpha-aminonitriles and carbon disulphide. PMID- 18898855 TI - Syntheses of some amino-acids, including methionine. PMID- 18898856 TI - Synthetic antimalarials; some quinolylamino-substituted pyrimidine derivatives. PMID- 18898857 TI - The polysaccharides of carragheen; the Gigartina stellata polysaccharide. PMID- 18898859 TI - Cinnolines; the alkaline decomposition of some quaternary salts of 4-substituted cinnolines. PMID- 18898858 TI - Cinnolines; N-oxides of 4-arylcinnolines; conversion of 4-substituted cinnolines into indoles. PMID- 18898860 TI - Attempts to find new antimalarials; further derivatives of p-phenanthroline. PMID- 18898862 TI - Experiments on the synthesis of cyanomaclurin. PMID- 18898861 TI - The solubility at high temperatures of pure sucrose in water. PMID- 18898863 TI - The synthesis of beta-6-methoxyquinolyl (4)ethylamine, beta-6 methoxyquinolyl(4)propionamidine, and beta-6-methoxyquinolyl(4)ethylguanidine. PMID- 18898864 TI - Homovanillin. PMID- 18898865 TI - Evaluation of germicides for commercial and clinical purposes; fallacies and limitations of a phenol coefficient. PMID- 18898866 TI - Statistical quality control in chemical and pharmaceutical production. PMID- 18898867 TI - The clinical basis for bone healing. PMID- 18898868 TI - Concerning the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. PMID- 18898869 TI - Is reattachment or pocket elimination essential for retaining periodontally affected teeth in health? PMID- 18898870 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898871 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898872 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898873 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898874 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898875 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898876 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898877 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898878 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898879 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898880 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898881 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898882 TI - The effect of nutritional disorders on the skin and mucous membranes as observed in the civilian internment camp, Singapore, during the Japanese occupation of Malays. PMID- 18898883 TI - Diffuse mesodermal pigmentation with congenital cranial abnormality. PMID- 18898884 TI - Skin sensitivity to penicillin preparations. PMID- 18898885 TI - Parapsoriasis, retiform variety. PMID- 18898886 TI - Pringle's disease (adenoma sebaceum). PMID- 18898887 TI - Erythema multiforme? PMID- 18898888 TI - Myxoedema papulosum. PMID- 18898889 TI - Sarcoidosis. PMID- 18898890 TI - Senear-Usher syndrome. PMID- 18898891 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898892 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898893 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898894 TI - In vitro studies on a reciprocal growth inhibition exhibited by certain dermatophytes. PMID- 18898895 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898896 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898897 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898898 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898899 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898900 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898901 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898902 TI - The use of rutin in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia; case report. PMID- 18898903 TI - Local therapy with pyribenzamine hydrochloride. PMID- 18898904 TI - Mycosis fungoides (granuloma fungoides) tumor stage, responding rapidly to antimony preparations; preliminary report. PMID- 18898905 TI - A simple quantitative method for the laboratory assay of fungicides. PMID- 18898906 TI - Studies with new fungistatic agents for the treatment of superficial mycoses. PMID- 18898907 TI - A study of the distribution of penicillin in blister fluid after parenteral and topical application. PMID- 18898908 TI - Reactions to penicillin therapy for syphilis. PMID- 18898909 TI - Iontophoresis of pyribenzamine hydrochloride in pruritic dermatoses. PMID- 18898910 TI - Protein hydrolysate therapy in peptic ulcer; a controlled study. PMID- 18898911 TI - Recurrence in duodenal ulcer under medical management. PMID- 18898912 TI - Mechanism of the relief of ulcer distress by gastric vagotomy. PMID- 18898913 TI - Bilateral vagotomy in the treatment of peptic ulcer. PMID- 18898914 TI - Gastroscopic observations in secondary syphilis. PMID- 18898915 TI - The gastroscopic appearance of gastric mucosa before and after vagotomy. PMID- 18898916 TI - The gastroscopic differentiation of benign and malignant gastric ulcer. PMID- 18898917 TI - Studies on mucus in the human stomach; estimation of its protective action against corrosive chemicals applied to the gastric mucosa and attempts at quantitation of gastric mucin by two chemical methods. PMID- 18898918 TI - Studies on nocturnal and 24-hour gastric secretion during the injection of an enterogastrone concentrate in man. PMID- 18898919 TI - Preliminary observations on histamine and insulin stimulated gastric secretion during the injection of an enterogastrone concentrate in man. PMID- 18898920 TI - Effect of odors on appetite. PMID- 18898921 TI - Amebiasis; observations in 833 cases. PMID- 18898922 TI - An experimental evaluation of ligature of stomach vessels for peptic ulcer. PMID- 18898923 TI - Response of the colonic mucosa to the local application of sympathomimetic and parasympathomimetic drugs. PMID- 18898924 TI - Carcinoid tumors of the small bowel. PMID- 18898925 TI - Report of a case of carcinoma of the pancreas. PMID- 18898926 TI - Studies on the bioassy of hormones; the assay of testosterone propionate and androsterone by a chick comb inunction method. PMID- 18898927 TI - Studies on the bioassay of hormones; the relative reactivity of the comb of various breeds of chicks to androgens. PMID- 18898928 TI - The metabolism of some chemical degradation products of estrogens; Westerfeld's lactone, bis-dehydro-doisynolic acid, estrololactone and beta-estradiol. PMID- 18898929 TI - Viscosimetric determination of the hyaluronidase content of spermatozoa. PMID- 18898930 TI - Some factors influencing the liberation of hyaluronidase from testes homogenate and spermatozoa in the rat. PMID- 18898931 TI - Variables affecting the assay of insulin. PMID- 18898932 TI - Effect of reciprocal steroid treatment on the electrophoretic patterns of fowl sera. PMID- 18898933 TI - Anatomical comparison between the adrenal glands of wild Norway, wild Alesandrine and domestic Norway rats. PMID- 18898934 TI - The chemical histology and cytology of the pineal body and neurohypophysis. PMID- 18898935 TI - Calcium deposition in the femora of chick embryos after the injection of estradiol benzoate. PMID- 18898936 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898937 TI - Refusal to cohabit after coercive marriage to legitimatize the child. PMID- 18898938 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898939 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898940 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898941 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898942 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898943 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898944 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898945 TI - The use of isotopes in surgical research. PMID- 18898946 TI - The rectogenital septum. PMID- 18898947 TI - The effect of surgical interruption of the gastric blood flow upon gastric secretion and the prevention of experimental peptic ulcers. PMID- 18898948 TI - The repair of hernia with special application of the principles evolved by Bassini, McArthur and McVay. PMID- 18898949 TI - Redundant blind segments of intestine following side-to-side anastomosis with division of the bowel; report of five cases. PMID- 18898950 TI - Calcification of the supraspinatus tendon; infiltration therapy with local anesthesia and multiple needling. PMID- 18898951 TI - The indication for posterior transpleural bronchotomy in the management of intrabronchial tumors. PMID- 18898952 TI - Laryngectomy. PMID- 18898953 TI - The effect of absorbable sponge materials on the activity of thrombin. PMID- 18898954 TI - Opponents transplant; an analysis of the methods employed and results obtained in 75 cases. PMID- 18898955 TI - Treatment of persistent colon bacillus infections of the urinary tract by sulfasuxidine and streptomycin. PMID- 18898956 TI - The radical treatment of brain abscess. PMID- 18898957 TI - Congenital anomalies. PMID- 18898958 TI - Congenital anomalies of the female reproductive organs. PMID- 18898959 TI - Thiouracil and its allies in the treatment of hyperthyroidism; an experimental and clinical survey. PMID- 18898960 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898961 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898962 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898963 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898964 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898965 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898966 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898967 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898969 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898968 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898970 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898971 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898972 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898973 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898974 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898975 TI - A spot-light on medical history. PMID- 18898976 TI - Patent ductus arteriosus; clinical case study. PMID- 18898977 TI - Basic principles governing animals and their treatment. PMID- 18898979 TI - Dementia praecox, paranoid. PMID- 18898978 TI - Dementia praecox, catatonic type. PMID- 18898980 TI - Psychoneurosis, psychasthenia. PMID- 18898981 TI - Observations on some psychosomatic relationships and osteopathy. PMID- 18898982 TI - Management of gastric hemorrhage in peptic ulcer. PMID- 18898983 TI - The toxemias of pregnancy. PMID- 18898985 TI - A history of cranial osteopathy. PMID- 18898984 TI - Osteopathic cranial lesions. PMID- 18898986 TI - Renal malignancies. PMID- 18898987 TI - Gross morbid changes of malignancy. PMID- 18898988 TI - Thoracolumbar sympathectomy in essential hypertension. PMID- 18898989 TI - Surgery in infancy and childhood. PMID- 18898990 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898991 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898992 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898993 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898994 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898995 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18898996 TI - Shall I take that job? PMID- 18898997 TI - Current hospital construction costs. PMID- 18898998 TI - A hospital is only as good as its medical staff. PMID- 18899000 TI - Cost studies turn up surprising facts about ways to save. PMID- 18898999 TI - The book lady comes to the children's ward. PMID- 18899001 TI - Minimum standards for chronic disease hospitals of 150 beds and over. PMID- 18899002 TI - Advantages and disadvantages of limiting the size of the staff. PMID- 18899003 TI - Collection of specimens for toxicological analysis. PMID- 18899004 TI - Silicosis study and management in the Calumet industrial area. PMID- 18899005 TI - Cardiovascular problems in railroad industry. PMID- 18899006 TI - Thermal burns. PMID- 18899007 TI - Secondary closure of wounds of the hand. PMID- 18899008 TI - Indications for sympathetic block and sympathectomy in traumatic and associated conditions. PMID- 18899009 TI - Dental relations in a state industrial hygiene program. PMID- 18899010 TI - Sodium bicarbonate, and occupational medical problem. PMID- 18899011 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899013 TI - Severe erythroblastosis fetalis treated with an exchange transfusion. PMID- 18899012 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899014 TI - Preliminary report on the use of cardiolipin antigens in the serodiagnosis of syphilis at Santa Rosa Hospital. PMID- 18899015 TI - Medical technology as related to the general problem of medical care. PMID- 18899016 TI - Practical aspects of emotional albuminuria. PMID- 18899017 TI - An improved method for obtaining specimens by rectal swab. PMID- 18899018 TI - Cryptococcosis; report of a case and experimental studies. PMID- 18899019 TI - Complete atrioventricular block in diphtheritic myocarditis; report of a case with serial electrocardiographic tracings. PMID- 18899020 TI - Lipomelanotic reticular hyperplasia of lymph nodes; report of six cases. PMID- 18899021 TI - Adenomas of the adrenal cortex. PMID- 18899022 TI - Metabolic studies in diabetic acidosis; the effect of the administration of sodium phosphate. PMID- 18899023 TI - Chronic recurrent pancreatitis; a clinical study of 20 cases. PMID- 18899024 TI - Acute megakaryocytic leukemia. PMID- 18899025 TI - Syphilis; a review of the recent literature. PMID- 18899026 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899028 TI - Medical research. PMID- 18899027 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899029 TI - Studies concerning the effect of deep tissue heat on blood flow. PMID- 18899030 TI - The effect of diathermy on blood flow; plethysmographic studies. PMID- 18899031 TI - New devices for disability evaluation; hand, wrist, radioulnar, elbow and shoulder ergo-graphs. PMID- 18899032 TI - Dynamic aspects of physical medicine in the Veterans Administration. PMID- 18899033 TI - The biologic and physiologic effects of ultraviolet radiation. PMID- 18899034 TI - Tracing device for surface lesions. PMID- 18899035 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899036 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899037 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899038 TI - The training of specialists; the place of postgraduate institutes. PMID- 18899039 TI - Smallpox in Staffordshire, 1947; outbreak at Bilston. PMID- 18899040 TI - Absorption of vitamin D in steatorrhoea. PMID- 18899041 TI - Superior mesenteric arterial occlusion; recovery without resection. PMID- 18899042 TI - Chemotherapy of infected urines in paraplegia. PMID- 18899043 TI - Cardiac murmurs in infancy. PMID- 18899044 TI - Acute lymphatic leukaemia presenting with skin lesions and mastoiditis. PMID- 18899045 TI - Simplified apparatus for collapse therapy. PMID- 18899046 TI - Our founders and benefactors. PMID- 18899047 TI - The localization of deep pain. PMID- 18899048 TI - The pre-erythrocytic stage of mammalian malaria. PMID- 18899049 TI - The role of trichlorethylene in general anaesthesia. PMID- 18899050 TI - Homologous serum jaundice. PMID- 18899051 TI - Homologous serum jaundice in infancy. PMID- 18899052 TI - Studies on the physiology, biochemistry, and cytopathology of the cornea in relation to injury by mustard gas and allied toxic agents. PMID- 18899053 TI - Primary reaction of mustard with the corneal epithelium. PMID- 18899054 TI - The histopathology of the ocular lesions produced by the sulfur and nitrogen mustard. PMID- 18899055 TI - Effects of mustard and nitrogen mustard on mitotic and wound healing activities of the corneal epithelium. PMID- 18899056 TI - Nuclear fragmentation produced by mustard and nitrogen mustards in the corneal epithelium. PMID- 18899057 TI - Note on karyolysis of the corneal stroma cells. PMID- 18899058 TI - The adhesion of epithelium to stroma in the cornea. PMID- 18899059 TI - The effect of the histamine and related substances on the cohesion of the corneal epithelium. PMID- 18899060 TI - Loosening of the corneal epithelium after exposure to mustard. PMID- 18899061 TI - Exploratory studies on corneal metabolism. PMID- 18899062 TI - The effect of mustard on some metabolic processes in the cornea. PMID- 18899063 TI - Further experiments on corneal metabolism in respect to glucose and lactic acid. PMID- 18899064 TI - The consumption of pyruvate, acetoin, acetate, and butyrate by the cornea. PMID- 18899065 TI - The utilization of ribose and other pentoses by the cornea. PMID- 18899066 TI - Studies on nonprotein nitrogen in the cornea. PMID- 18899067 TI - Comparison of the effects of mustard, ultraviolet and X-radiation and colchicine on the cornea. PMID- 18899068 TI - Effects of mustard on corneal metabolism and the possible relation of these effects to the loosening of the corneal epithelium. PMID- 18899069 TI - The tolerance of rabbit cornea for various chemical substances. PMID- 18899070 TI - A mechanical device for the extraction of soluble compounds from the cornea and other tough tissues. PMID- 18899071 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899072 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899073 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899074 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899075 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899076 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899077 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899078 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899079 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899080 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899081 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899082 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899083 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899084 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899085 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899086 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899088 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899087 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899089 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899090 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899091 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899092 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899093 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899094 TI - Digitalis therapy. PMID- 18899095 TI - The treatment of burns. PMID- 18899096 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899097 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899098 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899099 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899100 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899101 TI - November 1847 and its sequel; events connected with the discovery of the anaesthetic properties of chloroform by James Y. Simpson, George S. Keith and J. Matthews Duncan. PMID- 18899102 TI - The corpus luteum hormone. PMID- 18899103 TI - Skeletal traction and anterior decompression in the management of Pott's paraplegia. PMID- 18899104 TI - Anticoagulants. PMID- 18899105 TI - Anticoagulants. PMID- 18899106 TI - Thrombo-phlebitis in pregnancy. PMID- 18899107 TI - Blood changes in the aged. PMID- 18899108 TI - Ulcus tropicum; clinical and bacteriological description of its epidemic occurrence in Haifa, 1944. PMID- 18899109 TI - Prostigmine treatment of lumbago and torticollis. PMID- 18899111 TI - On the antiquity of Assaph the physician and the editorship of the first known medical-work by him (6th century). PMID- 18899110 TI - Internal lesions due to high colonic irrigation. PMID- 18899112 TI - Tuberculosis and diabetes. PMID- 18899113 TI - Three useful methods of histo-pathological technique. PMID- 18899114 TI - Three cases of leukaemia treated with urethane. PMID- 18899115 TI - The importance of the Rh factor in clinical medicine. PMID- 18899116 TI - Pharmacology and toxicology of streptomycin. PMID- 18899117 TI - Contribution of bacteriologists for the control of infectious diseases in Palestine. PMID- 18899118 TI - Plastic surgery in Palestine. PMID- 18899119 TI - Tuberculosis in Palestine. PMID- 18899120 TI - From the repository of popular medicine. PMID- 18899121 TI - A new approach to the interpretation of medical topics in the Bible. PMID- 18899122 TI - Lack of a proper system in the creation of Hebrew medical terms. PMID- 18899123 TI - Tuberculous meningitis in children; a preliminary report of its treatment with streptomycin and promizole. PMID- 18899124 TI - Intrathecal therapy not required for H. influenzae meningitis; a report of 28 cases. PMID- 18899125 TI - Practical aspects of allergic rhinitis. PMID- 18899126 TI - Fundamentals of physical medicine of interest to general practitioners. PMID- 18899127 TI - Experiences with tetraethylammonium chloride in hypertension. PMID- 18899128 TI - Streptomycin sensitivity; development of sensitivity in nursing personnel through contact during administration of the drug to patients. PMID- 18899129 TI - The hemorrhagic tendency in congestive splenomegaly (Banti's syndrome); its mechanism and management. PMID- 18899130 TI - Mediastinotomy in spontaneous mediastinal emphysema. PMID- 18899131 TI - Sickle cell disease with severe hematuria simulating renal neoplasm. PMID- 18899132 TI - SURGICAL treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 18899133 TI - Cutaneous stains. PMID- 18899134 TI - MALPRACTICE; judicial notice of need for roentgenogram in fracture case. [California, 1947]. PMID- 18899135 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899136 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899137 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899138 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899139 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899140 TI - Surgical treatment of peptic ulcer with a preliminary report of vagotomy. PMID- 18899141 TI - Danger of lubricating jellies in surgical procedures. PMID- 18899142 TI - Radiologic diagnosis of the acute surgical abdomen. PMID- 18899143 TI - Endometriosis. PMID- 18899144 TI - Some modern concepts of intestinal function. PMID- 18899145 TI - Glomerulonephritis, chronic (inactive) with marked arteriolonephrosclerosis, malignant phase. PMID- 18899147 TI - Demand and supply of physicians for rural practice. PMID- 18899146 TI - The practice of medicine in rural communities. PMID- 18899148 TI - Training of medical students and practicing physicians for general practice. PMID- 18899149 TI - The general practitioner and his opportunities. PMID- 18899150 TI - Medical card for veterans. PMID- 18899151 TI - Nebraska rural medical card problems. PMID- 18899152 TI - Medical service in rural areas. PMID- 18899153 TI - Evaluation of interviewing technics and principles of psychotherapy for the general practitioner. PMID- 18899154 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899155 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899157 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899156 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899158 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899159 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899160 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899161 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899162 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899163 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899164 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899165 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899166 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899167 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899168 TI - Hints in diagnosis and management of cardiac disorders. PMID- 18899169 TI - Postmenopausal bleeding due to estrogen therapy. PMID- 18899170 TI - Anaesthesia in caesarean section. PMID- 18899171 TI - A case of myesthenia gravis. PMID- 18899172 TI - A case of fat embolism. PMID- 18899173 TI - Endometriosis; a review of the recent literature. PMID- 18899174 TI - Bronchogenic carcinoma. PMID- 18899175 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899176 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899177 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899178 TI - Laws and regulations, state and federal, pertaining to the healing acts. PMID- 18899179 TI - CHRISTIAN Scientist goes to the doctor. PMID- 18899180 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899181 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899182 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899183 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899184 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899185 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899186 TI - The role of spinal fusion in arthrogenic sciatica; a review of 52 cases. PMID- 18899187 TI - Traumatic dislocations of the hip. PMID- 18899188 TI - A technique for arthroplasty of the elbow joint. PMID- 18899189 TI - Poliomyelitis in preventive orthopaedics. PMID- 18899190 TI - Preventive orthopaedics. PMID- 18899192 TI - An unusual stricture of the gullet treated by excision. PMID- 18899191 TI - Osteogenesis imperfecta tarda; Lobstein's disease. PMID- 18899193 TI - Fracture of cervical vertebrae. PMID- 18899194 TI - Modern trends in British psychiatry. PMID- 18899195 TI - Psychosomatic medicine. PMID- 18899196 TI - Psychosomatic medicine. PMID- 18899197 TI - Vitamin C in the prevention of colds. PMID- 18899198 TI - A modified Drinker respirator for newborn infants; a preliminary report. PMID- 18899200 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899199 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899201 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899202 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899203 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899204 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899205 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899206 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899207 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899208 TI - Infantile paralysis in Mexico; treatment of the resulting deformities of this ailment. PMID- 18899209 TI - Trichostrongylus infection of human beings; report of three cases. PMID- 18899210 TI - The oral administration of methyl testosterone in a male castrate. PMID- 18899211 TI - Congenital hemolytic jaundice; splenectomy; cure. PMID- 18899212 TI - CALCULI; stones in the body. PMID- 18899213 TI - PHILIPPINE nurse, a symbol of determination. PMID- 18899214 TI - The science of geriatrics. PMID- 18899215 TI - Chinese medicine and modern science. PMID- 18899216 TI - Your skin and your nerves. PMID- 18899217 TI - Modern treatment of syphilis including a discussion of penicillin reactions and their therapy. PMID- 18899218 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899219 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899220 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899221 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899222 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899223 TI - The significance of postural vertigo in otoneurological diagnosis. PMID- 18899224 TI - Vagotomy in peptic ulcer. PMID- 18899225 TI - Cancer of the rectum. PMID- 18899226 TI - Retropubic prostatectomy; an improved approach in the surgical treatment of prostatic obstruction. PMID- 18899227 TI - Rehabilitation and early ambulation. PMID- 18899228 TI - Medulloblastoma cerebelli; diagnosis, treatment and survivals, with a report of 56 cases. PMID- 18899229 TI - The practical importance of modern concepts of psychosomatic relations. PMID- 18899230 TI - The cytologic method in the diagnosis of cancer. PMID- 18899231 TI - Recent therapeutic trends in allergy. PMID- 18899232 TI - Septicemia due to Proteus vulgaris; review of the literature and report of a case cured by streptomycin. PMID- 18899233 TI - Epidemiology of tularemia in Massachusetts with a review of the literature. PMID- 18899234 TI - Twisted cyst of serosa of cecum. PMID- 18899235 TI - Lymphatic leukemia. PMID- 18899236 TI - Pneumonia at the Philadelphia General Hospital, 1936-1946. PMID- 18899237 TI - Principles of the Massachusetts Medical Society. PMID- 18899238 TI - Who cares for the epileptic? PMID- 18899239 TI - A study of virus carriers from a poliomyelitis outbreak at a boys' camp. PMID- 18899240 TI - The nephrotic syndrome. PMID- 18899241 TI - Subacute and chronic cholecystitis, with perforation. PMID- 18899242 TI - Duodenal ulcer, chronic. PMID- 18899243 TI - Massachusetts medicine and the animal. PMID- 18899244 TI - Which type cesarean section? PMID- 18899245 TI - The work of a physical-fitness clinic. PMID- 18899246 TI - Medial ptosis of the kidney; a new renal syndrome. PMID- 18899247 TI - A device for controlled negative pressure. PMID- 18899248 TI - The nephrotic syndrome. PMID- 18899249 TI - Benign prostatic hypertrophy, with obstruction. PMID- 18899250 TI - Adenocarcinoma of stomach. PMID- 18899251 TI - Subsequent childbearing of primigravida presenting a breech at term. PMID- 18899252 TI - Puerperal hemorrhage; is the present mortality rate unnecessarily high? PMID- 18899253 TI - Vaginal hysterectomy. PMID- 18899254 TI - Is anal fistula a necessary sequel to perianal abscess? PMID- 18899255 TI - The practice of midwives in New York City. PMID- 18899256 TI - Modification of the incision for laparotracheotomy. PMID- 18899257 TI - Jaundice and liver function tests; to what extent are they necessary? PMID- 18899258 TI - The use of sodium nicotinate in the treatment of headache. PMID- 18899259 TI - The conservative treatment of eclampsia with emphasis on the Stroganoff method. PMID- 18899260 TI - Prophylactic use of niacin amide prevents anorexia following administration of sulfonamides. PMID- 18899261 TI - Rehabilitation of hard of hearing children; a summary of the laws and an analysis of the school testing program in New York State. PMID- 18899262 TI - Synchronous colon carcinomas of multicentric origin. PMID- 18899263 TI - Untoward side-effect following benadryl administration. PMID- 18899264 TI - Severe anemia in a case of diaphragmatic hernia. PMID- 18899265 TI - Vomiting form multiple causes. PMID- 18899266 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899267 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899268 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899269 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899270 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899271 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899272 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899273 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899274 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899275 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899276 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899277 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899278 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899279 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899280 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899281 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899282 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899283 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899284 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899285 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899286 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899287 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899288 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899289 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899290 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899291 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899292 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899293 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899294 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899295 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899296 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899297 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899298 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899299 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899300 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899301 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899302 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899304 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899303 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899305 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899306 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899307 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899308 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899309 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899310 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899311 TI - Blast injuries. PMID- 18899312 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899313 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899314 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899315 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899317 TI - The diabetic patient. PMID- 18899316 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899318 TI - Surgical treatment of pain; a diagnostic and therapeutic outline. PMID- 18899319 TI - Antithyroid drugs and the private practitioner. PMID- 18899320 TI - Present status of vagotomy. PMID- 18899321 TI - The complications of electric shock therapy with a case study. PMID- 18899322 TI - Clinical variations of primary syphilis. PMID- 18899323 TI - Technique of endotracheal anesthesia. PMID- 18899324 TI - Chronic interstitial pancreatitis with diabetes mellitus and terminal necrotizing renal papillitis. PMID- 18899325 TI - Malignant carcinoid of the jejunum. PMID- 18899326 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899327 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899328 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899330 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899329 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899331 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899332 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899333 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899334 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899335 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899336 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899337 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899338 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899339 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899340 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899341 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899342 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899343 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899344 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899345 TI - Trends in modern psychiatry. PMID- 18899346 TI - The surgical management of hypertension. PMID- 18899347 TI - The program of the Commission on Public Health and Preventive Medicine. PMID- 18899348 TI - Life expectancy in cancer of the prostate. PMID- 18899349 TI - The diagnosis and treatment of migraine. PMID- 18899350 TI - Abnormal uterine bleeding. PMID- 18899351 TI - The stem pessary in the management of primary dysmenorrhea. PMID- 18899352 TI - The anesthetic management of the aged. PMID- 18899353 TI - The influence of digitalis and other digitaloid drugs upon blood coagulation. PMID- 18899354 TI - Studies on neuromuscular dysfunction; new principles of neuromuscular reeducation. PMID- 18899355 TI - The treatment of deafness with vitamins and amino acids; a preliminary report. PMID- 18899356 TI - A practical low sodium diet containing less than 0.3 gram of sodium per day. PMID- 18899357 TI - Effect of a curative oil (corn oil) on body fats of rats raised on a high saturated fat diet. PMID- 18899358 TI - Spontaneous thymic carcinoma in a rabbit. PMID- 18899359 TI - Common misconceptions in regard to dermatology. PMID- 18899360 TI - Pancreatic fistula following surgery of pancreatic cyst; report of a case treated by pancreatojejunostomy. PMID- 18899361 TI - Spontaneous rupture of the esophagus; report of a case with immediate diagnosis and successful surgical repair. PMID- 18899362 TI - The diagnosis and treatment of arterial hypertension. PMID- 18899363 TI - A new antacid for peptic ulcers. PMID- 18899364 TI - The preparation of photographs for publication. PMID- 18899365 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899366 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899367 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899368 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899369 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899370 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899371 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899372 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899373 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899374 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899375 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899376 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899377 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899378 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899379 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899380 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899381 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899382 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899383 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899384 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899385 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899386 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899387 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899388 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899389 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899390 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899391 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899392 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899393 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899394 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899395 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899396 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899397 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899398 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899399 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899400 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899401 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899402 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899404 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899403 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899405 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899406 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899408 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899407 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899409 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899410 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899411 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899413 TI - Expectations in cancer research. PMID- 18899412 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899414 TI - Clinical problems in the use of antibiotic therapy. PMID- 18899415 TI - Life expectancy after radical removal of cancer of the large bowel based on pathological considerations. PMID- 18899416 TI - Interpretation of Rh antibodies during pregnancy. PMID- 18899417 TI - Normal and deficient granulopoiesis of the megakaryocyte. PMID- 18899418 TI - Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the pelvis of the kidney. PMID- 18899419 TI - An evaluation of laboratory tests of use in the diagnosis of brucellosis. PMID- 18899420 TI - ROLE of hormones in hypertension. PMID- 18899421 TI - Large retroperitoneal ganglioneuroma in a child. PMID- 18899422 TI - Studies on the relation of the pH of the urine to visualization with neo-iopax in excretory urography. PMID- 18899423 TI - New method of cholecystenterostomy. PMID- 18899424 TI - Utilization of parenteral protein hydrolysates in human subjects. PMID- 18899425 TI - Observations made in a study of 490 patients with injuries of the spinal cord. PMID- 18899426 TI - Intrabronchial fibroma managed by posterior transpleural bronchotomy. PMID- 18899427 TI - Some modern concepts in the treatment of brain abscess; report of three cases. PMID- 18899428 TI - Malignant lesions of the uterus associated with estrogen-producing ovarian tumors; report of two cases. PMID- 18899429 TI - A method of obtaining bilateral bronchograms. PMID- 18899430 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899431 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899432 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899433 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899434 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899435 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899436 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899437 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899438 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899439 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899440 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899441 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899442 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899443 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899444 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899445 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899446 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899447 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899448 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899449 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899450 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899452 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899451 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899453 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899454 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899455 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899456 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899457 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899459 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899458 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899460 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899461 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899462 TI - The present status of our knowledge of the olfactory system of the brain. PMID- 18899463 TI - Blood transfusions in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 18899464 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899465 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899466 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899468 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899467 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899469 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899470 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899471 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899472 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899474 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899473 TI - Medical practice and medical education in Norway. PMID- 18899475 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899476 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899477 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899478 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899479 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899480 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899481 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899482 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899483 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899484 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899485 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899486 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899487 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899488 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899489 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899490 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899491 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899492 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899493 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899494 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899495 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899496 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899497 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899498 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899499 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899500 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899501 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899502 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899503 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899504 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899505 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899506 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899507 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899508 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899509 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899510 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899511 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899512 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899513 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899514 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899515 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899516 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899518 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899517 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899519 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899520 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899521 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899522 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899523 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899524 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899526 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899525 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899527 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899528 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899529 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899530 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899531 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899532 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899533 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899534 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899535 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899536 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899537 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899538 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899539 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899540 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899541 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899543 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899542 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899544 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899545 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899546 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899547 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899548 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899549 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899550 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899551 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899552 TI - Calmette's vaccine, B. C. G. PMID- 18899553 TI - Acute anterior poliomyelitis. PMID- 18899554 TI - Better radiographs. PMID- 18899556 TI - Pathological processes occurring as a result of acute head injuries. PMID- 18899555 TI - The role of the ovary and pituitary in sex function. PMID- 18899557 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899558 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899559 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899560 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899561 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899562 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899563 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899564 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899566 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899565 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899567 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899568 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899569 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899570 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899571 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899572 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899573 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899574 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899575 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899576 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899578 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899577 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899579 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899580 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899581 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899582 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899583 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899584 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899585 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899586 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899587 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899589 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899588 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899590 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899591 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899593 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899592 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899594 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899595 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899596 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899597 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899598 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899599 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899600 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899601 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899602 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899603 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899604 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899606 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899605 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899607 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899608 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899609 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899610 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899611 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899612 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899613 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899614 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899615 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899616 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899617 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899618 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899619 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899620 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899621 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899622 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899623 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899624 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899626 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899625 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899627 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899628 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899629 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899630 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899631 TI - The infra-red spectrum. PMID- 18899632 TI - One hundred years of anaesthesia. PMID- 18899633 TI - Variation of surface tension of solutions with time. PMID- 18899634 TI - CONFERENCE on culture collections of micro-organisms in London. PMID- 18899635 TI - Bacterial symbiosis in a Margarodes sp. PMID- 18899636 TI - Rate of growth of diploid and tetraploid yeasts. PMID- 18899638 TI - On the function of the feeding tubes of Bracon (Microbracon) greeni Ashm. PMID- 18899637 TI - Endoparasitic chalcid of Delias eucharis Drury. PMID- 18899639 TI - A Glomerella rot of nuna. PMID- 18899640 TI - Importance of reserve food materials in successful establishment of shoot cuttings in Coffea Robusta, 1. Linden. PMID- 18899641 TI - Studies in antimalarials; sulphabiguanide derivatives. PMID- 18899642 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899643 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899644 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899645 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899646 TI - The physiological importance of the interaction of oxygenation between the heme groups of hemoglobin. PMID- 18899647 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899648 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899649 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899650 TI - Measuring changes in volume of the tests of the bovine mammary gland by means of plethysmography. PMID- 18899651 TI - Urinary excretion of water-soluble vitamins and phosphorylation. PMID- 18899652 TI - Visual measurements of short pulses of direct current. PMID- 18899653 TI - Calculations on countercurrent electromigration. PMID- 18899654 TI - Measurements of heat vaporization and heat capacity of a number of hydrocarbons. PMID- 18899656 TI - The influence of medical poets on English poetry. PMID- 18899655 TI - Medical eponyms. PMID- 18899657 TI - Chloroform centenary exhibition at Edinburgh, November 4, 1947. PMID- 18899658 TI - LIMITATIONS OF planning in scientific research. PMID- 18899659 TI - Corn (Zea Mays L.) genetics in the United States. PMID- 18899660 TI - Aspects of the locomotion of whales. PMID- 18899661 TI - Beta-quinol; an example of the firm union of molecules without the formation of chemical bonds between them. PMID- 18899662 TI - Inhibition of the photodynamic action of 3:4 benzpyrene. PMID- 18899663 TI - Total conjugation of linoleic acid in oxidation with lipoxidase. PMID- 18899664 TI - Effect of under-nutrition and alterations in diet on the choline esterase activity of serum. PMID- 18899665 TI - Premortal increase in the output of sodium and chlorine in fasting rats. PMID- 18899666 TI - Effect of feeding 2-acetaminofluorene on the adreno-gonadal system of rats. PMID- 18899667 TI - Electrophoretic patterns of lamb serum before and after transfer of colostrum. PMID- 18899668 TI - Electron multiplier tube of large effective cathode surface area. PMID- 18899670 TI - The Bikini bomb and the seismology of the Pacific region. PMID- 18899669 TI - Nuclear models. PMID- 18899671 TI - Minimum perceptible energy and Brownian motion in sensory processes. PMID- 18899672 TI - Mauthner's cells in the larvae of anuran Amphibia. PMID- 18899673 TI - Natural amoebic infections in laboratory rodents. PMID- 18899674 TI - The identity of Galago murinus Murray. PMID- 18899675 TI - The production of mutations by chemical substances. PMID- 18899676 TI - Tests of chemical substances for mutagenic action. PMID- 18899677 TI - A comparative study of the chromosome structure and behaviour in three different genera of Indian grasshoppers. PMID- 18899678 TI - Somatic segregation by microconidial isolation in synthesized heterokaryons of Neurospora crassa. PMID- 18899679 TI - Further observations on placental fusion in mice, and a report of a case in the rat. PMID- 18899680 TI - The induction by mustard gas of chromosomal instabilities in Drosophila melanogaster. PMID- 18899681 TI - The significance of the mucoprotein content on the survival of homografts of cartilage and cornea. PMID- 18899682 TI - An experiment in marine fish cultivation. PMID- 18899683 TI - An experiment in marine fish cultivation; some physical and chemical conditions in a fertilized sea-loch (Loch Craiglin, Argyil). PMID- 18899684 TI - An experiment in marine fish cultivation; the plankton of a fertilized loch. PMID- 18899685 TI - An experiment in marine fish cultivation; the bottom fauna and the food of flatfishes in a fertilized sea-loch (Loch Craiglin). PMID- 18899686 TI - An experiment in marine fish cultivation; fish growth in a fertilized sea-loch (Loch Craiglin). PMID- 18899687 TI - MEDICINE and public health. PMID- 18899689 TI - A new method of developing normal correspondence. PMID- 18899688 TI - The role of orthoptic treatment. PMID- 18899690 TI - The modern technique of squint operations. PMID- 18899691 TI - The adoption of rhythmic illumination for orthoptic treatment. PMID- 18899692 TI - Some problems in the diagnosis of symptom producing heterophoria. PMID- 18899693 TI - Orthoptics in the Royal Air Force. PMID- 18899694 TI - Some aspects on the treatment of squint. PMID- 18899696 TI - Are orthoptics really necessary? PMID- 18899695 TI - Divergent strabismus. PMID- 18899697 TI - The choice of operation in cases of squint. PMID- 18899698 TI - Accommodative squint associated with emmetropia. PMID- 18899699 TI - The relationship between the ophthalmic surgeon and the orthoptist. PMID- 18899700 TI - Abnormalities of accommodation in cases of heterophoria. PMID- 18899701 TI - Muscle imbalance and squint. PMID- 18899702 TI - The occlusion of infants. PMID- 18899704 TI - The history of orthoptics. PMID- 18899703 TI - Views on selecting suitable cases of heterophoria for treatment. PMID- 18899705 TI - An orthoptist with the R. A. F. at home and overseas. PMID- 18899706 TI - Esophoria. PMID- 18899707 TI - Proprioceptive reorientation. PMID- 18899709 TI - Homework exercises in the treatment of heterophoria. PMID- 18899708 TI - Some observations on operative results. PMID- 18899710 TI - Notes on bar-reading. PMID- 18899711 TI - Some attempts to shorten treatment for country patients. PMID- 18899712 TI - Two cases of inferior oblique overaction. PMID- 18899713 TI - Three cases of ocular muscle imbalance due to other diseases. PMID- 18899715 TI - Compensated heterophoria. PMID- 18899714 TI - A case of accommodative spasm, following neglected convergence insufficiency with exophoria. PMID- 18899716 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899717 TI - Blood diastase studies in acute epidemic parotitis. PMID- 18899718 TI - Sydenham's chorea; report of 140 cases and review of the recent literature. PMID- 18899719 TI - Infantile amaurotic familial idiocy and congenital hydronephrosis of a solitary kidney; urethrocystography as a diagnostic aid. PMID- 18899720 TI - Treatment of emotionally disturbed preschool children. PMID- 18899721 TI - Tuberculous meningitis; pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 18899722 TI - Tuberculous meningitis; pulmonary tuberculosis, miliary. PMID- 18899724 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899723 TI - Tuberculous meningitis; miliary tuberculosis. PMID- 18899726 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899725 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899727 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899728 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899729 TI - A new technique for replacement transfusion in the treatment of hemolytic disease of the newborn infant. PMID- 18899730 TI - Prophylaxis of upper respiratory infections in children treated with oral penicillin. PMID- 18899731 TI - A substitute for skeletal age (Todd) for clinical use; the red graph method. PMID- 18899732 TI - The red graph and the Wetzel grid as methods of determining the symmetry of status and progress during growth. PMID- 18899733 TI - Do erythroblastotic newborn infants destroy Rh-negative red blood cells? PMID- 18899734 TI - Natural incidence of influenza antibodies in children of different age groups. PMID- 18899735 TI - Effect of influenza virus vaccination in infants and children, with antibody studies. PMID- 18899736 TI - Body size and growth rate of children with diabetes mellitus. PMID- 18899737 TI - Further studies of nitrogen and fat metabolism in infants and children with fibrosis of the pancreas. PMID- 18899738 TI - Torsion of the appendix testis. PMID- 18899739 TI - Megaloblastic anemia in infancy. PMID- 18899740 TI - Silver nitrate stencil staining for identification of newborn infants. PMID- 18899741 TI - Infantile cortical hyperostosis. PMID- 18899742 TI - Erythroblastosis fetalis in a premature infant from a mother with sickle cell anemia; a report of a patient successfully treated by exchange transfusion. PMID- 18899743 TI - Clinic on poisoning. PMID- 18899744 TI - Benzedrine in behavior disorders of children. PMID- 18899745 TI - Diarrhea of the newborn infant. PMID- 18899746 TI - A new approach to education in tuberculosis and tuberculosis control in schools. PMID- 18899747 TI - An evaluation of school health service in public health. PMID- 18899748 TI - Athletic standards needed to protect health of adolescents. PMID- 18899749 TI - A clay tablet with a pharmaceutical text from Mesopotamia, about a thousand years older than the Egyptian Papyrus Ebers. PMID- 18899750 TI - Wax from sugarcane. PMID- 18899751 TI - Bacteriological studies of a series of polycyclic dyes. PMID- 18899752 TI - Urea peroxide. PMID- 18899753 TI - Khellin. PMID- 18899754 TI - The pharmacy curriculum. PMID- 18899755 TI - The suggested pharmacy curriculum. PMID- 18899756 TI - Medical and surgical adhesive plasters. PMID- 18899757 TI - BRITISH (THE) medical and surgical adhesive plaster industry. PMID- 18899758 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899759 TI - The anesthetic effects of some new barbituric acid derivatives administered to dogs. PMID- 18899760 TI - Variations in the standardization of iodine solutions for analytical purposes. PMID- 18899761 TI - The colorimetric determination of homatropine methylbromide. PMID- 18899762 TI - The determination of arsenic in organic compounds. PMID- 18899763 TI - A method for determining the size and relative weight of penicillin particles and its importance in preparing adequate preparations of liquid penicillin in oil and wax. PMID- 18899764 TI - The assay of solanaceous drugs with the aid of an adsorption column. PMID- 18899765 TI - Chemical investigation of Convolvulus pluricaulis Chois. PMID- 18899766 TI - Chronic oral toxicities of surface-active agents. PMID- 18899767 TI - The effect of folic acid analogues on the action of dopa decarboxylase. PMID- 18899768 TI - The effect of oxine (8-hydroxyquinoline) on the stability of glycerite of hydrogen peroxide. PMID- 18899769 TI - Chlorobutanol assay. PMID- 18899770 TI - A note on the synthesis of veratric acid. PMID- 18899771 TI - Microscopic identity tests for hydrastis and its principal alkaloids, hydrastine and berberine. PMID- 18899772 TI - A simple respirometer. PMID- 18899773 TI - The cause of the common cold. PMID- 18899774 TI - Vaginal discharge. PMID- 18899775 TI - Fluorine in relation to health and disease. PMID- 18899776 TI - Modern knowledge of protein structure. PMID- 18899778 TI - Design of a hospital pharmacy. PMID- 18899777 TI - The place of pharmaceutical research in medicine. PMID- 18899779 TI - Influenza vaccination, intracutaneous method. PMID- 18899780 TI - Cerebral palsy speech findings and treatment. PMID- 18899781 TI - Ascorbic acid in human nutrition. PMID- 18899782 TI - Some epidemiological aspects of sensitivity to histoplasmin and tuberculin. PMID- 18899783 TI - Some administrative aspects of the care of young children. PMID- 18899784 TI - The replanning of an ancient city. PMID- 18899785 TI - Some notes on American plumbing. PMID- 18899786 TI - Discussion on the control of the manufacture and sale of ice-cream. PMID- 18899787 TI - The laboratory control of ice-cream. PMID- 18899788 TI - Sewage disposal in Belfast. PMID- 18899789 TI - Housing. PMID- 18899790 TI - The proposed school of public health at the Medical Center. PMID- 18899791 TI - The hospital survey in Indiana. PMID- 18899793 TI - CHOLERA. PMID- 18899792 TI - B.C.G. vaccination against tuberculosis. PMID- 18899794 TI - The value of thallium acetate for the isolation of gonococci and streptococci. PMID- 18899795 TI - Comparison of A.P.T. and T.A.F. for immunization of nurse against diphtheria. PMID- 18899798 TI - A complement fixation test for histoplasmosis preliminary results with human sera. PMID- 18899796 TI - Decline of tuberculosis mortality. PMID- 18899799 TI - The efficiency of methods for the isolation of Histoplasma capsulatum. PMID- 18899801 TI - On the verification of the diagnosis of tuberculosis. PMID- 18899800 TI - Preliminary report on the isolation of an immunologically active polysaccharide from histoplasmin. PMID- 18899802 TI - Mechanism of immunity and allergy in tuberculosis. PMID- 18899803 TI - Negro mortality; course of mortality from specific causes, 1920-1944. PMID- 18899804 TI - Q fever studies in southern California; recovery of Rickettsia burneti from raw milk. PMID- 18899805 TI - Two new Salmonella types; Salmonella hidalgo and Salmonella mission. PMID- 18899806 TI - Changing concepts of epidemiology. PMID- 18899807 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899808 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899809 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899810 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899811 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899812 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899813 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899814 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899815 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899816 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899817 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899818 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899819 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899820 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899821 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899822 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899823 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899824 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899826 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899825 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899827 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899828 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899829 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899830 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899831 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899832 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899833 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899834 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899835 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899836 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899837 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899838 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899839 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899840 TI - Venous thrombosis of the extremities. PMID- 18899841 TI - Sympathectomy in the treatment of thromboangiitis obliterans. PMID- 18899842 TI - Diverticula of the colon. PMID- 18899843 TI - Carcinoma of the breast. PMID- 18899844 TI - Modern methods of the diagnosis and treatment of mediastinal masses. PMID- 18899845 TI - Spinal cord tumors and the similarity of their symptoms to those of other more common diseases. PMID- 18899847 TI - The place of colostomy in present day surgery. PMID- 18899846 TI - Posterior tibial nerve injuries. PMID- 18899848 TI - Transverse abdominal incisions. PMID- 18899849 TI - The surgical treatment of growth deformities of the mandible. PMID- 18899850 TI - Fractures of the radial head associated with chip fracture of the capitellum in adults; surgical considerations. PMID- 18899851 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899852 TI - Contribution to the diagnosis of Shigellae and Salmonellae in the tropics. PMID- 18899853 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899854 TI - Morphology and virulence of Rickettsiae isolated from typhus fever patients. PMID- 18899855 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899856 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899857 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899859 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899858 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899860 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899861 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899862 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899863 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899864 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899865 TI - [Current guidelines of BCG vaccination in Brazil]. PMID- 18899866 TI - [Tuberculosis and pregnancy and congenital tuberculosis, bacteriological aspect of the problem]. PMID- 18899867 TI - [Treatment of minimal pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 18899868 TI - [Collapsotherapy lobectomy and contralateral secondary]. PMID- 18899869 TI - [Acute putrid lung abscess, surgical treatment and results]. PMID- 18899870 TI - [Eloesser operation in empyema; considerations and results]. PMID- 18899871 TI - [Bibliographic summary of recent advances in pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 18899872 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899873 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899874 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899875 TI - Treatment of syphilis with penicillin. PMID- 18899876 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899877 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899878 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899879 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899880 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899881 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899882 TI - Hyperkeratosis (X disease) of cattle. PMID- 18899884 TI - The blood picture of the thoroughbred horse. PMID- 18899883 TI - Ketosis in dairy cows with emphasis on treatment. PMID- 18899885 TI - Low blood magnesium and associated tetany occurring in cattle in the winter. PMID- 18899886 TI - Variables and correlations in laboratory procedures for Newcastle disease diagnosis. PMID- 18899887 TI - Mouse protection with porcine gamma globulin against Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. PMID- 18899888 TI - Studies on the complement-fixation reaction in virus systems; equine encephalomyelitis virus antigens and antisera. PMID- 18899889 TI - Studies on the avian leucosis complex. PMID- 18899890 TI - The use of live viruses in Palestine for the vaccination of poultry against Newcastle disease. PMID- 18899891 TI - Treatment with penicillin of pyelonephritis in cattle. PMID- 18899892 TI - Subdural hemorrhage as a clinical entity in dairy calves. PMID- 18899893 TI - A report on cases involving the use of crystallized bovine serum albumin. PMID- 18899894 TI - Sterility in a bull. PMID- 18899895 TI - An unusual infection in a foal. PMID- 18899896 TI - Bovine dystocia caused by Schistosomus reflexus. PMID- 18899897 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899898 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899899 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899900 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899901 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899902 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899903 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899904 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899905 TI - The sexual cycle of the male long-tailed weasel (Mustela frenata). PMID- 18899906 TI - Preparation and preservation of the baculum of mammals. PMID- 18899907 TI - Resorption of embryos in the muskrat. PMID- 18899908 TI - An example of prelacteal incisors in advanced pouch young of Macropus. PMID- 18899909 TI - Body temperature data for the cottontail rabbit. PMID- 18899911 TI - Endosphaera engelmanni endoparasitic in Trichodina spheroidesi infecting the puffer, Sphoeroides maculatus. PMID- 18899910 TI - An unusual melanistic squirrel. PMID- 18899912 TI - Social factors in combat fatigue. PMID- 18899913 TI - Research considerations in the study of street gangs. PMID- 18899914 TI - Aero medical problems with respect to atomic weapons. PMID- 18899915 TI - Physiological characteristics of flight personnel. PMID- 18899916 TI - Observations on the clinical use of intermittent positive pressure. PMID- 18899917 TI - The Burns pneumatic balance resuscitator. PMID- 18899918 TI - A study of pilots with repeated aircraft accidents. PMID- 18899919 TI - The human adrenal cortex in relation to stressful activities. PMID- 18899920 TI - Severe anoxic anoxia; follow-up report of a case with recovery. PMID- 18899921 TI - Do permanent effects result from repeated blackouts caused by positive acceleration? PMID- 18899922 TI - The relationship between alveolar air oxygen tension and arterial blood saturations in man during work at altitude. PMID- 18899923 TI - The effects of anoxia on retinal vessels and retinal arterial pressure. PMID- 18899924 TI - Psychological requirements of the airplane pilot. PMID- 18899925 TI - Visual standards and flight performance. PMID- 18899926 TI - Human tolerance to acceleration in pilot ejection. PMID- 18899927 TI - Tolerance to vertical acceleration required for seat ejection. PMID- 18899928 TI - An appraisal of intermittent pressure breathing as a method of increasing altitude tolerance. PMID- 18899929 TI - Studies on asphyxia; effects of carbon dioxide inhalation on an anoxic animal. PMID- 18899930 TI - Food preferences on combat flights. PMID- 18899931 TI - Distance discrimination; effect of motion and distance of targets on monocular and binocular distance discrimination. PMID- 18899932 TI - Air evacuation; an historical review. PMID- 18899936 TI - Taxonomic notes on Louisiana fungi. PMID- 18899937 TI - Teliospore discharge in Puccinia tumidipes Peck. PMID- 18899938 TI - Assay of cellulolytic activity of molds isolated from fabrics and related items exposed in the tropics. PMID- 18899939 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899940 TI - A common antigenic factor in different species of Sporotrichum. PMID- 18899941 TI - Sphaeronaemella fimicola (Marchal) emend.; some characteristics in culture. PMID- 18899942 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899943 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899944 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899945 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899946 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899947 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899948 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899950 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899949 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899951 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899952 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899953 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899954 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899955 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899956 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899958 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899957 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899959 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899960 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899961 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899962 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899963 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899964 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899965 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899966 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899967 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899968 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899969 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899970 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899971 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899972 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899973 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899974 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899975 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899976 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899977 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899978 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899979 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899980 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899981 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899982 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899983 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899984 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899985 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899986 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899987 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899988 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899989 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899990 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899991 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899992 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899993 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899994 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899995 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899996 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899997 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899998 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18899999 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900000 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900001 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900002 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900003 TI - The activity of streptomycin in the presence of serum and whole blood. PMID- 18900004 TI - Culture procedures in microbiologic assays with L. arabinosus and L. casei. PMID- 18900005 TI - Recovery of virus from throats of poliomyelitis patients. PMID- 18900006 TI - Effects of gonadotrophic hormones on lactation. PMID- 18900007 TI - Antagonism of sulfonamide inhibition by para-aminobenzoic acid and folic acid in Toxoplasma infected mice. PMID- 18900008 TI - Pharmacological characteristics of neohetramine, a new antihistaminic drug. PMID- 18900009 TI - Relation between time of fertilization and follicle cell dispersal in rat ova. PMID- 18900010 TI - Influence of M. varians on oral infectivity of mouse-hamster virus. PMID- 18900011 TI - Allantoin clearance as a measure of glomerular filtration rate in man. PMID- 18900012 TI - Effect of folic acid and bis (beta-chloroethyl) sulfide (mustard gas) on transplanted mouse lymphosarcoma. PMID- 18900013 TI - Activation of staphylocoagulase. PMID- 18900014 TI - Streptomycin in experimental plague. PMID- 18900015 TI - Distribution of P32 in incubated egg. PMID- 18900016 TI - Changes in plasma inorganic phosphorus of dogs under postural restraint. PMID- 18900017 TI - Effect of salicylate and tripelennamine hydrochloride (pyribenzamine) on the Arthus reaction and on bacterial allergic reactions. PMID- 18900018 TI - Further observations on the cultivation of strains of poliomyelitis virus in developing eggs. PMID- 18900019 TI - Ability of diisopropylfluorophosphonate to produce antidromic activity in motor nerves. PMID- 18900020 TI - Galactose excretion in young and hepatoma rats fed skim milk diets. PMID- 18900021 TI - A method for producing sustained high penicillin levels in the blood. PMID- 18900022 TI - Effect of acetylsalicylic acid ingestion on electrophoretic patterns of human plasma. PMID- 18900023 TI - Development of renal function in fetal and neo-natal rabbits using phenolsulfonphthalein. PMID- 18900025 TI - Comparison of intestinal lengths and Peyer's patches in wild and domestic Norway and wild Alexandrine rats. PMID- 18900024 TI - Some pharmacological characteristics of bacitracin; chronic toxicity studies of commercial bacitracin in the dog and monkey. PMID- 18900026 TI - Effect of interval between hypophysectomy and injection of gonadotrophin on ovulation in the rat. PMID- 18900027 TI - Statistical evaluation of growth curves. PMID- 18900028 TI - An experimental study of the cerebral coproporphyrin in rabbits. PMID- 18900029 TI - Coronary sinus catheterization technique for studying coronary blood flow and myocardial metabolism in vivo. PMID- 18900031 TI - Urinary excretion studies following the administration of pteroic acid. PMID- 18900030 TI - Effect of desoxycorticosterone on the development of rats treated with thiouracil. PMID- 18900032 TI - Local resistance to a lethal dose of formalin. PMID- 18900033 TI - Renal reabsorption of methionine in normal dogs. PMID- 18900034 TI - Cataracts resulting from a deficiency of phenylalanine in the rat. PMID- 18900035 TI - Effect of podophyllin on tumor cells in tissue culture. PMID- 18900036 TI - Experimental alteration of the ability of tumor cells to lyse plasma clots in vitro. PMID- 18900037 TI - Dichotomy between hypophyseal content and amount of circulating gonadotrophins during starvation. PMID- 18900038 TI - In vitro development of temporary penicillin resistance in Streptococcus pyogenes. PMID- 18900039 TI - Temperature regulation in albino rats correlated with determinations of myelin density in the hypothalamus. PMID- 18900040 TI - Teratogenetic and lethal effects of influenza-A and mumps viruses on early chick embryos. PMID- 18900041 TI - A rapid method for demonstrating the identity of streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. PMID- 18900042 TI - Enhancement of heterophile and bacterial agglutination titers by means of serum diluent. PMID- 18900043 TI - Effect of estrogen on plasma vitamin A of normal and thyroidectomized rabbits. PMID- 18900044 TI - Thyroid hyperplasia in rats following thymus feeding. PMID- 18900045 TI - Isolation and properties of raphanin, an antibacterial substance from radish seed. PMID- 18900046 TI - Chronic riboflavin deficiency in the rat; ossification in the proximal tibial epiphysis. PMID- 18900047 TI - A new method for the production of non-specific capsular swelling of the pneumococcus. PMID- 18900048 TI - Effect of alloxan diabetes on reproduction in the rat. PMID- 18900049 TI - Effect of dietary variations upon the toxicity of DDT to rats or mice. PMID- 18900050 TI - Endocrine interrelationship and spontaneous tumors of the adrenal cortex in MH mice. PMID- 18900051 TI - Early effect of X-rays on ovaries of normal and adrenalectomized rats. PMID- 18900052 TI - Aluminum penicillin in mouse protection tests. PMID- 18900053 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900054 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900055 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900056 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900057 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900058 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900059 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900060 TI - Psychogenic rheumatism; the musculoskeletal expression of psychoneurosis. PMID- 18900061 TI - Psychogenic arthralgia. PMID- 18900062 TI - A case of calcinosis circumscripta. PMID- 18900063 TI - The significance of subcutaneous nodules in rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 18900064 TI - Hypersensitivity to colchicine. PMID- 18900065 TI - Agglutination of haemolytic streptococci (group A) in serum from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 18900066 TI - Aetiology of fibrositis; a review. PMID- 18900067 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900069 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900068 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900070 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900071 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900072 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900073 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900074 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900075 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900076 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900077 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900078 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900079 TI - Heart murmurs. PMID- 18900083 TI - The first heart sound in auricular and ventricular extraxystoles. PMID- 18900086 TI - Discussion on cardiac emergencies. PMID- 18900087 TI - Constrictive pericarditis. PMID- 18900088 TI - Continuous recording of systolic blood pressure during the unconsciousness of sudden anoxia. PMID- 18900089 TI - A new sign in coarctation of the aorta. PMID- 18900090 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900091 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900093 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900092 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900094 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900095 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900096 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900097 TI - On the mechanism of enzyme action; fat and sterol in Fusarium lini Bolley, F. lycopersici, and F. solani D2 purple. PMID- 18900098 TI - The enzyme activity and nitrogen content of bacterial cells. PMID- 18900099 TI - Mexican turtle oils. PMID- 18900100 TI - Mexican turtle oils; Chelone mydas, Linn. PMID- 18900101 TI - Mexican turtle oils; Caretta caretta, Linn. PMID- 18900102 TI - Mexican turtle oils; Lepidochelis olivacea Esch. PMID- 18900103 TI - The metabolism of various phthalein dyes by rat liver slices. PMID- 18900104 TI - Studies on activation of purified alkaline phosphatase. PMID- 18900105 TI - Studies on lactoglobulins. PMID- 18900106 TI - Pantothenic acid studies; the influence of glutamic acid and pantoic acid on yeast growth. PMID- 18900107 TI - Adenylpyrophosphatase activity in epidermal carcinogenesis in mice. PMID- 18900108 TI - Need for an unidentified factor or factors for growth, reproduction, and lactation of rats fed purified rations. PMID- 18900109 TI - Fatty acid transformations by anaerobic bacteria. PMID- 18900110 TI - The structure of the alkaloid of yoloxochitl. PMID- 18900111 TI - The preparation of mushroom tyrosinase. PMID- 18900112 TI - Oxygen absorption method for the estimation of coenzyme I. PMID- 18900113 TI - The isolation of inulin and an unidentified C20 compound from the roots of Solidago canadensis L. PMID- 18900114 TI - The effect of extirpation of various endocrine glands on the production of fatty liver. PMID- 18900115 TI - Inhibitory effect of pure and semipurified proteins on the activity of hog kidney conjugase. PMID- 18900116 TI - An alternate step for the isolation of subtilin. PMID- 18900117 TI - Scorbutic symptoms in vitamin A-deficient rats. PMID- 18900118 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900119 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900120 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900121 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900122 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900123 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900124 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900125 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900126 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900127 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900129 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900128 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900130 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900132 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900131 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900133 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900134 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900135 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900136 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900137 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900138 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900139 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900140 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900141 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900142 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900144 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900143 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900145 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900146 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900147 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900148 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900149 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900150 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900151 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900152 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900153 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900154 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900155 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900156 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900157 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900158 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900159 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900160 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900161 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900163 TI - Practice management. PMID- 18900162 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900164 TI - Popular conceptions of orthodontics. PMID- 18900165 TI - The guide plane as an aid to labiolingual technique. PMID- 18900166 TI - Orthodontists in the United States. PMID- 18900167 TI - Treatment aims and limitations. PMID- 18900169 TI - The influence of recent research on the present etiological concept of malocclusion. PMID- 18900168 TI - Orthodontic nomenclature. PMID- 18900170 TI - Movements of teeth. PMID- 18900171 TI - The sub-masseteric space. PMID- 18900172 TI - The permeability of enamel. PMID- 18900173 TI - Further local factors affecting dental caries; the shape and contents of occlusal grooves. PMID- 18900174 TI - Some aspects of malignant disease of the mouth and its treatment. PMID- 18900175 TI - Local authority dental services and the National Health Service. PMID- 18900176 TI - A case of multiple dentigerous cysts of the mandible. PMID- 18900177 TI - Alteration in axis of eruption of a lower premolar. PMID- 18900178 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900179 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900180 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900182 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900181 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900183 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900184 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900185 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900186 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900187 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900188 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900189 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900190 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900191 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900192 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900194 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900193 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900195 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900196 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900197 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900198 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900199 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900200 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900201 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900202 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900203 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900204 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900205 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900206 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900207 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900208 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900210 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900209 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900211 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900212 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900213 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900215 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900214 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900216 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900217 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900218 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900219 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900220 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900221 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900222 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900223 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900224 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900225 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900226 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900227 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900228 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900229 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900230 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900231 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900232 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900233 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900234 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900235 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900236 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900237 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900238 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900239 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900240 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900241 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900242 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900243 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900244 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900245 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900246 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900247 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900248 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900249 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900250 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900251 TI - New fresh-fruit spreads preserved by freezing. PMID- 18900252 TI - Pasteurizing with ultraviolet gives low bacteria count milk. PMID- 18900253 TI - How wrappers influence quality of frozen meats. PMID- 18900254 TI - Field-to-consumer control assures quality frozen foods. PMID- 18900255 TI - Poultry boning plants need bacteriological control. PMID- 18900256 TI - Thiamine deficiency in the calf. PMID- 18900257 TI - Unidentified factors essential for growth and hemoglobin production in foxes. PMID- 18900258 TI - The requirement of unidentified factors for mink. PMID- 18900259 TI - Supplemental value of certain amino acids for beef protein. PMID- 18900260 TI - The isoleucine requirement of the infant. PMID- 18900261 TI - The role of vitamin D in the utilization of phytin phosphorus. PMID- 18900262 TI - The utilization by the chick of phosphorus from different sources. PMID- 18900263 TI - Availability of riboflavin of ice cream, peas, and almonds judged by urinary excretion of the vitamin by women subjects. PMID- 18900264 TI - Comparison of vitamin A liver storage following administration of vitamin A in oily and aqueous media. PMID- 18900265 TI - Niacin excretion in the rat in relation to tryptophane, pyridoxine, and protein content of the diet. PMID- 18900267 TI - The biological value of the protein of field pea products with a comparison of several methods used for this determination. PMID- 18900266 TI - Mineral metabolism studies in dairy cattle; effect of calcium and manganese and other trace elements on the metabolism of lipids during early lactation. PMID- 18900268 TI - The effects of B vitamins, liver and yeast on atabrine toxicity in the rat. PMID- 18900269 TI - Self selection of diet; the effect of age and pregnancy on selection. PMID- 18900270 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900271 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900272 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900273 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900274 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900275 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900276 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900277 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900278 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900279 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900280 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900281 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900282 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900283 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900284 TI - The thyroid in gastroenterology. PMID- 18900285 TI - Types of cirrhosis of the liver responsive to treatment. PMID- 18900286 TI - Some observations on acute and chronic glossitis. PMID- 18900287 TI - Sulfathaladine in intestinal disease; a report of 587 proctologic cases. PMID- 18900288 TI - Sulfonamide therapy of infections of the gastrointestinal tract. PMID- 18900289 TI - Peptic ulcer, is it a psychosomatic disease? PMID- 18900290 TI - Intraabdominal lymphadenopathy. PMID- 18900291 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900292 TI - Polydactyl in the tiger salamander. PMID- 18900293 TI - Gene therapy. PMID- 18900294 TI - Genetics for the million. PMID- 18900295 TI - A case of sex-linked microphthalmia. PMID- 18900296 TI - Cytogeography of Gleditsia and Mitchella. PMID- 18900297 TI - A recessive naked-seed character in upland cotton. PMID- 18900298 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900299 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900300 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900301 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900302 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900303 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900304 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900305 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900306 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900307 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900308 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900309 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900310 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900311 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900312 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900313 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900314 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900315 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900316 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900317 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900318 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900319 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900320 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900321 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900322 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900323 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900324 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900325 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900327 TI - Foetal and neonatal mortality. PMID- 18900326 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900328 TI - Leucorrhoea in pregnancy; a further study with special reference to the hydrogen ion concentration and lactic acid content of the vagina. PMID- 18900329 TI - Causes and treatment of tubal occlusion. PMID- 18900330 TI - The histaminolytic index of blood during pregnancy and its clinical application. PMID- 18900331 TI - The Manchester operation for genital prolapse. PMID- 18900332 TI - Unsuspected tuberculous endometritis. PMID- 18900333 TI - Icterus in pregnancy; a clinico-pathological study including liver-biopsy. PMID- 18900334 TI - Gestational changes in the vaginal epithelium and their relation to the sex of the foetus. PMID- 18900335 TI - Bilateral ovarian dermoids in a girl of twelve. PMID- 18900336 TI - Note of a case of cerebral haemorrhage occurring early in pregnancy. PMID- 18900337 TI - Pelvic contraction due to idiopathic steatorrhoea. PMID- 18900338 TI - Treatment of a type of juxta-urethral vesicovaginal fistula. PMID- 18900339 TI - Smellie's method of forceps traction. PMID- 18900340 TI - Achalasia of the external os (or conglutination of the external os). PMID- 18900341 TI - Not famous men, but great teachers; some personal experiences. PMID- 18900342 TI - The contribution of Geneva physicians to the physiology of development in the 19th century. PMID- 18900343 TI - A verification of a hitherto unknown prescription of the 16th century. PMID- 18900344 TI - A Japanese picture of leprosy. PMID- 18900345 TI - The ethical practices of Sir Hans Sloane. PMID- 18900346 TI - A check list of medical books published in English before 1600. PMID- 18900347 TI - The study of the history of medicine in Russia; an historical outline. PMID- 18900349 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900348 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900350 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900351 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900352 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900353 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900354 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900355 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900357 TI - PLACEMENT (THE) of disabled workers. PMID- 18900356 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900358 TI - The Swiss old-age and survivors' insurance scheme. PMID- 18900359 TI - Blood clotting and the pancreas. PMID- 18900360 TI - Treatment of acute glomerulonephritis with high protein diet. PMID- 18900361 TI - Whither medicine: from dogma to science? PMID- 18900362 TI - Hereditary granulation anomaly of the leucocytes (Alder). PMID- 18900363 TI - The bacterial flora of fetid infections; report of three cases. PMID- 18900364 TI - A case of lymphogranulomatosis (Hodgkin) with hemolytic anemia. PMID- 18900366 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900365 TI - Myelosclerosis; a case with non-myeloid splenomegaly, and an attempt at finding out the pathogenesis by means of comparison with results of animal experiments. PMID- 18900367 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900368 TI - Types of the diphtheria bacillus and clinical diphtheria; observations during the diphtheria epidemic in Copenhagen in the winter of 1943-44, with special reference to the relation between the types of the bacillus and the clinical symptoms, complications, prognosis and autopsy findings. PMID- 18900369 TI - Acute polyradiculo-neuritis arising after peritonsillar abscess and accompanied by increased antistreptolysin titer in the cerebrospinal liquor. PMID- 18900370 TI - The electrocardiogram in mitral stenosis with special regard to its development; a study of 100 cases. PMID- 18900371 TI - Three cases of polycythemia with fibrinopenia. PMID- 18900372 TI - On the Price-Jones curve in initial pernicious anemia. PMID- 18900373 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900374 TI - Penicillin therapy in diphtheria. PMID- 18900376 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900375 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900377 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900378 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900379 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900380 TI - Modern concepts in the treatment of frostbite, with the presentation of a case successfully treated with tetra-ethyl ammonium. PMID- 18900381 TI - Congenital pitressin resistant diabetes insipidus. PMID- 18900382 TI - Resection of the head of the pancreas for carcinoma. PMID- 18900383 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900384 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900385 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900386 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900387 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900389 TI - LINEAR acceleration and optical illusion. PMID- 18900388 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900390 TI - LINEAR acceleration and non-visual orientation. PMID- 18900391 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900392 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900394 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900393 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900395 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900396 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900397 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900398 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900399 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900400 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900401 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900402 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900403 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900404 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900405 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900406 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900407 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900408 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900409 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900410 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900411 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900412 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900413 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900414 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900415 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900416 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900417 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900418 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900419 TI - Emergency treatment of apoplexy. PMID- 18900420 TI - The newer concept of allergy to drugs and bacteria. PMID- 18900421 TI - Surgical experience with tumors of the pituitary gland. PMID- 18900422 TI - Chronic myelogenous leukemia; a study of 129 cases in which treatment was with radioactive phosphorus. PMID- 18900423 TI - Congenital anomalies of the gallbladder. PMID- 18900424 TI - Primary carcinoma of the seminal vesicles; differentiation from extrarectal and rectal carcinoma and comparative study. PMID- 18900425 TI - Cutaneous cancer. PMID- 18900426 TI - Cerebral neoplasm. PMID- 18900427 TI - Endometriosis in a young girl. PMID- 18900428 TI - PROTEIN and amino acid preparations. PMID- 18900429 TI - PROTEIN hydrolysates. PMID- 18900430 TI - MALPRACTICE; cancer ascribed to stilbestrol; statute of limitations [California, 1947]. PMID- 18900431 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900432 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900433 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900434 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900435 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900436 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900437 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900438 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900439 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900440 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900441 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900442 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900443 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900444 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900445 TI - [Etiology and pathogenesis of traumatic shock]. PMID- 18900446 TI - [Relationship between rheumatic endocarditis and endocarditis lenta]. PMID- 18900448 TI - [Clinical observations of wounded in the state of shock]. PMID- 18900447 TI - [Gas metabolism during traumatic shock]. PMID- 18900449 TI - [Chronic pulmonary emphysema]. PMID- 18900450 TI - [Gaseous composition of the blood in penetrating chest wounds]. PMID- 18900451 TI - [Vascular permeability and gas metabolism in severely infected gunshot fractures]. PMID- 18900452 TI - [Dilatation and irritation of arterial system as method for correcting low blood pressure following experimental blood-letting and traumata]. PMID- 18900453 TI - [Modification of gastric secretion in wounded, following severe hemorrhages]. PMID- 18900454 TI - [Multiple pulmonary echinococcosis with pulmonary cavern in a case of tropical malaria]. PMID- 18900455 TI - [Clinical indexes of pleural reaction to toxi-infections influences in extrapleural affections]. PMID- 18900456 TI - [Differential diagnosis of non-specific and tuberculous pneumonia]. PMID- 18900457 TI - [Interrelation of anemia and hypoproteinemia]. PMID- 18900458 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900459 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900460 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900461 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900462 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900463 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900464 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900465 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900466 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900467 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900468 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900469 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900470 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900471 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900472 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900473 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900474 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900475 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900476 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900477 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900478 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900479 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900480 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900481 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900482 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900483 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900484 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900485 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900486 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900487 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900488 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900489 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900490 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900491 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900492 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900493 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900494 TI - Internal public relations. PMID- 18900495 TI - Postarsenical encephalopathy in the treatment of syphilis in women. PMID- 18900496 TI - Meningococcal pneumonia; report of two cases with meningococcal effusion in one. PMID- 18900497 TI - An unusual complication of intestinal intubation. PMID- 18900498 TI - The significance of tics as possible manifestations of epilepsy. PMID- 18900499 TI - Infectious mononucleosis with intense jaundice of long duration. PMID- 18900500 TI - Urology. PMID- 18900501 TI - Epidermoid carcinoma (grade II) of bronchus. PMID- 18900502 TI - Primary atrophy of adrenal cortex. PMID- 18900503 TI - Hormones and the aging process; testosterone. PMID- 18900504 TI - Fatal hemorrhage associated with the third stage of labor; a study of 60 maternal deaths, Brooklyn, 1937-1947. PMID- 18900505 TI - Failures in glaucoma operations; histologic study. PMID- 18900506 TI - The conservation of hearing program in New York State. PMID- 18900507 TI - Otosclerosis; its pathology and treatment. PMID- 18900508 TI - The treatment of intrinsic cancer of the larynx. PMID- 18900509 TI - A study of surgical mastoiditis occurring in children at the Buffalo Children's Hospital during the years 1945-1946. PMID- 18900510 TI - Anteroseptal infarction. PMID- 18900511 TI - A preliminary report on a new and simplified penicillin vehicle. PMID- 18900512 TI - Fixed extension of the knee due to capsular contraction. PMID- 18900513 TI - Tear of the lateral ligament of the ankle. PMID- 18900514 TI - Friedlander's bacillus meningitis, treated in part with streptomycin, with recovery. PMID- 18900515 TI - Complete heart block alternating with partial heart block and normal sinus rhythm in coronary artery disease. PMID- 18900516 TI - Developmental arrest by infantile toxoplasmosis. PMID- 18900517 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900518 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900519 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900520 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900521 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900522 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900523 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900524 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900525 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900526 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900527 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900528 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900529 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900530 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900531 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900532 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900533 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900534 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900535 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900536 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900537 TI - Modern concepts of the immunologic basis of clinical allergy. PMID- 18900538 TI - Histamine in treatment of allergic diseases; a report of 126 cases. PMID- 18900539 TI - The child as a patient. PMID- 18900540 TI - Public health aspects of diarrhea of the newborn. PMID- 18900541 TI - Epidemic infantile diarrhea. PMID- 18900543 TI - SULFONAMIDE combinations. PMID- 18900542 TI - THERAPEUTIC nerve block. PMID- 18900544 TI - IMMUNIZATION of infants against diphtheria, tetanus, and whooping cough. PMID- 18900545 TI - Drugs and methods for the occasional anesthetist. PMID- 18900546 TI - Resection and primary anastomosis for lesions of the left portion of the colon. PMID- 18900547 TI - Newer drugs in the treatment of allergic diseases. PMID- 18900548 TI - The acute abdomen: roentgenographic aids in diagnosis. PMID- 18900549 TI - The xiphosternal crunch; its recognition and unfortunate role in life insurance and employment rejections. PMID- 18900550 TI - Cholecystography in diagnosing small calculi and stone. PMID- 18900551 TI - Transthoracic vagotomy for peptic ulcer. PMID- 18900552 TI - The Englishman's food to-day. PMID- 18900553 TI - How a nutrition survey is carried out. PMID- 18900554 TI - Some recent advances in vitamin science. PMID- 18900555 TI - Proteins and amino-acids in health and disease. PMID- 18900556 TI - Nutrition in pregnancy. PMID- 18900557 TI - The school child and his diet. PMID- 18900558 TI - Some present trends in American medicine. PMID- 18900559 TI - The depressive personality in general practice. PMID- 18900560 TI - Influenza and its viruses. PMID- 18900562 TI - Backache in women. PMID- 18900561 TI - Folic acid. PMID- 18900563 TI - The treatment of retention of urine. PMID- 18900564 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900565 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900566 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900567 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900568 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900569 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900570 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900571 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900572 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900573 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900574 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900575 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900576 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900577 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900578 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900579 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900580 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900581 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900582 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900583 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900584 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900585 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900586 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900587 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900588 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900589 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900590 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900591 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900592 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900593 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900594 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900595 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900596 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900597 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900598 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900599 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900600 TI - Discussion on the association of otitis media with acute nonspecific gastro enteritis of infants. PMID- 18900601 TI - The peep-show technique for pure tone audiometry in young children. PMID- 18900602 TI - Discussion on post-operative thrombosis. PMID- 18900604 TI - Pes planus or instability of the longitudinal arch. PMID- 18900603 TI - A note on the centenary of the use of anaesthesia in obstetric practice by J. Y. Simpson. PMID- 18900605 TI - Two cases of coarctation of aorta. PMID- 18900606 TI - Cooley's anaemia. PMID- 18900607 TI - Sclerodactylia with oesophageal lesion. PMID- 18900608 TI - Discussion on chemotherapy in malignant disease. PMID- 18900610 TI - Some atypical primary tuberculous lesions. PMID- 18900609 TI - Acute anterior poliomyelitis in 1947 with special reference to London. PMID- 18900611 TI - Leucosarcoma of iris, unpigmented malignant melanoma. PMID- 18900612 TI - Melanosis of conjunctiva. PMID- 18900613 TI - Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia with conjunctival lesions. PMID- 18900614 TI - Considerations on the treatment of detachment of the retina. PMID- 18900615 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900616 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900617 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900618 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900619 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900620 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900621 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900622 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900623 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900624 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900626 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900625 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900627 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900628 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900629 TI - Re-examination of Caesar Boeck's first patient with multiple benign sarcoid of the skin. PMID- 18900630 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900631 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900632 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900633 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900634 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900635 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900636 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900637 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900638 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900639 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900640 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900641 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900642 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900643 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900644 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900645 TI - Carcinoma of the prostate. PMID- 18900646 TI - Virus pneumonia and its treatment with vitamin C. PMID- 18900647 TI - Observations made on the study of mortality statistics in the tri-state area. PMID- 18900649 TI - Relationship of the pathologist to the tumor clinic program. PMID- 18900648 TI - Acute epigastric pain and blood amylase activity. PMID- 18900650 TI - The M. D. Anderson Hospital for Cancer Research. PMID- 18900651 TI - Examination of body fluids for diagnosis of malignancy. PMID- 18900652 TI - Primary carcinoma of the lung; a report of 48 cases. PMID- 18900653 TI - Melanoma; experience with a series over a period of years. PMID- 18900654 TI - Improvement of advanced carcinoma of the breast following oral administration of estrogenic hormone. PMID- 18900655 TI - The problem of early diagnosis of cancer of the stomach. PMID- 18900656 TI - Factors influencing operability of 337 carcinomas of the colon and rectum. PMID- 18900657 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900658 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900659 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900660 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900661 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900662 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900663 TI - Review of fractured hips. PMID- 18900664 TI - Ocular changes in the metabolic diseases. PMID- 18900665 TI - Streptomycin in acute brucellosis; a case report. PMID- 18900666 TI - Treatment of bacterial pneumonias. PMID- 18900667 TI - Health problems of Negroes in Richmond. PMID- 18900668 TI - Myasthenia gravis; two case reports. PMID- 18900669 TI - Management of thyrotoxicosis. PMID- 18900670 TI - Two interesting ear cases. PMID- 18900671 TI - Coordination of urban and rural public health. PMID- 18900672 TI - EXAMINATION of food handlers. PMID- 18900673 TI - BACTERIAL examination of dishes and utensils. PMID- 18900675 TI - PRESENCE of coliform organisms in milk. PMID- 18900674 TI - SILVER or silver nitrate stains. PMID- 18900676 TI - NON-VENEREAL diseases of genital tract. PMID- 18900677 TI - The modern treatment of progressive deafness. PMID- 18900678 TI - Liver abscess. PMID- 18900679 TI - Hepatic amebiasis. PMID- 18900680 TI - Ion transfer of penicillin; efficacy of penicillin iontophoresis in treatment of chancroidal ulcers. PMID- 18900681 TI - Therapy of throat infections with bismuth vs. penicillin. PMID- 18900682 TI - Radiographic study of fractures of the carpal navicular bone. PMID- 18900683 TI - Cardiac and electrocardiographic observations on American prisoners of war repatriated from Japan. PMID- 18900684 TI - The Naval station dispensary. PMID- 18900686 TI - Cotton knots. PMID- 18900685 TI - A study of 200 violators of general court-martial probation. PMID- 18900687 TI - ADVANCES in the treatment of paraplegics. PMID- 18900688 TI - TREATMENT of frostbite. PMID- 18900689 TI - Tularemia; report of a case. PMID- 18900690 TI - Bronchiogenic cysts of the mediastinum; report of a case. PMID- 18900691 TI - Epidermolysis bullosa hereditaria. PMID- 18900692 TI - Surgical removal of an odontoma and impacted anterior teeth; report of a case. PMID- 18900693 TI - Chemical burn of the esophagus; report of a case from occupation forces in Japan. PMID- 18900694 TI - The use of penicillin in dental infections. PMID- 18900695 TI - Pulmonary tuberculosis; review of 66 cases with anatomical findings. PMID- 18900696 TI - Potential mercury vapor hazard in a gyro laboratory. PMID- 18900697 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900698 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900699 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900700 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900701 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900702 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900703 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900704 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900705 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900706 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900707 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900708 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900709 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900710 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900711 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900712 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900713 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900714 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900715 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900716 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900717 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900718 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900719 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900720 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900721 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900722 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900723 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900724 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900725 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900727 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900726 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900728 TI - Measurement of ozone over the Organ Mountains, New Mexico. PMID- 18900729 TI - Expansion effects shown by some pyrex glasses. PMID- 18900730 TI - Cavity pressure method for measuring the gain of hearing aids. PMID- 18900731 TI - The measurement of high voltage. PMID- 18900732 TI - Standardization of the pH scale. PMID- 18900734 TI - DEPLOYMENT (THE) of scientific effort in Britain. PMID- 18900733 TI - The true form of the cranial deformity originally described under the name tete trilobee. PMID- 18900735 TI - Edibility of the eggs of birds. PMID- 18900736 TI - Scientific centenaries in 1948. PMID- 18900737 TI - Acetylcholine and body temperature. PMID- 18900738 TI - A modified microbiological assay procedure. PMID- 18900739 TI - Primary and secondary responses in biological assay. PMID- 18900740 TI - Conversion of D-arabinose into 2-deoxy-D-ribose and 3-deoxy D-xylose. PMID- 18900741 TI - Scattering of D-D neutrons by deuterium. PMID- 18900743 TI - Abnormalities in the F-region of the ionosphere at Calcutta. PMID- 18900742 TI - Treatment of glass and steatite ceramic with quaternary ammonium compounds for the improvement of electrical insulation resistance. PMID- 18900744 TI - Measurement of high permittivity values at centimetre wave-lengths. PMID- 18900745 TI - An asymptotic solution of the fundamental equation of the statistical atom theory. PMID- 18900746 TI - Darkening of red in protanopes. PMID- 18900747 TI - Effects of calcium deficiency on potato sets in acid soils. PMID- 18900748 TI - Possible significance of free-living nematodes in genetic research. PMID- 18900749 TI - Influence of temperature on the urea denaturation of beta-lactoglobulin. PMID- 18900750 TI - CO-OPERATION between medical and agricultural physiology. PMID- 18900751 TI - The theory of primary calcification in bone. PMID- 18900752 TI - Pre-erythrocytic stage in mammalian malaria parasites. PMID- 18900753 TI - Enzymic conversion of amylose into amylopectin. PMID- 18900754 TI - Adenosinetriphosphate in glutamine synthesis. PMID- 18900755 TI - Glutamine-synthesizing system of Staphylococcus aureus; its inhibition by crystal violet and methionine-sulphoxide. PMID- 18900756 TI - Use of solubility curves at varying pH and constant ionic strength for the precipitation and crystallization of proteins. PMID- 18900757 TI - Reaction between catalase and hydrogen peroxide. PMID- 18900758 TI - Synthetic polyglutamic acid. PMID- 18900759 TI - Development of cestodes in vitro; production of fertile eggs; cultivation of plerocercoid fragments. PMID- 18900760 TI - Extermination of Aedes aegypti in Khartoum. PMID- 18900761 TI - Limitation of bacteria by micro-predators in soil. PMID- 18900762 TI - COLONIAL Medical Research Committee. PMID- 18900763 TI - USE of equivalent metric values in scientific papers. PMID- 18900764 TI - Physics in Great Britain since the war. PMID- 18900765 TI - Analysis of the impulses from Geiger-Mueller tubes. PMID- 18900766 TI - A precision alpha-proportional counter. PMID- 18900767 TI - Calibration of a Ra+Be neutron source by the B (n, alpha)Li reaction. PMID- 18900768 TI - R-F system for frequency modulated cyclotron. PMID- 18900769 TI - An electronic analytical balance. PMID- 18900770 TI - An apparatus for micro gas analysis. PMID- 18900771 TI - Note on the photography of cathode-ray oscillograms. PMID- 18900772 TI - Automatic switch for protecting water-cooled X-ray tubes. PMID- 18900773 TI - Comparison of glower and globar sources for infra-red spectrometry. PMID- 18900775 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900774 TI - The language of science; how language limits scientific progress. PMID- 18900776 TI - A personality study of 100 unselected patients attending a gastro-intestinal clinic. PMID- 18900777 TI - Clinical evaluation of the F scale on the Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory. PMID- 18900778 TI - The double-spike pattern on the Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory. PMID- 18900779 TI - Psychological observations of prisoners of war. PMID- 18900780 TI - Heredity and eugenics. PMID- 18900781 TI - Neuropathology, endocrinology, and biochemistry. PMID- 18900782 TI - Electroencephalography. PMID- 18900783 TI - Psychometrics. PMID- 18900784 TI - Mental hygiene in education. PMID- 18900785 TI - General clinical psychiatry, psychosomatic medicine, psychotherapy, group therapy, and psychosurgery. PMID- 18900786 TI - Neurosyphilis. PMID- 18900787 TI - Alcohol. PMID- 18900788 TI - Geriatrics. PMID- 18900789 TI - Epilepsy. PMID- 18900790 TI - Child psychiatry; mental deficiency. PMID- 18900791 TI - Physiological treatment. PMID- 18900792 TI - Outpatient mental clinics and family care. PMID- 18900793 TI - Psychiatric nursing. PMID- 18900794 TI - Occupational therapy. PMID- 18900795 TI - Psychiatric social work. PMID- 18900796 TI - Psychiatry in industry. PMID- 18900797 TI - Administrative, forensic, and military psychiatry. PMID- 18900798 TI - Psychiatric education. PMID- 18900799 TI - The short therapies; an evaluation. PMID- 18900800 TI - Inhibitions in work. PMID- 18900801 TI - The data of psychoanalysis and the social sciences. PMID- 18900802 TI - Landmarks in the studies of dream interpretation during the pass half century. PMID- 18900803 TI - The retarding forces in analytic treatment. PMID- 18900804 TI - Gymnastics and personality. PMID- 18900805 TI - Neurotic pride and self-hatred according to Freud and Horney. PMID- 18900806 TI - Maturity and society. PMID- 18900807 TI - Maturity and crime. PMID- 18900808 TI - Maturity and the individual. PMID- 18900809 TI - Maturity and culture. PMID- 18900810 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900811 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900812 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900813 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900814 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900815 TI - A reconstruction of the diencephalic nuclei of Macacus rhesus. PMID- 18900816 TI - The mammalian midbrain and isthmus regions; fiber connections of the superior colliculus; pathways concerned in automatic eye movements. PMID- 18900817 TI - Some effects of amputation of the chick wing bud on the early differentiation of the motor neuroblasts in the associated segments of the spinal cord. PMID- 18900818 TI - Commissural fibers of the macaque thalamus; an experimental study. PMID- 18900819 TI - The pes pedunculi and pyramid. PMID- 18900820 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900821 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900822 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900823 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900824 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900825 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900826 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900827 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900828 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900829 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900830 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900831 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900832 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900833 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900835 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900834 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900836 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900837 TI - The art of examining. PMID- 18900838 TI - VALUE (THE) of the marriage guidance clinic. PMID- 18900839 TI - Nursing and the industrial environment. PMID- 18900840 TI - Nursing in Sweden. PMID- 18900841 TI - The first post-graduate Red Cross course in Central Europe. PMID- 18900842 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900843 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900844 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900845 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900846 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900847 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900848 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900849 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900850 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900851 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900852 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900853 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900854 TI - Influence of grenz rays on cell division and wound healing in the corneal epithelium. PMID- 18900856 TI - Stereoscope as training instrument. PMID- 18900855 TI - Intramural vascular system (vasa vasorum?) in retinal vessels. PMID- 18900857 TI - Neurologic significance of lateral conjugate deviation of the eyes on forced closure of the lids. PMID- 18900858 TI - Chemosurgical treatment of cancer of the eyelid; a microscopically controlled method of excision. PMID- 18900859 TI - Aniridia congenita: report of five cases; genealogy; possibilities of treatment. PMID- 18900860 TI - Human conjunctiva grafted on the chorioallantois of chick embryos. PMID- 18900861 TI - Unilateral syphilitic primary atrophy of the optic nerves; an anatomic study of two cases. PMID- 18900862 TI - Students' model for demonstration of action of the extraocular muscles. PMID- 18900863 TI - Guarded muscle scissors. PMID- 18900864 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900865 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900866 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900867 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900868 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900869 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900871 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900870 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900872 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900873 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900874 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900875 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900876 TI - The turning test with small regulable stimuli; method of examination, cupulometria. PMID- 18900877 TI - The turning test with small regulable stimuli; the normal cupulogram. PMID- 18900878 TI - Permanent deafness due to gunfire. PMID- 18900879 TI - Osteomyelitis of the skull complicating frontal sinusitis. PMID- 18900880 TI - A case of chordoma of the right frontal sinus. PMID- 18900881 TI - Percaine as a cocaine substitute. PMID- 18900882 TI - Review of surgery of otosclerosis. PMID- 18900883 TI - Technique of fenestration operation. PMID- 18900884 TI - An operating microscope for the fenestration operation. PMID- 18900885 TI - Intrinsic cancer of the larynx; review of a series of cases. PMID- 18900886 TI - A review of the available literature of the pharynx and pharyngeal surgery for 1946. PMID- 18900887 TI - Gabriel Fallopio, one of the 16th century founders of modern anatomy; also distinguished physician and surgeon, 1523-1562. PMID- 18900888 TI - A statistical study of auditory tests in relation to the fenestration operation. PMID- 18900889 TI - Foreign body in the eustachian tube; report of a case. PMID- 18900890 TI - Fenestration of the labyrinth; a bibliography. PMID- 18900891 TI - Natural and synthetic estrogenic substances; a comparison of the effect upon the endometrium in castrated women. PMID- 18900892 TI - On the serology of the Salmonella group. PMID- 18900893 TI - Effectivity of colon immune serum, with special reference to the L antibody. PMID- 18900894 TI - Studies on the specificity of some colon bacteriophages, with a special view to the capsulophages (K phages). PMID- 18900895 TI - Studies on the inhibition zones observed in the agar cup method for penicillin assay. PMID- 18900896 TI - Fluorescence analysis of the histological localization of 3,4-benzpyrene in mouse skin with special regard to variations between different areas of the skin. PMID- 18900897 TI - Peculiar connective tissue tumour of the hairy scalp; tactile corpuscle neurinoma? PMID- 18900898 TI - Complement fixation and mouse protection tests in routine serologic studies on influenza. PMID- 18900899 TI - Investigations into the mechanism of infection of haemolytic streptococci. PMID- 18900900 TI - The Rh genotypes of a series of Oslo blood donors. PMID- 18900901 TI - Streptothrix (Actinomyces) muris ratti (Streptobacillus moniliformis) isolated from a human infection and studied as to its relation to Emmy Klieneberger's L I. PMID- 18900902 TI - Studies on a complement fixation in hepatitis with liver extract as the antigen. PMID- 18900903 TI - Variations in the numbers of erythroplastids in the blood of the newts (Triton punctatus) during treatment with liver extract. PMID- 18900904 TI - An experimental study on a derivative of Laigret-Durand's strain of murine rickettsiae for the preparation of living typhus vaccine; serological and immunological analysis. PMID- 18900905 TI - An experimental study on a derivative of Laigret-Durand's strain of murine rickettsiae for the preparation of living typhus vaccine; isolation of ectromelia virus from the vaccine strain. PMID- 18900907 TI - Penicillinase from a gram-negative bacterium. PMID- 18900906 TI - Method for microscopic examination of suspensions. PMID- 18900909 TI - On a laboratory infection with Salmonella senegal. PMID- 18900908 TI - Impurities in distilled water as a cause of erroneous blood grouping. PMID- 18900910 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900911 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900912 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900913 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900914 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900916 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900915 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900917 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900918 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900919 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900920 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900921 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900922 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900923 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900924 TI - Bronchiolitis in infants; a review of 25 cases. PMID- 18900925 TI - Acute glomerulonephritis with congestive failure. PMID- 18900926 TI - Auricular flutter in an infant. PMID- 18900927 TI - Ectopic kidney simulating a surgical abdomen. PMID- 18900928 TI - Chylous or serous cyst of either omental or mesenteric origin. PMID- 18900929 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900930 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900931 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900933 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900932 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900934 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900935 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900936 TI - Anticonvulsant drug action and temporal summation of epileptogenic stimuli. PMID- 18900938 TI - A preliminary test for analgetic action in guinea pigs. PMID- 18900937 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900939 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900940 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900941 TI - Quantitative evaluation of analgetic action in guinea pigs; morphine, ethyl l methyl-4-phenylpiperidine-4-carboxylate (demerol) and acetylsalicylic acid. PMID- 18900942 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900943 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900944 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900945 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900946 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900947 TI - Further investigations on the influence of sex hormones on the blood picture. PMID- 18900948 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900949 TI - The significance of neurotropic properties of commercial streptomycin. PMID- 18900950 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900951 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900952 TI - Investigation of the usefulness of the goldfish test for the determination of local anesthetic activity. PMID- 18900953 TI - Thromboplastic properties of penicillin and streptomycin. PMID- 18900954 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900955 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900957 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900956 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900958 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900959 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900960 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900961 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900962 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900963 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900964 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900965 TI - Report of a symposium on new emulgents and ointment bases. PMID- 18900966 TI - A spectrophotometric method for the identification and assay of visamin and of khellinin. PMID- 18900967 TI - An investigation of the nephelometric method of estimating inorganic and ester sulphates in urine. PMID- 18900968 TI - Note on the biological assay of tubocurarine. PMID- 18900969 TI - The evaluation of the bactericidal activity of ethylene glycol and some of its monoalkyl ethers against Bacterium coli; conversion of the sigmoid survivor-time disinfection curve to a linear relationship. PMID- 18900970 TI - The administration of penicillin in oil-wax suspensions. PMID- 18900971 TI - The stability of adrenaline solutions; solutions of adrenaline ascorbate and other storage experiments. PMID- 18900972 TI - Chemotherapeutic exploration of the pyridine nucleus; substituted amines. PMID- 18900973 TI - Hiatus hernia. PMID- 18900975 TI - The anomalous middle lobe of the left lung. PMID- 18900974 TI - A case of localized traumatic bone absorption in the skull. PMID- 18900976 TI - Theories of the biological actions of ionizing radiations. PMID- 18900977 TI - A note on the X-ray absorption coefficients of air at wavelengths less than 1.0 A. PMID- 18900978 TI - Construction of an exposure calculator for radiography. PMID- 18900979 TI - A clerical method for use in X-ray diagnostic departments. PMID- 18900980 TI - Delayed epiphyseal union. PMID- 18900981 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900982 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900983 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900984 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900985 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900986 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900987 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18900988 TI - Surgery of lumbar intervertebral disk protrusion; a study of principles and results based upon 100 consecutive cases submitted to operation. PMID- 18900989 TI - The surgical treatment of carcinoma of the hypopharynx and the oesophagus. PMID- 18900990 TI - Gram-negative meningitis following head wounds with especial reference to infection with coliform bacilli. PMID- 18900991 TI - A review of surgical methods in the treatment of essential hypertension. PMID- 18900992 TI - Persistent priapism. PMID- 18900993 TI - Posterior gastroenterostomy for organic pyloric stenosis; a review of the end results of 80 cases. PMID- 18900995 TI - Intraperitoneal haemorrhage of unusual aetiology with a report of two cases. PMID- 18900994 TI - Mesenteric cysts. PMID- 18900996 TI - Peritoneal loose bodies. PMID- 18900997 TI - Strangulated obturator hernia. PMID- 18900998 TI - Medullary carcinoma in an axillary breast. PMID- 18900999 TI - Large intrascrotal myxofibroma. PMID- 18901000 TI - Foreign body in the urinary bladder; an unusual case. PMID- 18901001 TI - An atypical lymphadenoid goitre encircling the trachea and larynx and causing periodic attacks of aphonia. PMID- 18901002 TI - Cryptic cancer of the anorectal region. PMID- 18901003 TI - A case of cyst of the spleen. PMID- 18901004 TI - The operative treatment of chronic gastric and duodenal ulcer. PMID- 18901005 TI - Production of allergic gastric and duodenal edema which predisposes to the histamine-provoked ulcer in dogs. PMID- 18901006 TI - Aseptic gastric resection, Billroth I technique. PMID- 18901007 TI - Primary nonspecific ulcers of the small intestine. PMID- 18901008 TI - Carcinoma of the gall bladder; report of 75 cases. PMID- 18901009 TI - Hemorrhagic infarction of the greater omentum simulating acute appendicitis; a report of two cases. PMID- 18901010 TI - A comparative study of the action of demerol and opium alkaloids in relation to biliary spasm. PMID- 18901011 TI - Surgical management of acquired stricture of the esophagus with esophagobronchial fistula and bronchiectasis of entire right lung; report of a case. PMID- 18901012 TI - Restoration of the thumb by transplantation, plastic repair, and prosthesis. PMID- 18901013 TI - Typhoid osteomyelitis of the ribs treated with streptomycin and surgical excision; a case report. PMID- 18901014 TI - Experimental observations in the treatment of craniosynostosis. PMID- 18901015 TI - Cyst formation at the operative site following cerebellar operations (pseudomeningocele). PMID- 18901016 TI - Foreign body localization in the soft parts; a simple method requiring no especial training or equipment. PMID- 18901017 TI - Subcutaneous emphysema following chest trauma; analysis of 20 cases. PMID- 18901018 TI - Carcinosarcoma of the mammary gland. PMID- 18901019 TI - A new material and tube design in gastrointestinal intubation. PMID- 18901020 TI - Associated pancreatic necrosis and biliary disease; a case report. PMID- 18901021 TI - Mesenteric cysts; a review of the literature and report of a calcified cyst of the mesentery. PMID- 18901022 TI - Constitution of chemotherapeutic agents in experimental tuberculosis. PMID- 18901023 TI - Test tube evaluation of tuberculostatic agents. PMID- 18901024 TI - Chemotherapeutic testing in experimental tuberculosis. PMID- 18901025 TI - Streptomycin in guinea pig tuberculosis. PMID- 18901026 TI - Technique of streptomycin administration. PMID- 18901027 TI - Effect of streptomycin on early tuberculous pulmonary lesions; a preliminary report. PMID- 18901028 TI - Effect of streptomycin on exudative pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 18901029 TI - Effect of streptomycin upon recent tuberculous pulmonary infiltration. PMID- 18901030 TI - Streptomycin in tuberculous pneumonia. PMID- 18901031 TI - Excretion of streptomycin into tuberculous cavities, the pleural space and the tracheobronchial tree. PMID- 18901032 TI - Streptomycin in tuberculous laryngitis. PMID- 18901033 TI - Streptomycin in tuberculous tracheobronchitis. PMID- 18901034 TI - Streptomycin in tuberculous enteritis. PMID- 18901035 TI - An antibiotic precursor of streptomycin. PMID- 18901036 TI - Tuberculous ulcers of the tongue; three cases. PMID- 18901037 TI - Streptomycin with intracutaneous tuberculin-vitamin dosage. PMID- 18901038 TI - Multiple pulmonary calcifications. PMID- 18901039 TI - Miliary tuberculosis treated with streptomycin; report of case with necropsy findings. PMID- 18901040 TI - Streptomycin treatment of tuberculosis. PMID- 18901041 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901042 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901043 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901044 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901045 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901046 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901047 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901048 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901049 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901050 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901051 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901052 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901053 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901054 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901055 TI - Family life, health, and social relations program in San Francisco. PMID- 18901056 TI - Oklahoma City case-finding demonstration. PMID- 18901057 TI - The telegram as a case-finding technic in venereal disease control. PMID- 18901058 TI - Treatment of chancroid with streptomycin. PMID- 18901060 TI - The pathogenicity of Aspergillus nidulans. PMID- 18901059 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901061 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901062 TI - Torula morrhuae, another synonym of Sporendonema epizoum (Corda) Cif. et Red. PMID- 18901063 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901064 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901065 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901066 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901067 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901068 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901069 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901070 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901071 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901072 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901074 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901073 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901075 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901076 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901077 TI - Studies in the physiology of the onion plant; further experiments on the effects of storage temperature and other factors on onions grown from sets. PMID- 18901078 TI - The behaviour of some naturally occurring strains of potato virus Y. PMID- 18901079 TI - The phloem necrosis virus disease of tea in Ceylon; further characterization of necrosis in the leaf. PMID- 18901080 TI - The development of internal boll disease of cotton in relation to time of infection. PMID- 18901081 TI - Observations on take-all and eyespot diseases of wheat in Yorkshire. PMID- 18901082 TI - Investigations on the gout fly (Chlorops pumilionis Bjerk.) in Devon and Cornwall. PMID- 18901083 TI - Wireworms and the sugar-beet crop; field trials and observations. PMID- 18901084 TI - The toxicities of three petroleum oils to the grain weevils. PMID- 18901085 TI - Relation between particle size and shape of insecticidal suspensions and their contact toxicity; D.D.T. suspensions against Tribolium castaneum Hb. PMID- 18901087 TI - Some observations on South American potatoes. PMID- 18901086 TI - The ecology of the British species of Psychoda (Diptera; Psychodidae). PMID- 18901088 TI - Blight in relation to potato breeding. PMID- 18901089 TI - Some recent results of potato dry rot research. PMID- 18901090 TI - The effects of thiourea and phenylthiourea upon the development of eleutherodactylus ricordii. PMID- 18901091 TI - Caffeine effects on fertilization and development in Arbacia punctulata. PMID- 18901092 TI - The resistance of metallic silver to marine fouling. PMID- 18901093 TI - The lipids in Colpidium campylum. PMID- 18901094 TI - Surface illumination and barnacle attachment. PMID- 18901095 TI - Comparison of the binding ability of hemocyanin and serum albumin for organic ions. PMID- 18901096 TI - Developmental changes in the viability of squid embryos after subjection to cyanide. PMID- 18901097 TI - Carbonic anhydrase in molluscs. PMID- 18901098 TI - Physiology of insect diapause; the prothoracic glands in the Cecropia silkworm, with special reference to their significance in embryonic and postembryonic development. PMID- 18901099 TI - The relation of temperature to oxygen consumption in the goldfish. PMID- 18901100 TI - Form and causality in neurogenesis. PMID- 18901101 TI - Taxonomic problems in the Euglenineae. PMID- 18901102 TI - The distribution and biology of hake. PMID- 18901103 TI - Echinoderm embryology and the origin of chordates. PMID- 18901105 TI - The painful foot, its aetiology and treatment. PMID- 18901106 TI - The CZECHOSLOVAK spas and hospitals. PMID- 18901104 TI - Hip joint reconstruction by vitallium mould arthroplasty. PMID- 18901107 TI - The immediate electrocardiographic effects of circumscribed myocardial injuries; an experimental study. PMID- 18901108 TI - The varied clinical syndromes produced by dissecting aneurysm. PMID- 18901109 TI - Changes in the coronary arteries of the dog following injections of allylamine. PMID- 18901110 TI - The effect of local compression upon blood flow in the extremities of man. PMID- 18901111 TI - The functional pathology of experimental immersion foot. PMID- 18901112 TI - Therapy directed at the somatic component of cardiac pain. PMID- 18901113 TI - Combined heparin-dicumarol therapy of myocardial infarction; a clinical and pathologic study. PMID- 18901114 TI - The determination of the prognosis of pregnancy in rheumatic heart disease. PMID- 18901115 TI - Newer concept of Stokes-Adams syndrome. PMID- 18901116 TI - An analysis of causes of right axis deviation based partly on endocardial potentials of the hypertrophied right ventricle. PMID- 18901117 TI - Fluorocardiography (electrokymography) technical aspects. PMID- 18901118 TI - Fluorocardiography (electrokymography) observations on normal subjects. PMID- 18901119 TI - A procedure for gas analysis at low pressures. PMID- 18901120 TI - The analysis of hydrocarbon gases by low temperature distillation. PMID- 18901121 TI - A new apparatus for gas analysis by the soap film method. PMID- 18901122 TI - The spectrophotometric determination of small proportions of linolenic acid in fats. PMID- 18901123 TI - The determination of the composition and constitution of ammonium phosphomolybdate and the conditions affecting its precipitation. PMID- 18901124 TI - A micro filter thimble. PMID- 18901125 TI - The zinc urate oxidation reaction; a selective test for zinc. PMID- 18901126 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901127 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901128 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901129 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901130 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901131 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901132 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901133 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901134 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901136 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901135 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901137 TI - Radiation chemistry; a brief history and forecast. PMID- 18901138 TI - Quantum-mechanical methods and the electronic spectra and structure of molecules. PMID- 18901139 TI - The structure of diborane and related molecules. PMID- 18901140 TI - The twisting frequency and the barrier height for free rotation in ethylene. PMID- 18901141 TI - Electron levels in polyatomic molecules having resonating double bonds. PMID- 18901142 TI - The effect of alkyl substitution on the spectra and ionization potentials of some fundamental chromophores. PMID- 18901143 TI - The near-ultraviolet absorption spectra of monoalkyl-substituted benzenes; hyperconjugation and the Baker-Nathan effect. PMID- 18901144 TI - Electronic transitions in trisubstituted benzenes in the near ultraviolet. PMID- 18901145 TI - Electronic transitions in the simple unsaturated hydrocarbons. PMID- 18901146 TI - Absolute absorption intensities of alkylbenzenes in the 2250-1700 A region. PMID- 18901147 TI - Intensities of electronic transitions in aliphatic ketones in the vacuum ultraviolet. PMID- 18901148 TI - The correlation of resonance structure with ultraviolet absorption in nitro substituted organic molecules. PMID- 18901149 TI - Steric hindrance to planarity in dye molecules. PMID- 18901150 TI - The ultraviolet absorption spectra of anthracene derivatives. PMID- 18901152 TI - Phosphorescence and the role of the triplet state in the electronic excitation of complex molecules. PMID- 18901151 TI - The effects of salts and proteins on the spectra of some dyes and indicators. PMID- 18901153 TI - Effect of vitamin A supplements upon the state of vitamin A in blood serum of the dairy cow and in blood serum and liver of its neonatal calf. PMID- 18901154 TI - A turbidimetric method for the assay of hyaluronidase. PMID- 18901155 TI - The kinetics of the enzymatic hydrolysis of hyaluronic acid. PMID- 18901156 TI - Studies on the cyclophorase system; the complete oxidation of pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide and water. PMID- 18901157 TI - The enzymatic steps in urea synthesis. PMID- 18901158 TI - The in vitro effect of tocopherol phosphate on the respiration of muscle from normal and dystrophic rabbits. PMID- 18901159 TI - Oxidative phosphorylation processes in nutritional muscular dystrophy. PMID- 18901160 TI - Molybdenum in the nutrition of the rat. PMID- 18901161 TI - A direct turbidimetric method for determining ethereal sulfates in urine. PMID- 18901162 TI - Isolation and characterization of chloromycetin. PMID- 18901163 TI - The distribution of cytochrome c and succinoxidase activity in rat liver fractions. PMID- 18901164 TI - Spectrophotometric micromethod for the quantitative determination of the free erythrocyte protoporphyrin. PMID- 18901165 TI - The utilization of adenine for nucleic acid synthesis and as a precursor of guanine. PMID- 18901166 TI - Further studies on the metabolism of tryptophan and nicotinic acid by the rat and other animals. PMID- 18901167 TI - A chemical method of estimation of nicotinic acid in urine in the presence of sugar. PMID- 18901168 TI - Isolation and characterization of tamarind seed (Tamarindus indica L.) polysaccharide. PMID- 18901169 TI - Electron microscope studies of sodium hyaluronate. PMID- 18901170 TI - Effects of feeding individual amino acids upon the distribution of other amino acids between cells and extracellular fluid. PMID- 18901171 TI - The accumulation of orotic acid by a pyrimidineless mutant of Neurospora. PMID- 18901172 TI - Biotin and the metabolism of Lactobacillus arabinosus. PMID- 18901173 TI - The effect of pantothenic acid deficiency on acetylation in rats. PMID- 18901174 TI - Separation and characterization of conalbumin. PMID- 18901175 TI - Studies on free erythrocyte protoporphyrin, plasma copper, and plasma iron in normal and in pyridoxine-deficient swine. PMID- 18901176 TI - The effect of insulin upon pyruvate utilization by pigeon muscle. PMID- 18901177 TI - The preparation of optically active isocitric acid from Bryophyllum leaf tissue. PMID- 18901178 TI - The cytochrome c-azide complex. PMID- 18901179 TI - The in vitro inhibition of cytochrome oxidase by azide and cyanide. PMID- 18901180 TI - Microbiological assay of corn steep liquor for amino acid content. PMID- 18901181 TI - Urinary excretion of amino acids by human subjects on normal diets. PMID- 18901182 TI - Cytochemical studies of mammalian tissues; isolation of intact mitochondria from rat liver; some biochemical properties of mitochondria and submicroscopic particulate material. PMID- 18901183 TI - Are phospholipides obligatory participants in fat transport across the intestinal wall? PMID- 18901184 TI - Homoserine as a precursor of threonine and methionine in Neurospora. PMID- 18901185 TI - The energy metabolism of Clostridium kluyveri and the synthesis of fatty acids. PMID- 18901186 TI - Enzymatic digestion of samples for microbiological assay of pantothenic acid. PMID- 18901187 TI - Studies on choline acetylase; effect of citric acid. PMID- 18901188 TI - The relation between chemical structure and fungicidal action in a series of substituted and unsubstituted pyridinium halides. PMID- 18901189 TI - The colorimetric determination of blood chloride by the iodometric method. PMID- 18901190 TI - Plasma accelerator globulin; partial purification, quantitative determination, and properties. PMID- 18901191 TI - The enzymatic extraction of riboflavin from pork for the fluorometric determination. PMID- 18901192 TI - Fractionation of serum with methanol and ultrafiltration. PMID- 18901193 TI - Protoporphyrin 9 as a precursor of chlorophyll. PMID- 18901194 TI - A colorimetric method for the determination of citric acid in blood and plasma. PMID- 18901195 TI - Influence of insulin preparations on glycogenolysis in liver slices. PMID- 18901196 TI - Biochemical transformations as determined by competitive analogue-metabolite growth inhibitions; relationship of purines and thymine to folic acid. PMID- 18901197 TI - Phosphatase activity in suckling pigs. PMID- 18901198 TI - Factors affecting the availability of lysine in heat-processed casein. PMID- 18901199 TI - Studies on intermediary steroid metabolism; isolation of delta-androstene 3(beta), 17(alpha)-diol and delta5-androstene-3(beta), 16(beta), 17(alpha)-triol following the incubation of dehydroisoandrosterone with surviving rabbit liver slices. PMID- 18901200 TI - Metabolites of 11-dehydrocorticosterone; pregnane-3(alpha), 20-diol-11-one. PMID- 18901201 TI - 16-Substituted steroids: the partial synthesis of urinary androstenetriol (delta5 androstene-3(beta), 16(beta), 17(alpha)-triol). PMID- 18901202 TI - Studies on the structure of polysaccharides; acid hydrolysis of starch-like polysaccharides. PMID- 18901203 TI - Studies on the structure of polysaccharides; degradation of polysaccharides by enzymes. PMID- 18901204 TI - Studies on the structure of polysaccharides; relation of structure to activation of phosphorylases. PMID- 18901206 TI - Counter-current distribution of gramicidin. PMID- 18901205 TI - Studies on the structure of polysaccharides; relation of the iodine color to the structure. PMID- 18901207 TI - Influence of alpha-particles on the immunological property of antigen films. PMID- 18901208 TI - Growth-promoting activity of guanine for the purine-deficient Neurospora 28610. PMID- 18901209 TI - The reversal of the bacteriostatic action of streptomycin by urea. PMID- 18901210 TI - Intracellular structures and the fatty acid oxidase system of rat liver. PMID- 18901211 TI - The antagonism of antibacterial action of atabrine. PMID- 18901212 TI - An in vivo effect of pteroylglutamic acid upon tyrosine metabolism in the scorbutic guinea pig. PMID- 18901213 TI - Uric acid diabetes. PMID- 18901214 TI - The inhibitory action of iodide upon organic binding of iodine by the normal thyroid gland. PMID- 18901215 TI - An alpha-cell hormone of the islets of Langerhans. PMID- 18901216 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901218 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901217 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901219 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901220 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901221 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901222 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901223 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901224 TI - Oral manifestations of pellagra. PMID- 18901225 TI - Sterility tests on local anesthetic solutions. PMID- 18901226 TI - Some considerations on the use of sodium phenobarbital and sodium pentothal. PMID- 18901227 TI - Practical considerations in the use of analgesics. PMID- 18901228 TI - Dental disuse and caries incidence. PMID- 18901229 TI - Diagnosis of carious lesions on the proximal surfaces of teeth. PMID- 18901230 TI - Converting the dental chair into an operating table. PMID- 18901231 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901233 TI - Fixed bridgework. PMID- 18901232 TI - Recent developments in the control of dental caries. PMID- 18901234 TI - Dental aid to claimants under compensation. PMID- 18901235 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901236 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901237 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901238 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901239 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901240 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901242 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901241 TI - Studies on the darkening of freckles. PMID- 18901243 TI - Peculiar local tissue changes following intracutaneous injection of staphylococcal vaccine. PMID- 18901244 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901245 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901246 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901247 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901248 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901249 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901250 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901251 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901252 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901253 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901254 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901255 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901256 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901257 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901258 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901259 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901260 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901261 TI - Reductone interference in estimation of vitamin C. PMID- 18901262 TI - Comparative studies on growth and biochemical features of microorganisms grown in cow's and soybean milk. PMID- 18901263 TI - Antioxidant effect of soybean flour in frozen pastry. PMID- 18901264 TI - Resazurin reduction test and microbiology of egg powders prepared by lyophilization. PMID- 18901265 TI - Effect of bacteria on quality of stored lyophilized egg powders. PMID- 18901266 TI - Influence of freezing on color of bones and adjacent tissues. PMID- 18901267 TI - Survival of food-poisoning staphylococci on nut meats. PMID- 18901268 TI - Vegetable crops in relation to soil fertility; calcium contents of green leafy vegetables. PMID- 18901269 TI - A simplified chemical method for determination of nicotinic acid in pork products. PMID- 18901271 TI - Food and nutrition; certain international aspects and developments. PMID- 18901270 TI - Drip as a constant for quality control of frozen foods. PMID- 18901272 TI - Cereal grains and the world food shortage. PMID- 18901273 TI - A research project in health education. PMID- 18901274 TI - Metabolism of women during the reproductive cycle; the effect of multivitamin supplements on the secretion of vitamin A in human milk. PMID- 18901275 TI - Protecting the health of the food consumer. PMID- 18901276 TI - Nutritive value of commercial ice cream. PMID- 18901277 TI - Lecture and discussion-decision as methods of influencing food habits. PMID- 18901278 TI - Degenerative vascular lesions and diabetes mellitus. PMID- 18901279 TI - High serum acetylcholine concentrations in pernicious anemia and their reduction by effective therapy. PMID- 18901280 TI - Pteroylglutamic acid displacing agents. PMID- 18901281 TI - The management of pruritus ani in the armed forces. PMID- 18901282 TI - Treatment of pruritus ani by local applications of aluminum hydroxide gel. PMID- 18901283 TI - Bacteriology of diarrhoeal diseases. PMID- 18901284 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901285 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901286 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901287 TI - Spermatogenesis in a pan-hypopituitary eunuchoid, as the result of testosterone therapy. PMID- 18901288 TI - The endocrine disorders associated with Cushing's syndrome and virilism; report of an unusual case. PMID- 18901289 TI - A rapid method for the determination of total urinary 17-ketosteroids. PMID- 18901290 TI - Specific renal functions in hyperthyroidism and myxedema; effects of treatment. PMID- 18901291 TI - Report of a case showing congenital defects, short stature, retarded sexual development and no urinary gonadotropins. PMID- 18901292 TI - The treatment of thyrotoxicosis with aminothiazole; results in 23 cases. PMID- 18901293 TI - Iodine-lack theory and endemic goiter. PMID- 18901294 TI - The intranasal use of posterior pituitary powder in the treatment of diabetes insipidus. PMID- 18901295 TI - Fatal jaundice resulting from thiouracil. PMID- 18901296 TI - Results of administration of anterior pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone to a normal human subject. PMID- 18901297 TI - Clinical studies with pituitary adrenocorticotropin. PMID- 18901298 TI - Further studies on the metabolism of therapeutic doses of natural estrogens in human subjects. PMID- 18901299 TI - Cytological cycle of the urinary sediment and its parallelism with the vaginal cycle. PMID- 18901300 TI - Social and psychological readjustment of a pseudohermaphrodite under endocrine therapy. PMID- 18901301 TI - Estradiol monobenzoate (M.B.) crystals. PMID- 18901302 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901303 TI - Copyright of advertising. PMID- 18901304 TI - Evidence, when the presumption of legitimacy, the strongest known to law, conflicts with the presumption of a continuing marriage, the presumptions are not conclusive of the issue according to their legal strength but stand or fall as they are supported by the surrounding circumstances. PMID- 18901305 TI - Sex life in prison. PMID- 18901306 TI - Some personality characteristics of delinquents and non-delinquents. PMID- 18901307 TI - Recent crimes and the veterans. PMID- 18901308 TI - Tests for intoxication. PMID- 18901309 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901310 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901311 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901312 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901313 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901314 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901315 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901316 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901317 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901318 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901319 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901320 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901321 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901322 TI - The cytologic method as an aid in the diagnosis of gastric carcinoma. PMID- 18901323 TI - The syndrome of ovarian pain and insufficiency; the importance of conserving ovarian tissue. PMID- 18901324 TI - Endometriosis as a cause of intestinal obstruction. PMID- 18901325 TI - Fractures of the tibial condyles involving the knee joint. PMID- 18901326 TI - The surgical treatment of recurrent acute pancreatitis by endocholedochal sphincterotomy. PMID- 18901327 TI - Hypospadias with enlargement of the prostatic utricle. PMID- 18901328 TI - One stage pharyngeal diverticulectomy; improved technique and analysis of 186 cases. PMID- 18901330 TI - Bartholin cyst; a simple method for its restoration to function. PMID- 18901329 TI - Osgood-Schlatter's disease. PMID- 18901331 TI - Results and causes of failure of radiation therapy in carcinoma of the cervix. PMID- 18901332 TI - Experimental study on lipocaic. PMID- 18901333 TI - Patellectomy; a simplified technique. PMID- 18901334 TI - Prognosis in carcinoma of the bowel. PMID- 18901335 TI - Esophagitis. PMID- 18901336 TI - Prepubertal melanoma of skin. PMID- 18901337 TI - Care of patients with surgical diseases of the chest. PMID- 18901338 TI - The Schoenlein-Henoch syndrome of vascular purpura. PMID- 18901339 TI - Hyperprothrombinemia induced by vitamin K in human subjects with normal liver function. PMID- 18901340 TI - A modification of the Waugn-Ruddick test for increased coagulability of the blood, and its application to the study of postoperative cases. PMID- 18901341 TI - In vitro study of bone marrow; erythropoiesis in vitro of sternal marrow from cases of pernicious anemia and lymphatic leukosis under therapy. PMID- 18901342 TI - Studies on bone marrow in vitro; the effect of anoxia and hyperoxia on explanted bone marrow. PMID- 18901343 TI - Electron microscope studies of blood cells. PMID- 18901345 TI - Spinous process puncture; a simple clinical approach for obtaining bone marrow. PMID- 18901344 TI - Aplastic anemia; secondary to gold therapy. PMID- 18901346 TI - Marrow biopsy technics. PMID- 18901347 TI - The Rh factor. PMID- 18901348 TI - A survey of the significance of the Rh factor. PMID- 18901349 TI - The Rh genotypes and Fisher's theory. PMID- 18901350 TI - Hemolytic mechanisms. PMID- 18901351 TI - Generalities on the nucleolar content of some blood cells. PMID- 18901352 TI - Interrelationship between the Rh system and the A B system. PMID- 18901353 TI - Hemolytic Rh immune globulins; evidence for a possible third order of antibodies incapable of agglutination or blocking. PMID- 18901354 TI - Acute renal insufficiency due to incompatible transfusion and other causes, with particular emphasis on management. PMID- 18901355 TI - Rh antibodies; correlation with clinical findings. PMID- 18901356 TI - The A and B factors as a possible cause of erythroblastosis. PMID- 18901357 TI - The treatment of erythroblastosis fetalis by substitution transfusion. PMID- 18901358 TI - Current problems regarding the Rh factor. PMID- 18901359 TI - Historical review of Mexican blood transfusion. PMID- 18901360 TI - Apollo and Terpsichore; music and the healing art with special reference to B. M. Berenclow, F. N. Marquet and F. K. Harford. PMID- 18901362 TI - Early American animalcular hypotheses. PMID- 18901361 TI - What is social medicine? a genetic analysis of the concept. PMID- 18901363 TI - Beginnings of Minnesota public health. PMID- 18901364 TI - The beginnings of medical education in California. PMID- 18901365 TI - The Worthington School and Thomsonianism. PMID- 18901366 TI - The first medical college in Vermont. PMID- 18901367 TI - Pioneer medicine in the Southwest. PMID- 18901368 TI - Doctor Edward Tiffin, first governor of Ohio. PMID- 18901369 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901370 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901371 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901372 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901373 TI - March fracture; its recognition, differential diagnosis and chiropodical management. PMID- 18901374 TI - Cold sterilization. PMID- 18901375 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901376 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901377 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901378 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901379 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901380 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901382 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901381 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901383 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901384 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901385 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901386 TI - Modern architectural design. PMID- 18901387 TI - A problem in integration; the new addition to St. Anthony's Hospital, Milwaukee. PMID- 18901389 TI - Peritoneal irrigation. PMID- 18901388 TI - Measuring the need for general hospital beds; the integration of base, intermediate, and rural hospital areas. PMID- 18901390 TI - The second third of a century. Catholic hospitals of the United States and Canada. PMID- 18901391 TI - Economic security and the cost of care. PMID- 18901392 TI - The factors that promote improved staff consultations. PMID- 18901393 TI - New battle lines in the war against disease. PMID- 18901394 TI - Keeping abreast of a growing psychiatric service. PMID- 18901396 TI - How a county plans for infirmaries. PMID- 18901395 TI - Variables in planning long-term care. PMID- 18901398 TI - Nurse aide training; a 30-hour course keeps hospital beds open. PMID- 18901397 TI - Care for the chronically ill; some lessons learned in 14 years. PMID- 18901399 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901400 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901401 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901402 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901403 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901404 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901406 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901405 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901407 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901408 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901409 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901410 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901411 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901412 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901413 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901414 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901415 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901416 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901417 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901418 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901419 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901420 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901421 TI - Immunochemistry of toxins and toxoids; the preparation of purified diphtherial toxoid for clinical use. PMID- 18901422 TI - A comparison of the effect of various salt concentrations on the agglutination of red cells by influenza A virus and antibody. PMID- 18901423 TI - The effect of environmental temperature upon resistance to pneumococcal infection under sulfadiazine therapy, and upon body temperature and oxygen consumption during infection. PMID- 18901424 TI - Precipitin production in chickens; the variation in the antibody response as correlated with the age of the animal. PMID- 18901425 TI - Studies on inhibition of the agents of murine and feline pneumonitis by penicillin. PMID- 18901426 TI - Complement fixation with soluble antigens of Plasmodium knowlesi and Plasmodium lophurae. PMID- 18901427 TI - Preparation and properties of purified rickettsial suspensions. PMID- 18901428 TI - Attempt to produce protection against mosquitoes by active immunization. PMID- 18901429 TI - The antirickettsial effect of thionine dyes; on the mode of action of the thionine dyes in combating experimental infections of mice with Rickettsia orientalis and Rickettsia mooseri. PMID- 18901430 TI - Serological studies on infectious mononucleosis and other conditions with human erythrocytes modified by Newcastle disease virus. PMID- 18901431 TI - BLOOMFIELD recommends broad industrial health program for Peru. PMID- 18901432 TI - VENTILATION plan examination in New York. PMID- 18901433 TI - Some thoughts on silicosis. PMID- 18901434 TI - Aspirating device for NBS CO indicating tubes. PMID- 18901436 TI - Morals, ethics and the purposes of sex. PMID- 18901435 TI - Industrial toxicology; 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. PMID- 18901437 TI - A song to march to. PMID- 18901438 TI - Reaching the people in unorganized groups. PMID- 18901439 TI - New gateways to family service. PMID- 18901440 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901441 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901442 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901443 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901444 TI - A brief review of the history and development of the more important antimalarial drugs. PMID- 18901446 TI - Note on malaria problems created during road and railway construction. PMID- 18901445 TI - Bats, clover, water lettuce and malaria. PMID- 18901447 TI - Note regarding malariogenic conditions created during road and railway development. PMID- 18901448 TI - Construction of road embankments without creating borrowpits. PMID- 18901449 TI - Control of malaria in parties engaged on road and railway construction. PMID- 18901450 TI - Malaria control of villages around Quetta, Baluchistan, with D.D.T. PMID- 18901451 TI - Preliminary note on investigation of malaria in Bengal-Orissa border, south of Khargpur. PMID- 18901452 TI - Measurements of malaria; say it with numbers. PMID- 18901453 TI - Experiments with paludrine in the chemotherapy of malaria. PMID- 18901454 TI - Malaria in the Malabar squirrel. PMID- 18901456 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901455 TI - Suppressive mepacrine treatment to the staff of B. A. Railway in 1945. PMID- 18901457 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901458 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901459 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901460 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901461 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901462 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901463 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901464 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901465 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901466 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901467 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901468 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901469 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901470 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901471 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901472 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901473 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901474 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901475 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901476 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901477 TI - The present status of thiouracil in the treatment and pre-surgical preparation of Basedow's disease; presentation of a rare case of thyroid disease. PMID- 18901478 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901479 TI - Limitations and dangers of the Queckenstedt test. PMID- 18901481 TI - Bronchopulmonary moniliasis. PMID- 18901480 TI - The incidence of thrombo-embolic lesions in myocardial infarction. PMID- 18901482 TI - Friction rub in the abdomen. PMID- 18901483 TI - Renal enlargement simulating ovarian tumors; report of four cases. PMID- 18901484 TI - Experience with the use of the Miller-Abbott tube for the prevention and treatment of intestinal distention. PMID- 18901485 TI - Intracranial cysticercosis. PMID- 18901486 TI - Some highlights of obstetrical and gynecological pathology. PMID- 18901487 TI - CARCINOMA of the pancreas. PMID- 18901489 TI - Theory and treatment of leg ulcers. PMID- 18901488 TI - Pointers on amebiasis and its complications, diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 18901490 TI - DISORDERS of calcium metabolism. PMID- 18901491 TI - Mental deficiency in infancy. PMID- 18901492 TI - The changing complexion of medicine. PMID- 18901493 TI - Enuresis. PMID- 18901494 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901495 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901496 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901497 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901498 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901499 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901500 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901501 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901502 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901503 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901504 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901505 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901506 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901507 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901508 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901509 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901510 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901511 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901512 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901513 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901514 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901515 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901516 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901517 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901518 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901519 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901520 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901521 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901522 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901524 TI - Persistent truncus arteriosus, a rare congenital cardiac malformation. PMID- 18901523 TI - Vagaries in the implantation site of the zygote. PMID- 18901525 TI - Cervical ribs and other causes of compression of the lower trunk of the brachial plexus. PMID- 18901526 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901527 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901529 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901528 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901530 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901531 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901532 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901533 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901534 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901535 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901536 TI - Sickle cell anemia and pregnancy; report of case. PMID- 18901538 TI - Narcohypnosis in medical practice. PMID- 18901537 TI - Some observations on prison psychoses. PMID- 18901539 TI - Chronic alcoholism. PMID- 18901540 TI - The dynamics of pathologic depression. PMID- 18901541 TI - Subacute bacterial endocarditis; report of patient treated with massive doses of penicillin. PMID- 18901542 TI - Use of radium in the nasopharynx for deafness and its clinical effects; report of cases. PMID- 18901543 TI - Quantitative serologic tests in evaluation of syphilotherapy. PMID- 18901544 TI - Common errors in diagnosis of syphilis. PMID- 18901545 TI - Cholecystitis and cholelithiasis. PMID- 18901546 TI - A review of the management of syphilis. PMID- 18901547 TI - Scar of scalp, site of growth removed by chemical means. PMID- 18901548 TI - [S. P. Botkin, an outstanding citizen, distinguished for social service]. PMID- 18901549 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of peritonitis in typhoid]. PMID- 18901550 TI - [Peculiar outbreak of typhoid in a family]. PMID- 18901551 TI - [Clinical characteristic of paratyphoid A in Leningrad]. PMID- 18901552 TI - [Some peculiarities in the course of paratyphoid A in 1941-42]. PMID- 18901553 TI - [Effect of chemotherapeutic preparations on bacteria of the typhoid-paratyphoid group]. PMID- 18901554 TI - [Sulfidinotherapy of pneumonia complicating typhoid fever]. PMID- 18901555 TI - [Diagnosis of dysentery]. PMID- 18901556 TI - [Early clinical diagnosis of acute bacillary dysentery]. PMID- 18901557 TI - [Disulfan and sulgin in chemotherapy of acute bacillary dysentery]. PMID- 18901558 TI - [Spread of parasitic intestinal protozoa among the contingents of the Leningrad front during the war]. PMID- 18901559 TI - [Experiments with penicillin therapy in visceral leishmaniasis]. PMID- 18901560 TI - [The level of iron in the blood in wounded]. PMID- 18901561 TI - [Intravenous vaccination in typhoid fever]. PMID- 18901562 TI - The serum phosphorus level as an index of pituitary growth hormone activity in acromegaly; a preliminary report. PMID- 18901563 TI - Posterior recurrent dislocation of the shoulder treated by capsulorrhaphy and iliac bone block. PMID- 18901564 TI - Successful pregnancy following ileostomy and partial colectomy for ulcerative colitis. PMID- 18901565 TI - Pharmacology and indicated clinical use of vasopressor drugs in anesthesia. PMID- 18901566 TI - Electrolyte and fluid balance; recent advances. PMID- 18901567 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901568 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901569 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901570 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901571 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901572 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901573 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901574 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901576 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901575 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901577 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901578 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901579 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901580 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901581 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901582 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901583 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901584 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901585 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901586 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901587 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901588 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901589 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901590 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901591 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901592 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901593 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901594 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901595 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901596 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901597 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901598 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901599 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901600 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901601 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901602 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901603 TI - Treatment of poliomyelitis in the acute and convalescent stages; physical therapy and orthopedic consideration. PMID- 18901604 TI - The effect of drilling the neck of the femur in Legg-Perthes' disease. PMID- 18901605 TI - Periarteritis nodosa-like lesions in tuberculous meningitis. PMID- 18901606 TI - Criteria of healing in fractures following internal fixation. PMID- 18901607 TI - Untoward effects of the newer drugs. PMID- 18901608 TI - The occurrence of water-soluble Rh substances in body secretions. PMID- 18901609 TI - Prothrombin time in rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 18901610 TI - The oxytocic use of methergine in the third stage of labor. PMID- 18901611 TI - Intracutaneous influenza vaccination. PMID- 18901612 TI - Pediatric approach to the management of allergic eczema in children. PMID- 18901613 TI - An improved device for extensive ECG exploration of the chest. PMID- 18901614 TI - Hiatus hernia confused with coronary thrombosis. PMID- 18901615 TI - Uveitis of undetermined origin, with certain etiologic considerations. PMID- 18901616 TI - A foreign body fatality. PMID- 18901617 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901618 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901620 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901619 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901621 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901622 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901623 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901624 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901625 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901626 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901627 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901628 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901629 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901630 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901631 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901632 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901633 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901634 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901635 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901636 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901637 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901638 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901639 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901640 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901641 TI - The thyroid gland in health and disease. PMID- 18901642 TI - Present status of BCG vaccine in the prevention of tuberculosis. PMID- 18901643 TI - Immunizing the preschool child. PMID- 18901644 TI - Safety factors in prostatic surgery. PMID- 18901645 TI - Surgical treatment of the peripheral nerve injuries in general hospitals. PMID- 18901646 TI - Paravertebral block, classification and technic. PMID- 18901647 TI - External ocular injuries. PMID- 18901648 TI - The factor of food allergy in acne. PMID- 18901649 TI - Stunted growth in childhood; an inquiry into some of its causes. PMID- 18901651 TI - Animal experimentation. PMID- 18901650 TI - Foreign bodies of the maxillary sinuses; surgical approach and report of 24 cases. PMID- 18901652 TI - Stress incontinence of urine in the female. PMID- 18901653 TI - The blood supply of nerves. PMID- 18901654 TI - Confusional states in acute disease. PMID- 18901655 TI - Speech iterations; ting a ling phenomenon. PMID- 18901656 TI - Neurosyphilis; a review of recent literature. PMID- 18901658 TI - Recent advances in medical rehabilitation. PMID- 18901657 TI - Neuropathy and malnutrition. PMID- 18901659 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901660 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901662 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901661 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901663 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901665 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901664 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901666 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901667 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901668 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901669 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901670 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901671 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901672 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901673 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901674 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901675 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901676 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901677 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901678 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901679 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901680 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901681 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901682 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901683 TI - Ten years of war surgery. PMID- 18901684 TI - The surgeon and the child. PMID- 18901685 TI - Medicine in New Zealand. PMID- 18901686 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901687 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901688 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901689 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901690 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901691 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901692 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901693 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901694 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901695 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901697 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901696 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901698 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901699 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901700 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901701 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901702 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901703 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901705 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901704 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901706 TI - The pituitary and the adrenals in their relation to the effect of alloxan on the blood sugar. PMID- 18901707 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901708 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901709 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901710 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901711 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901712 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901714 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901713 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901715 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901716 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901717 TI - The new Army's Medical Department. PMID- 18901718 TI - REPORT of studies in gonococcal and non-gonococcal urethritis. PMID- 18901719 TI - Measures and organization for combating VD among German civilians. PMID- 18901720 TI - Streptomycin therapy in granuloma inguinale. PMID- 18901722 TI - CASE fatality rates. PMID- 18901721 TI - Detergents, ancient and modern. PMID- 18901723 TI - PERITONITIS, acute. PMID- 18901724 TI - Radioactive isotopes and their clinical applications. PMID- 18901725 TI - Pain with special reference to pain from the skin. PMID- 18901726 TI - The atomic structure of tooth and bone mineral. PMID- 18901727 TI - Seaweed research and commercial enterprise in Britain. PMID- 18901728 TI - Nucleic acids and the patterns of life. PMID- 18901729 TI - The initiation of virus action on the host cell. PMID- 18901730 TI - Physical education around the world. PMID- 18901731 TI - Blinking, its role in physical measurements. PMID- 18901732 TI - Use of high-frequency current in surgery. PMID- 18901733 TI - Intracellular determination of protein by X-ray microspectrography. PMID- 18901734 TI - Micro estimation of amino-nitrogen and its application to paper partition chromatography. PMID- 18901735 TI - Reaction between manganous ion and manganese dioxide. PMID- 18901736 TI - Aerobic mesophilic bacteria in composts. PMID- 18901737 TI - Pre-erythrocytic stage in mammalian malaria parasites. PMID- 18901738 TI - Variations in spermatogenesis of oligospermic men. PMID- 18901739 TI - Complexity of fresh Hevea latex. PMID- 18901740 TI - Studies in stomatal action; adequacy of the porometer in the investigation of stomatal aperture. PMID- 18901741 TI - Control of stomatal movement by a reduction in the normal carbon dioxide content of the air. PMID- 18901742 TI - How did they survive? Mechanisms of defense in Nazi concentration camps. PMID- 18901743 TI - Incidental observations during psychiatric surveys on seven German prisoners of war. PMID- 18901744 TI - Sadomasochistic obsessions in an Indonesian. PMID- 18901745 TI - A case of psychogenic vomiting. PMID- 18901746 TI - Psychoses among South-African natives. PMID- 18901747 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901749 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901748 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901750 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901751 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901752 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901753 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901754 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901755 TI - Conflict in delinquency control. PMID- 18901756 TI - Is juvenile delinquency a psychiatric problem? PMID- 18901757 TI - Dealing with juvenile delinquency; science can be expressed in simple language. PMID- 18901758 TI - Roots of delinquency. PMID- 18901759 TI - An elementaristic approach to the understanding and treatment of delinquency. PMID- 18901760 TI - The psychiatric treatment of a juvenile delinquent. PMID- 18901761 TI - The primary and secondary gains in stealing. PMID- 18901762 TI - The socialized delinquent; concept, etiology, psychometric evaluation and institutional training. PMID- 18901763 TI - Biological inferiority as a cause for delinquency; E. A. Hooton's findings reviewed and analyzed. PMID- 18901764 TI - A short history of anaesthesia. PMID- 18901765 TI - Social aspects of mental disturbances. PMID- 18901766 TI - Scarlet fever; cause, treatment and nursing care. PMID- 18901767 TI - Are nurses overspecialized? PMID- 18901768 TI - Men in nursing; their status and opportunities. PMID- 18901769 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901770 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901772 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901771 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901773 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901774 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901779 TI - Two cases of choroidal melanomata with unusual histories. PMID- 18901780 TI - A method of spectrographic analysis of impurities in materials for oxide coating of thermionic cathodes. PMID- 18901781 TI - The sensitivity performance of the human eye on an absolute scale. PMID- 18901782 TI - The polarization of infra-red radiation. PMID- 18901783 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901784 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901785 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901786 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901787 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901788 TI - Clinic on bronchial tumors. PMID- 18901789 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901790 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901791 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901792 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901793 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901794 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901795 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901796 TI - Speech rehabilitation for veterans. PMID- 18901797 TI - The role of inheritance in glaucoma. PMID- 18901798 TI - A hereditary and clinical study of choroideremia. PMID- 18901799 TI - The experimental treatment of retinitis pigmentosa. PMID- 18901800 TI - Technic of goniotomy for congenital glaucoma. PMID- 18901801 TI - The rehabilitation of the laryngectomized. PMID- 18901802 TI - Congenital choanal occlusion. PMID- 18901803 TI - The history of the development of laryngology. PMID- 18901804 TI - Medicolegal problems in industrial ophthalmology. PMID- 18901805 TI - Eyes; compensation and medicolegal problems. PMID- 18901806 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901807 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901808 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901809 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901810 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901811 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901812 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901813 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901814 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901815 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901816 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901817 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901818 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901819 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901820 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901821 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901822 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901823 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901824 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901825 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901826 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901827 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901828 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901829 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901830 TI - The role, of cow's milk in gastro-intestinal allergy of children. PMID- 18901831 TI - Acute infantile hemiplegia of vascular origin. PMID- 18901832 TI - Hydronephrosis; a case report and a review of thirty-one cases. PMID- 18901833 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901834 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901835 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901836 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901837 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901838 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901839 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901840 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901841 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901842 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901843 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901844 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901845 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901846 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901847 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901848 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901849 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901850 TI - BRITISH anti-lewisite; a new therapeutic agent. PMID- 18901851 TI - Prizes, study and life. PMID- 18901852 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901853 TI - The influence of some central nervous depressants on the reciprocal inhibition between the two retinae as manifested in retinal rivalry. PMID- 18901854 TI - Observations on the hydrogen-activating enzymes present during the metamorphosis of insects. PMID- 18901855 TI - On the effect of copper on cytochrome oxidase. PMID- 18901856 TI - On the methylation of ethanol amine, dimethyl ethanol amine, guanidine acetic acid and homocysteine. PMID- 18901857 TI - On the role of glycollic acid in biological methylation processes. PMID- 18901858 TI - On an amine oxidase in rabbit's liver. PMID- 18901859 TI - The elicitation of viscero-motor reflexes. PMID- 18901860 TI - The regulation of the body-temperature during work performed with the arms and with the legs. PMID- 18901861 TI - Some investigations of erythropoiesis in human bone-marrow cultivated in various media. PMID- 18901862 TI - Endocrine influences on cardiac output and oxygen consumption in dogs. PMID- 18901863 TI - An evaluation of a method involving carbon dioxide equilibration for determining cardiac output. PMID- 18901864 TI - Relation of the salivary flow to the thirst produced in man by intravenous injection of hypertonic salt solution. PMID- 18901865 TI - Displacement of blood from the lungs by pressure breathing. PMID- 18901866 TI - Effect of pressure breathing on blood flow through the finger. PMID- 18901867 TI - Oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions of alveolar air and arterial blood in health young adults at rest and after exercise. PMID- 18901869 TI - Rate of disappearance of dye T-1824 from arterial blood. PMID- 18901868 TI - Mixing of cells, plasma and dye T-1824 in the cardiovascular system of barbitalized dogs. PMID- 18901870 TI - Measurement of plasma volume as the distribution volume of injected autogenous plasma. PMID- 18901871 TI - Effect of plasma injection on dye and cell content of arterial blood. PMID- 18901873 TI - Peripheral visual acuity of 55 subjects under conditions of flash presentation. PMID- 18901872 TI - Renal tubular reabsorption of inorganic sulfate in the normal dog. PMID- 18901874 TI - Effect of partial and complete destruction of the tactile cerebral cortex on correct conditioned differential foreleg responses from cutaneous stimulation. PMID- 18901875 TI - Plasma Ac-globulin activity. PMID- 18901876 TI - Pyridoxine, ketonic acids, and specific dynamic action. PMID- 18901877 TI - Effect of convulsant and anticonvulsant agents on acetylcholine metabolism (activity of choline acetylase, cholinesterase) and on sensitivity to acetylcholine of effector organs. PMID- 18901878 TI - Protection of the cerebral circulation by the cerebrospinal fluid under the influence of radial acceleration. PMID- 18901879 TI - Increased sensitivity of hypothermic rats to injected potassium and the influence of calcium, digitalis and glucose on survival. PMID- 18901880 TI - Effect of pregnancy on the course of experimental hypertension. PMID- 18901881 TI - Effect of dilute saline solutions on the gastric potential and the secretion of HCL. PMID- 18901882 TI - Role of dietary protein in experimental liver regeneration; a nitrogen balance study. PMID- 18901883 TI - Effect of dietary protein upon the regeneration of liver protein in the rat. PMID- 18901884 TI - Working capacity in patients with orthopedic handicaps from poliomyelitis; energy expenditure in walking at various speeds and grades. PMID- 18901885 TI - Forces exerted at different velocities in human arm movements. PMID- 18901886 TI - Available and interstitial fluid volumes of normal children. PMID- 18901887 TI - Blood volumes of normal children. PMID- 18901888 TI - A roentgenographic study of the effect of a pneumatic anti-blackout suit on the hydrostatic columns in man exposed to positive radial acceleration. PMID- 18901889 TI - Effects of a narcotic level of carbon dioxide on the plasma potassium and respiration of cats. PMID- 18901890 TI - Effects on man of high concentrations of carbon dioxide in relation to various oxygen pressures during exposures as long as 72 hours. PMID- 18901891 TI - Repeated determinations of plasma volume, blood volume and total available fluid in a group of normal trained dogs. PMID- 18901892 TI - A relationship between the body temperature and the blood pressure in the chicken. PMID- 18901893 TI - Transient hypotension following rapid intravenous injections of hypertonic solutions. PMID- 18901894 TI - Effects of chronic starvation and recovery on the blood of the young rat. PMID- 18901895 TI - Reduced carbohydrate intake after fat feeding in normal rats and rats with hypothalamic hyperphagia. PMID- 18901896 TI - Increased tolerance to severe anoxia on carbon dioxide administration. PMID- 18901897 TI - Types of afferent fibers in the phrenic nerve. PMID- 18901898 TI - Evidence from crosstransfusion experiments that the diminished urine flow accompanying ischemic compression shock is not due to humoral factors. PMID- 18901899 TI - Tolerance to heat and dehydration in several species of mammals. PMID- 18901900 TI - Sweating patterns in the skin following injections of mecholyl. PMID- 18901901 TI - Influence of high fat diets on alloxan diabetes. PMID- 18901902 TI - Variations in the effect of anoxia on performance. PMID- 18901903 TI - Histamine content of canine gastric juice. PMID- 18901904 TI - Role of the kidney in modifying the response to the sustained pressor principle. PMID- 18901905 TI - Mechanics of human isolated voluntary muscle. PMID- 18901906 TI - Observations on the effects of adrenalin on renal function and circulation in man. PMID- 18901907 TI - Thermal exchanges of man at high temperatures. PMID- 18901908 TI - Internal secretions and toxemia of late pregnancy. PMID- 18901909 TI - Local action of sex hormones. PMID- 18901910 TI - Pteroylglutamic acid and related compounds. PMID- 18901911 TI - Conditioning factors in nutritional disease. PMID- 18901912 TI - The religion of the post-war college student. PMID- 18901913 TI - Personal factors associated with leadership; a survey of the literature. PMID- 18901914 TI - Rorschach evaluation of the schizophrenic process following a prefrontal lobotomy. PMID- 18901915 TI - Observation and hypothesis in psychology. PMID- 18901916 TI - The performance of girls and women on the Grove modification of the Kent-Shakow formboard series. PMID- 18901917 TI - The diagnosis of neurotic traits by means of a new perceptual test. PMID- 18901919 TI - A preliminary investigation of color discrimination in the Florida cricket frog. Acris gryllus dorsalis (Harlan). PMID- 18901918 TI - Experiments in psychotherapy; theoretical considerations. PMID- 18901920 TI - Finger painting for the blind. PMID- 18901921 TI - Catabiotic autosusception; a rapid prospective survey. PMID- 18901922 TI - Troubled people. PMID- 18901923 TI - Social science and social tensions. PMID- 18901924 TI - Mental-health potentialities of the World Health Organization. PMID- 18901926 TI - The problem of recruiting physicians for state hospitals. PMID- 18901925 TI - The program of the International Committee for Mental Hygiene. PMID- 18901927 TI - Alcoholism, an emergent problem among veterans. PMID- 18901928 TI - The minister and mental hygiene; his opportunity and responsibility. PMID- 18901929 TI - The clinical aspects of parent-child relationships. PMID- 18901930 TI - Psychiatric nursing in the basic curriculum. PMID- 18901931 TI - STATE-WIDE plan for hospital construction in California. PMID- 18901932 TI - MALARIA. PMID- 18901933 TI - BIOLOGICAL standardization. PMID- 18901934 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901935 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901936 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901937 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901939 TI - Gambling, an emotional deficiency disease? PMID- 18901938 TI - Infantile paralysis. PMID- 18901940 TI - X-rays in diagnosis. PMID- 18901941 TI - Student health at Lovedale. PMID- 18901942 TI - Coronary thrombosis. PMID- 18901943 TI - Problems of a zoo. PMID- 18901944 TI - What is a vaccine? PMID- 18901945 TI - Hospital on an island. PMID- 18901946 TI - What blood transfusion means to me. PMID- 18901947 TI - Health impressions in China. PMID- 18901948 TI - Luther Burbank and his potato. PMID- 18901949 TI - The history of state medicine in England. PMID- 18901950 TI - Diet in pregnancy. PMID- 18901951 TI - Our streams and our health. PMID- 18901952 TI - An epidemic of acute watery diarrhea in Alabama. PMID- 18901953 TI - Federal-state-local relationships in the financing of local health services. PMID- 18901954 TI - Epidemic tinea capitis; a public health problem. PMID- 18901955 TI - Relative productivity of newer coliform media. PMID- 18901956 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901957 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901958 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901959 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901960 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901961 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901962 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901963 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901964 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901965 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901966 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901967 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901968 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901969 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901970 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901971 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901972 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901973 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901974 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901975 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901977 TI - The rhesus factors; serology. PMID- 18901976 TI - War injuries of the face and jaws. PMID- 18901979 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901978 TI - The rhesus factors; haemolytic disease of the new-born. PMID- 18901980 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18901981 TI - Measurements for intra-oral block of the maxillary nerve. PMID- 18901982 TI - Present status of arthrosis of the temporomandibular joint. PMID- 18901983 TI - Odontogenic infections of the jaws; their treatment with antibiotics. PMID- 18901984 TI - Histologic comparisons of localized fibrous dysplasia of bone and ossifying fibroma. PMID- 18901985 TI - The use of oxidized cotton in dental hemostasis. PMID- 18901986 TI - Ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint. PMID- 18901987 TI - Maxillary antrum complications in exodontia. PMID- 18901988 TI - Cysts and fistulas of the bronchial and thyroglossal ducts. PMID- 18901989 TI - General anesthesia in oral surgery and the nurse anesthetist. PMID- 18901990 TI - Bilateral resection of the mandible to correct prognathism. PMID- 18901991 TI - Chorea with associated dental infection. PMID- 18901992 TI - Accidents of dental origin; foreign bodies in the bronchi and stomach. PMID- 18901993 TI - Squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue as a sequel to leukoplakia. PMID- 18901994 TI - Removal of all teeth and alveolectomy coincidental with cerebral accident. PMID- 18901995 TI - Osteomyelitis with destruction of the coronoid process and subsequent regeneration. PMID- 18901996 TI - Cavernous hemangioma of the soft palate. PMID- 18901997 TI - Multiple fractures of the mandible in a child. PMID- 18901998 TI - Bilateral fracture of the maxilla. PMID- 18901999 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902000 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902001 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902002 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902003 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902004 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902005 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902007 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902006 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902008 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902009 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902010 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902011 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902012 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902013 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902014 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902015 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902016 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902017 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902018 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902019 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902020 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902021 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902022 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902023 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902024 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902025 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902026 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902027 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902028 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902029 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902030 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902032 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902031 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902033 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902034 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902035 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902036 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902037 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902038 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902040 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902039 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902041 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902042 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902043 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902044 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902045 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902046 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902047 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902048 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902049 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902050 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902051 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902052 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902053 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902054 TI - Minor surgery and its responsibilities. PMID- 18902055 TI - The treatment of open wounds of the hand. PMID- 18902056 TI - Infections of the hand. PMID- 18902057 TI - Minor surgery of the eye. PMID- 18902058 TI - Minor surgery of the neck. PMID- 18902059 TI - Superficial tumors of the head and neck area. PMID- 18902060 TI - Minor surgery of nose and throat. PMID- 18902061 TI - Benign lesions of the breast. PMID- 18902062 TI - Skin grafts. PMID- 18902063 TI - Local treatment of the whole thickness burn surface. PMID- 18902064 TI - Varicose veins and ulcers. PMID- 18902067 TI - Sprains and minor fractures. PMID- 18902066 TI - Foreign bodies. PMID- 18902065 TI - Peripheral arterial obstruction. PMID- 18902068 TI - Minor surgery of the foot. PMID- 18902069 TI - Minor urologic surgery. PMID- 18902070 TI - Minor gynecologic surgery. PMID- 18902071 TI - Hazards of anesthesia for minor surgery. PMID- 18902072 TI - Plaster of paris technic for the application of casts. PMID- 18902073 TI - Diverticulitis of the colon; old rheumatic heart disease and hepatitis. PMID- 18902074 TI - Saccular aneurysm of the left branch of the hepatic artery. PMID- 18902075 TI - The scope of physical medicine. PMID- 18902076 TI - Meckel's diverticulum. PMID- 18902077 TI - Postoperative complications of thyroidectomy. PMID- 18902078 TI - Problems involved in pancreatoduodenal resection. PMID- 18902079 TI - Papilloma of the breast. PMID- 18902080 TI - Esophageal hiatus hernia. PMID- 18902081 TI - The use of curare in anesthesia. PMID- 18902083 TI - Methods of in creasing fertility in domestic animals. PMID- 18902082 TI - Artificial reproduction of the cyclic changes in cervical mucus in human castrates, with clinical correlations. PMID- 18902084 TI - Treatment of Graves' disease with radioactive iodine. PMID- 18902085 TI - Neoplastic disease of the thyroid gland. PMID- 18902086 TI - Present day trends in thyroid research. PMID- 18902087 TI - An evaluation of newer methods of treatment of thyrotoxicosis. PMID- 18902088 TI - An evaluation of routine exposure of the recurrent nerves during thyroid operations. PMID- 18902089 TI - The functional activity of thyroid tumors, benign and malignant, as gauged by their collection of radioactive iodine. PMID- 18902090 TI - The clinical significance of a solitary nodule in the thyroid gland. PMID- 18902091 TI - Amputations. PMID- 18902092 TI - Carcinoma of the colon; a comparative study of private and charity patients. PMID- 18902093 TI - Infertility associated with masculinizing and feminizing syndromes. PMID- 18902094 TI - What do we know about sterility? PMID- 18902095 TI - Prolapse of the vaginal vault following hysterectomy; a new method of repair. PMID- 18902096 TI - Papillary adenocarcinoma of the thyroid gland, so-called lateral aberrant thyroid tumors. PMID- 18902097 TI - The therapeutic value of repetitive lipiodal tubal insufflations. PMID- 18902099 TI - Cystic disease of the lungs. PMID- 18902098 TI - Semen evaluation and fertility. PMID- 18902100 TI - Resection of the mandible. PMID- 18902101 TI - Pregnancy in the diabetic. PMID- 18902102 TI - Recamier and the story of endometrial diagnosis. PMID- 18902103 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902104 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902105 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902106 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902107 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902108 TI - Tendon transplants of the hand and their treatment in occupational therapy; surgical aspects of tendon transplants. PMID- 18902109 TI - Considerations for prevention of blindness and conservation of vision. PMID- 18902110 TI - Curare and its effect on rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 18902111 TI - The hospital librarian speaks to the occupational therapist. PMID- 18902112 TI - Finger painting in an occupational therapy program. PMID- 18902113 TI - A glimpse into an aphasic's world. PMID- 18902114 TI - The over-all treatment of poliomyelitis. PMID- 18902115 TI - Occupational therapy at Butler Hospital. PMID- 18902116 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902117 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902118 TI - Physiotherapy in the care of the advanced disseminated sclerotic. PMID- 18902119 TI - Mind and body. PMID- 18902120 TI - Congenital round shoulders. PMID- 18902121 TI - Radiotherapy; its theory and practice. PMID- 18902122 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902123 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902124 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902125 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902126 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902127 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902128 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902129 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902130 TI - Experimental studies of an old strain of Trypanosoma gambiense; the enhancement of its virulence and the relationship of this phenomenon to the species of polymorphic trypanosomes of Africa. PMID- 18902131 TI - Experiments on the relation of haemoglobinuria and anuria with reference to blackwater fever. PMID- 18902132 TI - Malignant disease in Nigeria; an analysis of a thousand tumours. PMID- 18902133 TI - Experimental malarial infections in Australasian anophelines. PMID- 18902134 TI - Observations on onchocerciasis in the Bahr-el-Ghazal Province of the Sudan. PMID- 18902135 TI - Seasonal and annual variation in the incidence of trypanosomiasis in game. PMID- 18902137 TI - On the control of malaria in Freetown, Sierra Leone; plasmodium falciparum and Anopheles gambiae in relation to malaria occurring in infants. PMID- 18902136 TI - Studies on synthetic antimalarial drugs; the effect of therapeutic courses of paludrine on the relapse-rate of vivax malaria. PMID- 18902138 TI - The control of sleeping sickness in Nigeria. PMID- 18902139 TI - Sleeping sickness of an unusual type in Sierra Leone and its attempted control. PMID- 18902140 TI - A complement fixation test for the diagnosis of relapsing fever. PMID- 18902141 TI - The effect of diet and helminthic treatment on African school children. PMID- 18902142 TI - Folic acid in severe nutritional anaemia; a report of five cases. PMID- 18902143 TI - The chylomicron count in normal subjects and patients with sprue. PMID- 18902144 TI - Growth of protozoa in tissue culture; Leishmania donovani. PMID- 18902145 TI - Studies on liver damage in acute malaria. PMID- 18902146 TI - Splenectomy in the tropics. PMID- 18902147 TI - Tuberculosis in Europe after the second World War. PMID- 18902148 TI - Tuberculosis in South America. PMID- 18902149 TI - The tuberculosis problem in the Philippines; the role of the Philippine Tuberculosis Society and other agencies and the present postwar organization. PMID- 18902150 TI - Tuberculosis in Australia. PMID- 18902151 TI - Streptomycin-resistant tubercle bacilli; effects of resistance on therapeutic results in tuberculous guinea pigs. PMID- 18902152 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902153 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902155 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902154 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902156 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902157 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902158 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902159 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902160 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902161 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902162 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902163 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902164 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902165 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902166 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902168 TI - Teaching urology to the undergraduate. PMID- 18902167 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902169 TI - Treatment of renal insufficiency. PMID- 18902170 TI - Reflections upon fertility in men. PMID- 18902171 TI - Obstructive jaundice in a case of hydronephrosis. PMID- 18902172 TI - Simple cyst of the renal pelvis; diagnosis and treatment with case presentation. PMID- 18902173 TI - Cavernous hemangioma of the kidney. PMID- 18902174 TI - Benign renal tumors. PMID- 18902175 TI - Extreme renal displacement due to retroperitoneal tumors. PMID- 18902176 TI - Complications caused by the stump of the ureter after nephrectomy. PMID- 18902177 TI - Transvaginal ureterorectal anastomosis with partial cystectomy; case report. PMID- 18902178 TI - Comparison of the malignancy of bladder tumors as shown by the cystoscopic biopsy and subsequent examination of the entire excised organ. PMID- 18902179 TI - Experiences with oxycel gauze in genito-urinary surgery. PMID- 18902180 TI - A preliminary report of a method of primary closure of suprapubic prostatectomy using oxidized cellulose. PMID- 18902181 TI - Sump drainage in suprapubic prostatectomy; a survey of 100 consecutive, unselected cases. PMID- 18902182 TI - Transurethral prostatectomy assisted by suction apparatus. PMID- 18902183 TI - The hormonal factor in heterologous growths of human prostatic cancer. PMID- 18902184 TI - Carcinoma of the prostate with an evaluation of its present day management. PMID- 18902185 TI - Anastomosis of the vas deferens after purposeful division for sterility. PMID- 18902186 TI - Reiter's syndrome and focal infection. PMID- 18902188 TI - Effect of arsenotherapy on upper urinary tract changes in infectious abacterial pyuria. PMID- 18902187 TI - Pyocyaneus infections of the urogenital tract, with special reference to streptomycin therapy. PMID- 18902189 TI - Duality of human prostate in response to estrogen. PMID- 18902190 TI - Gonorrhea control during the decade of World War II. PMID- 18902192 TI - Gonorrhea in World War II. PMID- 18902191 TI - Gonorrhea in the United States Navy during World War II. PMID- 18902193 TI - The treatment of gonococcal infection with micronized penicillin by inhalation. PMID- 18902194 TI - Ambulatory treatment of gonorrhea with penicillin preparations; experiences with various preparations and techniques. PMID- 18902195 TI - A comparison of 24 hour and 48 hour readings of routine gonococcus cultures. PMID- 18902196 TI - Bacteriologic follow-up of penicillin-treated gonorrhea in women. PMID- 18902197 TI - Cultural and serologic studies on granuloma inguinale. PMID- 18902198 TI - The antigenic relationships of Donovania granulomatis (Anderson) and the significance of this organism in granuloma inguinale. PMID- 18902199 TI - The treatment of granuloma inguinale with streptomycin. PMID- 18902200 TI - Fundamental problems for laboratory research on Neisseria gonorrhoeae and gonococcal infection. PMID- 18902201 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902202 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902203 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902204 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902206 TI - CHANGES in foot-and-mouth disease program in Mexico. PMID- 18902205 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902207 TI - STERILE surgical technic. PMID- 18902208 TI - The present and future aspects of military veterinary medicine. PMID- 18902209 TI - Beginning bovine surgery. PMID- 18902210 TI - Fowl cholera in turkeys. PMID- 18902211 TI - Incidence of intestinal helminths and trichinae in dogs and cats in Chicago. PMID- 18902212 TI - Blood studies in dogs following the injection of penicillin. PMID- 18902213 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902214 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902215 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902216 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902217 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902218 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902219 TI - Some observations on veterinary education and medicine in the U.S.A. PMID- 18902220 TI - The place of the field station in veterinary education. PMID- 18902221 TI - The treatment of foul in the foot in cattle, using sulphapyridine soluble. PMID- 18902222 TI - Caecal diverticulum in a mare. PMID- 18902223 TI - Plumage and other sex characters in thiouracil-treated brown Leghorn fowl. PMID- 18902224 TI - Ossification at the distal end of the humerus in the female rat. PMID- 18902225 TI - The early development and implantation of the golden hamster, Cricetus auratus, and the associated endometrial changes. PMID- 18902226 TI - Correlated studies of sense organs and nerves of the lateral-line in living frog tadpoles; the trophic influence of specific nerve supply as revealed by prolonged observations of denervated and reinnervated organs. PMID- 18902227 TI - The effects of experimental hyperpyrexia and restraint on the blood and hemopoietic organs of the albino rat. PMID- 18902228 TI - Studies on deep-sea anglerfishes (Ceratioidea) the comparative anatomy of Gigantactis longicirra Waterman. PMID- 18902229 TI - A cytological study of the cartilage cells of developing long bones of the rat, with special reference to the Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, neutral-red bodies and lipid inclusions. PMID- 18902230 TI - The cytological basis of chloride transfer in the gills of Fundulus heteroclitus. PMID- 18902231 TI - The anatomical basis of phonation in the chimpanzee. PMID- 18902232 TI - Surface parts of the contractile vesicle of Stentor coeruleus. PMID- 18902237 TI - The nutrition of protozoa; an improved procedure for separating human blood serum into the two fractions essential for the sustained growth of Trichomonas vaginalis. PMID- 18902251 TI - International bacteriological code of nomenclature. PMID- 18902246 TI - Bacitracin; methods of production, concentration, and partial purification, with a summary of the chemical properties of crude bacitracin. PMID- 18902255 TI - Physiological studies on spore germination, with special reference to Clostridium botulinum; carbon dioxide and germination, with a note on carbon dioxide and aerobic spores. PMID- 18902256 TI - The relative antisyphilitic activity of penicillins F,G,K, and X and of bacitracin, based on the amounts required to abort early syphilic infections in rabbits. PMID- 18902261 TI - Studies on the effect of immune reactions on the metabolism of bacteria; methods and results with Eberthella typhosa. PMID- 18902263 TI - The gamma-amino acid oxidase of molds. PMID- 18902264 TI - Some properties of an antibiotic obtained from a species of streptomyces. PMID- 18902265 TI - The isolation of Salmonella typhi-murium from ferrets. PMID- 18902267 TI - Chloromycetin; biological studies. PMID- 18902269 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902270 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902271 TI - On the estimation of biological populations. PMID- 18902272 TI - Recent biometric developments in Denmark. PMID- 18902273 TI - Biometric work in Australia. PMID- 18902274 TI - Cultivation of toxoplasma in the developing chick embryo. PMID- 18902275 TI - Histochemical differentiation between esterases. PMID- 18902276 TI - Biological activity of crystalling procaine penicillin in vitro and in vivo. PMID- 18902277 TI - Titration of small amounts of mustard and other gases with bromine and methyl red. PMID- 18902278 TI - Carbonic anhydrase in the pallium of Primates compared with that of lower mammals. PMID- 18902279 TI - Purification of the resin amberlite IR-100 for blood coagulation studies. PMID- 18902280 TI - Effect of polyoxyalkylene sorbitan monocleate on blood cholesterol and atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits. PMID- 18902281 TI - Long-term maintenance of two strains on synthetic and on stock diets. PMID- 18902282 TI - Antagonism of sulfadiazine inhibition of psittacosis virus by p-aminobenzoic and pteroylglutamic acids. PMID- 18902283 TI - Microbiological determination of apparent free methionine in the blood of children. PMID- 18902284 TI - Sarcomas induced in rats by implanting cellophane. PMID- 18902285 TI - Eugenol as a stimulus for gastric mucous secretion. PMID- 18902286 TI - The influence of coramine on the liver of the young rat. PMID- 18902287 TI - Growth of animal tissue cells in artificial media. PMID- 18902288 TI - Hereditary dwarfism in the descendants of mice receiving methylcholanthrene; parallel induction. PMID- 18902289 TI - Effect of muscular fatique on histamine-provoked ulcer with observations on gastric secretion. PMID- 18902290 TI - Attempts to prevent ergot gangrene with heparin and dicumarol; vascular effects of ergot by fluorescein technic. PMID- 18902291 TI - Effect of intrasplenic injections of alloxan in the rat. PMID- 18902292 TI - Effect of fagarine on auricular fibrillation. PMID- 18902293 TI - Enzyme studies on the endocrine kidney. PMID- 18902294 TI - Activation of hypertension and tyrosine by subthreshold amounts of epinephrine. PMID- 18902295 TI - Prevention of experimental dietary hepatic cirrhosis by goitrogenic substances. PMID- 18902296 TI - Observations on uretheral peristalsis in unoperated dogs. PMID- 18902297 TI - Inhibition of typhus and spotted fever by intradermal inoculation of antiorgan or certain normal sera. PMID- 18902298 TI - Autographic localization of radio-iodine in stained sections of thyroid gland by coating with photographic emulsion. PMID- 18902299 TI - Persistence of the parabasal body in a p-rosaniline resistant strain of Trypanosoma brucei. PMID- 18902300 TI - Stability of natural progesterone. PMID- 18902301 TI - Relation of complement to blood coagulation. PMID- 18902302 TI - Cultivation of toxoplasma in embryonated egg; an antigen derived from chorioallantoic membrane. PMID- 18902303 TI - Influence of oxophenarsine on hypoglycemic action of insulin. PMID- 18902304 TI - Failure to relate hyaluronic acid to elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate in rheumatic diseases. PMID- 18902305 TI - Immunologic reactions following the intradermal inoculation of influenza A and B vaccine. PMID- 18902306 TI - Use of the spectrophotometer for measuring melanin dispersion in the frog. PMID- 18902307 TI - Interrelationship of vitamin D and the sex hormones in calcium and phosphorus metabolism of rats. PMID- 18902308 TI - Activation of plasma thromboplastinogen and evidence of an inhibitor. PMID- 18902309 TI - Dietary impairment of estrogen response in the immature monkey. PMID- 18902310 TI - Renal resistance in essential hypertension; relation to the effect of sympathectomy on blood pressure. PMID- 18902311 TI - Antagonism by cellular extracts of effects of respiratory poisons on onion roots and sea urchin eggs. PMID- 18902312 TI - The trypanocidal effect of antibiotic lactones and of their analogs. PMID- 18902313 TI - Arteriography in cases of aneurysm and arteriovenous fistula; with a review of the literature concerning the choice of solution. PMID- 18902314 TI - A method for obtaining bone marrow by vertebral spinous process puncture. PMID- 18902315 TI - The immunochemistry of mouse tissue components; comparative antigenic composition of normal mouse tissues. PMID- 18902316 TI - The management of anesthetic problems in orthopaedic surgery. PMID- 18902317 TI - The Duchenne-Trendelenburg sign. PMID- 18902318 TI - The thickness of the vertebral laminae. PMID- 18902319 TI - Fracture dislocation of the xiphoid. PMID- 18902320 TI - The acromio-femoral angle. PMID- 18902321 TI - Neurofibroma of cauda equina causing recurrent sciatica for 20 years. PMID- 18902322 TI - The operative correction of flat feet in children. PMID- 18902323 TI - The significance of bone and cartilage debris in the synovium in the diagnosis of neuroarthropathy in its early stage. PMID- 18902324 TI - Internal fixation of intertrochanteric fractures in the aged. PMID- 18902325 TI - Low back pain due to narrowing of the intervertebral foramen. PMID- 18902326 TI - The winged hanging plaster. PMID- 18902327 TI - Muscle, a review of anatomy, histology and physiology. PMID- 18902328 TI - Movement of the normal cervical spine. PMID- 18902329 TI - Variations of the subclavian vessels in the region of the scalenus anterior muscle. PMID- 18902331 TI - Evaluation of the carcinogenicity of a series of esters of carbamic acid. PMID- 18902330 TI - Effects of X-ray irradiation on the development of ovarian tumors in intrasplenic grafts in castrated mice. PMID- 18902332 TI - The use of perforated cellophane for the growth of cells in tissue culture. PMID- 18902333 TI - Inhibition of androgen induced comb growth in the chick with methylcholanthrene. PMID- 18902334 TI - Inhibition of estrogen-induced tissue growth with progesterone. PMID- 18902335 TI - Thiamine deficiency and thiamine requirements in C3H mice. PMID- 18902336 TI - Lesions of chronic thiamine deficiency in mice. PMID- 18902337 TI - Effect of gonadectomy and adrenalectomy on the appearance and incidence of spontaneous lymphoid leukemia in C58 mice. PMID- 18902338 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902339 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902340 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902341 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902342 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902343 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902344 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902345 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902346 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902347 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902348 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902349 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902350 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902351 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902352 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902353 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902354 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902355 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902356 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902357 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902358 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902359 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902360 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902361 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902362 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902363 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902364 TI - The anaerobic assimilation of glucose by yeast cells. PMID- 18902365 TI - A crystalline beta-amylase from sweet potatoes. PMID- 18902366 TI - The combination of adenine, adenosine, and adenylic acid with serum albumin. PMID- 18902367 TI - The effect of temperature on the pH of blood and plasma in vitro. PMID- 18902368 TI - Inactivation of arginase by protein denaturants. PMID- 18902369 TI - The fluorophotometric determination of uranium in biological material. PMID- 18902370 TI - The release of the sulfur from the tissues of rats fed labeled methionine. PMID- 18902371 TI - Simplified calculations of theoretical distributions and partition coefficients for counter-current extractions. PMID- 18902372 TI - Biological precursors of uric acid; the role of lactate, acetate, and formate in the synthesis of the ureide groups of uric acid. PMID- 18902373 TI - Biological precursors of uric acid; the role of lactate, glycine, and carbon dioxide as precursors of the carbon chain and nitrogen atom 7 of uric acid. PMID- 18902374 TI - Crystalline activated protein B (chymotrypsin B). PMID- 18902375 TI - Specificity of chymotrypsin B. PMID- 18902376 TI - The effect of methyltestosterone on the rate of synthesis of creatine. PMID- 18902377 TI - Some properties of an unidentified chick growth factor found in condensed fish solubles. PMID- 18902378 TI - The effect of synthetic pterins on growth and hemoglobin formation in the chick. PMID- 18902379 TI - A composite basal medium for the microbiological assay of leucine. PMID- 18902380 TI - Glucose content of the body fluid in marine annelids. PMID- 18902381 TI - The preparation of a soluble cytochrome oxidase. PMID- 18902382 TI - A new synthesis of S-(beta-amino-beta-carboxyethyl) homocysteine (cystathionine) and S-bis(gamma-amino-gamma -carboxypropyl) sulfide (homolanthionine). PMID- 18902383 TI - A new method for the determination of the enzyme aldolase. PMID- 18902384 TI - The metabolic fate of estrone in bile fistula dogs. PMID- 18902385 TI - Partial synthesis of etiocholene-9 ol-3(alpha)-one-17. PMID- 18902386 TI - Studies in protein metabolism with compounds labeled with radioactive carbon; metabolism of dl-tyrosine in the normal and tumor-bearing rat. PMID- 18902387 TI - Studies in protein metabolism with compounds labeled with radioactive carbon; the metabolism of glycine in the rat. PMID- 18902388 TI - The preparation of sodium acetate labeled with radioactive carbon in the methyl group. PMID- 18902389 TI - Synthesis of chloroacetic acid and glycine labeled with radioactive carbon in the carboxyl' group. PMID- 18902390 TI - The inhibition of pyruvic oxidase by protoanemonin. PMID- 18902391 TI - On the specificity of chicken pancreas conjugase (gamma-glutamic acid carboxypeptidase). PMID- 18902392 TI - Biochemical studies on regenerating liver. PMID- 18902393 TI - Changes in nucleic acid concentration during the development of the chick embryo. PMID- 18902394 TI - Phosphorylating glycolysis in the early chick embryo. PMID- 18902395 TI - Studies on the mechanism of the thromboplastic effect. PMID- 18902396 TI - On the inhibition of the thromboplastic effect. PMID- 18902397 TI - Steroids derived from bile acids; an improved synthesis of methyl 3,9-epoxy-delta 111-cholenate from desoxycholic acid. PMID- 18902398 TI - Steroids derived from bile acids; the probable stereochemical configuration of some derivatives of the bile acids. PMID- 18902399 TI - The influence of thyroid activity on the liver and plasma lipides of choline- and cystine-deficient rats. PMID- 18902400 TI - Histochemical distribution of peptidase activity in the central nervous system of the rat. PMID- 18902401 TI - The inhibition of microbial growth of beta-2-furylalanine. PMID- 18902402 TI - The synthesis and microbiological properties of two isomeric naphthylalanines. PMID- 18902403 TI - The isolation of highly polymerized desoxypentosenucleic acid from yeast cells. PMID- 18902404 TI - N-acylated and N-methylated glycyldehydroalanine. PMID- 18902405 TI - The intracellular distribution of protein, nucleic acids, riboflavin, and protein bound aminoazo dye in the livers of rats fed p-dimethylaminoazobenzene. PMID- 18902406 TI - The distribution pattern of sulfur-labeled methionine in the protein and the free amino acid fraction of tissues after intravenous administration. PMID- 18902408 TI - Techniques for in vivo tracer studies with radioactive carbon. PMID- 18902407 TI - A simultaneous Carr-Price reaction for the determination of vitamin A. PMID- 18902409 TI - Synthesis and X-ray investigation of methyl-substituted long chain in hydrocarbons related to phthiocerane. PMID- 18902410 TI - A colorimetric reaction of chloride ion. PMID- 18902411 TI - Colorimetric estimation of cysteine. PMID- 18902412 TI - Metabolism of glutathione; hydrolysis by tissues of the rat. PMID- 18902413 TI - Alpha-Aminoadipic acid; a product of lysine metabolism. PMID- 18902414 TI - Alpha-Aminoadipic acid in arginine formation. PMID- 18902415 TI - The spontaneous conversion of crystalline tetanal toxin to a flocculating atoxic dimer. PMID- 18902416 TI - Glycine as a precursor of purines in yeast. PMID- 18902417 TI - Cozymase as a part of the hepatic estrogen-inactivating system. PMID- 18902418 TI - Diphosphopyridine nucleotide as an essential factor in the metabolism of testosterone by the liver. PMID- 18902419 TI - On the interaction of avidin and oleic acid. PMID- 18902420 TI - The effect of growth on the incorporation of glycine labeled with radioactive carbon into the protein of liver homogenates. PMID- 18902421 TI - Association phenomena; theories of chain molecules and their application to hydrogen bonding in gaseous gydrogen fluoride. PMID- 18902422 TI - Rigidity of chain molecules and its determination from viscosity and flow birefringence in dilute solutions. PMID- 18902423 TI - Comparative studies on photoelasticity of elastomers and plastomers. PMID- 18902424 TI - Conductivity at the interface between pyrex glass and solutions of potassium chloride. PMID- 18902425 TI - Pectinate films. PMID- 18902426 TI - Note on the mode of coagulation of colloids; group coagulation. PMID- 18902427 TI - Denaturation and optical rotation of proteins. PMID- 18902428 TI - Note on effect of ultrasonic irradiation on the formation of colloidal sulfur. PMID- 18902429 TI - Introduction to meson theory. PMID- 18902430 TI - Determination of the energy of beta particles and photons by absorption. PMID- 18902431 TI - Chemical process control with radioactivity. PMID- 18902432 TI - Applications of probability theory to nuclear particle detection. PMID- 18902433 TI - Isotope techniques in biochemistry. PMID- 18902434 TI - Tracers in metallurgy. PMID- 18902435 TI - Personnel protection with pocket ionization chambers. PMID- 18902436 TI - Electronics for the nuclear physicist. PMID- 18902437 TI - Oxygen-18 as a tracer element. PMID- 18902438 TI - Isotope techniques in biochemistry. PMID- 18902439 TI - The Naval Research Laboratory betatron. PMID- 18902440 TI - Bibliography; radiation measurement. PMID- 18902442 TI - Tissue changes caused by orthodontic treatment. PMID- 18902441 TI - Extra-oral pin control of fragments of fractured mandibles; a systematic review of cases. PMID- 18902443 TI - A design for acrylic posterior teeth for full dentures. PMID- 18902444 TI - Compound composite odontome of lower canine region. PMID- 18902445 TI - Prosthetic dentistry; an attempt at definition. PMID- 18902446 TI - The prophylaxis of periodontal diseases with special reference to the overstress of teeth. PMID- 18902447 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902448 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902449 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902450 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902452 TI - Is socialized dentistry inevitable? PMID- 18902451 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902453 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902454 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902455 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902456 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902457 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902458 TI - A foolproof radium technic for treatment of hemangiomas. PMID- 18902459 TI - Allescheria boydii, causative agent in a case of meningitis. PMID- 18902460 TI - The local treatment of tinea capitis due to M. audouini; the importance of inflammatory reaction as an index of curability. PMID- 18902461 TI - Studies on the effect of thallium poisoning of the rat; the influence of cystine and methionine on alopecia and survival periods. PMID- 18902462 TI - Mycosis fungoides; report of two unusual cases with autopsy findings. PMID- 18902463 TI - Mycetoma-like chromoblastomycosis affecting the hand; further findings and comparative mycologic studies. PMID- 18902464 TI - Penicillin treatment of neurosyphilis; a study of 45 cases that had previously received chemotherapy. PMID- 18902465 TI - Local use of bacitracin. PMID- 18902466 TI - Hamartoma of the skin; a case report. PMID- 18902467 TI - Cutaneous complications of mass vaccination in New York City, 1947. PMID- 18902468 TI - Polymorphic prurigo; a psychosomatic study of three cases. PMID- 18902469 TI - Nodular nonsuppurative panniculitis complicating diabetes mellitus. PMID- 18902470 TI - Isopropyl alcohol in the paraffin infiltration technic. PMID- 18902471 TI - Differential in toto staining of bone, cartilage and soft tissues. PMID- 18902472 TI - A utilization of the Kohler system of illumination. PMID- 18902473 TI - An adaptable staining schedule for plant tissues. PMID- 18902474 TI - A new stain mixture; aceto-orcein-fast-green. PMID- 18902475 TI - A rapid stain method for detecting certain plant virus inclusions. PMID- 18902476 TI - A modified technic for salivary-gland chromosomes. PMID- 18902477 TI - Brilliant cresyl blue as a stain for chromosome smear preparations. PMID- 18902478 TI - An aceto-carmine squash technic for mature embryo sacs. PMID- 18902479 TI - A method for making aceto-carmine squashes permanent without removal of the cover slip. PMID- 18902480 TI - Vitamin A content of Cuban cow's milk and of liver oils of Cuban sea sharks. PMID- 18902481 TI - Teen-age students versus adults as taste judges of Temple oranges. PMID- 18902482 TI - Pasteurization of liquid-egg products; destruction of coliforms. PMID- 18902483 TI - Packaging dehydrated meat. PMID- 18902484 TI - Physiological action of sodium carboxymethylcellulose on laboratory animals and humans. PMID- 18902485 TI - Vitamin C content of home-canned tomatoes as determined by variety and method of processing. PMID- 18902486 TI - Thermal degradation of dehydrated beets; analytical procedure. PMID- 18902487 TI - Thermal degradation of dehydrated beets; chromatographic separation of red beet root pigments. PMID- 18902488 TI - Esters of vanillic acid as spore-controlling agents. PMID- 18902489 TI - A further inquiry regarding effect of electrolytes on swelling of cereal starches. PMID- 18902490 TI - Preparation of crude plant extracts and their assay for presence of antibacterial substances. PMID- 18902491 TI - The psychosomatic aspects of peptic ulcer. PMID- 18902492 TI - The effect of salicylate medication upon the urinary excretion of vitamin C. PMID- 18902493 TI - Leiomyosarcoma of the stomach with particular reference to the gastroscopic picture. PMID- 18902494 TI - Diagnostic techniques in diarrhoea. PMID- 18902495 TI - Observations on acute allergic gastritis. PMID- 18902496 TI - Increased sugar tolerance as a factor in the production of a symptom complex simulating peptic ulcer, neuro-circulatory asthenia, and psychoneurosis. PMID- 18902497 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902498 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902499 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902500 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902502 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902501 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902503 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902504 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902505 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902506 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902507 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902508 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902509 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902510 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902511 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902512 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902513 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902514 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902515 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902516 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902517 TI - Metabolism of the steroid hormones; the metabolism of progesterone and ethynyl testosterone. PMID- 18902518 TI - Metabolism of the steroid hormones; the conversion of isoandrosterone to androsterone. PMID- 18902519 TI - Studies on the bioassay of hormones; the assay of estrogens by a chick oviduct method. PMID- 18902520 TI - Studies on the bioassay of hormones; the assay of pregnant mare's serum chorionic gonadotrophin. PMID- 18902521 TI - Studies on the bioassay of hormones; the comparative activity of estrogens by the oviduct response in chicks. PMID- 18902522 TI - Studies on the bioassay of hormones; the comparative oviduct response of various breeds of chicks to stilbestrol. PMID- 18902523 TI - The accumulation of radioactive iodide by the thyroid gland in normal and thyrotoxic subjects and the effect of thiocyanate on its discharge. PMID- 18902524 TI - Spiral arteries in the human ovary. PMID- 18902525 TI - The role of the steroid hormones in the relaxation of the symphysis pubis of the guinea pig. PMID- 18902526 TI - The influence of mixtures of androsterone and dehydroisoandrosterone on biological response. PMID- 18902527 TI - Plasma and liver protein concentrations of hypothyroid rats. PMID- 18902528 TI - Symposium on capital punishment. PMID- 18902529 TI - The UNSTABLE delinquent. PMID- 18902530 TI - The ASSESSMENT of disablement. PMID- 18902531 TI - Alleged manslaughter by excessive violency during coitus. PMID- 18902532 TI - The aims and methods of medical education. PMID- 18902533 TI - The aims and methods of legal education. PMID- 18902534 TI - Symposium on capital punishment. PMID- 18902536 TI - CORROBORATIVE police evidence. PMID- 18902535 TI - DEFINITIONS of mental abnormality. PMID- 18902537 TI - Marriage breakdown and divorce. PMID- 18902538 TI - The medico-legal aspect of head injuries. PMID- 18902539 TI - Emotional instability and its effects on behaviour. PMID- 18902540 TI - Compensation for personal injuries. PMID- 18902541 TI - Medicine and law. PMID- 18902542 TI - Reforms in criminal judicature. PMID- 18902543 TI - The CRIMINAL justice bill and a suggestion. PMID- 18902545 TI - The family in medical practice and in English law. PMID- 18902544 TI - The TRUTH drug. PMID- 18902546 TI - Psychiatry and degrees of murder. PMID- 18902547 TI - Chimeras in the pineapple; colchicine-induced tetraploids and diploid-tetraploids in the Cayenne variety. PMID- 18902548 TI - A familial lobster-claw; deformity of the feet and hands in a mother and two children. PMID- 18902550 TI - Unilateral hexadactyly in man. PMID- 18902549 TI - Linkage studies of the rat. PMID- 18902551 TI - Genetics of sesame. PMID- 18902552 TI - The college birthrate. PMID- 18902553 TI - Breeding strawberries for vitamin C. PMID- 18902554 TI - The fraction method of analysis of factors; an aid in teaching genetics. PMID- 18902555 TI - Odd familial P.T.C. reaction; an unusual sensitivity to phenylthiocarbamide. PMID- 18902556 TI - Mutant white mice; a new dominant autosomal mutant affecting coat color in Mus musculus. PMID- 18902557 TI - The composition of the blood of women during pregnancy and after delivery. PMID- 18902558 TI - The action of intravenously injected sex hormones and other substances on the blood flow in the human endometrium. PMID- 18902559 TI - Amenorrhoea traumatica (atretica). PMID- 18902560 TI - Gross hypertrophy of the pregnant uterine cervix simulating cancer. PMID- 18902561 TI - An accessory growth on the posterior commissure of the labia majora. PMID- 18902562 TI - Report of a case of uterus didelphys complicating labour. PMID- 18902563 TI - A benign tumour of the placenta. PMID- 18902564 TI - An unusual case of infection of a 16 weeks extra-uterine pregnancy. PMID- 18902565 TI - Acute rheumatism in pregnancy. PMID- 18902566 TI - Testosterone propionate in inoperable carcinoma. PMID- 18902567 TI - Intracranial haemorrhage in the newborn. PMID- 18902568 TI - Acute inversion of the uterus treated by Huntington's operation. PMID- 18902569 TI - The effect of pregnancy on the translucence of the mammary gland. PMID- 18902570 TI - Elderly primigravidae. PMID- 18902571 TI - A case of double tubal pregnancy. PMID- 18902572 TI - The difficult dilatation. PMID- 18902573 TI - Congenital hemolytic jaundice; the pathogenesis of the hemolytic crisis. PMID- 18902574 TI - Studies on the pancytopenia of kala-azar. PMID- 18902575 TI - The effects of estrogens on the bone marrow of adult female dogs. PMID- 18902576 TI - The frequency of megakaryocytes in autopsy sections. PMID- 18902577 TI - Femoral bone marrow biopsy in the albino rat. PMID- 18902578 TI - The occurrence and significance of motile erythrocytes in human blood and marrow in anemic states. PMID- 18902579 TI - Ulcers of the leg in Mediterranean disease. PMID- 18902580 TI - The hemolytic crisis. PMID- 18902581 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902582 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902583 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902584 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902586 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902585 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902587 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902588 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902589 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902590 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902591 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902592 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902593 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902594 TI - Anaesthetic and other therapeutic properties of chloroform. PMID- 18902595 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902596 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902597 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902598 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902599 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902600 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902601 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902602 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902604 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902603 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902605 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902606 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902607 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902608 TI - The significance of anatomical defects in the lower spine. PMID- 18902609 TI - Trauma and arthritis; an analysis of 162 cases. PMID- 18902610 TI - A motor driven dermatome. PMID- 18902611 TI - Causes of mortality among employed persons, 1927-1945. PMID- 18902612 TI - Chemical tests for intoxication as an aid to traffic and industrial safety. PMID- 18902613 TI - Industrial health education in Indiana. PMID- 18902614 TI - Urinary and blood leads. PMID- 18902615 TI - General Motors health maintenance program, a discussion of its more important aspects. PMID- 18902616 TI - Health examinations of industrial executives; a statistical analysis. PMID- 18902617 TI - Health examinations of industrial executives; a panel discussion. PMID- 18902618 TI - Surgical repair of facial paralysis. PMID- 18902619 TI - Socialized industrial medicine? PMID- 18902620 TI - The challenge of industrial medicine. PMID- 18902621 TI - Conservative procedures in the treatment of acute dental injuries in industry. PMID- 18902623 TI - Allergic problems of the railway surgeon. PMID- 18902622 TI - Industrial health program for the medium-sized plant. PMID- 18902624 TI - Dysmenorrhea. PMID- 18902625 TI - Grain itch; a report of the first outbreak in the city of Baltimore. PMID- 18902626 TI - A study of fractures of the lower extremity. PMID- 18902627 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902628 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902629 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902630 TI - Renal diseases; some facts and problems. PMID- 18902631 TI - Seven hundred seventy-seven meningococcic cases; an analysis. PMID- 18902632 TI - Speculation as to the therapeutic significance of the penicillin blood level. PMID- 18902633 TI - Psychiatric aspects of vagotomy; preliminary report. PMID- 18902634 TI - Role (The of anxiety in somatic disease. PMID- 18902635 TI - The U. S. Navy's record with tetanus toxoid. PMID- 18902636 TI - Rheumatism and arthritis; a review of American and English literature of recent years. PMID- 18902637 TI - Acute thrombocytopenic purpura due to neoarsphenamine; report of a case with examination of the marrow. PMID- 18902638 TI - Hyperthermia caused by penicillin-heparin in the treatment of subacute bacterial endocarditis. PMID- 18902639 TI - The PRESENT status of folic acid in the therapy of macrocytic anemia. PMID- 18902640 TI - Multiple primary carcinomas. PMID- 18902641 TI - Nitrous oxide anesthesia with curare for pulmonary resection. PMID- 18902642 TI - Disseminated coccidioidal granuloma; case report. PMID- 18902643 TI - Mediastinal emphysema; a case report. PMID- 18902644 TI - Carcinoma of the rectum and rectosigmoid. PMID- 18902645 TI - False positive serology; its interpretation and management. PMID- 18902646 TI - Diagnosis and treatment of carcinoma of the rectum. PMID- 18902647 TI - A report on the use of pyribenzamine ointment. PMID- 18902648 TI - [Criticism of surgical treatment of varicocele]. PMID- 18902649 TI - [Ciste suppurative ovarian cancer]. PMID- 18902650 TI - [Aspects of the organization of gastroenterology services in Buenos Aires]. PMID- 18902651 TI - [Fight against tuberculosis in adults]. PMID- 18902652 TI - [Comments on the code of mineral waters in force]. PMID- 18902653 TI - [Considerations for schistosomiasis]. PMID- 18902654 TI - [Dermatitis eczema professional by caustic accident at work]. PMID- 18902655 TI - [Of the physiological treatment of gastro-duodenal ulcer]. PMID- 18902656 TI - [Treatment of syphilis by penicillin]. PMID- 18902657 TI - [The unity of the great sympathetic]. PMID- 18902658 TI - Chondromalacia patellae. PMID- 18902659 TI - Vitamin D in treatment of cutaneous tuberculosis. PMID- 18902660 TI - Hypertension; aetiology and surgical treatment. PMID- 18902661 TI - Role of sympathetic nerve in cancerous pain; an inquiry on 300 cases. PMID- 18902662 TI - Aseptic necrosis of pancreas due to arterial thrombosis in malignant hypertension. PMID- 18902663 TI - Temporal arteritis; some aspects of subacute arteritis in later life. PMID- 18902664 TI - Three cases of synovioma. PMID- 18902665 TI - Balantidial dysentery; report of a fatal case in Assam. PMID- 18902666 TI - Intrauterine rupture of the umbilical cord. PMID- 18902667 TI - Pyopericardium. PMID- 18902668 TI - Louse-borne relapsing fever in Persia. PMID- 18902669 TI - Injection errors. PMID- 18902670 TI - Dicoumarol. PMID- 18902671 TI - The state of nutrition in Singapore before, during, and after the Japanese occupation. PMID- 18902672 TI - Diagnosis of disease in infancy. PMID- 18902673 TI - Psychosomatic dermatoses. PMID- 18902674 TI - Poliomyelitis in Bristol, 1947. PMID- 18902675 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902676 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902677 TI - An improved electric manometer for measuring the intraarterial, intra-venous and intra-cardial pressure, with a general theory of manometers. PMID- 18902678 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902679 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902680 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902681 TI - New factors concerned in the coagulation of blood. PMID- 18902682 TI - Some recent views on the structure and function of the kidney. PMID- 18902683 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902684 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902685 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902686 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902687 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902688 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902689 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902690 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902691 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902692 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902693 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902694 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902695 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902696 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902697 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902698 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902699 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902700 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902701 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902702 TI - Chinese maternal and fetal measurements. PMID- 18902703 TI - Mastoid structures in Chinese skulls with special reference to their clinical significance. PMID- 18902704 TI - Ophthalmology in China. PMID- 18902705 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902706 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902707 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902708 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902709 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902710 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902711 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902712 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902713 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902714 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902715 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902716 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902717 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902718 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902719 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902720 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902721 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902722 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902723 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902724 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902725 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902726 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902727 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902728 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902729 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902730 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902731 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902732 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902733 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902734 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902736 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902735 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902737 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902738 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902739 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902740 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902741 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902742 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902743 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902744 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902745 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902746 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902747 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902748 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902749 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902750 TI - Cyanosis and morbus coeruleus. PMID- 18902751 TI - The significance of palpable tumour in carcinoma ventriculi. PMID- 18902752 TI - Heart sounds. PMID- 18902753 TI - Dyspareunia; a problem for the general practitioner. PMID- 18902754 TI - Ectopic pregnancy. PMID- 18902755 TI - Surgical treatment of cancer of the rectum and rectosigmoid. PMID- 18902756 TI - Aspiration biopsy in diagnosis of lesions of vertebral bodies. PMID- 18902757 TI - Human brucellosis; its specific treatment with a combination of streptomycin and sulfadiazine. PMID- 18902759 TI - Palliative treatment of the patient with advanced cancer. PMID- 18902758 TI - Margarine and the growth of children. PMID- 18902760 TI - Fatal reactions to intravenous administration of aminophylline; report of three cases. PMID- 18902761 TI - LIFE expectancy at high altitudes. PMID- 18902762 TI - Estimation of prothrombin time. PMID- 18902763 TI - Cervical cytology in diagnosis of early cancer. PMID- 18902764 TI - Cerebral arteriography in subarachnoid hemorrhage. PMID- 18902765 TI - Spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage of aneurysmal origin; factors influencing prognosis. PMID- 18902766 TI - Modern medical and surgical treatment of peptic ulcer; an appraisal. PMID- 18902767 TI - Oral prophylaxis of rheumatic fever with penicillin; resistant hemolytic streptococci. PMID- 18902769 TI - Nutrition and endocrinology; with special reference to the nutrition of the Mexican Indian. PMID- 18902768 TI - Surgical treatment of intractable unilateral cephalalgia. PMID- 18902770 TI - Cancer of the bone and joint. PMID- 18902771 TI - Mediastinitis due to ingestion of glass. PMID- 18902772 TI - Heparinemia in blood dyscrasias. PMID- 18902773 TI - EVIDENCE; testimony of physician based on case history given for testimonial rather than treatment purposes [Maryland, 1947]. PMID- 18902774 TI - A method of determining the specific renal functions of glomerular filtration, maximal tubular excretion (or reabsorption) and effective blood flow using a single injection of a single substance. PMID- 18902775 TI - Radioactive phosphorus, p32; a six-year clinical evaluation of internal radiation therapy. PMID- 18902776 TI - Folic acid in the maintenance of pernicious anemia. PMID- 18902777 TI - Peritoneal irrigation in the treatment of renal failure due to transfusion reaction. PMID- 18902778 TI - Peritoneal irrigation for acute renal damage following incompatible blood transfusion; a discussion based on three cases. PMID- 18902779 TI - Serum proteins in acute infections. PMID- 18902780 TI - A simplified method for the preservation of bacteria by desiccation in vacuo. PMID- 18902781 TI - Description of apparatus and method for obtaining nasal washings. PMID- 18902782 TI - A new rapid technique for Rh typing. PMID- 18902783 TI - The photoelectric determination of magnesium in body fluids. PMID- 18902784 TI - Rapid titrimetricmicromethod for the determination of nonprotein nitrogen. PMID- 18902785 TI - Fibrin appearance time; a rotating tube method for estimating the clotting time of the blood. PMID- 18902787 TI - Heart disease in Alabama. PMID- 18902786 TI - A rapid test for albumin and sugar in the same measured sample of urine. PMID- 18902788 TI - Resection of the midthoracic esophagus for carcinoma. PMID- 18902789 TI - Calibration and use of the photoelectric colorimeter. PMID- 18902790 TI - Caudal analgesia. PMID- 18902791 TI - Chronic mastoiditis. PMID- 18902792 TI - Cirrhosis accompanying the gummata. PMID- 18902793 TI - Diseases transmissible to man by food and food utensils. PMID- 18902794 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902795 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902796 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902797 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902798 TI - Clinical observations on the value of Speransky's treatment of spinal pumping in infectious arthritis. PMID- 18902799 TI - Treatment of herpes zoster with cobra venom and sulfanilamide; report of 5 cases. PMID- 18902800 TI - Ascariasis in children and the response to hexylresorcinol. PMID- 18902801 TI - Psychiatry and pediatrics. PMID- 18902802 TI - Aids to bottle-feeding. PMID- 18902803 TI - Ophthalmological problems in the Philippines. PMID- 18902804 TI - Plastic surgery of the face with especial reference to the nasal hump. PMID- 18902805 TI - The management of cardiac emergencies. PMID- 18902806 TI - The why of pus and blood in the urine. PMID- 18902808 TI - The fruitful marriage. PMID- 18902807 TI - Injuries to the colon and the closure of colostomies. PMID- 18902809 TI - The hospital pathologist. PMID- 18902810 TI - Intermediary iodine metabolism. PMID- 18902811 TI - Blood eosinophilia. PMID- 18902812 TI - Bronchiogenic carcinoma simulating primary pleural mesothelioma. PMID- 18902813 TI - Sacrococcygeal teratoma. PMID- 18902814 TI - Necrosis in multiple fibroadenomas of the breast following pregnancy and lactation; report of a case. PMID- 18902815 TI - Clinical and pathologic features of multiple myeloma; a review of five cases with autopsies. PMID- 18902816 TI - Chorionepithelioma; a review of the literature since 1936 with presentation of two cases. PMID- 18902818 TI - Conversion hysteria. PMID- 18902817 TI - Hematuria. PMID- 18902819 TI - Knock knee and bowleg. PMID- 18902820 TI - Rocky mountain spotted fever and related rickettsial diseases. PMID- 18902821 TI - Congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. PMID- 18902822 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902824 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902823 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902825 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902826 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902827 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902828 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902829 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902830 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902831 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902833 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902832 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902834 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902835 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902836 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902837 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902838 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902839 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902840 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902841 TI - Problems in the epidemiology of poliomyelitis. PMID- 18902842 TI - Diphtheritic polyneuritis in the Far East. PMID- 18902843 TI - Tuberculous cystitis; transplantation of remaining ureter. PMID- 18902844 TI - Determination of haemoglobin; reliability of clinical and other methods. PMID- 18902845 TI - Crush syndrome and traumatic uraemia. PMID- 18902846 TI - Chronic bilateral spontaneous pneumothorax; difficulties in treatment. PMID- 18902847 TI - Buccal support for administration of anaesthetics to the edentulous. PMID- 18902848 TI - Renal anoxia. PMID- 18902849 TI - Artificial pneumothorax. PMID- 18902850 TI - Plantar warts. PMID- 18902851 TI - Fatal hypoglycaemia in a diabetic. PMID- 18902852 TI - Effects of myanesin on muscles and blood. PMID- 18902854 TI - Amebiasis. PMID- 18902853 TI - Alcohol in relation to disease. PMID- 18902855 TI - Obstetrical service at the Lago Hospital, Netherlands West Indies. PMID- 18902856 TI - On the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 18902857 TI - What constitutes practical and efficient medical service. PMID- 18902858 TI - Medical service to the sales field, pipeline companies and miscellaneous detached operating units. PMID- 18902859 TI - The tuberculosis problem. PMID- 18902860 TI - Tuberculosis in industry. PMID- 18902861 TI - Height-weight-age relationships in Ecuadorian work-applicants. PMID- 18902862 TI - Meeting industrial health responsibilities. PMID- 18902864 TI - Brief memorandum on the hospital organization in Finland. PMID- 18902863 TI - Medicine in industry. PMID- 18902865 TI - Hookworm survey. PMID- 18902866 TI - Investigation on the transmission of E. histolytica by cockroaches. PMID- 18902867 TI - The study of the effects of temperature upon the stability of penicillin in solution and ointment. PMID- 18902869 TI - Intermittent irrigation as an anti-malarial measure. PMID- 18902868 TI - Methyl chloride intoxication at Baytown Refinery. PMID- 18902870 TI - Clinical conference on vagotomy. PMID- 18902871 TI - Peptic ulcer; the relation of the lesion to symptoms and to indications for operation. PMID- 18902872 TI - The medical management of massive upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. PMID- 18902873 TI - Malignant disease of the stomach simulating gastric diverticulum. PMID- 18902874 TI - The diagnosis and treatment of the common forms of stomatitis. PMID- 18902875 TI - Lesions of the esophagus; diverticulum, cardiospasm, megaesophagus and cancer. PMID- 18902876 TI - Medical aspects of intestinal obstruction. PMID- 18902877 TI - Anemia in diseases of the intestinal tract. PMID- 18902878 TI - Differential diagnosis of intra-abdominal pain. PMID- 18902879 TI - The diagnosis and treatment of irritable colon; physiologic, local irritative and psychosomatic factors. PMID- 18902880 TI - Amebiasis and indeterminate ulcerative colitis; combined therapy as applied to veterans from overseas. PMID- 18902881 TI - Regional enteritis; diagnosis and treatment; a study of 55 cases over a nine year period. PMID- 18902882 TI - Roentgenologic diagnosis of tumors of the large intestine. PMID- 18902883 TI - Roentgenologic diagnosis of tumors of the small intestine. PMID- 18902884 TI - Jaundice. PMID- 18902885 TI - Serum proteins in hepatic disease. PMID- 18902886 TI - Acute infections of the liver. PMID- 18902887 TI - Diseases of the biliary tract. PMID- 18902888 TI - Chronic hepatitis; the cirrhoses. PMID- 18902889 TI - Diseases of the pancreas. PMID- 18902890 TI - Hepatic cirrhosis, portal, with primary carcinoma, hepatic cell type. PMID- 18902891 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902893 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902892 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902894 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902895 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902896 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902897 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902898 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902899 TI - The value of plastic surgery in the treatment of burns. PMID- 18902900 TI - Diseases of the labyrinth. PMID- 18902901 TI - Some aspects of co-operation between general practitioners and the public health services. PMID- 18902902 TI - The welfare of the soil in its relation to the health of man in Southern Africa. PMID- 18902903 TI - A dermoid cyst of the lesser omentum. PMID- 18902904 TI - Possible vitamin C shortage. PMID- 18902905 TI - Treatment of conditions associated with urgent dyspnoea. PMID- 18902906 TI - Diabetic emergencies. PMID- 18902907 TI - Pulmonary embolism; its early diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 18902908 TI - Coronary thrombosis. PMID- 18902909 TI - Syncope and similar states. PMID- 18902910 TI - Fractures of the forearm. PMID- 18902911 TI - The Royal Air Force medical services in war-time. PMID- 18902912 TI - Early signs and symptoms of osteo-arthritis. PMID- 18902913 TI - Infra-red irradiation. PMID- 18902914 TI - The international medical congress and tuberculosis. PMID- 18902915 TI - Some complications in ophthalmic surgery. PMID- 18902916 TI - Some practical points in the diagnosis and management of common cardiac arrhythmias. PMID- 18902917 TI - Postpartum hemorrhage. PMID- 18902918 TI - The comparative action of some stimulants in acute morphine depression. PMID- 18902919 TI - Gifts of the Americas. PMID- 18902920 TI - Streptomycin, its vital importance in acute intra-abdominal surgery. PMID- 18902921 TI - Poupartitis. PMID- 18902922 TI - A review of 1500 obstetric cases. PMID- 18902923 TI - Some recent concepts in the chemotherapy of malignancies. PMID- 18902924 TI - Wine, its use in health and disease. PMID- 18902925 TI - Hormonal therapy in urological practice. PMID- 18902926 TI - Diagnosis in the case of rectal bleeding. PMID- 18902927 TI - PEPTIC ulcer, its causes and therapy. PMID- 18902928 TI - EVOLUTION of inguinal hernia surgery. PMID- 18902929 TI - VITAMINS in the practice of surgery (development and application). PMID- 18902930 TI - Cancer; serial surveys of current concepts and activities. PMID- 18902931 TI - Rheumatism research goes ahead in Britain. PMID- 18902933 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902934 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902932 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902935 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902936 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902937 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902938 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902939 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902940 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902941 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902942 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902943 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902944 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902945 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902946 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902947 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902948 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902949 TI - Late reactions to metallic foreign bodies. PMID- 18902950 TI - Capillary fragility and diabetic retinitis; with a note on the use of rutin. PMID- 18902951 TI - Fatal intestinal obstruction following injection treatment of an inguinal hernia. PMID- 18902952 TI - The incidence of multiple lesions in primary syphilis. PMID- 18902953 TI - Diabetes. PMID- 18902954 TI - Malignant lymphoma, lymphoblastic type. PMID- 18902956 TI - UNLAWFUL practice of medicine. PMID- 18902955 TI - Duodenal ulcer, active. PMID- 18902957 TI - Transplantation of the extensor carpi ulnaris to give abduction of the thumb. PMID- 18902958 TI - Neuro-allergy in childhood. PMID- 18902959 TI - Diagnostic experience with hepatic specimens obtained by needle puncture. PMID- 18902960 TI - Carcinoma of the ovary arising in an endometrial cyst. PMID- 18902961 TI - Differential diagnosis of congenital heart disease. PMID- 18902962 TI - Microbiologic aspects of salmonellosis in children. PMID- 18902963 TI - Neurologic procedures in pediatric practice. PMID- 18902964 TI - Routine examination of cerebrospinal fluid. PMID- 18902965 TI - Bacillus proteus meningitis. PMID- 18902966 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902967 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902968 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902969 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902970 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902971 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902972 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902973 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902974 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902975 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902976 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902977 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902978 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902979 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902980 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902981 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902982 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902983 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902985 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902984 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902986 TI - Studies on renal function in childhood. PMID- 18902987 TI - Fundamentals of psychiatry for the general practitioner. PMID- 18902988 TI - Carcinoma of the cervix treated by combined radiation and surgery. PMID- 18902989 TI - The patch test, its use and abuse. PMID- 18902990 TI - The present status of the treatment of thrombosis and embolism in surgical patients. PMID- 18902991 TI - Further neonatal salvage. PMID- 18902992 TI - Nephrosis; a survey. PMID- 18902993 TI - Nutrition, disease, and psychology. PMID- 18902994 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902995 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902996 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902997 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902998 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18902999 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903000 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903001 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903002 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903003 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903004 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903005 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903006 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903007 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903008 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903009 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903010 TI - Resection in pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 18903011 TI - The use of serum albumin in cases of cerebral edema; preliminary report. PMID- 18903012 TI - The effect of tetra-ethyl-ammonium chloride on blood pressure before and after sympathectomy for hypertension. PMID- 18903013 TI - Comments on the historical aspects of certain congenital anomalies of the heart and great vessels. PMID- 18903014 TI - Modern trends in prostatic surgery. PMID- 18903016 TI - Dermatomyositis. PMID- 18903015 TI - The influence of the small animal breeder on biological research. PMID- 18903017 TI - Lesion of the brain-stem; glioma(?) of pons and medulla. PMID- 18903018 TI - Painful spasms of the limbs; for diagnosis. PMID- 18903019 TI - Multiple congenital abnormalities. PMID- 18903020 TI - Amyotrophy, syphilitic. PMID- 18903021 TI - Mikulicz's syndrome. PMID- 18903022 TI - Leiomyosarcoma of stomach; thoracicoabdominal gastrectomy. PMID- 18903023 TI - Severe diabetic neuropathy with right phrenic palsy. PMID- 18903024 TI - Abdominothoracic approach to recurrent gastro-jejuno-colic fistula with section of vagi. PMID- 18903025 TI - Transthoracic vagal section for (?) recurrent anastomotic uncer. PMID- 18903026 TI - Diabetic neuropathy and hepatomegaly. PMID- 18903027 TI - Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. PMID- 18903028 TI - Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus treated with vitamin E. PMID- 18903029 TI - Case for diagnosis; poikilodermia of Civatte? PMID- 18903030 TI - Eczematoid tuberculide? PMID- 18903031 TI - Gold dermatitis, treated with B.A.L.; toxic manifestations; related (?) to calcium deprivation. PMID- 18903032 TI - Surgical records. PMID- 18903034 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903033 TI - Discussion; the treatment of cancer of the breast. PMID- 18903035 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903036 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903037 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903038 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903039 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903040 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903041 TI - The Providence Medical Association, 1848-1948. PMID- 18903043 TI - Anesthesia in Rhode Island. PMID- 18903042 TI - The Providence City Health Department, 1856-1948. PMID- 18903044 TI - Adenocarcinoma of the breast; report of a case recurring 27 years after radical mastectomy. PMID- 18903045 TI - Fracture of the upper end of the femur. PMID- 18903046 TI - The Psychological Laboratory at Butler Hospital. PMID- 18903047 TI - The radiosensitivity of tumors. PMID- 18903048 TI - The early diagnosis of carcinoma of the cervix and of the corpus uteri. PMID- 18903049 TI - The management of tension states in general practice. PMID- 18903050 TI - Obstetrical aspects concerning the prevention of neonatal deaths. PMID- 18903051 TI - Psychiatric group therapy. PMID- 18903052 TI - Blood donor service for a rural community. PMID- 18903053 TI - Good progress in cancer case reporting. PMID- 18903054 TI - Circulatory concepts. PMID- 18903055 TI - St. Bartholomew's Hospital and the plague of 1665. PMID- 18903056 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903057 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903058 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903059 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903060 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903061 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903062 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903063 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903064 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903065 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903066 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903067 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903068 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903069 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903070 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903071 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903072 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903073 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903074 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903075 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903076 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903077 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903078 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903079 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903080 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903081 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903082 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903084 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903083 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903085 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903086 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903087 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903088 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903089 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903090 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903091 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903092 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903093 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903094 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903095 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903096 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903097 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903098 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903099 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903100 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903101 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903102 TI - Some international aspects of medicine. PMID- 18903103 TI - Testosterone in the treatment of advanced breast cancer; a preliminary report. PMID- 18903104 TI - The treatment of Boeck's sarcoid with nitrogen mustard; a preliminary report. PMID- 18903105 TI - Treatment of perforating ulcers of the foot complicated by diabetes and peripheral vascular disease. PMID- 18903106 TI - Endemic typhus in Baltimore. PMID- 18903107 TI - Subtotal esophagectomy for benign stricture of the esophagus; a case report of an unusually high esophagogastric anastomosis. PMID- 18903108 TI - Ainhum or dactylolysis spontanea; report of a case. PMID- 18903109 TI - The elimination of non-surgical lesions in brain tumor suspects; pseudo-tumor cerebri, and papilledema without increased intracranial pressure (optic neuritis). PMID- 18903110 TI - Loefler's syndrome with erythema multiforme. PMID- 18903111 TI - Standardization of tonometers. PMID- 18903112 TI - The clinical significance of the Rh factor. PMID- 18903114 TI - Rehabilitation in operation. PMID- 18903113 TI - Industrial health in the postwar era. PMID- 18903115 TI - Convulsions in childhood; practical considerations. PMID- 18903116 TI - The organization and administration of a physical medicine department. PMID- 18903117 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903118 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903119 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903120 TI - Not Available. PMID- 18903121 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903122 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903123 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903124 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903125 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903126 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903127 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903128 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903129 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903130 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903131 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903132 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903133 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903134 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903135 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903136 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903137 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903138 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903139 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903141 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903140 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903142 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903143 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903145 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903146 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903144 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903147 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903148 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903149 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903150 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903151 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903153 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903152 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903154 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903155 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903156 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903157 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903158 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903160 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903159 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903161 TI - The effects of para-aminobenzoic acid in lupus erythematosus; a preliminary report. PMID- 18903163 TI - Poliomyelitis. PMID- 18903162 TI - Effect of autonomic blockade with tetraethylammonium on the blood flow in the extremities. PMID- 18903164 TI - Epilepsy and the ancient Greeks. PMID- 18903165 TI - The pharmacology of streptomycin. PMID- 18903166 TI - The differential diagnosis of jaundice. PMID- 18903167 TI - Endocrine control in surgical conditions of the breast. PMID- 18903168 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903169 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903170 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903171 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903172 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903173 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903174 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903175 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903177 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903176 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903178 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903179 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903180 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903181 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903182 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903183 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903184 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903185 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903186 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903187 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903188 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903189 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903191 TI - Unusual aspects and therapy in amoebic dysentery. PMID- 18903190 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903192 TI - Positive health, its attainment in the soldier and the army's contribution to it in the civilian. PMID- 18903193 TI - Infective hepatitis. PMID- 18903194 TI - Tabes dorsalis, aortic aneurism, and cutaneous syphilis presenting in the same patient. PMID- 18903195 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903196 TI - Field ambulance sections in a mountain operation. PMID- 18903197 TI - The occurrence and identification of the typhus group of fevers in Southeast Asia Command. PMID- 18903198 TI - Burma retreat, 1942. PMID- 18903200 TI - TESTING equipment in Task Force Furnace. PMID- 18903199 TI - Disposal of the sick and wounded of the English army during the 16. century. PMID- 18903201 TI - Operation Cloudburst. PMID- 18903202 TI - Military psychology; individual differences. PMID- 18903203 TI - Menatotherium, eocene mammal from France. PMID- 18903204 TI - The rift valleys of Africa. PMID- 18903205 TI - Researches on monomolecular films at the Department of Colloid Science, Cambridge. PMID- 18903207 TI - Photo-elasticity. PMID- 18903206 TI - The blood group Rh. PMID- 18903208 TI - The analysis of colour. PMID- 18903209 TI - Modification of breeding season in the sheep. PMID- 18903210 TI - Fluorescent light sources. PMID- 18903211 TI - The structure of the protein molecule. PMID- 18903212 TI - Mineral deficiency in plants; diagnosis and cure. PMID- 18903214 TI - Advances in the design of the inverted prismatic microscope. PMID- 18903213 TI - Improved image illumination and contrast with the metallurgical microscope. PMID- 18903215 TI - A list of E. M. Nelson's microscopes and accessories. PMID- 18903216 TI - A new method for staining neurofibrillae and axis-cylinders. PMID- 18903217 TI - Some staining reactions of invertebrate mucoproteins. PMID- 18903221 TI - The penetration of radiation into natural waters. PMID- 18903222 TI - Refrigeration as a method of food preservation. PMID- 18903223 TI - Recent advances in surface chemistry. PMID- 18903224 TI - The hydrodynamic theory of detonation; on the thermochemistry and equation of state of the explosion products of condensed explosives. PMID- 18903225 TI - Electronic sequence control circuit for the operation of a Wilson cloud chamber. PMID- 18903226 TI - A study of adjustments of a Zinn-type ion source. PMID- 18903227 TI - Unidirectional pulse operation of a 22-Mev betatron. PMID- 18903228 TI - An inverted tetrode voltmeter for high negative voltages. PMID- 18903229 TI - The measurement of radioactivity in solution. PMID- 18903230 TI - Recovery time of Geiger counters for X-ray intensity measurement. PMID- 18903231 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903232 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903233 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903234 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903235 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903236 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903237 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903238 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903240 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903239 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903241 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903242 TI - Pertussis as a cause of mental deficiency. PMID- 18903243 TI - Problems and trends in nutrition and food service in the institution for the mentally deficient. PMID- 18903244 TI - A survey of experimental studies of learning in individuals who achieve subnormal ratings on standardized psychometric measures. PMID- 18903245 TI - Mental defectives and the courts. PMID- 18903248 TI - The education of the blind mental defective. PMID- 18903247 TI - Counseling and psychotherapy with mental defectives. PMID- 18903246 TI - Some psychiatric problems of mental deficiency. PMID- 18903249 TI - State practices and procedures in the licensing of private schools for mental defectives. PMID- 18903250 TI - Planning for the rural mentally handicapped child. PMID- 18903251 TI - State of Minnesota Division of Public Institutions. PMID- 18903252 TI - Effects of bladder distension on autonomic mechanisms after spinal cord injuries. PMID- 18903253 TI - Dysprosody or altered melody of language. PMID- 18903254 TI - Early traumatic epilepsy. PMID- 18903255 TI - Hallucinations of remembered scenes as an epileptic aura. PMID- 18903256 TI - Facial apraxia and apraxic dysarthria. PMID- 18903257 TI - A partial form of familial myoclonus. PMID- 18903258 TI - The mother-child incompatibility problem in relation to the nervous sequelae of haemolytic disease of the newborn. PMID- 18903259 TI - A new method for investigating the nervous system. PMID- 18903260 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903261 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903262 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903263 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903264 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903265 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903267 TI - Motivations in health education. PMID- 18903266 TI - Role of the voluntary nursing agency. PMID- 18903268 TI - A nutritional appraisal program. PMID- 18903269 TI - Home accidents. PMID- 18903270 TI - The board as interpreter. PMID- 18903271 TI - The hospital as a community health agency. PMID- 18903272 TI - The nurse as industrial health counselor. PMID- 18903273 TI - Public health nursing education, 1940-1947. PMID- 18903274 TI - Korean pioneering. PMID- 18903275 TI - A nursing council plans for field experience. PMID- 18903276 TI - Speech, a nurse's qualification. PMID- 18903277 TI - Oil can technic; a method of formula making. PMID- 18903278 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903279 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903280 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903281 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903282 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903283 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903284 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903285 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903286 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903287 TI - The loss in resolving power caused by primary astigmatism, coma, and spherical aberration in telescopic systems. PMID- 18903288 TI - A calibration method for infra-red prism spectrometers. PMID- 18903290 TI - The quanta explanation of vision and the brightness impression for various times of observation and visual angles. PMID- 18903289 TI - Fluorescence efficiency and hole migration in zinc sulphides. PMID- 18903291 TI - The visibility of distant objects. PMID- 18903292 TI - A comparison of computed and experimental detection ranges of objects viewed with telescopic systems from aboard ship. PMID- 18903293 TI - Survey of near infra-red communication systems. PMID- 18903294 TI - Principles of optical communication systems; general properties of non-image forming projectors and receivers. PMID- 18903295 TI - Some spectral characteristics of mercury arcs for use in study of the Raman effect. PMID- 18903296 TI - Determination of the depolarization factors of highly polarized Raman lines. PMID- 18903297 TI - Intensity and polarization of Brillouin spectra. PMID- 18903298 TI - A table of Planckian radiation. PMID- 18903299 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903300 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903301 TI - On objective adaptometry. PMID- 18903302 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903303 TI - On partial plasty of the socket. PMID- 18903304 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903305 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903306 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903307 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903308 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903309 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903310 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903311 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903312 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903313 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903314 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903316 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903315 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903317 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903318 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903319 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903320 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903321 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903322 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903323 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903324 TI - Operative treatment of ozaena. PMID- 18903325 TI - Peripheral positional nystagmus. PMID- 18903326 TI - Cancer of the larynx and its treatment by radium. PMID- 18903328 TI - A case of tooth in tonsil. PMID- 18903327 TI - Progressive facial nerve palsy due to temporal epidermoid. PMID- 18903329 TI - Laryngeal vertigo. PMID- 18903330 TI - Scarring of fauces, with absence of tonsils. PMID- 18903331 TI - Nasopharyngeal tumour. PMID- 18903332 TI - Epistaxis; ligature of external carotid artery, orbit explored and anterior ethmoidal artery sealed by diathermy. PMID- 18903333 TI - Congenital web of larynx. PMID- 18903334 TI - Bony tumour of maxilla; osteitis fibrosa? PMID- 18903335 TI - C. S. O. M., acute exacerbation with perisinus abscess and meningitis; recovery. PMID- 18903336 TI - A series of nine patients who have undergone total laryngectomy, have all developed oesophageal speech, and have returned to previous occupations. PMID- 18903337 TI - Right temporo-sphenoidal lobe abscess; operation and treatment when patient advanced in pregnancy. PMID- 18903338 TI - The diagnosis and treatment of tumours of the nasopharynx. PMID- 18903339 TI - Present concepts of laryngeal disease. PMID- 18903340 TI - Leopold Treitel on stuttering. PMID- 18903341 TI - Twenty-five years of cleft palate prosthesis. PMID- 18903342 TI - Fundamentals in the treatment of communicative disorders caused by hearing disability. PMID- 18903343 TI - Studies in clinical techniques; mandibular facet slip in cerebral palsy. PMID- 18903344 TI - Make mother a clinician. PMID- 18903345 TI - Practical techniques in speech training for cleft palate cases. PMID- 18903346 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903347 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903348 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903349 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903350 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903351 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903352 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903353 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903355 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903356 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903354 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903357 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903358 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903359 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903360 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903361 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903362 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903363 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903364 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903365 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903366 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903367 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903368 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903369 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903370 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903371 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903372 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903373 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903374 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903375 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903376 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903377 TI - Survey of patients with juvenile diabetes mellitus. PMID- 18903378 TI - Attempts to infect Amoeba proteus with poliomyelitis virus. PMID- 18903379 TI - Blood levels of penicillin with oral use of buffered and unbuffered solutions; studies on a series of infants and children. PMID- 18903380 TI - Epidemic poliomyelitis in children; clinical study, with special reference to symptoms and management of bulbar polioencephalitis. PMID- 18903381 TI - Functional intestinal obstruction on a congenital neurogenic basis in infancy. PMID- 18903382 TI - Titer of antistreptolysin O in human serum and cerebrospinal fluid. PMID- 18903383 TI - Hyperlipemia following intravenous infusion of hypertonic solution of sucrose. PMID- 18903384 TI - Accidental poisoning with naphazoline (privine) hydrochloride. PMID- 18903385 TI - Congenital heart block in an infant with associated multiple congenital cardiac malformations. PMID- 18903386 TI - Injury of the penis, scrotum and buttocks of the newborn resulting in gangrene. PMID- 18903387 TI - Essential fructosuria in two siblings. PMID- 18903388 TI - Cardiac aneurysm in child seven years of age. PMID- 18903389 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903390 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903391 TI - The healing of metabolic wounds. PMID- 18903392 TI - A remarkable bean is the soy. PMID- 18903393 TI - Peptic ulcer. PMID- 18903394 TI - Tetraethylammonium chloride; acute and chronic toxicity in experimental animals. PMID- 18903395 TI - The comparative pharmacology of the N-alkyl-arterenols. PMID- 18903396 TI - Influence of BAL on the toxicity and chemotherapeutic activity of mapharsen. PMID- 18903398 TI - Diuretic action of formoguanamine in normal persons. PMID- 18903397 TI - Curariform activity of quaternary ammonium iodides derived from cinchona alkaloids. PMID- 18903399 TI - Observations on the pharmacology of the isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane. PMID- 18903400 TI - The treatment of acute poisoning produced by gamma hexachlorocychohexane. PMID- 18903401 TI - The effect of calcium on the cardiovascular stimulation produced by acetylcholine. PMID- 18903402 TI - Inhibition of the cholinesterase activity of human blood plasma and erythrocyte stromata by alkylated phosphorus compounds. PMID- 18903403 TI - On the pharmacology of hexaethyl tetraphosphate. PMID- 18903404 TI - The effect of various anesthetics and decerebration on the CO2 stimulating action on respiration in cats. PMID- 18903405 TI - Investigation of some newer sulfonamides as intestinal chemotherapeutic agents. PMID- 18903406 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903407 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903408 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903409 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903411 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903410 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903412 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903413 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903414 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903415 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903416 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903417 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903418 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903419 TI - Weight-carrying capacity and excitability of excised ciliated epithelium. PMID- 18903420 TI - Immediate effects of ether and nembutal upon some of the blood components in the cat. PMID- 18903421 TI - Composition of the regenerating liver after partial hepatectomy in normal and protein-depleted rats. PMID- 18903422 TI - Protection against acceleratory forces by carbon dioxide inhalation. PMID- 18903423 TI - Clearances as a measure of renal function in the rat. PMID- 18903424 TI - Volume measurement of the islets of Langerhans and the effects of age and fasting. PMID- 18903425 TI - Application of the saturation principle to the estimation of functional hepatic mass in normal dogs. PMID- 18903426 TI - Arterio-venous anastomoses in liver, spleen, and lungs. PMID- 18903427 TI - Some actions of potassium chloride at the neuromuscular junction. PMID- 18903428 TI - Exchange and distribution of fluid in dehydration in the dog. PMID- 18903429 TI - Effects of isotonic solutions and of sulfates and phosphates on the distribution of water and electrolytes in human blood. PMID- 18903430 TI - Effect of acetylcholine, caffeine and alkaloids on activity of muscle adenosinetriphosphatase. PMID- 18903431 TI - Renal excretion and volume distribution of some polyethylene glycols in the dog. PMID- 18903432 TI - Influence of thyroid status on the electrocardiogram and certain blood constituents of the sheep. PMID- 18903433 TI - Measurement of alveolar pressure in human subjects. PMID- 18903434 TI - Reversible cellular permeability alterations in disease; in vivo studies on sodium, potassium and chloride concentrations in erythrocytes of the malarious monkey. PMID- 18903435 TI - Causes of skin cooling in pressure breathing, deep inspiration and deep expiration. PMID- 18903436 TI - Pituitary-adrenal cortical antagonism to estrogenic stimulation of the uterus of the ovariectomized rat. PMID- 18903438 TI - Physiological mechanism of experimental goitrogenesis. PMID- 18903437 TI - Cardiovascular response to posture and the problem of faintness and syncope in the semi-starved individual. PMID- 18903439 TI - Pulse rate responses to acceleration under reduced barometric pressure. PMID- 18903440 TI - Physiological studies of the effects of intermittent positive pressure breathing on cardiac output in man. PMID- 18903441 TI - Effect of xanthopterin on cell proliferation in bone marrow cultures. PMID- 18903442 TI - Xanthopterin in rat anemia produced by sulfathiazole. PMID- 18903443 TI - Maintenance of vasodilation of the extremities of normal individuals for a prolonged period by the ingestion of two to four substantial meals in close succession. PMID- 18903444 TI - Distribution of estradiol between serum and red cells. PMID- 18903445 TI - Hereditary obesity and temperature regulation. PMID- 18903446 TI - Physiologic icterus of the newborn. PMID- 18903447 TI - Production of ketosis by the growth and adrenocorticotropic hormones. PMID- 18903448 TI - Effect of inorganic phosphate on the glycolysis of human blood. PMID- 18903449 TI - The Bender-Gestalt; an objective scoring method and validating data. PMID- 18903450 TI - Observations on human behavior in experimental semi-starvation and rehabilitation. PMID- 18903451 TI - A preliminary investigation of the Sargent test. PMID- 18903452 TI - Recent advances in screening the emotionally maladjusted. PMID- 18903453 TI - A statistical and profile comparison of a hospitalized tuberculous group with a normal college group using the Cornell index. PMID- 18903454 TI - Directive psychotherapy; suggestion persuasion and advice. PMID- 18903455 TI - The Wonderlic personnel test as a predictor of scores on the American Council on Education Examination. PMID- 18903456 TI - The Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory; an extension of the Davis scoring method. PMID- 18903457 TI - A note on the use of the Bellevue-Wechsler scale mental deterioration index with brain injured patients. PMID- 18903459 TI - A case of extreme language disability concealed by stuttering. PMID- 18903458 TI - The frame of reference of the thematic apperception test. PMID- 18903460 TI - Detection of circumvention in the Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory. PMID- 18903461 TI - The mental health of normal adolescents. PMID- 18903463 TI - Religious psychology and health. PMID- 18903462 TI - Mental hygiene begins school. PMID- 18903464 TI - Shattered students in an atomic age. PMID- 18903465 TI - Adjustment of the physically handicapped college student. PMID- 18903466 TI - Requests for psychiatric treatment in a family agency. PMID- 18903467 TI - The effectiveness of the psychiatric social worker in the treatment situation. PMID- 18903468 TI - Vocational guidance for the socially maladjusted boy. PMID- 18903469 TI - Guidance and personnel functions of the clinical psychologist in a military neuropsychiatric setting. PMID- 18903470 TI - Child guidance in a state board-of-health program. PMID- 18903472 TI - Fundamental concepts of physical activity in rehabilitation. PMID- 18903473 TI - Venereal-disease anxiety. PMID- 18903471 TI - Early habits and character formation. PMID- 18903474 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903475 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903476 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903477 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903479 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903478 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903480 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903481 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903482 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903483 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903484 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903485 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903486 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903487 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903488 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903490 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903489 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903491 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903492 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903493 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903494 TI - Official and voluntary health agencies, their development and relationship. PMID- 18903496 TI - Hospital survey in Indiana. PMID- 18903495 TI - Dental health as a community health problem. PMID- 18903497 TI - Indiana's maternal and child health program. PMID- 18903498 TI - Proposals for the establishment of an international health organization. PMID- 18903499 TI - Proposals for the establishment of an international health organization. PMID- 18903500 TI - Proposal for an international convention establishing the international health organization. PMID- 18903501 TI - Suggestions relating to the constitution of an international health organization. PMID- 18903502 TI - PROPOSALS FOR THE CONSTITUTION OF the World Health Organization. PMID- 18903503 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903504 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903505 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903506 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903507 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903508 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903509 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903511 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903510 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903512 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903513 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903514 TI - [One hundred years of general anesthesia]. PMID- 18903515 TI - [Outline of the history of Russian literature in the field of surgery]. PMID- 18903516 TI - [Some problems of anesthesia produced by ether-oil injections]. PMID- 18903517 TI - [The effect of oil-ether anesthesia upon vital organs]. PMID- 18903518 TI - [Experimental and clinical use of banked blood, stabilized by trioxyglutaro-acid sodium]. PMID- 18903519 TI - [Role of general surgery in the control of tuberculosis in bones and joints]. PMID- 18903520 TI - [Conservative surgical treatment of tuberculosis of the knee joint]. PMID- 18903521 TI - [Present day position of surgery in pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 18903522 TI - [Instruction in general surgery in the medical schools]. PMID- 18903523 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903525 TI - [Convulsions and lung abscess]. PMID- 18903524 TI - [Theory and technique of simultaneous scans]. PMID- 18903527 TI - [Spontaneous closure of the caverna]. PMID- 18903526 TI - [Studies on a tuberculin-radiographic survey in the city of Rio de Janeiro during the quinquennium 1942-1946; census of 43,565 individuals]. PMID- 18903528 TI - [Census abbreviated in small community]. PMID- 18903529 TI - [Prophylaxis of bleeding in extrapleural pneumothorax]. PMID- 18903530 TI - [Lytic action of Bacillus subtilis on Mycobacterium tuberculosis]. PMID- 18903532 TI - [On the presence of an attenuated avian-type tuberculous bacillus isolated from a mesenteric ganglion from the human clinic]. PMID- 18903531 TI - [Importance of systematic radiograph in industrial establishments]. PMID- 18903533 TI - [The problem of tuberculous mothers]. PMID- 18903534 TI - [Streptomycin in tuberculosis; updated synthesis]. PMID- 18903535 TI - Retropubic prostatectomy. PMID- 18903536 TI - Retropubic prostatectomy. PMID- 18903537 TI - Hypertension treated by nephrectomy. PMID- 18903538 TI - Thrombosis of the left renal artery with hypertension; case report. PMID- 18903539 TI - Spontaneous perirenal hematoma secondary to periarteritis nodosa. PMID- 18903540 TI - Metastatic tumors of the ureter. PMID- 18903541 TI - Tuberculous prostatic urethritis; a suggestive diagnostic sign. PMID- 18903542 TI - Priapism due to sickle cell anemia. PMID- 18903543 TI - Infant curved urethral sounds. PMID- 18903544 TI - Proliferative tumors of the ureter and renal pelvis, with further observations on the significance of epithelial cell nests; six case reports. PMID- 18903545 TI - A rational theory of intestinal distention and its urological application. PMID- 18903546 TI - Genital manifestations in early filariasis. PMID- 18903547 TI - Retropubic prostatectomy; an extravesical technique; report of 32 cases. PMID- 18903548 TI - Pyuria in the diabetic. PMID- 18903549 TI - Ectopic ureter. PMID- 18903550 TI - Do patients with cancer of the prostate gland show abnormal metabolism of therapeutic doses of the natural estrogens? PMID- 18903551 TI - A modification of the Blair procedure for the repair of hypospadias. PMID- 18903552 TI - Three stage repair for penoscrotal hypospadias; report of a case. PMID- 18903553 TI - New method of determining the size of the prostate gland. PMID- 18903554 TI - Cystitis cystica as a single tumor. PMID- 18903556 TI - Absorbable gauze in transurethral prostatic resection. PMID- 18903555 TI - Toxic symptoms accompanied by hemolysis during transurethral prostatectomy. PMID- 18903557 TI - Role of the external urethral sphincter in the normal bladder. PMID- 18903558 TI - Mucous adenocarcinoma of the urinary bladder. PMID- 18903559 TI - Double vas deferens associated with solitary kidney; case report. PMID- 18903560 TI - Reconstruction of lower segment of ureter with tube made from bladder flap; preliminary report. PMID- 18903561 TI - Polycystic kidney disease. PMID- 18903562 TI - The prognosis in polycystic disease. PMID- 18903563 TI - Surgical treatment of nephritis. PMID- 18903564 TI - The best method of prostatectomy for benign adenoma. PMID- 18903565 TI - Retrocaval ureter; case report. PMID- 18903566 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903567 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903568 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903570 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903569 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903572 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903573 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903574 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903571 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903575 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903576 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903577 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903578 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903580 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903579 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903581 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903582 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903583 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903585 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903584 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903586 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903587 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903588 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903589 TI - Tissue deformation in aircraft crashes. PMID- 18903590 TI - Development of aircraft oxygen equipment by the USAF. PMID- 18903591 TI - The nominating technique as a method of evaluating air group morale. PMID- 18903592 TI - Psychological research at the AAF School of Aviation Medicine. PMID- 18903593 TI - Of what importance are psychological factors in motion sickness? PMID- 18903594 TI - Training for voice communication at high altitudes. PMID- 18903595 TI - Human tolerance to negative acceleration of short duration. PMID- 18903597 TI - Aero medical program in the Army Air Forces. PMID- 18903596 TI - Application of human engineering to flight problems. PMID- 18903598 TI - Distance discrimination; the relationship of visual acuity to distance discrimination. PMID- 18903599 TI - The species of the genus Filaria Mueller, 1787, s. str. PMID- 18903600 TI - On the occurrence of ectoconsortes on marine animals at Beaufort, N. C. PMID- 18903601 TI - A dicrocoeliid trematode, Eurytrema vulpis n. sp. provis., from the pancreatic ducts of the red fox. PMID- 18903602 TI - Notes on the life history of Leucochloridium fuscostriatum n. sp. provis. (Trematoda: Brachylaemidae). PMID- 18903603 TI - Chemical and histological observations on the influence of schistosoma mansoni infection on Australorbis glabratus. PMID- 18903604 TI - An improved method of sedimenting Schistosoma japonicum and other helminth ova. PMID- 18903605 TI - A new species of the acanthocephalan genus Filisoma from the Dry Tortugas, Florida. PMID- 18903606 TI - An instance of the apparent toxicity of man to ticks. PMID- 18903607 TI - A note on the larval stage of the argasid tick Ornithodoros moubata (Murray) 1877. PMID- 18903608 TI - Ixodes radfordi, a new species of tick from rats in Eastern India (Acarina: Ixodedae). PMID- 18903609 TI - A loss of gametocytes in Plasmodium elongatum. PMID- 18903610 TI - Malaria in Czechoslovakia after World War II. PMID- 18903611 TI - Role of glucose in acute parasitemic death of the rat infected with Trypanosoma equiperdum. PMID- 18903612 TI - Expanding horizons in the recognition of a phylum. PMID- 18903613 TI - Porocephalus crotali Humbolt (Pentastomida) in Oklahoma. PMID- 18903614 TI - Studies on the life cycle of Litomosoides carinii, filariid parasite of the cotton rat, Sigmodon hispidus litoralis. PMID- 18903616 TI - Observations on on Neoechinorhynchus emydis (Leidy), an acanthocephalan parasite of turtles. PMID- 18903615 TI - The biology and control of the fox maggot, Wohlfahrtia opaca (Coq). PMID- 18903617 TI - Evaluation of selected insecticides and drugs as chemotherapeutic agents against external bloodsucking parasites. PMID- 18903618 TI - A successful method for shipping larval trombiculids (chiggers). PMID- 18903619 TI - Diphyllobothrium infection in Florida. PMID- 18903620 TI - Thymoxyethyl-diethylamine antagonism and anti-histamines. PMID- 18903621 TI - Treatment of phosgene poisoning with Thymoxyethyl-diethylamine. PMID- 18903622 TI - Studies in infectious ectromelia in mice (mouse pox) natural transmission; elimination of the virus. PMID- 18903623 TI - Mumps; immunization experiments in man. PMID- 18903624 TI - The effect of hexoestrol on the food intake of sheep. PMID- 18903625 TI - The influence of fructose on the utilization of glucose by isolated muscle. PMID- 18903626 TI - An optical method for measuring systolic blood-pressure in the intact rat. PMID- 18903627 TI - On the decomposition of methaemoglobin by hydrogen peroxide. PMID- 18903628 TI - Some observations on fibrinolysin and beta toxin of staphylococci. PMID- 18903630 TI - The development and use of statistical practices in hospital work. PMID- 18903629 TI - The comparative pharmacology of the non-nicotines. PMID- 18903631 TI - Probability tables for individual comparisons by ranking methods. PMID- 18903632 TI - Treatment of the fourfold table by partial association and partial correlation as it relates to public health problems. PMID- 18903633 TI - Time-specific life table contrasted with observed survivorship. PMID- 18903634 TI - Quantitative aspects of organization. PMID- 18903636 TI - Evaluation of slopes and intercepts of straight lines. PMID- 18903635 TI - Penetrance, estimated by the frequency of unilateral occurrences and by discordance in nomozygotic twins. PMID- 18903637 TI - Correlation in growth. PMID- 18903638 TI - The absorption of volatile fatty acids from the rumen. PMID- 18903639 TI - The digestion of cellulose by sheep; the extent of cellulose digestion at successive levels of the alimentary tract. PMID- 18903640 TI - Experimental modification of the sexual cycle of the greenfinch. PMID- 18903641 TI - The effect of labyrinthectomy on the co-ordination of limb movements in the toad. PMID- 18903642 TI - Preliminary studies on the nutritional requirements of the bedbug (Cimex leotularius L.) and the tick Ornithodorus moubata Murray. PMID- 18903643 TI - Visual responses of mosquitoes artificially rendered flightless. PMID- 18903644 TI - The influence of temperature and humidity on instar length in Calandra granaria Linn. PMID- 18903645 TI - The chemoreceptors of the wireworm (Agriotes spp.) and the relation of activity to chemical constitution. PMID- 18903646 TI - The reactions of Pygosteus pungitius L. to toxic solutions. PMID- 18903647 TI - Distribution of glycogen in the developing salmon (Salmo salar L.). PMID- 18903648 TI - Investigations on the regional determination of the central nervous system. PMID- 18903649 TI - Seasonal cyclical changes in the thymus of the mallard. PMID- 18903650 TI - Studies on sterility and prenatal mortality in wild rabbits; the loss of ova before implantation. PMID- 18903651 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903652 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903653 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903654 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903655 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903656 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903657 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903658 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903659 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903660 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903661 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903662 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903663 TI - The effect of occlusive arterial diseases of the extremities on the blood supply of nerves; experimental and clinical studies on the role of the vasa nervorum. PMID- 18903664 TI - Experience with three vascular fragility tests in hypertension. PMID- 18903665 TI - Night cramps in human extremities; a clinical study of the physiologic action of quinine and prostigmine upon the spontaneous contractions of resting muscles. PMID- 18903666 TI - The relation between arterial pressure and blood flow in the foot. PMID- 18903667 TI - Electrocardiogram in chronic cor pulmonale. PMID- 18903668 TI - The familial incidence of rheumatic fever; a discussion of the relationship between a positive family history and the development of rheumatic fever in individuals of military age. PMID- 18903669 TI - The familial incidence of rheumatic fever; a statistical study of the familial and personal history of rheumatic fever. PMID- 18903670 TI - Different mechanisms of fusion beats. PMID- 18903671 TI - Glossopharyngeal neuralgia; a cause of cardiac arrest. PMID- 18903672 TI - The diminished efficiency and altered dynamics of respiration in experimental pulmonary congestion. PMID- 18903673 TI - Prolongation of the Q-T interval in the electrocardiogram occurring as a temporary functional disturbance in healthy persons with a proposal that (Q-T) cal. may be used to designate Q-T intervals calculated for the physiologic variables, cycle length, age, and sex. PMID- 18903674 TI - Death following coronary thrombosis in a young woman 19 years of age; case report with autopsy findings. PMID- 18903675 TI - Pericardial effusion due to hemolytic streptococcus following an acute upper respiratory infection; associated pleural effusions; report of a case and review of literature. PMID- 18903676 TI - Interatrial septal defect associated with syphilitic aortic insufficiency. PMID- 18903677 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903679 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903678 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903680 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903681 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903682 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903683 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903684 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903685 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903686 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903687 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903688 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903689 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903690 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903691 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903692 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903693 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903694 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903695 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903696 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903697 TI - A-V-block with Wenckebach periods; periodicity related to the respiratory movements. PMID- 18903698 TI - A simple method for simultaneous registration of electrocardiograms and respiration curves. PMID- 18903699 TI - Thermal destruction of influenza A virus infectivity. PMID- 18903700 TI - Preliminary observations on the adsorption of prothrombin by barium sulfate. PMID- 18903701 TI - Adenosine triphosphate from Drosophila melanogaster. PMID- 18903702 TI - Microbiological determination of cytosine, uracil and thymine. PMID- 18903703 TI - Effect of high-moisture storage on preservation of carotene in dehydrated alfalfa meal. PMID- 18903704 TI - The amylase of Bacillus polymyxa. PMID- 18903705 TI - Sulfur amino acid nutrition of some lactic acid-producing bacteria. PMID- 18903706 TI - Ultrafilterable and non-ultrafilterable calcium in normal, hyperplastic epidermis and squamous cell carcinoma. PMID- 18903707 TI - Comparative study of pteroylglutamic acid and its hexaglutamyl conjugate in the correction of sulfasuxidine-induced leucopenia in the rat; effect of conjugase inhibitor. PMID- 18903708 TI - The relationship of protein reserves to the production of hyaluronidase and antihyaluronidase. PMID- 18903710 TI - Synthetic medium for Streptomyces griseus and the production of streptomycin. PMID- 18903709 TI - Malic dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase of lutein and other ovarian tissues during pregnancy and lactation. PMID- 18903711 TI - In vitro antibiotic activity of crystalline tomatine toward Candida albicans; antagonistic effect of rutin and quercetin. PMID- 18903712 TI - Maintenance of carbohydrate stores before and after insulin administration in rats prefed diets containing added glycine. PMID- 18903713 TI - A new specific color reaction of galacturonic acid. PMID- 18903714 TI - Effect of fat and calories on the resistance of mice to 2,4-dinitrotoluene. PMID- 18903715 TI - Antibacterial unsaturated ketones and their mode of action. PMID- 18903716 TI - Cyanide inhibition of retinal respiration in bicarbonate buffer. PMID- 18903717 TI - Enzymes of fresh hen eggs. PMID- 18903718 TI - Extension of the Stickland reaction to several bacterial species. PMID- 18903719 TI - The preparation of apyrase from potato. PMID- 18903720 TI - The structure of starch; the ratio of non-terminal to terminal groups. PMID- 18903721 TI - A study of the properties of fluorine-substituted 5-aminoacridines and related compounds; 5-amino-2- and-4-trifluoromethyl acridines. PMID- 18903722 TI - New organic sulphur vesicants; 2 : 2-di-(2-chloroethylthio) diethyl ether. PMID- 18903723 TI - New organic sulphur vesicants; analogues of 2:2'-dichlorodiethyl sulphide and 2:2'-di(chloroethylthio)diethyl ether. ether. PMID- 18903724 TI - New organic sulphur vesicants; homologues of 2: 2'-di-(2-chloroethylthio) diethyl ether. PMID- 18903725 TI - New organic sulphur vesicants; 1: 2-di-(2-chloroethylthio)ethane and its analogues. PMID- 18903726 TI - New organic sulphur vesicants; 2-chloroethyl-2-chloroisopropyl sulphide. PMID- 18903727 TI - The synthesis of 2-cyclohexyl-6-methylheptane. PMID- 18903728 TI - The structure of molecular compounds; clathrate compounds. PMID- 18903729 TI - Some 1:3-oxazine derivatives of thionaphthen. PMID- 18903730 TI - The formation of thionaphthens from derivatives of phenylthioacetic acid. PMID- 18903731 TI - Bacteriostasis in the amino-acid series; derivatives of alanine. PMID- 18903732 TI - Studies in the series of 4-substituted quinolines. PMID- 18903733 TI - Contributions to the chemistry of synthetic antimalarials; attempted synthesis of 6-methoxy-8-quinolyl-alpha-dialkyl-aminomethylcarbinols. PMID- 18903734 TI - A resolution of mepacrine [2-chloro-5-(sigma-diethylamino-alpha-methylbutyl) amino-7-methoxyacridine]. PMID- 18903735 TI - The thermal decomposition of some polymethylol compounds. PMID- 18903736 TI - The optical resolution of amidone. PMID- 18903737 TI - The relation between the absorption spectra and the chemical constitution of dyes; some effects of non-coplanarity on the absorption spectra of unsymmetrical disazo benzidine dyes. PMID- 18903738 TI - Investigations on steroids; revision of nomenclature of previously described compounds. PMID- 18903739 TI - Branched-chain fatty acids; relationship of melting point to structure; new method of synthesis of acids containing a quaternary carbon atom. PMID- 18903740 TI - Branched-chain fatty acids; simplified methods for preparing pure branched-chain alcohols and halides. PMID- 18903741 TI - Certain metal derivatives of 2,4-pentanedione. PMID- 18903742 TI - Mixed esters of lactic and carbonic acids; reaction of chloroformates with esters of lactic acid. PMID- 18903743 TI - Cis and trans beta-aroylacrylic acids and some derivatives. PMID- 18903744 TI - The synthesis of 20-methylcholanthrene labeled in the 11-position with carbon fourteen. PMID- 18903745 TI - The synthesis of alicyclic compounds related to the steroids. PMID- 18903746 TI - Mouth cancer and the dentist. PMID- 18903747 TI - Biopsy, a dental office procedure. PMID- 18903748 TI - Cysts of the jaws of developmental origin. PMID- 18903750 TI - Dento-facial orthopaedics and general practitioner. PMID- 18903749 TI - Bleeding gums. PMID- 18903751 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903752 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903753 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903754 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903755 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903756 TI - Dental medicine. PMID- 18903757 TI - Viruses as agents of disease. PMID- 18903758 TI - The prevention of virus diseases. PMID- 18903759 TI - Nutrition; growth and development. PMID- 18903760 TI - Nutrition; maintenance, function, and repair. PMID- 18903761 TI - Climate, soil, and health; climatic soil pattern and food composition. PMID- 18903762 TI - Climate, soil, and health; managing health via the soil. PMID- 18903763 TI - Man's energy requirements. PMID- 18903764 TI - Biologic functions of proteins; functions of proteins in the living organism. PMID- 18903765 TI - Biologic functions of proteins; the role of proteins in human nutrition. PMID- 18903767 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903766 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903768 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903769 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903770 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903771 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903772 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903773 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903774 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903775 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903776 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903777 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903778 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903779 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903780 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903781 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903782 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903783 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903784 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903785 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903786 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903787 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903788 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903789 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903790 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903791 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903792 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903793 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903794 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903795 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903796 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903798 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903797 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903799 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903800 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903801 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903802 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903803 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903804 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903805 TI - Late manifestations of epidemic infectious hepatitis. PMID- 18903806 TI - Paracolon bacilli as related to chronic dysentery syndromes. PMID- 18903807 TI - Gastric surgery; a review of the literature for 1946. PMID- 18903808 TI - The pancreas; contributions of clinical interest made in 1946. PMID- 18903809 TI - Sixty years of vagotomy; a review of some 200 articles. PMID- 18903810 TI - Carcinoma of the pancreas; operative problems. PMID- 18903811 TI - Amebiasis in veterans of World War II with special emphasis on extra-intestinal complications, including a case of amebic cerebellar abscess. PMID- 18903812 TI - Description of gastroscopic appearance of leutic gastric lesions in late acquired syphilis. PMID- 18903813 TI - The effect of dietary fat on fecal fat excretion and subjective symptoms in man. PMID- 18903814 TI - The assay of cholecystokinin and the influence of vagotomy on the gall bladder response. PMID- 18903815 TI - An experimental study of gastric emptying in the vagotomized dog. PMID- 18903816 TI - Pharmacological aspects of gastric secretion. PMID- 18903817 TI - Case of hour glass stomach, gastroscopy, perforation of esophagus and recovery. PMID- 18903818 TI - Radiological changes in the gastro-intestinal tract of a patient following the Smithwick operation. PMID- 18903819 TI - Chronic ulcerative colitis in twins; case report. PMID- 18903820 TI - Recurring melena in a patient with multiple gastroduodenal lesions. PMID- 18903821 TI - A possible cause for gallstones. PMID- 18903822 TI - The pain of peptic ulcer. PMID- 18903823 TI - The early diagnosis of carcinoma of the colon and rectum. PMID- 18903824 TI - Surgery of peptic ulcer in prison. PMID- 18903825 TI - A gastroenterological comparison of white and colored soldiers. PMID- 18903826 TI - Observations on the treatment of chronic hypertrophic gastritis with short-wave diathermy. PMID- 18903827 TI - Constipation. PMID- 18903828 TI - Diagnosis of cancer of the colon. PMID- 18903829 TI - Trends in treatment of duodenal ulcer; partial fundusectomy; results in 25 cases. PMID- 18903830 TI - Stages in population growth. PMID- 18903831 TI - Eugenics, population trends and the world's resources. PMID- 18903832 TI - Galton's hereditary genius and the three following generations since 1869. PMID- 18903833 TI - Divorce and nullity. PMID- 18903834 TI - Human genetics. PMID- 18903841 TI - Genetic analysis of anomalous sex ratio condition in Drosophila affinis. PMID- 18903847 TI - Naturally occurring polydactyl and limb duplication in Ambystoma. PMID- 18903848 TI - Studies of the time of development of cellular antigens in the chicken. PMID- 18903849 TI - Chromosome irregularities produced by atomic irradiation. PMID- 18903850 TI - Reciprocal cross resistance of adapted Escherichia coli to nitrogen mustard and ultraviolet light. PMID- 18903851 TI - An altitudinal transect of gene arrangement frequencies in Drosophila robusta. PMID- 18903852 TI - Alcaptonuria. PMID- 18903853 TI - Differences in susceptibility to ether in the virilis group of Drosophila. PMID- 18903854 TI - A study in variation within linebread corn populations. PMID- 18903855 TI - Action of temperature during X-ray treatment of Tradescantia chromosomes. PMID- 18903856 TI - Inducing endosperm changes in maize with neutron irradiation of pollen. PMID- 18903857 TI - Transformation of black mice into white mice. PMID- 18903859 TI - An analysis of rearrangements of chromosomal aberrations producing position effects. PMID- 18903858 TI - Tryptophane metabolism in eye color mutants of Drosophila melanogaster. PMID- 18903860 TI - Differences in the field activity of two Colias color phases at various times of the day. PMID- 18903861 TI - Evidences of overdominance in yield of corn. PMID- 18903862 TI - Polyteny and polyploidy in differentiated plant tissues and their possible significance. PMID- 18903863 TI - The modifying action of near infrared radiation on the frequency of induced gene and chromosomal changes in Drosophila melanogaster. PMID- 18903864 TI - The relative effectiveness of fast neutrons and gamma rays in producing somatic crossing over in Drosophila. PMID- 18903865 TI - A direct relation between vitamin concentration and the production of vitamin synthesizing mutants. PMID- 18903866 TI - Effects of graded dosage of X-rays on the production of eye facets in the bar eyed race of Drosophila melanogaster. PMID- 18903867 TI - Heterosis in chestmuts. PMID- 18903868 TI - Studies on the origin of Dactylis glomerata L. PMID- 18903870 TI - Awn inheritance in Triticum vulgare. PMID- 18903869 TI - Spontaneous mutation rate in Escherichia coli. PMID- 18903872 TI - Inherited differences in pachytene configurations in maize. PMID- 18903871 TI - Death after autogamy in Paramecium aurelia following exposure in solution to the radioactive isotopes P32 and Sr89,90 Y90. PMID- 18903873 TI - A genetic analysis of unimanual handedness. PMID- 18903874 TI - Investigation of the sterility-producing action of the Wv gene in the mouse by means of ovarian transplantation. PMID- 18903875 TI - An almost exclusively female strain of Hippodamia (lady beetles) with reversions to normal sex ratio. PMID- 18903876 TI - Synchronous mitoses in Drosophila, their intensely rapid rate, and the sudden appearance of the nucleolus. PMID- 18903877 TI - Gene action on cellular characters in cattle. PMID- 18903878 TI - The effect of nitrogen mustard on the ultraviolet-induced mutation rate in Aspergillus terreus. PMID- 18903879 TI - The use of nullisomics in common wheat in associating genes with specific chromosomes. PMID- 18903880 TI - Studies of the metabolism of Drosophila eye discs. PMID- 18903881 TI - Reduction of injury by fractionation of X-ray dose, a cytoplasmic effect? PMID- 18903883 TI - Further study of the dwarf (dw2) rat. PMID- 18903882 TI - A spermatogonial map of chromosome 3 of Drosophila melanogaster. PMID- 18903884 TI - Embryological development of the levator ani muscle. PMID- 18903885 TI - Plasma proteins in pregnancy. PMID- 18903886 TI - A study of maternal mortality in Canada. PMID- 18903887 TI - Vaginal repair combined with vaginal hysterectomy. PMID- 18903888 TI - Sterility in the female. PMID- 18903889 TI - An improved operative technique for salpingostomy. PMID- 18903890 TI - A study of breech delivery. PMID- 18903891 TI - Ovarian pregnancy. PMID- 18903892 TI - In vitro fertilization and cleavage of human ovarian eggs. PMID- 18903893 TI - An evaluation of the vaginal smear method for the diagnosis of uterine cancer. PMID- 18903894 TI - Observations on vaginal absorption of penicillin. PMID- 18903895 TI - The permeability of the human placenta to sodium in normal and abnormal pregnancies and the supply of sodium to the human fetus as determined with radioactive sodium. PMID- 18903896 TI - The baby as a problem in premature delivery. PMID- 18903898 TI - Antepartum hemorrhage. PMID- 18903897 TI - The fate of the living viable babies in extrauterine pregnancies. PMID- 18903899 TI - The elective use of Kielland forceps in management of occipitoposterior and occipito-transverse positions. PMID- 18903900 TI - A multiple sulfonamide therapeutic measure in the postoperative care of the cervix and vagina. PMID- 18903901 TI - Anemias of pregnancy. PMID- 18903902 TI - Antenatal blood group determination; a preliminary report. PMID- 18903903 TI - Mesodermal mixed tumor of the vagina; report of case. PMID- 18903904 TI - Late recurrence of cervical carcinoma following radiation therapy. PMID- 18903905 TI - Pelvic cancer delay. PMID- 18903906 TI - Eclampsia. PMID- 18903908 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903907 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903909 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903910 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903911 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903912 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903913 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903914 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903915 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903916 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903917 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903918 TI - [Clinical investigations and considerations about the influence of the wartime puerperal status]. PMID- 18903919 TI - [Clinical investigations and considerations about the influence of the wartime period on the puerperal status; influence on abortions and premature births]. PMID- 18903920 TI - [Research on the hormonal mechanism of the thermal curve and its use in genecological diagnosis and therapy]. PMID- 18903921 TI - [Prematurity; concept, classification and causes]. PMID- 18903922 TI - [Differential diagnosis between uterine pregnancy, and uterine fibroid with red degeneration]. PMID- 18903923 TI - [Protrusion of the urethra; case report, general study with particular reference to their treatment]. PMID- 18903924 TI - [Hirsutism in women, clinical and therapeutic aspects]. PMID- 18903925 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903926 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903927 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903928 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903929 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903930 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903931 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903932 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903933 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903934 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903935 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903936 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903937 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903938 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903939 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903940 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903941 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903942 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903943 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903944 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903945 TI - Second preface to volume 38; the study of early scientific textbooks. PMID- 18903946 TI - Robert Hooke and the conservation of energy. PMID- 18903948 TI - Quantitative measurements and the Greek atomists. PMID- 18903949 TI - The earliest known use of a material containing uranium. PMID- 18903947 TI - Linnaeus and his disciple in Carolina; Alexander Garden. PMID- 18903950 TI - Some recent European publications on ancient pseudo-science and its adversaries. PMID- 18903951 TI - The divine nine turn tan sha method, a Chinese alchemical recipe. PMID- 18903952 TI - Better hospital facilities for rural patients. PMID- 18903953 TI - Hospital purchasing. PMID- 18903955 TI - How about letting your patients help plan your hospital? PMID- 18903954 TI - What are hospitals going to do about new construction? PMID- 18903956 TI - Adding 800 beds to TB hospital in Puerto Rico. PMID- 18903957 TI - St. Vincent's Hospital health service. PMID- 18903958 TI - Responsibility of the hospital board of trustees. PMID- 18903959 TI - Higher education for radiologic technologists. PMID- 18903960 TI - Our hospitals and the professional anesthesiologist. PMID- 18903961 TI - The diabetic patient. PMID- 18903962 TI - The patient in the operating room. PMID- 18903963 TI - Narcotherapy in Catholic hospitals. PMID- 18903964 TI - Basic considerations in hospital design; environmental factors. PMID- 18903965 TI - FACTORS that affect costs. PMID- 18903966 TI - Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, New South Wales. PMID- 18903967 TI - St. Luke's builds a Quonset ward. PMID- 18903968 TI - Health education for maternity patients should start in the hospital. PMID- 18903969 TI - The merits of a rating plan depend upon the judgment and the skill of those who administer it. PMID- 18903970 TI - Minimum standards for chronic disease hospitals of 150 beds and over. PMID- 18903971 TI - Two levels of nursing care. PMID- 18903972 TI - Mental and emotional problems of anesthesia. PMID- 18903973 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903974 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903975 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903976 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903977 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903978 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903979 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903980 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903981 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903982 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903983 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903984 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903985 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903986 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903987 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903988 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903989 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903990 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903991 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903992 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903993 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903994 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903995 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903996 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903997 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903998 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18903999 TI - Studies in the incidence of cancer in a factory handling inorganic compounds of arsenic; mortality experience in the factory. PMID- 18904000 TI - Studies in the incidence of cancer in a factory handling inorganic compounds of arsenic; clinical and environmental investigations. PMID- 18904001 TI - Some physiological observations on West African coal miners. PMID- 18904002 TI - Uraemia in methyl bromide poisoning; a case report. PMID- 18904003 TI - Toxic effects of nitroso-methyl urethane. PMID- 18904004 TI - PROGRESS of health security legislation in the United States. PMID- 18904005 TI - Mental cases can be rehabilitated. PMID- 18904006 TI - Bringing rehabilitation to the hospital. PMID- 18904007 TI - The value of artificial appliances in upper arm amputations. PMID- 18904008 TI - The counselor and heart diseases. PMID- 18904009 TI - Widening horizons in medical education. PMID- 18904010 TI - Social service in the Veterans Administration. PMID- 18904011 TI - Intake techniques in a mental hygiene clinic. PMID- 18904012 TI - Psychology of the tuberculous patient. PMID- 18904013 TI - Attitudes of patients in a paraplegic center. PMID- 18904014 TI - Co-operative planning for the paraplegic veteran. PMID- 18904015 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904016 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904017 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904018 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904019 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904020 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904021 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904023 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904022 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904024 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904025 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904026 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904027 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904028 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904029 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904030 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904031 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904032 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904033 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904034 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904036 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904035 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904037 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904039 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904038 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904040 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904042 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904041 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904043 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904044 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904045 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904046 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904047 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904048 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904049 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904050 TI - Nitrogen mustard therapy. PMID- 18904051 TI - Endocrine changes associated with Laennec's cirrhosis of the liver. PMID- 18904052 TI - Complications of alkalosis. PMID- 18904053 TI - Electrolyte partition in patients with edema of various origins; sodium and chloride. PMID- 18904054 TI - Serum concentrations of penicillin G in man following intramuscular injection in aqueous solution and in peanut oil-beeswax suspension. PMID- 18904055 TI - Streptomycin; a clinical study of its use in 26 cases. PMID- 18904056 TI - Clinical studies in the use of myanesin. PMID- 18904057 TI - Correlation between the effect of quinidine sulfate on the heart and its concentration in the blood plasma. PMID- 18904058 TI - Clinical evaluation of the treatment of pneumococcic type III pneumonia. PMID- 18904059 TI - Mechanisms of action of serum albumin therapy in internal medicine. PMID- 18904060 TI - Physiology of essential hypertension. PMID- 18904061 TI - Diagnosis and natural history of hypertensive vascular disease. PMID- 18904062 TI - Treatment of pneumonia. PMID- 18904063 TI - Pulmonary disease of unknown origin. PMID- 18904064 TI - Complete heart block in a case of pregnancy. PMID- 18904065 TI - The middle zone in medicine. PMID- 18904066 TI - Hypokalemia masking the symptoms of hypocalcemia. PMID- 18904067 TI - Effect of combining vasoconstrictors with local anesthetics upon the duration of spinal anesthesia in man. PMID- 18904068 TI - Aspects of the biologic decay periods of sodium in normal and diseased man. PMID- 18904069 TI - Urinary thyrotropic hormone as a diagnostic test in primary hypothyroidism and in evaluation of therapy in diseases of the thyroid gland; a preliminary report. PMID- 18904070 TI - Fractionation and chemical analyses of a malignant mouse thymoma. PMID- 18904071 TI - Effect of benadryl and thorotrast on experimental anaphylactic shock. PMID- 18904072 TI - Relative rates of renal excretion of sodium and chloride ions in normal, hypertensive and heart failure subjects. PMID- 18904073 TI - Effect of saline catharsis on urine specific gravity. PMID- 18904074 TI - Studies of human carbohydrate metabolism by the liver catheterization technic. PMID- 18904075 TI - Maximum hepatic clearance of bromsulphalein (= Lm, bromsulphalein) by normal patients and by certain patients with hepatic disease. PMID- 18904076 TI - Electrophoretic pattern in myocardial infarction. PMID- 18904077 TI - Dysfunction of the adrenal cortex in cancer patients. PMID- 18904078 TI - Dilution acidosis. PMID- 18904079 TI - Serologic studies on Q fever in the United States. PMID- 18904080 TI - Comparative effects of hypertonic solutions of various inorganic and organic sodium salts, glucose and plasma protein upon the volume of the brain of anesthetized dogs. PMID- 18904081 TI - Clinical evaluation of the effect of ACS on the healing of fractures; a preliminary report. PMID- 18904082 TI - Propylthiouracil replaces thiouracil. PMID- 18904083 TI - Pericarditis. PMID- 18904084 TI - Present status of digitalis in therapy of myocardial infarction. PMID- 18904085 TI - Physical and physiologic signs of prematurity. PMID- 18904086 TI - Fevers. PMID- 18904087 TI - Epilepsy. PMID- 18904088 TI - Fibrocaseocavernous tuberculosis right upper lobe with patchy fibrous pleuritis. PMID- 18904089 TI - Cardiac arrhythmias of central origin. PMID- 18904090 TI - Antireticular cytotoxic serum. PMID- 18904091 TI - Carbon dioxide combining power in thyrotoxicosis, cancer and gout. PMID- 18904092 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904093 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904094 TI - Where are we going? Medicine in a planned economy. PMID- 18904095 TI - The health of 407 new students. PMID- 18904096 TI - The recognition of toxicogenic bacterial strains in vitro. PMID- 18904097 TI - Speransky's method of spinal pumping in rheumatoid arthritis; a review of four cases. PMID- 18904098 TI - Diverticulitis presenting as emphysematous cellulitis of leg; clinical report on two cases. PMID- 18904099 TI - Recurrent renal lithiasis. PMID- 18904100 TI - Central placenta praevia with premature rupture of membranes. PMID- 18904101 TI - Tuberculosis in the British zone of Germany. PMID- 18904102 TI - Symmetrical gangrene in the African. PMID- 18904103 TI - Swine erysipelas infection in man. PMID- 18904104 TI - Natural position for childbirth. PMID- 18904105 TI - The danger of intubation under trichlorethylene. PMID- 18904106 TI - Trichlorethylene in general anaesthesia. PMID- 18904107 TI - Intracranial complications of ear and sinus disease. PMID- 18904108 TI - Fractures of the hand. PMID- 18904109 TI - Hormonal alteration of advanced cancer of the breast. PMID- 18904110 TI - Glycogen storage disease. PMID- 18904111 TI - Cancer of the stomach. PMID- 18904112 TI - Recent ideas in gynecology. PMID- 18904113 TI - Evaluation of therapeutic substances employed for the relief of bronchospasm. PMID- 18904114 TI - The use of radioactive iodine in the study of normal and abnormal thyroid function. PMID- 18904115 TI - Reginald Heber Fitz's contribution to the understanding of appendicitis and acute pancreatitis. PMID- 18904116 TI - Pre-operative care; one phase of a total surgical plan. PMID- 18904117 TI - Significant cholecystographic findings in disease of the biliary tract. PMID- 18904118 TI - A preliminary report on the use of 6-propylthiouracil. PMID- 18904119 TI - Haemorrhage as a cause of obstetric deaths. PMID- 18904120 TI - Statistical review of maternity mortality conditions of infants, 1936-1946. PMID- 18904121 TI - The medical emergencies of infancy. PMID- 18904122 TI - Mastoiditis and Gradenigo's syndrome. PMID- 18904123 TI - Acute cholecystitis. PMID- 18904124 TI - Mechanical displacement of the abdominal viscera by a mass in the abdomen. PMID- 18904125 TI - Post-operative intestinal obstruction. PMID- 18904126 TI - Arthritis. PMID- 18904127 TI - Deceptive pictures in clinical surgery; acute intestinal obstruction. PMID- 18904128 TI - Skin cancer. PMID- 18904129 TI - An experimental clinical series in the X-ray treatment of epitheliomata. PMID- 18904130 TI - Renal function in Addison's disease. PMID- 18904131 TI - Renal failure following abdominal catastrophe and alkalosis. PMID- 18904132 TI - Blood cholates in normal subjects and in liver disease. PMID- 18904133 TI - The intralobular circulation in acute liver injury by carbon tetrachloride. PMID- 18904134 TI - Low blood pressure in diabetic coma. PMID- 18904135 TI - The estimation of the extracellular fluid volume by the thiocyanate method in children and adults. PMID- 18904136 TI - The action of adrenaline, ephedrine and methedrine on the circulation in man. PMID- 18904137 TI - The measurement of bone opacity. PMID- 18904138 TI - The absorption of xylose in steatorrhoea. PMID- 18904139 TI - Renal haemodynamics in acute nephritis. PMID- 18904140 TI - Slow recovery from ischaemia in human nerves. PMID- 18904141 TI - Les algies des amputes; les moignons douloureux. PMID- 18904142 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904143 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904144 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904145 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904146 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904147 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904148 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904149 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904150 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904152 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904151 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904153 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904154 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904155 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904156 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904157 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904158 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904159 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904160 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904161 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904162 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904163 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904164 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904165 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904166 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904167 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904168 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904169 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904170 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904171 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904172 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904174 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904173 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904175 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904176 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904177 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904178 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904179 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904180 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904181 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904182 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904184 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904183 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904185 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904186 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904187 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904188 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904189 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904190 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904191 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904192 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904193 TI - Experiment with wild plants in the USSR. PMID- 18904194 TI - CRYSTALLINE penicillin. PMID- 18904195 TI - Mepacrine and mental derangement. PMID- 18904196 TI - Public health organisation in Malaya. PMID- 18904197 TI - Public health services in Soviet Azerbaijan. PMID- 18904198 TI - Common behavior disturbances in the first two years of life. PMID- 18904199 TI - Leptospiral infections; a survey. PMID- 18904200 TI - A syringe-transmitted epidemic of infectious hepatitis with observations regarding the incidence and nature of infectious donors. PMID- 18904201 TI - Epithelial metaplasia of the urinary tract. PMID- 18904202 TI - Pulmonary and cerebral fat embolism following intravenous administration of ether therapeutically. PMID- 18904203 TI - Personality and chronic illness. PMID- 18904204 TI - Local treatment of carriers of virulent diphtheria with penicillin. PMID- 18904205 TI - Medical group practice in the United States; organization and administrative practices. PMID- 18904206 TI - Congenital absence of the vagina. PMID- 18904207 TI - Suggestive research leads in contemporary neurochemistry. PMID- 18904208 TI - Use of antihistamine drugs in the treatment for trigeminal neuralgia. PMID- 18904209 TI - The status of penicillin in the treatment of syphilis, December 1, 1947. PMID- 18904210 TI - Fatal reactions after aminophylline. PMID- 18904211 TI - MALPRACTICE; needle left in patient's body following appendectomy [Tenn., 1947]. PMID- 18904212 TI - Chemical studies in host-virus interactions; a method of determining nutritional requirements for bacterial virus multiplication. AB - Using the one-step growth technique the production of the virus T2 in its host, measured by latent period and burst size, was shown to depend on the nutritional environment of the host cell. When E. coli, grown in broth, was transferred to a simple medium, single organic compounds such as some amino acids and nucleosides were found to increase or accelerate the synthesis of virus. An antimetabolite of glutamic acid, an amino acid important for virus synthesis, was shown to be inhibitory. Several naturally occurring amino acids, leucine, serine, and cysteine, inhibited virus synthesis in the simple medium. A chemically defined mixture was found which supported a rate of virus synthesis very nearly comparable to that found for host cells in nutrient broth. PMID- 18904213 TI - Chemical studies in host-virus interactions; some additional methods of determining nutritional requirements for virus multiplication. AB - Omission of a single constituent from a chemically defined medium approximating the virus growth-promoting properties of broth affects virus production in infected bacteria. This may be estimated by the one-step growth technique and the course of desoxyribose nucleic acid synthesis. Nine amino acids and one purine have been shown to be important by these tests. A combination of all constituents observed to be important by the single supplement and single omission techniques has approximated the virus growth-promoting properties of broth. Certain anomalous results have been commented upon. PMID- 18904214 TI - Production of proteinase by hemolytic streptococci in various clinical conditions. AB - The proteinase activity of strains of group A streptococci isolated from patients in acute and convalescent phases of illness was found to be remarkably constant. Sulfadiazine therapy of patients did not affect proteinase production by the infecting streptococci. The ability to produce streptococcal proteinase would appear to be related to the strain and not necessarily to the serological type. No relationship could be found between the capacity of group A streptococci of different serological types to produce proteinase and the various clinical responses to infection with these microorganisms. PMID- 18904215 TI - Immunochemical studies on blood groups; the cross reaction between type XIV antipneumococcal horse serum and purified blood group A, B, and O substances from hog and human sources. AB - Purified blood group A, B, and O substances from hog and human sources precipitate with Type XIV antipneumococcal horse serum and provide an explanation for the observation that Type XIV antibody agglutinates human erythrocytes of all four major blood groups. Individual preparations of A substance or O substance from either species vary in their capacity to precipitate Type XIV antibody although the hog A substances did not differ in potency toward anti-A. Similarly, no correlation between A activity and reactivity with Type XIV antibody could be found among the human A substances. PMID- 18904216 TI - The nature of the virus receptors of red cells; evidence on the chemical nature of the virus receptors of red cells and of the existence of a closely analogous substance in normal serum. AB - THE INFLUENZA VIRUS RECEPTORS OF FOWL RED CELLS AND THE INFLUENZA VIRUS INHIBITOR OF NORMAL RABBIT SERUM HAVE THE FOLLOWING ATTRIBUTES IN COMMON: They are stable at high temperatures and in solutions of pH as high as 10.0. They both resist destruction by a number of oxidizing agents but are readily destroyed by sodium periodate, trypsin, and influenza virus. These facts suggest that the red cell receptor and the normal serum inhibitor are either the same or analogous substances and that they may belong to the mucoprotein class of compounds. PMID- 18904217 TI - The nature of the virus receptors of red cells; the effect of partial heat inactivation of influenza virus on the destruction of red cell receptors and the use of inactivated virus in the measurement of serum inhibitor. AB - Evidence has been offered that influenza virus which has been heated at 56 degrees C. for 30 or more minutes loses some of its capacity to agglutinate red cells and may completely lose its power to elute from cells on which it has been adsorbed. Such heat-inactivated virus does not possess the capacity to destroy the virus inhibitor in normal rabbit serum and this appears to be the explanation of the higher agglutinin inhibitory levels obtained with serum and heated virus as compared with serum and untreated virus. The heat-inactivated virus can be used to measure the inhibitor substance in normal rabbit serum. By two different methods it has been demonstrated that the inhibitor is destroyed in the presence of unheated influenza virus, as measured by inhibition titrations with virus inactivated at 56 degrees C. The destruction of inhibitor by virus of either type A or B can be measured by virus of either type with similar results. PMID- 18904218 TI - The effect of desoxycorticosterone acetate on blood pressure, renal function, and electrolyte pattern in the intact rat. AB - Small doses of DCA administered at intervals in pellet form are capable of raising the blood pressure, altering renal function, and changing the electrolyte pattern in the intact rat. The concomitant feeding of 1 per cent saline intensifies the process. The elevation in blood pressure occurs prior to demonstrable changes in renal excretory function. The alteration in renal function consists first of a reduction in C(PAH) with the maintenance of a normal filtration rate. Filtration fraction is elevated while there is no reduction in renal plasma flow per unit of tubular excretory tissue. Later, filtration is interfered with and renal ischemia occurs. The electrolyte change is characterized by a sustained fall in plasma K and Cl, a rise in plasma Na, an increase in the Na/Cl ratio, and finally an elevation of Na plus K. Plasma Ca is unaffected. These observations suggest the possible etiological significance of the adrenal cortex in some types of hypertension. PMID- 18904219 TI - Studies on scrib typhus; tsutsugamushi disease; heterogenicity of strains of R. tsutsugamushi as demonstrated by cross-vaccination studies. AB - Antigenic differences among strains of R. tsutsugamushi are sufficiently great that vaccines prepared from certain strains fail to induce resistance in mice to infection with other strains. Although the results of cross-vaccination tests indicate varying degrees of relationship between a number of the strains, there is no correlation between source of the rickettsia and antigenic pattern of the agent. PMID- 18904220 TI - Food protein effect on plasma specific gravity, plasma protein, and hematocrit value. AB - When the protein consumption of normal human individuals is increased from 0.5, to 1.5, to 2.5 gm. of protein per kilo body weight, the specific gravity of the plasma rises and the hematocrit value falls. The analysis of variance demonstrates that the change in protein consumption is a significant but minor factor in determining the total variability of the observations. When albino rats were given diets containing a small, a moderate, and a large amount of protein, there was an increase in serum protein concentration but no change in hematocrit value. During the period over which the most rapid changes in rate of urea excretion and serum urea concentration occurred as normal human individuals passed from a 2.5 to an 0.1 gm. of protein per kilo body weight consumption, there was no change in serum protein concentration. Over a 5 day period during which a diet that was adequate in calories but almost wholly devoid of protein was taken, the serum protein concentration of normal individuals steadily rose. This was associated with a slight increase in hematocrit value but no change in blood or plasma volume. The protein effect is one of the minor factors that contribute to the variability of serum protein and hematocrit measurements in normal individuals. The general conclusion is reached that we shall have to measure the rate at which red cells and protein enter and leave the circulating blood stream before we can hope to comprehend the mechanism of the protein effect. PMID- 18904221 TI - Peripheral circulatory disease and the general practitioner. PMID- 18904222 TI - The student health service in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. PMID- 18904223 TI - Parenteral nutrition; pre- and postoperative use of glucose, amino acids and alcohol; a preliminary study. PMID- 18904224 TI - Treatment of syphilis, with special reference to penicillin. PMID- 18904225 TI - Stumbling blocks in the treatment of fractures. PMID- 18904226 TI - The diagnosis and treatment of acute vascular occlusions in the extremities. PMID- 18904227 TI - The roentgenologic examination of the small intestine. PMID- 18904228 TI - The incidence of bone tumors in a large general hospital. PMID- 18904229 TI - Roentgenographic survey of the genitourinary tract. PMID- 18904230 TI - Diverticulitis of the sigmoid with obstruction. PMID- 18904231 TI - Skiodan acacia in hysterosalpingography. PMID- 18904232 TI - Metastatic cancer of the lung. PMID- 18904233 TI - Occupational beryllium poisoning in New Jersey with special reference to its incidence, diagnosis and compensation. PMID- 18904234 TI - Treatment of undulant fever with streptomycin. PMID- 18904235 TI - Treatment of peptic ulcer with casein hydrolysate. PMID- 18904236 TI - Wilms' tumor. PMID- 18904237 TI - Hoarseness. PMID- 18904238 TI - Background of the cancer control program. PMID- 18904239 TI - The application of isotope technique to problems of biology and medicine. PMID- 18904240 TI - Intestinal irrigation in the treatment of certain types of uremia; a preliminary report. PMID- 18904241 TI - Convulsions under general anesthesia. PMID- 18904242 TI - Aneurysms of the anterior portion of the circle of Willis causing cerebral hemorrhage. PMID- 18904243 TI - Auricular tachycardia and auriculoventricular dissociation following 1.2 mg. of digitoxin in one dose. PMID- 18904244 TI - Foreign body in second portion of duodenum perforating pelvis of right kidney. PMID- 18904245 TI - Effusion in the temporomandibular joint complicated by otitis media. PMID- 18904247 TI - Experimental liver cancer in rats produced by butter yellow. PMID- 18904246 TI - Cecostomy for prolonged colonic ileus. PMID- 18904248 TI - What we may learn from the American ophthalmologists. PMID- 18904249 TI - The endemicity of schistosomiasis japonica in Sorsogon, southeastern Luzon. PMID- 18904250 TI - Intestinal obstruction secondary to ascariasis in children. PMID- 18904251 TI - Experiences in the use of non-absorbable sutures; alloy stainless steel wire sutures. PMID- 18904252 TI - Experiences in the use of non-absorbable sutures; abaca fiber sutures. PMID- 18904253 TI - Physiopathological discussion of jaundice in early life. PMID- 18904254 TI - Coronary occlusion; a therapeutic contribution. PMID- 18904255 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904257 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904256 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904258 TI - Some medical aspects of ophthalmology. PMID- 18904259 TI - Balanced anaesthesia for partial gastrectomy. PMID- 18904260 TI - Fatal aplastic anaemia in a patient receiving epanutin (dilantin). PMID- 18904261 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904262 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904263 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904264 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904265 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904266 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904267 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904268 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904269 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904270 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904271 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904272 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904273 TI - The connexions of the frontal lobes of the brain. PMID- 18904274 TI - Functions of the frontal lobes. PMID- 18904275 TI - The imbalance of vitamins with particular reference to folic acid. PMID- 18904276 TI - Melioidosis treated with sulphonamides and penicillin. PMID- 18904277 TI - Myanesin in hyperkinetic states. PMID- 18904278 TI - Myanesin as an aid to anaesthesia in children. PMID- 18904279 TI - The nicotinic-acid tolerance test. PMID- 18904280 TI - Immunization against some virus diseases of animals. PMID- 18904281 TI - Fatal hypoglycaemia in a diabetic. PMID- 18904282 TI - Cervical-root irritation. PMID- 18904283 TI - Transplantation of the ureter for tuberculous cystitis. PMID- 18904284 TI - Visceral pain. PMID- 18904285 TI - Nose and skin carriage of Staphylococcus aureus. PMID- 18904286 TI - Tuberculous cervical adenitis. PMID- 18904287 TI - Brachial neuralgia. PMID- 18904288 TI - Formation of hepatic glycogen in normal Africans and in those suffering from malignant malnutrition. PMID- 18904289 TI - Spinal-cord lesions in cerebrospinal fever; report of four cases. PMID- 18904290 TI - Necrobacillosis; report of two cases. PMID- 18904291 TI - Recovery of streptomycin from urine. PMID- 18904292 TI - Massive tonsillar lymphatic adenitis. PMID- 18904293 TI - Clicking pneumothorax related to walking. PMID- 18904295 TI - Tuberculosis. PMID- 18904294 TI - Aged sick nursed at home. PMID- 18904296 TI - Chemical composition of normal urine. PMID- 18904297 TI - Response in biological assays. PMID- 18904298 TI - Median-nerve compression in the carpal tunnel. PMID- 18904299 TI - Some aspects of female infertility. PMID- 18904300 TI - Blood transfusion with unsuspected Rh sensitivity. PMID- 18904301 TI - Lieno-renal venous anastomosis for cirrhosis of the liver and ascites. PMID- 18904302 TI - Manifestations of cardiac lesions. PMID- 18904303 TI - Gastric ulcer. PMID- 18904304 TI - Arterio-venous communications of congenital origin. PMID- 18904305 TI - Surgical treatment for relief of pain. PMID- 18904306 TI - Tuberculosis in Spain. PMID- 18904307 TI - Social medicine in the curriculum. PMID- 18904309 TI - Medical treatment of gallbladder disease. PMID- 18904308 TI - Care of the colostomy. PMID- 18904310 TI - Beryllium granulomatosis. PMID- 18904311 TI - Pregnancy blood for rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 18904312 TI - First surgery in appendicitis performed 60 years ago. PMID- 18904313 TI - Minor surgery; the rectum and anal canal. PMID- 18904314 TI - Aids to hospital care of the elderly. PMID- 18904315 TI - Technique of breast feeding. PMID- 18904316 TI - Minor surgery; the genitourinary system. PMID- 18904317 TI - Dental disease in medical practice. PMID- 18904318 TI - Minor surgery; around the foot. PMID- 18904319 TI - Minor surgery; of the hand. PMID- 18904321 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904320 TI - Modes of medical expression. PMID- 18904322 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904323 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904324 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904325 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904326 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904327 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904328 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904329 TI - The present status of the surgical treatment of carcinoma of the lung. PMID- 18904330 TI - Diagnostic and therapeutic consideration in carcinoma of the female breast. PMID- 18904331 TI - Contemporary approaches to the control of tuberculosis. PMID- 18904332 TI - Foreign bodies of the air and food passages. PMID- 18904333 TI - The diagnosis and treatment of acute malignant obstruction of the large bowel. PMID- 18904334 TI - Epidemiology and recent developments in poliomyelitis. PMID- 18904335 TI - Dicoumarin, medical aspects. PMID- 18904336 TI - A review of certain aspects of the pathologic physiology of heart disease. PMID- 18904337 TI - The Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (bundle of Kent syndrome; false bundle branch block). PMID- 18904338 TI - Management of gastric hemorrhage. PMID- 18904339 TI - Primary resection for cancer of the lower bowel. PMID- 18904340 TI - Differential diagnosis of abdominal tumors by the roentgen method. PMID- 18904341 TI - Clinical experience with nitrogen mustard. PMID- 18904342 TI - On original work in plastic surgery in New York State. PMID- 18904343 TI - Nerve block therapy for pain of laryngeal tuberculosis. PMID- 18904344 TI - Intractable edema; clinical therapeutic implications. PMID- 18904345 TI - Ringworm of the scalp in New York. PMID- 18904346 TI - Virus meningitis and infectious mononucleosis. PMID- 18904347 TI - Hydatidiform mole in primigravida. PMID- 18904348 TI - Anaphylactic shock due to nicotinic acid. PMID- 18904349 TI - An unusual local reaction from smallpox vaccination. PMID- 18904350 TI - Congenital ureterovesical junction stricture simulating the acute abdomen. PMID- 18904351 TI - Psychosomatic dyspnea. PMID- 18904352 TI - Amelioration of peptic ulcer symptoms following splanchnicectomy. PMID- 18904353 TI - Diaphragmatic (esophageal hiatus) hernia. PMID- 18904354 TI - Therapeutic uses of BAL. PMID- 18904356 TI - PEPTIC ulceration. PMID- 18904355 TI - Essentials of milk sanitation. PMID- 18904357 TI - Arthrodesis of the tuberculous hip. PMID- 18904358 TI - Lung resection in pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 18904359 TI - Cerebral metastasis in association with intrathoracic disease. PMID- 18904360 TI - Infantile vomiting and diarrhoea. PMID- 18904361 TI - Medical aspects of chronic peptic ulcer. PMID- 18904362 TI - X-ray appearances of gastric, duodenal and jejunal ulcer. PMID- 18904363 TI - Anaesthesia for gastric operations. PMID- 18904364 TI - Surgical treatment of chronic gastric and duodenal ulcer. PMID- 18904365 TI - The complications of gastric and duodenal ulcer. PMID- 18904366 TI - Vagotomy; the present position. PMID- 18904367 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904368 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904369 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904370 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904372 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904371 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904373 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904374 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904375 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904376 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904377 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904378 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904379 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904380 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904381 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904382 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904383 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904384 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904385 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904386 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904387 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904388 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904389 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904390 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904391 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904392 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904393 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904394 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904396 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904395 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904397 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904398 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904399 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904400 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904401 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904402 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904403 TI - Reversible diabetes; a case report. PMID- 18904404 TI - Female urethral diverticulum. PMID- 18904405 TI - The management of the cross-eyed child. PMID- 18904406 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904407 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904408 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904409 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904410 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904411 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904412 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904413 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904414 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904415 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904416 TI - Mediterranean medical cruise, February, 1944. PMID- 18904417 TI - Dental education and research in the Navy. PMID- 18904418 TI - Medical aspects of atomic energy. PMID- 18904419 TI - Preventive medicine in the postwar Army. PMID- 18904420 TI - Some of the problems facing a Naval medical officer in the Arctic. PMID- 18904421 TI - Medical Department problems in cold weather operations. PMID- 18904422 TI - The battle of Grand Central Palace; observations at an induction station. PMID- 18904423 TI - Dyspepsia in the Army; mental disease in soldiers with gastrointestinal complaints. PMID- 18904424 TI - The future of the Army Medical Department. PMID- 18904425 TI - Medical Department training program. PMID- 18904426 TI - Folic acid supplement; synthesis of pteroylglutamic acid (liver L. Casei factor) and pteroic acid. PMID- 18904427 TI - A note on affinity relationships among the Nuer. PMID- 18904428 TI - Results of a recent expedition to Tierra del Fuego. PMID- 18904429 TI - Recent mosquito eradication campaigns. PMID- 18904430 TI - Scientific research in the British Zone of Germany. PMID- 18904431 TI - Aspects of the locomotion of whales. PMID- 18904432 TI - Bacterial flagella and motility. PMID- 18904433 TI - Shrinkage of animal cells due to fixatives. PMID- 18904434 TI - Amphibian tissue cultures for biophysical research. PMID- 18904435 TI - Submicroscopic structure of the red cell. PMID- 18904436 TI - Weight of the rat thymus. PMID- 18904437 TI - Nature of the C/D-ring union in the oestrogenic hormones. PMID- 18904438 TI - Dosage/response relationships in mould inhibition. PMID- 18904439 TI - Nitrogenous constituents of the potato. PMID- 18904440 TI - GOVERNMENT research in Britain. PMID- 18904441 TI - INTERNATIONAL control of atomic energy. PMID- 18904442 TI - Cross-linking in polymeric systems. PMID- 18904443 TI - Submicroscopic structure of the bacterial cell, as shown by the electron microscope. PMID- 18904444 TI - Formation of derivatives of thyroxine from derivatives of diiodotyrosine. PMID- 18904445 TI - Configuration of synthetic oestrogens. PMID- 18904446 TI - A polysaccharide from hydatid cyst fluid. PMID- 18904447 TI - Refraction effects in electron diffraction and in electron microscopy. PMID- 18904448 TI - Particle-size measurement. PMID- 18904449 TI - Surface radiography with alpha rays. PMID- 18904450 TI - Rh genes allelomorphic to C. PMID- 18904451 TI - Subtilin C; an antibiotic concentrate from Bacillus subtilis. PMID- 18904452 TI - Serological position of Streptococcus bovis. PMID- 18904453 TI - A new dry test for gold. PMID- 18904455 TI - The common cold. PMID- 18904454 TI - Some new anisotropic time effects in rheology. PMID- 18904458 TI - The developmental cycle of Botrylloides. PMID- 18904459 TI - Some observations upon the Golgi elements of the anterior pituitary cells of normal and stilboestrol-treated male rats, using the Sudan black technique. PMID- 18904460 TI - A cytological study of the alimentary tract of the domestic fowl, Gallus domesticus. PMID- 18904461 TI - The cytology of the neurones of Helix aspersa. PMID- 18904462 TI - Further remarks on the histochemical recognition of lipine. PMID- 18904463 TI - An examination of Baker's acid haematein test for phospholipines. PMID- 18904464 TI - A comparative histological study of haemosiderin in the uteri of mice of cancerous and non-cancerous strains. PMID- 18904465 TI - Some applications of phase-contrast microscopy. PMID- 18904466 TI - The hydrodynamic theory of detonation; on absolute calculations for condensed explosives. PMID- 18904467 TI - A self-plotting interferometric optical system for the ultracentrifuge. PMID- 18904468 TI - The effect of sodium pentachlorphenate on the morphology of Aspergillus niger. PMID- 18904469 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904470 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904471 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904473 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904474 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904472 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904475 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904476 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904477 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904478 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904479 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904480 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904481 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904482 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904483 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904484 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904486 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904485 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904487 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904488 TI - [Value of the presence of neutrophilic granulocytes without cell increase in the cerebrospinal fluid]. PMID- 18904489 TI - [Sensation disorders in cervical pyramidal tractotomies]. PMID- 18904490 TI - [Pharmacodynamic treatment of the psychoneuroses]. PMID- 18904491 TI - [Psychoanalytic contribution to the problem of surgical treatment of hypertension]. PMID- 18904492 TI - [Neurological aspects of cysticercosis]. PMID- 18904493 TI - [Astrocytoma of the frontal parietal]. PMID- 18904494 TI - [Mythomania as a defense in a case of hysterical personality]. PMID- 18904495 TI - [Aportacao mental hygiene school]. PMID- 18904496 TI - [Prints taken from the three-hundredth meeting of the American Psychiatric Association]. PMID- 18904497 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904498 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904499 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904500 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904501 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904503 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904502 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904504 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904505 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904506 TI - Epilepsy; a brief historical sketch. PMID- 18904507 TI - Historical review of the pharmacological approach to the treatment of epilepsy. PMID- 18904508 TI - The genetics of epilepsy. PMID- 18904509 TI - The incidence and prevalence of intramural epilepsy. PMID- 18904510 TI - The prevalence and incidence of extramural epilepsy. PMID- 18904512 TI - The antisocial aspects of epilepsy. PMID- 18904511 TI - Social implications and management. PMID- 18904513 TI - The personality of the epileptic. PMID- 18904514 TI - Differential diagnosis of epilepsy. PMID- 18904515 TI - Diagnostic testing in convulsive disorders. PMID- 18904516 TI - Psychopathology of epilepsy. PMID- 18904517 TI - Some psychopathological aspects of organic brain damage. PMID- 18904518 TI - The experimental production of epilepsy in animals. PMID- 18904519 TI - Electro-encephalography in epilepsy. PMID- 18904520 TI - Maternal nutritional deficiency and the incidence of sound-induced convulsions in young albino rats. PMID- 18904521 TI - Modern concepts of genetics in relation to mental health and abnormal development. PMID- 18904522 TI - Systematic psychotherapy of the psychoses. PMID- 18904523 TI - Psychotherapies I encountered. PMID- 18904525 TI - Telepathy and psychoanalysis; a critique of recent findings. PMID- 18904524 TI - The control of enteric infections in mental hospitals. PMID- 18904526 TI - Experiences with mixed insulin and electric convulsive therapy. PMID- 18904527 TI - Psychological by-products of a physical examination. PMID- 18904528 TI - Studies of syncope; biologic interpretation of vasodepressor syncope. PMID- 18904529 TI - Preliminary report on a psychosomatic study of rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 18904531 TI - Some aspects of the dream in psychosomatic disease. PMID- 18904530 TI - Preliminary study of the significance of measures of autonomic balance. PMID- 18904532 TI - Treatment of a case of peptic ulcer and personality disorder. PMID- 18904533 TI - The role of hostility in the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer; theoretical considerations with the report of a case. PMID- 18904534 TI - Hypnotic experiments in psychosomatic medicine. PMID- 18904535 TI - Congenital dislocation of the hip; the nursing care of children with this condition. PMID- 18904536 TI - Fenestration. PMID- 18904537 TI - Endoscopy. PMID- 18904539 TI - TRAINING FOR nurses in Britain. PMID- 18904538 TI - Pemphigus. PMID- 18904540 TI - Tuberculosis, its pathogenesis and anatomy. PMID- 18904541 TI - Orientation of students to the clinical division. PMID- 18904542 TI - The health sciences and nursing education. PMID- 18904543 TI - HOSPITAL REFERRAL of patients for continuity of nursing care. PMID- 18904544 TI - Clinical experience in dietherapy in the nursing curriculum. PMID- 18904545 TI - IMPROVISED HOME nursing equipment. PMID- 18904546 TI - Implications for nursing in rehabilitation. PMID- 18904548 TI - Facial and body prosthesis. PMID- 18904547 TI - The nurse's responsibility in rehabilitation. PMID- 18904549 TI - Narcotics in sterile solutions. PMID- 18904550 TI - Mumps; the use of convalescent serum in the prevention of mumps in adults. PMID- 18904551 TI - Administration of oxygen therapy. PMID- 18904552 TI - Operating room administration. PMID- 18904553 TI - The part-time nurse in the day care center. PMID- 18904554 TI - Social security and the nurse. PMID- 18904555 TI - Intramuscular injections for children. PMID- 18904556 TI - Consultant service in schools of nursing. PMID- 18904557 TI - The nursing school budget. PMID- 18904558 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904562 TI - A complication of intracapsular cataract extraction. PMID- 18904563 TI - An attempt to treat a perforated eye with subconjunctival penicillin. PMID- 18904564 TI - The use of anti-allergic drugs in the treatment of phlyctenular ophthalmia. PMID- 18904567 TI - Pathology of mucous and salivary gland tumours in the lacrimal gland and the relation to extra-orbital mucous and salivary gland tumours. PMID- 18904570 TI - Use of polarized light in scotometry with binocular fixation. PMID- 18904571 TI - Peripheral and central disturbances of the visual fields; an aspect of di ophthalmology. PMID- 18904572 TI - A case of choroidal apoplexy diagnosed as a sarcoma of the choroid. PMID- 18904573 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904574 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904575 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904576 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904577 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904578 TI - The sugar-percentage of the subretinal fluid in detachment of the retina. PMID- 18904579 TI - On the subretinal fluid. PMID- 18904580 TI - The history of glaucoma. PMID- 18904581 TI - Penicillin-experiences. PMID- 18904582 TI - The ophthalmoscope indespensable in refraction-examination. PMID- 18904583 TI - On the course of brightness of positive after-images. PMID- 18904584 TI - The significance of peripheral fusion. PMID- 18904585 TI - Optics and opticians in the '48s. PMID- 18904586 TI - The tolerance factor and Sattler's veil as influenced by a new development of the contact lens. PMID- 18904587 TI - ESSENTIALS of an adequate vocational eye care program. PMID- 18904588 TI - DESIGN of ophthalmic lenses. PMID- 18904589 TI - PRISMATIC effects of lenses. PMID- 18904590 TI - My latest visit to Europe. PMID- 18904591 TI - [Intracapsular surgery for dislocated and subluxated crystalline; suture methods; results of intracapsular surgery]. PMID- 18904592 TI - [Recreation optics]. PMID- 18904593 TI - [Ulcer of the cornea by diplobacillus liquefaciens; Petit]. PMID- 18904594 TI - [Arteries or arterioles retinicas?]. PMID- 18904595 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904597 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904596 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904598 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904599 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904600 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904601 TI - Problems in the diagnosis and the evaluation of treatment of chronic tubal obstruction. PMID- 18904602 TI - Antonio Valsalva, pioneer in applied anatomy. PMID- 18904603 TI - Lipreading for the deaf and hard of hearing; its place in otologic therapy. PMID- 18904604 TI - Early replacement of cartilage following septal abscess. PMID- 18904605 TI - The emotional factor in tinnitus aurium. PMID- 18904606 TI - Carbonated soft drinks as a contrast medium for the localization of magnetic foreign bodies in the abdominal visceral cavity. PMID- 18904607 TI - A new tonsil suture needle. PMID- 18904608 TI - Nasal septal abscess secondary to inlying duodenal tube; report of a case. PMID- 18904609 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904611 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904610 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904612 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904613 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904614 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904615 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904616 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904617 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904618 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904619 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904620 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904621 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904622 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904623 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904624 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904626 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904625 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904627 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904628 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904629 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904630 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904631 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904632 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904633 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904634 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904635 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904636 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904637 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904638 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904639 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904640 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904641 TI - A practical method for checking progress during the treatment of sigmatisms. PMID- 18904642 TI - The pathology of secondary shock. PMID- 18904643 TI - Studies on the mechanism of action of the nitrogen and sulfur mustards in vivo. PMID- 18904644 TI - Histologic studies on a virilizing tumor of the adrenal cortex. PMID- 18904645 TI - Tumors of the carotid body. PMID- 18904646 TI - Systemic North American blastomycosis; report of a case with cultural studies of the etiologic agent and observations on the effect of streptomycin and penicillin in vitro. PMID- 18904647 TI - Persistent insect bites (dermal eosinophilic granulomas) simulating lymphoblastomas, histiocytoses, and squamous cell carcinomas. PMID- 18904648 TI - Allergic hyperglobulinosis and hyalinosis (paramyloidosis) in the reticulo endothelial system in Boeck's sarcoid and other conditions; a morphologic immunity reaction. PMID- 18904649 TI - Hyperglobulinemia, periarterial fibrosis of the spleen, and the wire loop lesion in disseminated lupus erythematosus in relation to allergic pathogenesis. PMID- 18904650 TI - Effects of alloxan upon function and structure of normal and neoplastic pancreatic islet cells in man. PMID- 18904651 TI - The distribution of the bronchial tree in the bovine lung. PMID- 18904652 TI - Bovine pulmonary tuberculos. PMID- 18904653 TI - Experiments on the protection of lambs against tick pyaemia by the use of staphylococcal toxoid. PMID- 18904654 TI - Experimental study of Johne's disease in goats. PMID- 18904655 TI - Rinderpest in some African wild mammals. PMID- 18904656 TI - Brucella abortus infection among buffaloes in Egypt. PMID- 18904657 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904658 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904659 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904660 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904661 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904662 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904663 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904664 TI - A case of spontaneous hypoglycemia in childhood. PMID- 18904665 TI - Pepsin and pancreas proteinase in premature as compared with full term infants; preliminary report. PMID- 18904666 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904667 TI - On untoward effects of blood injections in infancy. PMID- 18904668 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904670 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904669 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904671 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904673 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904672 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904674 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904675 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904676 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904678 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904677 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904679 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904680 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904681 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904682 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904683 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904684 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904685 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904686 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904688 TI - Management of a one month old jaundiced infant; discussion of a case due to inspissated bile which cleared spontaneously. PMID- 18904687 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904689 TI - A review of 29 cases of tetanus at Children's Hospital, 1927 to 1946. PMID- 18904690 TI - Urethritides in infants and children; presentation of a case of streptococcic urethritis. PMID- 18904691 TI - Suppurative parotitis in an infant. PMID- 18904692 TI - Ingestion of furniture polish. PMID- 18904693 TI - Disturbances of the circulation in diphtheria. PMID- 18904694 TI - Contagious eruptive fever with unusual symptoms in infancy; report of 12 cases. PMID- 18904695 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904696 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904697 TI - [Control of scarlet fever]. PMID- 18904698 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904699 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904700 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904701 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904702 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904703 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904704 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904705 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904706 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904707 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904708 TI - Experimental studies on the pharmacology of activated charcoal; the effect of pH on the adsorption by charcoal from aqueous solutions. PMID- 18904709 TI - The action of antipyrine on the isolated frog's heart. PMID- 18904710 TI - Mechanism of the vasoconstrictor action of ephedrine; arterial contraction before and after local anesthesia. PMID- 18904711 TI - Mechanism of the vasoconstrictor action of ephedrine; interaction between ephedrine and adrenaline. PMID- 18904712 TI - A more rapid and reliable technique for preparing agar cups especially in soft media. PMID- 18904713 TI - Effect of aneurine on the intestinal contraction produced by histamine. PMID- 18904714 TI - Response of benzene-poisoned guinea-pigs to ascorbic acid activators. PMID- 18904716 TI - Pseudo-monomolecular reactions in pharmacology. PMID- 18904715 TI - Determination of cumulative effect and elimination of cardiac glycosides by infusion tests. PMID- 18904717 TI - The excretion of diphenhydramine hydrochloride (dimethylaminoethylbenzhydryl ether hydrochloride) in urine of rabbits and man. PMID- 18904718 TI - The glucose metabolism of Plasmodium gallinaceum, and the action of antimalarial agents. PMID- 18904719 TI - The glucose metabolism of Trypanosoma evansi and the action of trypanocides. PMID- 18904720 TI - Sulphetrone, a chemotherapeutic agent for tuberculosis; pharmacology and chemotherapy. PMID- 18904721 TI - The treatment of experimental tuberculosis with sulphetrone. PMID- 18904722 TI - The chemotherapeutic action of streptomycin, sulphetrone, and promin in experimental tuberculosis. PMID- 18904723 TI - The chemotherapy of amoebiasis; introduction and methods of biological assay. PMID- 18904724 TI - The chemotherapy of amoebiasis; amines derived formally from emetine. PMID- 18904725 TI - The chemotherapy of amoebiasis; variants of bis(diamylamino)decane. PMID- 18904726 TI - The treatment of shock with sodium salt solutions. PMID- 18904727 TI - The constitution of photostilbamidine, the irradiation product of stilbamidine. PMID- 18904728 TI - The effect of injected solutions on the cell content of the cerebrospinal fluid. PMID- 18904729 TI - Actions of British anti-lewisite (2:3-dimercaptopropanol). PMID- 18904730 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904731 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904732 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904733 TI - Sex hormones in cancer; sulfonamides locally. PMID- 18904734 TI - DEATH from tridione, a little-known drug. PMID- 18904735 TI - Progress in dermatology. PMID- 18904736 TI - Tablets of carbromal. PMID- 18904737 TI - Methyl cellulose in dermatological bases. PMID- 18904738 TI - The teaching of chemistry to students of pharmacy. PMID- 18904739 TI - Hydrogen ion concentration of lachrymal fluid. PMID- 18904740 TI - A container for distilled water. PMID- 18904741 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904742 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904743 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904744 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904745 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904746 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904747 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904748 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904749 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904750 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904751 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904752 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904753 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904754 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904755 TI - Three-stage analysis of blood coagulation. AB - 1. Blood-clotting mechanism has been analyzed by a procedure which devotes a separate experimental step to each of the three primary reactions: 1. Prothrombokinase --> thrombokinase 2. Prothrombin --> thrombin 3. Fibrinogen --> fibrin 2. Activation of prothrombin by thrombokinase followed the course of a unimolecular reaction, and the concentration of thrombokinase determined the initial rate. By this relation thrombokinase was measured, and the activation of its precursor was charted. 3. When the activation of prothrombokinase was plotted against time, the experimental points fell close to the theoretical curve for a simple autocatalytic reaction. Moreover, the process was accelerated by seeding with a small amount of crude thrombokinase. It was concluded that the activation of prothrombokinase involves an autocatalytic or chain reaction. 4. The three stage procedure made possible the separate estimation of the power to activate prothrombin, on one hand, and the capacity to accelerate the transformation of prothrombokinase on the other. Drastic losses of both activities occurred when crude thrombokinase solutions were heated at 60 degrees C., or adsorbed with barium sulfate. 5. The concentration of calcium was important for the normal progress of prothrombin activation, and also for the transformation of prothrombokinase. PMID- 18904756 TI - Volume changes in hemolytic systems containing resorcinol, taurocholate, and saponin. AB - Simultaneous measurement of hemolysis, the volume of the intact cells, and the K lost from the intact cells of systems containing resorcinol, sodium taurocholate, and saponin shows that the volume increases may be conspicuously small while the K losses are large, and that the volume increases are un-equal for equal K losses produced by different lysins. In higher concentrations of the same lysins, the critical volume for hemolysis is a function of the nature of the lysin and of its concentration. It is impossible to say whether these observations are compatible with the current "dual mechanism" and "colloid osmotic" hypotheses of hemolysis, in which the swelling of the cell is supposed to result from the lysin having made it cation-permeable. The difficulty to be overcome is that the theory cannot be developed to describe volume changes in finite time unless we know what assumptions to make about the mobilities of K and Na, the forces driving them into and out of the cell, etc. The experimental results do not suggest, however, that any simple set of assumptions would be satisfactory. The conditions which regulate the upper limit of the swelling, i.e. the point at which a swelling phenomenon becomes a hemolytic phenomenon, are functions of the nature of the lysin and sometimes of its concentration. They require to be specified by an independent statement, over and above any statement which may be made about the rate at which swelling occurs in the system. The simplest view of the situation is that the conditions which regulate the critical volume and those which regulate the rate of swelling are both functions, as yet undefined, of the reaction which takes place between the lysin and the structural components of the red cell. PMID- 18904757 TI - Studies in biochemical genetics in Drosophila. AB - The metabolism of the imaginal discs of wild type, miniature, vestigial, and four jointed varieties of Drosophila was investigated using the Cartesian diver ultramicrorespirometer. Wild type and vestigial wing disc respiration is inhibited by cyanide and azide and thus is mediated by an iron or copper porphyrin system, presumable cytochrome-cytochrome oxidase. Respiration is also inhibited by certain hydroxynaphthoquinones, believed to inactivate some enzyme between cytochromes b and c. The respiration of the vestigial and miniature wing discs is increased to normal by the addition of ascorbic acid and to a lesser extent by p-phenylenediamine and hydroquinone, hence the cytochrome oxidase and cytochrome c systems of vestigial and miniature wing discs are normal and the effects of these genes are on enzymes below cytochrome c in the respiratory chain. The respiratory enzymes of the developing imaginal discs of insects are similar to those of a wide variety of cells from bacteria to mammals. The correlation of these biochemical findings with embryological studies of the discs is discussed. PMID- 18904758 TI - Studies on the intermediary carbohydrate metabolism of aquatic animals; the distribution of acid-soluble phosphorus and certain enzymes in dolphin tissues. AB - 1. Liver, kidney, brain, skeletal muscle, and cardiac muscle from one newborn and three adult long-snouted dolphins (Stenella plagiodon) were obtained for enzyme studies. 2. All of the dolphin tissues exhibited cytochrome oxidase, succinic dehydrogenase, and malic dehydrogenase activity. Considerable differences in the enzyme activities of the various tissues were noted, with cardiac muscle exhibiting the highest respiratory enzyme activity. The enzyme activities of dolphin tissues were lower than those of the corresponding rat tissues. 3. All of the dolphin tissues exhibited adenosine triphosphatase activity which was accelerated by magnesium and manganese but, in contrast to rat tissues, was only slightly activated by calcium. 4. Measurements of the distribution of acid soluble phosphorus in dolphin tissues indicated that glycolysis in all of the tissues examined proceeded through the Emden-Meyerhof phosphorylation scheme. 5. The average glycogen content of dolphin skeletal muscle was 0.98 per cent as compared with 0.16 to 0.20 per cent for rat skeletal muscle. The high glycogen content of dolphin skeletal muscle indicates a ready source of substrate for glycolysis even during submergence when the blood supply may be differentially shunted to other organs. 6. Measurements of the organ weights of dolphins showed that the lungs occupy over three times and the liver one-half as much of the total body weight as do these organs in the rat. The heart and the thyroid gland of the dolphin are also larger in proportion to the total body weight than in the rat while the relative weights of the other tissues in the two species are about the same. PMID- 18904759 TI - The reaction between actomyosin and adenosine triphosphate. AB - 1. A study is made of the effect of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) upon the viscosity of solutions of actomyosin in 0.5 M KCl. 2. The observed effects are discussed in terms of an initial drop of the viscosity (viscosity response) and its subsequent slow reversal (recovery effect). The latter is ascribed to a decrease in the ATP concentration through enzymatic hydrolysis. 3. The recovery effect is inhibited by Mg, activated by Ca, in accordance with the effect of these ions on the activity of myosin-ATPase. 4. The viscosity response is not inhibited, probably promoted by Mg. It is not promoted, probably inhibited by Ca. 5. The viscosity response is induced not only by ATP, but to a certain extent also by inosinetriphosphate, inorganic triphosphate, and inorganic pyrophosphate, not by adenosine diphosphate or monophosphate. 6. The viscosity response could be obtained with enzymatically inactive myosin. 7. It is concluded that the effect of ATP upon myosin does not depend on its enzymatic hydrolysis. PMID- 18904760 TI - Simple reaction chains and their integration; heterogeneous chaining with serial reinforcement. PMID- 18904761 TI - Habit reversal induced by electroshock in the rat. PMID- 18904762 TI - Relative strength of place and response learning in the T maze. PMID- 18904763 TI - A contribution to the comparative physiology of contact chemoreception. PMID- 18904764 TI - A place theory of sound localization. PMID- 18904765 TI - Cognitive and emotional effects of electroconvulsive shock in rats. PMID- 18904766 TI - Analysis of matching behavior in chimpanzee. PMID- 18904767 TI - A study of the novels of Charlotte and Emily Bronte as an expression of their personalities. PMID- 18904768 TI - Aspects of personality and culture in a Guatemalan community; ethnological and Rorschach approaches. PMID- 18904769 TI - Testing the claims of a graphologist. PMID- 18904770 TI - A controlled association test as a measure of neuroticism. PMID- 18904771 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904772 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904773 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904774 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904775 TI - A school health council in action. PMID- 18904776 TI - MISSION to Ethiopia. PMID- 18904777 TI - MALARIA in Greece. PMID- 18904778 TI - The effectiveness of the venereal disease control program in Connecticut. PMID- 18904779 TI - Cerebral palsy; public health nursing aspect. PMID- 18904780 TI - Control of dental caries by artificial fluorination of a water supply; second year. PMID- 18904781 TI - Survey of water supply and sewage disposal facilities in rural schools. PMID- 18904782 TI - Divorces in Connecticut, 1860-1946. PMID- 18904783 TI - The child with cerebral palsy; some medical social aspects of his care. PMID- 18904784 TI - Safeguard mothers against German measles during early months of pregnancy. PMID- 18904785 TI - Diabetes. PMID- 18904786 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904787 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904788 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904789 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904790 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904791 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904793 TI - New horizons in health, physical education, and recreation. PMID- 18904792 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904794 TI - Dynamic posture. PMID- 18904795 TI - Management of the spastic child. PMID- 18904796 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904797 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904798 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904800 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904799 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904801 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904802 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904803 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904804 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904805 TI - Therapeutic radiology. PMID- 18904806 TI - Roentgen treatment of multiple myeloma. PMID- 18904807 TI - Histologic changes in squamous-cell carcinoma of the mouth and oropharynx produced by fractionated external roentgen irradiation. PMID- 18904808 TI - Suppurative bronchopneumonia with cavitation. PMID- 18904809 TI - Roentgen findings in functional disturbances of the gastro-intestinal tract. PMID- 18904810 TI - External irradiation with roentgen rays and radium in the treatment of human leukemias, lymphomas, and allied disorders of the hemopoietic system. PMID- 18904811 TI - Chemotherapy in human lymphomas, leukemias, and allied disorders of the hemopoietic system. PMID- 18904812 TI - A simple pelvimeter to be used with the triangulation method of pelvimetry. PMID- 18904813 TI - Radiology and the practice of medicine. PMID- 18904814 TI - On cancer of the breast. PMID- 18904815 TI - Congenital atresia of the oesophagus. PMID- 18904816 TI - Tumours of striated muscle. PMID- 18904817 TI - Surgical tuberculosis of bovine origin. PMID- 18904819 TI - Arteriovenous fistula of the lung. PMID- 18904818 TI - Dorsal sympathetic ganglionectomy for intractable asthma. PMID- 18904820 TI - Surgical treatment of the solitary lung metastasis. PMID- 18904821 TI - Extrapleural pneumothorax; a late follow-up of 82 patients upon whom 92 operations were performed. PMID- 18904822 TI - An experimental study of the effect of ligation of pulmonary veins in the dog. PMID- 18904823 TI - Bronchiectasis in service personnel. PMID- 18904824 TI - Pneumopyopericardium. PMID- 18904825 TI - Medical treatment of acute and chronic pulmonary abscesses. PMID- 18904826 TI - Thoracic casualties from an island campaign in the Pacific. PMID- 18904827 TI - Traumatic diaphragmatic hernia. PMID- 18904828 TI - Extrapleural pneumonolysis with lucite plombage; a preliminary report. PMID- 18904829 TI - Epidural anesthesia in thoracic surgery; a preliminary report. PMID- 18904830 TI - Changing concepts in the bed rest treatment of tuberculosis. PMID- 18904831 TI - Tuberculous disease of the trachea and bronchi. PMID- 18904832 TI - Tuberculosis control in the Army. PMID- 18904833 TI - Pulmonary cysts. PMID- 18904834 TI - Early clinical features of bronchogenic carcinoma; illustrative cases. PMID- 18904836 TI - Pneumoperitoneum. PMID- 18904835 TI - Pulmonary abscess secondary to bland pulmonary infarction. PMID- 18904837 TI - Progress in tuberculosis control in the United States. PMID- 18904838 TI - Experiences in air transportation of patients with war wounds of the chest. PMID- 18904839 TI - Eradicating tuberculosis in rural Minnesota. PMID- 18904840 TI - The Brompton Hospital; a centenary review. PMID- 18904841 TI - Hydatid disease of the lung. PMID- 18904842 TI - Dissociated paralysis of the diaphragm following phrenic crush and pneumoperitoneum. PMID- 18904843 TI - Peptic ulcer of the oesophagus. PMID- 18904844 TI - Calcified foci within the thorax of English children. PMID- 18904845 TI - Intra-pulmonary calcification and histoplasmin sensitivity. PMID- 18904846 TI - Cavernous haemangioma of the lung; report of a case. PMID- 18904847 TI - Parageusia as a symptom of genitourinary disease. PMID- 18904848 TI - Urinary incontinence following transurethral resection; with special reference to nonsurgical treatment. PMID- 18904849 TI - The management of azotemia due to obstructive calculous disease. PMID- 18904850 TI - Vulvitis due to stress urinary incontinence. PMID- 18904851 TI - Lower nephron; a complication of transurethral prostatic resection. PMID- 18904852 TI - Unusual primary urethral calculus; case report. PMID- 18904853 TI - Delayed nephrectomy in acute stone pyonephrosis. PMID- 18904855 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904854 TI - A contribution to the etiology, diagnosis and therapy of pemphigue. PMID- 18904856 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904857 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904858 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904859 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904860 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904861 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904862 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904864 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904863 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904865 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904866 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904867 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904868 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904869 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904870 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904871 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904872 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904873 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904874 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904875 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904876 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904877 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904878 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904879 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904880 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904881 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904882 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904883 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904884 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904885 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904886 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904887 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904888 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904889 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904890 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904891 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904892 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904893 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904894 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904895 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904896 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904897 TI - The geographical distribution of cold-blooded vertebrates. PMID- 18904898 TI - Schooling behavior in fishes. PMID- 18904900 TI - Notes on new methods in the investigation of typhus fever. PMID- 18904899 TI - New experimental aspects of the antitumorigenic action of steroid hormones. PMID- 18904901 TI - Review of Costen's temporomandibular joint syndrome; report of a typical case. PMID- 18904902 TI - Concerning the organization of the cerebral cortex. PMID- 18904903 TI - The changing challenge to public health. PMID- 18904904 TI - The value and accuracy of the vaginal smear in the diagnosis of uterine and cervical cancer. PMID- 18904905 TI - Inhibition of typhus and spotted fever in guinea pigs by intradermal inoculation of antiorgan sera and of certain normal sera. PMID- 18904906 TI - Newer concepts of schizophrenia. PMID- 18904907 TI - The effect of varying hydrogen ion concentrations upon the stability of heated fructose solutions. PMID- 18904908 TI - Nitrogen mustard in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease; a case report with discussion. PMID- 18904909 TI - The diagnostic value of electrocardiographic patterns, based on an assay of 261 additional autopsied cases. PMID- 18904910 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904911 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904912 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904913 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904914 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904915 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904916 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904917 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904918 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904919 TI - Definitions of pH scales. PMID- 18904921 TI - Properties of alkylbenzenes. PMID- 18904920 TI - The analytical aspects of thorium chemistry. PMID- 18904922 TI - The chemistry of the resin acids. PMID- 18904924 TI - The relation of radiation chemistry to photochemistry. PMID- 18904923 TI - Introduction to symposium on radiation chemistry and photochemistry. PMID- 18904925 TI - Chemical reactions produced by ionization processes. PMID- 18904926 TI - Controlled-electron reactions. PMID- 18904927 TI - Spontaneous dissociation of ions. PMID- 18904928 TI - The mass-spectrometric detection of free radicals. PMID- 18904929 TI - Electron microscopy of radiation polymerization products. PMID- 18904930 TI - Benzene formation in the radiochemical polymerization of acetylene. PMID- 18904931 TI - Radiation chemistry of aqueous solutions. PMID- 18904932 TI - On the existence of free atoms and radicals in water and aqueous solutions subjected to ionizing radiation. PMID- 18904933 TI - Quenching of fluorescence in solution. PMID- 18904934 TI - The reversible photobleaching of dyes and pigments. PMID- 18904935 TI - The photochemistry of the aldehydes. PMID- 18904936 TI - Some aspects of the photochemistry of ketones. PMID- 18904937 TI - Transformation of organic substances by alpha particles and deuterons. PMID- 18904938 TI - An interpretation of the effect of state on the behavior of some organic compounds and solutions. PMID- 18904939 TI - Radiation chemistry of the Geiger-Mueller counter discharge. PMID- 18904941 TI - Chemical effects in nuclear electron emission. PMID- 18904940 TI - Reactions of carbon tetrachloride with bromine activated by isomeric nuclear transition and by the neutron-gamma reaction. PMID- 18904942 TI - The Szilard-Chalmers reaction in the chain-reacting pile. PMID- 18904943 TI - Teeth of the Che Wong. PMID- 18904944 TI - Rudimentary teeth. PMID- 18904945 TI - Fixation of acrylic inlays by direct polymerization. PMID- 18904946 TI - Artificial gum incorporated in jacket crowns. PMID- 18904947 TI - A case of partial anodontia. PMID- 18904948 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904949 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904950 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904951 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904952 TI - Heart disease; prophylactic and therapeutic management of the patient in dental practice. PMID- 18904953 TI - Carcinoma of the lip; preliminary statistical analysis of 827 cases. PMID- 18904954 TI - Polishing power of dentifrices; quantitative studies. PMID- 18904955 TI - An esthetic three quarter veneer crown; modification of standard technic. PMID- 18904956 TI - The condyle path, its limited value in occlusion. PMID- 18904957 TI - Hydrocolloids for full denture impressions. PMID- 18904958 TI - Centric registration in full denture construction. PMID- 18904959 TI - Esthetic restorations in proximal surfaces of maxillary anterior teeth. PMID- 18904960 TI - Oral and dental medicine in medical schools and hospitals. PMID- 18904961 TI - Postgraduate education in the United States Naval Dental School. PMID- 18904962 TI - Tooth mutilations in pre-Columbian Mexico. PMID- 18904963 TI - Utilizing discarded burs. PMID- 18904964 TI - Lower third molar in the region of the neck of the mandibular condyle. PMID- 18904965 TI - Impacted lower left third molar displaced in soft tissue, with attempted removal. PMID- 18904966 TI - Facial paralysis coincidental with carious molar. PMID- 18904967 TI - A triple mandibular impaction. PMID- 18904968 TI - Leucemia; report of a case. PMID- 18904969 TI - Sialography; its value in the diagnosis of swellings about the salivary glands. PMID- 18904970 TI - Essentials of inhalation anesthesia. PMID- 18904971 TI - Eosinophilic granuloma of bone; case report of eosinophilic granuloma of mouth (jaws, gums, and palate) with simultaneous fistula in ano. PMID- 18904972 TI - Stomatitis following the use of penicillin troches. PMID- 18904973 TI - Rehabilitation of progressive hemiatrophy of the forehead. PMID- 18904974 TI - Correlation of technique and patient evaluation in successful nitrous oxide oxygen practice. PMID- 18904975 TI - A new principle for the removal of impacted mandibular third molars. PMID- 18904976 TI - Case report of partial anodontia connected with missing and stunted phalanges of hands and feet. PMID- 18904977 TI - Postsurgical prosthesis. PMID- 18904978 TI - Sacrococcygeal cystic teratoma with traumatic hemorrhage. PMID- 18904979 TI - Treatment of a hemophiliac in deciduous extraction. PMID- 18904980 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904981 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904982 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904983 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904985 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904984 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904986 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904987 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904988 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904989 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904990 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904991 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904993 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904992 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18904994 TI - Vitamin A in Darier's disease. PMID- 18904995 TI - Nodular epithelioma. PMID- 18904996 TI - Pruritus vulvae from rubber, due to allergic sensitivity to alkali. PMID- 18904997 TI - An All-British mycological culture medium. PMID- 18904998 TI - Keratoderma climactericum (Haxthausen). PMID- 18904999 TI - Erythema annulare centrifugum. PMID- 18905000 TI - Necrobiosis lipoidica. PMID- 18905001 TI - Basal cell epithelioma on the site of an angioma. PMID- 18905002 TI - A comparative study of the effectiveness of synthetic folic acid, pteroyldiglutamic acid, pteroyltriglutamic acid and pteroylheptaglutamic acid (Bc conjugate). PMID- 18905003 TI - Use of foxes and minks for studying new B vitamins. PMID- 18905004 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905005 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905006 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905007 TI - Hunger oedema and thiamine deficiency. PMID- 18905008 TI - Clinical investigations with riboflavine. PMID- 18905009 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905010 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905011 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905012 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905013 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905014 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905015 TI - Nutritional status of children; expanded opportunities for dietitians. PMID- 18905016 TI - Nutritional status of children; the organization of a survey of child-caring agencies. PMID- 18905017 TI - The health and welfare of the world's children. PMID- 18905018 TI - Feeding vulnerable groups in China. PMID- 18905019 TI - Feeding the German people. PMID- 18905020 TI - The ascorbic acid content of cabbage. PMID- 18905021 TI - Well-managed eating places are safe. PMID- 18905022 TI - Dietary approaches to the study of dental caries. PMID- 18905023 TI - The low-sodium diet in vascular diseases. PMID- 18905024 TI - The nutritionist's role in a diabetes control program. PMID- 18905025 TI - Nutritional status of children; blood serum vitamin C. PMID- 18905026 TI - Nutritional status of children; nutritional conditioning in a health camp. PMID- 18905027 TI - Guar polysaccharide as a precursor of glycogen. PMID- 18905028 TI - Factors affecting the quality of cakes made with oil. PMID- 18905029 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905031 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905030 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905032 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905035 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905033 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905034 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905036 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905037 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905038 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905039 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905040 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905041 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905042 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905043 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905044 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905046 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905045 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905047 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905048 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905049 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905050 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905051 TI - Ultraviolet blood irradiation therapy in acute virus and virus-like infections. PMID- 18905052 TI - Pathogenesis of adenomatous polyps in relation to malignancy of large bowel. PMID- 18905053 TI - The prevention of gastroduodenal ulcer. PMID- 18905054 TI - Applied anatomy of infants and children in proctology. PMID- 18905055 TI - A new protein hydrolysate for the treatment of peptic ulcer. PMID- 18905056 TI - Portacaval shunt for portal hypertension; a new approach. PMID- 18905057 TI - The physiological activity of the optically active isomers of thyroxine. PMID- 18905058 TI - Alloxan-diabetes and liver glycogen. PMID- 18905060 TI - A rapid method for volumetric and numerical estimation of pancreatic islets in the mouse. PMID- 18905059 TI - Adrenalectomy and replacement therapy in lactating rats; effect of deoxycorticosterone acetate on the water content of mammary tissue after adrenalectomy. PMID- 18905061 TI - The quantitative determination of small amounts of pregnanediol in human urine. PMID- 18905062 TI - The chemical estimation of urinary neutral 17-ketosteroids. PMID- 18905063 TI - Comparison between polarographic and other chemical methods for the determination of urinary neutral 17-ketosteroids. PMID- 18905064 TI - The biological assay of urinary oestrogens and androgens. PMID- 18905065 TI - Chemical assay of urinary pregnanediol. PMID- 18905066 TI - The clinical significance of urinary steroid assays. PMID- 18905067 TI - The clinical value of pregnanediol assays; preliminary report. PMID- 18905068 TI - The rapid hyperaemia reaction of the rat ovary to gonadotrophins and its practical application. PMID- 18905069 TI - Assay of corticotrophic hormone in body fluids. PMID- 18905070 TI - The Mittelschmerz. PMID- 18905071 TI - The prolonged administration of oestrogen or androgen to immature female monkeys. PMID- 18905072 TI - Class differences in the employment of contraceptive measures. PMID- 18905073 TI - A new type diaphragm for cystocele patients. PMID- 18905074 TI - Basal body temperature throughout pregnancy; a report upon two patients. PMID- 18905075 TI - The theory of a cline. PMID- 18905076 TI - Genetical and cytological studies of Musa; the origin of an edible diploid and the significance of interspecific hybridization in the banana complex. PMID- 18905077 TI - On the nomenclature of edible bananas. PMID- 18905078 TI - Desynapsis and other abnormalities induced by high temperature. PMID- 18905079 TI - The relations between heteropycnosis, spiralization and lampbrush formation of the chromosomes in the spermatogenesis of the acrididae. PMID- 18905080 TI - The cytology of the species hybrid Salvia Nemecii Hruby. PMID- 18905081 TI - Genetic studies in poultry; cream plumage. PMID- 18905082 TI - The sex ratio and the occurrence of mutations in cultures of the blow-fly (Calliphora Erythrocephala). PMID- 18905083 TI - The structure of normal and mutant eyes in the blow-fly (Calliphora erythrocephala) and the development of eye pigment during pupation. PMID- 18905084 TI - An improved genetical map of Punnett's B chromosome in the sweet pea, Lathyrus odoratus L. PMID- 18905085 TI - The genetics of blackarm resistance; transference of resistance from Gossypium arboreum to G. barbadense. PMID- 18905086 TI - The role of major genes in the evolution of economic characters. PMID- 18905087 TI - [Amenorrhea of prisoners]. PMID- 18905088 TI - [Vulvar myiasis]. PMID- 18905089 TI - [Richardson's technique of total abdominal hysterectomy]. PMID- 18905091 TI - [Medicine, science and democracy]. PMID- 18905090 TI - [Myxoma giant vulva]. PMID- 18905092 TI - [Cystic fibrosis of the pancreas in the newborn]. PMID- 18905093 TI - [On two cases of cephalohematoma]. PMID- 18905094 TI - [Hypotheses and research on the causes that determine the shape of the narrow pelvis than in adult women]. PMID- 18905095 TI - Problem of ureter implantation per vaginam. PMID- 18905096 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905097 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905098 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905100 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905099 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905101 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905102 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905103 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905104 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905105 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905106 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905107 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905108 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905109 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905110 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905111 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905112 TI - Pulmonary resection for abscess of the lung. PMID- 18905113 TI - The bronchial arteries; an anatomic study of 150 human cadavers. PMID- 18905114 TI - The use of sulfadiazine as a preoperative and postoperative measure in hyperthyroidism. PMID- 18905115 TI - Acute pneumocholecystitis. PMID- 18905116 TI - The surgical treatment of chronic anal fissure. PMID- 18905117 TI - Repair of hypospadias with free inlay skin graft. PMID- 18905118 TI - Causalgia; the signs and symptoms, with particular reference to vasomotor disturbances. PMID- 18905119 TI - Dicumarol prophylaxis against venous thrombosis in women undergoing surgery. PMID- 18905120 TI - Cartilaginous tumors of the hand. PMID- 18905121 TI - Studies on vagotomy in the treatment of peptic ulcer; the use of insulin in testing for completeness of vagotomy. PMID- 18905122 TI - The role of transvaginal roentgenotherapy in the treatment of carcinoma of the cervix. PMID- 18905123 TI - Contributions of animal experimentation to the treatment of surgical shock. PMID- 18905124 TI - A combined perineal and abdominal operation for the repair of rectal prolapse. PMID- 18905125 TI - Obstetrics in the small general hospital. PMID- 18905126 TI - Primary closure of harelip. PMID- 18905127 TI - Congenital atresia of intestine and colon. PMID- 18905128 TI - Etiology of endometriosis. PMID- 18905129 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905130 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905131 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905132 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905133 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905134 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905135 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905136 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905137 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905138 TI - Extra-peritoneal section. PMID- 18905139 TI - Diet or nutrition in otolaryngology. PMID- 18905140 TI - Hemorrhage after cataract extraction; its cause and treatment. PMID- 18905141 TI - Therapeutic approach to the cardiovascular problem. PMID- 18905142 TI - A clinicoradiological consideration of low-back pain based on a statistical analysis of 500 cases studied radiologically in osteopathic practice. PMID- 18905143 TI - Suceck's acute traumatic bone atrophy. PMID- 18905144 TI - Early cranial considerations. PMID- 18905145 TI - A federal health program. PMID- 18905146 TI - Gerontology and its application to medicine and sociology. PMID- 18905147 TI - Dynamics of therapy; psychological aids. PMID- 18905148 TI - Dynamics of therapy; your glands and your emotions; a preliminary investigation. PMID- 18905150 TI - The development of a cardiac diagnosis. PMID- 18905149 TI - Symposium on cardiovascular diseases; case history. PMID- 18905151 TI - The importance of diagnosis in cardiovascular diseases from the pathologist's point of view. PMID- 18905152 TI - Symptom diagnosis in cardiovascular disease. PMID- 18905153 TI - Electrocardiographic diagnosis. PMID- 18905154 TI - The diarrheas of infancy and childhood. PMID- 18905155 TI - A research program for the osteopathic profession. PMID- 18905156 TI - Intracranial complications of ear and sinus disease. PMID- 18905157 TI - Retinal angiosclerosis. PMID- 18905158 TI - Induced phenomena of the labyrinths and their interpretations. PMID- 18905159 TI - Otomycosis. PMID- 18905160 TI - Experience with sulfa drug on exposed facial nerve in mastoid surgery. PMID- 18905161 TI - Chronic ethmoiditis; development, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. PMID- 18905162 TI - Laboratory findings pertinent to the eye, ear, nose and throat field. PMID- 18905163 TI - Chronic glaucoma. PMID- 18905164 TI - The truth about fee-splitting. PMID- 18905165 TI - The Army's new Tripler, monument to medical science. PMID- 18905166 TI - Mechanical suture winder. PMID- 18905167 TI - Control of anesthesia hazards. PMID- 18905168 TI - Minimum standards for chronic disease hospitals of 150 beds and over. PMID- 18905169 TI - Plan for providing nursing care. PMID- 18905170 TI - The Philadelphia story of practical nurse training. PMID- 18905171 TI - The ceiling reflects new hope for the handicapped. PMID- 18905172 TI - Safeguard against unnecessary surgery. PMID- 18905173 TI - Shock therapy in mental disorders. PMID- 18905174 TI - KITCHENS AND KITCHEN EQUIPMENT. PMID- 18905175 TI - Proper air conditioning is essential to the health and comfort of infants in the nursery. PMID- 18905177 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905176 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905178 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905179 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905180 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905181 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905182 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905183 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905184 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905185 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905186 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905187 TI - Changes in embryonated eggs inoculated with influenza virus. PMID- 18905188 TI - The effect of mixtures of sulfonamides and urea derivatives upon bacterial growth in vitro. PMID- 18905189 TI - Nutrition and resistance to infection; the effect of quantitative and qualitative protein deficiency on the bactericidal properties and phagocytic activity of the peritoneal fluid of rats. PMID- 18905190 TI - Reactivation of over-neutralized influenza virus in chicken embryos. PMID- 18905191 TI - The antagonism of coliform bacteria against Shigellae. PMID- 18905192 TI - A critical analysis of the performance of the photronreflectometer in the measurement of serological and other turbid systems. PMID- 18905193 TI - Studies on tularemia; observations on tularemia in normal and vaccinated monkeys. PMID- 18905194 TI - Observations on antibiotic coaction of gramicidin and penicillin on streptococci and staphylococci in vitro. PMID- 18905195 TI - The antibody response in human beings inoculated with Japanese encephalitis vaccine, chick embryo type. PMID- 18905196 TI - The physiological response of experimental animals following absorption of 2 aminothiazole. PMID- 18905197 TI - The physiological response of animals to 2-aminodiazine and 2-amino-4-methyl pyrimidine. PMID- 18905198 TI - The comparative toxicity of cryolite for rats and for rabbits. PMID- 18905199 TI - Observations on hydrazoic acid. PMID- 18905200 TI - Studies on aerosols; reduction of dust deposition in lungs of rabbits by aqueous aerosols. PMID- 18905201 TI - Studies on aerosols; coating and agglutinating of dust particles by aqueous aerosols. PMID- 18905202 TI - Porphyrinuria in lead-poisoned dogs. PMID- 18905203 TI - Benign pneumoconiosis due to tin oxide; a case report with experimental investigation of the radiographic density of the tin oxide dust. PMID- 18905204 TI - A high volume air sampling and filter weighing method for certain aerosols. PMID- 18905205 TI - A sampling device for average gas concentrations in air. PMID- 18905206 TI - Ventilation of clothing and tolerance of man to low environmental temperatures. PMID- 18905207 TI - Partition coefficients of 50 compounds between olive oil and water at 20 degrees C. PMID- 18905208 TI - Interrelationships of the blood cells of cattle in health and following an induced infection with Brucella abortus. PMID- 18905209 TI - Studies on hemoflagellates; observations concerning some biochemical activities in culture, and respiration of three species of leishmanias and Trypanosoma cruzi. PMID- 18905210 TI - Thiourea and the inhibition of growth of fungi. PMID- 18905211 TI - Inhibition of the growth of fungi by thiourea derivatives, particularly hydrazine dithiocarbamyl. PMID- 18905212 TI - The effect of cysteine on the antitrypanosome activity of antimonials. PMID- 18905213 TI - The effect of methyl-bis (beta-chloroethyl) amine on Trypanosoma equiperdum. PMID- 18905214 TI - Studies on parasite-host interplay between Plasmodium gallinaceum and the chicken as influenced by hydroxynaphthoquinones. PMID- 18905215 TI - Studies of the distribution of poliomyelitis virus; in rural schools following an epidemic. PMID- 18905216 TI - The nasal transmission of pleuropneumonia-like organisms in mice and rats. PMID- 18905217 TI - Effect of thiamine deficiency on western equine encephalomyelitis in mice. PMID- 18905218 TI - Curative action of pamaquine naphthoate, quinacrine hydrochloride, and quinine bisulphate in Plasmodium cathemerium infections of the duck. PMID- 18905219 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905220 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905221 TI - Convalescence; a study in the physiological recovery of nitrogen metabolism and liver function. PMID- 18905222 TI - The human factors in high performance aircraft. PMID- 18905223 TI - Dilution acidosis. PMID- 18905224 TI - Functional patterns in renal disease. PMID- 18905225 TI - Clinical appraisal of benadryl, pyribenzamine, and anthallan in the treatment of allergic disorders. PMID- 18905226 TI - The therapeutic use of radioactive elements in malignancy. PMID- 18905227 TI - The inhalation of dust penicillin. PMID- 18905228 TI - Spontaneous mediastinal emphysema and spontaneous pneumothorax; a report of 20 cases. PMID- 18905229 TI - Hypertensive cerebral swelling, a characteristic clinico-pathologic syndrome. PMID- 18905230 TI - Treatment of pneumococcal meningitis with sulfadizine and intrathecal penicillin G with recovery. PMID- 18905231 TI - Sympathetic paralysis due to metastasis as initial sign of gastric carcinoma. PMID- 18905232 TI - Progressive coccidioidomycosis; report of a case. PMID- 18905233 TI - Pulmonary aspergillosis; report of two cases. PMID- 18905234 TI - Electrocardiographic alterations resembling those produced by myocardial infarction observed during a spontaneous attack of angina pectoris. PMID- 18905235 TI - Barbiturate poisoning; combined use of respirator, fluid, central nervous system stimulants and pressor agents. PMID- 18905236 TI - BCG vaccine. PMID- 18905237 TI - The aftermath of gastrectomy. PMID- 18905238 TI - Curare in oil in the treatment of spastic conditions. PMID- 18905239 TI - Louse-borne relapsing fever in Persia. PMID- 18905240 TI - What the medical practitioner wants to know. PMID- 18905241 TI - Brodie's abscess of the tibia; its treatment by surgery, penicillin, and sulphadiazine. PMID- 18905242 TI - Folic acid therapy in coeliac disease. PMID- 18905243 TI - Social medicine in the curriculum. PMID- 18905244 TI - The problem of chilblains with a note on their treatment with nicotinic acid. PMID- 18905245 TI - Hypothalamus and pituitary gland with special reference to the posterior pituitary and labour. PMID- 18905246 TI - Disorders of the nervous system due to malnutrition. PMID- 18905247 TI - An improved direct coagulase test for the rapid detection of Staphylococcus aureus. PMID- 18905248 TI - An unusual case of intestinal obstruction. PMID- 18905249 TI - Cardiac catheterization. PMID- 18905250 TI - Rationing and tuberculosis. PMID- 18905251 TI - The fuchsin treatment of cholera. PMID- 18905252 TI - Natural position for childbirth. PMID- 18905253 TI - The danger of warming transfusion fluids. PMID- 18905254 TI - Radiological evidence of age. PMID- 18905255 TI - Scepsis scientifica. PMID- 18905256 TI - The bactericidal action of streptomycin. PMID- 18905257 TI - Calciferol in the treatment of cutaneous tuberculosis. PMID- 18905258 TI - Retroperitoneal haemorrhage in pregnancy. PMID- 18905259 TI - Clinical value of some methods of estimating erythrocyte sedimentation rate. PMID- 18905260 TI - Erythrocyte sedimentation rate; the effect of alcohol as contaminant. PMID- 18905261 TI - Calciferol in tuberculous peritonitis with disseminated tuberculosis. PMID- 18905262 TI - A new general anaesthetic apparatus. PMID- 18905263 TI - Swine erysipelas infection in man and animals. PMID- 18905264 TI - Test of death. PMID- 18905265 TI - Injection errors. PMID- 18905266 TI - Tuberculosis of the great trochanter. PMID- 18905267 TI - Extensive resection of small intestine. PMID- 18905268 TI - Photosensitivity to sunlight from use of sulphonamides. PMID- 18905269 TI - Relation of dosage schedule to therapeutic efficiency of streptomycin in the treatment of K. pneumoniae infections in mice. PMID- 18905270 TI - Studies on schistosomiasis japonica in the Philippine Islands; a clinical study of 72 cases treated with tartar emetic. PMID- 18905271 TI - The clinical use of penicillin in oil and beeswax in pediatric practice. PMID- 18905272 TI - Sedimentation rate in asthma in children. PMID- 18905273 TI - A hitherto unrecognized tendency to the development of widespread pulmonary vascular obstruction in patients with congenital pulmonary stenosis (tetralogy of Fallot). PMID- 18905274 TI - The dosage schedule of penicillin in bacterial infections. PMID- 18905275 TI - Reduction of intussusception by barium enema; clinical and experimental study. PMID- 18905276 TI - Studies on the diuretic action of diacetylformoguanamine in dogs. PMID- 18905277 TI - The roentgenologic diagnosis of tuberculosis. PMID- 18905278 TI - Diagnostic and therapeutic technique used in hearing rehabilitation. PMID- 18905280 TI - Chemotherapy of tuberculosis in children. PMID- 18905279 TI - A physiological basis for nervous dysfunction. PMID- 18905286 TI - Granuloma inguinale. PMID- 18905288 TI - Psychoneurosis based on organic ailment cured by electric shock therapy. PMID- 18905289 TI - Benign and malignant prepyloric lesions of the stomach. PMID- 18905291 TI - Otological diagnostic clinics of California. PMID- 18905292 TI - Ophthalmological progress; sight restoration by corneal transplant. PMID- 18905294 TI - Chylothorax; a case report. PMID- 18905296 TI - The responsibility of the general practitioner in neoplastic disease. PMID- 18905298 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905297 TI - Early spondylarthritis of the ankylosing type. PMID- 18905299 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905300 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905301 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905302 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905303 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905304 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905305 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905306 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905307 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905308 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905309 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905310 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905311 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905312 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905313 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905314 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905315 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905316 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905317 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905318 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905319 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905320 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905321 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905322 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905323 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905324 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905325 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905326 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905327 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905328 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905329 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905330 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905331 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905332 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905333 TI - The chloroform centenary exhibition, 4 November, 1947. PMID- 18905334 TI - Sir James Young Simpson and chloroform. PMID- 18905335 TI - Vagotomy in the treatment of peptic ulcer. PMID- 18905336 TI - An anatomical evaluation of operations for hypertension. PMID- 18905337 TI - An apparatus for expediting artificial pneumothorax refills in an out-patient clinic. PMID- 18905338 TI - Some results in the treatment of lupus vulgaris by calciferol. PMID- 18905339 TI - Prognosis in pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 18905340 TI - The causes for the breakdown of discharged quiescent cases of pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 18905341 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905342 TI - [Note on the intensive treatment of American cutaneous leishmaniasis with antimonium sodium tartrate]. PMID- 18905343 TI - [The Maclagan reaction in some experimental poisoning]. PMID- 18905344 TI - [The BCG vaccination in anti-tuberculosis dispensaries]. PMID- 18905345 TI - [Diabetes in a general hospital]. PMID- 18905346 TI - [Juxta-articular nodosities of Lutz-Jeanselme]. PMID- 18905347 TI - [Treatment of periurethral adenoma; presentation of 31 personal cases]. PMID- 18905348 TI - [Multi-food shortages and B complex]. PMID- 18905349 TI - [Myocardial infarction; diagnosis]. PMID- 18905350 TI - [Brucellosis, human and veterinary problem in Rio Grande do Sul]. PMID- 18905351 TI - [Cardiac hygiene]. PMID- 18905352 TI - [Considerations around 20 cases of breast cancer]. PMID- 18905353 TI - [Notes on the incidence of enterobiose]. PMID- 18905354 TI - [Practical issues in psychotherapy]. PMID- 18905355 TI - [In defense of Dejaegher]. PMID- 18905356 TI - Progress in bronchology. PMID- 18905357 TI - Statistical study of life cycle of 1,154 cases of duodenal ulcer. PMID- 18905358 TI - Onset of peptic ulcer in the aged. PMID- 18905359 TI - Results of vagus nerve resections in treatment of peptic ulcer; an anatomic, physiologic and clinical study. PMID- 18905360 TI - Results of surgical treatment for gastric ulcer. PMID- 18905361 TI - Complications of peptic ulcer with special reference to treatment. PMID- 18905362 TI - Allergy from the perspective of general medical practice. PMID- 18905363 TI - Physical fitness; report of the subcommittee of the Baruch Committee on physical medicine. PMID- 18905364 TI - A modification of the Crosby-Cooney operation for intractable ascites due to cirrhosis of the liver. PMID- 18905365 TI - Health problems of the rural child. PMID- 18905366 TI - Study of child health services. PMID- 18905367 TI - Rural youth and World War II. PMID- 18905368 TI - Labeling protein preparations. PMID- 18905369 TI - FOOD and drug acts; evidence of misbranding of device [Urbeteit v. United States, 1947]. PMID- 18905370 TI - Bullous-skin eruptions following sulfonamide administration; relationship to bullous erythema multiforme. PMID- 18905371 TI - Obstetrical risks. PMID- 18905372 TI - Tropical medicine; Platyhelminthes. PMID- 18905373 TI - Tropical medicine; Trematoda. PMID- 18905374 TI - Recent advances in pediatrics. PMID- 18905375 TI - Cardiac emergencies and their treatment. PMID- 18905376 TI - Report of an influenza type A epidemic. PMID- 18905377 TI - Histamine antagonists in the treatment of allergy. PMID- 18905378 TI - Metrazol therapy in barbiturate poisoning; a case report. PMID- 18905379 TI - Allergic carditis, pericarditis and pleurisy; report of a case of serum sickness with predominant cardiac manifestations and symptomatic recovery; preliminary report. PMID- 18905380 TI - Septate vagina as a cause for dystocia in labor. PMID- 18905381 TI - Streptomycin in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis; a presentation of 11 cases treated with streptomycin at the Newfoundland Government Sanatorium. PMID- 18905382 TI - The problem of tuberculosis in relation to familial predisposition. PMID- 18905383 TI - Gilliam suspension; observations on technique. PMID- 18905384 TI - Melaena due to the presence of heterotopic gastric mucosa in Meckel's diverticulum. PMID- 18905385 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905386 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905387 TI - The principles of B. C. G. vaccination. PMID- 18905388 TI - Treatment of nutritional macrocytic anaemia with synthetic folic acid. PMID- 18905389 TI - Classification of peripheral-nerve injuries. PMID- 18905390 TI - Treatment of amosbic dysentery. PMID- 18905391 TI - Primary meningococcal conjunctivitis in children. PMID- 18905392 TI - Suprarenal haemorrhage and pregnancy. PMID- 18905393 TI - Tuberculous cervical adenitis. PMID- 18905394 TI - The essential pathology of kwashiorkor. PMID- 18905395 TI - Nose and skin carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in patients receiving penicillin. PMID- 18905397 TI - Retropharyngeal lipoma; report of a case. PMID- 18905396 TI - Properties of bovine serum heated with formaldehyde. PMID- 18905398 TI - PLASTIC surgery in Yugoslavia. PMID- 18905399 TI - Hospitals in Switzerland. PMID- 18905400 TI - Suffocation by milk feeds. PMID- 18905401 TI - Bronchial carconoma presenting as polyneuritis. PMID- 18905402 TI - How sulphonamides act. PMID- 18905403 TI - Canine hysteria and agenized flour. PMID- 18905405 TI - Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 18905404 TI - Streptomycin needs. PMID- 18905406 TI - Vesicocapsular prostatectomy. PMID- 18905407 TI - Anti-histamine drugs in asthma. PMID- 18905408 TI - Gonococcal meningitis treated with penicillin and sulphamezathine; report of a case. PMID- 18905409 TI - Determination of haemoglobin; a comparison of methods for determining iron content and oxygen capacity of blood. PMID- 18905410 TI - Visceral pain. PMID- 18905411 TI - Incidence of carcinoid tumours. PMID- 18905412 TI - Gastro-enteritis in infants. PMID- 18905413 TI - The problems of airborne surgery. PMID- 18905414 TI - A discussion of the clinical application of tittered or quantitative serologic tests for syphilis. PMID- 18905415 TI - The false-positive serologic test. PMID- 18905416 TI - Newer developments in anesthesia. PMID- 18905417 TI - Present trends in gastric surgery. PMID- 18905419 TI - The Army Medical Library. PMID- 18905418 TI - Pregnancy associated with polyostotic fibrous dysplasia. PMID- 18905420 TI - The Maryland doctor and the medical care patient. PMID- 18905421 TI - [Classification of ophthalmic manifestations of hypertension]. PMID- 18905422 TI - [Importance of the Rh factor in blood transfusions]. PMID- 18905424 TI - [The guardianship of the prodigal]. PMID- 18905423 TI - [Sarcomas of the bladder]. PMID- 18905425 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905426 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905427 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905428 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905429 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905430 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905431 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905432 TI - Some clinical aspects of the normal electroencephalogram in epilepsy. PMID- 18905433 TI - Spontaneous pneumothorax; a clinical study of 100 consecutive cases. PMID- 18905434 TI - Streptomycin treatment of bacterial endocarditis; report of a case. PMID- 18905435 TI - Malaria; observations on treatment with chloroquine (SN7618) and combined quinine and plasmochin. PMID- 18905436 TI - Exfoliative dermatitis due to codeine. PMID- 18905437 TI - Diabetes. PMID- 18905438 TI - Hypertrophy and dilatation of heart. PMID- 18905439 TI - Bronchiogenic carcinoma, right lower-lobe bronchus, with extension to esophagus and metastases to mediastinal lymph nodes, liver and omentum. PMID- 18905440 TI - The limitations of psychiatry. PMID- 18905441 TI - Chemotherapy in infants and children; sulfonamides. PMID- 18905442 TI - Propylthiouracil and methyl thiouracil in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. PMID- 18905443 TI - Thrombocytopenic purpura hemorrhagica. PMID- 18905444 TI - Contraindications and indications for pentothal sodium. PMID- 18905445 TI - Intracapsular cataract extraction. PMID- 18905446 TI - An experiment with uterine cervical smears in the diagnosis of genital malignancies. PMID- 18905447 TI - Dissecting aneurysm of the middle cerebral artery. PMID- 18905448 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905449 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905450 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905451 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905452 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905453 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905454 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905455 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905456 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905457 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905458 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905459 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905460 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905461 TI - Stress incontinence of urine in the female; Millin's sling operation. PMID- 18905462 TI - Cerebral metastasis in association with intrathoracic disease. PMID- 18905463 TI - Some clinical and socio-medical aspects of cardiovascular disease. PMID- 18905464 TI - Haemolytic anaemia, with particular reference to cause and mechanism. PMID- 18905465 TI - Histamine and antihistamine substances. PMID- 18905466 TI - The diagnosis of obscure pyrexia. PMID- 18905467 TI - The principles underlying the artificial feeding of infants. PMID- 18905468 TI - Reiter's disease; tendency to ultimate spontaneous cure. PMID- 18905469 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905470 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905471 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905472 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905473 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905474 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905475 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905476 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905477 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905478 TI - Clinical observations on the use of E.C. 110, a new agent for the treatment of headache. PMID- 18905479 TI - Retro-esophageal segment of the left aortic arch, right ligamentum arteriosum and right descending aorta causing a congenital vascular ring about the trachea and esophaguw. PMID- 18905480 TI - Nutritional rehabilitation of surgical patients. PMID- 18905481 TI - Promin in experimental tuberculosis; antituberculosis effects of sodium P,P' diaminodiphenylsulfone-N,N'-didextroxe sulfonate (Promin) administered subcutaneously (a preliminary report). PMID- 18905482 TI - Transplantation of an external biliary fistula into the duodenum; report of case. PMID- 18905483 TI - Intraarterial blood pressure in patients with coarctation of the aorta. PMID- 18905484 TI - Gastric acidity before and after the development of carcinoma of the stomach. PMID- 18905485 TI - Surgical treatment of acute cholecystitis. PMID- 18905486 TI - Fatty hernia; report of case. PMID- 18905487 TI - Influence of sex of donors and recipients on transfusion reactions. PMID- 18905488 TI - Posture in anaesthesia. PMID- 18905489 TI - Artificial respiration. PMID- 18905490 TI - Discussion; some urological problems in gynaecological surgery. PMID- 18905491 TI - Snoring. PMID- 18905492 TI - Progress in the treatment of mastoid infection and some of its complications. PMID- 18905493 TI - The history of cholera in Great Britain. PMID- 18905494 TI - Epidemiology of cholera. PMID- 18905495 TI - Bacteriological and immunological aspects of cholera. PMID- 18905496 TI - Discussion on the place of child guidance in the new health service. PMID- 18905497 TI - Discussion; the aetiology of infantile enteritis. PMID- 18905498 TI - Anomaly of the urinary tract. PMID- 18905499 TI - Mycotic aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva in bacterial endocarditis while under treatment with penicillin. PMID- 18905500 TI - Benign neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract. PMID- 18905501 TI - Medical care of the aged in Shawnee County, Kansas. PMID- 18905502 TI - Adenocarcinoma of the ascending colon, the gelatinous type. PMID- 18905503 TI - Chronic haemolytic anaemia with haemoglobinuria; the Marchiafava-Micheli syndrome. PMID- 18905504 TI - Anomalies of intestinal absorption of fat; the haematology of idiopathic steatorrhoea. PMID- 18905505 TI - Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis (essential brown induration of the lungs). PMID- 18905506 TI - The treatment of arsenical dermatitis with dimercaptopropanol (BAL). PMID- 18905507 TI - Remarks regarding chronic jaundice. PMID- 18905508 TI - Severe hypertension in young persons; a study of 50 cases. PMID- 18905509 TI - [Enzymes]. PMID- 18905510 TI - [The preparation of pure enzymes and proteins of the virus]. PMID- 18905512 TI - [Clinic Classification, general and eclectic of the kidney]. PMID- 18905511 TI - [Blood and plasma substitutes in combating various forms of shock]. PMID- 18905513 TI - [Syndromes (AS) caused by accumulation or thesaurismosis]. PMID- 18905514 TI - [Notes on epitopic therapy]. PMID- 18905515 TI - [Following the clinical syndrome of ionizing radiation in mammals]. PMID- 18905516 TI - [Current tests for functional exploratory kidney]. PMID- 18905517 TI - [Insomnia]. PMID- 18905518 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905519 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905520 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905521 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905522 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905524 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905523 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905525 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905526 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905527 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905528 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905529 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905530 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905531 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905532 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905533 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905534 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905535 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905536 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905537 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905538 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905539 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905540 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905541 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905542 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905544 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905543 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905545 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905546 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905547 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905548 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905549 TI - Treatment of thromboangiitis obliterans and thrombophlebitis with tetraethylammonium chloride. PMID- 18905550 TI - A rational treatment of extensive burns. PMID- 18905551 TI - Spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage. PMID- 18905552 TI - Mesothelial mediastinal cysts (pericardial cysts); differential diagnosis of shadows continuous with the anterior inferior mediastinum. PMID- 18905553 TI - Boeck's sarcoid in children. PMID- 18905554 TI - Common defects of the lower extremity in infants. PMID- 18905555 TI - Dysfunction of the adrenal gland in infancy. PMID- 18905556 TI - Observations on the treatment of detachment of the retina. PMID- 18905557 TI - The treatment of simple long oblique or spiral fractures of the shaft of the tibia. PMID- 18905558 TI - Penicillin in drops for prophylaxis against ophthalmia neonatorum; a single instillation method. PMID- 18905559 TI - The effect of caronamide on penicillin therapy. PMID- 18905560 TI - Subacute bacterial endocarditis, satisfactory treatment of two cases with massive doses of penicillin. PMID- 18905561 TI - Treatment of condylomata acuminata with podophyllotoxin. PMID- 18905562 TI - Combined quinine-plasmochin and quinine-pentaquine treatment of relapsing vivax malaria. PMID- 18905564 TI - Anesthesia services for the Texas City disaster patients. PMID- 18905563 TI - The accidental generation of arsine gas in an industry. PMID- 18905565 TI - Otolaryngology; past and future. PMID- 18905566 TI - Facial paralysis in otology. PMID- 18905567 TI - Glaucoma following cataract extraction. PMID- 18905568 TI - The relation of the vascular apparatus to rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 18905569 TI - The use of dicumarol as an adjunct to the treatment of congestive heart failure; results in a controlled series of 61 cases. PMID- 18905570 TI - An evaluation of routine proctosigmoidoscopy. PMID- 18905571 TI - Cholinesterase content of erythrocytes in various anemic states; preliminary report. PMID- 18905572 TI - Ten-year cures in carcinoma of the female breast. PMID- 18905573 TI - The diagnosis of hydronephrosis. PMID- 18905575 TI - Diverticulosis and diverticulitis. PMID- 18905574 TI - Treatment of diabetes mellitus in children. PMID- 18905576 TI - Early ambulation following major surgery. PMID- 18905577 TI - Controversial details of complete hysterectomy. PMID- 18905578 TI - Preglaucoma. PMID- 18905579 TI - Adenomatoid (angiomatoid) formations of the genital organs. PMID- 18905580 TI - Review of the literature on B. C. G. vaccine and a discussion of its present day value in protection against tuberculosis. PMID- 18905581 TI - Shock therapy from the D. V. A. aspect. PMID- 18905582 TI - Streptomycin report. PMID- 18905583 TI - An introduction to electromyography. PMID- 18905584 TI - Team work in hospital administration. PMID- 18905585 TI - What is medical social work? PMID- 18905586 TI - Hospital personnel. PMID- 18905588 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905587 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905589 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905590 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905591 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905592 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905593 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905594 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905595 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905596 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905597 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905598 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905599 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905600 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905601 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905602 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905603 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905604 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905605 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905606 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905607 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905608 TI - Management of late hemorrhages of pregnancy. PMID- 18905609 TI - Some psychosomatic aspects of thyrotoxicosis. PMID- 18905611 TI - An outline of procedure for routine roentgenologic gastrointestinal examinations. PMID- 18905610 TI - The clinical management of edema based on five years experience with sodium control. PMID- 18905612 TI - Generalized scleroderma; report of a case. PMID- 18905613 TI - Recent advances in the medical management of cirrhosis of the liver. PMID- 18905614 TI - The thymol turbidity test for liver dysfunction. PMID- 18905615 TI - Glass button operation for palliative relief of ascites. PMID- 18905616 TI - Ureteroperitoneal anastomosis. PMID- 18905617 TI - A bacteriological comparison of penicillin and silver nitrate for prophylaxis against ophthalmia neonatorum. PMID- 18905618 TI - Active pulmonary tuberculosis, left lung, apex and acute tuberculous peritonitis. PMID- 18905619 TI - External skeletal fixation used with ordinary extension splints in the treatment of fractures of both bones of the leg. PMID- 18905620 TI - Haynes splint treatment of fractures of the long bones. PMID- 18905621 TI - Acute arterial injuries of the lower extremity. PMID- 18905622 TI - New horizons in therapeutic nerve block in the treatment of vascular and renal emergencies with continuous caudal and continuous spinal analgesia and anaesthesia. PMID- 18905623 TI - The clinical use of streptomycin. PMID- 18905624 TI - Some otic complications of streptomycin therapy. PMID- 18905626 TI - Advantages and disadvantages of the unit record system for the Marine hospitals. PMID- 18905625 TI - The Cutler-Guyton eye implant and prosthesis; two cases. PMID- 18905627 TI - U.S. Public Health Service research grants. PMID- 18905628 TI - Pain pathways in the herniated nucleus pulposus syndrome; a preliminary report. PMID- 18905629 TI - Present trends in research in physical medicine. PMID- 18905630 TI - Information for the rheumatic fever patient in a military hospital. PMID- 18905631 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905632 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905633 TI - Infrared radiation from a Bunsen flame. PMID- 18905634 TI - Behavior of certain sugars and sugar alcohols in the presence of tetraborates; correlation of optical rotation and compound formation. PMID- 18905635 TI - Effect of inhibitors on the corrosion of zinc in dry cell electrolytes. PMID- 18905636 TI - Thermodynamic functions for molecular oxygen in the ideal gas state. PMID- 18905637 TI - Growth and development of the cerebral cortical pattern in man. PMID- 18905638 TI - Relation of personality problems to onset and progress of multiple sclerosis. PMID- 18905639 TI - Hemoconcentration after electrically induced convulsions in man. PMID- 18905640 TI - Spatial organization of visual perception following injury to the brain. PMID- 18905641 TI - One hundred years of progress in neurology, psychiatry and neurosurgery. PMID- 18905642 TI - Cerebral involvement by osteogenic sarcoma associated with Paget's disease of the skull. PMID- 18905643 TI - Phenomenon of cutaneous sensory extinction. PMID- 18905644 TI - Investigations on a patient subject to myoclonic seizures after sensory stimulation. PMID- 18905645 TI - Actinomycosis of the brain. PMID- 18905646 TI - Arsenical encephalopathy in Indian troops. PMID- 18905647 TI - Aphasia studied in patients with missile wounds. PMID- 18905648 TI - The electroencephalogram in experimental concussion and related conditions. PMID- 18905649 TI - Observations on sensory paralysis produced by compression of a human limb. PMID- 18905650 TI - Observations on electrical stimulation of pain fibres in an exposed human sensory nerve. PMID- 18905651 TI - An anatomical basis for alterations in quality of pain sensibility. PMID- 18905652 TI - Site of action of acetylcholine. PMID- 18905653 TI - Retinal-nerve interval in the grasshopper. PMID- 18905654 TI - Effect of di-isopropyl flourphosphate on action potential and cholinesterase of nerve. PMID- 18905655 TI - Calibre spectra of motor and sensory nerve fibres to flexor and extensor muscles. PMID- 18905656 TI - Effect of nicotine on spinal synaptic conduction and on polarization of spinal cord. PMID- 18905657 TI - Psychodynamics in parkinsonism. PMID- 18905658 TI - Instincts and homoeostasis. PMID- 18905659 TI - Experimental neurosis resulting from semistarvation in man. PMID- 18905660 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905661 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905662 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905663 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905664 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905665 TI - MINER'S hospital. PMID- 18905666 TI - LEPER colony in England. PMID- 18905667 TI - Some changes in dermatology. PMID- 18905668 TI - The mental disciplines. PMID- 18905669 TI - Ocular lesions following the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. PMID- 18905670 TI - The role of the diencephalon in regulating ocular tension. PMID- 18905671 TI - Cystic malignant melanomas of the uveal tract. PMID- 18905672 TI - Periphlebitis retinalis associated with intracranial manifestations. PMID- 18905673 TI - Histologic study of experimental corneal transplantation. PMID- 18905674 TI - Effects of practice and the consistency of repeated measurements of accommodation and vergence. PMID- 18905675 TI - Notes on the history of ophthalmology in Canada. PMID- 18905676 TI - Concerning choroiditis proliferans. PMID- 18905677 TI - Lymphocytoma of the orbit successfully treated by roentgen irradiation; report of a case. PMID- 18905678 TI - Refraction clinic. PMID- 18905679 TI - Leiomyoma of the iris. PMID- 18905680 TI - A corneoscleral scissors. PMID- 18905681 TI - Rheumatoid iritis. PMID- 18905682 TI - Boeck's sarcoid. PMID- 18905683 TI - Treatment of Lindau's disease. PMID- 18905684 TI - Neosynephrin in glaucoma simplex. PMID- 18905685 TI - Cataracts following maternal rubella. PMID- 18905687 TI - Chorioretinitis sclopetaria. PMID- 18905686 TI - Bilateral cataracts due to latent tetany. PMID- 18905688 TI - Response to di-isopropyl fluorophosphate. PMID- 18905690 TI - Successful cyclodiathermy in seeing eyes. PMID- 18905689 TI - Posterior lenticonus. PMID- 18905692 TI - Predilection of left eyes for glaucoma. PMID- 18905691 TI - Double perforation of globe with BB shot. PMID- 18905693 TI - A light wave of artificial mercury as the ultimate standard of length. PMID- 18905694 TI - A new principle in interferometer design. PMID- 18905695 TI - Questionnaire on illumination. PMID- 18905696 TI - On two accessories of three-dimensional colorimetry. PMID- 18905697 TI - Whose absorption law? PMID- 18905698 TI - CLINICAL evaluation of the aids for subnormal vision. PMID- 18905699 TI - Visual performances by ophthalmic services. PMID- 18905700 TI - A new era for visual science. PMID- 18905701 TI - One hundred and eighty years of optometry, or only 50 more? PMID- 18905702 TI - The cross cylinder check test for axis. PMID- 18905703 TI - Visual psychology. PMID- 18905704 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905705 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905706 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905707 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905709 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905708 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905710 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905711 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905712 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905713 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905714 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905715 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905716 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905717 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905718 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905719 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905720 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905722 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905721 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905723 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905724 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905725 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905726 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905727 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905728 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905729 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905730 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905731 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905732 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905733 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905734 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905735 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905736 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905737 TI - Development of a single standard slide test for syphilis. PMID- 18905738 TI - Cardiolipin antigens in serologic tests for syphilis. PMID- 18905739 TI - Cardiolipin blood tests in syphilis. PMID- 18905740 TI - Clinical and serologic evaluation of 27,103 consecutive slide tests with cardiolipin-lecithin antigen and Kline antigen. PMID- 18905741 TI - The V. D. R. L. slide test; a comparison with the Mazzini, Kahn and Kolmer tests for syphilis. PMID- 18905742 TI - Aberrant spleen with torsion of pedicle. PMID- 18905743 TI - Technic and identification of fungi of medical interest. PMID- 18905744 TI - Effect of pH on streptomycin activity. PMID- 18905745 TI - Cardiolipin Kolmer antigen in testing icteric syphilitic serums. PMID- 18905746 TI - Phenol red broth medium enriched with rabbit serum for Neisseria gonorrhoeae fermentations. PMID- 18905747 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905748 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905749 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905750 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905751 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905752 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905753 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905760 TI - Chloral hydrate plates for the inhibition of swarming of Proteus. PMID- 18905757 TI - A simplified Price Jones technique. PMID- 18905761 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905762 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905763 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905764 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905765 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905766 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905767 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905768 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905769 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905770 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905771 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905772 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905773 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905774 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905775 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905776 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905777 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905778 TI - The American Academy of Pediatrics, its growth and development. PMID- 18905779 TI - Immunization with combined diptheria and tetanus toxoids (aluminum hydroxide adsorbed) containing H. pertussis vaccine. The duration of serologic immunity. PMID- 18905780 TI - The public health nurse, the physician's ally. PMID- 18905782 TI - Concealed diverticulum of the male urethra as a cause of urinary obstruction. PMID- 18905781 TI - A hospital rooming-in unit for four newborn infants and their mothers; descriptive account of background, development, and procedures with a few preliminary observations. PMID- 18905783 TI - The treatment of acute temporary dysfunction of the kidneys by peritoneal irrigation; successful treatment of a ten-year-old male child. PMID- 18905784 TI - Marked hypokalemia in prolonged diarrhea; possible effect on heart. PMID- 18905785 TI - The average length of stay in the hospital of infants born prematurely. PMID- 18905786 TI - A study of an enriched cereal in child feeding. PMID- 18905787 TI - The age incidence of poliomyelitis in Cleveland. PMID- 18905788 TI - The North Carolina plan for improved medical care. PMID- 18905789 TI - Poliomyelitis; a review of its natural history. PMID- 18905790 TI - Method for the determination of formic acid in urine. PMID- 18905791 TI - On the excretion of formic acid in experimental poisoning with methyl alcohol. PMID- 18905792 TI - Rational treatment of formaldehyde poisoning. PMID- 18905793 TI - On the role of heparin in anaphylactic shock. PMID- 18905794 TI - Cyanide poisoning and methaemoglobinaemia. PMID- 18905795 TI - Stability of penicillin G in aqueous solution as a function of hydrogen ion concentration and temperature. PMID- 18905796 TI - Experimental observations on the use of a Danish gelatine sponge preparation (spongostan) as an absorbable haemostatic agent. PMID- 18905797 TI - The fate of heparin in rabbits after intravenous injection; filtration and tubular secretion in the kidneys. PMID- 18905798 TI - Acid-base equilibrium during ether anaesthesia. PMID- 18905799 TI - Excretion and fate of diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (carbitol) after epidermal and other methods of administration. PMID- 18905800 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905801 TI - Studies of effects of Syzygium jambolanum on alloxan-diabetic rats. PMID- 18905802 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905803 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905804 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905805 TI - An investigation of Piscidia erythrina (Jamaica dogwood). PMID- 18905807 TI - Quaternary salts of pyridine-3-carboxamides. PMID- 18905806 TI - Quaternary salts of N-substituted pyridine-3-sulfonamides. PMID- 18905808 TI - Synthesis of tetraiodinated Congo red. PMID- 18905809 TI - Pharmacognostical studies of Punarnava; stem and leaf characteristics of Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. and Trianthema Portulacastrum Linn. PMID- 18905810 TI - The estimation of penicillin K in commercial penicillin. PMID- 18905811 TI - The preparation of certain substituted alkenols and their chloro analogs. PMID- 18905812 TI - Acute toxicity of arsenate of lead in animals. PMID- 18905814 TI - A note on the variability of potency of commercial viburnum preparations. PMID- 18905813 TI - The action of intestinal enzymes upon cellulose acetate phthalate and butyl stearate enteric-coated tablets. PMID- 18905815 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905816 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905817 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905818 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905819 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905820 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905821 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905822 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905823 TI - The witch and the bogey; archetypes in the case study of a child. PMID- 18905824 TI - Psychological aspects of an escape from occupied territory. PMID- 18905825 TI - The form and dermatoglyphics of the hands of 115 difficult and high-grade boys. PMID- 18905826 TI - The psychopathology of a correspondence column. PMID- 18905827 TI - A study in the assessment of homosexual traits. PMID- 18905828 TI - An interpretation of the personality of Jesus. PMID- 18905829 TI - Accident proneness among street car motormen and motor coach operators. PMID- 18905830 TI - Visual skills and labor turnover. PMID- 18905831 TI - The validity and reliability of heterophoria scores yielded by three commercial optical devices. PMID- 18905833 TI - On the objective and subjective aspects of diagnostic testing. PMID- 18905832 TI - The status of diagnostic psychological testing. PMID- 18905834 TI - The use of projective methods in groups testing. PMID- 18905835 TI - The appraisal of child personality. PMID- 18905836 TI - The minnesota multiphasic personality inventory; the K scale. PMID- 18905837 TI - A preliminary appraisal of Wechsler-Bellevue scatter patterns in schizophrenia. PMID- 18905838 TI - Annotated bibliography on the Oseretsky tests of motor proficiency. PMID- 18905839 TI - The validity of some abbreviated individual intelligence scales. PMID- 18905840 TI - A study of the Hunt-minnesota test for organic brain damage at the upper levels of vocabulary. PMID- 18905841 TI - A note on the intelligence of delinquents at Indiana Boys School. PMID- 18905842 TI - The measurement of transfer of training. PMID- 18905843 TI - Analysis of variance; repeated measurements. PMID- 18905844 TI - Personnel research and test development in the Bureau of Naval Personnel; a special review. PMID- 18905845 TI - A note on Postman's review of the literature on the law of effect. PMID- 18905846 TI - Note on Neu's review of the literature on absolute pitch. PMID- 18905847 TI - Suggestibility and narcosis; a rejoinder. PMID- 18905848 TI - Recent developments in cancer control. PMID- 18905849 TI - The cell smear method of diagnosing cancer. PMID- 18905850 TI - Public health nursing in the cancer control program of the U. S. Public Health Service. PMID- 18905851 TI - Epidemiology of Colorado tick fever. PMID- 18905852 TI - Post-war public health problems in a large American city. PMID- 18905853 TI - Essentials of good local public health administration. PMID- 18905854 TI - Water supply. PMID- 18905855 TI - Development of the Massachusetts blood and blood derivatives program. PMID- 18905856 TI - Studies showing the effect of changes in the new (9th) edition of Standard methods in relation to the bacteriological analysis of milk. PMID- 18905857 TI - A city department of health program on the improvement of mechanical dishwashing. PMID- 18905859 TI - Some recent trends in vital statistics registration practices. PMID- 18905858 TI - Test for detergents. PMID- 18905860 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905861 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905862 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905864 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905863 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905865 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905866 TI - The future sewage-disposal works of the Birmingham Tame and Rea District Drainage Board. PMID- 18905867 TI - The local authority and the promotion of health. PMID- 18905868 TI - The future of public assistance. PMID- 18905869 TI - Progress of redevelopment and development in Coventry. PMID- 18905871 TI - The transport, handling, and lairage of animals intended for slaughter. PMID- 18905872 TI - Improved plumbing installation. PMID- 18905870 TI - Food contamination and potential dangers to the public health. PMID- 18905873 TI - Domestic water-supply systems, with special reference to burst pipes. PMID- 18905874 TI - Superficial spreading carcinoma of the stomach. PMID- 18905875 TI - Penetrating wounds of the abdomen. PMID- 18905876 TI - The significance of the widened septum pellucidum. PMID- 18905877 TI - Visualization of the Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses of the gallbladder during cholecystography. PMID- 18905878 TI - Myositis ossificans progressiva in nomozygotic twins. PMID- 18905879 TI - Genetic influence on osseous development with particular reference to the deposition of calcium in the costal cartilages. PMID- 18905880 TI - An anatomical classification of cancer of the larynx for use in radiation therapy. PMID- 18905881 TI - Accumulation of blood simulating primary bronchial cancer; report of case. PMID- 18905882 TI - Radiotherapeutic eradication of cancer with surgical repair of subsequent ulceration and deformity. PMID- 18905883 TI - Radiation and surgical trends in the treatment of cancer of the cervix uteri. PMID- 18905884 TI - Dosage determination with radioactive isotopes; practical considerations in therapy and protection. PMID- 18905885 TI - Optical systems for photofluorography. PMID- 18905886 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905887 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905888 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905890 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905889 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905891 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905892 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905893 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905894 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905895 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905896 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905898 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905897 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905899 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905900 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905901 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905902 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905903 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905905 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905904 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905906 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905907 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905908 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905909 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905910 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905911 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905912 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905913 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905914 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905916 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905915 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905917 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905918 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905919 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905920 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905921 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905923 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905922 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905924 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905926 TI - The problem of maintaining the continuity of the artery in the surgery of aneurysms and arteriovenous fistulae. PMID- 18905928 TI - The closures of colostomies. PMID- 18905933 TI - Concerning surgical treatment of traumatic injury of the upper division of the brachial plexus (Erb's-type). PMID- 18905941 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905942 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905943 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905944 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905945 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905946 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905947 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905948 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905949 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905950 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905951 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905952 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905953 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905954 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905955 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905956 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905957 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905959 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905958 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905960 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905961 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905962 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905963 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905964 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905965 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905966 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905967 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905968 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905969 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905970 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905971 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905973 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905972 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905974 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905975 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905976 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905977 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905978 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905979 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905980 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905981 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905982 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905983 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905984 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905986 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905985 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905987 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905988 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905989 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905990 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905991 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905992 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905993 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905994 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905995 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18905996 TI - Rodent ulcer and avulsion of the skin of the thigh cured by split skin graft. PMID- 18905997 TI - Hodgkin's disease of the ileum causing intestinal obstruction; report of a case. PMID- 18905998 TI - Nonspecific granuloma intestinale (Krohn's disease) radical treatment; report of additional cases. PMID- 18905999 TI - Acute appendicitis and the leucocyte count. PMID- 18906000 TI - Dangers of myometrial chorioepithelioma caused by failure of early diagnosis. PMID- 18906001 TI - Present status of the practice of orthopedic surgery in the Philippines. PMID- 18906002 TI - American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; its beginning, objectives and progress, 1932-1947. PMID- 18906003 TI - Restoration of the nose, lip and maxilla by surgery and prosthesis. PMID- 18906004 TI - The treatment of facial paralysis by tantalum wire suspension; preliminary report. PMID- 18906006 TI - The surgical treatment of pressure sores. PMID- 18906005 TI - Free skin graft; immobilization with plaster. PMID- 18906007 TI - Hard dorsal posttraumatic edema of the hand. PMID- 18906008 TI - Experimental and clinical studies of reduced temperatures in injury and repair in man; structure and potentialities of human skin in temperature control and in defense against thermal trauma. PMID- 18906009 TI - Use of neck tubed pedicles in reconstruction of defects of the face. PMID- 18906010 TI - The place of the prosthesis department in the teaching hospital. PMID- 18906011 TI - Nose fractures treated with the rhinotractor. PMID- 18906012 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906013 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906014 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906015 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906017 TI - Twenty-five years of a graduate school of surgery founded by George J. Heuer. PMID- 18906016 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906018 TI - Some experiences with anastomosis of the common bile duct to the duodenum, and repair of strictures of the common bile duct. PMID- 18906019 TI - The problem of gastric cancer in a university hospital. PMID- 18906020 TI - Lymphosarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract. PMID- 18906021 TI - Amniotic hernia. PMID- 18906022 TI - The importance of accurate pathologic classification in the prognosis of renal tumors. PMID- 18906023 TI - Observations of surgical training. PMID- 18906024 TI - Evolution of treatment of capillary hemangiomas of the face with further observation on the value of camouflage by permanent pigment injection (tattooing). PMID- 18906025 TI - The surgical treatment of acute cholecystitis. PMID- 18906026 TI - Further observations on the treatment of bleeding peptic ulcer. PMID- 18906027 TI - Role of the glossopharyngeal nerve in the carotid sinus reflex in man; relief of carotid sinus syndrome by intracranial section of the glossopharyngeal nerve. PMID- 18906028 TI - End results in the treatment of peptic ulcer by posterior gastroenterostomy. PMID- 18906029 TI - Late results following perforated peptic ulcer. PMID- 18906030 TI - Neurogenic tumors of the stomach. PMID- 18906031 TI - Primary tumors of the jejunum and ileum. PMID- 18906032 TI - Penetrating wound of the chest with division of a bronchial artery; report of a case. PMID- 18906033 TI - Resection of the rectum with preservation of the anal sphincter. PMID- 18906034 TI - Radical one-state pancreaticoduodenectomy. PMID- 18906035 TI - The course of peptic ulceration in elderly persons; a clinical and anatomic study of 122 cases. PMID- 18906036 TI - Tantalum foil cuffs in peripheral nerve surgery. PMID- 18906037 TI - Twenty-seven years of prostatic surgery at Bellevue Hospital; a study of comparative mortality rates. PMID- 18906038 TI - Unusual complications following resection of carcinoma of the cardiac end of the stomach; report of a case. PMID- 18906039 TI - Malignant tumors of the thyroid gland. PMID- 18906040 TI - Iliac lymphadenopathy as a cause of ureteral obstruction. PMID- 18906041 TI - Arterial and venous hypertensive states benefited by surgical intervention. PMID- 18906042 TI - The risk of surgery in heart disease. PMID- 18906043 TI - Esophagogastrostomy in the treatment of cardiospasm. PMID- 18906044 TI - Evaluation of skin grafting in the technique of radical mastectomy in relation to function of the arm. PMID- 18906045 TI - Conservative treatment of fractures of the tibial condyles. PMID- 18906046 TI - The use of sodium tetradecyl sulfate in the sclerosing treatment of varicose veins; an experimental and clinical study. PMID- 18906047 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906048 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906049 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906050 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906051 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906052 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906053 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906054 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906055 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906056 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906057 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906059 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906058 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906060 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906061 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906062 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906063 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906064 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906065 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906066 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906067 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906068 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906070 TI - The relation of music to diseases of the brain. PMID- 18906069 TI - Geriatric rehabilitation. PMID- 18906071 TI - Conscious and unconscious factors in rehabilitation. PMID- 18906072 TI - Physical medicine in medical colleges. PMID- 18906073 TI - On the moral treatment of insanity. PMID- 18906074 TI - Coordination and integration of physical medicine in a hospital program. PMID- 18906075 TI - Analysis of normal and scoliotic spine; with implications for therapeutic exercise. PMID- 18906076 TI - Some psychiatric factors in the patient-therapist relationship. PMID- 18906077 TI - Physical therapy in a children's hospital. PMID- 18906078 TI - Physical therapy in schools for crippled children. PMID- 18906079 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906080 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906081 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906082 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906083 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906084 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906086 TI - EXPERIMENTAL work in control of malaria by the use of drugs. PMID- 18906085 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906087 TI - DDT residual house-spraying experiments, Chagres River. PMID- 18906089 TI - Organization of a laboratory for the study of virus and rickettsial diseases. PMID- 18906088 TI - The control of Phlebotomus in Peru with DDT. PMID- 18906090 TI - SNAKE census of Panama. PMID- 18906091 TI - Quinine and congenital injuries of ear and eye of the foetus. PMID- 18906092 TI - Serial cephalin flocculation curves; their application in the study of tropical diseases and their relation to a new resistance factor. PMID- 18906093 TI - The response of intestinal amoebiasis to diodoquin treatment. PMID- 18906094 TI - Induced malaria for treatment of general paralysis. PMID- 18906095 TI - Land ownership and anti-malaria law in Malaya. PMID- 18906096 TI - The toxicity of mepacrine in man. PMID- 18906097 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906098 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906099 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906100 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906101 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906102 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906103 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906104 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906105 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906106 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906107 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906108 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906109 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906110 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906112 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906111 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906113 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906114 TI - Examination for tubercle bacilli by gastric lavage and by laryngeal swab; a comparative study. PMID- 18906115 TI - Aspiration type of congenital tuberculosis; further communication. PMID- 18906116 TI - Bovine tuberculosis; incorporating a review of John Francis' book. PMID- 18906117 TI - Respiratory cancer. PMID- 18906118 TI - Streptomycin and tuberculosis; a short review. PMID- 18906119 TI - Hypersensibility to tuberculin in susceptibles to tuberculosis. PMID- 18906120 TI - Bovine tuberculosis; incorporating a review of John Francis' book. PMID- 18906121 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906122 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906124 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906123 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906125 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906126 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906127 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906128 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906129 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906130 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906131 TI - The physiology of the intact human ureter. PMID- 18906132 TI - Decapsulation of the kidney for anuria due to sulfathiazole. PMID- 18906134 TI - Malignant adenoma of the kidney. PMID- 18906133 TI - Massive spontaneous hemorrhage into and around parenchymal lesions of the kidney. PMID- 18906135 TI - Extensive metastasizing hypernephroma associated with massive bilateral adenoma of the adrenal. PMID- 18906136 TI - Spontaneous disappearance of pulmonary metastases after nephrectomy for hypernephroma; four year follow-up. PMID- 18906137 TI - Bilateral embryonal adenomyosarcoma of the kidney (Wilms tumor). PMID- 18906138 TI - A mixed tumor of the kidney, lipo-myo-hemangioma. PMID- 18906139 TI - Epithelioma of the pelvis of a solitary kidney treated by electrocoagulation. PMID- 18906140 TI - Coincidence of carcinoma of the bladder and interstitial cystitis. PMID- 18906141 TI - The arrest of hemorrhage occurring after operation on the prostate. PMID- 18906142 TI - Carcinoma of the prostate; a 12 year review. PMID- 18906143 TI - Observations in the use of inositol in advanced malignancy of the genito-urinary tract. PMID- 18906144 TI - The detection of cancer cells in the urine; a clinical appraisal of the Papanicolaou method. PMID- 18906145 TI - Experiences with stained smears of cells exfoliated in the urine in the diagnosis of cancer in the genito-urinary tract; a preliminary report. PMID- 18906146 TI - Urethral stricture; a pathological study. PMID- 18906147 TI - Peyronie's disease and its treatment with radium. PMID- 18906148 TI - Sclerosing lipogranuloma of testicular adnexae. PMID- 18906149 TI - Genital self-mutilations by mental patients. PMID- 18906150 TI - A persistent cloaca in a five year old boy. PMID- 18906151 TI - The uroflometer; an aid to the study of the lower urinary tract. PMID- 18906152 TI - A clinical evaluation of a recent sulfonamide, Nu-445. PMID- 18906153 TI - Renal complications of hyperparathyroidism. PMID- 18906154 TI - Renal tuberculosis with special reference to cases of long standing and those treated with streptomycin. PMID- 18906155 TI - The use of estrogens in the treatment of bladder tumors. PMID- 18906156 TI - Suprapubic suction vesical drainage; a new appliance. PMID- 18906157 TI - Persistent cloaca in the female; report of two cases corrected by operation. PMID- 18906158 TI - Prostatectomy in men over 75. PMID- 18906159 TI - The management of the surgically traumatized ureter. PMID- 18906160 TI - Bladder tonus in spinal shock. PMID- 18906161 TI - The renal manifestations of periarteritis nodosa. PMID- 18906162 TI - Renal pedicle sympathectomy. PMID- 18906163 TI - Testis tumors; report on 250 cases. PMID- 18906164 TI - Cystoscopic fulguration of many papillary carcinomata of the bladder. PMID- 18906165 TI - Reconstruction of the bulbo-membranous urethra in impassable stricture; case reports. PMID- 18906166 TI - Hematuria. PMID- 18906167 TI - Primary carcinoma in a diverticulum of the bladder. PMID- 18906168 TI - Crossed renal ectopia with fusion. PMID- 18906169 TI - Pityriasis rubra pilaris (acute type) responding to vitamin A therapy. PMID- 18906170 TI - Tracing skin malignancies back to the amoeba. PMID- 18906171 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906172 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906174 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906173 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906175 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906176 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906177 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906178 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906179 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906180 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906181 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906182 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906183 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906184 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906185 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906186 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906187 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906188 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906189 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906190 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906191 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906192 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906193 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906194 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906195 TI - The application of the hemagglutination-inhibition test in the diagnosis of avian pneumoencephalitis (Newcastle disease). PMID- 18906196 TI - Four decades of veterinary progress. PMID- 18906197 TI - The county agent and the practicing veterinarian. PMID- 18906198 TI - Developments affecting the Army veterinary service. PMID- 18906199 TI - Sterility in swine. PMID- 18906200 TI - Baby pig disease. PMID- 18906201 TI - Symposium on Newcastle disease. PMID- 18906202 TI - Immunization of chickens against Newcastle disease. PMID- 18906203 TI - Animal skin diseases and their influence on leather. PMID- 18906204 TI - Canine leptospirosis. PMID- 18906205 TI - Equine encephalomyelitis in New Jersey pheasants in 1945 and 1946. PMID- 18906206 TI - Malignant lymphema in a cow. PMID- 18906207 TI - Symposium on distemperoid virus (Green) in practice. PMID- 18906208 TI - Renal coccidiosis and gizzard worm infection in geese. PMID- 18906209 TI - The role of disinfectants in veterinary medicine; a critical evaluation of the quaternary ammonium compounds. PMID- 18906210 TI - The clinical diagnosis and treatment of breeding unsoundness in cows. PMID- 18906211 TI - Sulfonamides in the control of salmonelloses of chicks and poults. PMID- 18906212 TI - Studies on the role of cobalt in sheep nutrition. PMID- 18906213 TI - A study of cobalt deficiency in New Hampshire with sheep. PMID- 18906214 TI - Further comparisons of the utilization of nitrogen of urea with that of some feed proteins by sheep. PMID- 18906216 TI - Reactions of Southdown sheep to two environments. PMID- 18906215 TI - Urea as an extender of protein when fed to lambs. PMID- 18906217 TI - Single weight versus a three-day average weight for sheep. PMID- 18906218 TI - Linearity of regression of milk energy on fat percentage. PMID- 18906219 TI - Effectiveness of carotene and failure of ascorbic acid to increase sexual activity and semen quality of vitamin A deficient beef bulls. PMID- 18906220 TI - Relation of typical postnatal changes in the diet of the diary calf to the concentration of carotenoids and vitamin A in the blood serum. PMID- 18906221 TI - Pantothenic acid studies with the horse. PMID- 18906222 TI - Effects of thyroprotein and of thiouracil alone and in sequence in the ration of swine. PMID- 18906223 TI - The comparative efficiency of bred and open sows when fattened and slaughtered. PMID- 18906224 TI - Methods of management of a brome-grass-alfalfa mixture. PMID- 18906225 TI - The apparent digestibility of prairie hay of variable protein content, with some observations of fecal nitrogen excretion by steers in relation to their dry matter intake. PMID- 18906226 TI - Cull peas as a protein supplement for swine feeding. PMID- 18906227 TI - Nutrient utilization by compact and conventional type shorthorn steers. PMID- 18906229 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906228 TI - Developments in the science and practice of animal production. PMID- 18906230 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906231 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906232 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906233 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906234 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906235 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906236 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906237 TI - Quantitative changes in muscle protein fractions during rat development. PMID- 18906238 TI - Enzymatic liberation of inorganic phosphate from adenosinetriphosphate in developing rat muscle. PMID- 18906239 TI - The distribution of copper in early embryo chicks. PMID- 18906240 TI - An experimental study of lens regeneration in Triturus viridescens viridescens; regeneration of a lens after lens extirpation in embryos and larvae of different ages. PMID- 18906241 TI - Time, polarity, size and nuclear content in the regeneration of Stentor fragments. PMID- 18906242 TI - Dwarfism and differential mortality in Habrobracon. PMID- 18906243 TI - An earlier American mammal society. PMID- 18906244 TI - Habits and economic relationships of the Tulare kangaroo rat. PMID- 18906245 TI - Shrew-mouse predation during low mouse abundance. PMID- 18906246 TI - A midsummer study of the southern flying squirrel. PMID- 18906247 TI - Mammal notes from the Grande Prairie-Peace River region, Alberta. PMID- 18906248 TI - An undescribed cotton rat from New Mexico. PMID- 18906249 TI - The histology of the hypophysial stalk and median eminence in man with special reference to blood vessels, nerve fibers and a peculiar neurovascular zone in this region. PMID- 18906251 TI - Argentophile and argentaffin cells in the gastric mucosa of the rat. PMID- 18906250 TI - A histochemical study of the glands of the anal sac of the dog. PMID- 18906252 TI - The vestigial valves and the interatrial foramen of the adult human heart. PMID- 18906253 TI - The constant renewal of the intestinal epithelium in the albino rat. PMID- 18906254 TI - Techniques for temporarily freeing soil nematodes from bacteria by the use of antibiotics and merthiolate. PMID- 18906255 TI - Effects of drying on certain marine snails from Puerto Rico. PMID- 18906256 TI - The Acceleration Unit, School of Aviation Medicine. PMID- 18906257 TI - An early attempt to evaluate psychological fitness for flight training. PMID- 18906258 TI - The etiology of aeroembolism and aeroemphysema and hyperventilation as a prophylactic and therapeutic measure. PMID- 18906259 TI - Time saving techniques of psychotherapy. PMID- 18906260 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906261 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906262 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906263 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906264 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906265 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906266 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906267 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906268 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906269 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906270 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906271 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906272 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906273 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906274 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906275 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906276 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906277 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906278 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906279 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906280 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906281 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906282 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906283 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906284 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906285 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906286 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906287 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906288 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906290 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906289 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906291 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906292 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906293 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906294 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906295 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906296 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906297 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906298 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906299 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906300 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906301 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906302 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906303 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906304 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906305 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906306 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906307 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906308 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906309 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906311 TI - The frequencies of left- and right-sided breast cancer. PMID- 18906310 TI - Cancer of the penis and circumcision in relation to the incubation period of cancer. PMID- 18906312 TI - The skin lesions of monocytic leukaemia. PMID- 18906313 TI - Mammary tumours in hybrid mice; a sex-factor in transplantation. PMID- 18906314 TI - Serial transmission of infectious papillomatosis in the domestic rabbit. PMID- 18906315 TI - The role of croton oil applications, associated with a single painting of a carcinogen, in tumour induction of the mouse's skin. PMID- 18906316 TI - A new, quantitative, approach to the study of the stages of chemical cartinogenesis in the mouse's skin. PMID- 18906317 TI - Effect of feeding 7OH-2-acetaminofluorene to albino rats. PMID- 18906318 TI - The histology of pulmonary tumours of the rat induced by 2-acetylaminofluorene. PMID- 18906319 TI - Some studies on the action of urethane on mice. PMID- 18906320 TI - The course of the metabolism of benzpyrene in the skin of the mouse. PMID- 18906321 TI - The effect of lipoid solvents on the rate of elimination and the carcinogenic potency of 3:4-benzpyrene after subcutaneous injection in mice. PMID- 18906322 TI - The elimination and carcinogenic potency of 3:4-benzpyrene in mice after subcutaneous injection of non-lipoid solutions. PMID- 18906323 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906324 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906325 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906327 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906326 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906328 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906329 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906330 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906331 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906332 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906333 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906334 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906335 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906337 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906336 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906338 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906339 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906340 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906341 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906342 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906343 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906344 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906345 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906346 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906347 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906348 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906349 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906350 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906351 TI - Relation of the cardiac output to the symptoms and signs of congestive heart failure. PMID- 18906352 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906353 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906354 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906355 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906356 TI - Complement-fixation reaction in sera of rabbits actively immunized with living culture of Leishmania donovani. PMID- 18906357 TI - Agglutination reaction in sera of rabbits immunized with different strains of Leishmania donovani. PMID- 18906358 TI - Studies on paralytic ileus. PMID- 18906359 TI - Combined ascorbic acid in plant tissues. PMID- 18906360 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906361 TI - A resolution of mepacrine [2-chloro-5-(delta-diethylamino-alpha-methylbutyl) amino-7-methoxyacridine]. PMID- 18906362 TI - The kinetics of aromatic halogen substitution; the 1-halogenonaphthalenes and related compounds. PMID- 18906363 TI - The application of Pfitzinger reactions to the synthesis of quinoline derivatives; a novel route to 4-hydroxyquinolines. PMID- 18906364 TI - The preparation of some N-substituted derivatives of p-toluenesulphonamide. PMID- 18906365 TI - Rottlerin; the synthesis of tetrahydrorottlerin and of tetrahydroallorottlerin and the reversibility of the rottlerone change. PMID- 18906366 TI - Furano-compounds; a synthesis of karanjic acid. PMID- 18906368 TI - The structure of egg-plum gum; the hydrolysis products obtained from the methylated degraded gum. PMID- 18906367 TI - The oxidation products of phenols; the structure of purpurogallin. PMID- 18906369 TI - Attempts to find new antimalarials; derivatives of various benzacridines and pyridoacridines. PMID- 18906370 TI - Synthesis of a zeolitic mineral with chabazite-like sorptive properties. PMID- 18906371 TI - Sorptive and molecular-sieve properties of a new zeolitic mineral. PMID- 18906372 TI - Acyl derivatives of p-aminobenzenesulphonylguanidine. PMID- 18906373 TI - The action of chlorine on aqueous solutions of ammonium sulphinates. PMID- 18906374 TI - Synthetic oestrogens of the triphenylethylene series. PMID- 18906375 TI - The conversion of sucrose into furan compounds; some aminotetrahydrofuran derivatives. PMID- 18906376 TI - The isolation and some properties of dehydro-l-ascorbic acid. PMID- 18906377 TI - Synthetic studies in the steroid series; use of methyl gamma-bromocrotonate in the synthesis of fused-ring hydroaromatic ketones. PMID- 18906378 TI - Azulenes; exploration of new synthetic routes. PMID- 18906379 TI - Oxidation of carcinogenic hydrocarbons by osmium tetroxide. PMID- 18906380 TI - The chemistry of the insoluble red woods; a new synthesis of 4-hydroxycoumarins. PMID- 18906381 TI - Degradation of alpha-amino-acids to aldehydes and ketones by interaction with carbonyl compounds. PMID- 18906382 TI - Preparation of water-soluble derivatives of 2-methylnaphthalene. PMID- 18906383 TI - beta-Cycloylpropionitriles; reduction to 2-cyclyl-delta2-pyrrolines and 2 cyclylpyrrolidines. PMID- 18906384 TI - Potential trypanocides of the N-heterocyclic series; phenanthridinium salts. PMID- 18906385 TI - Alginic acid acetate. PMID- 18906386 TI - The synthesis of derivatives of 4- and 5-azaindole. PMID- 18906387 TI - Studies in the azole series; the interaction of aminoacetonitrile and carbon disulphide. PMID- 18906388 TI - A reaction of certain diazosulphonates derived from beta-naphthol-1-sulphonic acid; derivatives of 2'-chloro-5'-nitrobenzene-2-naphthol-l-diazosulphonate. PMID- 18906389 TI - Halogenation of m-5- and m-2-xylenol; mixed chlorobromoderivatives. PMID- 18906390 TI - Preparation of certain nuclear-substituted 2 aminophenol-sulphonic acids. PMID- 18906391 TI - Activity coefficients of zinc iodide. PMID- 18906392 TI - Lipoid-soluble alloxazine derivatives. PMID- 18906393 TI - 4-Styrylbenzylamine and 4-styrylbenzyldimethylamine. PMID- 18906394 TI - Reactions of alpha-cyanoprene (1-cyanobuta-1 : 3-diene); addition of nitro paraffins. PMID- 18906395 TI - Reactions of alpha-cyanoprene (1-cyanobuta-1 : 3-diene); Addition of reactive methylene compounds. PMID- 18906396 TI - The spontaneous low-temperature polymerization of acetaldehyde. PMID- 18906397 TI - Anhydrides of polyhydric alcohols; derivatives of 1 : 4-anhydrosorbitol from 1 : 4-3 : 6-dianhydrosorbitol. PMID- 18906398 TI - Some derivatives of p-aminobenzoic acid. PMID- 18906399 TI - Rapid preparation of a solution of sodium hydrogen sulphide. PMID- 18906400 TI - Structural relationships in the natural unsaturated higher fatty acids. PMID- 18906401 TI - Viscosity of solutions and suspensions; theory. PMID- 18906402 TI - Thermodynamics of adsorption from solutions; the molality and activity coefficient of adsorbed layers. PMID- 18906403 TI - Viscosity of solutions and suspensions; experimental determination of the viscosity-concentration function of spherical suspensions. PMID- 18906404 TI - Viscosity of solutions and suspensions; theoretical interpretation of viscosity of sucrose solutions. PMID- 18906405 TI - Affinity and reaction rate close to equilibrium. PMID- 18906406 TI - The cryoscopic behavior of carbon tetrachloride. PMID- 18906407 TI - The use of ion exchangers for the determination of physical-chemical properties of substances, particularly radiotracers, in solution; theoretical. PMID- 18906408 TI - The use of ion exchangers for the determination of physical-chemical properties of substances, particularly radiotracers, in solution; the dissociation constants of strontium citrate and strontium tartrate. PMID- 18906409 TI - The thermal decomposition of tertiary butyl acetate. PMID- 18906410 TI - The effect of surface-active agents upon dispersions of lead monoxide in xylene. PMID- 18906411 TI - The maximum possible rate of evaporation of liquids. PMID- 18906412 TI - Gaps in physical constants data for hydrocarbons. PMID- 18906413 TI - Physical chemistry of flotation; kinetics of the flotation process. PMID- 18906414 TI - Vapor pressure-temperature relationships among the branched paraffin hydrocarbons. PMID- 18906415 TI - Physico-chemical principles of germicidal activity. PMID- 18906416 TI - Plant growth-substances and related compounds. PMID- 18906417 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906418 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906419 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906420 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906421 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906424 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906423 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906422 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906425 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906426 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906427 TI - A new approach in anesthesia of palatal tissue. PMID- 18906428 TI - Laboratory diagnostic data of interest to dentists. PMID- 18906429 TI - Experiments in directional polymerization. PMID- 18906430 TI - Prosthesis of an acquired cleft palate with a full denture and velum obturator. PMID- 18906431 TI - A simple, effective treatment for Vincent's gingivitis. PMID- 18906432 TI - Trichlorethylene and dental analgesia. PMID- 18906433 TI - Differential diagnosis of dental pain. PMID- 18906434 TI - Removable clip-on anterior acrylic appliances. PMID- 18906435 TI - Report of a practical case of mouth rehabilitation. PMID- 18906436 TI - Practical methods of periodontal treatment in general practice. PMID- 18906437 TI - Sequelae of canine retention in adults and its simple operative treatment. PMID- 18906438 TI - Chronic periapical lesions; a detailed study of their pathology incidence and clinical significance, with special reference to those occurring on deciduous teeth. PMID- 18906439 TI - Full denture construction. PMID- 18906440 TI - Temporomandibular articulation in mandibular overclosure. PMID- 18906441 TI - Advances in general anesthesia; pentothal sodium and curare. PMID- 18906442 TI - Pentothal sodium for the ambulatory patient. PMID- 18906443 TI - Oral use of absorbable oxidized cellulose in the prevention and treatment of postoperative hemorrhage. PMID- 18906444 TI - Factors which influence casting accuracy; a universal casting technic. PMID- 18906445 TI - Theory of adhesion and impression technic for full dentures. PMID- 18906446 TI - Growth of mandibular joint in normal mice. PMID- 18906448 TI - Influence of recent research on present etiologic concept of malocclusion. PMID- 18906447 TI - Community economic status and the distribution of dentists. PMID- 18906449 TI - Mechanical therapy in ulcerative gingivitis. PMID- 18906450 TI - Median anterior maxillary cysts. PMID- 18906451 TI - Problems in oral diagnosis and treatment; planning through the later years of childhood. PMID- 18906452 TI - The Gottlieb method for prevention of decay and cavity treatment. Some suggested improvements. PMID- 18906453 TI - Dental care during the period from birth through two years. PMID- 18906454 TI - [Manifestations of oral pharyngeal malignancies]. PMID- 18906455 TI - [Homeopathy in dentistry]. PMID- 18906456 TI - [Recent data on calcification and decalcification]. PMID- 18906457 TI - [Teeth and psychoanalysis]. PMID- 18906458 TI - [Use of acrylic inclusions in maxillo-facial especially in the surgical treatment of temporomandibular ankylosis]. PMID- 18906459 TI - [On a recent dental iontophoresis (accelerated ion OH)]. PMID- 18906460 TI - [About three cases of possible errors of interpretation of radiological and histological lesions of the jaws]. PMID- 18906461 TI - [Two cases of dental reimplantation successfully maintained for 6 years]. PMID- 18906462 TI - [Sjogren's syndrome (dry eyes and mouth mucous membranes) and its consequences oral]. PMID- 18906463 TI - [Contribution to the prevention of dental caries]. PMID- 18906464 TI - [Chemotherapy and penicillin in dentistry]. PMID- 18906465 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906466 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906467 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906468 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906470 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906469 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906472 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906471 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906473 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906474 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906475 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906476 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906477 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906479 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906478 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906480 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906482 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906481 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906483 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906484 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906485 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906486 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906487 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906488 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906489 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906490 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906491 TI - Low temperature storage retains quality of dried fruit. PMID- 18906492 TI - Pickle processing standardized by use of germicidal detergent. PMID- 18906493 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906494 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906495 TI - The effect on rat growth of alternated protein intakes. PMID- 18906496 TI - The digestibility of rape-seed oil in the rat. PMID- 18906497 TI - Studies on the comparative nutritive value of fats; on the reputed growth promoting activity of vaccenic acid. PMID- 18906498 TI - The glycine requirement of young poults. PMID- 18906499 TI - Growth and reproduction of swine on a purified diet. PMID- 18906500 TI - Production of functional and fatty changes in the liver by a chronic vitamin B complex deficiency, and interrelationships with protein intake. PMID- 18906501 TI - Pantothenic acid in the nutrition of the hen. PMID- 18906502 TI - An adjustable cylindrical cage for use in metabolism studies with young pigs. PMID- 18906503 TI - Dental caries in the cotton rat; the effect of fluidity of the ration. PMID- 18906504 TI - The nutritive quality and the trypsin inhibitor content of soybean flour heated at various temperatures. PMID- 18906506 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906505 TI - The relation of thiamine clearance to blood levels in man. PMID- 18906507 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906508 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906509 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906510 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906511 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906512 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906513 TI - The enxymatic breakdown of ATP on myosin. PMID- 18906514 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906515 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906516 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906517 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906518 TI - Lactoflavine content of human milk. PMID- 18906520 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906519 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906521 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906522 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906523 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906524 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906525 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906526 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906527 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906528 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906529 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906530 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906531 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906532 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906533 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906534 TI - Chondromalacia of the patella as illustrated by 100 operations and 45 follow-ups. PMID- 18906535 TI - Myoma of uterus complicating pregnancy and labour. PMID- 18906536 TI - Cicatrizing intestinal tuberculosis and regional enteritis. PMID- 18906537 TI - On the etiology of tubal pregnancy in the light of 40 microscopically examined cases. PMID- 18906538 TI - On the reduction of a dislocated lower jaw. PMID- 18906539 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906540 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906541 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906542 TI - The problem of eclampsia in a modern light. PMID- 18906543 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906544 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906545 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906546 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906547 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906548 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906549 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906550 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906551 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906552 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906553 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906554 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906555 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906556 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906557 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906559 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906558 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906560 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906561 TI - [Protrusion of the urethra; a case report]. PMID- 18906562 TI - [Complete inversion and prolapse of the bladder through out the urethra]. PMID- 18906563 TI - [Comments about a case of precocious puberty]. PMID- 18906564 TI - [Syphilis and pregnancy]. PMID- 18906565 TI - [Problem of meiogenic function of the follicular fluid]. PMID- 18906566 TI - [Gonadotropin hormone and female infertility]. PMID- 18906567 TI - [Hormonal methods of diagnosis in gynecology]. PMID- 18906568 TI - [Endometriosis of the appendix]. PMID- 18906569 TI - [Ureteral anomaly; verified in the course of operation una Mertheim]. PMID- 18906570 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906571 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906572 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906573 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906574 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906575 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906576 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906577 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906578 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906579 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906580 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906581 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906582 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906583 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906584 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906585 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906586 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906587 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906588 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906589 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906590 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906591 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906592 TI - The future of medical records in Army hospitals. PMID- 18906593 TI - The future of hospital records in the Navy. PMID- 18906594 TI - The future of medical records in veterans hospitals. PMID- 18906595 TI - History and definition of unit record system. PMID- 18906596 TI - The dawn of group hospitalization. PMID- 18906597 TI - An integrated admitting service for the small hospital. PMID- 18906598 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906599 TI - Hearing aids and vocational adjustment. PMID- 18906600 TI - Medical terms used in counseling the handicapped. PMID- 18906601 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906602 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906603 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906604 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906605 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906606 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906608 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906607 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906609 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906610 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906611 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906612 TI - The federal government and the shortage of scientific personnel. PMID- 18906613 TI - What colleges and universities are doing in relation to scientific personnel. PMID- 18906614 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906616 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906615 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906617 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906618 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906619 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906620 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906621 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906622 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906623 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906624 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906625 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906626 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906628 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906627 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906629 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906630 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906631 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906632 TI - Renal tubule work; its significance for the clinician. PMID- 18906633 TI - Disturbances in electrolyte metabolism in man and their management. PMID- 18906634 TI - Metabolism in old age. PMID- 18906635 TI - The use of androgens in men. PMID- 18906636 TI - The etiology and epidemiology of infectious hepatitis. PMID- 18906637 TI - The pathology of epidemic hepatitis. PMID- 18906638 TI - Infectious hepatitis; clinical aspects. PMID- 18906639 TI - The surgical use of streptomycin. PMID- 18906640 TI - Chronic brucellosis; diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 18906641 TI - The examination of sputum for tumour cells. PMID- 18906642 TI - Intestinal obstruction. PMID- 18906643 TI - Diagnosis of congenital heart disease. PMID- 18906644 TI - Treatment of the menopause. PMID- 18906645 TI - Meningitis in childhood. PMID- 18906646 TI - Sequelae of local exposure to cold. PMID- 18906647 TI - Estimation of serum acid phosphatase in the diagnosis of metastasizing carcinoma of the prostate. PMID- 18906648 TI - Obscure carses of heart failure. PMID- 18906649 TI - The diagnosis and treatment of Menie3re's symptom complex. PMID- 18906650 TI - The plasma proteins in heart failure. PMID- 18906651 TI - Pulmonary tuberculosis with pregnancy and toxic goitre. PMID- 18906652 TI - Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia. PMID- 18906653 TI - Intra-abdominal, extra-uterine pregnancy. PMID- 18906654 TI - Successful closure of a perforated peptic ulcer in a man 84 years of age. PMID- 18906655 TI - Tuberculous meningitis treated with streptomycin. PMID- 18906656 TI - The use of BAL (2,3 dimercaptopropanol) in arsenical encephalopathy. PMID- 18906657 TI - Intra-abdominal vaselinoma associated with obliterative cholangitis. PMID- 18906658 TI - The disappearing caribou. PMID- 18906659 TI - The danger of the use of so-called universal donors. PMID- 18906660 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906661 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906662 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906663 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906664 TI - Five year follow-up of glaucomas. PMID- 18906666 TI - Surgery of the seventh nerve. PMID- 18906665 TI - Hormonal test for fetal death in disturbed pregnancy. PMID- 18906667 TI - Anterior or perineal pilonidal cysts. PMID- 18906668 TI - Surgery of the lower bowel; preparation and after-care of the patient. PMID- 18906670 TI - REVOCATION OF LICENSE FOR gross immorality in connection with diabetes treatment [Ind., 1948]. PMID- 18906669 TI - A modification of the respirator. PMID- 18906671 TI - Teaching hygiene in our colleges and universities. PMID- 18906672 TI - Cardiac surgery; a review of indications. PMID- 18906673 TI - Current trends in the prevention of infectious diseases of childhood. PMID- 18906674 TI - Tropical medicine; mycotic diseases. PMID- 18906676 TI - Professional privilege. PMID- 18906675 TI - Recent advances in anesthesia. PMID- 18906677 TI - The results of irradiation of the human thymus gland. PMID- 18906678 TI - Helminth ova and arthropods as agents and vectors of disease. PMID- 18906679 TI - The value of orthoptics. PMID- 18906680 TI - Management of a physician's office. PMID- 18906681 TI - Trends in medical education. PMID- 18906682 TI - Nitrogen mustard treatment in chronic myelogenous leukemia. PMID- 18906683 TI - Diagnosis of respiratory virus infections. PMID- 18906684 TI - A consideration of the physiology of hypertension. PMID- 18906685 TI - Report of a case of diabetic gangrene treated with vitamin C and histidine. PMID- 18906686 TI - Medical aspects of essential hypertension. PMID- 18906687 TI - The dynamics of protein metabolism; the interrelationship between protein and caloric intakes and their influence upon the utilization of ingested protein for tissue synthesis by the adult protein-depleted rat. PMID- 18906688 TI - The dynamics of protein metabolism; the relationship between the level of protein intake and the rate of protein utilization by protein-depleted men and rats. PMID- 18906689 TI - The determination of the nitrogen balance index of a new lyophilized amino acid preparation in protein-deficient patients. PMID- 18906690 TI - Cytochrome c; intravenous administration in man. PMID- 18906691 TI - Caronamide; plasma concentrations, urinary recoveries, and dosage. PMID- 18906692 TI - Isolation and identification of influenza viruses during the epidemic of December, 1945. PMID- 18906693 TI - Histamine antagonists; a new antihistaminic drug, 2-[alpha-(2 dimethylaminoethoxy)-alpha-methylbenzyl]-pyridine succinate (decapryn succinate); experimental and clinical results. PMID- 18906694 TI - The pharmacologic properties of 2-[alpha-(2-dimethylaminoethoxy)-alpha methylbenzyl]-pyridine succinate, a new antihistaminic agent. PMID- 18906695 TI - The effects of adrenalin in normal and hypertensive patients in relation to the mechanism of sustained pressure elevations. PMID- 18906696 TI - The effect of operation and illness on clot retraction; description of a new method. PMID- 18906697 TI - A simplified technique for the quantitative colorimetric estimation of pregnandiol in urine. PMID- 18906698 TI - Studies in serum proteins; a rapid clinical method for the accurate determination of albumin and globulin in serum or plasma. PMID- 18906699 TI - Systematic qualitative analysis of biologic materials for common steam-volatile organic poisons. PMID- 18906700 TI - A method for the determination of titers between 10 and 100 in the quantitative complement fixation test for syphilis. PMID- 18906701 TI - The preparation of frozen sections for use in the chemosurgical technique for the microscopically controlled excision of cancer. PMID- 18906702 TI - Blood serum transfusion. PMID- 18906703 TI - Notes on ancient Gaelic medicine. PMID- 18906704 TI - Shock and its treatment. PMID- 18906705 TI - Flat feet. PMID- 18906706 TI - Reconstructive surgery of the extremities. PMID- 18906707 TI - Primary attack of benign tertian malaria 14 months after cessation of suppressive therapy. PMID- 18906708 TI - Dermatitis factitia; a psychosomatic disorder. PMID- 18906709 TI - Mass X-ray survey in Burlington County. PMID- 18906710 TI - Diagnosis and management of pelvic endometriosis. PMID- 18906711 TI - Relationship of occupational strain to rectal conditions. PMID- 18906712 TI - Headache; impressions of an ophthalmologist. PMID- 18906713 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906714 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906715 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906716 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906717 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906718 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906719 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906720 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906721 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906722 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906723 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906724 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906725 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906726 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906727 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906728 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906729 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906731 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906730 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906732 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906734 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906733 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906735 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906736 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906737 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906738 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906739 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906740 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906741 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906742 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906743 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906744 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906745 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906746 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906747 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906749 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906748 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906750 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906751 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906752 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906753 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906754 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906755 TI - The full-time specialist. PMID- 18906756 TI - Assessment of intestinal carminatives. PMID- 18906757 TI - Actinomycosis of the liver with recovery. PMID- 18906758 TI - Results of sympathectomy of the upper limb with special reference to Raynaud's disease. PMID- 18906759 TI - Electronarcosis, its value and its dangers. PMID- 18906760 TI - Fructose and fructolysis in semen in relation to fertility. PMID- 18906761 TI - Incidence of epilepsy in children of school age. PMID- 18906762 TI - CRANIAL operation at sea. PMID- 18906763 TI - Dietary punishment in prison. PMID- 18906764 TI - The walking calliper. PMID- 18906765 TI - Perinephric abscess treated with penicillin. PMID- 18906766 TI - Neonatal diarrhoea and peritonitis. PMID- 18906767 TI - Suffocation by milk feeds. PMID- 18906768 TI - Measured radical gastrectomy; review of 505 operations for peptic ulcer. PMID- 18906769 TI - Penicillin and sulphonamides in typhoid fever; experience of physicians in military hospitals in the Middle East. PMID- 18906770 TI - Physiological jaundice of the newborn; some new measurements of the factors concerned. PMID- 18906772 TI - Normal temperatures in old age. PMID- 18906771 TI - Combined chaulmoograte and sulphone treatment of leprosy and tuberculosis. PMID- 18906774 TI - Genesis of the Association of Clinical Pathologists. PMID- 18906773 TI - Treatment of angina of effort with androgens. PMID- 18906775 TI - Electronarcosis. PMID- 18906776 TI - Cervical-root irritation. PMID- 18906777 TI - The nicotinic-acid tolerance test. PMID- 18906778 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906779 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906780 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906781 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906782 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906783 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906784 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906785 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906786 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906787 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906788 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906789 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906790 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906791 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906792 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906793 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906795 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906794 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906796 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906797 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906798 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906799 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906800 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906801 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906802 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906803 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906804 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906805 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906806 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906807 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906808 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906809 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906810 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906811 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906812 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906813 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906814 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906815 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906816 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906817 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906818 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906819 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906820 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906821 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906822 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906823 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906824 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906825 TI - The regulation of body temperature. PMID- 18906826 TI - The diagnosis, prevention and treatment of puerperal infection. PMID- 18906827 TI - Probable neuroblastoma of the adrenal gland. PMID- 18906829 TI - The treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis in childhood. PMID- 18906828 TI - Congenital obstruction of the urethra. PMID- 18906830 TI - Penicillin in the neuroses. PMID- 18906831 TI - The importance and significance of blood investigations in rheumatism. PMID- 18906832 TI - A recording chart for use in cases of epilepsy. PMID- 18906833 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906834 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906835 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906836 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906838 TI - Surgical treatment of hypertension. PMID- 18906837 TI - The medical management of essential hypertension. PMID- 18906839 TI - A symposium on hypertension; case report. PMID- 18906840 TI - Therapeutic nerve block; advantages of continuous methods in management of various medical emergencies. PMID- 18906841 TI - Fenestration in otosclerosis; report of nine cases. PMID- 18906842 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906843 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906844 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906845 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906846 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906847 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906848 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906849 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906850 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906851 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906853 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906852 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906854 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906855 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906856 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906857 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906858 TI - The blood volume in health and disease. PMID- 18906859 TI - The occurrence of extensor spasm in patients with complete transection of the spinal cord. PMID- 18906860 TI - Fatal acute pancytopenia following tridione treatment. PMID- 18906861 TI - Neurologic complications of trichinosis; report of two cases. PMID- 18906862 TI - Acanthosis nigricans; report of a case associated with thyroid cancer. PMID- 18906863 TI - Morphine hypersensitivity in kyphoscoliosis. PMID- 18906864 TI - Abdominal surgery. PMID- 18906865 TI - Congenital heart disease; tetralogy of Fallot. PMID- 18906866 TI - Carcinoma of gall bladder, with extension to small intestine. PMID- 18906867 TI - Total pancreatectomy. PMID- 18906868 TI - Pulmonary tularemia in Massachusetts; report of a case due to tick bites. PMID- 18906869 TI - Presacral neurectomy for dysmenorrhea. PMID- 18906870 TI - Primary Friedlander-bacillus peritonitis; report of a case. PMID- 18906871 TI - Abdominal surgery. PMID- 18906872 TI - Subacute bacterial endocarditis. PMID- 18906873 TI - Adenocarcinoma of rectosigmoid (grade II) with secondary abscess formation and extension into pelvis and uterus. PMID- 18906874 TI - The treatment of arterial embolism. PMID- 18906876 TI - Streptomycin treatment in acute brucellosis; report of a case with review of the literature. PMID- 18906875 TI - Idiopathic hyperlipemia. PMID- 18906877 TI - The value of a special auricular lead and of carotid sinus pressure in the electorcardiographic diagnosis of tachycardias and other disorders of the heart beat. PMID- 18906878 TI - Diabetes. PMID- 18906879 TI - Intradural lipoma of sacral canal. PMID- 18906880 TI - Congenital atresia of hepatic and cystic ducts. PMID- 18906882 TI - Surgical aspects of hemorrhagic diseases. PMID- 18906881 TI - Differential diagnosis and treatment of the leukemias. PMID- 18906883 TI - Superficial gangrene of extremities due to ergot poisoning. PMID- 18906884 TI - Bacillus pyocyaneus septicemia; report of case. PMID- 18906885 TI - Acute benadryl intoxication; case report. PMID- 18906887 TI - Varicose veins of lower extremities. PMID- 18906886 TI - Congenital atresia of bile ducts. PMID- 18906888 TI - The private physicians' contribution to venereal disease control in Philadelphia during 1947. PMID- 18906889 TI - The recognition of diabetes mellitus. PMID- 18906890 TI - Diabetes mellitus and tuberculosis in Philadelphia. PMID- 18906891 TI - Office treatment of diabetes mellitus. PMID- 18906892 TI - A five year study on diabetic mortality. PMID- 18906894 TI - Respiratory emergencies. PMID- 18906895 TI - Recent advances in treatment of malaria. PMID- 18906893 TI - Scrotal enlargements. PMID- 18906896 TI - Further observations on orbital prefrontal lobotomy in treatment of chronic mental illness. PMID- 18906897 TI - Diagnosis and management of Buerger's disease. PMID- 18906898 TI - Carcinoma of the esophagus. PMID- 18906899 TI - Modern treatment of diabetic gangrene. PMID- 18906900 TI - Medical aspects of chronic peptic ulcer. PMID- 18906901 TI - X-ray appearances of gastric, duodenal and jejunal ulcer. PMID- 18906902 TI - Anaesthesia for gastric operations. PMID- 18906903 TI - Surgical treatment of chronic gastric and duodenal ulcer. PMID- 18906904 TI - Case of sudden death due to fulminating septicemia. PMID- 18906905 TI - Case report of sudden death [multiple clostridium septicum emboli in intrahepatic portal veins, with extensive necrosis of the liver]. PMID- 18906906 TI - Progressive muscular dystrophy with involvement of heart muscle. PMID- 18906907 TI - [Synthesis in liver diseases]. PMID- 18906909 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906908 TI - [Cancer, leprosy and tuberculosis]. PMID- 18906910 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906911 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906912 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906913 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906914 TI - What is wrong with the health of the South African executive? PMID- 18906915 TI - A survey of 754 cases of sterility treated between 1940 and 1946. PMID- 18906916 TI - Enteric fever and pregnancy. PMID- 18906917 TI - A case of Boeck's sarcoidosis in a South African native. PMID- 18906918 TI - Oesophagoplasty for benign stricture of the oesophagus; report of a successful case. PMID- 18906919 TI - Penicillin in practice; a brief survey for ex-service officers. PMID- 18906920 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906921 TI - Tuberculosis in infants and children. PMID- 18906922 TI - The use of radioactive isotopes in diagnosis and therapy. PMID- 18906923 TI - Preoperative and postoperative supportive therapy in gastro-intestinal surgery. PMID- 18906925 TI - Colostomy closure. PMID- 18906924 TI - Gastro-intestinal symptoms in disease of the urinary tract; a radiological report. PMID- 18906926 TI - Laboratory aids in the diagnosis of infectious diarrhea in children. PMID- 18906927 TI - Serodiagnosis in syphilis. PMID- 18906928 TI - The persistent positive Friedman test in hydatid moles. PMID- 18906929 TI - Hospital consultations in otolaryngology. PMID- 18906930 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906931 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906932 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906933 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906934 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906935 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906936 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906937 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906939 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906938 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906940 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906941 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906942 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906943 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906944 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906946 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906945 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906947 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906948 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906949 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906950 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906951 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906953 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906952 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906954 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906955 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906956 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906957 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906958 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906959 TI - Digestive symptoms associated with disorders located outside of the digestive tract. PMID- 18906961 TI - Management of gastro-intestinal bleeding. PMID- 18906960 TI - Virginia's new coroner system. PMID- 18906962 TI - Hopeful aspects of cardiovascular disease. PMID- 18906963 TI - Rhabdomyosarcoma; case report with response to roentgen therapy. PMID- 18906964 TI - The use of anti-convulsive drugs. PMID- 18906965 TI - Brucellosis (undulant fever). PMID- 18906966 TI - Diseases of leading importance to the Navy. PMID- 18906967 TI - Specific therapy in osteomyelitis. PMID- 18906968 TI - Hodgkin's disease. PMID- 18906969 TI - Anesthesia activities aboard U. S. S. Benevolence. PMID- 18906970 TI - A review of present methods in the early diagnosis of bronchogenic carcinoma. PMID- 18906971 TI - Aphorisms on peptic ulcer seen in the Naval service. PMID- 18906972 TI - The use of plasma in the treatment of combat fatigue. PMID- 18906973 TI - Interesting notes on bipartite patellae. PMID- 18906974 TI - A study of the effect of breathing oxygen or normal air after exposure to an atmosphere having a high concentration of carbon dioxide. PMID- 18906975 TI - A dysentery outbreak aboard a cruiser in Apra Harbor, Guam, Marianas Islands. PMID- 18906976 TI - Treatment of acute sacrococcygeal cyst teratoma. PMID- 18906977 TI - Hemorrhage associated with gastritis; review of the literature and report of two cases. PMID- 18906978 TI - GENERAL INFORMATION regarding tropical hygiene and living in the tropics. PMID- 18906979 TI - Hodgkin's disease involving the epicardium; report of a case. PMID- 18906980 TI - Metastatic tumor in the heart; report of a case. PMID- 18906981 TI - Fixation of mandibular fractures with report of three cases. PMID- 18906982 TI - Acute disseminated lupus erythematosus occurring in a male, with fatal termination in 16 days. PMID- 18906983 TI - A case of migraine with lesion localized in the visual tract. PMID- 18906984 TI - Report of a case of intrathoracic ganglioneuroma. PMID- 18906985 TI - Fatal anaphylaxis following typhus vaccine injection. PMID- 18906986 TI - Salmonella osteomyelitis; report of a case with Salmonella schottmulleri as the etiologic agent. PMID- 18906987 TI - A modification of an oral photographic apparatus originally constructed by the Dental School, University of Pennsylvania. PMID- 18906988 TI - Filariasis studies in American Samoa. PMID- 18906989 TI - Gastro-enteritis outbreak due to powdered milk. PMID- 18906990 TI - Why are we studying cosmic rays? PMID- 18906991 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906992 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906993 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906994 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906995 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906996 TI - Effects of colchicine and other plant constituents on blood coagulation and of thrombokinetic agents and anticoagulants on plants. PMID- 18906997 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906998 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18906999 TI - Some new substrates for determination of phosphatase. PMID- 18907000 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907002 TI - The present outlook in army education. PMID- 18907001 TI - Experimental gout from alloxan in pigeons; findings in the joints and serous membranes. PMID- 18907003 TI - Animal tissue cells in protein-free media. PMID- 18907004 TI - Bilirubin-serum protein complexes and the van den Bergh reaction. PMID- 18907005 TI - Behaviour of Gorini's acid-proteolytic lactic cocci with penicillin. PMID- 18907006 TI - Chromosome number of Cardamine pratensis. PMID- 18907007 TI - Lead telluride cells for infra-red spectroscopy. PMID- 18907008 TI - Scattering of neutrons by lead. PMID- 18907009 TI - ASSAYING of penicillin. PMID- 18907011 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907010 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907016 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907017 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907018 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907019 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907020 TI - Spontaneous regression on the induction of hypnosis. PMID- 18907022 TI - Some clinical illustrations of Freud's analysis of the uncanny. PMID- 18907021 TI - A note on the indications for the use of hypnosis in psychotherapy; an illustrative case report. PMID- 18907023 TI - The strange case of Wilhelm Reich. PMID- 18907024 TI - Guillain-Barre syndrome; review of the literature; presentation of cases. PMID- 18907025 TI - Technic of retraining in psychotherapy. PMID- 18907026 TI - Recognition of and distinction between post-traumatic and psychophysical headaches. PMID- 18907027 TI - Glioblastoma multiforme of the right frontal lobe. PMID- 18907028 TI - Neuro-dermatitis from a psychosomatic viewpoint; report of three cases. PMID- 18907029 TI - Elector-encephalographic patterns in experimental epilepsy. PMID- 18907030 TI - A fatality in electroshock therapy; report of a case and review of certain previously described cases. PMID- 18907031 TI - Chronic alcoholism. PMID- 18907032 TI - Hepatolenticular degeneration; a report of four cases in a Spanish-American family with differential diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 18907033 TI - Vasopressor reactivity in cerebral vascular disease as measured by the cold pressor reaction. PMID- 18907034 TI - The differences in attitudes toward return to duty of neurotic and psychotic soldiers in an Army general hospital. PMID- 18907035 TI - Observations on major and minor causalgia. PMID- 18907037 TI - Differential spinal block; the block of cutaneous and stretch reflexes in the presence of unimpaired position sense. PMID- 18907036 TI - Demonstration of two patients with pituitary tumors operated by endo-nasal method. PMID- 18907038 TI - Cerebellar abscess; treatment of excision with the aid of antibiotics. PMID- 18907039 TI - Observations on the cause and mechanism of symptom-production in sciatica and low back pain. PMID- 18907040 TI - The neuropathological aspects of thrombocytic acroangiothrombosis; a clinico anatomical study of generalized platelet thrombosis. PMID- 18907041 TI - Primary cerebral hydatid cysts. PMID- 18907042 TI - The clinical characteristics, treatment, and rehabilitation of repatriated prisoners of war with neurosis. PMID- 18907043 TI - The psychological symptoms and the physiological response to exercise of repatriated prisoners of war with neurosis. PMID- 18907044 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907045 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907046 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907047 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907048 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907049 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907050 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907051 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907052 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907053 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907054 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907056 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907055 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907057 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907058 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907059 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907060 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907061 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907062 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907063 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907064 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907065 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907066 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907067 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907068 TI - Hospital blankets as a source of infection. PMID- 18907069 TI - Chemotherapy. PMID- 18907070 TI - British mental nurse in Greece; developments in training. PMID- 18907072 TI - The social problems of old age. PMID- 18907071 TI - Anatomy and physiology of the pelvic floor. PMID- 18907073 TI - Carcinoma of the stomach. PMID- 18907074 TI - Laboratory investigations in pregnancy. PMID- 18907075 TI - Early development of the filtration operations for glaucoma. PMID- 18907076 TI - Retinal detachment; a survey of the etiology and results of treatments on phakics and aphakics. PMID- 18907077 TI - The value of injecting saline into the vitreous as an adjunct to diathermy operations for retinal detachment. PMID- 18907078 TI - Integrated implants and artificial eyes for use after enucleation and evisceration. PMID- 18907080 TI - Some methods of lid repair and reconstruction; displacement of the canthi. PMID- 18907079 TI - Oxycephaly with optic atrophy; report on results of the King operation. PMID- 18907081 TI - Eye injuries from so-called noncasualty war gases; report of cases. PMID- 18907082 TI - A procedure to facilitate intracapsular forceps extraction of intumescent cataracts. PMID- 18907083 TI - Fibrinous exudative cysts of the iris. PMID- 18907084 TI - Three emmetropic patients treated with aniseikonic glasses over 8- to 10-year periods. PMID- 18907085 TI - Use of the goniolens for diagnosis of retained foreign body in the anterior chamber. PMID- 18907086 TI - Congenital retinal fold with vitreous disorganization; a case report. PMID- 18907087 TI - Beta irradiation in ophthalmology. PMID- 18907088 TI - Sarcoid simulating Mikulicz's disease and Parinaud's syndrome. PMID- 18907089 TI - Central choroiditis. PMID- 18907090 TI - Ocular proptosis. PMID- 18907091 TI - The Millard-Gubler syndrome. PMID- 18907092 TI - An ocular test for penicillin susceptibility (dermatitis venenata). PMID- 18907093 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907094 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907095 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907096 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907097 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907098 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907099 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907100 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907101 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907103 TI - Evaluation of Papanicolaou's method of cancer diagnosis. PMID- 18907102 TI - Clinical, functional and histologic responses of fatty metamorphosis of human liver to lipotropic therapy. PMID- 18907104 TI - Use of Wright's stain in diagnosis of malignant cells in bronchial aspirations. PMID- 18907105 TI - Trisodium phosphate in the diagnostic culture of tubercle bacilli. PMID- 18907106 TI - The pathology of hypersplenism. PMID- 18907107 TI - Coronary arteriosclerosis, with recent thrombosis of left circumflex artery. PMID- 18907108 TI - The Papanicolaou method. PMID- 18907109 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907110 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907111 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907112 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907113 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907114 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907115 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907116 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907117 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907118 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907119 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907120 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907121 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907122 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907123 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907125 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907124 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907126 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907127 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907128 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907129 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907130 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907131 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907132 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907133 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907134 TI - Vomiting and abdominal pain. PMID- 18907135 TI - Noisy breathing and hoarseness. PMID- 18907136 TI - Vomiting, convulsions. PMID- 18907137 TI - Typhoid fever; a review of 68 cases at Children's Hospital from 1937 to 1947. PMID- 18907138 TI - Nephritis (?) in a 2 month old infant with congenital syphilis. PMID- 18907139 TI - Eventration of the diaphragm. PMID- 18907140 TI - Meningococcemia; report of a case complicated by ulceration of skin lesions. PMID- 18907141 TI - Tay-Sach's disease. PMID- 18907142 TI - Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis in children. PMID- 18907143 TI - Hematologic studies on children of Rh-negative women compared to those of Rh positive women. PMID- 18907144 TI - Bacterial flora in eyes of newborn infants during first forty hours of life after single instillation of penicillin and silver nitrate. PMID- 18907145 TI - The use of serum gamma globulin antibodies to control chicken pox in a convalescent hospital for children. PMID- 18907146 TI - Does pertussis activate tuberculosis? PMID- 18907147 TI - Food allergy; the function and clinical application of the ratary diversified diet. PMID- 18907148 TI - Physical growth of Chinese infants. PMID- 18907149 TI - Subluxation of the head of the radius; nursemaid's elbow. PMID- 18907150 TI - Blood chemical and immunologic effects of adrenal cortical extract in children. PMID- 18907151 TI - Congenital hemolytic icterus, four generations. PMID- 18907152 TI - An unusual eruptive fever involving the skin and mucous membranes; its relation to, and the status of, the so-called Stevens-Johnson disease. PMID- 18907154 TI - Omphalocele. PMID- 18907153 TI - Congenital hypertrophic stenosis of the duodenum. PMID- 18907155 TI - Hemangioma of the liver causing death in a newborn infant. PMID- 18907156 TI - Congenital tuberculosis; a review of the disease with report of a case. PMID- 18907157 TI - Cerebellar medulloblastoma in a seven-month-old infant. PMID- 18907158 TI - The child with asthma. PMID- 18907159 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907160 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907161 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907162 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907163 TI - Tuberculous infection and disease of Budapest school children in 1946-47. PMID- 18907164 TI - [Russian encephalitis]. PMID- 18907165 TI - [Three cases of enuresis]. PMID- 18907166 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907167 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907168 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907169 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907170 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907171 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907172 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907173 TI - Pletysmography applied to the tests to the bovine mammary gland. PMID- 18907174 TI - The influence of udder trauma on the growth of this organ in maiden ewes. PMID- 18907175 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907176 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907177 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907178 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907179 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907180 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907181 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907182 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907183 TI - Desensibilization against the temperature reducing effect of histamine. PMID- 18907184 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907185 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907186 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907187 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907188 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907189 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907190 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907191 TI - Influence of insulin on glycogen. PMID- 18907192 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907193 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907194 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907196 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907195 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907197 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907198 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907199 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907200 TI - Pharmacological properties of N-N-dimethyl-N'-pyridyl)-N'-(-thenyl) ethylenediamine hydrochloride (thenylene hydrochloride) a new antihistamine compound. PMID- 18907201 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907202 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907203 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907204 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907206 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907207 TI - The vasopressor activity of some new orally active sympathominetic amines. PMID- 18907205 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907208 TI - Acute and chronic toxicity of an aliphatic amine, methylamino-iso-octene (octin). PMID- 18907209 TI - Streptomycin in the blood; chemical determinations after single and repeated intramuscular injections. PMID- 18907210 TI - Pharmacological studies of d-tubocurarine and other curare fractions. PMID- 18907211 TI - Pharmacological properties of a new antihistaminic, 2-methyl-9-phenyl-2,3,4,9 tetrahydro-l-pyridindene (thephorin) and derivatives. PMID- 18907212 TI - The quantitative evaluation of spasmolytic drugs in vitro. PMID- 18907213 TI - Observations on the comparative pharmacologic actions of 6-dimethylamino-4,4 diphenyl-3-heptanone (amidone) and morphine. PMID- 18907214 TI - The effect of ether and dial-urethane anesthesia on the passage of sulfathiazole into the cerebrospinal fluid. PMID- 18907215 TI - The pharmacology of compounds related to beta-2,5-dimethoxy phenethyl amine; the ethyl, isopropyl and propyl derivatives. PMID- 18907216 TI - Anticonvulsant action of isopropyl alcohol. PMID- 18907217 TI - Goitrogenic compounds; pharmacological and pathological effects. PMID- 18907218 TI - A study of the effects of l-amino-l-phthalidylpropane hydrochloride on the excised and intact intestine and uterus. PMID- 18907219 TI - Studies with tetrazole derivatives; some pharmacologic properties of aminomethyl tetrazoles. PMID- 18907220 TI - Studies with tetrazole derivatives; some pharmacologic properties of aminophenyl tetrazoles. PMID- 18907221 TI - Influence of the autonomic nervous system on the intestinal absorption of a hypertonic solution of glucose. PMID- 18907222 TI - Effect of acidosis and anoxia on the concentration of quinacrine and chloroquine in blood. PMID- 18907223 TI - Chemotherapeutic studies of 4-amino-4'-propylaminodiphenylsulfone alone and in combination with sulfadiazine in experimental pneumococcus infection. PMID- 18907224 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907226 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907225 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907227 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907228 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907229 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907230 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907231 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907232 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907233 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907234 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907235 TI - [Dictionary of technical terms of botany, contains over 10,000 terms]. PMID- 18907236 TI - Reciprocal effects due to stimulation of the spinal cord by currents of opposite direction. PMID- 18907237 TI - Reciprocal effects evoked by stimulation of the descending motor tracts with currents of opposite direction. PMID- 18907238 TI - Alternating facilitation and inhibition of the extensor muscle activity in decerebrate cats. PMID- 18907239 TI - Rhythmical activity of motor units in myotatic reflexes. PMID- 18907240 TI - Reciprocal facilation and inhibition following a single afferent volley. PMID- 18907241 TI - Slow cord potentials of opposite sign correlated to reciprocal functions. PMID- 18907242 TI - Slow positive and negative ventral root potentials accompanying extension and flexion evoked by a medullary stimulation. PMID- 18907243 TI - Studies of the potential level in the ventral root under varying conditions. PMID- 18907244 TI - On the functional organisation of the motoneurons in the lumbo-sacral segments of the spinal cord. PMID- 18907245 TI - Physical properties of protoplasm. PMID- 18907247 TI - Developmental physiology. PMID- 18907246 TI - Physiological aspects of genetics. PMID- 18907248 TI - Physiology of reproduction. PMID- 18907249 TI - Conduction and synaptic transmission in the nervous system. PMID- 18907250 TI - Somatic functions of the central nervous system. PMID- 18907251 TI - Vision. PMID- 18907252 TI - Digestive system. PMID- 18907254 TI - Heart. PMID- 18907253 TI - Blood cytology. PMID- 18907255 TI - Peripheral circulation. PMID- 18907256 TI - Metabolic aspects of shock. PMID- 18907257 TI - Respiration. PMID- 18907258 TI - Anoxia in aviation. PMID- 18907259 TI - Regulation of energy exchange. PMID- 18907260 TI - Metabolic functions of the endocrine glands. PMID- 18907261 TI - Heat and cold. PMID- 18907262 TI - Physiology of sweating. PMID- 18907263 TI - Pharmacology. PMID- 18907264 TI - The coagulation of bloods. PMID- 18907265 TI - Hemotasis. PMID- 18907266 TI - Physiological psychology. PMID- 18907267 TI - Physiological effects of radiant energy. PMID- 18907268 TI - Psychotherapy and counseling; a symposium. PMID- 18907270 TI - Concerning the therapeutic relationship in the dynamics of cure. PMID- 18907269 TI - On goals, methods and tactics in psychotherapy. PMID- 18907271 TI - The self-experience of the psychotherapist. PMID- 18907272 TI - The development of nondirective therapy. PMID- 18907273 TI - Psychological dynamics in allergic patients as shown in group and individual psychotherapy. PMID- 18907274 TI - The contingency technique; a method for unbinding the therapeutic relationship of conflicting issues in selected cases. PMID- 18907276 TI - The interpretation of principal-axis factors. PMID- 18907275 TI - A note on diagnosis and therapy. PMID- 18907277 TI - Vocabulary ability in later maturity. PMID- 18907278 TI - Diagnostic testing and remedial teaching for common errors in mechanics of English made by college freshmen. PMID- 18907279 TI - The projective expression of needs; the effect of different intensities of the hunger drive on perception. PMID- 18907280 TI - Problem solution by monkeys following extensive unilateral decortication and pre frontal lobotomy of the contralateral side. PMID- 18907281 TI - Reaction time as a measure of span of attention. PMID- 18907282 TI - Reliability of an absolute scale for rating familiarity. PMID- 18907283 TI - Dynamic and cognitive categorization of qualitative material; general problems and the thematic apperception test. PMID- 18907284 TI - Dynamic and cognitive categorization of qualitative material; application to interviews with the ethnically prejudiced. PMID- 18907285 TI - The evaluation of instruction in Air University. PMID- 18907286 TI - The attainment of concepts; regularities and levels. PMID- 18907287 TI - On a possible use of the root nodules of leguminous plants for research in neurology and psychiatry; preliminary report on a free porphyrin-hemoglobin system. PMID- 18907288 TI - The vocational interests of engineering and non-engineering students. PMID- 18907289 TI - Some factors determining intercultural behavior and attitudes of members of different ethnic groups in mixed neighborhoods. PMID- 18907290 TI - A preliminary study of the relationships between the Bernreuter personality inventory and performances on the Army alpha examination and the George Washington social intelligence test. PMID- 18907291 TI - A brief description of a reliable criterion of job performance. PMID- 18907292 TI - Visibility on cathode-ray tube screens; problems and methods. PMID- 18907293 TI - Academic success in college of public and private school students; freshman year at Harvard. PMID- 18907294 TI - Higher and lower needs. PMID- 18907296 TI - The psychogalvanic response and its relation to changes in tension and relaxation. PMID- 18907295 TI - Minor studies of aggression; the influence of frustrations imposed by the in group on attitudes expressed toward out groups. PMID- 18907297 TI - Visibility on cathode-ray tube screens; screen brightness. PMID- 18907298 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907299 TI - The sanitarian's place in public health. PMID- 18907300 TI - The health officer and the worker's health. PMID- 18907301 TI - The place of the Victorian Order in the public health set-up of the community. PMID- 18907302 TI - Mortality trends and public health in Canada. PMID- 18907304 TI - The nature of the inhibitive reaction in the indirect complement-fixation test. PMID- 18907303 TI - Modifications of Dubos' medium with observations on inhibition of virulent human tubercle bacillus on a solid medium by streptomycin and antibiotic substances. PMID- 18907305 TI - Relationship between titres of antipullorum chicken and turkey sera obtained by the indirect complement-fixation and agglutination method. PMID- 18907306 TI - A 24 hour medium for isolation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. PMID- 18907307 TI - Antibiotics active against bacterial viruses. PMID- 18907308 TI - The antibiotic effect of tomato juice extracts. PMID- 18907309 TI - Laboratory studies of combined antigens. PMID- 18907311 TI - Variations in viruses and in their hosts. PMID- 18907310 TI - Observations on the effect of atabrine (chloromethoxy(methyldiethylamino) butylamino-acridine) upon growth. PMID- 18907312 TI - Etiology of sarcoidosis. PMID- 18907313 TI - Salmonella typing in Ontario and the use of polyvalent antisera. PMID- 18907314 TI - A report on a survey of non-injectable penicillin preparations. PMID- 18907315 TI - Ringworm of the scalp in Ottawa public schools, 1946-47. PMID- 18907316 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907317 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907318 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907319 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907320 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907321 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907322 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907323 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907324 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907325 TI - Morbidity reporting in local areas; patterns of reporting. PMID- 18907326 TI - Field tests with tick repellents. PMID- 18907327 TI - Action of streptomycin in experimental infection with Q fever. PMID- 18907328 TI - Studies of the acute diarrheal diseases; epidemiology. PMID- 18907329 TI - Balantidial dysentery; report of four cases with postmortem study. PMID- 18907330 TI - Splenectomy in schistosomiasis; preliminary report. PMID- 18907331 TI - Cutaneous arachnoidism experimentally produced with the glandular poison of Loxosceles laeta. PMID- 18907332 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907333 TI - An analysis of relationships existent between health practice, adjustment, and physical performance of freshmen women. PMID- 18907334 TI - Achievement scales in six physical education activities for secondary school boys. PMID- 18907335 TI - Some aspects of the role of games, sports and recreational activities in the culture of modern primitive peoples; the New Zealand Maoris. PMID- 18907336 TI - Tobacco smoking, strength, and muscular endurance. PMID- 18907337 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907338 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907339 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907340 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907341 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907342 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907344 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907343 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907345 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907346 TI - Pneumoencephalographic diagnosis in the presenile dementias. PMID- 18907347 TI - Roentgenological aspect of sarcoidosis. PMID- 18907348 TI - Heberden's nodes; the roentgenological and clinical appearance of degenerative joint disease of the fingers. PMID- 18907349 TI - Right paraduodenal hernia with roentgen diagnosis and postoperative recovery. PMID- 18907350 TI - Duodenal diverticula with ulceration. PMID- 18907351 TI - A pathognomonic roentgen sign of retroperitoneal abscess; report of two cases of ruptured appendix with positive roentgen findings. PMID- 18907352 TI - Lymphosarcoma of the head and neck. PMID- 18907353 TI - Pantopaque myelography in the diagnosis of the Arnold-Chiari malformation without concomitant skeletal or central nervous system defects. PMID- 18907354 TI - Spontaneous rupture of the kidney. PMID- 18907356 TI - The treatment of keloids by irradiation and electrosurgery. PMID- 18907355 TI - The use of high voltage roentgen therapy in the treatment of amenorrhea and sterility in women. PMID- 18907357 TI - Partial destruction of rat thyroid by large doses of radio-iodine. PMID- 18907358 TI - Radioautography; some physical and radiobiological aspects of the technique as applied to thin specimens. PMID- 18907359 TI - The effect of adrenal cortical injury on the toxicity of roentgen rays. PMID- 18907360 TI - Experimental studies on the toxicity of beta-(4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenyl)-alpha phenylpropionic acid (priodax). PMID- 18907361 TI - Two Danish photofluorographic cameras of the original Schmidt type. PMID- 18907362 TI - Urethane therapy. PMID- 18907363 TI - Special projections for the coracoid process and clavicle. PMID- 18907364 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907365 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907366 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907367 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907368 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907369 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907370 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907371 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907372 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907373 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907374 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907375 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907376 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907377 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907378 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907379 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907380 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907381 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907382 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907383 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907384 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907385 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907386 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907387 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907388 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907389 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907390 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907391 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907392 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907393 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907394 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907395 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907396 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907397 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907398 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907399 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907400 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907402 TI - Fundamentals of soft tissue radiography. PMID- 18907403 TI - An improved technique for frontal and ethmoid sinuses. PMID- 18907401 TI - Protection in the radiological laboratory. PMID- 18907404 TI - Barium plastic filters in roentgen diagnosis of placenta previa. PMID- 18907405 TI - Jungle radiography. PMID- 18907406 TI - Child psychology in the X-ray room. PMID- 18907407 TI - Multiple malignant lesions of the colon. PMID- 18907408 TI - Ischio-anal dermoid. PMID- 18907409 TI - Mesenteric thrombosis following the injection treatment of hemorrhoids. PMID- 18907410 TI - Rupture of rectosigmoid during sigmoidoscopy. PMID- 18907411 TI - Malignant melanoma (melanosarcoma). PMID- 18907412 TI - Mucinous carcinoma associated with fistulas of long-standing. PMID- 18907413 TI - Leiomyoma within the substance of the sphincter. PMID- 18907414 TI - Primary postoperative hemostatic prophylactic dressing in anorectal surgery. PMID- 18907415 TI - Relation of functional to organic diseases of the anus, rectum and sigmoid colon. PMID- 18907416 TI - Evaluation of anorectal complaints. PMID- 18907417 TI - Pyribenzamine; its role in the treatment of pruritus ani. PMID- 18907418 TI - Rational of therapy in pruritus ani. PMID- 18907419 TI - Modern surgical treatment of hemorrhoids and a new rectoplasty. PMID- 18907420 TI - Surgical treatment of chronic ulcerative colitis. PMID- 18907421 TI - Chronic diarrheas. PMID- 18907422 TI - Evaluation of the roentgenologic diagnosis of lesions of the rectum and sigmoid. PMID- 18907423 TI - Treatment of complete prolapse of the rectum. PMID- 18907424 TI - Diagnosis and treatment of papillary adenomas of the rectus. PMID- 18907425 TI - Diagnosis and treatment of mucosal polyps of the rectum and colon, with early malignant change. PMID- 18907426 TI - Extrarectal and extrasigmoidal masses; proctosigmoidoscopic interpretation and evaluation. PMID- 18907427 TI - Primary resection of the colon and rectum with particular reference to cancer and ulcerative colitis. PMID- 18907428 TI - Posterior levator space abscess. PMID- 18907432 TI - Gastroduodenal ulcer, a spastic disease. PMID- 18907433 TI - Rationale of parenteral glucose feeding in the postoperative state. PMID- 18907442 TI - A simultaneous abdominal and perineal approach in operations for imperforate anus with atresia of the rectum and rectosigmoid. PMID- 18907446 TI - Cyst of the spleen; case report. PMID- 18907448 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907447 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907449 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907450 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907451 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907452 TI - [Outlines of the history of Russian surgical literature; principles of field surgery by N. I. Pirogov]. PMID- 18907453 TI - [Pathology and peculiarities of the course of gunshot wounds of the heart]. PMID- 18907454 TI - [Surgical treatment of blind gunshot wounds of the heart and pericardium]. PMID- 18907455 TI - [Blind wounds of heart and pericardium]. PMID- 18907456 TI - [Dissection of visceropleural synechia for obliterating cavities in chronic pleural empyemas due to gunshot wounds]. PMID- 18907457 TI - [Haematological differentiation of different forms and phases of acute appendicitis; the use of the author's leukocyte index in surgery]. PMID- 18907458 TI - [Training of surgeons]. PMID- 18907459 TI - [History of traumatism in Russia]. PMID- 18907460 TI - [Cardio-vascular surgery]. PMID- 18907462 TI - [Rational technique in closing an open pneumothorax depending upon localization of injury]. PMID- 18907461 TI - [Surgical deontology]. PMID- 18907463 TI - [Six cases of heart injury]. PMID- 18907464 TI - [Modification of Perthes' apparatus]. PMID- 18907465 TI - [Technique of intravenous anesthetization]. PMID- 18907466 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907467 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907469 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907468 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907470 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907471 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907472 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907473 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907474 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907475 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907476 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907477 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907479 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907478 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907480 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907481 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907482 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907483 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907484 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907485 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907486 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907487 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907488 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907489 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907490 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907491 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907492 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907493 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907494 TI - Testosterone in far advanced breast cancer; preliminary report. PMID- 18907495 TI - The surgical treatment of essential hypertension. PMID- 18907497 TI - Sterility. PMID- 18907496 TI - Multiple pelvic malignancies. PMID- 18907498 TI - Gunshot wounds of the abdomen. PMID- 18907499 TI - Control of trigeminal neuralgia pain (bee venom). PMID- 18907500 TI - Open reduction and fixation of fractures of facial bones. PMID- 18907501 TI - Mesenteric lymphadenitis in childhood. PMID- 18907502 TI - The changing status of surgical care. PMID- 18907503 TI - The pathogenesis of diastolic hypertension. PMID- 18907504 TI - Indications for sympathectomy in the treatment of hypertension. PMID- 18907505 TI - Gunshot wounds involving the abdominal aorta; a report of two cases. PMID- 18907506 TI - War wounds of the rectum and anal sphincter. PMID- 18907507 TI - A cannula for pancreatic fistula; a device for permitting complete periodic experimental collection of pancreatic juice. PMID- 18907508 TI - Verrucous carcinoma of the oral cavity. PMID- 18907509 TI - A hip mail counterbore. PMID- 18907510 TI - An unusually large myxosarcomatous tumor of the submaxillary gland. PMID- 18907511 TI - Intravenous clotting; and analysis of 500 cases observed in Army personnel at the vascular centers. PMID- 18907512 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907513 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907514 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907516 TI - Studies in tropical ulcer; the origin of an epidemic. PMID- 18907515 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907517 TI - Further observations on the macroscopic diagnosis of urinary schistosomiasis. PMID- 18907518 TI - Isolation of the cholera vibrio. PMID- 18907519 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907520 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907521 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907522 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907523 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907524 TI - Torsion of the testicle and its appendages. PMID- 18907525 TI - Primary papillary carcinoma of the ureter; report of two cases. PMID- 18907526 TI - Favorable response to streptomycin in tuberculous cystitis. PMID- 18907527 TI - Suprapubic prostatectomy; a review of 108 cases. PMID- 18907528 TI - Retropubic prostatectomy. PMID- 18907529 TI - Postoperative urinary retention following orthopedic operations. PMID- 18907530 TI - Torsion of the spermatic cord. PMID- 18907531 TI - A simple, efficient, automatic tidal drainage apparatus. PMID- 18907532 TI - A urologic and gynecologic problem; case report. PMID- 18907533 TI - Prostatism, a conservative approach. PMID- 18907534 TI - Lithotomy for vesical calculus. PMID- 18907535 TI - International aspects of the venereal disease problem. PMID- 18907536 TI - Has the tide turned; the annual report of the American Social Hygiene Association for the year 1947. PMID- 18907537 TI - Venereal disease in one world. PMID- 18907538 TI - The tsetse fly problem and its control in South Africa. PMID- 18907539 TI - Poliomyelitis and virus disease of dogs. PMID- 18907540 TI - A case of ergotism in calves resembling foot-and-mouth disease. PMID- 18907541 TI - Changes in the size of the hypophysis and its lobes after castration of infantile rats. PMID- 18907542 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907543 TI - Ultraviolet spectrum of the proteinaceous inclusions in normal rat liver cytoplasm. PMID- 18907544 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907545 TI - Is there any smooth musculature in the wall of the Graafian follicle? PMID- 18907546 TI - On the occurrence of metachromatically granulated cells in the mucous membrane of the human uterus. PMID- 18907547 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907548 TI - Studies on the submicroscopical structure of the nerve fibre; thermal shortening of the nerve fibre. PMID- 18907549 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907550 TI - The number of young at a birth and the number of nipples in primates. PMID- 18907552 TI - Genetic variability within a student population. PMID- 18907551 TI - The influence of mechanical factors on the development and structure of bone. PMID- 18907553 TI - Dentition of Indian crania from Texas. PMID- 18907554 TI - The subclavian and axillary arteries in Macacus rhesus, compared with man. PMID- 18907555 TI - Studies on Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles melas in and around Lagos. PMID- 18907556 TI - Field observations on the bean seed fly (seed corn maggot) Chortophila cilicrura, Rond., and Chortophila trichodactyla, Rond. PMID- 18907557 TI - Experiments on the physiological action of contact insecticides. PMID- 18907558 TI - Preliminary tests of DDT emulsion concentrates. PMID- 18907559 TI - Field experiments with DDT and benzene hexachloride against tsetse (Glossina palpalis). PMID- 18907560 TI - The status of Dacus armatus Fabricius and of Dacus bivittatus (Bigot) (Trypetidae, Diptera). PMID- 18907561 TI - Normal red-cell survival in men and women. PMID- 18907562 TI - A new salmonella (Salm. fayed) which caused fatal endocarditis in man. PMID- 18907563 TI - Liver atrophy produced by chronic selenium intoxication. PMID- 18907564 TI - Experimental serum carditis and its relationship to rheumatic fever. PMID- 18907565 TI - The relationship between rheumatic carditis and subacute bacterial endocarditis. PMID- 18907566 TI - The nature and significance of the cementing substance in interstitial connective tissue. PMID- 18907567 TI - Age changes in lymph nodes. PMID- 18907568 TI - The effect of foster-nursing on the morphology of the mammary glands in mice. PMID- 18907569 TI - The adrenal cortex in essential and renal hypertension. PMID- 18907570 TI - Hepatic alkaline phosphatase; histological and microchemical studies on liver tissue in normal subjects and in liver and in bone disease. PMID- 18907572 TI - A case of foetus pseudo-amorphous. PMID- 18907571 TI - Observations on the prevention of bacterial growth by sulphonamides, with special reference to the Harper and Cawston effect. PMID- 18907573 TI - Bacterial calculi. PMID- 18907574 TI - Growth and repair in adipose tissue. PMID- 18907575 TI - Tuberculosis of the brain and ovary in a bird. PMID- 18907576 TI - Natural and acquired immunity in frogs and fish. PMID- 18907577 TI - Surgical transplantation of a carcinoma of the urinary bladder. PMID- 18907578 TI - The basophilic property of the iron-containing granules in siderocytes. PMID- 18907579 TI - Ectopic decidua in the renal pelvis. PMID- 18907580 TI - The mechanism of swarming of proteus. PMID- 18907581 TI - Solitary adenomyoma of the uterus. PMID- 18907582 TI - Pest control with sound waves; ultrasonics as a possibility in the future of rodent and insect control. PMID- 18907583 TI - The black widow spider. PMID- 18907584 TI - The physiology and cultivation in artificial media of nematodes parasitic in the alimentary tract of animals. PMID- 18907585 TI - A study of the effect of light, temperature and salinity on the emergence of Cercaria purpurae Lebour from Nucella lapillus (L.). PMID- 18907586 TI - On two new species of tick. PMID- 18907587 TI - The transmission of Spirochaeta duttoni Novy & Knapp by Pediculus humanus corporis de Geer. PMID- 18907588 TI - Nutritional requirements of flea larvae, and their bearing on the specific distribution and host preferences of the three Indian species of Xenopsylla (Siphonaptera). PMID- 18907589 TI - The gametocytocidal action of paludrine upon infections of Plasmodium falciparum. PMID- 18907590 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907591 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907592 TI - Biology in colonial universities. PMID- 18907593 TI - African game slaughter, is it really necessary? PMID- 18907594 TI - National parks and conservation of nature in Great Britain. PMID- 18907595 TI - Music in industry. PMID- 18907596 TI - Problems of social biology in Switzerland. PMID- 18907597 TI - Endemic goitre in England; the present situation. PMID- 18907598 TI - The contribution of the school science society to education for life. PMID- 18907599 TI - Dissection and human values. PMID- 18907600 TI - Zoology at Harvard. PMID- 18907601 TI - The future of biological education and research. PMID- 18907602 TI - Determination of serum polysaccharides by the tryptophane reaction. PMID- 18907603 TI - Oxygen uptake of human placental tissue as affected by selected substrates and drugs. PMID- 18907604 TI - Quantitative distribution of an esterase among cytoplasmic components of mouse liver cells. PMID- 18907605 TI - Lipids of the fasting mouse; liver total lipid content. PMID- 18907606 TI - Studies on Q fever; complement-fixing antibodies in meat packers at Fort Worth, Texas. PMID- 18907607 TI - Studies on Q fever; persistence of complement-fixing antibodies after naturally acquired infection. PMID- 18907608 TI - Effect of digitoxin on creatinine and histamine output of the isolated heart. PMID- 18907609 TI - Experimental leptrospirosis infection in chickens. PMID- 18907610 TI - Influence of fluorine in mottled teeth on dental caries. PMID- 18907611 TI - Prevention of the anti-curare action of epinephrine by dibenamine. PMID- 18907612 TI - Alloxan diabetes in mice. PMID- 18907613 TI - Tests of possible antagonism of gold for histamine toxicity and certain allergic reactions. PMID- 18907614 TI - Chemotherapy of tuberculosis; in vitro and in vivo activities of various compounds. PMID- 18907615 TI - Effect of dibenamine on blood pressure in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. PMID- 18907616 TI - Early effects of denervation upon response of muscle to continuous stimulation. PMID- 18907617 TI - Rodenticidal action of 2-chloro-4-dimethylamino-6-methylpyrimidine (castrix). PMID- 18907618 TI - Lack of a hypoglycemic response to intrathecal injection of glucose. PMID- 18907619 TI - Infectivity of sporozoites of Plasmodium cathemerium 3H2 exposed in vitro to hen and canary bloods. PMID- 18907620 TI - Activity of hexokinase preparations from rat muscle. PMID- 18907621 TI - Anemia in rats infested with Bartonella muris and injected with pteroylglutamic acid. PMID- 18907622 TI - Do chromosomes manifest osmotic volume change? PMID- 18907623 TI - An investigation of transmethylation from N1-methylnicotinamide. PMID- 18907624 TI - Skeletal changes in growing vitamin B complex depleted rats and the course of repair. PMID- 18907625 TI - Toxicity of equine serum treated by alkali. PMID- 18907626 TI - Treatment of euthyroid cardiac patients by producing myxedema with radioactive iodine. PMID- 18907627 TI - Insulin hypoglycemia in chick embryos. PMID- 18907628 TI - Total serum protein concentration and total weight of circulating protein in the rat. PMID- 18907629 TI - Effects of protein and fluid consumption upon plasma volume and circulating protein in the rat. PMID- 18907630 TI - Effect of lipotropic agents in a diet containing pure amino acids in place of protein. PMID- 18907631 TI - Therapeutic effectiveness of single and divided doses of penicillin in a streptococcal infection in mice. PMID- 18907632 TI - Effect of passive sensitization and anaphylactic shock on rabbit bone marrow. PMID- 18907633 TI - Estimated hepatic blood flow and hepatic venous oxygen content in cirrhosis of the liver. PMID- 18907634 TI - Antibiotic studies on beta hemolytic streptococci; penicillin resistance acquired by group A organisms. PMID- 18907635 TI - Antibiotic studies on beta hemolytic streptococci; penicillin resistance acquired by group B organisms. PMID- 18907636 TI - Antibiotic studies on beta hemolytic streptococci; penicillin resistance acquired by group C organisms. PMID- 18907637 TI - Propagation of the mammary tumor milk agent in tumors from C57 black mice. PMID- 18907638 TI - Effect of bacterial endotoxins on carbohydrate metabolism of rabbits. PMID- 18907639 TI - Passive cellular transfer of the tuberculin type of hypersensitivity. PMID- 18907640 TI - Accelerator globulin and antihemophilic globulin in thrombin formation from aged prothrombin and in hemophilic blood. PMID- 18907641 TI - Prothrombin conversion factor of dicumarol plasma. PMID- 18907642 TI - Immunological studies of Newcastle virus. PMID- 18907643 TI - Phytopharmacological experiments with urethane. PMID- 18907644 TI - An easily assembled pulse-frequency recorder. PMID- 18907645 TI - Alkaline phosphatase activity and basophilia in hepatic cells following administration of butter yellow to rats. PMID- 18907646 TI - Diagnosis of pregnancy by cytologic criteria in catheterized urine. PMID- 18907647 TI - Streptomycin as an essential nutrilite. PMID- 18907648 TI - Vesicular stomatitis and foot-and-mouth disease differentiation by complement fixation. PMID- 18907649 TI - Chemical carcinogenesis and experimental chemotherapy of cancer. PMID- 18907650 TI - The immunochemistry of mouse tissue components; the comparative antigenic composition of homologous and heterologous mouse tumor transplants. PMID- 18907651 TI - Studies on the coagulase-reacting factor; the reaction of staphylocoagulase with the components of human plasma. PMID- 18907652 TI - An in vitro assay for trypanocidal activity. PMID- 18907653 TI - Experimental studies in vascular repair; morphologic observations of normal vasa vasorum. PMID- 18907655 TI - Fibrosis of liver; adenocarcinoma of liver. PMID- 18907654 TI - Influence of vitamin A deficiency on the gross efficiency of growth of rats. PMID- 18907657 TI - CRUTCH mastery. PMID- 18907656 TI - Ten commandments for the paraplegic. PMID- 18907658 TI - Paraplegic rehabilitation in Britain. PMID- 18907659 TI - EVERY doctor's office a cancer detection center. PMID- 18907660 TI - MALE urethra. PMID- 18907661 TI - UNDESCENDED testis. PMID- 18907663 TI - CANCER of the tongue. PMID- 18907662 TI - CELL is the clue to early cancer. PMID- 18907664 TI - CANCER in an aging population. PMID- 18907665 TI - FROM the Southern wild, an interesting new theory. PMID- 18907666 TI - Cardiac output in congestive heart failure; an analysis of the reasons for lack of close correlation between the symptoms of heart failure and the resting cardiac output. PMID- 18907667 TI - Concealed A-V conduction; the effect of blocked impulses on the formation and conduction of subsequent impulses. PMID- 18907668 TI - The behavior of the venous stages of chronic congestive heart failure. PMID- 18907669 TI - The influence of supradiaphragmatic splanchnicectomy on the heart in hypertension. PMID- 18907670 TI - The electrocardiogram of man in semistarvation and subsequent rehabilitation. PMID- 18907671 TI - Response of persons with and without intravascular thrombosis to a heparin tolerance test. PMID- 18907672 TI - Hereditary disturbance of cholesterol metabolism; a factor in the genesis of atherosclerosis. PMID- 18907673 TI - Primary vascular tumors of the pericardium; a report of two cases. PMID- 18907674 TI - Sudden and unexpected natural death; coronary artery sclerosis. PMID- 18907675 TI - An aid for taking precordial electrocardiograms. PMID- 18907676 TI - A comparison of the blood pressure in the lying and standing positions; a study of 500 men and 500 women. PMID- 18907677 TI - Myocardial infarction in a 12-year-old boy with diabetes. PMID- 18907678 TI - Successful treatment of subacute bacterial endocarditis with streptomycin. PMID- 18907679 TI - Electrocardiographic abnormalities in a case of uremia manifesting hyperpotassemia. PMID- 18907680 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907681 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907682 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907684 TI - The relations of augmented unipolar extremity leads (aVL, aVR VF) to ordinary unipolar extremity leads (VL, VR, VF). PMID- 18907683 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907686 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907685 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907687 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907688 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907689 TI - Studies on the collateral circulation of the normal human heart coronary perfusion with radioactive erythrocytes and glass spheres. PMID- 18907690 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907691 TI - Contributions to the mechanism of the pararhythmia. PMID- 18907692 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907693 TI - The millimolar potentials of mercury and the solubility product of mercury (1) chloride. PMID- 18907694 TI - Redox titrations of Hg (I, II) solutions with halogen ions. PMID- 18907695 TI - Complexes between Hg2+ and Cl-. PMID- 18907696 TI - A polarographic study on the catalytic effect of the catalase, peroxidase and cytochrome C ferments on the cathodic reduction of hydrogen peroxide. PMID- 18907697 TI - On acid-base equilibria in non-aqueous solutions. PMID- 18907698 TI - Electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation of lipid-free human serum. PMID- 18907699 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907700 TI - Crystalline lipoxidase. PMID- 18907701 TI - The effect of hydrothermal denaturation of collagen upon its reactive groups. PMID- 18907702 TI - The acidic and basic properties of oxides. PMID- 18907703 TI - The photometric determination of tungsten. PMID- 18907704 TI - A review of electrolytic methods of microchemical analysis. PMID- 18907705 TI - The determination of arsenic pentoxide in white arsenic. PMID- 18907706 TI - Iodimetric methods of estimating peroxidic oxygen. PMID- 18907707 TI - The micro-determination of potassium as cobaltinitrite in biological and agricultural materials. PMID- 18907708 TI - 2:7-Diaminodiphenylene oxide as a reagent in analysis. PMID- 18907709 TI - Iodimetric determination of peroxides modified apparatus for the Lea cold method of estimation of peroxide oxygen. PMID- 18907711 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907710 TI - An auxiliary electrode for control of microchemical electro-deposition. PMID- 18907712 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907713 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907714 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907715 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907716 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907717 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907718 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907719 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907720 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907721 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907722 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907723 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907724 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907725 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907726 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907727 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907728 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907729 TI - The isolation of beta-amyrin and a fatty acid of high molecular weight from Solidago leavenworthii T. and G. PMID- 18907730 TI - Some hemi-acetals of chloral with cyclic alcohols. PMID- 18907731 TI - Studies in the santonin series; the introduction of nitrogen into the desmotroposantonin molecule. PMID- 18907732 TI - Cinchoninaldehyde and reactive methylene compounds. PMID- 18907733 TI - Long life zirconium from uranium 235 fission. PMID- 18907734 TI - A new synthesis of organosilicon compounds. PMID- 18907735 TI - Reaction of lithium aluminum hydride with compounds containing active hydrogen. PMID- 18907736 TI - Some dialkylaminoalkyl sulfides and ethers derived from quinoline and acridine heterocycles. PMID- 18907737 TI - The preparation of some 6-substituted-2-thiouracils. PMID- 18907738 TI - The synthesis of some 6-substituted-2-thiouracils. PMID- 18907739 TI - The reaction of pyrrolealdehyde with rhodanine and hydantoin. PMID- 18907740 TI - Alkylation of substituted malonic and cyanoacetic esters with 2 diamethylaminomethylpyrrole; a proposed synthesis of beta-2-pyrrolealanine. PMID- 18907741 TI - Synthetic estrogens; 3,4-bis-(m-methyl-p-hydroxyphenyl)-2,4-hexadiene, 3,4-bis-(m methyl-p-hydroxyphenyl)-hexane and some of their organic esters. PMID- 18907742 TI - Steroid acids and their transformation products; thiol esters. PMID- 18907743 TI - Chemical interactions of amino compounds and sugars; the conversion of D-glucose to 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde. PMID- 18907744 TI - Open-chain sugars; absorption in ultraviolet of D-glucose and L-arabinose in acid solution. PMID- 18907745 TI - Analgesics; a new synthesis of aminophthalidylalkanes. PMID- 18907746 TI - The bitter principles of citrus fruit; isolation of nomilin, a new bitter principle from the seeds of oranges and lemons. PMID- 18907747 TI - Potentiometric determination of oxygen using the dropping mercury electrode. PMID- 18907748 TI - Equilibrium moisture and X-ray diffraction investigations of pectinic and pectic acids. PMID- 18907749 TI - Molecular structure and adsorption sequences of carotenoid pigments. PMID- 18907750 TI - Partial para-migration in the allylic rearrangement of 0-acetamidophenyl allyl ether and of O-aminophenyl allyl ether. PMID- 18907751 TI - The synthesis of D-fructomethylose by biochemical oxidation. PMID- 18907752 TI - The hydroxyethyl analog of quinacrine. PMID- 18907753 TI - L(+)propylene glycol. PMID- 18907754 TI - Studies in the santonin series; the stereochemistry of santonin and its derivatives. PMID- 18907755 TI - Syntheses in the lapachol series. PMID- 18907756 TI - A synthesis of lomatiol. PMID- 18907757 TI - Symmetrical morpholinium alkylsulfates. PMID- 18907759 TI - Occurrence of menthofuran in oil of peppermint (Mentha piperita vulgaris S.). PMID- 18907758 TI - Synthetic estrogens; phenyl and benzyl hexestrols and dienestrols. PMID- 18907760 TI - Some properties of phenanthrene semiquinone. PMID- 18907761 TI - The dipole moments of diazines. PMID- 18907762 TI - The volatility and vapor pressure of eight 2-chloroethyl alkyl (or cycloalkyl) sulfides. PMID- 18907763 TI - The vapor pressure of mustard gas (beta, beta'-dichloroethylsulfide) diphenyl ether and their mixtures. PMID- 18907764 TI - The volatility and vapor pressure of nine organic arsines. PMID- 18907765 TI - The effect of fluorine substitution on chemotherapeutic agents; synthesis of some fluorine-containing medicinals. PMID- 18907766 TI - Synthesis of amidazolones structurally related to biotin by means of N bromosuccinimide. PMID- 18907767 TI - Tetrahydrocannabinol homologs. PMID- 18907768 TI - Tetrahydrocannabinol homologs with double branched alkyl groups in the 3 position. PMID- 18907769 TI - Alkylation with non-ketonic Mannich bases; aminothizoles and pyrrole. PMID- 18907770 TI - Alkoxyaryloxyketones and their condensation with isatins. PMID- 18907771 TI - Some reactions of cholesteryl-p-toluenesulfonate. PMID- 18907772 TI - Certain N-alkyl, N-carboxyalkyl and N-hydroxyalkyl derivatives of 4,4' diaminodiphenyl sulfone. PMID- 18907774 TI - Studies in the anthracene series; meso-substituted 9,10-dihydroanthracene derivatives. PMID- 18907773 TI - Studies in the anthracene series; amino ketones derived from 9-acetylanthracene. PMID- 18907775 TI - The papilionaceous alkaloids; Baptisia australis (L.) R. Br. PMID- 18907776 TI - A new synthesis of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa). PMID- 18907777 TI - The possibility of a triplet state intermediate in the photo-oxidation of a chlorine. PMID- 18907778 TI - The kinetics of activation-diffusion controlled reactions in solution; the temperature dependence of the quenching of fluorescence. PMID- 18907779 TI - Solvent effects on the quenching of the fluorescence of uranin by aniline. PMID- 18907780 TI - The effect of substituents upon the rate of fading of some sulfonphthalein indicators in alkaline solutions. PMID- 18907781 TI - Hydroxy-alkylamides of 4-arsonophenoxy- and 4-arsonoanilinoacetic acids. PMID- 18907782 TI - Hydroxylated stearic acids; the periodate oxidation of the 9,10-dihydroxystearic acids and the 1,9,10-trihydroxyoctadecanes. PMID- 18907783 TI - Polyamide resins from dilinoleic acid and ethylenediamine; molecular weight viscosity relationships. PMID- 18907784 TI - The 1,3:5,7-dibenzylidene and 1,3:5,7-dimethylene acetals of the D-, L- and D,L perseitols. PMID- 18907786 TI - The preparation of synthetic estrogens; the synthesis of hexestrol and its homologs. PMID- 18907785 TI - The preparation of synthetic estrogens; the synthesis of diethylstilbestrol through the pinacol-pinacolone compounds. PMID- 18907787 TI - The addition of dimethylamine to benzoquinone. PMID- 18907788 TI - Isolation of a saponin from the leaves of Solidago canadensis L. PMID- 18907789 TI - The sulphonation of mesityl oxide. PMID- 18907790 TI - Conversion of benzylamine to N-substituted thiobenzamides. PMID- 18907791 TI - N-beta-bromoethylaniline hydrobromide. PMID- 18907792 TI - Quinazolines; synthesis and hydrolysis of 3-(4'-quinazoyl)-4-quinazolone. PMID- 18907793 TI - Formylfolic acid, a functional derivative of folic acid. PMID- 18907794 TI - Concerning the structure of phthioic acid. PMID- 18907795 TI - Heterogeneity of crystalline beta-lactoglobulin. PMID- 18907796 TI - The preparation of 3-keto-delta-4-steroids. PMID- 18907797 TI - The hexahydro derivatives of meso-hexestrol. PMID- 18907798 TI - Streptomycin; degradation of O-tetramethylstreptamine to D,l-dimethoxysuccinic acid. PMID- 18907799 TI - The evolution and devolution of the human face. PMID- 18907800 TI - The use of the twin wire mechanism in the treatment of cases in which extraction is indicated. PMID- 18907801 TI - The limitations of orthodontic treatment; diagnosis and treatment in the permanent dentition. PMID- 18907802 TI - Gnathostatic diagnosis. PMID- 18907803 TI - Principles and mechanics of treatment with the sliding twin section mechanism. PMID- 18907804 TI - Mandibular incisor position relative to basal bone. PMID- 18907805 TI - The growth of the mandible. PMID- 18907806 TI - Anthropometry and orthodontics. PMID- 18907807 TI - The evolution of some orthodontic systems in nature. PMID- 18907808 TI - The rehabilitation of cleft palate patients. PMID- 18907809 TI - Observations on certain aspects of current orthodontic practice. PMID- 18907810 TI - Orthodontic education. PMID- 18907811 TI - Orthodontics, a vital phase of dentistry. PMID- 18907812 TI - Effect of zinc oxyphosphate cement on enamel. PMID- 18907813 TI - An economical and rapid technique for obtaining roentgenograms of the hand. PMID- 18907814 TI - Neutroclusion; case report. PMID- 18907815 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907816 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907817 TI - The effect of pregnancy on the incidence of dental caries in Indian women. PMID- 18907818 TI - Shrinkage and porosity in gold castings. PMID- 18907820 TI - An imbedded canine. PMID- 18907821 TI - Two decades of cooperation between physician and dentist. PMID- 18907819 TI - The fundamentals of bridge prosthesis. PMID- 18907822 TI - Patient relations. PMID- 18907823 TI - Oral examinations. PMID- 18907824 TI - Ceramacryl crown. PMID- 18907825 TI - Presentation of dentistry. PMID- 18907826 TI - A sanitary method of using the Tench blowpipe. PMID- 18907827 TI - Dental photography. PMID- 18907828 TI - Dentitio difficilis and parodontosis. PMID- 18907829 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907830 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907831 TI - [Need for continuous fortification to prevent accidents at the scorbutic tooth]. PMID- 18907832 TI - [Value of general anesthesia via endotracheal in maxillofacial surgery]. PMID- 18907833 TI - [Diagnostic value of leukocyte oropharyngeal defense]. PMID- 18907834 TI - [The role of trauma and dentoalveolar trauma in the development of pyorrheic periodontal diseases]. PMID- 18907835 TI - [Orthopedic mechanotherapy in adenoid states and in Robin glossoptosi]. PMID- 18907836 TI - [Morphological variations of mandibular architecture of mammals]. PMID- 18907837 TI - [The third molar of Simians]. PMID- 18907838 TI - [Two observations of juxta-dental foreign bodies]. PMID- 18907839 TI - [Relations between the inflammatory symptoms of dental origin and specific infections of the face and neck]. PMID- 18907840 TI - [Classification of surgical treatment of pulpal wounds]. PMID- 18907841 TI - [Result of a cheiloplasty combined with infiltration of penicillin in a case of an ununited surgical wound of cleft lip]. PMID- 18907842 TI - [A case of mucous and cutaneous syphilitic lesions; differential diagnosis of florid oral syphilis]. PMID- 18907843 TI - [The volatile oils in the treatment of ivory and dental pulp]. PMID- 18907844 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907845 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907846 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907847 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907848 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907849 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907850 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907851 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907852 TI - Some observations on neurodermatitis of the scalp, with particular reference to tinea amiantacea. PMID- 18907853 TI - Mepacrine dermatitis. PMID- 18907854 TI - Hidrocystoma. PMID- 18907855 TI - Self-inflicted lesions in twins. PMID- 18907856 TI - Phyto-photo-dermatitis, due to parsnips. PMID- 18907857 TI - Intra-epithelial epithelioma. PMID- 18907858 TI - Multiple superficial rodent ulcers following long continued arsenic therapy. PMID- 18907859 TI - Baldness associated with uveitis and deafness (Vogt). PMID- 18907860 TI - Primary macular atrophy (Jadassohn). PMID- 18907861 TI - Mycosis fungoides resisting treatment with both nitrogen mustard and anti reticular cytotoxic serum. PMID- 18907862 TI - The use of calcium ointment in dermatology. PMID- 18907863 TI - Specificity of streptococci isolated from patients with skin diseases; studies on pemphigus, dermatitis herpetiformis, lupus erythematosus and erythema multiforme; dermatitis herpetiformis. PMID- 18907864 TI - Studies on the effect of pH and solubility on the antifungal properties of fatty acids, trimethyl cetyl ammonium pentachlorphenate and other agents. PMID- 18907865 TI - Pruritus in diabetes mellitus; an experimental investigation in animals. PMID- 18907866 TI - A method for the study of the penetrability of liquid and semisolid films used in skin protection. PMID- 18907867 TI - The provocative test for assaying the dermatitis hazards of dyes and finishes used on nylon. PMID- 18907868 TI - Field trial of United States Army fungicidal ointment. PMID- 18907869 TI - The oral and parenteral phenylalanine requirements for nitrogen equilibrium in man. PMID- 18907871 TI - On the blood lactic acid response to measured exercise in hypoxic human subjects. PMID- 18907872 TI - Factors affecting the appearance and persistence of visible cutaneous reactive hyperemia in man. PMID- 18907873 TI - The relation of serum bicarbonate concentration to muscle composition. PMID- 18907874 TI - The influence of clothing, work, and air movement on the thermal exchanges of acclimatized men in various hot environments. PMID- 18907876 TI - The absorption of orally administered emulsified lipid in normal children and in children with steatorrhea. PMID- 18907878 TI - Chemical, clinical, and immunological studies on the products of human plasma fractionation; inactivation of the virus of homologous serum hepatitis in solutions of normal human serum albumin by means of heat. PMID- 18907879 TI - The anemia of infection; the significance of free erythrocyte protoporphyrin, together with some observations on the meaning of the easily split-off iron. PMID- 18907882 TI - The effect of exercise on the renal plasma flow and filtration rate of normal and cardiac subjects. PMID- 18907883 TI - Sensitivity of the tubercle bacillus to streptomycin before and during specific therapy. PMID- 18907886 TI - Further experiences with streptomycin therapy in United States Army hospitals. PMID- 18907887 TI - Serologic studies of influenza made in Boston during the winter of 1945-1946. PMID- 18907888 TI - Influenza and pneumonia; serologic studies during and after an outbreak of influenza B. PMID- 18907889 TI - Nutritional status and infection response; electrophoretic, circulating plasma protein, hematologic, hematopoietic, and immunologic responses to Salmonella typhimurium (Bacillus aertrycke) infection in the protein-deficient rat. PMID- 18907890 TI - High vitamin A intake and blood levels of cholesterol, phospholipids, carotene, and vitamins C, A, and E. PMID- 18907891 TI - A comparative study of micro- and macroelectrophoretic analysis of human and rat serum. PMID- 18907892 TI - Sternal marrow hemosiderin; a method for the determination of available iron stores in man. PMID- 18907893 TI - Occurrence of toxoplasma neutralizing antibodies in various disease conditions. PMID- 18907894 TI - A colorimetric determination of caronamide. PMID- 18907895 TI - A compensating plethysmokymograph for measuring blood flow in human extremities. PMID- 18907896 TI - Devices for rapid recording of multiple and special electrocardiographic leads. PMID- 18907897 TI - Determination of volatile reducing substances (alcohol or ether) in blood and gases using barium diphenylamine sulfonate as an indicator for chromic acid titration. PMID- 18907898 TI - Rectal absorption of penicillin. PMID- 18907899 TI - Parenteral nutrition; studies on the tolerance of dogs to intravenous administration of fat emulsions. PMID- 18907900 TI - Parenteral nutrition; improved techniques for the preparation of fat emulsions for intravenous nutrition. PMID- 18907901 TI - Parenteral nutrition; studies on soybean phosphatides as emulsifiers for intravenous fat emulsions. PMID- 18907903 TI - Studies on the conglutination test in erythroblastosis fetalis. PMID- 18907902 TI - Parenteral nutrition; fat emulsions for intravenous nutrition; the turbidimetric determination of infused fat in blood after intravenous administration of fat emulsions. PMID- 18907904 TI - A study of cholinesterase activity of the blood of patients with pernicious anemia. PMID- 18907905 TI - A study of cholinesterase activity in the blood of normal subjects. PMID- 18907907 TI - Studies on the chemotherapy of filariasis; some pharmacodynamic properties of l diethylcarbamyl-4-methylpiperazine hydrochloride, hetrazan. PMID- 18907906 TI - A comparison of methods used for the hydrolysis of conjugated urinary estrogens. PMID- 18907908 TI - Screening method for blood glucose. PMID- 18907909 TI - An increase of complement units by the use of egg albumin. PMID- 18907910 TI - A colorimetric method for the determination of micro-quantities of ethanol in blood and other biologic fluids. PMID- 18907911 TI - The microcolorimetric determination of sodium in human biologic fluids. PMID- 18907912 TI - A new colorimetric method for the determination of pregnandiol. PMID- 18907913 TI - The effect of chlorine on complement fixation. PMID- 18907914 TI - The newer serologic tests for syphilis. PMID- 18907915 TI - The role of fluorine in the diet. PMID- 18907916 TI - The relationship between carotene concentration and vitamin A activity of carrots for rats. PMID- 18907917 TI - Haemoglobin levels in pregnancy; the effect of the rationing scheme and routine administration of iron. PMID- 18907918 TI - Feeding requirements of young cattle. PMID- 18907919 TI - Observations on the digestibility and nutritive value of the nitrogenous constituents of wheat bran. PMID- 18907920 TI - Levels of serum alkaline phosphates among infants, 2-27 months, in the British Zone of Germany. PMID- 18907921 TI - The estimation of the metabolic rate in the starvation state. PMID- 18907922 TI - Basal metabolism during recovery from severe undernutrition. PMID- 18907923 TI - Nitrogen balances during recovery from severe under nutrition. PMID- 18907924 TI - Nutrition of domestic rabbits the effect of nutrition on the carcass composition of the rabbit. PMID- 18907925 TI - Nutrition of domestic rabbits; the efficiency of rabbit-meat production from weeds, fed alone and with cooked potatoes. PMID- 18907926 TI - Azo-dyes and experimental liver tumours. PMID- 18907927 TI - The chemical preservation, colouring and flavouring of foodstuffs with special reference to fruit and vegetables. PMID- 18907928 TI - Nutritional aspects of the chemical preservation, colouring and flavouring of fruit and vegetables. PMID- 18907929 TI - The preservation of fruit-juice products; with special reference to nutritional value. PMID- 18907930 TI - The action of salts and other substances used in the curing of bacon and ham. PMID- 18907931 TI - The food needs of the United Kingdom. PMID- 18907933 TI - Home production of milk and dairy products. PMID- 18907932 TI - Home production of wheat, potatoes and sugar-beet. PMID- 18907934 TI - Home production of meat. PMID- 18907935 TI - The contribution of British sea fisheries to the nation's food supply. PMID- 18907936 TI - Home production of eggs. PMID- 18907937 TI - The public health nutritionist looks at institutional feeding. PMID- 18907938 TI - Nutrition and allergy. PMID- 18907939 TI - Nutrition in the allergic state. PMID- 18907940 TI - Progress is reversion. PMID- 18907941 TI - Nutrition in arthritis. PMID- 18907942 TI - Clinical aspects of nutrition in rheumatic fever. PMID- 18907943 TI - Rheumatic fever. PMID- 18907944 TI - The determination of minimum vitamin requirement for growth. PMID- 18907945 TI - Nutritional studies with the duck; riboflavin and pantothenic acid requirements. PMID- 18907946 TI - False high values for ascorbic acid in guava juice; a note on the use of the colorimetric method with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. PMID- 18907947 TI - The effect of vitamin A deficiency upon the nitrogen metabolism of the rat. PMID- 18907948 TI - Nitrogen metabolism of the normal and the vitamin A-deficient rat as affected by thyroid administration. PMID- 18907949 TI - The absorption of iron from beef by women. PMID- 18907950 TI - The effect of inanition on mammary-gland development and lactation. PMID- 18907952 TI - The erosive action of various fruit juices on the lower molar teeth of the albino rat. PMID- 18907951 TI - Cystine and methionine metabolism by chicks receiving raw or autoclaved soybean oil meal. PMID- 18907953 TI - The physiological availability of pantothenyl alcohol. PMID- 18907955 TI - ARMY'S Medical Nutrition Laboratory. PMID- 18907954 TI - The energy expenditure for quiet play and cycling of boys 7 to 14 years of age. PMID- 18907956 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907957 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907958 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907959 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907960 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907961 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907962 TI - The use of high protein diets in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. PMID- 18907963 TI - Malnutrition and vitamin deficiency in recently released prisoners of war. PMID- 18907964 TI - The etiologic diagnosis of ulcerative colitis. PMID- 18907965 TI - Treatment of diarrhoea. PMID- 18907966 TI - The symptomatology of chronic amoebiasis (before and following treatment). PMID- 18907967 TI - Biochemical studies of salicylic acid and a series of its derivatives. PMID- 18907968 TI - Epidemic gastro-enteritis. PMID- 18907969 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907970 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907971 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907972 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907973 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907974 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907975 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907976 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907977 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907978 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907979 TI - A feminizing adrenal tumor causing gynecomastia in a boy of five years contrasted with a virilizing tumor in a five-year-old girl; classification of 70 cases of adrenal tumor in children according to their hormonal manifestations and a review of 11 cases of feminizing adrenal tumor in adults. PMID- 18907980 TI - The effect of starvation on urinary 17-ketosteroid excretion. PMID- 18907981 TI - A comparison of oral and vaginal epithelial smears. PMID- 18907982 TI - Chemical assay for cortin; determination of formaldehyde liberated on oxidation with periodic acid. PMID- 18907983 TI - Hormone secretion by human placenta grown in tissue culture. PMID- 18907984 TI - Steroid nomenclature. PMID- 18907985 TI - General eugenics. PMID- 18907986 TI - Social control and eugenics. PMID- 18907987 TI - Recent trends in American marriages. PMID- 18907988 TI - [Maternal, fetal and newborn in the maternity Arnaldo de Moraes; data for a period of just over 4 years]. PMID- 18907989 TI - [Endometriosis distance from the uterus]. PMID- 18907990 TI - [Indication of elective hysterectomy on benign processes; in which underlies our sympathy for the current panhysterectomy]. PMID- 18907991 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907992 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907993 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907994 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907995 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907996 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907997 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907998 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18907999 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908000 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908001 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908002 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908003 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908004 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908005 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908006 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908007 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908008 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908009 TI - The management of breech presentation. PMID- 18908010 TI - The application of dietetics to the maternity hospital. PMID- 18908011 TI - Trilene-air analgesia; its applications and apparatus for self-administration. PMID- 18908012 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908013 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908014 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908015 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908016 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908017 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908018 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908019 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908020 TI - Clinical significance of cardiac and respiratory adjustments in chronic anemia. PMID- 18908021 TI - Irreversible toxic inclusion body anemia; a rarely recognized syndrome; clinical and experimental studies. PMID- 18908022 TI - Blood response and nitrogen balance following liver extract. PMID- 18908023 TI - The pathogenesis of anemia in acute glomerulonephritis; estimations of blood production and blood destruction in a case receiving massive transfusions. PMID- 18908024 TI - Studies on the destruction of red blood cells; thermal injury; action of heat in causing increased spheroidicity, osmotic and mechanical fragilities and hemolysis of erythrocytes; observations on the mechanisms of destruction of such erythrocytes in dogs and in a patient with a fatal thermal burn. PMID- 18908025 TI - The mechanism of transplacental isoimmunization. PMID- 18908026 TI - Erythroblastosis fetalis in Negroid infants. PMID- 18908027 TI - Autohemagglutinins and hemolysins with hemoglobinuria and acute hemolytic anemia, in an illness resembling infectious mononucleosis. PMID- 18908028 TI - Primary non-familial hemolytic anemia. PMID- 18908029 TI - The genetic relation and clinical differentiation of Cooley's anemia and Cooley's trait. PMID- 18908030 TI - Study of thalassemia minor in three generations of an Italian family. PMID- 18908031 TI - Prophylaxis of hookworm anemia-deficiency disease. PMID- 18908032 TI - A study of sickling of young erythrocytes in sickle cell anemia. PMID- 18908033 TI - Medical history in the United States, past, present, future. PMID- 18908034 TI - A bibliography of the publications of the Johns Hopkins Institute of the History of Medicine, 1929 to 1947. PMID- 18908035 TI - Homeopathy in Europe. PMID- 18908036 TI - COMMON cold. PMID- 18908037 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908038 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908039 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908040 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908041 TI - Skeletal traction employed in the reduction of fractures of the long bones of the body. PMID- 18908042 TI - The too common cold. PMID- 18908043 TI - The menace of rheumatic heart disease. PMID- 18908044 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908045 TI - Getting used to postwar surgery in a prewar building. PMID- 18908046 TI - Carville fights Hansen's disease and hopelessness. PMID- 18908047 TI - Cross-check for narcotics solution control. PMID- 18908048 TI - STAFF specialists start a new private patient diagnostic clinic. PMID- 18908049 TI - League for ex-patients; a promising experiment in mental hygiene. PMID- 18908050 TI - The bacteriology of dried egg. PMID- 18908051 TI - Salmonella infections of human beings associated with the consumption of dried egg; identification of salmonella strains. PMID- 18908052 TI - Epidemiological incrimination of dried egg as a source of salmonella infection. PMID- 18908053 TI - Description of four outbreaks of salmonella food poisoning apparently associated with dried egg. PMID- 18908054 TI - Clinical features of cases of food poisoning due to species of salmonella encountered recently in England and Wales for the first time. PMID- 18908055 TI - Outbreaks of food poisoning of the toxin type following the consumption of dried egg; clinical and epidemiological observations. PMID- 18908056 TI - Further investigations on the nature of the toxic substance present in the dried egg. PMID- 18908057 TI - SALMONELLA infections of pigs probably due to dried egg. PMID- 18908058 TI - Extension of medical social services into the home. PMID- 18908059 TI - Malaria, its denouement? PMID- 18908060 TI - Potentiation of the curative action of 8-aminoquinolines and naphthoquinones in avian malaria. PMID- 18908061 TI - Malaria control trends on impounded waters of the Tennessee Valley. PMID- 18908062 TI - Studies on imported malarias; the parasitological pattern of relapsing Plasmodium vivax in military patients. PMID- 18908063 TI - Effect of 3,3'methylenebis (4 hydroxycoumarin) dicumarol on P. lophurae infection in ducks. PMID- 18908064 TI - Experience with use of permanent works for the control of anophelines on impounded water. PMID- 18908065 TI - The relationship between infectiveness and densities of Anopheles quadrimaculatus in a malarious area in South Carolina. PMID- 18908066 TI - Plasmodium malariae in school surveys in South Carolina. PMID- 18908067 TI - Regional differences in leprosy; leprosy among Chinese in Malaya. PMID- 18908069 TI - Leprosy in the Benin and Warri areas of Nigeria. PMID- 18908068 TI - Some differences in the leprosy of the Gambia and Nigeria. PMID- 18908070 TI - Regional and racial differences in leprosy. PMID- 18908071 TI - The macular syndrome in Nigeria. PMID- 18908072 TI - Larviciding for the control of malaria mosquitoes. PMID- 18908073 TI - Recent trends in malaria control in Latin America. PMID- 18908074 TI - The separation of mosquito catches from the New Jersey light trap. PMID- 18908075 TI - Preliminary studies of larvicides on snow-water mosquitoes. PMID- 18908076 TI - Observations on mosquitoes and malaria control in the Caribbean area; Trinidad. PMID- 18908077 TI - Incoming tide of poliomyelitis. PMID- 18908078 TI - World distribution and prevalence of cholera in recent years. PMID- 18908079 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908080 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908081 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908082 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908083 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908084 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908085 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908086 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908087 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908088 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908089 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908090 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908091 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908092 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908093 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908094 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908095 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908096 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908097 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908098 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908099 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908100 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908101 TI - The treatment of cut nerves and tendons of the hand. PMID- 18908102 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908103 TI - [The intestinal tuberculosis]. PMID- 18908104 TI - [Sterility; concurrent diagnoses]. PMID- 18908105 TI - [Discovery and isolation of an acid-alcohol resistant tick (Amblyomma rotundatum) bacillus (Mycobacterium lutzi, n. sp.) captured in toad (Bufo marinus)]. PMID- 18908106 TI - [The source of gastric hydrochloric acid]. PMID- 18908107 TI - [The problem in Rio de Janeiro hospital]. PMID- 18908108 TI - [Gallbladder carcinoma]. PMID- 18908109 TI - [Presbyopia]. PMID- 18908110 TI - [Herpes Zoster, ancient and modern treatment]. PMID- 18908112 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908111 TI - [Historical reminiscence upon X-rays in Bahia]. PMID- 18908113 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908114 TI - Carcinoma of the thyroid and carcinoma of the testicle occurring in the patient. PMID- 18908115 TI - The effect of adrenalectomy upon the maintenance of titer to sheep erythrocytes in hyperimmunized mice. PMID- 18908116 TI - A case of fibrous dysplasia with pseudarthrosis. PMID- 18908117 TI - Diabetes in infancy; case report. PMID- 18908118 TI - Some nutritional aspects of testosterone therapy. PMID- 18908119 TI - A case of tularemia. PMID- 18908120 TI - Osteoid osteoma; report of three cases. PMID- 18908121 TI - Methionine as a nutritional supplement. PMID- 18908122 TI - 6-N-propyl-thiouracil as an antithyrotoxic agent. PMID- 18908123 TI - Replacement of an inverted uterus with intravaginal packing. PMID- 18908124 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908125 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908126 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908127 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908128 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908129 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908130 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908131 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908132 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908133 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908134 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908135 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908136 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908137 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908138 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908139 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908140 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908141 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908142 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908143 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908144 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908145 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908147 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908146 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908148 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908149 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908150 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908151 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908152 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908153 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908154 TI - Prefrontal lobotomy; a preliminary report. PMID- 18908155 TI - Antacid therapy for peptic ulcer; the use of a new synthetic resin. PMID- 18908156 TI - A modern concept of respiration after R. F. Pitts. PMID- 18908157 TI - Double gall bladder demonstrated by oral cholecystography. PMID- 18908158 TI - Periarteritis nodosa; a case report. PMID- 18908159 TI - Welfare medical care. PMID- 18908160 TI - This is general practice. PMID- 18908161 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908162 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908163 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908164 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908165 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908166 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908167 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908169 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908168 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908171 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908170 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908172 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908173 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908174 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908175 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908176 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908177 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908178 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908179 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908180 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908181 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908182 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908183 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908184 TI - The difficult case of stress incontinence. PMID- 18908185 TI - Osteomalacia associated with steatorrhoea; report of a case. PMID- 18908186 TI - Trichobezoar; report of a case. PMID- 18908187 TI - Fallot's tetralogy; case report with pre- and post-operative clinical findings. PMID- 18908188 TI - Our changing obstetrical ways. PMID- 18908189 TI - Mesenteric vascular occlusion; four resected cases with three recoveries. PMID- 18908191 TI - Mercurial diuretics in paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. PMID- 18908190 TI - Hyperthyroidism and urinary calculi. PMID- 18908192 TI - Tetraethylammonium chloride (etamon) effect following ligation and section of the abdominal aorta in dogs. PMID- 18908193 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908194 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908195 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908196 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908197 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908198 TI - [Shigellae Boyd type 88-Manchester, isolated in Sao Paulo]. PMID- 18908199 TI - [Cutaneous leishmaniasis of the guinea pig, Leishmania enriettii n. sp]. PMID- 18908200 TI - [Contribution to the study of hematologic typhoid]. PMID- 18908201 TI - [Types of non-fermenting Shigellas Manita found in Sao Paulo]. PMID- 18908202 TI - [Early diagnosis of pregnancy by the Mainini reaction in some Brazilian amphibians]. PMID- 18908203 TI - [Vitamin A hepatopexy and the influence of alcohol]. PMID- 18908204 TI - [Anti-typhoid and paratyphoid intradermal vaccination and its immunologic value]. PMID- 18908205 TI - [Tropical eosinophilia]. PMID- 18908206 TI - [Streptomycin treatment of tuberculosis, 44 cases observed]. PMID- 18908207 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908208 TI - [Use of soy in the diet of the Brazilian]. PMID- 18908209 TI - Saline treatment of cholera. PMID- 18908210 TI - Blood grouping and blood transfusion. PMID- 18908211 TI - Clinical value of the appearance of tongue. PMID- 18908212 TI - The doctor. PMID- 18908214 TI - Chronic brucellosis; conclusions on treatment after 10 years. PMID- 18908213 TI - Drug therapy in degenerative disease. PMID- 18908215 TI - Recent progress in nutrition and its relation to drug therapy. PMID- 18908216 TI - Gonococcic meningitis 15 years after urethritis. PMID- 18908217 TI - Clinical evaluation of the analgesic methadon. PMID- 18908218 TI - Encephalitis as a causative factor in behavior disorders of children; an analysis of 78 cases. PMID- 18908219 TI - Papaverine in cerebral angiospasm (vascular encephalopathy). PMID- 18908220 TI - Massive use of oxidized gauze in hemorrhage from a major vessel. PMID- 18908221 TI - Effect of enzyme inhibitors and activators on the multiplication of typhus rickettsiae; correlation of effects of PABA and KCN with oxygen consumption in embryonate eggs. AB - A technique is described for measuring the oxygen uptake of embryonate eggs. Statistical analysis has shown that the method is reliable and accurate. Determinations were made on groups of 15 to 20 eggs, in order to average out individual biological variations. Reduction of the CO(2) tension and relative humidity to approximately zero previous to analysis has been found to be desirable. The oxygen consumption of normal and typhus-infected eggs, untreated and treated with agents previously found to inhibit or enhance rickettsial growth has been studied. Rickettsial infection caused a slight but significant increase in the rate of oxygen consumption on the 4th day after inoculation, followed by a rapid drop in the rate as the infection developed. The evidence suggests that low concentrations of rickettsial toxins may stimulate respiration, while higher concentrations depress respiration and lead eventually to embryonic death. PABA, which is rickettsiostatic, markedly increased the oxygen uptake of normal eggs, the effect appearing 4 days after injection and lasting for about 4 days. Thereafter, the rate fell below that of the untreated eggs. In typhus-infected eggs, PABA had similar effects, but the oxygen consumption reached much higher levels. A possible explanation of this fact is suggested. MABA and OABA, which are not rickettsiostatic, did not increase oxygen uptake; in fact they depressed cellular respiration moderately, OABA being more active in this way than MABA. These two compounds may compete with PABA for a position in some respiratory enzyme system. Potassium cyanide, which enhances rickettsial growth, caused, in concentrations not lethal to the embryos, a moderate drop in the oxygen consumption of normal eggs, the effect starting almost immediately after injection and lasting usually for 9 days. In infected eggs, its effect was more striking. It is probable that rickettsial toxins and KCN act synergistically to depress cellular respiration. When PABA and KCN were injected simultaneously, the stimulating effect of PABA on respiration predominated. The resulting level of oxygen consumption, though lower than that resulting from PABA alone, was still high enough to inhibit rickettsial growth. As far as our results go, they support the hypothesis that, within certain limits, rickettsial growth is inversely proportional to the respiratory rate of the host cells, regardless of the factors which determine that rate. It is not yet clear that PABA owes its rickettsiostatic action to its ability to increase cellular respiration, but this assumption seems reasonable as a working hypothesis. The respiratory mechanism in which PABA participates is not as yet known. Although PABA forms part of the folic acid molecule, folic acid itself, in concentrations corresponding to effective doses of PABA, did not increase cellular respiration or show rickettsiostatic action. PMID- 18908222 TI - Studies on a proteolytic enzyme in human plasma; the probable identity of the enzymes activated by chloroform and by filtrates of cultures of beta hemolytic streptococci. AB - 1. The experiments reported suggest that the plasma proteolytic enzyme activated by streptococcal fibrinolysin is identical with that activated by chloroform. 2. The precursor of this plasma proteolytic enzyme is precipitated with the euglobulin fraction of plasma at pH 5.2. PMID- 18908223 TI - Studies on a proteolytic enzyme in human plasma; some factors influencing the enzymes activated by chloroform and by filtrates coccal fibrinolysin. AB - 1. Some conditions for the optimal activation of plasma proteolytic enzyme by chloroform have been described. The activation proceeds slowly. The action of chloroform is probably to remove some substance which inhibits or inactivates the plasma proteolytic enzyme preparation, rather than a direct activation of the enzyme. 2. Plasma proteolytic enzyme is activated by filtrates of cultures of beta hemolytic streptococci. When streptococcal fibrinolysin is present in maximally effective amounts, the activation is almost instantaneous. When the globulin is prepared from heated serum or the globulin is treated with chloroform, the activation of enzyme by streptococcal fibrinolysin appears to be catalytic. If the globulin is not so treated, the reaction appears to involve a stoichiometric process. 3. The plasma proteolytic enzyme activated by chloroform or by streptococcal fibrinolysin digests casein in direct proportion to the concentration of enzyme and to the time of digestion, during the early period of incubation. 4. Fibrinolysin-activated enzyme deteriorates rapidly relative to chloroform-activated enzyme. This may be due to the removal by chloroform of some substance which inactivates plasma proteolytic enzyme. PMID- 18908224 TI - The proteins in unheated culture filtrates of human tubercle bacilli; fractionation and determination of physical-chemical properties. AB - Concentrated culture filtrates of two strains of human tubercle bacilli, a virulent and a slightly virulent one, have been fractionated to give fourteen fractions in each case. Chemical determinations and sedimentation velocity measurements have been carried out on those fractions for which significant results could be obtained. The evidence is that two distinct proteins are present, in addition to a polysaccharide and nucleic acid. The physical measurements have not demonstrated the presence of any other proteins. One of the proteins has been isolated in pure form, and found to have a molecular weight of 44,000 +/- 5,000, based on measurements of partial specific volume, sedimentation velocity, and diffusion rate. This protein is believed to be the same as one previously isolated by Seibert et al. (6), who assigned it a molecular weight of 32,000. The other protein was not obtained sufficiently free from polysaccharide so that its molecular weight could be determined, but it is believed to have a sedimentation constant of about 2 S. Sedimentation and diffusion constants have been obtained for the polysaccharide, which appears to be a homogeneous molecular species with a molecular weight of about 20,000. The source in unheated tuberculin of the proteins obtained from heated preparations is discussed. PMID- 18908225 TI - The proteins in unheated culture filtrates of human tubercle bacilli; determination of serological properties. AB - 1. Only two serologically different proteins were found in the unheated culture filtrates of both virulent and slightly virulent tubercle bacilli. One of them was the protein which had a sedimentation constant of 3.4 S, and the other was in filtrate fractions with a constant of 2 S. 2. That these proteins were distinct was demonstrated by three methods: quantitative precipitin and precipitin absorption tests with rabbit antisera, skin tests in guinea pigs actively sensitized with the culture filtrate fractions, and skin tests in passively sensitized guinea pigs. 3. A third antigen of unknown nature was found by means of the precipitin tests, but only in certain fractions from the virulent culture filtrate. 4. The protein with the constant of 3.4 S could not be demonstrated serologically in an O.T. made from the same culture filtrate as the unheated preparation from the virulent organism. PMID- 18908226 TI - Surgical sterilization in women; a 10 year study. PMID- 18908227 TI - Recent therapy in the treatment of acne. PMID- 18908228 TI - Veterans medical care. PMID- 18908229 TI - Chronic myocarditis of unknown etiology; report of a case. PMID- 18908230 TI - Mercurial diuretics. PMID- 18908231 TI - Comparative sensitivity to histoplasmin and tuberculin in Ohio University students. PMID- 18908232 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908233 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908234 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908235 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908237 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908236 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908238 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908239 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908240 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908241 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908242 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908243 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908245 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908244 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908247 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908246 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908248 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908249 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908250 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908251 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908252 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908253 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908254 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908255 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908256 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908257 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908258 TI - Diabetes and pregnancy. PMID- 18908259 TI - Aspects of physiological pregnancy and childbirth. PMID- 18908260 TI - Disseminated lupus erythematosus; a description of the disease, with an account of two recent London Hospital cases. PMID- 18908261 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908262 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908263 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908264 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908265 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908266 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908267 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908268 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908269 TI - The control of body water balance. PMID- 18908270 TI - The Guterman reaction in clinical practice. PMID- 18908271 TI - Pectus excavatum. PMID- 18908272 TI - Some aspects of endocrine control of carbohydrate metabolism. PMID- 18908273 TI - Emergency surgery in the neonatal period. PMID- 18908274 TI - Rapid retinoscopy. PMID- 18908275 TI - The treatment of genital warts. PMID- 18908276 TI - Varicose veins and fluorosis. PMID- 18908277 TI - U.N.R.R.A. in international health. PMID- 18908278 TI - The aetiology of optic atrophy. PMID- 18908279 TI - Aetiology and differential diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis. PMID- 18908280 TI - Industrial dermatitis; a problem in co-operation. PMID- 18908281 TI - Treatment of tendon injuries in the hand. PMID- 18908282 TI - The treatment of early cancer of the breast. PMID- 18908283 TI - Causes and prevention of maternal morbidity (excluding sepsis) during the puerperium. PMID- 18908284 TI - The treatment of rheumatoid arthritis by electropyrexia. PMID- 18908285 TI - Psychosomatic diagnosis. PMID- 18908286 TI - Treatment of cancer of the colon and rectum. PMID- 18908287 TI - Tubal insufflation discussed and a new simplified apparatus described. PMID- 18908288 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908289 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908290 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908291 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908292 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908293 TI - Feminizing ovarian tumors associated with carcinoma of the female sex organs. PMID- 18908294 TI - Renal calculi during healing of fractures. PMID- 18908295 TI - Treatment of psychoses in old age. PMID- 18908296 TI - Metastatic carcinoma of the breast; report of a case. PMID- 18908297 TI - Approach to dermatology. PMID- 18908298 TI - The hymen. PMID- 18908299 TI - The sado-masochistic background. PMID- 18908300 TI - Recent advances in the treatment of syphilis in pregnancy. PMID- 18908301 TI - Existentialism. PMID- 18908302 TI - Surgery in pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 18908303 TI - The early diagnosis of malignancy. PMID- 18908304 TI - Techniques of biochemistry. PMID- 18908305 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908306 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908307 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908308 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908309 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908310 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908311 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908312 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908313 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908314 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908315 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908316 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908317 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908318 TI - Orthopedic appliances in the rehabilitation of patients with spinal-cord injuries. PMID- 18908319 TI - Ulceroglandular tularemia treated with streptomycin; a report of two cases. PMID- 18908320 TI - The effect of surgical operations on the bromsulfalein-retention test. PMID- 18908322 TI - The role of pleuropneumonia-like organisms in genitourinary and joint diseases. PMID- 18908323 TI - Right-sided aorta. PMID- 18908321 TI - The problem of sulfonamide-resistant hemolytic streptococci. PMID- 18908324 TI - Metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. PMID- 18908325 TI - County health departments. PMID- 18908326 TI - Wilms' tumors. PMID- 18908327 TI - Endemic features of rickettsialpox. PMID- 18908328 TI - County tuberculosis hospitals. PMID- 18908329 TI - Tumor clinics in New York State. PMID- 18908330 TI - Penicillin in gonorrhea; experiences with various preparations and technics. PMID- 18908331 TI - Chronic benign pneumonitis; its discovery in older individuals with diminished or absent gag reflex. PMID- 18908332 TI - The role of choline chloride in the treatment of certain cases of diabetes mellitus; studies of liver dysfunction. PMID- 18908333 TI - Primary face presentation. PMID- 18908334 TI - A pseudomucinous cyst of the ovary with ascites and hydrothorax. PMID- 18908335 TI - Some aspects of the problem of the New York State mental hospitals system. PMID- 18908336 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908337 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908338 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908340 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908339 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908341 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908342 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908343 TI - The oldest public medical library in the Colonies. PMID- 18908344 TI - BENJAMIN Franklin Clinic of the Pennsylvania Hospital. PMID- 18908345 TI - The food clinic. PMID- 18908346 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908347 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908348 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908349 TI - Rehabilitation of war amputee. PMID- 18908350 TI - Vaginal smear diagnosis of genital carcinoma. PMID- 18908351 TI - Comparative blood levels after various oral penicillins. PMID- 18908352 TI - Dietary management of amebiasis. PMID- 18908353 TI - Serial studies of urine urobilinogen excretion by patients with infectious hepatitis. PMID- 18908354 TI - The factors in 5 year survival of gastric cancer; a study of 30 cases. PMID- 18908355 TI - Tobacco angina. PMID- 18908356 TI - The production of multiple avitaminosis by adenine. PMID- 18908357 TI - Tissue destruction in the immediate postoperative period. PMID- 18908358 TI - The heart in the terminal state; effect of intracardiac epinephrine. PMID- 18908359 TI - Sclerocystic ovaries associated with correctable sterility and oligomenorrhea. PMID- 18908360 TI - Splenectomy in brucellosis. PMID- 18908361 TI - Time-activity of protamine aluminum insulin type NA 125. PMID- 18908362 TI - The effect of autonomic blockade with tetraethylammonium on the renal circulation in dogs and in normal and hypertensive subjects. PMID- 18908363 TI - The effect of blockade of autonomic ganglia by tetraethylammonium on the gastro intestinal tract in man. PMID- 18908364 TI - Clinical studies of the pharmacological effects of tetraethyl ammonium chloride in hypertensive persons made in an attempt to select patients suitable for lumbodorsal sympathectomy and ganglionectomy. PMID- 18908365 TI - The role of pressor amines in the etiology of experimental and essential hypertension. PMID- 18908366 TI - Bacteriological and clinical studies on streptomycin therapy with observations on the pathogenesis of urinary tract infections. PMID- 18908367 TI - An experimental investigation of pulmonary embolism caused by penicillin-oil beeswax, with report of a near-fatal case. PMID- 18908368 TI - Spirometric evaluation of benadryl in asthma. PMID- 18908369 TI - The mercurial diuretics; a comparison of acute cardiac toxicity in animals and the effect of ascorbic acid on detoxification in their intravenous administration. PMID- 18908370 TI - Case report of an infection with an unusual acid-fast organism. PMID- 18908371 TI - Enteric infection or infestation sine dysentery. PMID- 18908372 TI - The effect of sulfonamide therapy on the persistence of the virus of lymphogranuloma venereum in buboes. PMID- 18908373 TI - Role of immunity in bacterial chemotherapy. PMID- 18908374 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908375 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908376 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908377 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908379 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908378 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908380 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908381 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908382 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908383 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908384 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908385 TI - Non-tuberculous pulmonary suppuration. PMID- 18908386 TI - Psychosomatic medicine. PMID- 18908387 TI - Factors leading to the production of bronchiectasis in childhood, and its prevention. PMID- 18908388 TI - Retropubiese prostatektomie. PMID- 18908389 TI - Varicose ulceration. PMID- 18908390 TI - The improvement of maternity services in the Union. PMID- 18908391 TI - The philosophy of sociological medicine. PMID- 18908392 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908393 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908395 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908394 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908396 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908397 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908398 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908399 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908400 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908401 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908402 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908403 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908404 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908405 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908406 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908407 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908408 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908409 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908410 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908411 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908412 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908414 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908413 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908415 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908416 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908417 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908418 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908419 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908420 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908421 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908422 TI - Foreign bodies in the duodenum. PMID- 18908423 TI - Cataract surgery; recent advances. PMID- 18908424 TI - Report of 425 fenestration operations for clinical otosclerosis. PMID- 18908425 TI - Bone reconstruction in surgery of the hand. PMID- 18908426 TI - The repair of ventral hernias with tantalum mesh; preliminary report. PMID- 18908427 TI - Anaplastic cervical epithelium; relationship to cervical carcinoma. PMID- 18908428 TI - Impressions of the vaginal smear technic in the diagnosis of cervical cancer. PMID- 18908429 TI - Maternal mortality in the South; an analysis of 175 deaths. PMID- 18908430 TI - The cancer program of the United States Public Health Service. PMID- 18908431 TI - Brief stimulus therapy. PMID- 18908432 TI - The use of furmethide (furfuryltrimethylammonium iodide) for paralysis of the bladder from poliomyelitis. PMID- 18908433 TI - The proper role of subtotal gastrectomy in the treatment of chronic gastric and duodenal ulcer. PMID- 18908435 TI - Recent advances, etiology and therapy of cirrhosis of the liver. PMID- 18908434 TI - Differential diagnosis of jaundice by laboratory methods. PMID- 18908436 TI - Effects of a new trivalent antimony compound upon granuloma inguinale. PMID- 18908437 TI - The differentiation of Laennec's from postnecrotic (toxic) cirrhosis. PMID- 18908438 TI - The hepatorenal syndrome. PMID- 18908439 TI - Water storage in acute hepatitis. PMID- 18908440 TI - Hepatorenal vasotropic factors in experimental cirrhosis. PMID- 18908441 TI - Renal hemorrhagic degeneration. PMID- 18908442 TI - Some histological aspects of renal and hepatic acholinopathy. PMID- 18908443 TI - Chromatography studies. PMID- 18908444 TI - Microbiological studies of urinary excretion of amino acids. PMID- 18908446 TI - Derangements of the hepatic circulation in disease. PMID- 18908445 TI - Relation of dietary factors in liver injury. PMID- 18908447 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908448 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908449 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908450 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908452 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908451 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908453 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908454 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908455 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908456 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908457 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908458 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908459 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908460 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908461 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908463 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908462 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908464 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908465 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908466 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908467 TI - The selection of cases and the surgical treatment of hypertension. PMID- 18908468 TI - Traumatic appendicitis. PMID- 18908469 TI - Roentgen manifestations of intraabdominal abscess. PMID- 18908470 TI - The treatment of laryngeal tuberculosis with streptomycin. PMID- 18908471 TI - Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 18908472 TI - Treatment of migraine. PMID- 18908473 TI - Cirrhosis of the liver; some comments upon the clinical diagnosis and medical management. PMID- 18908474 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908476 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908475 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908477 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908478 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908479 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908480 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908481 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908482 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908483 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908484 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908485 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908486 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908487 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908488 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908490 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908489 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908491 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908492 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908493 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908494 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908495 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908496 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908497 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908498 TI - Application of compounds labelled with heavy and radioactive isotopes to metabolic studies. PMID- 18908499 TI - General considerations in the use of radioactive and stable isotopes. PMID- 18908500 TI - Tracer studies from a general biological viewpoint. PMID- 18908501 TI - Physical methods and their limitations practical problems in the measurement of labelled compounds. PMID- 18908502 TI - Some problems in the measurement of labelled compounds. PMID- 18908503 TI - Some practical points in the measurement of isotopes. PMID- 18908504 TI - A method for improving the measurement of radioactive isotopes. PMID- 18908505 TI - The role of the Atomic Energy Commission in the future work with isotopes. PMID- 18908507 TI - Illustrative problems in the synthesis of labelled compounds. PMID- 18908506 TI - Chemical methods and their limitations. PMID- 18908508 TI - Clinical methods and their limitations; practical problems and hazards in the application of labelled compounds to clinical investigation. PMID- 18908509 TI - Gamma- and beta-ray hazards the diagnosis of early radiation injury. PMID- 18908510 TI - Problems in the use of radioactive iodine. PMID- 18908511 TI - Organized research with compounds labelled with radioactive sulfur. PMID- 18908512 TI - Studies on the effect of estrogens, androgens, and vitamin D2 on the calcium and the strontium metabolism. PMID- 18908513 TI - Further studies on the mechanism of the effect of estrogen on bone. PMID- 18908514 TI - The effect of adrenocorticotrophic hormone in patients with panhypopituitarism. PMID- 18908515 TI - Studies on the effect of anterior pituitary growth hormone on the weight and enzyme content of the organs of castrated mice. PMID- 18908516 TI - Observations on the secretion of nitrogen and minerals and on the bacterial count in the colon during intravenous feeding. PMID- 18908517 TI - Urinary excretion of adrenalcortical-like substances by a case of Cushing's syndrome. PMID- 18908518 TI - Urinary corticoid excretion studies in a patient with panhypopituitarism. PMID- 18908520 TI - The pathogenesis of jaundice; the indications and interpretation of laboratory studies in suspected hepatic disease. PMID- 18908519 TI - The effect of testosterone propionate on the 11-oxysteroid excretion of patients with Cushing's syndrome. PMID- 18908521 TI - Nuclear radiation effects of atomic bomb detonations. PMID- 18908522 TI - MEDICAL effects of atomic explosion. PMID- 18908523 TI - BIOLOGICAL effects of atomic explosion. PMID- 18908525 TI - IDENTIFICATION of World War II dead. PMID- 18908524 TI - The laboratory diagnosis of influenza in the European Command. PMID- 18908526 TI - Common problems of infectious hepatitis. PMID- 18908527 TI - Military psychology; emotions. PMID- 18908528 TI - The medics also have supply problems. PMID- 18908529 TI - SCARLET fever. PMID- 18908530 TI - AGE distribution of selected benign tumors. PMID- 18908531 TI - GASTRO-enterites, acute. PMID- 18908532 TI - INFANT incubators. PMID- 18908533 TI - Venereal prophylactic kits. PMID- 18908534 TI - Rodent control with 1080. PMID- 18908535 TI - Fractures of head of radius. PMID- 18908536 TI - VD control school. PMID- 18908537 TI - Emergencies in pediatric practice. PMID- 18908538 TI - MEDICAL professional journals. PMID- 18908539 TI - A case of spontaneous idiopathic torsion of an appendix epiploicum of the cecum. PMID- 18908540 TI - Urethritis. PMID- 18908541 TI - Suggestions for the management of gonorrhea. PMID- 18908542 TI - Corrosion in dental units. PMID- 18908543 TI - Simultaneous rupture of the left kidney and the spleen; case report. PMID- 18908544 TI - The care and management of the suicidal patient. PMID- 18908545 TI - Interpretation of laboratory serologic tests. PMID- 18908546 TI - STREPTOMYCIN. PMID- 18908547 TI - Nursing care of a patient with bulbar poliomyelitis. PMID- 18908548 TI - Resume of results at Westminster Hospital in the treatment and rehabilitation of neuropsychiatric cases. PMID- 18908549 TI - Fractures of the mandible; general considerations. PMID- 18908550 TI - Gout. PMID- 18908552 TI - Hospital kitchen equipment. PMID- 18908551 TI - A program for prefrontal lobotomy with report of effect on intractable pain. PMID- 18908553 TI - The management of chronic fibrositis. PMID- 18908554 TI - Place of psychosomatic medicine in D. V. A. PMID- 18908555 TI - Routine investigation and control of hypertension. PMID- 18908556 TI - What is medical social work? PMID- 18908557 TI - An interesting case of intussusception in a young adult associated with malignant tumors. PMID- 18908559 TI - The value of the progeny test in males. PMID- 18908558 TI - The subdivision of the chromosomes and their multiplication in non-dividing tissues; possible interpretations in terms of gene structure and gene action. PMID- 18908560 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908561 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908562 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908563 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908564 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908565 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908566 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908567 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908568 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908569 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908570 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908571 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908572 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908573 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908574 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908575 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908576 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908577 TI - Paper chromatography of flavine nucleotides. PMID- 18908578 TI - Inactivation of flavine adenine dinucleotide by tissue extracts. PMID- 18908579 TI - New amino-acids in bacterial hydrolysates. PMID- 18908580 TI - Citric acid in semen. PMID- 18908581 TI - Effect of p-aminobenzoic acid on the leucocyte count in leukaemia. PMID- 18908582 TI - Raman spectra of some synthetic mixtures of alpha-chloroacids. PMID- 18908584 TI - Production of helium by cosmic rays. PMID- 18908583 TI - Ovarian activity in the pregnant mare. PMID- 18908585 TI - TRACE elements in plant physiology. PMID- 18908586 TI - Physiology of disease resistance in plants. PMID- 18908587 TI - Chemistry of visual processes. PMID- 18908588 TI - SEROLOGICAL Museum of Rutgers University. PMID- 18908589 TI - Resolution testing in autoradiography. PMID- 18908591 TI - The C/D ring union in oestrone and equilenin. PMID- 18908590 TI - Relation of vomicine to strychnine and brucine. PMID- 18908592 TI - p-Aminosalicylic acid in the treatment of tuberculosis. PMID- 18908594 TI - Size of the brain in the ape-man, Plesianthropus. PMID- 18908593 TI - Polarographic determination of the gamma-isomer of benzene hexachloride. PMID- 18908596 TI - Ribose nucleic acid in the Drosophila egg. PMID- 18908595 TI - Nicotinic acid in human blood cells at birth. PMID- 18908597 TI - Relationship of glioma to encephalitis in the domestic fowl, and an associated parasitic agent. PMID- 18908598 TI - Alkaline phosphatase in taste buds and nasal mucosa. PMID- 18908599 TI - Dietetic hepatic lesions and protein deficiency. PMID- 18908600 TI - Measurement of environmental resistance in the Australian plague grasshopper. PMID- 18908601 TI - Philadelphia medical societies and Jewish physicians born over 100 years ago. PMID- 18908602 TI - The properties of some new types of counters. PMID- 18908603 TI - A novel oscillator. PMID- 18908605 TI - A new balanced electrometer circuit. PMID- 18908604 TI - A new radiation meter. PMID- 18908606 TI - A linear electron accelerator. PMID- 18908607 TI - Short time delays in Geiger counters. PMID- 18908608 TI - Photoelectric alpha-particle detector. PMID- 18908609 TI - Sealed sample holder for X-ray diffraction powder work. PMID- 18908611 TI - An improved tackiness meter. PMID- 18908610 TI - A new type of servo-accelerometer and aircraft dive angle indicator. PMID- 18908612 TI - Self-printing X-ray diffraction interplanar scale. PMID- 18908613 TI - Effect of vacuum-tube size on X-ray output of a synchrotron. PMID- 18908614 TI - Thin glass window to withstand high pressures. PMID- 18908615 TI - MASS spectrometer. PMID- 18908616 TI - Some studies on amino acid metabolism by the genus Proteus. PMID- 18908617 TI - Manometric measurement of the biochemical oxygen demand of sewage. PMID- 18908618 TI - B. O. D. dilution technique. PMID- 18908619 TI - Biological aspects of stream pollution. PMID- 18908620 TI - Chlorination of sewage. PMID- 18908622 TI - Personality adjustment through social action. PMID- 18908621 TI - A therapeutic milieu. PMID- 18908623 TI - Social psychiatry and personal service in a social agency; trade union setting. PMID- 18908624 TI - The unmarried father. PMID- 18908625 TI - High school mental hygiene survey. PMID- 18908626 TI - Adoptive parents in a child guidance clinic. PMID- 18908627 TI - Rorschach intellectual indicators in neurotics. PMID- 18908628 TI - Rorschach study of prejudiced personality. PMID- 18908630 TI - A validation test of the Rorschach movement interpretations. PMID- 18908629 TI - Rorschach testing in pre-literate cultures. PMID- 18908631 TI - The concept of the psychopath. PMID- 18908632 TI - The pseudo-psychotic nucleus in the behavior disorders. PMID- 18908633 TI - Childhood mental disease in America; a review of the literature before 1900. PMID- 18908634 TI - Aspects of psychiatric clinic practice. PMID- 18908635 TI - Effects of combat on a delinquent boy. PMID- 18908636 TI - A study of preschool children. PMID- 18908637 TI - Psychosomatic significance of body orifices. PMID- 18908639 TI - Menarche, periodicity, menopause of feebleminded women. PMID- 18908640 TI - Scoring qualitative responses on the Wechsler-Bellevue scale. PMID- 18908638 TI - Sex order of birth and personality. PMID- 18908641 TI - Vocational guidance of psychoneuroses. PMID- 18908642 TI - Practical use of the Rorschach test. PMID- 18908643 TI - The organization and technique of group treatment of psychoses. PMID- 18908644 TI - Preliminary survey of the results of group treatment of psychoses. PMID- 18908645 TI - Ambulatory electric shock therapy. PMID- 18908646 TI - Isolated, progressive, symmetrical dystrophy of the pectoralis major muscles; a case report. PMID- 18908647 TI - Alcoholism and addiction. PMID- 18908648 TI - Comments on the correlation of theory and technique. PMID- 18908649 TI - Feminine significance of the nose. PMID- 18908650 TI - Dynamic aspects of psychopathic personality. PMID- 18908651 TI - A problem of ego structure. PMID- 18908652 TI - The influence of unrecognized difficulties. PMID- 18908653 TI - Minute men in white. PMID- 18908654 TI - Nursing care can be measured. PMID- 18908655 TI - Treatment of cataract. PMID- 18908656 TI - Nursing care of patients with cataract. PMID- 18908657 TI - What the hospital nursing consultant does. PMID- 18908658 TI - Sinusitis. PMID- 18908659 TI - Drug reactions; what to watch for and what to avoid. PMID- 18908660 TI - Annuities planned for nurses by nurses. PMID- 18908661 TI - The family care study; a method of teaching total maternity care. PMID- 18908662 TI - Bone and joint tuberculosis; a serious complication of a systemic infection. PMID- 18908663 TI - Nursing the patient with bone and joint tuberculosis. PMID- 18908664 TI - The wedge pillow; a device for maintaining hyperextension of the spine. PMID- 18908665 TI - Canada's demonstration school. PMID- 18908666 TI - NURSING in Australia. PMID- 18908667 TI - Proctoscopy and the nurse. PMID- 18908668 TI - Colostomy care; the use of the Lamson appliance. PMID- 18908669 TI - Colostomy care; use of the Binkley colostomy irrigator. PMID- 18908670 TI - Cancer dressings. PMID- 18908671 TI - Care of patients with vesicovaginal fistulas. PMID- 18908672 TI - The nurse's legal problems. PMID- 18908673 TI - Blood inheritance. PMID- 18908674 TI - Kaiserswerth. PMID- 18908675 TI - Thyroidectomy. PMID- 18908676 TI - Surgery of the thyroid gland. PMID- 18908677 TI - Nursing a thyroidectomy patient. PMID- 18908678 TI - Teaching medical and surgical nursing in the classroom. PMID- 18908679 TI - Fatigue states, their effect on individuals and industry. PMID- 18908680 TI - The psychological basis of personal problems of workers. PMID- 18908682 TI - Prevention of gall stones. PMID- 18908681 TI - Penicillin makes ambulatory V. D. treatment possible. PMID- 18908683 TI - Intercostal and splanchnic block analgesia for abdominal operations. PMID- 18908684 TI - Laboratory investigations in pregnancy. PMID- 18908685 TI - Surgical and medical problems of old age. PMID- 18908686 TI - Varicose veins in the leg with long standing complications. PMID- 18908687 TI - Care of the umbilical cord. PMID- 18908688 TI - Surgery of the heart. PMID- 18908689 TI - The infected finger and its complications. PMID- 18908690 TI - The ideal health centre, the baby clinic. PMID- 18908691 TI - Electro-narcosis treatment. PMID- 18908692 TI - Confluent haemorrhagic smallpox, Asiatic type. PMID- 18908693 TI - With a midwife round the slums. PMID- 18908694 TI - Exsanguination and retransfusion for Rh factor baby. PMID- 18908695 TI - The empty tomb; the story that has changed the world. PMID- 18908697 TI - The ideal health centre; adult clinics. PMID- 18908696 TI - Recent advances in anaesthesia. PMID- 18908698 TI - Vaginal examinations. PMID- 18908699 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908700 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908701 TI - College students and nursing careers. PMID- 18908702 TI - The role of psychiatry in modern nursing. PMID- 18908703 TI - Methods used in the treatment of squint. PMID- 18908704 TI - Partial ptosis of the left lid corrected with ptosis crutch; a case report. PMID- 18908706 TI - The effect of mirror hole in retinoscopy. PMID- 18908705 TI - The effect of prism on esotropia; a case report. PMID- 18908707 TI - The method of science. PMID- 18908708 TI - Mechanisms subserving simultaneous brightness contrast. PMID- 18908709 TI - Report on a family with sub-luxated lenses. PMID- 18908710 TI - Criticism of certain dispensing practices and its effect upon optometry. PMID- 18908711 TI - Keratoconus, its diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 18908712 TI - Posterior vitreous fistula operation for secondary glaucoma; report of a case. PMID- 18908713 TI - Fulminating phlegmon of the neck of dental origin. PMID- 18908714 TI - Embolism of the central retinal artery; report of a case with good central vision. PMID- 18908715 TI - Nasal hemorrhagic telanglectatic bleeding controlled by the use of sylnasol; report of two cases, mother and son. PMID- 18908716 TI - A common extraocular muscle imbalance. PMID- 18908717 TI - Acute tetanus following a perforating injury of the eye; case report. PMID- 18908718 TI - Rhinosporidiosis; report of two cases in brothers. PMID- 18908719 TI - Mathematical analysis of binocular vision. PMID- 18908720 TI - The redesigned hand diploscope. PMID- 18908722 TI - The glaucoma problem. PMID- 18908721 TI - Vision and road transport. PMID- 18908723 TI - Notes on crossed cylinders. PMID- 18908724 TI - A practical orthoptic record card. PMID- 18908725 TI - The principles governing the three-dimensional organization of half-views. PMID- 18908726 TI - Visual training. PMID- 18908728 TI - A modification in taking eye impressions. PMID- 18908727 TI - Function of orthoptics in reading disabilities. PMID- 18908729 TI - Consistency in world use of braille. PMID- 18908730 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908731 TI - Prevention of blindness in a public health program. PMID- 18908732 TI - Investigation on corrective training of color blindness. PMID- 18908733 TI - Social service in an eye clinic and its relationship to community agencies. PMID- 18908734 TI - Illumination and color in industry. PMID- 18908735 TI - Public responsibility for an eye health program. PMID- 18908737 TI - Fenestration operation; its pros and cons. PMID- 18908736 TI - A bibliography on handwork, for teachers of partially seeing children. PMID- 18908738 TI - Know your hearing aid; sound, speech and hearing loss. PMID- 18908739 TI - A contribution to the question of otitis media in infants. PMID- 18908740 TI - The turning test with small regulable stimuli; the advantages of cupulometria over the classic technique of Barany. PMID- 18908741 TI - The turning test with small regulable stimuli; the cupulogram obtained by subjective angle estimation. PMID- 18908742 TI - Neurinoma in the nasal cavity. PMID- 18908743 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908745 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908744 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908746 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908748 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908747 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908749 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908750 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908751 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908752 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908753 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908755 TI - Some remarks about the symptom of Eagleton. PMID- 18908754 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908756 TI - The relation of the crico-pharyngeal spincter to pharyngeal diverticula. PMID- 18908758 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908757 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908759 TI - Correction of saddle nose with india-rubber prothesis. PMID- 18908760 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908761 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908762 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908763 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908764 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908765 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908767 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908766 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908768 TI - Effect of streptomycin on the otic mechanisms. PMID- 18908769 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908770 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908771 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908772 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908773 TI - The problem of the petromyzon labyrinth. PMID- 18908774 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908775 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908776 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908777 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908778 TI - Radium in the treatment of deafness. PMID- 18908780 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908781 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908779 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908782 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908783 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908784 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908785 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908786 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908787 TI - Chronic polyarthritis (Still's disease) in infancy. PMID- 18908788 TI - The chemotherapy of infantile diarrhoeas. PMID- 18908789 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908790 TI - The paediatric approach to tonsillectomy. PMID- 18908791 TI - Further observations on the significance of the blood pyruvic acid level in infancy. PMID- 18908792 TI - Puberty growth of boys. PMID- 18908793 TI - Etiological aspects of gastro-enteritis. PMID- 18908794 TI - Salicylate therapy in children. PMID- 18908795 TI - The pH of the mouth in the newborn infant. PMID- 18908796 TI - Azotaemia in infancy. PMID- 18908797 TI - Congenital fibrocystic disease of the pancreas; a report of two proved cases of dissimilar clinical types in siblings. PMID- 18908798 TI - Congenital defect of the scalp; an infant with a bullous lesion at birth. PMID- 18908799 TI - Congenital interruption of the aortic arch. PMID- 18908800 TI - Neonatal arthritis due to Proteus vulgaris. PMID- 18908801 TI - Heart block following scarlet fever in a patient with possible rheumatic fever. PMID- 18908802 TI - The hypertonic child; theories and description. PMID- 18908803 TI - Ringworm of the scalp in children; its treatment by irradiation. PMID- 18908804 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908805 TI - Preoperative medication in children. PMID- 18908806 TI - Blueness; refusal to eat. PMID- 18908807 TI - Labored breathing. PMID- 18908808 TI - Blueness; difficult breathing. PMID- 18908809 TI - Hunger edema in children. PMID- 18908810 TI - Sublingual methyl testosterone for boyhood emotional, physical, and genital immaturity. PMID- 18908811 TI - Cerebral complications in pertussis. PMID- 18908812 TI - Pediatric deaths in a large general hospital. PMID- 18908813 TI - Nontuberculous pulmonary calcification. PMID- 18908814 TI - Receding chin and glossoptosis; a cause of respiratory difficulty in the infant. PMID- 18908815 TI - Candida albicans infection in a child. PMID- 18908816 TI - Tuberculous meningitis treated with streptomycin. PMID- 18908817 TI - Time element in the development of irreversible bronchiectasis. PMID- 18908818 TI - Homologous serum hepatitis. PMID- 18908819 TI - The treatment of common respiratory infections. PMID- 18908820 TI - Conference on infantile cortical hyperostoses (Caffey-Smyth syndrome). PMID- 18908821 TI - Conference on pericarditis with effusion. PMID- 18908822 TI - Conference on actinomycosis, with pulmonary involvement. PMID- 18908823 TI - Conference on acute regional enteritis. PMID- 18908824 TI - Specific reading disability. PMID- 18908825 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908826 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908828 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908827 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908829 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908830 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908831 TI - Immunity to measles developed in infants through inoculations. PMID- 18908832 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908833 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908834 TI - Some observations on the feeding of premature infants based on 20 years' experience at the New Haven Hospital. PMID- 18908835 TI - The treatment of fibrosis of the pancreas in infants and children. PMID- 18908836 TI - Tick paralysis; three cases of tick (Dermacentor variabilis Say) paralysis in Virginia; with a summary of all the cases reported in the Eastern United States. PMID- 18908837 TI - Concentration of urine solutes by young infants. PMID- 18908838 TI - Immunization against scarlet fever with tannic acid-precipitated erythrogenic toxin. PMID- 18908839 TI - The diagnosis and treatment of atresia of the esophagus and tracheo-esophageal fistula. PMID- 18908840 TI - Paroxysmal tachycardia in infants; report of two cases treated with intravenous acetylcholine bromide. PMID- 18908841 TI - The passage of a foreign body (foxtail) through the bronchus, lung, pleura, and thoracic wall. PMID- 18908842 TI - Some pediatricians' views concerning problems of handicapped children. PMID- 18908843 TI - Infantile cortical hyperostoses. PMID- 18908844 TI - The use of penicillin in oil and wax in children. PMID- 18908845 TI - Total volume of medical care for children based on an analysis of eight states. PMID- 18908846 TI - Round table discussion on antibiotics. PMID- 18908847 TI - The selection of antibiotic agents. PMID- 18908848 TI - Origin of resistance of bacteria and therapeutic implication. PMID- 18908849 TI - Enhancement of antibiotic effects. PMID- 18908850 TI - Toxicity of antibiotics. PMID- 18908851 TI - Tetralogy of Fallot; especially the care of the cyanotic infant and child. PMID- 18908852 TI - Congenital encephalo-ophthalmic dysplasia; epidemiologic implications. PMID- 18908854 TI - Developmental pediatrics; its task and possibilities. PMID- 18908853 TI - Stokes-Adams syndrome associated with complete congenital heart block in infancy and childhood. PMID- 18908855 TI - Use of mesoxalyl urea (alloxan) in treatment of an infant with convulsions due to idiopathic hypoglycemia. PMID- 18908856 TI - Brain tumors in infancy; a report of seven cases. PMID- 18908857 TI - Kaposi's varicelliform eruption; a primary infection with herpes simplex virus. PMID- 18908858 TI - BAL in the treatment of arsenic ingestion of children. PMID- 18908859 TI - Review of private practice; pediatricians and general practitioners. PMID- 18908860 TI - Pathologic classification of bulbar poliomyelitis. PMID- 18908861 TI - Active and passive immunity in tetanus. PMID- 18908862 TI - Acidosis in young infants. PMID- 18908863 TI - Some observations on the so-called Hand-Schuller-Christian syndrome. PMID- 18908864 TI - The value of radium therapy of lymphoid structures of the nasopharynx. PMID- 18908865 TI - The treatment of infantile diarrhea with streptomycin and an oral amigen mixture. PMID- 18908866 TI - Practical laboratory aspects of the Rh problem. PMID- 18908867 TI - Rheumatic infection in children. PMID- 18908868 TI - Medical care in Maryland. PMID- 18908869 TI - The pharmaceutical uses of bentonite. PMID- 18908870 TI - Buffered solutions and pH in pharmaceutical practice. PMID- 18908871 TI - Flavors in proprietary preparations. PMID- 18908872 TI - Allergy and antihistamines. PMID- 18908873 TI - Some unsolved problems in the chemistry of the nucleic acids. PMID- 18908874 TI - Use of Bacillus subtilis in the three-hour cylinder-plate assay for penicillin. PMID- 18908875 TI - Inactivation of the germicidal action of quaternary ammonium compounds. PMID- 18908876 TI - New syntheses of caffeine and theophylline. PMID- 18908877 TI - The fractionation by alcohol of equine antitoxic plasma. PMID- 18908878 TI - The disintegration of compressed tablets. PMID- 18908879 TI - A study of the physical and chemical properties of natural Washington and Oregon peppermint oils. PMID- 18908880 TI - Adjusted collyria containing zinc salts. PMID- 18908881 TI - The analysis of ipecac; drug, tincture, and fluidextract. PMID- 18908882 TI - Influence of preliminary administration of insulin or of epinephrine hydrochloride upon the fatal dose of sodium evipal in albino mice. PMID- 18908883 TI - Note on a color reaction for shark-liver oil. PMID- 18908884 TI - Tetraethyl ammonium chloride for use in peripheral vascular disease. PMID- 18908885 TI - Accuracy and tolerances in pharmaceutical compounding; ointments. PMID- 18908886 TI - The intelligibility of rectangular speech-waves. PMID- 18908887 TI - Stimulus thresholds of the semicircular canals as a function of angular acceleration. PMID- 18908888 TI - Eyelid conditioning as affected by verbally induced inhibitory set and counter reinforcement. PMID- 18908890 TI - A stereoscopic study of figural after-effects. PMID- 18908889 TI - Illusory rotation of a target during turns in an aircraft. PMID- 18908891 TI - Sensitization of the beta response under verbally induced inhibitory set and counter-reenforcement. PMID- 18908892 TI - Visual apparent movement in the absence of neural interaction. PMID- 18908893 TI - On the number, circulation-sizes, and the probable purchasers of newspapers. PMID- 18908894 TI - The alkaline taste; a comparison of absolute thresholds for sodium hydroxide on the tip and mid-dorsal surfaces of the tongue. PMID- 18908895 TI - The vestibular sensitivity of deaf-blind subjects. PMID- 18908896 TI - An integrator and accessory apparatus for recording action potentials. PMID- 18908897 TI - A mechanical factor-rotator for demonstration. PMID- 18908898 TI - The nature of primary abilities. PMID- 18908899 TI - Advancement of understanding and advancement of professional service. PMID- 18908900 TI - Cues. PMID- 18908901 TI - [The social service conducted by SESI]. PMID- 18908902 TI - [The sculpture in the face of mental hygiene]. PMID- 18908903 TI - [Suicides and narcotics]. PMID- 18908904 TI - [Endocrinology and mental hygiene]. PMID- 18908905 TI - Satisfactions in work. PMID- 18908906 TI - The measurement of human skill. PMID- 18908907 TI - Payment and incentives. PMID- 18908908 TI - The Army experience with influenza, 1946-1947; epidemiological aspects. PMID- 18908909 TI - The Army experience with influenza, 1946-1947; laboratory aspects. PMID- 18908910 TI - The serological pattern in typhus fever; epidemic. PMID- 18908911 TI - The serological pattern in typhus fever; murine. PMID- 18908912 TI - The sensitivity of meningococci to sulfadiazine. PMID- 18908913 TI - Note on a strain of small race Endamoeba histolytica which became large in culture. PMID- 18908914 TI - Derriengue; vampire bat rabies in Mexico. PMID- 18908915 TI - Experimental chemotherapy in glanders and melioidosis. PMID- 18908916 TI - Studies on the growth requirements of Endamoeba histolytica; maintenance of a strain of E. histolytica through 100 transplants in the absence of an actively multiplying bacterial flora. PMID- 18908917 TI - Studies on the growth requirements of Endamoeba histolytica; preliminary observations on the cultivation of E. histolytica in a modified thioglycolate medium. PMID- 18908918 TI - Immunization of adults with diphtheria toxoid; immunological properties of formalinized diphtherial protein fractions from culture filtrates. PMID- 18908919 TI - Immunization of adults with diphtheria toxoid; an analysis of the pseudoreactions to the Schick test. PMID- 18908920 TI - Immunization of adults with diphtheria toxoid; highly purified toxoid as an immunizing agent. PMID- 18908921 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908923 TI - The elements of nervous activity. PMID- 18908922 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908924 TI - The effects of the sense organs. PMID- 18908925 TI - The activity of the brain. PMID- 18908926 TI - A report on ten proved cases of histoplasmosis. PMID- 18908927 TI - Incidence of poliomyelitis in 1947. PMID- 18908928 TI - Poliomyelitis in England and Wales in 1947. PMID- 18908929 TI - The importance of coverage in DDT residual house spraying for control of Anopheles quadrimaculatus mosquitoes. PMID- 18908930 TI - Screen photography equipment for easier detail photography with routine roentgen diagnosis work. PMID- 18908932 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908931 TI - On the technic of lumbar pneumomyelography. PMID- 18908933 TI - Accidental extrapleural pneumothorax. PMID- 18908934 TI - The roentgen examination of the mediastinal lung hernia with reference to tomography. PMID- 18908935 TI - The roentgen picture of osteo-arthritis in the hip-joint in cases of polyarthritis rheumatica chronica. PMID- 18908936 TI - Kymographic studies of the function of the auricle. PMID- 18908937 TI - Roentgenological heart volume determination with special regard to pulse rate and the position of the body. PMID- 18908938 TI - Thoracal aortography by catheterization from the radial artery; preliminary report of a new technique. PMID- 18908939 TI - Thoracic aortography; preliminary report. PMID- 18908940 TI - The development of radiotherapy; a review of 50 years' progress. PMID- 18908941 TI - Mammary cancer, the place of surgery and of radiotherapy in its management; a study of some of the factors which determine success or failure in treatment. PMID- 18908942 TI - The presentation and analysis of the results of radiotherapy. PMID- 18908943 TI - Calcification in suprarenal neoplasms. PMID- 18908944 TI - Stomach in a femoral hernia; report of a case. PMID- 18908945 TI - Gastric ulcer of the greater curvature; a report of two cases. PMID- 18908946 TI - Localized traumatic bone absorption in the skull. PMID- 18908947 TI - Present status of femoral neck fractures. PMID- 18908948 TI - Observations of burn scars sustained by atomic bomb survivors; a preliminary study. PMID- 18908949 TI - Tumors of the carotid body. PMID- 18908950 TI - Effect of intestinal gases upon balloons of intestinal decompression tubes. PMID- 18908951 TI - Survey of some aspects of appendicitis. PMID- 18908952 TI - Beaded wire in treatment of slipped epiphysis of the head of the femur. PMID- 18908953 TI - Modified indirect inguinal herniorrhaphy. PMID- 18908954 TI - New test in diagnosis and surgical treatment of varicose veins; 200 vein ligations evaluated. PMID- 18908955 TI - Treatment of varicose ulcer. PMID- 18908957 TI - Trauma to the region of the bursa anserina. PMID- 18908956 TI - Treatment of carcinoma of the breast. PMID- 18908958 TI - Comparative evaluation of the effects of talcum and a new absorbable substitute on surgical gloves. PMID- 18908959 TI - Surgical complications of intestinal tuberculosis as seen at necropsy. PMID- 18908960 TI - Transpyloric herniation of redundant gastric mucosa. PMID- 18908962 TI - Risk and well planned surgery. PMID- 18908961 TI - Repair of massive defect of tibia without fixation. PMID- 18908963 TI - Chorioncarcinoma. PMID- 18908964 TI - Traumatic rupture of the thyroid gland. PMID- 18908965 TI - New type apparatus for giving intravenous anesthesia. PMID- 18908966 TI - The mandibular joint. PMID- 18908967 TI - Thoraco-abdominal wounds in modern war. PMID- 18908968 TI - Bilharziasis and bilharzial cancer of the bladder. PMID- 18908969 TI - The blood supply of the synovial membrane and intra-articular structures. PMID- 18908970 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908971 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908973 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908974 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908972 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908975 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908976 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908977 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908978 TI - [Endoscopic examination of the bladder; technique, indications and contraindications; early and late accidents; semiology of the normal bladder]. PMID- 18908979 TI - [One hundred and fifty consecutive thoracoplasty without mortality, pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 18908980 TI - [Chondro curare in anesthesia by inhalation]. PMID- 18908981 TI - [Calculous pyonephrosis; conservative surgical treatment]. PMID- 18908982 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908983 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908984 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908985 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908986 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908987 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908988 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908989 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908990 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908991 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908992 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18908993 TI - Incipiency and evolution of pulmonary tuberculosis; the initial manifestations of the disease. PMID- 18908994 TI - Incipiency and evolution of pulmonary tuberculosis; the behavior of the initial lesion and course of the disease during observation period. PMID- 18908995 TI - Functional pulmonary capacity and surgical risk; correlation between clinical estimation and functional studies. PMID- 18908996 TI - Arteriovenous fistula of the lung; its hereditary and clinical aspects. PMID- 18908997 TI - Pulmonary adenomatosis; report of a case. PMID- 18908998 TI - The effect of diet on experimental tuberculosis of mice. PMID- 18908999 TI - Chemistry of the lipids of tubercle bacilli; a contribution to the study of acid fastness of acid-fast bacilli. PMID- 18909001 TI - TB control over four decades. PMID- 18909000 TI - The death registration states. PMID- 18909002 TI - How best to hunt for tubercle bacilli. PMID- 18909003 TI - TB health survey in Indiana. PMID- 18909004 TI - Why irregular discharges? PMID- 18909005 TI - Artificial TB. PMID- 18909006 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909007 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909008 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909009 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909010 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909011 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909012 TI - Significance of tuberculin sensitivity. PMID- 18909013 TI - Mass X-ray and health propaganda. PMID- 18909014 TI - BCG vaccination of nurses. PMID- 18909015 TI - The treatment of syphilis with penicillin. PMID- 18909016 TI - The treatment of syphilis with penicillin. PMID- 18909017 TI - The treatment of syphilis with penicillin. PMID- 18909018 TI - Penicillin in oil-wax mixtures. PMID- 18909019 TI - Some aspects of gonorrhoea in the female, with special reference to infection of the rectum. PMID- 18909020 TI - Pigmentation in vitamin B complex deficiency. PMID- 18909021 TI - Gonorrhoea as treated by pyrexia induced by peptone, a protein split product. PMID- 18909022 TI - Arsenical encephalopathy. PMID- 18909023 TI - Leucoderma. PMID- 18909024 TI - Prevention of venereal disease with special reference to Delhi. PMID- 18909025 TI - Syphilitic relapse vs. reinfection. PMID- 18909026 TI - Rapid treatment of early syphilis; progress report, December 1947. PMID- 18909027 TI - Delta plantation case-finding survey in Leflore County, Mississippi. PMID- 18909028 TI - Venereal disease educational program in Nebraska. PMID- 18909029 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909031 TI - The effect of strain 19 on fertility. PMID- 18909030 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909032 TI - A note on the protection of service animals against war gases in World War II. PMID- 18909033 TI - A peculiar form of equine paralysis. PMID- 18909034 TI - Some observations on the blood leucocyte picture during the intradermal tuberculin test; the skin-lesion reactor. PMID- 18909035 TI - Epithelial cells in the preputial washings of bulls. PMID- 18909036 TI - Studies on the blood of dogs; the blood picture in normal dogs. PMID- 18909038 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909037 TI - Food and animal products. PMID- 18909039 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909040 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909041 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909043 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909042 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909045 TI - Calculation of probability tables for new multivariate tests. PMID- 18909044 TI - Pathogenesis of the morphologic changes in the liver and other internal organs due to acute and chronic hypoxia and their functional significance. PMID- 18909046 TI - Extent of pathological damage to animals in a cold environment who are explosively decompressed. PMID- 18909047 TI - Investigations on the mechanism of changes in the blood during high altitude adaptation in parabiotic rats. PMID- 18909048 TI - Neurohistologic investigations on general oxygen deficiency of the brain. PMID- 18909049 TI - Review of literature concerning the detrimental effects of alcohol and lack of sleep on flying proficiency. PMID- 18909050 TI - Investigations of handwriting-pressure. PMID- 18909051 TI - Validation of auditory acuity standards in AR 40-110. PMID- 18909052 TI - The effect of the anoxia produced at high altitude on infection and immunity. PMID- 18909053 TI - Studies of effect of injected cytochrome c on altitude tolerance. PMID- 18909054 TI - Personnel selection and classification procedures; psychomotor tests. PMID- 18909055 TI - Construction of a battery of tests for the selection of students for the aviation medical examiner's course. PMID- 18909056 TI - Statistical study of care of flyer reports of the 8th Air Force. PMID- 18909057 TI - Renal function studies in relation to anoxia. PMID- 18909058 TI - The effect of pressure breathing on intracranial pressure. PMID- 18909059 TI - Effects of altitude anoxia on glucose metabolism. PMID- 18909060 TI - Effect of various respiratory stimulants on dogs depressed by barbiturates and severe anoxia. PMID- 18909061 TI - The recovery of the brain from anoxia after application of analeptic drugs; electroencephalographic studies on rabbits. PMID- 18909062 TI - Further investigation on the injection of respiratory catalysts in an attempt to improve anoxia tolerance. PMID- 18909063 TI - PILOT candidate selection research program. PMID- 18909064 TI - Psychological principles involved in aiming and directing objects in space. PMID- 18909065 TI - The effect of explosive decompression on vitamin C deficient guinea pigs. PMID- 18909066 TI - Analytical and clinical study of the blue and red acetate hoods used to simulate blind flying. PMID- 18909067 TI - Studies on asphyxia; effects of carbon dioxide inhalation on an anoxic animal. PMID- 18909068 TI - Validation of prism divergence measurement at the distance of 13 inches; plan of research. PMID- 18909069 TI - A study of runway markings as to color and pattern to determine maximum visual perception and orientation through fog and haze. PMID- 18909073 TI - A new technique for isolating listerellae from the bovine brain. PMID- 18909070 TI - The inhibition of sulfhydryl enzymes as the basis of the bactericidal action of chlorine. PMID- 18909075 TI - Physiological studies on spore germination, with special reference to Clostridium botulinum; inhibition of germination by unsaturated C18 fatty acids. PMID- 18909078 TI - Cytochemical mechanisms of penicillin action; comparative effects of ribonuclease, cobra venom, and penicillin on susceptible bacteria. PMID- 18909085 TI - Physical action of surface-active actions upon bacteria. PMID- 18909086 TI - Studies on polymyxin; the production of fermentation liquor. PMID- 18909087 TI - Chromogenic bacteria related to Bacterium globiforme. PMID- 18909088 TI - Flies. PMID- 18909089 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909090 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909091 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909092 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909093 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909094 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909095 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909096 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909098 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909097 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909099 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909100 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909101 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909102 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909103 TI - Inhibitory action of rubber tubing upon the contractility of isolated intestine and heart. PMID- 18909104 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909105 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909106 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909107 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909108 TI - A study of the blood flow to liver in relation to carbohydrate tolerance. PMID- 18909109 TI - L-glycerylphosphorylcholine; chemical synthesis and biological significance. PMID- 18909110 TI - A modified glycerol dichlorohydrin reaction for vitamin D3. PMID- 18909111 TI - Interfacial precipitation of cholesterol in bile. PMID- 18909112 TI - Extracts of intestinal mucosa and urine in the treatment of non-specific ulcerations of the intestine. PMID- 18909113 TI - A correlation of renal structure and function. PMID- 18909114 TI - Studies on the plasma histaminase in pregnancy. PMID- 18909115 TI - The metabolism of testosterone. PMID- 18909116 TI - Sudden death during chloroform and cyclopropane anaesthesia. PMID- 18909117 TI - Changes in the reaction of the gastric contents due to duodenal regurgitation before and after transection of the pylorus. PMID- 18909118 TI - Further observation on the lipotropic action of choline and inositol. PMID- 18909119 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909120 TI - The isolation and characteristics of pure sphingosine. PMID- 18909121 TI - The relation of the polarographic protein waves to protein composition. PMID- 18909122 TI - Gastric secretion of hypophysectomized dogs after administration of urine extracts of analogously operated animals. PMID- 18909123 TI - Cytochrome C; intravenous administration in man. PMID- 18909124 TI - Studies on the polymorphonuclear leucocytes; the effect of tonicity of medium. PMID- 18909125 TI - Function of Ac-globulin in the blood clotting mechanism. PMID- 18909126 TI - The tolerance of Eskimos for pemmican and for starvation. PMID- 18909127 TI - The characterization of cholinesterases in human cerebrospinal fluid. PMID- 18909128 TI - Experiences with the venus heart method for determining acetylcholine. PMID- 18909129 TI - The action of digitalis on the intact heart of the rabbit. PMID- 18909130 TI - Changes in the reducing power of serum or plasma of patients with malignant neoplastic disease. PMID- 18909131 TI - Activity of catheptic enzymes in p-dimethylaminoazobenzene hepatomas. PMID- 18909132 TI - Studies in carcinogenesis with azo compounds; the action of four azo compounds in Wistar rats fed restricted diets; N,N-diethyl-p-aminoazobenzene in mice. PMID- 18909133 TI - Tumor of the lung in rats following injections of urethane (ethylcarbamate). PMID- 18909134 TI - Anlage tumors of the salivary glands. PMID- 18909135 TI - The changing cancer death rate. PMID- 18909136 TI - Neoplasms in rats with 2-acetaminofluorene and sex hormones. PMID- 18909137 TI - Germinoma of the pineal; its identity with germinoma (seminoma) of the testis. PMID- 18909138 TI - Therapeutic use of anti-reticular cytotoxic serum in Hodgkin's disease. PMID- 18909139 TI - The effect of ultraviolet irradiation on the carcinogenic potency of certain hydrocarbons. PMID- 18909140 TI - Spreading factor in human carcinomas. PMID- 18909141 TI - Failure of hyaluronidase to increase in invasiveness of neoplasms. PMID- 18909142 TI - Chemical factors in the mutual adhesiveness of epithelial cells. PMID- 18909143 TI - The apparent anticarcinogenic action of lanolin. PMID- 18909144 TI - Studies on the relationship between sarcoma and leukosis in chickens; tumor induction by intramuscular injections of cell-free and cell-containing material from of pure leukosis strain. PMID- 18909145 TI - Chemotherapy investigations in cancer; with reference to the influence of certain organic dibasic acids, diamino compounds and nitro compounds on tumors in mice. PMID- 18909146 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909147 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909148 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909150 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909149 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909151 TI - Hyaluronic acid and the rheumatic diseases. PMID- 18909152 TI - Physiologic diagnostic tests in congenital heart disease. PMID- 18909153 TI - The mineral requirements for pyocyanin production. PMID- 18909154 TI - Determining seed size by a volumetric measure. PMID- 18909155 TI - Actinomyces. PMID- 18909156 TI - The isolation of a blue fluorescent compound scopoletin, from Green Mountain potato tubers, infected with leaf roll virus. PMID- 18909158 TI - Use of the infrared total absorption method for estimating the time course of photosynthesis and transpiration. PMID- 18909157 TI - Autogenous necrosis in tomatoes immune from Cladosporium fulvum Cooke. PMID- 18909160 TI - Studies on the reactions between formaldehyde and enediols. PMID- 18909159 TI - Sterols; delta20-pregnenes from bisnor-steroid acids. PMID- 18909161 TI - The synthesis of 1-R-5-R'-5-phenylhydantoins. PMID- 18909162 TI - The molecular weight of lysozyme determined by the X-ray diffraction method. PMID- 18909163 TI - The thermodynamics of metallo-protein combinations; copper with bovine serum albumin. PMID- 18909164 TI - The binding of some sulfonamides by bovine serum albumin. PMID- 18909165 TI - Sulfur-containing amines; local anesthetics. PMID- 18909166 TI - The reaction of 2,5-dimethylfuran with p-nitrobenzenediazonium chloride. PMID- 18909168 TI - Quinolines; some polysubstituted 4-(4'-diethylamino-l'methylbutylamino) quinolines. PMID- 18909167 TI - The inhibition of d-amino acid oxidase by benzoic acid and various monosubstituted benzoic acid derivatives. PMID- 18909169 TI - Paralytic shellfish poison; occurrence and concentration by ion exchange. PMID- 18909170 TI - Paralytic shellfish poison; purification by chromatography. PMID- 18909171 TI - Some N-alkyl-2,4-oxazolidinediones and their anticonvulsant properties. PMID- 18909172 TI - Interpretation of lignin; the synthesis of gymnosperm lignin. PMID- 18909173 TI - Sulfanilamide derivatives containing urea, thiourea or hydrazide groupings. PMID- 18909174 TI - Carcinogenic hydrocarbons; 9-11-dimethylbenz [a] anthracene and 8,9,11 trimethylbenz [a] anthracene. PMID- 18909175 TI - Carcinogenic hydrocarbons; 3,5-dimethylcholanthrene. PMID- 18909176 TI - Studies in the anthracene series; a novel rearrangement in the reaction of halomethyl ketones with secondary amines. PMID- 18909177 TI - Studies in the anthracene series; derivatives of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroanthracene. PMID- 18909178 TI - Amines related to 2,5-dimethyoxyphenethylamine; 2,5-diethoxy,2-hydroxy-5-methoxy and 2-hydroxy-5-ethoxyphenylalkanolami nes. PMID- 18909179 TI - Pteroic acid derivatives; pteroyl-alpha-glutamylglutamic acid and pteroyl-alpha, gamma-glutamyldiglutamic acid. PMID- 18909180 TI - Pteroic acid derivatives; pteroyl-gamma-glutamylglutamic acid and pteroyl-gamma glutamyl-gamma-glutamylglutamic acid. PMID- 18909181 TI - Configuration of vaccenic acid. PMID- 18909182 TI - Kinetics of the fumarase system. PMID- 18909183 TI - The chemical properties of elements. PMID- 18909184 TI - Water absorption of proteins; lack of dependence of hysteresis in casein on free amino groups. PMID- 18909186 TI - The synthesis of 1,3,5-estratrien-3-ol-16-one, a structural isomer of estrone. PMID- 18909185 TI - The preparation and some reactions of ethyl alpha-acetamidoacetoacetate. PMID- 18909187 TI - Preparation and structure of cholesteryl quaternary salts. PMID- 18909188 TI - The oxidation of catechol-type substrates by tyrosinase. PMID- 18909189 TI - Studies on the mechanism of the Leuckart reaction. PMID- 18909190 TI - Preparation of acetonechloroform and its homologs. PMID- 18909191 TI - Polysaccharide acid esters as cation exchange media. PMID- 18909192 TI - Spectrophotometric studies on complex formation with sulfo-salicylic acid, with iron III. PMID- 18909194 TI - A kinetic study of the oxidation of uranium tetrachloride. PMID- 18909193 TI - The catalytic reaction of hydrogen and oxygen on plane faces of a single crystal of copper. PMID- 18909195 TI - Actidione, an antibiotic from Streptomyces griseus. PMID- 18909196 TI - Chemistry of epoxy compounds; thermal polymerization of the isomeric 9,10 epoxystearic acids. PMID- 18909197 TI - Chemistry of epoxy compounds stereochemical relationships between the 9-10 epoxychlorohydroxy- and dihydroxystearic acids. PMID- 18909198 TI - The synthesis of uric acid containing isotopic nitrogen. PMID- 18909199 TI - The mechanism of the oxidation of uric acid studied with isotopic nitrogen as a tracer. PMID- 18909200 TI - Syntheses of the selenium analog of di-cystine. PMID- 18909201 TI - Structure determination and synthesis of a plant growth inhibitor, 3-acetyl-6 methoxybenzaldehyde, found in the leaves of Encelia farinosa. PMID- 18909202 TI - Crystalline vitamin A methyl ether. PMID- 18909203 TI - Mercaptols of 17-keto steroids. PMID- 18909204 TI - Pyrazine chemistry; derivatives of 3-amino-5,6-dimethylpyrazinoic acid. PMID- 18909206 TI - Antimonylcatechol; coordination of simple amines and alcohols. PMID- 18909205 TI - Strains in methyl amines and hydrocarbons. PMID- 18909207 TI - Antimonylcatechol; coordinates with aminoalcohols. PMID- 18909208 TI - Some chemotherapeutically active sulfones; azido substituted sulfones. PMID- 18909209 TI - Reactions of atoms and free radicals in solution; the reactions of diacetyl peroxide with aliphatic ketones; a new synthesis of 1,4-diketones. PMID- 18909210 TI - Introduction of double bonds into diethyl stilbestrol. PMID- 18909211 TI - 6-Methoxy-1,2-naphthoquinone. PMID- 18909212 TI - A peptide derivative related to gramicidin. PMID- 18909213 TI - Crystalline procaine penicillins. PMID- 18909214 TI - 4-Benzyl-2,3-isopropylidene-d-mannosan (1.5) beta (1,6) and 2-benzyl-3,4 isopropylidene-d-galactosan (1,5) beta (1,6). PMID- 18909215 TI - On the dynamic state of antibodies. PMID- 18909216 TI - Carnauba wax substitutes. PMID- 18909217 TI - Liquid nail polish. PMID- 18909219 TI - ERSATZ glycerol. PMID- 18909218 TI - Methods for evaluating clinical germicides. PMID- 18909220 TI - These South African plants could provide new sources of drugs. PMID- 18909221 TI - ECONOMIC poisons. PMID- 18909223 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909222 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909224 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909225 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909226 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909227 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909228 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909229 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909230 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909231 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909233 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909232 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909234 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909235 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909236 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909237 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909238 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909239 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909240 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909241 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909242 TI - Our teeth and our soils. PMID- 18909244 TI - Dental caries and periodontoclasia; etiology and control. PMID- 18909243 TI - Safe general anaesthesia for the patient who must have a year's dental work done in one afternoon. PMID- 18909245 TI - A molar in the main left bronchus with subsequent agranulocytosis. PMID- 18909246 TI - A case of oral manifestation of agranulocytosis. PMID- 18909247 TI - Metastatic carcinoma of left mandible (left ascending ramus). PMID- 18909248 TI - Untreated fracture of right condyle. PMID- 18909249 TI - Calculus in Stenson's duct (left). PMID- 18909250 TI - Pain. PMID- 18909251 TI - The hygroscopic setting expansion of dental casting investments. PMID- 18909252 TI - A study of the dental status of male and female personnel who enlisted in the Royal Australian Air Force during the 1939-45 war. PMID- 18909253 TI - Septal alveolectomy. PMID- 18909255 TI - A dental cyst with an abnormal lining. PMID- 18909254 TI - Partial denture prosthesis; principles of design. PMID- 18909256 TI - Substances used in root canal fillings. PMID- 18909257 TI - The oral lesions of pemphigus vegetans. PMID- 18909258 TI - Decalcification of enamel in relation to the application of orthopedic appliances. PMID- 18909259 TI - Oral lesions of vitamin B complex deficiencies. PMID- 18909260 TI - Analysis of a survey of dental hygienists in the United States. PMID- 18909261 TI - The common cold; a practical summary. PMID- 18909262 TI - A dental hygienist with the occupation forces. PMID- 18909263 TI - The modern concept in orthodontics. PMID- 18909264 TI - Responsibility of pediatrician in the orthodontic problem. PMID- 18909265 TI - California's first dentist; recollections of historical events in California, 1843-1878. PMID- 18909266 TI - Oral conditions with a background of systemic disease. PMID- 18909267 TI - Salivary cysts. PMID- 18909268 TI - Gelatin sponge in the obliteration of cavities resulting from the excision of cysts and tumors of the jaws. PMID- 18909269 TI - Contribution to the oncology of the jaws. PMID- 18909270 TI - Diagnosis of oral epidermoid carcinoma. PMID- 18909271 TI - Osteomyelitis of the jaws. PMID- 18909272 TI - An analysis of 130 recently treated fractures. PMID- 18909273 TI - Fracture cases treated by means of internal fixation. PMID- 18909274 TI - New methods for immobilization of the mandible. PMID- 18909275 TI - Deformities of the jaws. PMID- 18909276 TI - Some uses of penicillin in dentistry. PMID- 18909277 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909278 TI - Tooth infection and spinal joint diseases in medieval Denmark. PMID- 18909279 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909280 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909281 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909282 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909283 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909284 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909285 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909286 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909287 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909288 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909289 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909290 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909291 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909292 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909293 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909294 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909295 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909296 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909298 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909299 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909297 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909300 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909301 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909302 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909303 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909304 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909305 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909307 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909306 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909308 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909309 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909310 TI - Evidence that pteroylglutamic acid (folic acid) is important in maintaining gastro-intestinal absorption. PMID- 18909311 TI - The effect of gestation and dosage level on absorption of radioactive iron in 380 human pregnancies. PMID- 18909312 TI - A relation between the size of the heart and the velocity of the blood in patients with heart disease. PMID- 18909313 TI - Failure of the isolated perfused mammalian heart to destroy renin and hypertension. PMID- 18909314 TI - Comparative study of drug therapy of essential hypertension. PMID- 18909315 TI - Heart failure with a high cardiac output. PMID- 18909316 TI - Clinical observations in patients treated with antireticular cytotoxic serum; preliminary report. PMID- 18909317 TI - Clinical results obtained in the treatment of 60 cases of malignant disease of the lymphoid system by the use of radioactive colloidal manganese and gold. PMID- 18909318 TI - Management of esophageal strictures. PMID- 18909319 TI - Circulatory changes following ligation of the inferior vena cava. PMID- 18909320 TI - Recent experiences with a new method for the control of intrathoracic aneurysms. PMID- 18909321 TI - Gas embolism. PMID- 18909322 TI - Clinical studies in orthostatic hypotension. PMID- 18909323 TI - The use of resins as antacids for treating peptic ulcer. PMID- 18909324 TI - Observations on a mobile arctic military force; the health, physical fitness and nutrition of exercise Musk Ox. PMID- 18909325 TI - Cardio-respiratory testing in pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 18909326 TI - The effect of rutin on increased capillary fragility; preliminary report. PMID- 18909327 TI - Neuroblastoma metastases; diagnosis by bone marrow aspiration, with note on therapy with radioactive phosphorus and nitrogen mustard. PMID- 18909328 TI - Changes in the carbohydrate metabolism of patients with gastric cancer. PMID- 18909329 TI - Studies on electrolyte exchanges in patients with gastric cancer. PMID- 18909330 TI - Experience with synthetic folic acid in the treatment of anemias of macrocytic type. PMID- 18909331 TI - The fate of acetanilide in the body. PMID- 18909332 TI - The effect of 2,3-dimercaptopropanol on water and mercupurin diuresis. PMID- 18909333 TI - The intravenous use of sodium amytal in psychosomatic disorders. PMID- 18909334 TI - WPW syndrome with myocardial infarction; an experimental study. PMID- 18909335 TI - Observations concerning the instability of the T-wave in the Wolff-Parkinson White syndrome. PMID- 18909336 TI - The role of chloride in the treatment of certain cases of diabetes mellitus; preliminary report. PMID- 18909337 TI - Basic concepts of the electrocardiogram for Q3 differentiation. PMID- 18909338 TI - The effect of vagotomy on gastric function as determined in a fistulous human subject. PMID- 18909339 TI - The pharmacologic restoration of gastric motility and the promotion of evacuation of the stomach after section of the vagus nerves for peptic ulcer. PMID- 18909340 TI - The effect of intravenous carbon dioxide on the initial ventricular deflection of the electrocardiogram. PMID- 18909341 TI - A study of digitalis intoxication. PMID- 18909342 TI - Temporary return of the electrocardiogram to normal in acute coronary occlusion. PMID- 18909343 TI - Acute pulmonary embolism; its effect on the electrocardiogram and myocardium. PMID- 18909344 TI - Study of absorption from crystalline insulin pellets and solutions at various sites in rabbits. PMID- 18909345 TI - An epidemic of diarrhea in the newborn. PMID- 18909346 TI - Therapy of actinomycosis of the lung. PMID- 18909347 TI - The determination of plasma albumin by chemical and electrophoretic methods. PMID- 18909348 TI - Comparison of the values for total protein obtained in the plasma by the falling drop method and by chemical determinations. PMID- 18909349 TI - Needle biopsy of the liver. PMID- 18909350 TI - A laboratory outbreak of Q fever. PMID- 18909351 TI - Q fever in the Mediterranean area. PMID- 18909352 TI - Group A hemolytic streptococcal antibody production in human beings following immunization. PMID- 18909353 TI - The in vitro susceptibility of the gonococcus to penicillin G and X. PMID- 18909355 TI - Peptic ulcer; an evaluation of surgical treatment. PMID- 18909354 TI - Acute pyelone phritis with papillary necrosis in diabetes mellitus. PMID- 18909356 TI - Hereditary familial hypogonadism. PMID- 18909357 TI - Renal studies in chronic congestive heart failure; the role of renin. PMID- 18909358 TI - The effects of blockade of the autonomic ganglia on the peripheral circulation in man; a study of the effects of tetra-ethyl ammonium bromide. PMID- 18909359 TI - Electrocardiographic, vital staining and histological evidence of a capillary factor in diffuse anoxic or local ischemic injury to the heart. PMID- 18909360 TI - Potential variations of the right auricular and ventricular cavities in man (the human electrogram). PMID- 18909361 TI - Unusual reaction to amyl nitrite as a sigh of tight mitral stenosis; relation of mitral stenosis to hypertension. PMID- 18909362 TI - The altered response of human beings to intramuscular administration of typhoid vaccine during massive salicylate therapy. PMID- 18909363 TI - Circulatory adjustments during treatment with large doses of sodium salicylate or acetylsalicylic acid. PMID- 18909364 TI - A study of the mechanism of degradation of antimalarial drugs reactions of 8 aminoquinoline derivatives and other secondary aromatic amines with aldehydes. PMID- 18909365 TI - Determination of amino acids in the Van Slyke-Neill blood gas apparatus by use of bacteria decarboxylases. PMID- 18909366 TI - Pernicious anemia; untoward therapeutic effects of thiamine of thiamine or niacin. PMID- 18909367 TI - The effects of blockade of autonomic ganglia on hypertension; a study of the effects of tetra-ethyl ammonium bromide. PMID- 18909368 TI - An auricular diastolic murmur with heart block in elderly patients. PMID- 18909369 TI - Acute non specific pericarditis. PMID- 18909371 TI - Stethographic studies in mitral stenosis. PMID- 18909370 TI - The accessory mechanism for drainage and nourishment of the myocardium by the thebesian or arterio-luminal vessels, especially in the left ventricle. PMID- 18909372 TI - Hemodynamic studies of patients with pulmonary hypertension. PMID- 18909373 TI - Insulin mixtures; and evaluation of its use in 175 cases. PMID- 18909374 TI - Psychotherapy and the atomic age. PMID- 18909375 TI - Problems in teaching short term psychotherapy. PMID- 18909376 TI - Psychotherapy of the psychoses in a state hospital. PMID- 18909377 TI - Psychotherapy in the outpatient clinic. PMID- 18909378 TI - Teaching of brief psychotherapy in a medical school. PMID- 18909379 TI - Use of hypnosis in psychotherapy. PMID- 18909380 TI - How the food plant can use a sanitation rating system; data provide management with a complete analysis of plant sanitation and give department heads facts and figures to back up their work orders. PMID- 18909381 TI - Will we follow Europe in the use of aluminum cans? PMID- 18909382 TI - Yeast estimation methods; when and how to supply them. PMID- 18909383 TI - Nutrition in relation to the etiology and the course of degenerative diseases. PMID- 18909384 TI - Dietary practices of 100 women from 40 to 75 years of age. PMID- 18909385 TI - Nutritional status of older women; nitrogen, calcium phosphorus retentions of nine women. PMID- 18909387 TI - Comparative cost and availability of canned, glassed, frozen, and fresh fruits and vegetables. PMID- 18909386 TI - The prevalence of scurvy among voyageurs to America, 1493-1600. PMID- 18909388 TI - Scientific personnel selection. PMID- 18909389 TI - Retention of thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin in cooked, enriched farina. PMID- 18909390 TI - The history of Canadian medical schools. PMID- 18909391 TI - Manitoba's medical school. PMID- 18909392 TI - British historians of medicine. PMID- 18909393 TI - Progress in the treatment of mental disorders. PMID- 18909394 TI - SURVEY of current medico-historical literature. PMID- 18909395 TI - Homoeopathy; the immediate outlook. PMID- 18909396 TI - Anterior poliomyelitis. PMID- 18909397 TI - Agarious muscarius. PMID- 18909398 TI - Vital force and homoeopathy. PMID- 18909399 TI - The year's progress toward state medicine. PMID- 18909400 TI - Infection or miasm? PMID- 18909401 TI - Hydatidiform mole. PMID- 18909402 TI - Symptomatology of latrodectus mactans. PMID- 18909403 TI - A report on a foot survey of school children. PMID- 18909404 TI - Functional disturbances of the colon. PMID- 18909405 TI - Etiology and treatment of pruritus ani. PMID- 18909406 TI - The pathology and surgical considerations of conditions connected with rectum and anus. PMID- 18909407 TI - Reducing the hospital stay. PMID- 18909408 TI - HIGHLY functional and artistic design achieved by a Winnipeg medical and surgical clinic. PMID- 18909409 TI - Transportation of the injured. PMID- 18909410 TI - A day in the life of a nurse-administrator. PMID- 18909411 TI - Hospital survey and construction program. PMID- 18909412 TI - The stepladder of hospital income and costs. PMID- 18909413 TI - Expanded responsibility of general hospital service. PMID- 18909414 TI - The professional audit to control efficiency. PMID- 18909415 TI - Coordination of hospital with health and welfare activities in the community. PMID- 18909416 TI - Evaluating trends in nursing education. PMID- 18909417 TI - The crisis in nursing education. PMID- 18909418 TI - Catholic care of the psychiatric patient. PMID- 18909419 TI - The pharmaceutical survey. PMID- 18909420 TI - Social and health concepts of maternal care. PMID- 18909421 TI - Oxygen therapy for children suffering from rheumatic heart disease. PMID- 18909422 TI - Suppression of ovarian function to prevent metastasis. PMID- 18909423 TI - Educational affiliation to Catholic schools of nursing in the United States. PMID- 18909424 TI - Medical records, their purposes and uses. PMID- 18909425 TI - Standardization, its purpose and scope. PMID- 18909426 TI - Quick frozen frosted foods, their preservation and marketing. PMID- 18909427 TI - Patients' ration books. PMID- 18909428 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909429 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909430 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909431 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909432 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909433 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909434 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909435 TI - The stages of a medical career. PMID- 18909436 TI - Race relations without conflict; a Guatemalan town. PMID- 18909437 TI - A sociological theory of psychopathy. PMID- 18909438 TI - Auto-regulation of chemical equilibrium. PMID- 18909439 TI - Alcohol and abnormal behaviour in head injury cases. PMID- 18909440 TI - Alcoholism from the psychosomatic point of view. PMID- 18909442 TI - The rehabilitation problem in the veterans home. PMID- 18909441 TI - Impact of legislation on the treatment of alcoholics in Switzerland. PMID- 18909443 TI - Ventilation of long tunnels during construction. PMID- 18909444 TI - Ventilation of long tunnels during construction. PMID- 18909446 TI - Constructive teamwork in the treatment of alcoholism. PMID- 18909445 TI - The failure of pyruvate and arsenite to alter alcohol metabolism. PMID- 18909447 TI - Abstract archive of the alcohol literature. PMID- 18909448 TI - Instruction on alcohol problems in the public schools. PMID- 18909449 TI - A survey of local church activities and pastoral opinions relating to problems of alcohol. PMID- 18909450 TI - Pneumonia and erythema multiforme exudativum; report of four cases and three autopsies. PMID- 18909451 TI - Differential diagnostic problems in acute pulmonary embolization. PMID- 18909452 TI - Origin of thirst in diabetes insipidus. PMID- 18909453 TI - Radiation injuries of the intestines. PMID- 18909454 TI - Lichen planus, atypical; a report of ten cases. PMID- 18909455 TI - Neurogenic pain simulating visceral disease. PMID- 18909456 TI - Treatment of hypertensive vascular disease with rice diet. PMID- 18909457 TI - Low salt diets and arterial hypertension. PMID- 18909458 TI - Impulsive behavior in a crippled boy. PMID- 18909459 TI - Hemoglobinuria and cardiovascular-renal disease. PMID- 18909460 TI - Traumatic rupture of the aortic valve. PMID- 18909461 TI - Esophageal hiatus hernia. PMID- 18909462 TI - Cholesterol metabolism and its relationship to atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and arteriosclerosis. PMID- 18909464 TI - Pathogenesis of intrasplenic ovarian tumors in rats. PMID- 18909463 TI - On the use of ammonium chloride by vein in resistant edema and oliguria; a preliminary report. PMID- 18909465 TI - Use of allantoin as a measure of glomerular filtration in the rat, dog and man. PMID- 18909466 TI - Experimental lesions of the pulmonary artery associated with patent ductus arteriosus. PMID- 18909467 TI - Arrest of thermal' panting by typhoid-paratyphoid vaccine administration. PMID- 18909468 TI - Use of influenza virus vaccine in children. PMID- 18909469 TI - Observations on the human heart during induced hypoxia (the ischemia-injury pattern). PMID- 18909470 TI - Chronologic separation of water and chloride diuresis in nephrotic syndrome. PMID- 18909471 TI - Comparison of chemical determinations of serum albumin concentration with corresponding electrophoretic patterns. PMID- 18909472 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909473 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909474 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909475 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909476 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909477 TI - [Cardiac and tuberculosis]. PMID- 18909479 TI - Epilepsy. PMID- 18909478 TI - [The hemopathies of angina]. PMID- 18909480 TI - A psycho-analytic concept of the origin of depression. PMID- 18909481 TI - The significance of Harrison's grooves. PMID- 18909482 TI - Myanesin as a relaxant in children. PMID- 18909484 TI - Amellin for diabetes. PMID- 18909483 TI - Treatment of gold dermatitis by BAL. PMID- 18909485 TI - The pre-erythrocytic stage of human malaria, Plasmodium vivax. PMID- 18909486 TI - A demonstration walking calliper-boot. PMID- 18909487 TI - Passage of vitamin E to the human foetus. PMID- 18909488 TI - Pyopericardium. PMID- 18909489 TI - Bone conduction in otosclerosis. PMID- 18909490 TI - Cancer of the lung. PMID- 18909491 TI - True hermaphoroditism. PMID- 18909492 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909493 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909494 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909495 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909496 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909497 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909498 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909499 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909500 TI - Effect of atropine and estrogens on intraocular uterine transplants in the rabbit. PMID- 18909501 TI - A multi-channel strain-gage tokodynamometer; an instrument for studying patterns of uterine contractions in pregnant women. PMID- 18909502 TI - Oximeter control of arterial oxygen saturation in anoxemia studies. PMID- 18909503 TI - Scottish experiments in social medicine. PMID- 18909504 TI - Antethoracal transplantation of the stomach in the treatment of congenital atresia of the thoracic esophagus. PMID- 18909505 TI - LEGAL importance of your medical records. PMID- 18909506 TI - VENEREAL disease control is effective; number of cases of syphilis and gonorrhea reported in the City of Seattle and rates per 100,000 population; 1937 through 1947. PMID- 18909507 TI - Drug addiction and the law. PMID- 18909508 TI - The clinical significance of various types of peripheral neuritis. PMID- 18909509 TI - Prolonging the action of penicillin. PMID- 18909510 TI - Carcinoma of the prostate. PMID- 18909511 TI - Thoracolumbar approach for portacaval anastomosis; technique in experimental animals; preliminary report. PMID- 18909512 TI - Renal lesions in diabetes mellitus. PMID- 18909513 TI - The importance of cough in cardiovascular disease. PMID- 18909514 TI - Acute diffuse interstitial myocarditis. PMID- 18909515 TI - The psychosomatic approach in medical practice. PMID- 18909516 TI - Energy metabolism in obese patients. PMID- 18909517 TI - End results of thoracolumbar sympathectomy for advanced essential hypertension. PMID- 18909518 TI - Morphological basis for menstrual bleeding; relation of regression to the initiation of bleeding. PMID- 18909519 TI - The Collector of Internal Revenue vs. antivivisectionists. PMID- 18909520 TI - Horses and the world of medicine. PMID- 18909521 TI - The surgical treatment of spasmodic torticollis. PMID- 18909522 TI - Polycythemia vera rubra treated with nitrogen mustard, report of a case. PMID- 18909523 TI - Ununited fractures of the neck of the femur; modern concepts of treatment. PMID- 18909524 TI - Contact X-ray therapy for superficial lesions. PMID- 18909525 TI - Hypervitaminosis D; report of nine cases. PMID- 18909526 TI - Tetraethylammonium chloride in multiple sclerosis; a preliminary report. PMID- 18909527 TI - Echinococcus cyst of the liver; report of four cases. PMID- 18909528 TI - Tumors of the orbit. PMID- 18909529 TI - Carcinoma of the thyroid gland apparently in struma fibrosa (Riedel). PMID- 18909530 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909531 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909532 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909533 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909534 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909535 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909536 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909537 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909538 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909539 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909540 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909541 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909542 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909543 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909544 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909545 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909546 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909547 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909548 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909549 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909550 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909551 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909552 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909553 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909554 TI - Endocrine problems after the age of forty-five. PMID- 18909555 TI - The chemotherapy of urinary tract infections in the elderly. PMID- 18909556 TI - General oxidative processes with relation to degenerative changes in the body. PMID- 18909557 TI - Care of the aged and of the chronic sick in Great Britain. PMID- 18909558 TI - Non-profit institutions serving the aged in Philadelphia. PMID- 18909559 TI - The medical care of old people. PMID- 18909560 TI - Some aspects of the more common pathological findings in a hospital for chronic diseases. PMID- 18909561 TI - Geriatrics and public health. PMID- 18909562 TI - Accident hazards of old age; the physician's role in a program of prevention. PMID- 18909563 TI - The thrombosis-embolism problem associated with hip fractures in the aged. PMID- 18909565 TI - The evolution of a geriatric unit. PMID- 18909564 TI - Further studies on electrocardiographic changes in old age. PMID- 18909566 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909567 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909568 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909569 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909570 TI - Acute intussusception in infancy and childhood. PMID- 18909571 TI - Primary axillary vein thrombosis. PMID- 18909572 TI - Respiratory paralysis in poliomyelitis. PMID- 18909573 TI - Cerebellar tumors and their clinical signs. PMID- 18909574 TI - Bilateral fractures of the head of the humerus; due to electric shock. PMID- 18909575 TI - Response to treatment of gastric ulcers; analysis of 67 cases. PMID- 18909576 TI - Retroperitoneal hemorrhage as a result of trauma. PMID- 18909577 TI - Cholecysto-cardiac disease. PMID- 18909578 TI - Multiple myeloma. PMID- 18909579 TI - Anuria following transurethral resection. PMID- 18909580 TI - Methods in virus research. PMID- 18909581 TI - Treatment of respiratory distress in poliomyelitis with iron lung apparatus. PMID- 18909582 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909583 TI - Medical problems in the settlement children's house. PMID- 18909584 TI - Heart diseases in newborn and infants. PMID- 18909585 TI - Increased secretion of gonadotropic hormones in cases other than pregnancy. PMID- 18909586 TI - Sensibility to drugs with a common chemical nucleus. PMID- 18909587 TI - A case of haemorrhage due to application of leeches. PMID- 18909588 TI - [Upon research of the Rh factor in the city of Rio de Janeiro]. PMID- 18909589 TI - [Proof of hippuric acid in the diagnosis of diseases of the liver]. PMID- 18909590 TI - [Rare aspects of the QRS complex in a case of a large hypertrophic left ventricle]. PMID- 18909591 TI - [Upon a case of bronchopulmonary dysgenesis]. PMID- 18909592 TI - [The operation of the fenestration Lampert, for the treatment of deafness]. PMID- 18909593 TI - [Upon a case of pyelitis]. PMID- 18909594 TI - [Radioscopic examination of the heart in daily cardiologic practice]. PMID- 18909595 TI - [Total exclusion in the treatment jejuno-ileal fistulas]. PMID- 18909596 TI - [Mineral content of Brazilian foods, support for a national table; memory II]. PMID- 18909597 TI - [Specific hypersensitivities and practice of allergy]. PMID- 18909598 TI - [Acute abdomen and malaria]. PMID- 18909599 TI - [The penicillin-lisadoterapia in gas gangrene]. PMID- 18909600 TI - Cardiovascular system as the effector organ in psychosomatic phenomena. PMID- 18909601 TI - Management of protein deficiency in surgical patients; intravenous and intrajejunal injections. PMID- 18909602 TI - Rapid test for the demonstration of sickle cells and its clinical significance. PMID- 18909604 TI - Sarcoidosis; a review and an appraisal. PMID- 18909603 TI - Diuretics. PMID- 18909605 TI - Relief of morphine addiction by prefrontal lobotomy. PMID- 18909607 TI - Foods of plant origin. PMID- 18909606 TI - Experimental production of cancer of the skin by ultraviolet radiation; its implications in the use of sunlamps. PMID- 18909608 TI - Surgical aspects of carcinoma of the thyroid gland. PMID- 18909609 TI - Anesthesia in abdominal surgery. PMID- 18909610 TI - Treatment of long bone defects by bone grafts. PMID- 18909611 TI - Immunization, the doctor's responsibility. PMID- 18909612 TI - The role of quantitative serologic tests in the diagnosis of syphilis. PMID- 18909613 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909614 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909615 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909616 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909618 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909617 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909619 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909620 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909621 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909622 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909623 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909624 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909625 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909626 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909627 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909628 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909629 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909630 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909631 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909632 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909633 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909634 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909635 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909636 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909637 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909638 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909639 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909640 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909641 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909642 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909643 TI - Phlebothrombosis occurring in absence of trauma or bed rest. PMID- 18909644 TI - The lame back with or without sciatica. PMID- 18909645 TI - Rabies. PMID- 18909646 TI - Tetanus, incidence and treatment. PMID- 18909647 TI - The human pyramidal tract; the development of motor symptoms in selected cases with complete unilateral destruction of neurons. PMID- 18909648 TI - The treatment of phlebothrombosis and thrombophlebitis. PMID- 18909649 TI - The evaluation of X-ray diagnosis in ophthalmology, rhinology, and otolaryngology. PMID- 18909650 TI - The physician and school health. PMID- 18909651 TI - Uterine bleeding with view toward conservative pelvic surgery. PMID- 18909652 TI - Vitamins, uses and abuses. PMID- 18909653 TI - Medical problems in the community hospital. PMID- 18909654 TI - Acute cardiovascular emergencies. PMID- 18909655 TI - The medical treatment of hyperthyroidism with derivatives of thiourea. PMID- 18909656 TI - Roentgen therapy in hyperthyroidism. PMID- 18909657 TI - The overdue obstetrical patient. PMID- 18909658 TI - [Pathogenesis, clinical aspect and therapy of some forms of pulmonary sclerosis]. PMID- 18909659 TI - [Cardio-pulmonary insufficiency]. PMID- 18909660 TI - [Gases in the blood and dissociation of oxygen and carbon dioxide in insufficient blood circulation]. PMID- 18909661 TI - [Clinical aspect of pneumonia]. PMID- 18909662 TI - [Pneumonias due to inhalation of carbon monoxide during the siege of Leningrad]. PMID- 18909663 TI - [The role of bronchography in diagnosing primary cancer of the lungs]. PMID- 18909664 TI - [Principles of therapy of purulent processes in the lungs]. PMID- 18909665 TI - [Clinical use of streptomycin]. PMID- 18909666 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909668 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909667 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909670 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909669 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909671 TI - Penicillin and sulphathiazole in typhoid fever; clinical trial. PMID- 18909672 TI - Weight changes in pregnancy. PMID- 18909673 TI - Measured radical gastrectomy; review of 505 operations for peptic ulcer. PMID- 18909674 TI - Sterile splenic abscess after relapsing fever. PMID- 18909675 TI - Reducing substances in the urine in pregnancy and the early puerperium. PMID- 18909676 TI - Primary atypical pneumonia; a small highly infective outbreak. PMID- 18909677 TI - Anaemias. PMID- 18909678 TI - Attack on rheumatism. PMID- 18909679 TI - Calciferol in the treatment of chilblains. PMID- 18909680 TI - Treatment of actinomycosis. PMID- 18909681 TI - Anti-histamine drugs in asthma. PMID- 18909682 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909683 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909684 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909685 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909686 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909687 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909688 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909689 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909690 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909691 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909692 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909693 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909694 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909695 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909696 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909697 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909698 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909700 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909701 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909699 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909702 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909703 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909704 TI - Medical crisis in Britain. PMID- 18909706 TI - How to make better use of your medical library. PMID- 18909705 TI - Plans for civilian medical care lag in face of atom war. PMID- 18909707 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909708 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909709 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909710 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909711 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909712 TI - Medical health services for elderly persons. PMID- 18909713 TI - Water supplies in South African townships. PMID- 18909714 TI - The control of phlebotomus fever. PMID- 18909715 TI - National milk testing and advisory scheme. PMID- 18909716 TI - The common cold. PMID- 18909717 TI - Some modern trends in social health. PMID- 18909718 TI - The assessment of the bacterial quality of ice-cream. PMID- 18909719 TI - The treatment of mastoiditis and its complications. PMID- 18909720 TI - Breast feeding and some of its problems. PMID- 18909721 TI - Physiological principles and clinical application of the basal metabolic rate test. PMID- 18909722 TI - Action of antacids in gastric hyperacidity. PMID- 18909724 TI - Diverticulitis. PMID- 18909725 TI - Broncho-pulmonary suppuration. PMID- 18909723 TI - Strangulated femoral hernia. PMID- 18909726 TI - Tuberculosis control and the Tennessee program. PMID- 18909727 TI - The treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 18909728 TI - Differential diagnosis of tuberculosis. PMID- 18909729 TI - A case report of ectopic decidua in the cervix. PMID- 18909730 TI - Mesentery thrombosis. PMID- 18909731 TI - The role of surgery in the treatment of vascular disease. PMID- 18909732 TI - Penicillin and penicillin-malaria in the treatment of neurosyphilis. PMID- 18909733 TI - Experiences with the examination of fluid sediments in the diagnosis of neoplasms. PMID- 18909734 TI - Lower nephron syndrome in association with diabetic coma; report of two cases. PMID- 18909735 TI - A case of benign bronchial adenoma. PMID- 18909736 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909737 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909739 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909738 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909740 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909741 TI - Treatment of iron deficiency (hypochromic anemia). PMID- 18909742 TI - Management of the patient with colostomy. PMID- 18909743 TI - Preventive medicine, pre-clinical medicine, and the general practitioner. PMID- 18909744 TI - Chronic arthritis, a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. PMID- 18909745 TI - What does health education mean to you? PMID- 18909746 TI - Chemotherapy and antibiotics. PMID- 18909747 TI - The surgical use of chemotherapeutic and antibiotic agents. PMID- 18909748 TI - Use of antibiotics in pediatrics. PMID- 18909749 TI - Sulfonamides and antibiotics in otolaryngology; the general principles of their use. PMID- 18909750 TI - Adult hypothyroidism and myxedema; a review of the diagnostic data in 151 cases. PMID- 18909751 TI - Human isoimmunization. PMID- 18909752 TI - New method of treating peptic ulcers with penicillin gastric drip; preliminary report. PMID- 18909753 TI - The use of curare in tetanus. PMID- 18909754 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909755 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909756 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909757 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909758 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909759 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909760 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909761 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909762 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909763 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909764 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909765 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909766 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909767 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909768 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909769 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909770 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909771 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909772 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909773 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909774 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909775 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909776 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909777 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909779 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909778 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909780 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909781 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909782 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909783 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909784 TI - Duodenal extract therapy in preventing recurrences of peptic ulcer. PMID- 18909785 TI - The treatment of pneumococcic pneumonia in the adult. PMID- 18909786 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909787 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909788 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909790 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909789 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909791 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909792 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909793 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909794 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909795 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909796 TI - Viruses and disease in man. PMID- 18909797 TI - Mode of transmission of virus disease. PMID- 18909799 TI - The chemotherapy of virus infections. PMID- 18909798 TI - Immunization against virus diseases. PMID- 18909800 TI - Viruses and cancer. PMID- 18909802 TI - The meaning and measurement of pain. PMID- 18909801 TI - Some virus diseases in domestic animals. PMID- 18909803 TI - Present-day surgical practice in the United Stated. PMID- 18909804 TI - Curare and curare-life drugs. PMID- 18909805 TI - The management of a colostomy. PMID- 18909806 TI - Low blood pressure. PMID- 18909807 TI - The after-treatment of anterior poliomelitis. PMID- 18909808 TI - Injuries of the knee. PMID- 18909809 TI - Dislocations of the elbow. PMID- 18909810 TI - Tuberculosis of bones and joints. PMID- 18909812 TI - Low backache, sciatic pain and the herniated nucleus pulposus. PMID- 18909811 TI - Amputations. PMID- 18909813 TI - Physiological and medical principles of training. PMID- 18909814 TI - Coming home across the States. PMID- 18909815 TI - Carcinoid tumours of the appendix. PMID- 18909816 TI - Hysterectomy for non-malignant conditions. PMID- 18909817 TI - BAL. PMID- 18909818 TI - Flat feet. PMID- 18909819 TI - Diagnosis and treatment of salpingitis. PMID- 18909820 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909821 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909822 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909823 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909824 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909825 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909826 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909827 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909828 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909829 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909830 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909831 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909832 TI - Hypotension induced by arteriotomy, using Page's technic, an aid in surgery; its use in the removal of an epidermoid tumor of the third ventricle; report of case. PMID- 18909833 TI - Chronic relapsing pancreatitis associated with hyperlipemia in an eight year old boy. PMID- 18909834 TI - Postmenopausal bleeding from fibroids. PMID- 18909835 TI - Simultaneous intrauterine and extra-uterine pregnancy. PMID- 18909836 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909837 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909838 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909839 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909840 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909841 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909843 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909842 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909844 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909845 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909846 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909847 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909848 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909849 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909850 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909851 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909852 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909853 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909854 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909855 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909856 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909857 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909858 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909859 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909860 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909861 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909862 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909863 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909864 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909865 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909866 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909867 TI - Viral pneumonia. PMID- 18909868 TI - The importance of history and physical examination in the recognition of cancer. PMID- 18909869 TI - Male infertility; diagnostic and therapeutic problems. PMID- 18909871 TI - The cancer problem. PMID- 18909870 TI - Life and death phenomena in cancerous cells. PMID- 18909872 TI - The use of B. H. vaccine in general allergic conditions. PMID- 18909873 TI - The effects of Rocky Mountain spotted fever inoculations on the Kahn test. PMID- 18909874 TI - The early diagnosis of malignant disease. PMID- 18909875 TI - The oldest hospital in London. PMID- 18909876 TI - Circulatory concepts. PMID- 18909877 TI - St. Bartholomew's Hospital and the plague of 1665. PMID- 18909878 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909880 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909879 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909881 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909882 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909883 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909884 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909885 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909886 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909887 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909888 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909889 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909890 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909891 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909892 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909893 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909894 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909895 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909896 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909897 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909898 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909899 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909900 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909901 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909902 TI - House dust allergy; dust avoidance. PMID- 18909903 TI - Factors determining the rate of renal excretion of iodine; the thyroid; a preliminary report. PMID- 18909904 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909905 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909906 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909907 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909908 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909909 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909910 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909911 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909912 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909913 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909915 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909914 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909916 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909917 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909918 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909919 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909920 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909921 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909922 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909923 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909924 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909925 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909926 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909927 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909928 TI - The Anopheles gambiae problem in Brazil and West Africa. PMID- 18909929 TI - Coccidioidal infection. PMID- 18909930 TI - Studies of Schistosomiasis: II Summary of further studies on methods of recovering eggs of S. japonicum from stools. PMID- 18909931 TI - Tuberculous pleurisy with effusion. PMID- 18909932 TI - Clinical aspects of protein metabolism. PMID- 18909933 TI - Clinical importance of Rh factor. PMID- 18909934 TI - Diagnosis and treatment of essential hypertension. PMID- 18909935 TI - The surgery of hypertension. PMID- 18909936 TI - WHAT every medical officer should know about the atomic bomb; introduction to nuclear physics. PMID- 18909937 TI - The treatment of bacterial food poisoning. PMID- 18909938 TI - Early treatment of chest wounds by intrapleural suction. PMID- 18909940 TI - The surgical aspect of bronchiectasis. PMID- 18909939 TI - Nephritis and nephrosis. PMID- 18909941 TI - Subacute bacterial endocarditis. PMID- 18909942 TI - Normal renal function and pathologic physiology in renal failure. PMID- 18909943 TI - The new Tripler General Hospital. PMID- 18909944 TI - Anasarca and leukemoid reaction complicating gas gangrene. PMID- 18909945 TI - Otitis externa. PMID- 18909947 TI - VENEREAL Disease. PMID- 18909946 TI - MORBIDITY in the universal military training unit at Fort Knox, Kentucky. PMID- 18909948 TI - USNH, Annapolis, Maryland. PMID- 18909949 TI - PROPHYLACTIC immunizations. PMID- 18909950 TI - Serological survey. PMID- 18909951 TI - Pathologic anatomy of radiation effects of atomic bomb explosion. PMID- 18909952 TI - Effects of radiation on tissues. PMID- 18909953 TI - An indirect method of fixation of small fractured fragments with the help of a hook-plate; a preliminary report. PMID- 18909954 TI - Surgery of aneurysm. PMID- 18909955 TI - WEIL's disease; icterchemorrhagic fever. PMID- 18909956 TI - TRICHLORETHYLENE. PMID- 18909957 TI - RESIDUAL chlorine determinations. PMID- 18909958 TI - CALORIC value of the March master menu. PMID- 18909959 TI - CARE of the newborn. PMID- 18909960 TI - An inhibitor of plant growth from the leaves of Encelia farinosa. PMID- 18909961 TI - Induced reversions of biochemical mutants in Neurospora crassa. PMID- 18909962 TI - The role of zinc auxin synthesis in the tomato plant. PMID- 18909963 TI - Chromosome number, polyploidy, and growth habit in California weeds. PMID- 18909964 TI - Plant nutrition in relation to disease development; bacterial canker of tomato. PMID- 18909965 TI - Assimilatory quotient and photochemical yield. PMID- 18909966 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909967 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909968 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909969 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909970 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909971 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909972 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909973 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909974 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909975 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909976 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909977 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909978 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909979 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909980 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909981 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909982 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909983 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909984 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909985 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909986 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909987 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909988 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909989 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909990 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909991 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909992 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909993 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909994 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909995 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909996 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909997 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909998 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910000 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18909999 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910001 TI - Photomicrography of moving objects by electronic photoflash technique. PMID- 18910002 TI - A method of preparing medical motion pictures. PMID- 18910003 TI - Somatotypes; equipment and procedure. PMID- 18910004 TI - Color photography in plastic surgery. PMID- 18910005 TI - Stereoscopic x-rays to photographic positives. PMID- 18910006 TI - The chemical nature of enzymes. PMID- 18910007 TI - Dr. Stephen Brunauer's contributions in the field of adsorption. PMID- 18910008 TI - Loose usage of weather words. PMID- 18910009 TI - The swarm-cells of myxomycetes. PMID- 18910010 TI - Adsorption and heterogeneous catalysis. PMID- 18910011 TI - Structure of an animal virus. PMID- 18910012 TI - A 16-MeV. betatron. PMID- 18910013 TI - Applications of the reflecting microscope to the nuclear plates technique. PMID- 18910014 TI - Interaction of fast neutrons with indium. PMID- 18910015 TI - New bands in the Schumann-Runge system of the oxygen molecule. PMID- 18910016 TI - Synthesis of dehydro-beta-ionone. PMID- 18910018 TI - New formulation of D.D.T. with selective properties. PMID- 18910017 TI - Active penetration of fat into adipose tissue. PMID- 18910019 TI - Relationships of vapour pressure, capillarity and temperature in clays. PMID- 18910021 TI - The nutrient balance in the sea. PMID- 18910020 TI - Relation of manganese and some other metals to the iron status of plants. PMID- 18910022 TI - Neutron radiography. PMID- 18910023 TI - Topochemistry. PMID- 18910024 TI - The mechanisms of contact catalytic reactions. PMID- 18910025 TI - Cytological observations on the oogenesis of certain Indian lizards; infiltration of cytoplasmic inclusions from the follicle cells into the oocyte. PMID- 18910026 TI - The Pfeifer and Minot automatic rotary microtomes. PMID- 18910027 TI - A method for using methylene blue and eosin as a stain for sections. PMID- 18910028 TI - Prefrontal lobectomy (excision of the anterior areas of the cerebrum), a new form of psychosurgery. PMID- 18910029 TI - The struggle for and against the individual in psychotherapy. PMID- 18910030 TI - Delusional and hallucinatory experiences in children. PMID- 18910031 TI - Our social heritage. PMID- 18910032 TI - The future of psychiatry. PMID- 18910033 TI - Intelligence and emotional stability. PMID- 18910034 TI - New trends in hospital design. PMID- 18910035 TI - Self inflicted gun-shot wounds; surgical and psychiatric considerations. PMID- 18910036 TI - Comparative action of anticonvulsant drugs. PMID- 18910037 TI - Psychiatry in the District of Columbia 1948. PMID- 18910038 TI - Electric convulsive therapy during pregnancy. PMID- 18910039 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910040 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910041 TI - Angiomas of the cranial vault; report of case with some remarks as to their pathology and surgical treatment. PMID- 18910042 TI - The electroencephalographic findings in measles encephalitis. PMID- 18910043 TI - Notes on the pathology of cranial tumors; tumors originating in the marrow of the diploe. PMID- 18910044 TI - The etiology of multiple sclerosis; a short review. PMID- 18910045 TI - Tuberculous meningitis as a cause of papilledema; report of case with co existence of tuberculous meningitis, multiple small tuberculomas and a meningioma of the posterior fossa. PMID- 18910046 TI - Self-inflicted gunshot wound of the head during pregnancy; recovery with ultimate normal delivery; residual frontal lobe syndrome; report of a case. PMID- 18910047 TI - Pure visual verbal agnosia with spatial disorientation; report of a case. PMID- 18910048 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910050 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910049 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910051 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910052 TI - Synopsis of electroencephalography. PMID- 18910053 TI - Notes on psycho-analysis and integrative living. PMID- 18910054 TI - Narcissistic equilibrium. PMID- 18910055 TI - The super-ego and other internal objects. PMID- 18910056 TI - Needed; instruments for differentiating between telepathy and clairvoyance. PMID- 18910057 TI - A mechanical device for testing ESP. PMID- 18910058 TI - An instance of apparent spontaneous telepathy. PMID- 18910059 TI - Dream. PMID- 18910060 TI - Benign cysts of the brain; an analysis with comparison of results of operative and non-operative treatment in 30 cases. PMID- 18910061 TI - The conservative treatment of third ventricle tumors. PMID- 18910062 TI - Posterior fossa meningiomas. PMID- 18910063 TI - Sacral nerve innervation of the human bladder. PMID- 18910064 TI - Physiologic studies of arteriovenous anomalies of the brain. PMID- 18910065 TI - Psychometric testing of patients who had brain tumors removed during childhood. PMID- 18910066 TI - Changes in internal carotid pressure during carotid and jugular occlusion and their clinical significance. PMID- 18910067 TI - Hemanioblastoma of the posterior fossa (Lindau's disease), report of two cases with familial history. PMID- 18910068 TI - An undifferentiated pituitary adenoma of unusual size; report of a case. PMID- 18910069 TI - Tantalum discs for covering trephine defects and tantalum clips for ligation of internal carotid artery intracranially. PMID- 18910070 TI - A rapid Nissl stain for formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue. PMID- 18910072 TI - A school psychological service in action. PMID- 18910071 TI - Some problems concerning adolescent psychiatric patients. PMID- 18910074 TI - School for educationally subnormal junior boys. PMID- 18910073 TI - The international congress on mental health, and the layman. PMID- 18910075 TI - Libraries in mental hospitals. PMID- 18910076 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910077 TI - Care of patient's family in a private mental hospital. PMID- 18910078 TI - The development of a mental health center in a private non-profit hospital. PMID- 18910079 TI - The mental patient and his hospital; a review. PMID- 18910080 TI - Trends in psychiatric care and nursing. PMID- 18910081 TI - A review of insulin shock therapy. PMID- 18910082 TI - Recognition of neurotic illness by the industrial nurse. PMID- 18910083 TI - COMPLEX problem of rheumatic fever, its complications and treatment. PMID- 18910084 TI - Problem families. PMID- 18910085 TI - Stimulation of lactation. PMID- 18910086 TI - The mental disciplines. PMID- 18910087 TI - Nursing treatment of prostatic patients. PMID- 18910088 TI - The organization of the nervous system. PMID- 18910089 TI - Intracranial cases. PMID- 18910090 TI - MODERN medicine man; science brings new methods and techniques to East Africa. PMID- 18910092 TI - The aging, the aged. PMID- 18910091 TI - Life in a Grenfell nursing station. PMID- 18910093 TI - Teaching nutrition. PMID- 18910095 TI - The cancer patient as a person. PMID- 18910096 TI - Help for the arthritic. PMID- 18910094 TI - Public health nursing in the cancer control program of the U.S. Public Health Service. PMID- 18910097 TI - Experiment in apprentice training. PMID- 18910098 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910099 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910100 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910101 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910102 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910103 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910104 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910105 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910106 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910107 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910108 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910109 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910111 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910110 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910112 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910113 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910114 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910116 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910115 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910117 TI - Toxoplasmosis; report of four cases, with demonstration of parasites in one case. PMID- 18910118 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910119 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910120 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910121 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910122 TI - On the estimation of the visual field by means of a number. PMID- 18910123 TI - Hypoplasia of the central fovea. PMID- 18910124 TI - On Macula-degeneration. PMID- 18910126 TI - A tenfold perforation of the cornea. PMID- 18910125 TI - Temporal arteritis. PMID- 18910127 TI - The phenomenon of Marcus Gunn. PMID- 18910128 TI - Pseudo-tumour of the orbit and hypertension. PMID- 18910129 TI - Anatomical examination of the cerebrum of a Macacus rhesus, on which lesions in both occipital lobes were brought about by Prof. Dr. G. G. J. Rademaker. PMID- 18910130 TI - Naevocarcinoma of the conjunctiva palpebrae. PMID- 18910131 TI - Angioid streaks. PMID- 18910132 TI - On recognizability of latent conductors of universal albinism and of ocular albinism. PMID- 18910133 TI - Capillary retinal haemorrhages; decreased capillary resistance and its therapeutic influence. PMID- 18910134 TI - Reflexes. PMID- 18910136 TI - The trend of subjective methods. PMID- 18910135 TI - Cataract and anomalies of the lens. PMID- 18910137 TI - Visual psychology. PMID- 18910138 TI - Monocularity. PMID- 18910139 TI - Response controls in anomalous projection. PMID- 18910141 TI - Manufacture of a contact lens. PMID- 18910140 TI - The retinal image. PMID- 18910142 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910143 TI - [Strabismus surgery]. PMID- 18910144 TI - [A case of bacteremia with bilateral orbital cellulitis and thrombo-phlebitis of the cavernous sinus; therapy]. PMID- 18910145 TI - [Cylinder-crossed]. PMID- 18910146 TI - Periodicals for the deaf. PMID- 18910147 TI - Rehabilitation for the deaf and the hard of hearing. PMID- 18910148 TI - Schools for the deaf in the world. PMID- 18910149 TI - The modern electronic hearing aid. PMID- 18910150 TI - The clinical evaluation of a new histamine antagonist, decapryn. PMID- 18910151 TI - Allergenic (skin-test) activity of low ragweed pollen after irradiation of extract with ultraviolet light. PMID- 18910152 TI - Allergic problems of the gastrointestinal tract; report of cases seen in military service. PMID- 18910153 TI - Balsam as a cause of contact dermatitis in a florist. PMID- 18910154 TI - An evaluation of antistine, a new antihistaminic substance. PMID- 18910155 TI - Observations on variations in reactivity in a case of allergy to penicillin. PMID- 18910156 TI - Allergy in children as related to altitude. PMID- 18910157 TI - Symptomatic purpura occurring with malaria. PMID- 18910158 TI - The use of micronized therapeutic agents by inhalation with special reference to allergic pulmonary conditions. PMID- 18910159 TI - Differential diagnosis of allergy and infection in relation to the paranasal sinuses. PMID- 18910160 TI - Bronchial asthma; differential diagnosis; report of two cases of bullous emphysema. PMID- 18910161 TI - The allergic child. PMID- 18910162 TI - The medical management of attacks of bronchial asthma. PMID- 18910163 TI - Pulmonary tuberculosis and allergic asthma. PMID- 18910164 TI - Specifications recommended as guides in the collection and preservation of pollens. PMID- 18910165 TI - Bronchial asthma; critical review of literature. PMID- 18910166 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910167 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910168 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910170 TI - Delayed reaction to penicillin in beeswax and peanut oil (P. O. B.) in a child. PMID- 18910169 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910171 TI - Neonatal toxoplasmic encephalitis; case presentation. PMID- 18910172 TI - Porphyria and poliomyelitis. PMID- 18910173 TI - Acute infectious mononucleosis. PMID- 18910174 TI - Acute hemorrhagic necrosis of pancreas; acute suppurative tonsillitis. PMID- 18910175 TI - [Problems of age factors in physiology at the VII Pan-Union Congress of physiologists, biochemists and pharmacologists, 20-28 VIII. 1947]. PMID- 18910176 TI - [Epidemiology of epidemic hepatitis (Botkin's disease) in childhood]. PMID- 18910177 TI - [Epidemic hepatitis in children]. PMID- 18910178 TI - [Relations between hepatitis and anti-measles serum]. PMID- 18910179 TI - [Research of pathogenesis of infectious jaundice in children]. PMID- 18910180 TI - [The secretions of the stomach in children in infectious jaundice]. PMID- 18910181 TI - [Resistance of capillaries of epidermis in infectious jaundice in children]. PMID- 18910182 TI - [The morphology of the blood and ROE in the course of infectious jaundice in children]. PMID- 18910183 TI - [Diathermy of the liver in infectious jaundice in children]. PMID- 18910184 TI - [Glucose-insulin therapy in infectious jaundice in children]. PMID- 18910185 TI - [The reaction of the epidermis to the ultraviolet rays in infectious jaundice in children]. PMID- 18910186 TI - [Diet of children in infectious jaundice]. PMID- 18910187 TI - [Hepatocholecystitis in children]. PMID- 18910188 TI - [Hepatocholecystitis due to giardiasis]. PMID- 18910189 TI - [Diagnosis of cholecystopathy in children]. PMID- 18910190 TI - [Importance of duodenal sondage as clinical method of examinations in pediatrics]. PMID- 18910191 TI - [Results of regional pediatric clinic of the Moscow District Department of Health]. PMID- 18910192 TI - [Play therapy]. PMID- 18910193 TI - [Centennial of the publication of Pediiatrika, by Stepan Khotovicky]. PMID- 18910194 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910195 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910196 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910197 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910198 TI - X-substances augmenting the effect of testosterone upon male sex accessories of rats. PMID- 18910199 TI - The effect of acetylcholine on the heart; an electrocardiographic study in the dog. PMID- 18910200 TI - Ribonuclease, acridines and streptomycine. PMID- 18910201 TI - Mamma and lactation in rats and other species. PMID- 18910202 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910204 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910205 TI - The changing face of pharmacy. PMID- 18910203 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910206 TI - VANILLA; the orchid that flavours our cakes and sweets. PMID- 18910207 TI - CONTROL of pharmaceutical warehouses in France. PMID- 18910208 TI - Herbs in the treatment of some obscure diseases; epilepsy. PMID- 18910209 TI - SWEDISH pharmacy to-day. PMID- 18910210 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910211 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910212 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910213 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910214 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910215 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910216 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910217 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910218 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910219 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910220 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910221 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910222 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910223 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910224 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910225 TI - Choice of sulfonamide or antibiotic. PMID- 18910226 TI - The work of the medical staff of the Ministry of Health. PMID- 18910227 TI - The cinchona plantation of Monsong. PMID- 18910228 TI - Pharmacy in Scandinavia. PMID- 18910229 TI - An aseptic transference unit. PMID- 18910230 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910231 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910232 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910233 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910234 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910235 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910236 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910237 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910238 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910239 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910240 TI - The history of pharmacy in Egypt. PMID- 18910241 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910242 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910243 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910244 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910245 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910246 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910247 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910248 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910249 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910250 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910251 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910252 TI - An experimental investigation of association and dissociation in learning. PMID- 18910253 TI - The rate of forgetting. PMID- 18910255 TI - Reactively heterogeneous compound trial-and-error learning with distributed trials and serial reinforcement. PMID- 18910254 TI - The relation of secondary reinforcement to delayed reward in visual discrimination learning. PMID- 18910256 TI - Retroactive and proactive inhibition after 5 and 48 hours. PMID- 18910257 TI - Drive specificity and learning. PMID- 18910258 TI - Problem solution by monkeys following bilateral removal of the prefrontal areas; performance on tests requiring contradictory reactions to similar and to identical stimuli. PMID- 18910259 TI - Experimentally acquired drives. PMID- 18910260 TI - Favorable versus unfavorable propaganda in the enjoyment of music. PMID- 18910261 TI - The ability of rats to learn the location of food when motivated by thirst, an experimental reply to Leeper. PMID- 18910262 TI - Studies of fear as an acquirable drive fear as motivation and fear-reduction as reinforcement in the learning of new responses. PMID- 18910263 TI - The experiments by Spence and Lippitt and by Kendler on the sign-gestalt theory of learning. PMID- 18910264 TI - The speculations of Leeper with respect to the Iowa tests of the sign-gestalt theory of learning. PMID- 18910265 TI - The differential effect of prolonged mild anoxia on sensory and sensory-motor reactions and on such subjective states as sleepiness, irritability and boredom. PMID- 18910266 TI - Social influences upon psychological trends. PMID- 18910267 TI - Experimental comparisons between generalizations and problems as indices of values. PMID- 18910268 TI - The statistical concept of normal; a criticism. PMID- 18910269 TI - An experimental study on mental numbers and a new application. PMID- 18910270 TI - The relations of visuo-motor conflict to personality traits and cardio-vascular activity. PMID- 18910271 TI - Emotional stability and level of aspiration. PMID- 18910272 TI - Psychiatry and parapsychology. PMID- 18910273 TI - Program for parapsychology. PMID- 18910274 TI - Future work in parapsychology; some suggestions. PMID- 18910275 TI - Parapsychology; position, program, outlook. PMID- 18910276 TI - Future aims in parapsychology experiments. PMID- 18910277 TI - Conditions favoring success in psi tests. PMID- 18910278 TI - A motivational theory of emotion to replace emotion as disorganized response. PMID- 18910279 TI - Cognition of the particular and of the generic. PMID- 18910281 TI - Concepts and methods in the measurement of group syntality. PMID- 18910280 TI - Free-will as a function of divergence. PMID- 18910282 TI - The postulates and methods of behaviorism. PMID- 18910283 TI - Factor analysis in a test-development program. PMID- 18910284 TI - On a distinction between hypothetical constructs and intervening variables. PMID- 18910285 TI - Reaction to frustration; a critique and hypothesis. PMID- 18910286 TI - Relations between philosophy and psychology. PMID- 18910287 TI - Approaches to univocal factor scores. PMID- 18910288 TI - A table for estimating the significance of the difference between correlated percentages. PMID- 18910289 TI - Study of some factors related to intelligence. PMID- 18910290 TI - Cancer research. PMID- 18910291 TI - Public health nursing needs in Alaska. PMID- 18910292 TI - Public health in Britain; the changing scene. PMID- 18910293 TI - The health officer in post-war Britain. PMID- 18910294 TI - The coordination and integration of the public health program. PMID- 18910295 TI - Graduate training of engineers in public health. PMID- 18910296 TI - Bacteriological studies of the Fort Loudoun Reservoir. PMID- 18910297 TI - Specific complement-fixing diagnostic antigens for viral and rickettsial diseases. PMID- 18910298 TI - Experience in appraising nutritional status in the U.S. Public Health Service. PMID- 18910299 TI - Appraising the nutritional status of mothers and infants. PMID- 18910300 TI - A Schick survey of 18,000 naval recruits. PMID- 18910301 TI - Dental health education services of the American Dental Association. PMID- 18910302 TI - International trends in health care. PMID- 18910303 TI - Experience of rheumatic patients who served in the armed forces, 1942-1946. PMID- 18910304 TI - Salmonella from dogs and the possible relationship to salmonellosis in man. PMID- 18910305 TI - Problem of dust control for the disinfection of air. PMID- 18910307 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910306 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910308 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910309 TI - Ringworm of the scalp in Ottawa public school children, 1946-1947. PMID- 18910310 TI - Mortality reductions in Ontario, 1900-45; measles and whooping cough. PMID- 18910311 TI - Industrial hygiene, a public health opportunity. PMID- 18910312 TI - A comparison of certain serological screen tests employed as aids in the diagnosis of syphilis. PMID- 18910313 TI - B. C. G. vaccination in a health unit. PMID- 18910314 TI - The place of preventive medicine in the post-war army. PMID- 18910315 TI - Rural sanitation. PMID- 18910316 TI - The estimated number of individuals treated for cancer needing nursing service. PMID- 18910317 TI - Cerebral palsy; occupational therapy. PMID- 18910318 TI - The recent rise in the birth rate. PMID- 18910319 TI - Heart disease. PMID- 18910321 TI - NORTH (THE) Carolina League for Crippled Children. PMID- 18910320 TI - Diabetes mellitus. PMID- 18910322 TI - The adjustment of biological assay results for variation in concomitant observations. PMID- 18910324 TI - Morphological appearances of various stages in B. proteus and coli. PMID- 18910323 TI - Isolation and maintenance of an L 1-like culture from Fusiformis necrophorus (syn. Bact. funduliforme, Bacteroides funduliformis). PMID- 18910326 TI - A new bacterial variant; the non-motile H form. PMID- 18910325 TI - Demonstration of chromatinic structures in avian tubercle bacilli in the early stage of development. PMID- 18910327 TI - The feeding and breeding of laboratory animals; the breeding of mice. PMID- 18910328 TI - Note on the effects of home duties on factory employment of women; a study of absenteeism in a group of 144 voluntary factory workers. PMID- 18910329 TI - Factors affecting warmth comfort and stuffiness in domestic rooms. PMID- 18910330 TI - An account of the health of nurses at Westminster Hospital from July 1943 to July 1946. PMID- 18910331 TI - Variation, diurnal and over longer periods of time, in blood haemoglobin, haematocrit, plasma protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and blood chloride. PMID- 18910332 TI - A suggested repellent for schistosome cercariae. PMID- 18910333 TI - Epidemic respiratory infection in a rural population with special reference to the influenza A epidemics of 1933, 1936-7 and 1943-4. PMID- 18910334 TI - The occurrence of foot-and-mouth disease in the hedgehog under natural conditions. PMID- 18910335 TI - An introduction to the conglutination phenomenon and an account of the observations and views of previous investigators. PMID- 18910336 TI - The conglutination phenomenon; the technique of the conglutinating complement absorption test compared with the haemolytic complement fixation test. PMID- 18910337 TI - The conglutination phenomenon; the conglutinating complement absorption test in experimental glanders. PMID- 18910338 TI - The bacteriological examination of molluscan shellfish. PMID- 18910340 TI - BRAZIL'S new school of nursing. PMID- 18910339 TI - HEALTH center for an Aztec town. PMID- 18910341 TI - Rural water supply program in Venezuela. PMID- 18910342 TI - BOLIVIA'S campaign against typhus fever. PMID- 18910344 TI - SINGAPORE Bureau of Epidemiological Intelligence. PMID- 18910343 TI - REVISION of sanitary conventions. PMID- 18910345 TI - DELIMITATION of regional health areas on an epidemiological basis. PMID- 18910346 TI - REVISION of pilgrimage clauses of the 1926 International Sanitary Convention. PMID- 18910347 TI - Impressions of America. PMID- 18910348 TI - Health problems in the disinfection of crockery and cutlery in civilian and military life. PMID- 18910349 TI - The hygiene of drinking utensils in licensed houses. PMID- 18910350 TI - Dental care of the child under the National Health Service Act. PMID- 18910351 TI - Some thoughts on the future of public health and of the M. O. H. PMID- 18910352 TI - Environmental factors affecting health and efficiency in warships. PMID- 18910353 TI - The cultural diagnosis of tuberculosis in a public health laboratory. PMID- 18910354 TI - A simplified and reliable Gram staining technique. PMID- 18910355 TI - Trypticase tellurite as a primary plating medium for the identification of C. diphtheriae. PMID- 18910356 TI - The X-ray processing facilities; planning, light tight entrances, electric wiring. PMID- 18910357 TI - Developer solutions for x-ray films; mixing and use. PMID- 18910358 TI - The focal length of lenses in medical photography. PMID- 18910359 TI - Laminagraphy of the larynx. PMID- 18910360 TI - Dermoid cysts of the ovary. PMID- 18910361 TI - Dermoid cyst of right ovary. PMID- 18910362 TI - Dermoid cyst of left ovary. PMID- 18910363 TI - Osteogenic sarcoma. PMID- 18910364 TI - Foreign body localization; double parallel film method. PMID- 18910365 TI - Special cholecystographic technique. PMID- 18910366 TI - The upright position in cholecystography. PMID- 18910367 TI - Stereoscopic planography. PMID- 18910368 TI - X-ray technique in pediatric cases. PMID- 18910369 TI - Relief radiography. PMID- 18910370 TI - [Transtrochanteric fractures, treatment by board Blount Moore]. PMID- 18910371 TI - [The teaching of psychiatry en Sao Paulo]. PMID- 18910372 TI - [Fracture of the sternum with depression, intervention and healing]. PMID- 18910373 TI - Curare. PMID- 18910374 TI - Death on the operating table. PMID- 18910375 TI - Causation of anaesthetic convulsions. PMID- 18910376 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910377 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910378 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910379 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910380 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910381 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910382 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910383 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910385 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910384 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910386 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910387 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910388 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910389 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910390 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910391 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910393 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910392 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910394 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910395 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910397 TI - Uterine bleeding with special reference to the functional type. PMID- 18910396 TI - Neuralgias of the face; diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 18910398 TI - Management of surgical lesions of the left colon. PMID- 18910399 TI - Carcinoma and uterine fibromyomas. PMID- 18910400 TI - The surgical aspects of endometriosis. PMID- 18910401 TI - Coronary disease of the hip. PMID- 18910402 TI - Pes tortus congenitalis. PMID- 18910403 TI - Partial gastrectomy in treatment of perforated gastric and duodenal ulcers. PMID- 18910405 TI - Liver changes in surgical conditions of the gastro-intestinal tract. PMID- 18910404 TI - Treatment of inveterate cystitis. PMID- 18910406 TI - Pyogenic infection of minor abrasions in tropical areas; their treatment with penicillin. PMID- 18910407 TI - Struma lymphomatosa (Hashimoto's disease) report of a case. PMID- 18910408 TI - The treatment of prostatic carcinoma. PMID- 18910409 TI - Augmented action of anesthetics by vitamin B1. PMID- 18910410 TI - Personal experience with carcinoma of the rectosigmoid and rectum in private practice. PMID- 18910411 TI - The concept of pyloric balance in ileus. PMID- 18910412 TI - Omphalocele. PMID- 18910413 TI - Abdominal epilepsy; a case report. PMID- 18910414 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910415 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910416 TI - Changing views on acute abdominal disease. PMID- 18910417 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910418 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910419 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910420 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910421 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910422 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910423 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910424 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910425 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910426 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910427 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910429 TI - Psychological foundations for functional music. PMID- 18910428 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910430 TI - Functional occupational therapy following thoracic surgery. PMID- 18910431 TI - Joint measurement. PMID- 18910432 TI - An occupational therapist's guide for progress notes. PMID- 18910433 TI - Adaptation of media. PMID- 18910434 TI - The psychological care of the physically handicapped. PMID- 18910435 TI - How help is brought to children with rheumatic fever under the Social Security program. PMID- 18910436 TI - The use of the Stewart calorimeter in physical medicine. PMID- 18910437 TI - Evaluation of aids to muscle reeducation in the treatment of poliomyelitis. PMID- 18910438 TI - Cineradiography, its technic and application. PMID- 18910440 TI - Serratus magnus paralysis. PMID- 18910439 TI - Some factors regulating the composition and formation of human sweat. PMID- 18910441 TI - Space and personnel requirements necessary to establish a physical medicine and rehabilitation service in hospitals. PMID- 18910442 TI - Medical rehabilitation in a crippled children's hospital. PMID- 18910443 TI - A new mobile sitz bath chair. PMID- 18910445 TI - Music and occupational therapy. PMID- 18910444 TI - The rehabilitation of cerebral palsies. PMID- 18910446 TI - The physiotherapist and the physical training instructor. PMID- 18910448 TI - Positive convalescence. PMID- 18910447 TI - Boston rehabilitation symposium. PMID- 18910449 TI - The early history of occupational therapy. PMID- 18910451 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910450 TI - Typewriting with one hand. PMID- 18910453 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910452 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910454 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910455 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910456 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910457 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910458 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910459 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910460 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910461 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910462 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910463 TI - AVOIDABLE meningitis. PMID- 18910464 TI - Present status of streptomycin in the treatment of clinical tuberculosis. PMID- 18910465 TI - Clinical survey of the treatment of tuberculosis with streptomycin. PMID- 18910466 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910468 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910467 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910469 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910470 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910471 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910472 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910473 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910474 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910475 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910476 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910477 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910478 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910479 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910481 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910480 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910482 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910483 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910484 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910485 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910486 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910487 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910488 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910489 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910490 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910491 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910492 TI - Mishaps of prostatic resection. PMID- 18910493 TI - Solitary cyst of the kidney; case report. PMID- 18910494 TI - Epididymectomy; an alternative technique. PMID- 18910495 TI - Circumcision of the adult. PMID- 18910496 TI - Primary carcinoma of the ureter. PMID- 18910497 TI - Streptomycin therapy in Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections of the urogenital tract; with special reference to an unusual mucoid strain. PMID- 18910498 TI - The seventh venereal disease? PMID- 18910499 TI - Intrarenal lipoma; with report of an unusual case. PMID- 18910500 TI - The fate of our nephrectomized patients. PMID- 18910501 TI - Solitary cyst of the kidney; report of a case. PMID- 18910502 TI - Thrush of the urinary bladder; case report. PMID- 18910503 TI - Indications and technique of suprapubic prostatectomy by plastic methods. PMID- 18910504 TI - Paraprostatitis; genesis, treatment. PMID- 18910505 TI - Urological surgical treatment of arterial hypertension; history of five cases. PMID- 18910506 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910507 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910508 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910509 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910510 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910511 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910512 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910513 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910514 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910515 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910516 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910517 TI - Evaluation of some poultry remedies. PMID- 18910518 TI - Rumenotomy in traumatic gastritis. PMID- 18910520 TI - Post-parturient laryngospasm, relieved by calcium therapy. PMID- 18910519 TI - Coccidiosis in poultry. PMID- 18910521 TI - Bovine listerellosis in Michigan. PMID- 18910522 TI - BRUCELLOSIS control program at the crossroads. PMID- 18910523 TI - GILLIE reports on foot-and-mouth disease situation in Mexico. PMID- 18910524 TI - Bang's disease control. PMID- 18910525 TI - Swine diseases. PMID- 18910526 TI - Porcine obstetrics. PMID- 18910527 TI - Anesthesia in swine. PMID- 18910528 TI - Results obtained from the prophylactic use of distemperoid vaccine. PMID- 18910529 TI - Infectious canine hepatitis. PMID- 18910530 TI - Lithotomy in a dog. PMID- 18910531 TI - Bull-dog calves (chondrodystrophy, achondroplasia) in a Friesian herd. PMID- 18910532 TI - Brucellosis. (bovine contagious abortion). PMID- 18910533 TI - Diesel oil poisoning in cattle. PMID- 18910534 TI - Veterinary service in Britain. PMID- 18910535 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910537 TI - On nuclear proliferation and nuclear size. PMID- 18910536 TI - Histogenesis of the argentophile cells of the proventriculus and gizzard of the chicken. PMID- 18910538 TI - Localization of lipids and other chemical substances in the mast cells of man and laboratory mammals. PMID- 18910539 TI - Histological technics in the study of vitally stained normal and damaged cells. PMID- 18910540 TI - Skeletal changes in rats thyroidectomized on the day of birth and the effects of growth hormone in such animals; tibia, metacarpal and caudal vertebrae. PMID- 18910541 TI - Changes with increasing age in the ossification of the third metacarpal of the female rat. PMID- 18910542 TI - Preimplantation stages in the long-tailed weasel (Mustela frenata). PMID- 18910543 TI - Secretion products of Leydig cells in Peromyscus. PMID- 18910544 TI - Note on the formation of cartilage. PMID- 18910545 TI - Distribution of tissue components in the female leg from birth to maturity. PMID- 18910546 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910547 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910548 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910549 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910550 TI - Climate and early man in Kenya. PMID- 18910551 TI - Early man in Mexico. PMID- 18910552 TI - The formation of enzymoids; review about contributions on fermentology during the last 8 years from the mitogenetic laboratory. PMID- 18910553 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910554 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910556 TI - Proteolytic enzymes of insects; proteases of the silkworm (Bombyx mori L.). PMID- 18910555 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910557 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910558 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910559 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910560 TI - Some aspects of the role of arginine and arginase in mouse carcinoma 63. PMID- 18910561 TI - Investigations into the biological significance of amino acids on malignancy. PMID- 18910562 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910563 TI - The cultivation of the free-living stages of the hookworm, Ancylostoma braziliense de Faria, under aseptic conditions. PMID- 18910564 TI - Production of aminobenzoic acids by bacteria resistant to sulphonamides. PMID- 18910565 TI - Destruction of influenza virus receptors in the mouse lung by an enzyme from V. cholerae. PMID- 18910566 TI - The influence of heparin on the toxicity of Australian snake venom. PMID- 18910567 TI - The effect of thiamine and calcium supplements on the development of signs of pyridoxine deficiency. PMID- 18910568 TI - Prevention of virus infection with enzyme of V. cholerae; studies with viruses of mumps-influenza group in chick embryos. PMID- 18910569 TI - The constancy of chemical composition and infectivity per unit weight of tobacco mosaic virus protein prepared over a period of years. PMID- 18910570 TI - The mucinase of V. cholerae. PMID- 18910571 TI - The action of renin and hypertension on the pulmonary and hepatic circulations. PMID- 18910572 TI - The nature of mumps virus action on red cells. PMID- 18910573 TI - Retardation of cell division by vitamin C in physiological concentrations. PMID- 18910574 TI - Excystment in the ciliate Bursaria truncatella. PMID- 18910575 TI - The ciliates of Strongylocentrotus drobachiensis; incidence, distribution in the host, and division. PMID- 18910577 TI - Studies on marine bryozoa; Barentsia laxa Kirkpatrick 1890. PMID- 18910576 TI - The biological effects of X-rays on mating types and conjugation of Paramecium bursaria. PMID- 18910578 TI - The role of slime film in the attachment of fouling organisms. PMID- 18910579 TI - Nutrition and sexuality in protandric gastropods of the genus Crepidula. PMID- 18910580 TI - The application of sexual physiology to human affairs. PMID- 18910581 TI - Influence of the social environment on intelligence test scores. PMID- 18910583 TI - Social biology and the school curriculum. PMID- 18910582 TI - A plan for biology teaching. PMID- 18910584 TI - Children and worship; some clinical observations. PMID- 18910585 TI - Electricity and life. PMID- 18910586 TI - The flow of culture in relation to science. PMID- 18910587 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910588 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910589 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910590 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910591 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910592 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910593 TI - Mathematical biophysics of some neural nets. PMID- 18910594 TI - On the locomotion of mammals. PMID- 18910595 TI - Some mechanical factors in the dynamics of the thin-walled spherical viscus. PMID- 18910596 TI - A mechanism for optic nerve conduction and form perception. PMID- 18910597 TI - A statistical approach to the theory of the central nervous system. PMID- 18910598 TI - [On the phenomena of regressive evolution in the ontogeny of the human brain]. PMID- 18910599 TI - [Chemical reaction of the protein; amine group in the gene structure]. PMID- 18910600 TI - [Inertness of chemicals in the organism]. PMID- 18910601 TI - Skeletal growth in pyridoxine deficient mice. PMID- 18910603 TI - Conversion of red muscle to pale muscle. PMID- 18910602 TI - Experimental Fort Bragg fever (pretibial fever) in chimpanzees. PMID- 18910604 TI - Sulfhydryl and disulfide content of normal and arsenic-resistant trypanosomes. PMID- 18910605 TI - Agents influencing experimental radiation injury; effects of folic acid and pyridoxine. PMID- 18910606 TI - Comparative effectiveness of two penicillin treatment schedules in pneumococcal infections of mice. PMID- 18910607 TI - Effect of glucose, peptone, and salts on streptomycin activity. PMID- 18910608 TI - Effect of organic acids on streptomycin activity. PMID- 18910609 TI - Urinary excretion of 17-ketosteroids by normal young men during starvation. PMID- 18910610 TI - Isolation of toxoplasma from cerebrospinal fluid of a living infant in Holland. PMID- 18910611 TI - Diffusion constants of the E. coli bacteriophages. PMID- 18910612 TI - A free swing writer for recording with very light pressure on a smoked surface. PMID- 18910613 TI - On new adrenolytic compounds. PMID- 18910614 TI - Effect of muscle work upon level of blood glucose in the eviscerated rat. PMID- 18910615 TI - Enhancing effect of Mg++ on clotting activity of Ca++. PMID- 18910616 TI - Nutritional requirements of Trichomonas vaginalis. PMID- 18910617 TI - Turnover rate of phospholipid phosphorus in the liver of the white rat. PMID- 18910618 TI - Growth of normal male and female mice and of female mice bearing ovarian grafts. PMID- 18910619 TI - Storage of carmine in mice of inbred strains. PMID- 18910620 TI - Mitotic activity in male and female rat hypophyses after combined injections of androgen and estrogen. PMID- 18910621 TI - Increased susceptibility of mice to swine influenza as a result of methionine injections. PMID- 18910622 TI - Effect of adrenalectomy upon level of blood amino acids in the eviscerated rat. PMID- 18910623 TI - Effects of B vitamins, yeast and liver on ovaries of immature rats fed massive doses of alpha-estradiol. PMID- 18910624 TI - The ability of the cat to withstand repeated electrically induced convulsions. PMID- 18910625 TI - A biological method for determination of curare and erythroidine-alkaloids. PMID- 18910626 TI - Effect of anoxic anoxia on propulsive motility of the small intestine. PMID- 18910627 TI - Protein level and pteroylglutamic acid intake on growth rate and hemoglobin level in the rat. PMID- 18910628 TI - Effect of vagotomy on gastric secretory response to histamine. PMID- 18910629 TI - Effect of bile preparations on fat absorption in bile fistula dogs. PMID- 18910630 TI - Increased hemolytic potency of mouse mammary carcinoma extracts following incubation with tumor cells. PMID- 18910631 TI - Reconstitution of the dermal barrier to fluid diffusion following administration of hyaluronidase. PMID- 18910632 TI - Hepatic fibrosis in the persistently non-fatty liver of the hypophysectomized dog. PMID- 18910633 TI - A quantitative study of the effect of vagotomy on gastric secretion in the dog. PMID- 18910634 TI - Scarring and precirrhosis of the liver in chronic phosphorus' poisoning of guinea pig. PMID- 18910635 TI - Hemagglutination by bacterial suspensions with special reference to Shigella alkalescens. PMID- 18910636 TI - Effect of thyroxin on mouse susceptibility to polioencephalitis. PMID- 18910637 TI - Purification of the MM poliomyelitis virus. PMID- 18910638 TI - Electronmicroscopy of the purified MM poliomyelitis virus. PMID- 18910639 TI - Serum and plasma antithrombin. PMID- 18910640 TI - Kidney alkaline phosphatase of rats following alloxan induced diabetes and acute hypo- and hyperglycemia. PMID- 18910641 TI - Side reactions to pyribenzamine medication. PMID- 18910642 TI - Protective action of vitamins C and P against dichlorophenarsine hydrochloride. PMID- 18910643 TI - Antibacterial properties of 4-amino-2-methyl-1-naphthol hydrochloride. PMID- 18910644 TI - Protection of Escherichia coli against bacteriophage with citrus pectin. PMID- 18910645 TI - Effect of thyroparathyroidectomy upon the blood and plasma volumes of the rat. PMID- 18910647 TI - Toxicity and pharmacology of SN 13592; an analogue of phenyl pantothenone. PMID- 18910646 TI - Protective action of dietary cholesterol in experimental thyrotoxicosis. PMID- 18910648 TI - Chemotherapy of bacteria-free Trichomonas vaginalis; action of analogues of pantothenic acid. PMID- 18910649 TI - Volatile preservatives for culture media. PMID- 18910650 TI - Isolation of an agent in chicken embryo causing infectious sinusitis of turkeys. PMID- 18910651 TI - Relation between induced hyperthyroidism and an unidentified chick growth factor. PMID- 18910652 TI - Heberden's nodes; the clinical characteristic of osteo-arthritis of the fingers. PMID- 18910653 TI - Pain in the arm; a review. PMID- 18910654 TI - Spondylitis. PMID- 18910656 TI - Radiotherapy of ankylosing spondylitis. PMID- 18910655 TI - Ankylosing spondylitis. PMID- 18910657 TI - The morbid anatomy and histology of rheumatic lesions. PMID- 18910658 TI - Penicillin for the rheumatoid type of arthritis. PMID- 18910659 TI - Minor signs of displacement of intervertebral discs. PMID- 18910660 TI - The treatment of osteo-arthritis with procaine lactic acid. PMID- 18910661 TI - Effects of stellate ganglion injection in the treatment of the painful shoulder. PMID- 18910662 TI - Electron microscope study of the structure of connective tissue. PMID- 18910663 TI - Lesions resulting from albumin and globulin injections. PMID- 18910664 TI - Rheumatic patients in the armed forces. PMID- 18910665 TI - Cardiac changes in rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 18910666 TI - Family incidence of rheumatoid spondylitis. PMID- 18910667 TI - Heberden's nodes; relationship of the menopause to degenerative joint disease of fingers. PMID- 18910668 TI - Vitamin D toxicity simulating hyperparathyroidism. PMID- 18910669 TI - Rheumatoid arthritis in patients receiving simple medical and orthopaedic measures. PMID- 18910670 TI - alpha-Amylase from Bacillus subtilis; effects of inhibitors upon liquefaction and dextrinization. PMID- 18910671 TI - Studies on the nutritional requirements of Schizosaccharomyces pombe (2478). PMID- 18910672 TI - The effects of some metallic ions on lactobacilli. PMID- 18910673 TI - The colorimetric determination of isoleucine in biological products. PMID- 18910674 TI - The relation of boron to certain plant oxidases. PMID- 18910675 TI - The influence of dietary cystine and choline on the total cystine, oxidizable sulfhydryls, and succinic dehydrogenase of rat liver. PMID- 18910676 TI - Further studies on alpha, alpha-di(acylamino)propionic acids. PMID- 18910677 TI - The influence of oxygen tension upon the respiration of rat kidney slices. PMID- 18910679 TI - Synthesis of alpha-acetolactic acid. PMID- 18910678 TI - The induced reaction between methyl linoleate and bixin during oxidation by lipoxidase. PMID- 18910680 TI - An enzymatic assay for studying the nutrition of Drosophila melanogaster. PMID- 18910681 TI - Folic acid and the cholinesterases. PMID- 18910683 TI - Partial hydrolysis of human hair. PMID- 18910682 TI - Effect of phosphate and other anions on the enzymatic desamidation of various amides. PMID- 18910684 TI - Bone marrow for fat storage in rabbits. PMID- 18910685 TI - The inhibition of hexokinase by amidone (2-dimethylamino-4,4-diphenylheptanone-5 hydrochloride). PMID- 18910686 TI - Note on an osmotic diffusion pump. PMID- 18910687 TI - The maintenance of L. casei and L. arabinosus cultures in the lyophilized state. PMID- 18910688 TI - The origin of butyric acid in the fermentation of threonine by Clostridium propionicum. PMID- 18910689 TI - Studies on glycolysis of brain preparations. PMID- 18910690 TI - The inhibitory effects of adrenochrome on cell metabolism. PMID- 18910691 TI - An in vitro bioassay for intermedin. PMID- 18910692 TI - Actinomycin A produced by a soil Actinomyces different from Actinomyces antibioticus. PMID- 18910693 TI - The effect of growth hormone on the incorporation of S35 of methionine into skeletal muscle protein of normal and hypophysectomized animals. PMID- 18910694 TI - Blood group substance from intestinal mucosa and its precipitation with borate. PMID- 18910695 TI - An unusually heat-resistant pectolytic factor from tomatoes. PMID- 18910696 TI - Intermediate in the hydrolysis of glycyldehydrophenylalanine by dehydropeptidase. PMID- 18910697 TI - Another case of reversible oxygenation. PMID- 18910699 TI - Infra-red absorption spectra of tocopherols and related structures. PMID- 18910698 TI - The specific peptidase and esterase activities of chymotrypsin. PMID- 18910700 TI - Application of an improved glucuronidase assay method to the study of human blood beta-glucuronidase. PMID- 18910701 TI - On the proteolytic enzymes of animal tissues; a peptidase of calf thymus. PMID- 18910702 TI - Preparation of d- and l-methionine from dl-methionine by enzymatic resolution. PMID- 18910703 TI - The utilization of peptides by lactic acid bacteria. PMID- 18910704 TI - The solubility of nitrous oxide in blood and brain. PMID- 18910705 TI - Microbiological evidence for the identity of alpha- and beta-biotin. PMID- 18910706 TI - Thiamine and the cyanogen bromide reaction. PMID- 18910707 TI - A photometric method for the determination of free pentoses in animal tissues. PMID- 18910708 TI - A study of the conversion of isotopic nicotinic acid to N-methylnicotinamide. PMID- 18910709 TI - Inhibition of coupled phosphorylation in brain homogenates by ferrous sulfate. PMID- 18910710 TI - Threonineserine antagonism in some lactic acid bacteria. PMID- 18910711 TI - The effect of surface-active substances on the fuchsin reaction of higher fatty aldehydes. PMID- 18910712 TI - The peptidases of skeletal, heart, and uterine muscle. PMID- 18910713 TI - The glycylglycine dipeptidases of skeletal muscle and human uterus. PMID- 18910714 TI - The characterization of purines and pyrimidines by the method of counter-current distribution. PMID- 18910715 TI - Crystalline aldolase. PMID- 18910716 TI - Crystalline d-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from rabbit muscle. PMID- 18910717 TI - The prosthetic group of crystalline d-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. PMID- 18910718 TI - The amino acid composition of aldolase and d-glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase. PMID- 18910719 TI - The metabolism of p-aminosalicylic acid in the organism of the rabbit. PMID- 18910720 TI - Passage of selenium through the mammary glands of the white rat and the distribution of selenium in the milk proteins after subcutaneous injection of sodium selenate. PMID- 18910722 TI - A micro photofluorometer. PMID- 18910721 TI - The metabolic interrelationship between tryptophan, pyridoxine, and nicotinic acid; forced feeding studies in rats. PMID- 18910723 TI - A simple quantitative chemical method for estimating gamma-globulin in human serum. PMID- 18910724 TI - The action of enzymes on paramecin. PMID- 18910725 TI - The preparation and properties of a lysophospholipase from Penicillium notatum. PMID- 18910726 TI - Determination of protein-bound iodine. PMID- 18910727 TI - The synthesis of fatty acids in adipose tissue in vitro. PMID- 18910728 TI - Glutamine, an antimetabolite for Staphylococcus aureus. PMID- 18910729 TI - The distribution and excretion of injected uranium. PMID- 18910730 TI - Mercaptals and mercaptoles of cysteine. PMID- 18910731 TI - The requirements of the fatty acid oxidase complex of rat liver. PMID- 18910732 TI - Rapid determination of n-octanoic acid. PMID- 18910733 TI - Preparation of radioactive carbon-labeled sugars by photosynthesis. PMID- 18910734 TI - The in vitro synthesis of heme in the human red blood cell of sickle cell anemia. PMID- 18910735 TI - The in vitro synthesis of heme from glycine by the nucleated red blood cell. PMID- 18910736 TI - Phosphates of pyridoxal and pyridoxamine as growth factors for lactic acid bacteria. PMID- 18910737 TI - Tracer experiments on the mechanism of glycine fermentation by Diplococcus glycinophilus. PMID- 18910738 TI - The role of pantothenic acid in the metabolism of pyruvate by Proteus morganii. PMID- 18910739 TI - Reversible inhibition of the coupling between phosphorylation and oxidation. PMID- 18910740 TI - Glycine content of di-alanine. PMID- 18910742 TI - Polymer fractionation of heat-polymerized non-conjugated vegetable oils. PMID- 18910741 TI - The effect of pyruvate and insulin on fatty acid synthesis in vitro. PMID- 18910743 TI - Reversible photobleaching of chlorophyll. PMID- 18910744 TI - The diffusion and sedimentation of sodium thymonucleate. PMID- 18910745 TI - Polyamide antifoams; relation between chemical constitution and effectiveness. PMID- 18910746 TI - Filtration of aerosols by granular charcoal. PMID- 18910747 TI - Analytical treatment of multicomponent systems. PMID- 18910748 TI - Binary systems of some carboxylic acids; systems containing benzoic acid or a substituted benzoic acid as one of the components. PMID- 18910749 TI - Binary systems of some carboxylic acid; systems containing heterocyclic acids as the components. PMID- 18910750 TI - Liquidus-solidus points of the manganese-nickel system. PMID- 18910751 TI - The viscosity of solutions of primary alcohols and fatty acids in benzene and in carbon tetrachloride. PMID- 18910752 TI - Temperature control for a constant-temperature water bath. PMID- 18910753 TI - [Study of the reaction of acetylene formation during the electro-cracking of methane; experiments on the static system]. PMID- 18910754 TI - [Expedient technological scheme for purifying converted gas from CO2 with water]. PMID- 18910755 TI - [Decrease of the cathode potential in the electro-lytic preparation of chlorine]. PMID- 18910756 TI - [Investigation of hypersensibilization of the photosensitive layers]. PMID- 18910757 TI - [Polarographic method o analysis for the determination of rhodium]. PMID- 18910758 TI - [Determination of rhodium in presence of iridium and platinum by the polarographic method]. PMID- 18910759 TI - [Physico-chemical properties of ethanolamines]. PMID- 18910760 TI - [Carbonization of accumulator plates]. PMID- 18910761 TI - [Reduction of silicate nickel minerals with carbon dioxide]. PMID- 18910762 TI - [Hydrometallurgical treatment of the eluvial nickel ores by means of the ammoniacal method]. PMID- 18910763 TI - [Physico-chemical properties of the concentrates of sulphite-alcohol residues]. PMID- 18910764 TI - [Composition of the condensing part of the wood generating gas after the extraction of resin and acetic acid]. PMID- 18910765 TI - [Rapid method of rubber vulcanization up to ebonite]. PMID- 18910766 TI - [Catalytic desulphuration of benzenes]. PMID- 18910767 TI - [Ion-phoresis as a method of deriving and separating organic bases; separation of bases from opium and electro-opium obtained from the poppy capsules]. PMID- 18910768 TI - [Methyl-di-(-chlorethyl)-amine obtained by means of phosphorus trichloride]. PMID- 18910769 TI - [Method of converting lead slime from the diphenylguanidine industry into the carbonate of lead]. PMID- 18910770 TI - Administration and operation of a radiochemical laboratory. PMID- 18910771 TI - Investigation of reaction mechanisms and photosynthesis with radiocarbon. PMID- 18910772 TI - Selection of radioautographic technique for problems in biology. PMID- 18910773 TI - An experimental study on the possibilities of a biological restoration of carious (ulcerated) teeth. PMID- 18910774 TI - Serial extraction as a corrective procedure in dental orthopedic therapy. PMID- 18910776 TI - Orthodontic therapy as limited by ontogenetic growth and the basal arches. PMID- 18910775 TI - Unilateral hyperphasia of the mandibular condyle. PMID- 18910778 TI - Details of management conducive to better service and patient-clientele relationship. PMID- 18910777 TI - The treatment of malocclusion of the teeth in the light of newer knowledge. PMID- 18910779 TI - The orthodontic program of the Michigan State Department of Health with a new classification of occlusion for survey purposes. PMID- 18910780 TI - A simplified cephalometric head positioner. PMID- 18910781 TI - Ammonia nitrogen and tooth decay. PMID- 18910783 TI - Method for locating buried root. PMID- 18910784 TI - Jaw relationship and importance of establishing functional occlusion. PMID- 18910782 TI - Dilantin and its effects on the gingival tissues. PMID- 18910785 TI - Immediate replacement of teeth by means of a fixed bridge. PMID- 18910786 TI - A dental method of personal identification. PMID- 18910787 TI - Oral surgery of interest to the general dentist. PMID- 18910788 TI - Fundamentals of full denture construction. PMID- 18910789 TI - A summary of periodontal research findings. PMID- 18910790 TI - Subgingival curettage; a rationale. PMID- 18910792 TI - The diagnosis of oral cancer. PMID- 18910791 TI - Is massage a valuable treatment in gingivitis and periodontitis? PMID- 18910794 TI - Inlays and fixed bridgework. PMID- 18910793 TI - Absorbable hemostatic material (oxycel). PMID- 18910795 TI - A look at antivivisectionism. PMID- 18910796 TI - The private practitioner of dentistry in a national health program. PMID- 18910797 TI - The hospital as a training ground for the dental specialties. PMID- 18910798 TI - Oral surgical service as an integral part of modern hospital organization. PMID- 18910800 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910799 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910801 TI - Synergetic action of nitrous oxide-oxygen and vinethene. PMID- 18910802 TI - No short cuts to dental training. PMID- 18910803 TI - OLD folks adrift. PMID- 18910804 TI - Growth and transformation of the mandibular joint in the rat; the effects of thyroidectomy at birth. PMID- 18910805 TI - The mechanism of enzyme action. PMID- 18910806 TI - An enzymic theory of local anesthesia. PMID- 18910807 TI - The growth of the jaws and the eruption of the teeth. PMID- 18910808 TI - The growth of alveolar bone and the eruption of the teeth. PMID- 18910809 TI - Development and growth of teeth. PMID- 18910810 TI - Application of nuclear physics in biology and medicine. PMID- 18910811 TI - A review of so-called mixed tumors of the salivary glands including an analysis of 50 additional cases. PMID- 18910812 TI - [Permanent immunizations of the radicular canal]. PMID- 18910813 TI - [The regeneration of pulpal wall bacteriostatic treatment]. PMID- 18910814 TI - [The Gougerot-Sjogren (dry eyes and mouth mucous membranes) and its oral consequences, about a personal observation]. PMID- 18910815 TI - [Therapeutic applications of streptomycin]. PMID- 18910816 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910817 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910819 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910818 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910820 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910821 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910822 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910823 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910824 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910825 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910826 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910827 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910828 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910829 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910830 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910831 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910832 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910833 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910834 TI - Pteroylglutamic acid deficiency in swine; effects of treatment with pteroylglutamic acid, liver extract, and protein. PMID- 18910835 TI - A study of the response of bacterial populations to the action of penicillin; a quantitative determination of its effect on the organisms. PMID- 18910836 TI - Effects of the cold pressor test on glomerular filtration and effective renal plasma flow. PMID- 18910837 TI - Relation between structural and functional alterations of the liver. PMID- 18910838 TI - The importance of the rate of dye removal in the bromosulfalein test of liver function. PMID- 18910839 TI - The effect of oral administration of casein hydrolysate on the total circulating plasma proteins of man. PMID- 18910840 TI - Studies on the minimum protein requirements of adult dogs. PMID- 18910841 TI - A method for the determination of plasma catalase and the values obtained in normal adults. PMID- 18910842 TI - Plasma catalase in hemolytic diseases and other abnormal states. PMID- 18910843 TI - Effect of various lethal procedures and thermal injury on capillaries. PMID- 18910844 TI - The mechanism of bacteria-induced shock resulting from crushing of muscle in dogs. PMID- 18910845 TI - The mechanism of delayed death following thermal trauma. PMID- 18910846 TI - A simplified sedimentation rate technique with combined chart and correction nomogram. PMID- 18910847 TI - A device to facilitate the cleaning of cages containing cotton rats. PMID- 18910848 TI - The barbiturate problem. PMID- 18910849 TI - The relationship between trauma and cancer. PMID- 18910850 TI - Blood grouping of blood-stained evidence in medicolegal examinations. PMID- 18910851 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910853 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910852 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910855 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910854 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910856 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910857 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910858 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910859 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910860 TI - The newer serologic tests for syphilis. PMID- 18910861 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910862 TI - The addition of chemicals to foods. PMID- 18910863 TI - Application of the federal act to new drugs. PMID- 18910864 TI - Import control under federal laws. PMID- 18910866 TI - The sanitation program of the National Canners Association. PMID- 18910865 TI - The formulation of mandatory food standards. PMID- 18910867 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910868 TI - The absorption of carotene from cooked carrots. PMID- 18910870 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910869 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910871 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910872 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910873 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910874 TI - The determination of pyruvic acid in human blood in relation to thiamine deficiency. PMID- 18910875 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910877 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910876 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910878 TI - Aneurine determination in potatoes. PMID- 18910879 TI - The present status of nicotinic acid. PMID- 18910880 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910881 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910882 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910883 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910884 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910886 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910885 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910887 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910888 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910889 TI - Case records of hospitals and doctors as evidence under the business records act. PMID- 18910890 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910891 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910892 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910893 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910894 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910895 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910896 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910897 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910899 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910898 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910900 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910901 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910902 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910903 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910904 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910905 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910907 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910906 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910908 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910909 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910910 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910911 TI - [Organization of gynecological assistance]. PMID- 18910912 TI - [Gynecological assistance]. PMID- 18910913 TI - [Influence of pregnancy on the heart from the clinical roentgenological and electrocardiographical aspect]. PMID- 18910914 TI - [Contractility of the uterus and vitamine B1]. PMID- 18910915 TI - [Premature delivery and still birth in mothers affected with malaria]. PMID- 18910916 TI - [Premature birth at the gynecological and obstetrical institute of the Armenian SSR. during the past 25 years]. PMID- 18910917 TI - [Pathological state during pregnancy as an indication for hospitalization]. PMID- 18910918 TI - [Maternal mortality during the war years in Omsk]. PMID- 18910919 TI - [Obstetrics for the general practician]. PMID- 18910920 TI - [75th Anniversary of the first successful ovariotomy]. PMID- 18910921 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910922 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910923 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910924 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910925 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910926 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910927 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910928 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910929 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910930 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910931 TI - Aortic valvulotomy; experimental methods and early results. PMID- 18910932 TI - Studies on vagotomy in the treatment of peptic ulcer; clinical evaluation. PMID- 18910933 TI - Steel wire sutures, local anesthesia, and immediate ambulation in the treatment of hernia. PMID- 18910934 TI - Studies upon spinal cord injuries; altered reflex activity. PMID- 18910935 TI - Atypical adynamic ileus apparently caused by nutritional (thiamine chloride) deficiency; report of six cases. PMID- 18910936 TI - Observations on the use of gelatin sponge in closure of experimentally produced defects of the bronchus. PMID- 18910937 TI - Discrepancies in myelography; statistical survey of 200 operative cases undergoing pantopaque myelography. PMID- 18910938 TI - Wound healing in early ambulation. PMID- 18910939 TI - Differential spinal block; the investigation of intestinal dyskinesia, colonic atony, and visceral afferent fibers. PMID- 18910940 TI - The biological chemistry of wound healing; the effect of dl-methionine on the healing of wounds in protein-depleted animals. PMID- 18910941 TI - Tumors of the testicle. PMID- 18910942 TI - Correction of hypoproteinemia by the administration of plasma and blood. PMID- 18910943 TI - The electrocardiogram in biliary tract disease and during experimental biliary distention; clinical observations on 26 patients. PMID- 18910944 TI - Doctors in armor. PMID- 18910945 TI - The physiological basis for resuscitation of the newborn. PMID- 18910946 TI - The characteristics in hysterosalpingograms in tuberculous salpingitis and endometritis. PMID- 18910948 TI - Construction of a permanent and hygienic metatarsal pad. PMID- 18910947 TI - Valgus foot. PMID- 18910949 TI - The different treatments of verrucae. PMID- 18910950 TI - Treatment of congestive heart failure. PMID- 18910951 TI - History of the Hahnemann Medical College, 1898 to 1948. PMID- 18910952 TI - The common colds. PMID- 18910953 TI - Psycho-somatic aspects of ophthalmology and otolaryngology. PMID- 18910954 TI - The management of urinary tract infections. PMID- 18910955 TI - Congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. PMID- 18910957 TI - The neural basis of the osteopathic lesion. PMID- 18910956 TI - Myeloid leukemia 22 months after treatment with potentized phosphorus and deep X ray therapy. PMID- 18910958 TI - Certain cardiac complications and vertebral lesions. PMID- 18910959 TI - Tuberculosis of the spine; some surgical considerations. PMID- 18910960 TI - The unitary conception of disease. PMID- 18910961 TI - Insulin shock therapy in schizophrenia. PMID- 18910962 TI - Electroshock in clinical practice. PMID- 18910963 TI - Acute closed brain injuries. PMID- 18910964 TI - The training of osteopathic psychiatrists today. PMID- 18910965 TI - The ELECTRICAL activity of the brain. PMID- 18910966 TI - A simple screening device for aid in detection of brain damage. PMID- 18910967 TI - WHO should give anesthetics? Here's what hospitals think. PMID- 18910968 TI - NEW George Washington U. Hospital. PMID- 18910969 TI - The maternity division; George Washington University Hospital. PMID- 18910970 TI - Color painting technique in the hospital's maintenance and service areas. PMID- 18910971 TI - The hospital laundry; does it save money? PMID- 18910972 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910973 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910974 TI - Social service and the mass chest x-ray survey. PMID- 18910975 TI - Early observations in a Veterans Administration clinic during a mass chest x-ray survey. PMID- 18910976 TI - Social service in the rehabilitation program. PMID- 18910977 TI - The teaching of hospitalized children. PMID- 18910978 TI - The problem of dependent and neglected children. PMID- 18910979 TI - Education and rehabilitation of the physically handicapped. PMID- 18910980 TI - AIR we breathe. PMID- 18910981 TI - CALIFORNIA'S industrial health activities. PMID- 18910982 TI - EDUCATIONAL opportunities in industrial hygiene. PMID- 18910983 TI - Chile has excellent welfare legislation, needs to emphasize prevention. PMID- 18910984 TI - Bursitis. PMID- 18910985 TI - Chlorine accident in Brooklyn. PMID- 18910986 TI - Medical education in relation to industrial health. PMID- 18910987 TI - Training in industrial medicine at the University of Pittsburgh. PMID- 18910989 TI - Practical points in the teaching of industrial medicine. PMID- 18910988 TI - Need for scientific research in industrial medicine. PMID- 18910990 TI - Schools of public health. PMID- 18910991 TI - Education of the industrial hygiene physician. PMID- 18910992 TI - Engineering in industrial health education. PMID- 18910993 TI - Germanium. PMID- 18910994 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910995 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910996 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910997 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910998 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18910999 TI - Recrudescence of typhoid fever in Europe. PMID- 18911000 TI - Downward trend of infant mortality persists. PMID- 18911002 TI - CHOLERA in Egypt. PMID- 18911001 TI - Research and educational objectives in combating leprosy. PMID- 18911004 TI - The effects of shock on the kidney. PMID- 18911003 TI - SILVER nitrate vs. penicillin. PMID- 18911005 TI - Studies on the circulation with the aid of tagged erythrocytes in a case of orthostatic hypotension (asympathicotomic hypotension). PMID- 18911006 TI - Pain mechanisms and the frontal lobes; a study of prefrontal lobotomy for intractable pain. PMID- 18911007 TI - The problem of malignant hypertension and its treatment by splanchnic resection. PMID- 18911008 TI - Pulmonary brucellosis. PMID- 18911009 TI - War edema in the civilian population of Saipan. PMID- 18911010 TI - Gynecomastia following severe starvation. PMID- 18911011 TI - Amebic liver abscess. PMID- 18911012 TI - Studies with medicated aerosols; the use of the lungs as a portal for the introduction of therapeutic agents for systemic effect. PMID- 18911013 TI - The role of preventive medicine in clinical practice. PMID- 18911014 TI - Brucella antibodies following cholera vaccination. PMID- 18911015 TI - Adrenal medullary tumor (pheochromocytoma), case report with successful operation. PMID- 18911016 TI - Unusual complications of amebiasis. PMID- 18911018 TI - HISTOPLASMOSIS. PMID- 18911017 TI - The occurrence of edema of the pharynx and larynx in infectious mononucleosis. PMID- 18911020 TI - The truth about animal experimentation. PMID- 18911019 TI - Double plates in rectangular planes for internal fixation of fractures of the femur. PMID- 18911022 TI - Practical applications of knowledge of the Rh factor. PMID- 18911021 TI - Analgesia and anesthesia in relation to asphyxia neonatorum. PMID- 18911023 TI - The value of Rh testing. PMID- 18911024 TI - The Rh factor. PMID- 18911025 TI - Gynecologic aspect of cancer. PMID- 18911026 TI - Carcinoma of the breast. PMID- 18911027 TI - Early diagnosis of gastric cancer. PMID- 18911029 TI - Cancer of the mouth. PMID- 18911028 TI - Primary cancer of the lung. PMID- 18911030 TI - Severe generalized atherosclerosis. PMID- 18911031 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911033 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911032 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911034 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911035 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911036 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911037 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911038 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911039 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911040 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911041 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911042 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911043 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911044 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911045 TI - [The electrocardiogram in chronic cardiopathy of Chagas' disease]. PMID- 18911046 TI - [Treatment of South American blastomycosis; vitro tests with streptomycin]. PMID- 18911047 TI - [The unconscious and accountability; apparent antinomy]. PMID- 18911048 TI - [The obesity clinic]. PMID- 18911049 TI - The public health laboratory service. PMID- 18911050 TI - Identification of medical documents. PMID- 18911051 TI - Treatment of hyperhidrosis. PMID- 18911052 TI - Immediate prostatectomy for retention of urine. PMID- 18911053 TI - Some simple observations on transfusion reactions. PMID- 18911054 TI - Isoimmunization by the blood factor N. PMID- 18911055 TI - Rupture of the stomach in an African child. PMID- 18911056 TI - Nutritional status in Britain. PMID- 18911057 TI - Rh factor. PMID- 18911058 TI - Immediate and delayed jaundice. PMID- 18911059 TI - Relief of pain in midwifery. PMID- 18911060 TI - Leucocytosis following treatment with thiouracil. PMID- 18911061 TI - Natural position in childbirth. PMID- 18911062 TI - The lazy eye. PMID- 18911063 TI - Chronic cough and bronchiectasis in childhood. PMID- 18911064 TI - Empyema in children. PMID- 18911065 TI - Minor surgical conditions of childhood. PMID- 18911066 TI - Tuberculosis of the male genital organs. PMID- 18911067 TI - Prostatitis and vesiculitis. PMID- 18911068 TI - The biochemistry of the skin. PMID- 18911069 TI - Dermatitis and eczema. PMID- 18911070 TI - History of the Tulane University of Louisiana School of Medicine. PMID- 18911071 TI - The pharmacology of some chemotherapeutic agents. PMID- 18911073 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911072 TI - Motor-defective children. PMID- 18911074 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911075 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911076 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911077 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911078 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911080 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911079 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911081 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911082 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911083 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911084 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911085 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911087 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911086 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911088 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911089 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911090 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911092 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911091 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911093 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911094 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911095 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911096 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911097 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911098 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911099 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911100 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911101 TI - Medicine and religion. PMID- 18911102 TI - Rehabilitation in operation. PMID- 18911103 TI - OLFACTORY sense may be moved into realm of radiation physics. PMID- 18911104 TI - Argument on neural tumours and their allies. PMID- 18911105 TI - Psychological and social aspects of Sydenham's chorea. PMID- 18911106 TI - Electro-shock and electronarcosis in the treatment of mental disorders. PMID- 18911107 TI - Oesophageal hiatus hernia. PMID- 18911108 TI - Heart failure of pulmonary origin. PMID- 18911109 TI - Hydatid disease. PMID- 18911110 TI - Studies in amnesia. PMID- 18911111 TI - Blood changes in the aged. PMID- 18911112 TI - Some Edinburgh medical men at the time of the resurrectionists. PMID- 18911113 TI - Experimental observations on augmented unipolar extremity leads. PMID- 18911114 TI - The experimental production of epithelial growth in the rabbit's cornea. PMID- 18911115 TI - Physiological properties of arteries. PMID- 18911116 TI - The effect of various agents on the excretion of uric acid and allantoin. PMID- 18911117 TI - Effect of equine gonadotrophin on prepuberal male mice. PMID- 18911118 TI - Electrographic investigations of the heart of fish. PMID- 18911120 TI - Intrathoracic electrocardiography in patients with pneumothorax; the sinus wave. PMID- 18911119 TI - Sulfanilamide absorption from the pouch of Douglas. PMID- 18911121 TI - Intrathoracic electrocardiography in patients with pneumothorax; the auricular electrogram. PMID- 18911122 TI - Intrathoracic electrocardiography in patients with pneumothorax; the ventricular electrogram. PMID- 18911123 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911124 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911125 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911126 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911128 TI - Progress in the solution of the cancer problem. PMID- 18911127 TI - Gynecologic surgery in the elderly woman. PMID- 18911129 TI - Treatment of trauma in the aged. PMID- 18911130 TI - The effects of small doses of amphetamine (benzedrine) sulfate upon the aged. PMID- 18911131 TI - Geriatrics and the general practitioner. PMID- 18911133 TI - Case work service on the aged. PMID- 18911132 TI - Personality adjustment following hospital treatment in patients with involutional psychosis, melancholia. PMID- 18911134 TI - Some dental aspects of criminal investigation. PMID- 18911135 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911136 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911137 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911138 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911139 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911141 TI - Clinical records in surgery. PMID- 18911140 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911142 TI - Standards for hospital equipment. PMID- 18911143 TI - [Allergy tuberculosis after oral vaccination of newborns with a single dose (100 milligrams) of BCG]. PMID- 18911144 TI - [Association of strophanthin-K with digitalis in atrial fibrillation]. PMID- 18911145 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of oxyuriasis]. PMID- 18911146 TI - [Flexner bacillus with an antigenic component of Salmonella]. PMID- 18911147 TI - [New observations of sporotrichosis]. PMID- 18911148 TI - [Resuscitation in surgery; modern concept of shock treatment]. PMID- 18911150 TI - [Member of malnutrition and deficiency acute manifestations]. PMID- 18911149 TI - [Techniques for determining the Rh factor]. PMID- 18911151 TI - [Cancer of the tongue]. PMID- 18911152 TI - [Experimental infection of animals by Glenosporella loboi fonseca & Leo, 1940]. PMID- 18911153 TI - [Photocolorimetric Determination of nitrogen in the blood and tissues]. PMID- 18911154 TI - [A case of the left appendage, lack of rotation of the colon]. PMID- 18911155 TI - [The census office in tuberculanico climate of Sao Jose dos Campos, data collected between 1343 indivaduos its autochthonous population]. PMID- 18911156 TI - [A new form of treatment by irradiation; The external use of radon in Vehicle greasy; therapy by alpha rays]. PMID- 18911157 TI - Pulmonary complications due to endobronchial foreign bodies. PMID- 18911158 TI - Meningococcic infections. PMID- 18911159 TI - The present status of penicillin in dermatology; a resume. PMID- 18911160 TI - Continuity metastases. PMID- 18911161 TI - The more common causes of failure in treatment of varicose veins. PMID- 18911162 TI - Some impacts of the specialty board movement on medical education. PMID- 18911163 TI - Basic science requirements for specialty certification. PMID- 18911164 TI - Graduate and postgraduate medical education. PMID- 18911165 TI - Medical responsibility for training in clinical psychology. PMID- 18911166 TI - Biophysics in medical education. PMID- 18911167 TI - An experience with a laboratory project program in the teaching of pharmacology. PMID- 18911168 TI - The group clinic; an experiment with the group practice principle in a large metropolitan teaching dispensary. PMID- 18911169 TI - The British Medical Research Council. PMID- 18911170 TI - Basic medical training in Britain. PMID- 18911171 TI - A method for teaching the emotional and social aspects of preventive medicine. PMID- 18911172 TI - The lethal effect of relative humidity on air-borne bacteria. AB - The viability of pneumococcus, Type I, sprayed into the atmosphere from a liquid suspension was measured as a function of the relative humidity. When broth, saliva, or 0.5 per cent saline solution is employed as the suspending medium, a very high mortality rate is observed at relative humidities in the vicinity of 50 per cent. However, at humidities above or below this value the microorganisms survive for long periods. Measurement of the rate of settling of droplets employed in these experiments demonstrated that the disappearance of microorganisms from the air is a true lethal process, rather than a manifestation of aerosol collision processes. When a saline-free fluid was used, the sharp peak in death rate at intermediate relative humidities disappears. The lethal effect of intermediate relative humidities on pneumococci atomized from a saline containing suspension is increased when the particle size of the atomized droplets is increased or when the temperature is raised. Cultures of hemolytic streptococcus group C and staphylococcus sprayed from a broth medium exhibit the same general survival pattern as a function of relative humidity although the mortality rates are smaller than that of the pneumococcus. These effects can be explained by assuming the existence of a critical degree of cellular dehydration at which microorganisms become much more sensitive to toxic agents than in states where either more or less water is bound to the cell. The results presented here may be significant in elucidating certain aspects of the epidemiology of air borne infections. PMID- 18911173 TI - Nutrition of the host and natural resistance to infection; the conditions necessary for the maximal effect of diet. AB - The observation has been confirmed that the property of a "natural" diet of whole wheat and whole dried milk to promote a higher survival rate among a stock of outbred, genetically heterogeneous W-Swiss mice subjected to S. typhimurium infection, over that promoted by a "synthetic" diet, is dependent upon a relationship between avirulent and virulent members of the pathogen population. This relationship has now been analyzed in terms of number (interacting doses) and time (interval between interacting doses). On any given diet survivorship has been demonstrated to be a function of the host's experience of the avirulent pathogen; increasing experience, either in dose or time, resulted in increasing survivorship. For a given set of interacting avirulent-virulent doses the rate at which survivorship rose was greater when the "natural" diet was fed than when the "synthetic" diet was fed. This difference in survivorship-increase rates gave rise to differences in survivorship between the two diets. These dietary differences ranged from minimal to maximal with increasing time, and then, as still more time elapsed, back to minimal again. In consequence an optimum time interval was found at which the dietary effect was maximal. This time interval was chosen for assay purposes. The assay method thus arrived at was tested repeatedly for reproducibility, and statistical analysis showed it to be reliable and capable of demonstrating a mean dietary difference in survivorship of 55 per cent. The nature of the relationship established between avirulent and virulent S. typhimurium in mice has been discussed. PMID- 18911174 TI - Experiments on the role of the chicken mite, Dermanyssus gallinae. and the mosquito in the epidemiology of St. Louis encephalitis. AB - The present experimental results concern primarily the question, whether or not mosquitoes feeding on chickens having viremia, as a result of the bite of infected mites, can acquire the virus of St. Louis encephalitis and whether or not mosquitoes thus infected, can transmit the virus to chickens and hamsters. During the course of the investigation, 7 species of mosquitoes of 3 genera were infected with the virus in one or two or all of three ways: by feeding on a suspension of infected mouse brain tissue, by feeding on chickens in which viremia had been produced by subcutaneous inoculation of virus, and by feeding on chickens having viremia as a result of the bite of infected mites. These mosquitoes transmitted the virus to chickens at periods varying from 5 to 33 days after the infective meal. The virus of St. Louis encephalitis was transmitted to hamsters by Culex pipiens at periods varying from 4 to 27 days after feeding on chickens having viremia as a result of the bite of infected mites. While viremia was demonstrated readily in hamsters, signs of encephalitis did not develop. In all transmission experiments the method of chorioallantoic passage proved necessary for the demonstration of viremia. A concept of the epidemiology of St. Louis encephalitis is presented: two blood-sucking vectors may be involved, one an arachnid, the mite, maintaining the virus in nature by transovarial passage, and the other, an insect, the mosquito, which carries the infection from birds to other vertebrates including man. PMID- 18911175 TI - The carcinogenicity of certain derivatives of p-dimethylaminozobenz in the rat. AB - 1. Eighteen known or possible metabolites of the hepatic carcinogen 4- (or p-) dimethylaminoazobenzene were tested for carcinogenic activity in the rat. Of these compounds only 4-monomethylaminoazobenzene, a known metabolite, proved to be active. Eight compounds, which appear to be metabolites of the dye, were inactive; these included 4-aminoazobenzene, 4'-hydroxy-4 monomethylaminoazobenzene, 4'-hydroxy-4-aminoazobenzene, N-methyl-p phenylenediamine, p-phenylenediamine, aniline, p-aminophenol, and o-aminophenol. Nine compounds which may possibly be metabolites also were inactive; these compounds were 4'-hydroxy-, 3'-hydroxy-, and 2'-hydroxy-4 dimethylaminoazobenzene, 4-formylaminoazobenzene, 4-hydroxyazobenzene, 2, 4' diamino-5-dimethylaminodiphenyl, 3-dimethylaminocarbazole, N,N-dimethyl-p phenylenediamine, and p-hydroquinone. A mixture of 9 known and possible metabolites was also found to be inactive. These data indicate that the primary carcinogen operative in tumor formation by 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene is probably an azo dye closely related to the parent carcinogen. This conclusion is supported by recent work from this laboratory which indicates that the primary carcinogen consists of either or both of the protein-bound dyes found in the liver, i.e. 4 monomethylaminoazobenzene and an unidentified polar aminoazo dye, and that the formation of bound dye constitutes one of the first steps in this carcinogenic process. 2. The carcinogenic activities of 19 other compounds related to 4 dimethyl-aminoazobenzene were tested to obtain more information on the structural features needed for a 4-aminoazo dye to possess strong activity in the rat. 3' Methyl-4-monomethylaminoazobenzene and the corresponding dimethylamino derivative were nearly twice as active and 4-ethylmethylaminoazobenzene had the same activity as 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene. As tested 3'-nitro- and 3'-chloro-4 dimethylaminoazobenzene both had about the same activity as 4 dimethylaminoazobenzene; however, since the 3'-nitro derivative was incompletely absorbed its real activity appears to be about 1(1/2) times that of 4 dimethylaminoazobenzene. 2'-Nitro- and 2'-chloro-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene were about one-half to one-third as active and 4'-chloro-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene was approximately one-fourth as active as the parent dye. 3'-Ethoxy-4 dimethylaminoazobenzene and 3-methyl-4-monomethylaminoazobenzene exhibited only slight carcinogenic activity. The following compounds proved inactive: the benzamide of N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine; the diethyl, monoethyl, benzylmethyl, beta-hydroxyethylmethyl, and formyl derivatives of 4 aminoazobenzene on the amino group; and the 3-methyl, 3', 5'-dimethyl, 2',5' dimethyl, and 2',4'-dimethyl derivatives of 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene. From the available data two conditions appear to be essential if a dye is to possess high activity: (1) at least one methyl group must be attached to the amino group together with the proper second substituent, and (2) the rings must bear either no substituents or carry only certain substituents, preferably in the 3' position. 3. The data on the carcinogenicity of the 2'-, 3'-, or 4'-methyl, chloro, and nitro derivatives of 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene show that the position of these groups determines the carcinogenicity of these compounds to a greater extent than does the type of group. The activity relationship was 3' > 2' > 4'. 4. Primary, secondary, and tertiary aminoazo dyes were determined in the livers and blood of rats fed aminoazo dyes which differed in the substituents on the amino group. The data show that deethylation of 4-diethyl-, 4-monoethyl-, and 4 ethylmethylaminoazobenzene occurs in vivo just as 4-dimethyl- and 4 monomethylaminoazobenzene are demethylated in vivo. However, 4 benzylmethylaminoazobenzene and 4-beta-hydroxyethylmethylaminoazobenzene were dealkylated only slightly under similar conditions. 5. The following new compounds are described: 4-ethylmethyl-, 4-monoethyl-, 4-benzylmethyl-, and 4 beta-hydroxyethylmethylaminoazobenzene; 4'-hydroxy-, 3-methyl-, and 3'-methyl-4 monomethylaminoazobenzene; 2'-hydroxy-, 3'-hydroxy, 3-methyl-, 3'-ethoxy-, 3', 5' dimethyl-, 2', 5'-dimethyl-, and 2',4'-dimethyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene. PMID- 18911176 TI - The influence of available fluid on the production of experimental hemoglobinuric nephrosis in rabbits. AB - The importance of previous dehydration on the production of hemoglobinuric nephrosis is substantiated. Hemoglobinuric nephrosis regularly occurred in rabbits 3 to 16 days following the injections of hemoglobin. Five of 15 animals died of fatal hemoglobinuric nephrosis; the combined kidney weight in these exceeded the weight of the kidneys of control rabbits and of those which survived. Additional observations, not previously made, are focal necrosis of the liver and pulmonary edema in some of the rabbits which died. A relationship was evident between the quantity of available fluid and the severity of the hemoglobinuric nephrosis which developed after injections of hemoglobin. PMID- 18911177 TI - Renal athrocytosis and intracellular digestion of intraperitoneally injected hemoglobin in rats. AB - The athrocytosis of hemoglobin by the epithelium of the proximal convoluted tubules in the kidney of the rat was studied after its intraperitoneal injection, absorption into the blood stream, and glomerular filtration. The earliest appearance of the athrocytosed particles, their accumulation, intracellular breakdown, and disappearance were followed. In addition observations were made on the intraluminal disposition of hemoglobin "casts" with the Spalteholz clearing technique; on the structural changes in the kidney in consequence of the injections; and on the development of a transient oliguria during the course of the experiment. The significance of the findings is considered. PMID- 18911178 TI - The current status of influenzal vaccines. PMID- 18911180 TI - Cerebral palsy. PMID- 18911179 TI - Streptomycin in the treatment of tularemia. PMID- 18911181 TI - Exchange transfusion for erythroblastosis fetalis. PMID- 18911182 TI - A second report on intrathecal penicillin in central nervous system syphilis. PMID- 18911183 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911184 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911185 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911186 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911187 TI - The early diagnosis of pancreatic and ampullary growths; an evaluation of their surgical treatment. PMID- 18911188 TI - Carcinoma of the rectum and lower part of the sigmoid flexure; present-day management. PMID- 18911189 TI - Hemochromatosis; review of literature and presentation of a case. PMID- 18911190 TI - Rocky Mountain spotted fever appears in Michigan. PMID- 18911192 TI - The physician and the child. PMID- 18911191 TI - Abdominal surgery in infants and children. PMID- 18911193 TI - Thirty years of progress in obstetrics. PMID- 18911194 TI - Michigan's rheumatic fever program. PMID- 18911195 TI - Early and late ectopic pregnancy. PMID- 18911196 TI - The changing trends in cesarean section; analysis of cesarean sections performed in Detroit in 1925, 1930 and 1945. PMID- 18911197 TI - Comparative morbidity in cesarean section. PMID- 18911198 TI - The doctor in court. PMID- 18911200 TI - Stresscoat analysis of the human femur. PMID- 18911199 TI - Vitamin A and carotene in nutritional status studies at five Michigan child caring agencies. PMID- 18911201 TI - Effect of urethane on malignant diseases; clinical, hematologic, and histologic observations on patients with carcinoma, leukemia and related diseases. PMID- 18911202 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911203 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911204 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911205 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911206 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911207 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911208 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911209 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911211 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911210 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911213 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911212 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911214 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911215 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911216 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911217 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911218 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911219 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911220 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911221 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911222 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911223 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911224 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911225 TI - Carcinoma of the stomach. PMID- 18911226 TI - STREPTOMYCIN treatment of tuberculous meningitis. PMID- 18911227 TI - Blood-sugar levels in slow starvation. PMID- 18911228 TI - Intensified electrical convulsion therapy in the treatment of mental disorders. PMID- 18911229 TI - Local fascial repair of femoral hernia. PMID- 18911230 TI - Attack on rheumatism. PMID- 18911231 TI - Perinephric abscess. PMID- 18911232 TI - Electronarcosis. PMID- 18911233 TI - Some aspects of old age. PMID- 18911234 TI - Pneumonic plague in Rangoon. PMID- 18911235 TI - Treatment of tuberculous meningitis with streptomycin. PMID- 18911236 TI - Reiter's syndrome; report on nine cases. PMID- 18911237 TI - Diabetes insipidus due to sphenoidal sinusitis; report of a case. PMID- 18911238 TI - Modified Millin boomerang needle. PMID- 18911239 TI - Attack on rheumatism. PMID- 18911240 TI - For and against myanesin. PMID- 18911241 TI - Dosage of vitamin E. PMID- 18911242 TI - Intra-articular injection for osteoarthritis. PMID- 18911243 TI - Post-mortem caesarean section. PMID- 18911244 TI - Treatment of varicose veins. PMID- 18911245 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911246 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911247 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911248 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911249 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911250 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911251 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911252 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911253 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911254 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911255 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911256 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911257 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911258 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911259 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911260 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911261 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911262 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911263 TI - Management of chest injuries. PMID- 18911264 TI - Etiology, diagnosis and treatment of stricture of the male urethra. PMID- 18911265 TI - Migraine. PMID- 18911266 TI - The amazing Schweitzer. PMID- 18911267 TI - Medical education in Germany. PMID- 18911268 TI - Elementary principles in surgical diagnosis. PMID- 18911269 TI - The tuberculosis service in Denmark. PMID- 18911270 TI - Review of biliary tract surgery for a 6 year period at Doctors Hospital. PMID- 18911271 TI - Current problems in biliary tract disease. PMID- 18911272 TI - Recognition and management of esophageal diseases. PMID- 18911273 TI - Clinical studies in schizophrenia. PMID- 18911274 TI - Myeloid reaction in acute tuberculosis. PMID- 18911275 TI - Medical preparedness in atomic defense. PMID- 18911276 TI - Therapy of the aged. PMID- 18911277 TI - Gastrointestinal endoscopy. PMID- 18911278 TI - The surgical treatment of hypertension. PMID- 18911279 TI - Surgical treatment of carcinoma of the head of the pancreas and of the thyroid; report of a case. PMID- 18911280 TI - The use of penicillin in Weil's disease; report of two cases. PMID- 18911281 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911282 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911283 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911284 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911285 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911286 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911287 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911288 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911289 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911291 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911290 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911292 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911293 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911294 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911295 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911296 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911297 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911298 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911299 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911300 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911301 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911302 TI - The midwife in Northern Ireland. PMID- 18911303 TI - The control of scabies. PMID- 18911304 TI - Experiments with DDT and gamma B.H.C. (gammexane) for use against head lice. PMID- 18911305 TI - PLANNING for the chronically ill. PMID- 18911306 TI - The infectivity of tuberculosis. PMID- 18911307 TI - Differential diagnosis and treatment of pyogenic osteomyelitis of the vertebral column. PMID- 18911308 TI - Renal angiospasm and renal cortical anoxia. PMID- 18911309 TI - The rationales and efficacy of bed rest in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 18911310 TI - Detachment of the retina. PMID- 18911311 TI - Some suggestions for the prevention of mental illness. PMID- 18911312 TI - Open-air schools. PMID- 18911313 TI - Lesions of the cervix in relation to pregnancy. PMID- 18911314 TI - Some medical uses of vitamin E. PMID- 18911316 TI - Aural electrophoresis of prostigmin. PMID- 18911315 TI - Novocain intravenously in treatment of delayed serum sickness and in aphylactic manifestation due to food from known and unknown causes. PMID- 18911317 TI - Pathogenesis and specific therapy of agranulocytosis. PMID- 18911318 TI - Differential diagnosis and treatment of paranasal sinusitis. PMID- 18911319 TI - The chronic running ear and its cure. PMID- 18911320 TI - Rectalgia associated with intestinal diseases; symptomatic treatment. PMID- 18911321 TI - Proctology and the general practitioner. PMID- 18911322 TI - Diverticulitis of the colon. PMID- 18911323 TI - Hemostatic and absorbable dressings in anorectal surgery. PMID- 18911324 TI - Serologic observations in the toxemias of pregnancy. PMID- 18911325 TI - Three months in a state mental hospital. PMID- 18911326 TI - A cure for neurogenic bladder; case study. PMID- 18911327 TI - Tuberculosis of the hip. PMID- 18911328 TI - HISTORY of medicine in Scott and Carver counties. PMID- 18911329 TI - Congenital cysts and fistulas of the neck with case reports. PMID- 18911330 TI - Treatment of ulcerative colitis with propylthiouracil. PMID- 18911331 TI - Autonomic dysfunction in the inner ear. PMID- 18911332 TI - Research at the National Cancer Institute. PMID- 18911333 TI - The expanded federal cancer program. PMID- 18911334 TI - Cooperation in cancer control. PMID- 18911335 TI - Consider the injured hand. PMID- 18911336 TI - Thyroid hypertrophy in pubescent girls; does gymnastics influence it? PMID- 18911337 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911338 TI - Medicine old and new. PMID- 18911339 TI - Roentgenographic studies of the gastrointestinal tract following section of the vagus nerves for peptic ulcer. PMID- 18911340 TI - Multiple localized pleural effusions as a manifestation of congestive heart failure; report of a case. PMID- 18911341 TI - The ineffectiveness of aluminum subacetate in rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 18911342 TI - The role of pleuropneumonia-like organisms in genitourinary and joint diseases. PMID- 18911343 TI - Endobronchial metastasis of renal-cell adenocarcinoma. PMID- 18911344 TI - Carcinoma of tail of pancreas, with invasion of spleen, left adrenal gland and posterior wall of stomach and metastases to liver and lungs. PMID- 18911345 TI - Carcinoma of the stomach. PMID- 18911346 TI - Complete heart block; a study of two cases in veterans of World War II. PMID- 18911347 TI - Vaccination against influenza A and B; a comparison of reactions, doses and titer responses of two different vaccines in infants and children. PMID- 18911348 TI - Acute meningitis caused by Neisseria sicca. PMID- 18911349 TI - Cancer. PMID- 18911350 TI - Mucous carcinoma of stomach, signet-ring type. PMID- 18911351 TI - Adenocarcinoma of ascending colon, with metastases to liver. PMID- 18911352 TI - One-stage suprapubic prostatectomy with primary closure of the bladder. PMID- 18911353 TI - Schistosomiasis. PMID- 18911354 TI - Transurethral surgery in patients past 80 years of age. PMID- 18911355 TI - Occupational disease; the insurance viewpoint. PMID- 18911356 TI - The onset of pneumonic influenza in 1918 in relation to the wartime use of mustard gas. PMID- 18911357 TI - Arthritis and working ability. PMID- 18911358 TI - Metal fume fever. PMID- 18911359 TI - Tetanus; report of a case. PMID- 18911360 TI - Brief stimuli electroconvulsive therapy. PMID- 18911361 TI - Azygos lobe of the lung. PMID- 18911362 TI - Prefrontal leucotomy. PMID- 18911363 TI - The role of the general practitioner in state and national health. PMID- 18911364 TI - Some deleterious results of rest in bed after orthopedic operations. PMID- 18911365 TI - Chronic residuals of brain injury. PMID- 18911366 TI - Unusual complication encountered in removal of large retroperitoneal ganglioneuroma. PMID- 18911367 TI - Lasting results following internal urethrotomy for urethral stricture. PMID- 18911368 TI - Cryotherapy (dry ice) in the treatment of skin diseases. PMID- 18911370 TI - H.11 extract. PMID- 18911369 TI - Principles of early management of hand injuries. PMID- 18911371 TI - The classification and diagnosis of renal and hypertensive disease. PMID- 18911372 TI - Intravenous therapy. PMID- 18911373 TI - Medico-dental relations. PMID- 18911374 TI - The process and prevention of dental caries. PMID- 18911375 TI - [Relation between vitamins and hormones and its significance in treatment of diseases of endocrine glands]. PMID- 18911376 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of cancer of the breast]. PMID- 18911377 TI - [Acute leukorrhea]. PMID- 18911378 TI - [Review of English literature on pediatrics]. PMID- 18911380 TI - The diagnosis and treatment of threadworm infestation. PMID- 18911379 TI - Dietetic idiosyncrasies in childhood. PMID- 18911381 TI - Adiposity in childhood. PMID- 18911382 TI - Constipation in childhood. PMID- 18911383 TI - Sleep disturbances in childhood. PMID- 18911384 TI - The running nose. PMID- 18911385 TI - The diet for the sick child. PMID- 18911386 TI - Physicians; prescriptions. PMID- 18911388 TI - Drains and health. PMID- 18911389 TI - The clotting of the blood and anticoagulants. PMID- 18911387 TI - Further notes on the use of vitamin K in general practice. PMID- 18911390 TI - The diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of napkin eruptions. PMID- 18911391 TI - Indications for caesarean section. PMID- 18911392 TI - The treatment of haemorrhoids. PMID- 18911393 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911394 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911395 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911396 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911397 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911398 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911399 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911400 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911402 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911401 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911403 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911404 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911405 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911406 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911407 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911408 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911409 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911410 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911411 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911412 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911413 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911414 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911415 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911416 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911418 TI - [Nerves vacant section of the stomach in the treatment of peptic ulcer]. PMID- 18911417 TI - [Recent acquisitions for the surgical treatment of perturbations of the digestive apparatus]. PMID- 18911419 TI - [A sign of extensive lesions in the mediastinum]. PMID- 18911420 TI - [The climacteric]. PMID- 18911421 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911422 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911423 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911424 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911425 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911426 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911427 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911428 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911429 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911430 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911431 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911433 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911432 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911434 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911435 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911437 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911436 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911438 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911439 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911440 TI - Transtympanic fenestration; where is the border-line? PMID- 18911441 TI - A farewell to arm-pits? PMID- 18911442 TI - The summarized findings of a medico-sociological investigation into the problem of prostitution in Johannesburg. PMID- 18911443 TI - Reflections on the psychosomatic approach. PMID- 18911444 TI - Psychosomatic aspects of obstetrics and gynaecology. PMID- 18911446 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911445 TI - Three cases of Reiter's syndrome. PMID- 18911447 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911448 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911449 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911450 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911451 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911452 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911453 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911454 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911455 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911456 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911457 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911458 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911459 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911460 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911461 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911462 TI - Intercellular substances. PMID- 18911463 TI - The laboratory diagnosis of superficial fungous infection. PMID- 18911464 TI - Orthopaedic care during the convalescent stage of infantile paralysis. PMID- 18911465 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911466 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911467 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911468 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911469 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911470 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911471 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911472 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911473 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911474 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911475 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911476 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911477 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911478 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911479 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911480 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911481 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911482 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911483 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911484 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911485 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911486 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911487 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911488 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911489 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911490 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911491 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911492 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911493 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911494 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911495 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911496 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911497 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911498 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911500 TI - WIIAT every medical officer should know about the atomic bomb; biologic effects of nuclear radiation from an atomic explosion. PMID- 18911499 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911501 TI - WHAT every medical officer should know about the atomic bomb; medical effects of atomic explosion. PMID- 18911502 TI - Caddislipin antigen in the Kolmer complement-fixation test for syphilis. PMID- 18911503 TI - Modern management of thyroid disease. PMID- 18911504 TI - Medical experiences in Luzon P. O. W. Camp No. 1. PMID- 18911505 TI - The surgical management of peptic ulcers. PMID- 18911506 TI - Atherosclerosis. PMID- 18911507 TI - A case of congestive heart failure. PMID- 18911508 TI - New walking rocker for fractures below the knee. PMID- 18911509 TI - An ether sedimentation technique for routine stool examinations. PMID- 18911510 TI - Burma retreat, 1942. PMID- 18911511 TI - The white cell count in early syphilis in males. PMID- 18911512 TI - The treatment of acute uncomplicated gonorrhoea in the male by means of a single intramuscular injection of oily penicillin B.P. PMID- 18911513 TI - Resuscitation of limb and abdominal wound cases in the field. PMID- 18911514 TI - An improvised continuous suction apparatus, suitable for pleural evacuation. PMID- 18911515 TI - A suggested simplification of inpatient clinical records. PMID- 18911516 TI - An account of a smallpox epidemic. PMID- 18911517 TI - A simple method of bronchography. PMID- 18911518 TI - Resume of causes for non-acceptance of, and for operative treatment considered necessary on new entries already passed as fit by civilian medical boards. PMID- 18911520 TI - Recent advances in naval hygiene and preventive medicine. PMID- 18911519 TI - Some recent aspects of medical treatment. PMID- 18911521 TI - Notes on recent advances in the treatment of psychiatric cases. PMID- 18911522 TI - A case of marble-bone disease. PMID- 18911523 TI - The effect of penicillin in a case of severe injury to the eye. PMID- 18911524 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911525 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911526 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911527 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911528 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911529 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911530 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911531 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911533 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911532 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911534 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911535 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911536 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911537 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911538 TI - History, scope, and methods of chromatography. PMID- 18911539 TI - Chromatography; a problem in kinetics. PMID- 18911540 TI - Frontal analysis and displacement development in chromatography. PMID- 18911541 TI - Some experiments in systematic quantitative chromatography. PMID- 18911542 TI - Fractionation and analysis of hydrocarbons by adsorption. PMID- 18911543 TI - Stereochemistry and chromatography. PMID- 18911544 TI - Chromatography in the streptomycin problem. PMID- 18911545 TI - Partition chromatography. PMID- 18911547 TI - A review of fractionation of mixtures by foam formation. PMID- 18911546 TI - Partition chromatography of amino acids on starch. PMID- 18911548 TI - Ion-exchange absorbents as laboratory tools. PMID- 18911549 TI - The surface areas of some solid absorbents of possible use in chromatography. PMID- 18911550 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911552 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911551 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911553 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911554 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911555 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911556 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911557 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911559 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911558 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911560 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911561 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911562 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911563 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911564 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911565 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911566 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911568 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911567 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911569 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911570 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911571 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911573 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911572 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911574 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911575 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911576 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911577 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911578 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911580 TI - The place of biochemistry in India. PMID- 18911579 TI - Rationalization of medicine in India. PMID- 18911581 TI - A proposed new component of solar radiation. PMID- 18911582 TI - The 2:4 dinitrophenyl hydrazine colour reaction for vitamin K. PMID- 18911583 TI - Effect of antibiotics on the milk-clotting enzymes of Carica papaya and Ficus carica. PMID- 18911584 TI - Utilization of desizing washings for the culture of industrially important microorganisms. PMID- 18911585 TI - Gammexane and cattle ticks. PMID- 18911587 TI - The variation in stature and cephalic index among Bengalee college students. PMID- 18911586 TI - A case of cytomixis in Crotalaria medicaginea Lamk. PMID- 18911588 TI - Beta-ray counters. PMID- 18911589 TI - A note on the chemical examination of nim blossoms (Melia azadirachta). PMID- 18911590 TI - Factors affecting the nutritive value of soya bean protein. PMID- 18911591 TI - Studies in antimalarials; some N1-(8-quinolyl)-N5-phenyl-biguanides. PMID- 18911592 TI - Ascorbic acid and glutathione content in human breast cancer tissue. PMID- 18911593 TI - Autotetraploidy and attenuating power in yeasts. PMID- 18911594 TI - Enation mosaic of Dolichos lablab Linn., a new virus disease. PMID- 18911595 TI - Planning and nationalization in Great Britain. PMID- 18911596 TI - Vocational guidance in Belgium. PMID- 18911598 TI - Guided bombs in World War II. PMID- 18911597 TI - INTERNATIONAL Social Security Association. PMID- 18911599 TI - Ultrasonic delay lines. PMID- 18911600 TI - Construction of alignment nomogram from empirical data. PMID- 18911601 TI - Symmetrical bi-modal frequency curves. PMID- 18911602 TI - Manometric determination of phosphomonoesterase (alkaline phosphatase). PMID- 18911603 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911604 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911605 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911606 TI - Trace constituents in soils and plants; their signigicance and spectrographic determination. PMID- 18911607 TI - Co-ordination of scientific information. PMID- 18911608 TI - The catalytic treatment of fatty oils with sulphur dioxide. PMID- 18911609 TI - The activation of linseed oil with sulphur dioxide. PMID- 18911610 TI - Recent advances in electron microscopy in the United Kingdom. PMID- 18911611 TI - The physical approach to contact catalysis. PMID- 18911612 TI - The study of anthelmintics. PMID- 18911613 TI - German scientific and technical publications today. PMID- 18911614 TI - GERMAN science during 1939-46. PMID- 18911615 TI - The use of blood anti-coagulants for rodent control. PMID- 18911616 TI - Infra-red instrumentation and techniques. PMID- 18911617 TI - A rapid method for preparing powder camera specimens with cellulose acetate capillary tubes. PMID- 18911618 TI - An automatic simultaneous equation computer and its use in solving secular equations. PMID- 18911619 TI - The D. C. thermal characteristics of microwave bolometers. PMID- 18911620 TI - Report on lobotomy studies at the Boston Psychopathic Hospital. PMID- 18911621 TI - The significance of alpha variants in the EEG, and their relationship to an epileptiform syndrome. PMID- 18911622 TI - The effect of various medications on patients manifesting an epileptiform syndrome. PMID- 18911623 TI - Five years after shock therapy; a preliminary report. PMID- 18911624 TI - Electroencephalographic studies in idiopathic epilepsy, idiopathic syncope and related disorders in a U.S. naval hospital. PMID- 18911625 TI - Socio-economic aspects of the shock therapies in schizophrenia. PMID- 18911626 TI - Electric convulsive therapy in stammering. PMID- 18911627 TI - Group psychotherapy in patients recovering from psychoses. PMID- 18911628 TI - The limitations of psychiatry. PMID- 18911629 TI - The myth of the psychopathic personality. PMID- 18911630 TI - The neuropsychiatrist and the civil law. PMID- 18911631 TI - New facts on prognosis in mental disease. PMID- 18911632 TI - What happens to first admissions to state hospitals. PMID- 18911633 TI - Psychiatric treatment of the veteran outpatient. PMID- 18911634 TI - Psychiatry and social work in cooperation. PMID- 18911635 TI - Training and certification for the specialty of child psychiatry. PMID- 18911636 TI - Problems of social psychiatry in Palestine. PMID- 18911637 TI - Outpatient treatment of alcoholics. PMID- 18911638 TI - Indications for shock treatment in psychiatry. PMID- 18911640 TI - [Psychic healing]. PMID- 18911639 TI - Acute alcoholism in mental patients treated with insulin. PMID- 18911641 TI - The origin of the fibers of the anterior commissure in the rat; experimental studies. PMID- 18911642 TI - The representation of facial and scalp muscles in the facial nucleus. PMID- 18911643 TI - The mitotic patterns in the spinal cord of the chick embryo and their relation to histogenetic processes. PMID- 18911644 TI - The repair of severed motor and sensory spinal nerve roots by the arterial sleeve method of anastomosis. PMID- 18911645 TI - Neurologic signs and complications of electric shock treatments; a review. PMID- 18911646 TI - Psychosomatic disorders and their significance in antisocial behavior. PMID- 18911647 TI - Acute psychiatric war casualties. PMID- 18911648 TI - A dynamic study of the so-called psychopathic personality. PMID- 18911649 TI - The concept of the self in acute traumatic neurosis of war. PMID- 18911651 TI - Evaluation of dynamics in functional mental conditions. PMID- 18911650 TI - Neighborhood quarrels. PMID- 18911652 TI - Applications and limitations of electroencephalography in a general hospital. PMID- 18911653 TI - Brain wave frequencies and brain chemistry. PMID- 18911654 TI - Clinical application of automatic analysis of the electroencephalogram. PMID- 18911655 TI - Cerebral schistosomiasis; a report of one proven and two presumptive cases. PMID- 18911656 TI - The significance of abnormal electroencephalograms prior to electroconvulsive therapy. PMID- 18911657 TI - Somato-psychic factors in anxiety neurosis. PMID- 18911658 TI - The role of psychosis in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. PMID- 18911660 TI - The comparison of the psychodiagnostic findings of graphology and hand psychology. PMID- 18911659 TI - Heredity as an etiological factor in homosexuality. PMID- 18911661 TI - Amelioration of anxiety symptoms accompanying the healing of a peptic ulcer; a case report. PMID- 18911662 TI - Peacetime lessons from wartime psychiatry. PMID- 18911663 TI - Social dissatisfaction and personality disorder. PMID- 18911664 TI - Character development in nursery school. PMID- 18911665 TI - The social function and group therapy. PMID- 18911666 TI - Self-demand feeding of infants and young children in family settings. PMID- 18911667 TI - Psychiatry and general medicine. PMID- 18911668 TI - Psychosomatic implications in cardiovascular disease. PMID- 18911669 TI - Problem drinking; a challenge to psychiatry. PMID- 18911670 TI - Cooperation and conflict in the mental development of the child. PMID- 18911671 TI - Notes on personality development. PMID- 18911672 TI - A state program of mental health. PMID- 18911673 TI - Observations on left handedness. PMID- 18911674 TI - The clergyman cooperates with the psychiatrist. PMID- 18911675 TI - The Washington conference of clergymen and psychiatrists. PMID- 18911676 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911677 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911678 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911679 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911680 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911681 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911682 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911683 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911684 TI - Poor George. PMID- 18911685 TI - Sedition; a case report. PMID- 18911687 TI - Certain phases of the treatment of institutionalized epileptic patients. PMID- 18911688 TI - The organization of a hospital band. PMID- 18911686 TI - The Brooklyn State Hospital psychiatric form. PMID- 18911689 TI - Report of the research conducted at the New York State Psychiatric Institute during the year 1946. PMID- 18911690 TI - Crime and punishment; why punishment fails to prevent crime. PMID- 18911691 TI - Comparative results of electric shock and metrazol treatments of dementia praecox. PMID- 18911692 TI - The graphic Rorschach as a supplement to the Rorschach in the diagnosis of organic intracranial lesions. PMID- 18911693 TI - Conversion hysteria in a 10 year-old boy; report of a case. PMID- 18911694 TI - [Surgery of tumors of the IV ventricle]. PMID- 18911695 TI - [Diagnosis of tumors of the frontal lobe; symptom of coxofemoral abduction]. PMID- 18911696 TI - [Nodulo-flocculus syndrome in tumors of the cerebellum]. PMID- 18911697 TI - [Clinical aspect of intrasellar tumors of pituitary origin]. PMID- 18911698 TI - [Angiography of the brain]. PMID- 18911699 TI - [Aneurysm of carotid as results of gunshot wound]. PMID- 18911700 TI - [Aneurysm of blood vessels at the base of the brain]. PMID- 18911701 TI - [Novocaine block of upper thoracic ganglia of the sympathetic trunk]. PMID- 18911702 TI - [Leriche's sympathectomy on femoral artery in treatment of trophic lesions of lower extremities following gunshot wounds]. PMID- 18911703 TI - [Repeated paravertebral block as a treatment of causalgic syndrome]. PMID- 18911704 TI - [Course of gunshot fractures of skull in relation to emergency treatment]. PMID- 18911705 TI - [The clinical course of acute brain injuries in deep cranial wounds]. PMID- 18911706 TI - [Deep cranial wounds; complications and treatment according to field hospital data]. PMID- 18911707 TI - [Results of the treatment of craniocerebral wounds in rear field hospitals]. PMID- 18911708 TI - [Brown-Sequard syndrome in gunshot wounds of the spine]. PMID- 18911709 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911710 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911711 TI - Cancer of the breast. PMID- 18911712 TI - Orthodontia. PMID- 18911713 TI - A new approach to an old problem. PMID- 18911714 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911716 TI - The new look in epilepsy. PMID- 18911715 TI - Medical problems in the field of atomic energy. PMID- 18911717 TI - Nursing in Australian bush; district nursing in small town. PMID- 18911718 TI - Sub-acute bacterial endocarditis. PMID- 18911719 TI - Leaves from an 18th century midwife's case book; H. B. Browne, Whitby Museum, describes a very old case book in the museum, which covers birth recorded by Mrs. Katherine Manley from 1720-1764. PMID- 18911721 TI - Syphilis, a bane of mankind. PMID- 18911720 TI - Nursing in the Belgian congo where voodoo, religion and science meet at the bedside. PMID- 18911722 TI - In a Russian hospital; what an Englishman saw in Moscow. PMID- 18911723 TI - Educating the cardiac patient. PMID- 18911724 TI - The purple foxglove. PMID- 18911725 TI - Bronx Zoo nurse. PMID- 18911726 TI - Multiple sclerosis. PMID- 18911727 TI - Radioactive compounds in medicine. PMID- 18911729 TI - The problem of sympathetic ophthalmia. PMID- 18911728 TI - Some confusing factors in the diagnosis of paralysis of the vertically acting muscles. PMID- 18911730 TI - A simple ptosis operation; utilization of the frontalis by means of a single rhomboid-shaped suture. PMID- 18911731 TI - Visual-field interpretations in chiasmal lesions. PMID- 18911732 TI - Relationships between lateral heterophoria, prism vergence, and the near point of convergence. PMID- 18911733 TI - Discoloration of the eyelids from prolonged use of ointments containing mercury. PMID- 18911734 TI - The use of buccal mucosa in the restoration of the orbital socket. PMID- 18911735 TI - Angiosarcoma of the orbit. PMID- 18911737 TI - Hyaline membrane of the iris; report of two cases. PMID- 18911736 TI - A discussion of deformities of the shape of the lens with a report of a case of posterior lenticonus. PMID- 18911738 TI - Bilateral chalcosis lentis with endophthalmitis of the right eye. PMID- 18911739 TI - A triple-armed suture for resections. PMID- 18911740 TI - Rubeosis iridis diabetica. PMID- 18911741 TI - Contaminated ophthalmic ointments. PMID- 18911742 TI - Role of the vertically acting muscles in concomitant strabismus. PMID- 18911746 TI - The psychiatric aspect of miners' nystagmus. PMID- 18911747 TI - A comparison of dark adaptation with the psychological state in miners. PMID- 18911750 TI - WIPING the eye. PMID- 18911753 TI - Vision and road transport; subjective factors. PMID- 18911752 TI - Optical factors in contact lens prescribing. PMID- 18911754 TI - The Exyz test. PMID- 18911755 TI - Dynamic retinoscopy case records. PMID- 18911756 TI - Problems of experimental work on colour vision. PMID- 18911757 TI - Optics in philately. PMID- 18911758 TI - A new refinement in contact lens design. PMID- 18911759 TI - Dynamic retinoscopy case records. PMID- 18911760 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911762 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911761 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911763 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911764 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911765 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911766 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911767 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911768 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911769 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911770 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911771 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911772 TI - A comparison of deaf and hearing on the Hiskey test and on performance scales. PMID- 18911773 TI - The ability of pupils in a school for the deaf to understand various methods of communication. PMID- 18911774 TI - A review of the available literature on the larynx and laryngeal surgery for 1947. PMID- 18911775 TI - Clinical observations on the movement of nasal cilia; an experimental study. PMID- 18911776 TI - The use of contact therapy in the treatment of carcinoma of the larynx. PMID- 18911777 TI - When is a case of clinical otosclerosis suitable for fenestration? PMID- 18911779 TI - An instrument for the removal of choanal polyps. PMID- 18911778 TI - Thomas Wharton, [1614-1673,] first gland specialist and discoverer of a salivary duct. PMID- 18911780 TI - The Moon embossed type for the adult blind. PMID- 18911781 TI - Hypersensitivity and immunity in the light of the unitarian hypothesis. PMID- 18911782 TI - Histamine antagonists; aerosolized antihistamine drugs in prevention of histamine bronchospasm in guinea pigs. PMID- 18911783 TI - Measurement of changes in vital capacity as a means of detecting pulmonary reactions to inhaled aerosolized allergenic extracts in asthmatic subjects. PMID- 18911784 TI - Quantitative studies in skin testing; the assay of ragweed extracts by means of scratch test utilizing an all or none response. PMID- 18911785 TI - Quantitative studies in skin testing; the graphic solution of the assay of ragweed extracts by means of scratch test utilizing an all or none response. PMID- 18911786 TI - Reactions to antipneumococcal rabbit serum; effect of varying shocking doses of antiserum on reversed passive anaphylaxis when sensitizing dose of polysaccharide and interval between sensitizing and shocking doses are constant; comparison of reversed passive anaphylactogenic properties of samples of antipneumococcal rabbit serum, Types II, VII, and VIII. PMID- 18911787 TI - Reactions to antipneumococcal rabbit serum; effect on reversed passive anaphylaxis of varying speed of injections of constant shocking doses of antipneumococcal rabbit serum. PMID- 18911788 TI - Clinical effects of epinephrine by inhalation; a survey. PMID- 18911789 TI - A clinical investigation of beta-morpholinoethyl benzhydryl ether hydrochloride (linadryl) as an antihistamine agent. PMID- 18911790 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911791 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911792 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911793 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911794 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911795 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911796 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911797 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911798 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911799 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911800 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911801 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911802 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911803 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911804 TI - Idiopathic tetany, symptomatology and therapy; with report of a case treated with A. T. 10. for 10 years. PMID- 18911805 TI - [Nervous sequelae of kernicterus]. PMID- 18911806 TI - The abilities and interests of pharmacy freshmen. PMID- 18911807 TI - James Cutbush; author, teacher, Apothecary General. PMID- 18911808 TI - Qualifying for the course in dispensing. PMID- 18911809 TI - Laboratory material for the course in dispensing. PMID- 18911810 TI - A survey of the development of materia medica in American schools and colleges of pharmacy from 1821 to 1900. PMID- 18911811 TI - Vivisection; it's moral aspects. PMID- 18911812 TI - The aims of the plant science seminar. PMID- 18911813 TI - CHLORGUANIDE (paludrine) in malaria. PMID- 18911814 TI - NEW form of parenteral administration. PMID- 18911815 TI - PRESENT status of streptomycin therapy. PMID- 18911816 TI - HETRAZAN for filariasis bancrofti. PMID- 18911817 TI - ANEMIA, its causes and therapy. PMID- 18911818 TI - GERMAN eighteenth century pharmacy. PMID- 18911819 TI - Pharmacy in a private hospital. PMID- 18911820 TI - First report from the Subcommittee on the Chemical Assay of Ergot. PMID- 18911821 TI - Revised colorimetric assays of ergot and ergot fluidextract. PMID- 18911822 TI - Report on the development of new methods in the colorimetric assay of ergot and ergot fluidextract. PMID- 18911824 TI - The use of coloured compounds in trace-element analysis. PMID- 18911823 TI - Colorimetric assays of ergot and ergot fluidextract with added precautions. PMID- 18911825 TI - AIDS to efficiency in the dispensary. PMID- 18911826 TI - Infra-red spectroscopy, 'and fluorimetry. PMID- 18911828 TI - Electronics and the chemical industry. PMID- 18911827 TI - The rubberproofing of hospital sheeting and the manufacture of hot water bottles. PMID- 18911830 TI - Present status of cancer control. PMID- 18911829 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911831 TI - Accuracy and tolerances in pharmaceutical compounding; ointment jars. PMID- 18911832 TI - The Sullivan decision and the practicing pharmacist. PMID- 18911833 TI - Drug and medical advertising in Woodville, Miss., 1823-1843. PMID- 18911834 TI - Some effects of stilbestrol and its monomethyl ether in the immature male rat. PMID- 18911835 TI - The pharmacology of compounds structurally related to hydroxytyramine. PMID- 18911836 TI - Respiratory, electroencephalographic, and blood gas changes in progressive barbiturate narcosis in dogs. PMID- 18911837 TI - The efficacy of BAL (2,3-dimercaptopropanol) in the treatment of experimental lead poisoning in rabbits. PMID- 18911838 TI - Histamine shock in mice sensitized with Hemophilus pertussis vaccine. PMID- 18911839 TI - Acute vascular tolerance to morphine, isonipecaine (demerol) and methadon (amidone) in the dog. PMID- 18911840 TI - Inhibition of pancreatic vacuolization. PMID- 18911841 TI - An improved colorimetric method for the estimation of histamine. PMID- 18911842 TI - The response of isolated hypodynamic myocardium to inotropic drugs. PMID- 18911843 TI - Isodynamic equivalents of digitoxin congeners as tested on hypodynamic myocardium. PMID- 18911844 TI - The action of p-aminosalicylic acid in experimental tuberculosis. PMID- 18911845 TI - The curariform activity of d-N-methyl-isochondrodendrine and d-O-methyl-N methylisochondrodendrine. PMID- 18911846 TI - Jungle medicine. PMID- 18911847 TI - OXYCEL, the absorbable hemostatic. PMID- 18911848 TI - This Nova Scotia pharmacy was founded by a knight. PMID- 18911849 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911850 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911851 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911852 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911853 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911855 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911854 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911856 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911857 TI - Absorbable haemostatics, their uses and identification. PMID- 18911858 TI - GERMAN scientific films; use in teaching. PMID- 18911859 TI - YOUTH vitamin, G2. PMID- 18911860 TI - Thiocyanate pills; a more accurate method. PMID- 18911861 TI - The automatic aseptic filling of penicillin phials. PMID- 18911862 TI - Secundum artem. PMID- 18911863 TI - Common flies and their hygienic importance. PMID- 18911865 TI - The beneficial uses of atomic energy. PMID- 18911864 TI - The therapeutic Substances Act. PMID- 18911866 TI - An East End hospital pharmacy. PMID- 18911867 TI - A Blaud analogy. PMID- 18911868 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911869 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911870 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911871 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911872 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911873 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911874 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911876 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911875 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911877 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911878 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911879 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911880 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911881 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911882 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911883 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911884 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911886 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911885 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911888 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911887 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911889 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911890 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911891 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911892 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911893 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911894 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911895 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911896 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911897 TI - [Characterization and determination of quinine in drugs]. PMID- 18911898 TI - [Camerarius and the sex of plants]. PMID- 18911899 TI - The effect of enterogastrone on the gastric secretion of the cat stimulated by continuous administration of histamine. PMID- 18911900 TI - The effect of atropine, scopolamine and some related synthetic drugs on the insulin induced gastric secretion of the dog. PMID- 18911901 TI - Recording devices in connection with Geiger-Muller counters. PMID- 18911902 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18911903 TI - Some information of the citric acid content of bone substance. PMID- 18911904 TI - Depressor and pressor activity of extracts from the aortic wall of cattle. PMID- 18911905 TI - Blood lactate and oxygen debt after exhaustive work at different oxygen tensions. PMID- 18911906 TI - The influence of muscular exercise on the tolerance of digitalis in guinea-pigs. PMID- 18911907 TI - Studies on the destruction and cumulation of folium digitalis purpureae and folium digitalis lanatae in guinea-pigs. PMID- 18911908 TI - On acclimatization in connection with acute carbon monoxide poisonings. PMID- 18911909 TI - The form variations of the spike recorded by a micro-electrode applied onto the mammalian retina. PMID- 18911910 TI - Differences between autonomic and somatic C fibres to stimulation with constant currents. PMID- 18911912 TI - Inactivation and stabilization of thrombin. PMID- 18911911 TI - Changes in the carbon dioxide combining power after injection of dialyzed casein digest. PMID- 18911913 TI - On the nature of cross-striation. PMID- 18911914 TI - Spectroscopic investigation of the N-protein in muscle. PMID- 18911915 TI - Double refraction of the N-protein. PMID- 18911916 TI - Analysis of the structure of the A and J bands of striated muscle, on the basis of imbibition investigations. PMID- 18911917 TI - The P-content of myosin. PMID- 18911918 TI - Striation in actin solutions. PMID- 18911919 TI - Activation energy of the contraction of actomyosin. PMID- 18911920 TI - Antibiotic effect of d-aminoacids. PMID- 18911921 TI - Correction of the failure of heat tolerance of thyroidectomized animals with thermothyrine. PMID- 18911922 TI - Studies on the composition and polymerization of actin. PMID- 18911923 TI - Contributions to the mode of action of penicillin. PMID- 18911924 TI - Factors influencing the penetration of the skin by chemical agents. PMID- 18911925 TI - The glycolytic activity of the hearts of vertebrates. PMID- 18911926 TI - The influence of vitamin E on ovarian structure in mice. PMID- 18911927 TI - The relationship of the thyroid gland to muscular work performed by the albino rat. PMID- 18911928 TI - Determination of blood volume in dog by means of visually labelled erythrocytes. PMID- 18911929 TI - Haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit value, and sedimentation rate of horse blood. PMID- 18911930 TI - An application of bone-marrow cultures to toxicology and therapeutics. PMID- 18911931 TI - Note on a method for the demonstration of pulmonary vasomotor fibres. PMID- 18911932 TI - The field of action research. PMID- 18911933 TI - Soldier intelligence in World Wars I and II. PMID- 18911934 TI - Private clinicians in Los Angeles. PMID- 18911935 TI - Psychiatry at a time of crisis. PMID- 18911936 TI - The individual and collective psychology. PMID- 18911937 TI - Emotional catharsis and re-education in the neuroses with the help of group methods. PMID- 18911938 TI - Some psycho-dynamic aspects of disturbed perception of time. PMID- 18911939 TI - A note on the treatment of stammering. PMID- 18911940 TI - Sex in the fighting services at an isolated station. PMID- 18911942 TI - Basic personality in orthodox Hindu culture patterns. PMID- 18911941 TI - Can emotional conflict induce disseminated sclerosis? PMID- 18911945 TI - Measuring attitudes by error-choice; an indirect method. PMID- 18911944 TI - Convulsive disorder and personality. PMID- 18911943 TI - Studies in adjustment to visible injuries; evaluation of curiosity by the injured. PMID- 18911946 TI - Insight and group adjustment. PMID- 18911947 TI - Social norms and the individual. PMID- 18911948 TI - Factors differentiating AWOL from non-AWOL trainees. PMID- 18911949 TI - Analysis of a nondirective case with follow-up interview. PMID- 18911950 TI - The pecuniary honesty of the public at large. PMID- 18911951 TI - Neuroticism and handwriting. PMID- 18911952 TI - Persistence of stereotypes concerning sex differences. PMID- 18911953 TI - Card sorting; a difficult test of abstraction with simple material. PMID- 18911954 TI - Playing the dozens. PMID- 18911955 TI - The influence of work on behavior. PMID- 18911956 TI - The use of addends in experimental control, social census, and managerial research. PMID- 18911957 TI - Current trends in psychology; a special review. PMID- 18911959 TI - Current status of immunization procedures; vaccination against smallpox. PMID- 18911958 TI - The health officer's bookshelf. PMID- 18911960 TI - Current status of immunization procedures; pertussis. PMID- 18911961 TI - Current status of immunization procedures; typhoid fever. PMID- 18911963 TI - Current status of immunization procedures; practical aspects of immunization programs. PMID- 18911962 TI - Current status of immunization procedures; tetanus, and exotic diseases of military importance. PMID- 18911964 TI - The quaternary ammonium compounds in sanitization. PMID- 18911965 TI - Some factors affecting the properties of quaternary ammonium compounds as sanitizers. PMID- 18911967 TI - Eradication of tuberculosis by epidemiological methods. PMID- 18911966 TI - Summary of tuberculosis control activities. PMID- 18911968 TI - Relationship of tryptophane to the incidence of dental caries. PMID- 18911969 TI - Hospital-health center programs in Latin America. PMID- 18911970 TI - The pattern of industrial hygiene in the United States. PMID- 18911971 TI - A state-wide survey of typhus fever in Florida. PMID- 18911972 TI - Paralytic shellfish poisoning on the Canadian Atlantic coast. PMID- 18911973 TI - AVOIDABLE meningitis. PMID- 18911974 TI - VENEREAL diseases, an international problem. PMID- 18911975 TI - A new preschool dental health program in New Haven. PMID- 18911976 TI - Histamine antagonists. PMID- 18911977 TI - FIRST note on the poliomyelitis outbreak. PMID- 18911978 TI - The war-time change in the social class distribution of the mortalities of infancy. PMID- 18911979 TI - Development in the Glasgow area of a regional psychiatric out-patient service. PMID- 18911980 TI - Changes in the incidence of blindness in Scotland. PMID- 18911981 TI - Tobacco and smoking. PMID- 18911983 TI - VISION and hearing. PMID- 18911982 TI - Foetal and infant mortality in illegitimates. PMID- 18911984 TI - PROGRESS in the control of dental caries. PMID- 18911985 TI - Health in the tropics. PMID- 18911986 TI - Milestones in medicine; the dawn and Hippocrates. PMID- 18911987 TI - Propaganda posters. PMID- 18911988 TI - Posture. PMID- 18911989 TI - The city of Leeds health education centre. PMID- 18911990 TI - Sublimation as a factor in upbringing. PMID- 18911991 TI - Heredity and environment; heredity. PMID- 18911993 TI - Immunization. PMID- 18911992 TI - Food hygiene; a joint approach. PMID- 18911994 TI - The true significance of rehabilitation. PMID- 18911995 TI - Medical project of Assumption welfare board. PMID- 18911996 TI - TWENTY-five years of county health work in Maryland. PMID- 18911997 TI - Aids to local health workers in promoting full-time local health service. PMID- 18911998 TI - What cancer control dollars did in 1947 in Indiana. PMID- 18911999 TI - The attack on cancer; voluntary spirit prevails. PMID- 18912000 TI - Aims of the cancer program. PMID- 18912001 TI - Cancer education program developed in industry. PMID- 18912002 TI - The economics of public health. PMID- 18912003 TI - The influence of environment on health in childhood. PMID- 18912004 TI - The Manchester school of public health. PMID- 18912005 TI - Prospects in epidemiology. PMID- 18912006 TI - Studies of patients discharged from tuberculosis sanatoria; a method of collecting basic data from central record systems. PMID- 18912007 TI - Some economic and emotional problems of the tuberculosis patient and his family. PMID- 18912008 TI - Absorption of bacteriostatic quantities of fatty acid from media by large inocula of tubercle bacilli. PMID- 18912009 TI - The road ahead in public health. PMID- 18912010 TI - Control of trichinosis. PMID- 18912011 TI - Health of arc welders in steel ship construction. PMID- 18912013 TI - The medical assistance program. PMID- 18912012 TI - The program of the National Cancer Institute. PMID- 18912014 TI - The hospital commitment program. PMID- 18912015 TI - Eye treatment, another welfare service. PMID- 18912016 TI - The medical aspects of cerebral palsy. PMID- 18912017 TI - Psychologic handicaps of cerebral palsied children. PMID- 18912018 TI - How we arrive at fee schedules for hospital care. PMID- 18912019 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912020 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912021 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912022 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912023 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912024 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912025 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912026 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912027 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912028 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912029 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912030 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912031 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912032 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912033 TI - Coordination of local health agencies and the development of preventive health programs. PMID- 18912034 TI - Effects of radioactive sodium on leukemia and allied diseases; preliminary report. PMID- 18912035 TI - Experimental studies on the motility of the gastric mucosa in dogs; a preliminary report. PMID- 18912036 TI - Primary tumors of the small intestine. PMID- 18912037 TI - Cavernous hemangioma of the frontal bone with report of a case of sinus pericranii. PMID- 18912038 TI - Atlanto-occipital fusion, ossiculum terminale and occipital vertebra as related to basilar impression with neurological symptoms. PMID- 18912039 TI - Important sequelae and complications of hemothorax resulting from penetrating wounds of the pleural cavity. PMID- 18912040 TI - Multiple congenital malformations of the skeletal system; a case report. PMID- 18912041 TI - Dental aids in the treatment of cancer of the head and neck. PMID- 18912042 TI - Roentgen treatment of cancer of the esophagus. PMID- 18912043 TI - New types of fast cameras. PMID- 18912044 TI - Retrograde pyelography with the use of the filming roentgeno-scope. PMID- 18912045 TI - Ossifying haematomata and other simple lesions mistaken for sarcomata; the responsibility of biopsy. PMID- 18912046 TI - The significance of certain measurements of the skull in the diagnosis of basilar impression. PMID- 18912047 TI - Observations on the development of graphite pneumoconiosis. PMID- 18912048 TI - Accuracy in radon work. PMID- 18912049 TI - The presentation and analysis of the result of radiotherapy. PMID- 18912050 TI - A viscous diodone as a substitute for iodized oil. PMID- 18912051 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912052 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912053 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912054 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912055 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912056 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912057 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912058 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912059 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912060 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912061 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912062 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912063 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912064 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912065 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912066 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912067 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912068 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912069 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912070 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912071 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912073 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912072 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912074 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912075 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912076 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912077 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912078 TI - The significance of the so-called reaction of decompression in chronic retention of urine. PMID- 18912079 TI - Intussusception as a complication after appendectomy; report of a case. PMID- 18912080 TI - Transplantation of the levator muscles in the repair of complete tear and rectovaginal fistula. PMID- 18912081 TI - Two cases of affection of the vascular system treated by bilateral suprarenal medullectomy. PMID- 18912082 TI - On the treatment of local pyogenic infection with anticoagulants (heparin). PMID- 18912083 TI - Seminal vesiculitis as an acute abdominal disease. PMID- 18912084 TI - A case of suprarenal pheochromocytoma clinically diagnosed and cured by operation. PMID- 18912085 TI - Cancer of the colon; a survey of the material for the years 1931-1946. PMID- 18912086 TI - Jejunitis acuta; ileitis regionalis acuta. PMID- 18912087 TI - Splenic tissue in the scrotum. PMID- 18912088 TI - Recent developments in treatment of hyperthyroidism. PMID- 18912089 TI - Adenoma of the bronchus; review of 15 cases. PMID- 18912090 TI - Analysis of acute craniocerebral injuries. PMID- 18912091 TI - Osgood-Schlatter's disease. PMID- 18912092 TI - Treatment of chronic ulcers with chlorophyll; review of a series of 50 cases. PMID- 18912093 TI - Gastric diverticula. PMID- 18912094 TI - Incisional hernia repaired with tanatalum gauze; preliminary report. PMID- 18912095 TI - Use of aponeurotic flap in inguinal hernioplasty. PMID- 18912096 TI - Diagnosis of acute appendicitis in the tropics. PMID- 18912097 TI - A tungsten steel gouge for use in a Nicola operation. PMID- 18912098 TI - Vascular obstructed acute gallbladder. PMID- 18912099 TI - Tumors of the adrenal cortex. PMID- 18912100 TI - Primary carcinoma of Bartholin's gland. PMID- 18912101 TI - Carcinoma in exstrophy of the bladder. PMID- 18912102 TI - Neurofibroma of the stomach. PMID- 18912103 TI - Primary hemangioma of muscle. PMID- 18912104 TI - Unruptured primary ovarian pregnancy. PMID- 18912105 TI - Eventration of diaphragm. PMID- 18912107 TI - Ectopic bone deposits; a paraplegic complication. PMID- 18912106 TI - Hodgkin's disease of the stomach. PMID- 18912108 TI - Primary torsion of the omentum. PMID- 18912109 TI - High intestinal fistula and its treatment by the use of a Pauls tube. PMID- 18912110 TI - Analysis of replies to a questionary on the use of chloroform at the present time. PMID- 18912111 TI - Experiences with chloroform as an anaesthetic agent. PMID- 18912112 TI - Artificial respiration. PMID- 18912113 TI - An analysis of pulmonary complications following anaesthesia and analgesia in 2,064 consecutive cases. PMID- 18912114 TI - Intracisternal injection of procaine. PMID- 18912115 TI - The centennial of chloroform. PMID- 18912116 TI - Pentobarbital sodium-curare induction for endotracheal intubation. PMID- 18912117 TI - The regeneration of soda lime following absorption of carbon dioxide. PMID- 18912118 TI - Rationale and hazards of pressure breathing and oxygen therapy. PMID- 18912119 TI - Endotracheal anesthesia for operations on cleft lip and cleft palate. PMID- 18912120 TI - Anesthesia in surgery of the patent ductus arteriosus. PMID- 18912121 TI - Diaphargmatic paralysis. PMID- 18912122 TI - Adaption of the Albee-Comper table to the prone position for thoracic surgery. PMID- 18912123 TI - Endotracheal anesthesia with sodium pentothal for maxillofacial surgery; report on 48 cases. PMID- 18912124 TI - Premedication and anesthesia in obstetrics-practical aspects. PMID- 18912125 TI - Peppermint flavored topical anesthetics. PMID- 18912126 TI - Apparatus for agitating blood bottle. PMID- 18912127 TI - Progress in the surgical treatment of carcinoma of the oesophagus and upper stomach. PMID- 18912128 TI - Tooth form and function. PMID- 18912129 TI - Surgery of the biliary system. PMID- 18912130 TI - Some observations on the early management of gunshot wounds of the arteries. PMID- 18912131 TI - Reconstruction of opposition digits for mutilated hands. PMID- 18912132 TI - Hirschsprung's disease. PMID- 18912133 TI - Indirect inguinal hernia; a contrast between the sites of recurrence after the simple and after the plastic operation. PMID- 18912134 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912135 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912136 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912137 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912138 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912139 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912140 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912141 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912142 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912143 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912144 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912145 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912146 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912147 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912148 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912149 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912150 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912151 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912152 TI - Hemangioma; an evaluation of treatment by injection and surgery. PMID- 18912153 TI - Surgical correction of developmental deformities of the mandible. PMID- 18912154 TI - Langers lines and facial scars. PMID- 18912155 TI - The surgical treatment of recurrent carcinoma of the breast and chest wall. PMID- 18912156 TI - Construction of skin-tube esophagus, following surgical treatment of tracheoesophageal fistula. PMID- 18912157 TI - Stein-Estlander-Abbe operation; a centenary in plastic surgery. PMID- 18912158 TI - Radical excision and skin grafting of leg ulcers. PMID- 18912159 TI - Tendon transfer to restore abduction of the index finger using the extensor pollicis brevis. PMID- 18912160 TI - Cancellous bone grafts for restoration of nasal contour. PMID- 18912161 TI - Early maxillo-facial surgery, World War II. PMID- 18912162 TI - A point-eyed suture set. PMID- 18912163 TI - A multiple knife for dicing cartilage. PMID- 18912165 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912164 TI - A note on the use of grated cadaver cartilage. PMID- 18912166 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912167 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912168 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912169 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912170 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912171 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912172 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912173 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912174 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912175 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912176 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912177 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912178 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912179 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912180 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912181 TI - TISSUE stage of Plasmodium vivax. PMID- 18912182 TI - Treatment of epidemic typhus with chloromycetin. PMID- 18912183 TI - Studies in tropical ulcer; the aetiology of tropical ulcer. PMID- 18912184 TI - Symposium of leprosy. PMID- 18912185 TI - The eye in leprosy. PMID- 18912186 TI - Three cases of leprosy treated with diasone. PMID- 18912187 TI - The developmental cycle of Hepatocystes (Plasmodium) kochi in the monkey host. PMID- 18912189 TI - Comparative merits of sternum, spleen and liver punctures in the study of human visceral leishmaniasis. PMID- 18912188 TI - Schistosomiasis in the Kota Kota district of Nyasaland. PMID- 18912190 TI - An account of blood count results in Sierra Leone. PMID- 18912192 TI - The surgical treatment of the large elephantoid scrotum. PMID- 18912191 TI - The protein content of cerebrospinal fluid in trypanosomiasis. PMID- 18912194 TI - Results of an investigation of the therapeutic action of paludrine and pamaquin on acute attacks of benign tertian malaria. PMID- 18912195 TI - Results of an investigation of the therapeutic action of pentaquin on acute attacks of benign tertian malaria. PMID- 18912193 TI - Plague controlled in Haifa by the use of DDT alone. PMID- 18912196 TI - Quinine by continuous intravenous drip in the treatment of acute falciparum malaria. PMID- 18912198 TI - Phlebotomus in New Guinea and nearby islands. PMID- 18912197 TI - Failure of neo-arsphenamine in relapsing vivax malaria. PMID- 18912199 TI - Acriflavine in the treatment of schistosomiasis. PMID- 18912200 TI - Sarcoidosis. PMID- 18912201 TI - On the Kveim reaction in Boeck's disease. PMID- 18912202 TI - Sarcoid. PMID- 18912203 TI - Scrotal pneumocele and inguinal hernia complicating pneumoperitoneum therapy. PMID- 18912204 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912205 TI - Coal dust and tuberculosis. PMID- 18912206 TI - Artificial pneumothorax and its complications. PMID- 18912207 TI - Tuberculosis work in the isle of Man. PMID- 18912208 TI - Commonwealth tuberculosis problems. PMID- 18912209 TI - Bismuth plus penicillin in the treatment of experimental syphilis. PMID- 18912210 TI - Penicillin versus penicillin-malaria in the treatment of dementia paralytica. PMID- 18912211 TI - The serologic response in penicillin-treated symptomatic neurosyphilis. PMID- 18912212 TI - Treatment-failures following the use of penicillin in late syphilis. PMID- 18912213 TI - Gummatous osteomyelitis with pathologic fracture complicating general paresis; a report of three cases. PMID- 18912214 TI - Electrophoretic analysis of serum from patients with pinta and yaws. PMID- 18912215 TI - Venereal disease in prostitutes. PMID- 18912216 TI - Alleged penicillin-resistant gonorrhea. PMID- 18912217 TI - The value of roentgenography of the male urethra following infection. PMID- 18912218 TI - Simultaneous herpes zoster and lymphogranuloma venereum. PMID- 18912220 TI - Postwar venereal disease control. PMID- 18912219 TI - Virulence and antigenicity of Hemophilus ducreyi. PMID- 18912221 TI - Enterohepatitis in turkeys; interim report on result of treatments used. PMID- 18912222 TI - Enterohepatitis (blackhead) in turkeys; pentatrichomonas associated with enterohepatitis and its propagation in developing chick embryos. PMID- 18912223 TI - Studies in pullorum disease; response to oral infection with Salmonella pullorum in comparable groups of turkeys and chickens. PMID- 18912224 TI - Experiment on the use of DDT in trypanosomiasis. PMID- 18912225 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912226 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912228 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912227 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912229 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912230 TI - Mycotic infection of the prepuce of the bull. PMID- 18912231 TI - The supplementary feeding of pigs. PMID- 18912232 TI - Phenothiazine over-dosage or idiosyncrasy in equines. PMID- 18912233 TI - A note on the toxicity of zinc chloride. PMID- 18912234 TI - Salmonella dublin infection in adult cattle. PMID- 18912235 TI - Observations on chronic mastitis. PMID- 18912236 TI - Removal of a dermoid from the cornes. PMID- 18912237 TI - Studies of renal function in dogs repeatedly exposed to moderate altitudes. PMID- 18912239 TI - Follow-up study of 1749 neuropsychiatric cases which appeared before the 1st C. M. E. PMID- 18912238 TI - Investigations on the mechanism of changes in the blood during high altitude adaptation in parabiotic rats. PMID- 18912240 TI - Development of new preamplifiers for the existing electroencephalographs. PMID- 18912241 TI - The development of a method for continuous recording of alveolar carbon dioxide tension during the hyperventilation test in routine EEG work; investigation of the relationship between CO2 tension and the appearance of EEG changes. PMID- 18912242 TI - Investigations of handwriting pressure. PMID- 18912243 TI - The cerebral survival time of rabbits in anoxia; effects of previous oxygenation. PMID- 18912244 TI - To investigate the problems of visual perception and recognition of aircraft traveling at trans and supersonic speeds. PMID- 18912245 TI - A study on the visibility of aircraft insignia. PMID- 18912246 TI - Effect of oxygen lack on color saturation thresholds. PMID- 18912247 TI - Validation of auditory acuity standards in Ar 40-110. PMID- 18912248 TI - Effect of listening to aircraft radio for lengthy intervals on auditory acuity. PMID- 18912249 TI - Minimizing thermal trauma to dental nerve tissue. PMID- 18912250 TI - Personnel selection and classification procedures; psychomotor tests. PMID- 18912251 TI - A special amplifier for photo-electric analysis of oxygen saturation of blood. PMID- 18912252 TI - Studies on paleobiology in view of the paleological development of the terrestrial atmosphere. PMID- 18912253 TI - High altitude hypoxia; the autopsy findings in 75 fatal cases and an analysis of the causes of hypoxia. PMID- 18912254 TI - The use of anticoagulant therapy in frostbite with special reference to heparin. PMID- 18912255 TI - STUDIES on asphyxia; effects of carbon dioxide inhalation on an anoxic animal. PMID- 18912256 TI - Effect of various respiratory stimulants on dogs depressed by barbiturates and severe hypoxia. PMID- 18912257 TI - Extent of pathological damage to animals in a cold environment who are explosively decompressed. PMID- 18912258 TI - Selection of appropriate terminology for aeromedical research reporting. PMID- 18912259 TI - Explosive decompression on dogs during pressure breathing. PMID- 18912260 TI - Further investigation on the injection of respiratory catalysts in an attempt to improve anoxia tolerance. PMID- 18912261 TI - Toxicity of antimalarial drugs; therapeutic doses of chloroquine, paludrine, and pentaquine. PMID- 18912262 TI - Construction of a battery of tests for the selection of students for the aviation medical examiner's course. PMID- 18912263 TI - Study of regular Army pilots for years 1920-1941. PMID- 18912264 TI - The role of allergy in altitude sickness. PMID- 18912265 TI - Development of a flight nurses' utility kit. PMID- 18912266 TI - Entrance to and exit from air evacuation aircraft for ambulatory patients. PMID- 18912267 TI - Means of support for therapeutic oxygen cylinders type D-2. PMID- 18912268 TI - Development of an airborne field hospital. PMID- 18912269 TI - Development of a lightweight dental chest. PMID- 18912270 TI - Development of lightweight legs for litters. PMID- 18912271 TI - Development of a lightweight flight examiner's chest. PMID- 18912272 TI - Development of a lightweight autoclave. PMID- 18912273 TI - The nervous system and the segmentation of the head in the Annulata. PMID- 18912274 TI - Effect of nutrition on growth and morphology of the dermatophytes; development of macroconidia in Trichophyton rubrum. PMID- 18912275 TI - The meaning of article 57 of the international rules. PMID- 18912276 TI - Insect reconnaissance in Liberia, West Africa. PMID- 18912277 TI - Growth of the human pituitary fossa. PMID- 18912278 TI - Cultural aspects of birth control in Puerto Rico. PMID- 18912279 TI - A cicatrix of the neck associated with anomalous dental occlusion in one of a pair of monozygous twins. PMID- 18912280 TI - [Saltatory transition in evolution]. PMID- 18912281 TI - [The role of hybridization in variation; influence of the Y-chromosome on the variability of the yellow and achaete loci in Drosophila melanogaster]. PMID- 18912282 TI - [Comparative morphology of the main lymph vessels and lymph nodes of the trunk of primates]. PMID- 18912283 TI - [Studies on the sexual dimorphism of the submandibular gland in mice; time of onset and evolution of the secretory granules of the secretory tubules]. PMID- 18912284 TI - [On the elimination of porphyrins in normal urine]. PMID- 18912286 TI - [Studies estafilocoagulasa, about obtaining the free enzyme of staphylococci]. PMID- 18912285 TI - [Contribution to the knowledgement of Microdontinae neotropics and description of two new species of Nausigaster Williston (Diptera, Syrphidae)]. PMID- 18912287 TI - [Studies on staphylocoagulase; its mechanism of action on plasma coagulation]. PMID- 18912288 TI - [The role of botany in the life of the peoples of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]. PMID- 18912289 TI - Painful shoulder; observations on the role of the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii in its causation. PMID- 18912290 TI - Congenital pseudarthrosis; follow-up study after massive bone-grafting. PMID- 18912291 TI - Peritendinous fibrosis of the dorsum of the hand. PMID- 18912292 TI - Experiences in the treatment of intracapsular fractures of the neck of the femur. PMID- 18912293 TI - Pseudarthrosis in the lumbosacral spine. PMID- 18912294 TI - Cartilaginous-cup arthroplasty in ununited fractures of the neck of the femur. PMID- 18912295 TI - Management of chronic osteomyelitis secondary to compound fractures. PMID- 18912296 TI - A surgical procedure for lymphoedema of the extremities; a follow-up report. PMID- 18912297 TI - Fractures of the lower end of the humerus in children. PMID- 18912298 TI - The cineplastic method in upper-extremity amputations. PMID- 18912299 TI - Lateral skeletal traction in the treatment of forearm fractures. PMID- 18912300 TI - The bridging of bone defects. PMID- 18912301 TI - Carpometacarpal dislocations with particular reference to simultaneous dislocation of the bases of the fourth and fifth metacarpals. PMID- 18912302 TI - Primary closure of compound fracture wounds with immediate internal fixation, immediate skin graft, and compression dressings. PMID- 18912303 TI - Primary anterior congenital dislocation of the hip. PMID- 18912304 TI - Results of treatment of irreducible congenital dislocation of the hip by arthrodesis. PMID- 18912305 TI - Follow-up study of the early treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip. PMID- 18912307 TI - The results of treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip in infancy. PMID- 18912306 TI - The end results of early treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip, with an inquiry into the factors that determine the results. PMID- 18912308 TI - Bone changes in the cat in experimentally produced injury to the peripheral nerves. PMID- 18912309 TI - Contractures following experimentally produced peripheral-nerve lesions. PMID- 18912310 TI - Dislocation of the pisiform. PMID- 18912311 TI - Compression of the spinal cord due to direct extension from a tuberculous pulmonary abscess. PMID- 18912312 TI - Morton's metatarsalgia. PMID- 18912313 TI - The pH of the synovial fluid in the anaesthetized dog under treatment with metrazol or insulin. PMID- 18912314 TI - Mechanical retardation of bone growth. PMID- 18912315 TI - Lateral view of the pelvis in examination for hip dislocation. PMID- 18912317 TI - Skeletal hemangio-endothelioma; a case report. PMID- 18912316 TI - Spike osteotomy for the correction of varus and rotary deformities of the hip. PMID- 18912318 TI - A skull-traction apparatus. PMID- 18912319 TI - The development of present-day knowledge of congenital dislocation of the hip. PMID- 18912320 TI - Congenital dislocation of the hip. PMID- 18912321 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912322 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912323 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912324 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912325 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912326 TI - Studies on the coronary circulation; collateral circulation of beating human and dog hearts with coronary occlusion. PMID- 18912327 TI - The diagnosis of mitral insufficiency in rheumatic children. PMID- 18912328 TI - The relation of unipolar limb leads to precordial and esophageal leads. PMID- 18912329 TI - A new electronic method for simultaneous recording of the ballisto cardiograph and electrocardiograph. PMID- 18912330 TI - Seasonal variations in heart and coronary disease as related to various environmental factors. PMID- 18912331 TI - A note on the importance of proper technique in the recording of the precordial electrocardiogram; the description of an important source of error. PMID- 18912332 TI - Observations on the effects on the lungs of respiratory air flow resistance in dogs with special reference to vagotomy. PMID- 18912333 TI - Measurement of the total transverse diameter of the heart by direct percussion. PMID- 18912334 TI - Intensity and duration of action of quinidine sulfate in auricular fibrillation and flutter as measured by the rate of the circus movement. PMID- 18912335 TI - Experiences with a new synthetic analgesic, amidone; its action on ischemic pains of occlusive arterial diseases. PMID- 18912336 TI - Electrocardiographic changes in pulmonary collapse therapy; artificial pneumothorax. PMID- 18912337 TI - Neoplastic involvement of pericardium producing the syndrome of constrictive pericarditis. PMID- 18912338 TI - Congenital pulmonary stenosis. PMID- 18912339 TI - Cellular pathology of endothelium. PMID- 18912340 TI - The pathogenic patterns of arterial hypertension. PMID- 18912341 TI - Vascularization of the aorta in different species in health and disease. PMID- 18912342 TI - A study of the blood lipids in omnivorous animals. PMID- 18912343 TI - Renal vascular and diodrast Tm changes with age. PMID- 18912344 TI - Changes in the coagulability of the blood in arteriosclerosis obliterans of the extremities. PMID- 18912345 TI - The effect of arteriosclerosis on the dynamics of hypertension in the aged. PMID- 18912346 TI - Diabetes and arteriosclerosis in youth. PMID- 18912347 TI - Studies of the effect of lipotropic agents in experimental cholesterol atherosclerosis in the rabbit. PMID- 18912348 TI - Thyroid and experimental atherosclerosis in the chicken. PMID- 18912349 TI - Therapeutic outlooks in atheromatosis. PMID- 18912350 TI - Cholesterol and cholesterol ester levels in acute myocardial infarction. PMID- 18912351 TI - Dissecting aortic aneurysm; pathogenesis and surgical significance. PMID- 18912352 TI - Intravenous ether; a new approach to the therapy of arteriosclerosis. PMID- 18912353 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912354 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912355 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912356 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912357 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912358 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912359 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912360 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912361 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912362 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912363 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912364 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912365 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912366 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912367 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912368 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912369 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912370 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912371 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912372 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912373 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912374 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912375 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912376 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912377 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912378 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912380 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912379 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912381 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912382 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912383 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912384 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912385 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912386 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912387 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912388 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912390 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912389 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912391 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912392 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912393 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912394 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912395 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912396 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912397 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912398 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912399 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912400 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912401 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912402 TI - Foaming of mixtures of hydrocarbons. PMID- 18912403 TI - Heredity and environment. PMID- 18912404 TI - The effect of alkaline electrolytes on micelle formation in soap solutions. PMID- 18912405 TI - Coagulation of hydrous ferric oxide sols by electrolytes. PMID- 18912406 TI - The fixing of molecular orientation. PMID- 18912407 TI - Radiation chemistry; effect of molecular size. PMID- 18912408 TI - Beryllium fluoride in water and ethanol solutions. PMID- 18912409 TI - The effect of temperature and impurities on certain photochemical reactions in solids. PMID- 18912410 TI - Studies on the aging of precipitates and coprecipitation; the solubility of lead chromate as a function of the particle size. PMID- 18912411 TI - Beaker-type centrifugal sedimentation of subsieve solid-liquid dispersions; theory. PMID- 18912412 TI - The osmotic behavior of some colloidal electrolytes as determined by means of the Hill-Baldes vapor-tension apparatus. PMID- 18912413 TI - Diffusion across oil-water interfaces. PMID- 18912414 TI - On the experimental bases for the calculation of the sulfuric acid vapor pressure above the sulfuric acid-water system. PMID- 18912415 TI - [Analysis of the fatty oil of abyssinian basil-weed seeds]. PMID- 18912416 TI - [Depolarization with sulphurous gas in the process of electrolytic extraction of copper from the sulphate solutions]. PMID- 18912417 TI - [Condensation of melamin with formaldehyde and preparation of the melamin formaldehyde resins and plastic masses based on these resins]. PMID- 18912418 TI - [Contribution to the problem of determining the specific surface of cements after karman's method]. PMID- 18912419 TI - [Watersoluble alkalies in portland cements]. PMID- 18912420 TI - [Analysis of slightly soluble crystalline precipitates; magnesium hydroxide]. PMID- 18912421 TI - [Chemosorption theory; on the kinetics of the scrubber process under high reaction rates]. PMID- 18912422 TI - [Electrochemical conditioning of iron network for the preparation of reinforced glass]. PMID- 18912423 TI - [Study of some properties of the storage battery red lead]. PMID- 18912424 TI - [Role of the coke ash constituents in graphitization]. PMID- 18912425 TI - [Preparation of nicotinic acid (vitamin P.P.)]. PMID- 18912426 TI - [Study of catalytic properties of bentonite; preparation of esters (butylacetata)]. PMID- 18912427 TI - [Comparative evaluation of viscous properties of caustic magnesite and caustic dolomite]. PMID- 18912428 TI - [Preparation of the penta-erithrite ether of rosin]. PMID- 18912429 TI - [Contribution to the technology of synthesis of the film-forming etheroderivatives under conditions of a high temperature kerosene oxidation]. PMID- 18912430 TI - [Reduction of chloronitrodiphenylamines with sodium sulphate]. PMID- 18912431 TI - [5-Alkyl-5-gamma-chlorocrotylbarbituric acids]. PMID- 18912432 TI - [Chemical composition and efficiency of the nenoksa saline source]. PMID- 18912433 TI - Energy levels of light nuclei. PMID- 18912434 TI - The actinide elements and the chemistry of plutonium. PMID- 18912435 TI - MANHATTAN District documents. PMID- 18912436 TI - Dosage determination with radioactive isotopes. PMID- 18912437 TI - The origin of cosmic rays. PMID- 18912438 TI - Vitamin preparation for diabetics. PMID- 18912439 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912440 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912441 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912442 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912443 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912444 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912445 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912446 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912447 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912448 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912449 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912450 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912452 TI - Suggestions leading to a better professional relationship between the general practitioner and the orthodontist. PMID- 18912451 TI - Oral health services during the period of the primary dentition. PMID- 18912453 TI - Management of a pedodontic practice. PMID- 18912454 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912455 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912456 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912457 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912458 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912459 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912460 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912462 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912461 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912463 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912464 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912465 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912466 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912467 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912468 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912469 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912470 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912471 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912472 TI - Microscopic grading of cancer and its practical implication. PMID- 18912473 TI - Cutaneous manifestations of gonococcic infection; keratosis blennorrhagica treated with penicillin. PMID- 18912474 TI - Acanthosis nigricans and its association with cancer. PMID- 18912475 TI - Role of the liver in congestive eczema. PMID- 18912476 TI - Relation of keratosis seborrheica and keratosis senilis to vitamin A deficiency. PMID- 18912477 TI - Tuberculosis miliaris disseminata chronica in the Negro. PMID- 18912478 TI - Lupus erythematosus profundus (Kaposi-Irgang) historical review and report of a case. PMID- 18912479 TI - Urticaria caused by heat, exertion and excitement; report on 22 cases among American soldiers in Japan. PMID- 18912480 TI - Epidermal absorption of drugs. PMID- 18912481 TI - Status of erythema elevatum diutinum. PMID- 18912482 TI - Cheese mite dermatitis occurring in the United States. PMID- 18912483 TI - Vogt-Koyanagi syndrome. PMID- 18912484 TI - Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus of the vulva. PMID- 18912485 TI - Surgical management of onychauxis and onychogryposis. PMID- 18912486 TI - Rat bite fever caused by Spirillum minus treated with penicillin; report of a case. PMID- 18912487 TI - Arsenical treatment for pemphigus. PMID- 18912488 TI - Chromoblastomycosis in Panama; report of a new case and a new clinical form. PMID- 18912489 TI - Hesperidin and hesperidin with ascorbic acid in treatment of psoriasis. PMID- 18912490 TI - Phthirus pubis infestation of the scalp and cilia in young children; report of five additional cases. PMID- 18912491 TI - Thioglycollate cold wave process. PMID- 18912492 TI - Concealment of cutaneous blemishes. PMID- 18912493 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912494 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912495 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912496 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912497 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912498 TI - Mordanting plant tissues. PMID- 18912499 TI - Phase microscopy in bacteriology. PMID- 18912500 TI - Histological technic for cerebellar climbing and mossy fibers. PMID- 18912501 TI - Differentiation of myofibrillae, reticular and collagenous fibrils in vertebrates. PMID- 18912502 TI - Impregnation of oligodendroglia in nervous tissue kept in formalin for many years. PMID- 18912503 TI - A simplified and convenient method for the double-embedding of tissues. PMID- 18912504 TI - Food contamination and potential dangers to public health. PMID- 18912505 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912506 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912507 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912509 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912508 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912510 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912511 TI - Improving frozen foods through microbiological control. PMID- 18912512 TI - Ion exchange finds new uses. PMID- 18912513 TI - Historical background for the nutritional treatment of metabolic diseases. PMID- 18912515 TI - Exhibit planning and analysis. PMID- 18912514 TI - Food and its emotional significance. PMID- 18912516 TI - Effect on bacterial growth of various methods of cooling cooked foods. PMID- 18912517 TI - Nutritional status of children; blood serum protein. PMID- 18912518 TI - Nutritional status of children; blood serum vitamin A and carotenoids. PMID- 18912519 TI - Ascorbic acid content of food served in a Royal Canadian Air Force mess. PMID- 18912520 TI - VITAMIN D requirements of sheep. PMID- 18912521 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912522 TI - Anion exchange resin in the treatment of peptic ulcer. PMID- 18912523 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912524 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912525 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912526 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912527 TI - Peptic ulcer and pregnancy; four cases and a review of the literature. PMID- 18912528 TI - Dysentery, colitis and diarrhoea in Japanese civilian prison camps in the Philippines during World War II; primary, concurrent and recurrent dysentery. PMID- 18912529 TI - X-ray examination of the vermiform appendix. PMID- 18912530 TI - Endometriosis of the ileum. PMID- 18912531 TI - Protein supplementation in gastrointestinal diets. PMID- 18912532 TI - Studies in serum electrolytes; changes in the serum and body fluids in anorexia nervosa. PMID- 18912533 TI - A diurnal rhythm in the excretion of neutral reducing lipids by man and its relation to the 17-ketosteroid rhythm. PMID- 18912534 TI - Effects of starvation on sex hormones in the male. PMID- 18912535 TI - The rapid rat test for pregnancy; the ovarian hyperemia response as a routine diagnostic procedure. PMID- 18912536 TI - Adrenal cortical hormone excretion in endocrine and nonendocrine disease as measured by chemical assay. PMID- 18912537 TI - Relation of obesity to the function of the thyroid gland, especially as indicated by the protein-bound iodine concentration in the plasma. PMID- 18912539 TI - Death on the roads; an analysis of 200 fatal traffic accidents. PMID- 18912538 TI - Studies on anti-hormone specificity with particular reference to gonadotropic therapy in the female. PMID- 18912540 TI - Truth in the evaluation of crime. PMID- 18912541 TI - Medico-legal experiences in Germany. PMID- 18912543 TI - The truth about genetics; Pravda discusses antipatriotic acts under the guise of scientific criticism. PMID- 18912542 TI - Sex-linked hemophilia in dogs. PMID- 18912544 TI - Further data on symphalangism. PMID- 18912545 TI - Linkage of white and waved-1. PMID- 18912546 TI - Inherited visceral inversion in mice. PMID- 18912547 TI - Human values and family policy. PMID- 18912548 TI - [Semmelweis and his doctrine]. PMID- 18912549 TI - [Mechanism of self-cleansing of the genital apparatus in the process of delivery]. PMID- 18912550 TI - [Magnesium sulfate in the therapy of post-delivery diseases]. PMID- 18912551 TI - [Intrauterine infection of the foetus]. PMID- 18912552 TI - [Blood transfusion in acute hemorrhage during delivery]. PMID- 18912553 TI - [Treatment of obstinate secondary amenorrhea with transfusions of blood of pregnant women]. PMID- 18912554 TI - [Therapeutic use of placenta]. PMID- 18912555 TI - [Treatment of hemorrhagic metropathy with male sexual hormone]. PMID- 18912556 TI - [Improvement of the qualifications of obstetricians and gynecologists in rural practice]. PMID- 18912557 TI - [Obstetrical statistics]. PMID- 18912558 TI - [Prevention of post partum infectious diseases]. PMID- 18912559 TI - [Case of combined uterine and extra-uterine pregnancy]. PMID- 18912560 TI - [Hysterectomy for the treatment of anaerobic infection caused by abortion]. PMID- 18912561 TI - [Case of perforative appendicitis with diffuse peritonitis during the delivery]. PMID- 18912562 TI - [Case of breech presentation in a vaginal anomaly]. PMID- 18912563 TI - [Treatment of renal diseases and eclampsia as a preventive method]. PMID- 18912564 TI - [Case of a uterus duplex]. PMID- 18912565 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912566 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912567 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912568 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912569 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912570 TI - An introduction to medical terminology, Greek and Latin derivations. PMID- 18912574 TI - Some common congenital deformities of the toe in adults. PMID- 18912575 TI - Chiropodial mechanics, with special reference to the use of perspex. PMID- 18912576 TI - A technique for making moulded leather appliances to plaster casts of the feet. PMID- 18912577 TI - Foot correctives and orthopaedic adjustments of footwear. PMID- 18912578 TI - The similia in general pediatric practice. PMID- 18912579 TI - Allergy in pediatrics. PMID- 18912580 TI - The end results of poor obstetrics. PMID- 18912581 TI - Trigger factors in common fungus infections. PMID- 18912582 TI - The osteopathic management of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. PMID- 18912585 TI - EUROPEAN hospital design and planning. PMID- 18912584 TI - Medical extension at Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary. PMID- 18912583 TI - The Weltmann reaction. PMID- 18912586 TI - Hospital cost accounts in Holland. PMID- 18912587 TI - Assault by mental patients; problems of liability. PMID- 18912588 TI - Medical records department; principles of organisation. PMID- 18912589 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912591 TI - The crisis is coming in hospital finances. PMID- 18912590 TI - What are the brain waves saying? PMID- 18912592 TI - The group clinic; a pattern for the future. PMID- 18912593 TI - Estimating equipment costs for tomorrow's hospitals. PMID- 18912594 TI - It's hospital day all year round at Dallas Health Museum. PMID- 18912595 TI - Television, newest aid in teaching surgery. PMID- 18912596 TI - Architectural problems in designing a tuberculosis service. PMID- 18912597 TI - Allocation of duties to different types of nursing personnel. PMID- 18912599 TI - The hospital and its delinquent accounts. PMID- 18912598 TI - Professional and staff problems in operating psychiatric units. PMID- 18912600 TI - PHOTOGRAPHING of newborn is hospital innovation. PMID- 18912601 TI - The role of the general hospital. PMID- 18912602 TI - Admitting procedures. PMID- 18912603 TI - The predisposition for immunity. PMID- 18912604 TI - Lymphocytopenia in rabbits following intravenous injection of influenzal virus. PMID- 18912605 TI - A note on enzyme-purified antitoxin and anaphylaxis in guinea pigs. PMID- 18912606 TI - An improved benzene extracted complement fixing antigen applied to the diagnosis of the arthropod-borne virus encephalitides. PMID- 18912607 TI - Studies on the toxicity of influenzal viruses; immunization of mice against the toxic activity of influenzal viruses; a new potency test for the assay of vaccines of influenzal virus. PMID- 18912608 TI - Studies on the interference phenomenon with certain members of the psittacosis lymphogranuloma group of viruses. PMID- 18912609 TI - A single-dilution method for the estimation of LD50 titers of the psittacosis-LGV group of viruses in chick embryos. PMID- 18912610 TI - Statistical analysis of factors affecting the susceptibility of chick embryos to eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus. PMID- 18912612 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912611 TI - Some factors influencing the selection of a complement-fixation method; a comparison of two quantitative technics, and an alternative method of expressing serum-dilution titer. PMID- 18912613 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912614 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912615 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912616 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912617 TI - Color characteristics of human complexions. PMID- 18912618 TI - An analysis of reflected glare. PMID- 18912619 TI - Technique of using the Luckiesh-Moss visibility meter. PMID- 18912620 TI - Repetitive flashing of hot cathode fluorescent lamps. PMID- 18912621 TI - The measurement of illumination and brightness in a classroom. PMID- 18912623 TI - The illuminant in textile color matching; an illuminant to satisfy preferred conditions of daylight-match. PMID- 18912622 TI - Footcandle levels; threshold, ideal, optimum and recommended. PMID- 18912624 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912625 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912627 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912626 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912628 TI - The East African labourer. PMID- 18912629 TI - The control of Onchocerca volvulus. PMID- 18912630 TI - Recent work in Southern Rhodesia on schistosomiasis. PMID- 18912631 TI - A proposed study of conjugal leprosy with reference to contagion and hereditary susceptibility. PMID- 18912632 TI - Immunobiologic anomalies in leprosy. PMID- 18912633 TI - Antimony in the treatment of leprosy. PMID- 18912634 TI - A biological reaction for demonstration of a specific body X in the urine of tumorous patients. PMID- 18912635 TI - General considerations on the pathogenesis of virus myocarditis. PMID- 18912636 TI - The influence of hot weather on insufficiency of the spine. PMID- 18912637 TI - Leiomyoma of the small intestine. PMID- 18912638 TI - Endocrinal glands as organs of defense against damage of unusual stress. PMID- 18912639 TI - A new test for the successfully performed vagotomy in ulcer disease. PMID- 18912640 TI - The evaluation of different grafts (autogenous, homogenous, and others) for the repair of saddle noses. PMID- 18912642 TI - Medical and vital statistics. PMID- 18912643 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912641 TI - Antihistamines as anti-allergy remedies. PMID- 18912644 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912645 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912646 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912647 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912648 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912649 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912650 TI - Virus etiology of malignant tumors. PMID- 18912651 TI - Early treatment of esophageal burns in children. PMID- 18912652 TI - Polypi of the esophagus. PMID- 18912653 TI - Treatment of acute nephritis. PMID- 18912654 TI - Living and dead cells under the ultraviolet microscope. PMID- 18912655 TI - Experimental phobia. PMID- 18912656 TI - [The problem of the duodenal stump in gastric surgery]. PMID- 18912658 TI - Some liver disorders. PMID- 18912657 TI - [Observations upon intestinal parasites in 2556 commercial workers, with special reference to patients with cysts of Endamoeba histolytica]. PMID- 18912659 TI - Classification of leprosy. PMID- 18912660 TI - Therapeutic uses of nicotinic acid. PMID- 18912661 TI - Experiences gained from the study' of anaemia cases at Wardha. PMID- 18912662 TI - My experience in ophthalmology. PMID- 18912663 TI - Acne vulgaris. PMID- 18912664 TI - Collapse therapy. PMID- 18912665 TI - Spermatorrhoea. PMID- 18912666 TI - Granulocytopenia. PMID- 18912667 TI - A case of ecthymatous variety of syphilitic rash. PMID- 18912669 TI - An unusual case of pyrexia with malario-typho-pneumonic symptoms. PMID- 18912668 TI - A case of datura poisoning by local action. PMID- 18912670 TI - My mistakes. PMID- 18912671 TI - A case of meningitis. PMID- 18912672 TI - Short notes on the diagnosis and treatment of kala azar. PMID- 18912673 TI - Role of radiology in the diagnosis of congenital heart disease. PMID- 18912674 TI - Mineral metabolism and nutrition. PMID- 18912675 TI - Fluorosis problem; a critical review. PMID- 18912676 TI - The place of vasectomy in leprosy control. PMID- 18912677 TI - Ante-natal screening of isoimmunization cases. PMID- 18912678 TI - Outlines of medical treatment in general practice with recent advances. PMID- 18912679 TI - Manifestation of ascaris lumbricoides. PMID- 18912680 TI - An interesting case of plague. PMID- 18912681 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912682 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912683 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912684 TI - [Fracture (caused fracture) in obstetric therapy]. PMID- 18912685 TI - [Differential diagnosis between uterine pregnancy and uterine fibroid with red degeneration]. PMID- 18912686 TI - [Holandric Inheritance in man]. PMID- 18912687 TI - [Current concepts upon barbiturates and brominated medication]. PMID- 18912688 TI - [Considerations upon the metaloterapia declared cancer]. PMID- 18912689 TI - [The creation of the physician]. PMID- 18912690 TI - [Considerations upon the myxoma of rabbits and its relationship with human tumors]. PMID- 18912691 TI - [Pollen allergy; air pollen counts in the city of Santos]. PMID- 18912692 TI - [Vitamins, nutritional factors in therapy]. PMID- 18912693 TI - Surgical teaching in America. PMID- 18912694 TI - The Public Health Laboratory Service; origin and development of public health laboratories. PMID- 18912695 TI - The Guterman test in threatened abortion; a report based on 100 consecutive cases. PMID- 18912696 TI - The Guterman test for pregnancy. PMID- 18912697 TI - Hydrolysis of protein in cartilage and bone. PMID- 18912698 TI - The yearly re-examination of a factory group by mass miniature radiography. PMID- 18912700 TI - Human poliomyelitis and canine encephalitis. PMID- 18912699 TI - Transmission of syphilis. PMID- 18912701 TI - Rectal and vaginal temperatures. PMID- 18912702 TI - Harrison's grooves. PMID- 18912703 TI - Central placenta praevia. PMID- 18912704 TI - Folic acid. PMID- 18912705 TI - Acute intussusception in childhood. PMID- 18912706 TI - An unusual case of adrenal carcinoma with a note on the application of a new colour test. PMID- 18912707 TI - Adrenal feminism due to carcinoma of the adrenal cortex; a case report and review of the literature. PMID- 18912708 TI - Idiosyncrasy to d-tubocurarine chloride. PMID- 18912709 TI - Perforation of the posterior fornix and pouch of Douglas during coitus. PMID- 18912710 TI - British medical libraries. PMID- 18912711 TI - A transparent third hand. PMID- 18912712 TI - Anti-Rh serum nomenclature. PMID- 18912713 TI - Scepsis scientifica. PMID- 18912714 TI - Treatment of phlebothrombosis. PMID- 18912716 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912715 TI - Thiouracil in toxic goitre. PMID- 18912717 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912718 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912719 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912720 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912721 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912722 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912724 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912723 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912725 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912726 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912727 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912728 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912729 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912730 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912731 TI - The practical application of refraction. PMID- 18912732 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912734 TI - Ovarian tumors. PMID- 18912733 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912735 TI - Atelectasis. PMID- 18912736 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912737 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912738 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912739 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912740 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912741 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912742 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912743 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912744 TI - SUMMARY of the fight against tuberculosis on Bornholm. PMID- 18912745 TI - Psychosomatic aspects of childbirth. PMID- 18912746 TI - Environmental factors in public health. PMID- 18912747 TI - How to examine a joint. PMID- 18912748 TI - SURVEY of tuberculosis in Trinidad and Tobago. PMID- 18912749 TI - Postabortional tetanus; a case report. PMID- 18912750 TI - The treatment of duodenal fistula; a case report. PMID- 18912751 TI - Cholangiectasis with rupture of hepatic duct through surface of liver. PMID- 18912752 TI - Tuberculous epididymitis in a child aged 19 months. PMID- 18912753 TI - Uterine carcinoma with metastasis to the glands of the neck; report of two cases. PMID- 18912754 TI - The ratio method of diagnosis of electrical axis deviation; a simplification of Einthoven's triangle. PMID- 18912755 TI - Nutritional value of food yeast (Torula utilis). PMID- 18912756 TI - Cardiac mensuration. PMID- 18912757 TI - The diagnosis of brucellosis. PMID- 18912759 TI - A practical approach to the problem of epidemic ringworm of the scalp. PMID- 18912758 TI - Fundus changes in blood dyscrasias. PMID- 18912760 TI - Painless labor with heavy nupercaine. PMID- 18912761 TI - Puerperal subperitoneal hematoma; case report. PMID- 18912762 TI - Medicine and the future. PMID- 18912763 TI - Antocoagulants. PMID- 18912764 TI - Severe systemic sarcoidosis with ascites and splenomegaly. PMID- 18912765 TI - Diverticula arising at the pharyngoesophageal junction; discussion of the disease and presentation of an unusual case. PMID- 18912766 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912767 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912768 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912769 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912770 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912771 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912772 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912773 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912774 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912775 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912776 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912778 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912777 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912779 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912780 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912781 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912782 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912783 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912784 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912785 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912786 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912787 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912788 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912789 TI - Backache. PMID- 18912790 TI - The cod liver oil treatment of wounds. PMID- 18912791 TI - Pathology of Central African natives; Mulago Hospital post mortem studies. PMID- 18912792 TI - Notes on a poisonous East African species of wild cucumber (Cucumis aculeatus). PMID- 18912793 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912794 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912795 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912796 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912797 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912798 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912799 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912800 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912801 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912802 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912803 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912804 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912805 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912806 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912807 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912808 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912809 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912810 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912811 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912812 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912813 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912814 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912815 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912816 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912817 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912818 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912819 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912820 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912821 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912822 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912823 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912824 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912825 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912827 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912826 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912828 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912829 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912831 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912830 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912832 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912833 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912834 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912835 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912836 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912837 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912838 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912839 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912840 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912841 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912843 TI - Lymphoblastoma simulating polycystic kidney disease. PMID- 18912842 TI - The use of ether intravenously in peripheral arterial occlusive disease; a preliminary report. PMID- 18912844 TI - Acute appendicitis in pregnancy. PMID- 18912846 TI - Multiple primary malignancies with case illustrations. PMID- 18912845 TI - A statistical study of four years of hysterectomy at the Grace Hospital, Detroit, Michigan. PMID- 18912847 TI - The shear stress action of jejunal diverticula causing intestinal obstruction. PMID- 18912848 TI - A report on endometriosis. PMID- 18912849 TI - Report of cleft palate and harelip in uniovular twins. PMID- 18912850 TI - The clinical value of liver function tests. PMID- 18912851 TI - Penicillin treatment of hematogenous osteomyelitis in children. PMID- 18912852 TI - The problem of haematogenous osteomyelitis [in children] under penicillin treatment. PMID- 18912853 TI - Acute renal failure. PMID- 18912854 TI - A case of multiple saccate aneurysmata of the aorta. PMID- 18912855 TI - Six cases of malformation of the uterus. PMID- 18912856 TI - Protein nutrition and emetine tolerance. PMID- 18912857 TI - News from TB laboratory. PMID- 18912858 TI - An epidemic of leptospirosis bovis in men. PMID- 18912859 TI - Epidemiological and serological observations in an outbreak of bovine leptospirosis in men. PMID- 18912861 TI - The air transport of sick and wounded. PMID- 18912860 TI - Clinical and anatomical contribution to the forced grasping syndrome. PMID- 18912862 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912863 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912864 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912865 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912866 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912867 TI - The privately endowed medical schools; their present and future financing. PMID- 18912868 TI - Medical education in Germany and Austria. PMID- 18912869 TI - Medical education in Latin America. PMID- 18912870 TI - Licensure evaluation of European medical graduates. PMID- 18912871 TI - Present status of National Science Foundation legislation. PMID- 18912872 TI - CONTAMINATED dextrose solution, a warning. PMID- 18912873 TI - Nutritional requirements during pregnancy and lactation. PMID- 18912874 TI - Physical treatment of arthritis. PMID- 18912875 TI - Physical medicine in the treatment of the aged. PMID- 18912876 TI - Physical medicine and the lame back. PMID- 18912877 TI - Physical treatment of common dermatologic lesions. PMID- 18912878 TI - Physical medicine in the treatment of fractures. PMID- 18912879 TI - Radical resection of head of pancreas and total pancreatectomy. PMID- 18912880 TI - Hemorrhagic diathesis in Hiroshima Nagasaki and at Bikini atomic bomb test. PMID- 18912882 TI - History of the pioneer doctors of Pulaski County. PMID- 18912883 TI - Primary tularemia of the lungs masquerading as other forms of lung pathology. PMID- 18912881 TI - The evolution of vitamin M (folic acid). PMID- 18912884 TI - Serological changes occurring in primary atypical pneumonia of undetermined etiology. PMID- 18912885 TI - The etiological factors of asphyxia neonatorum. PMID- 18912886 TI - Methods of determining the time of ovulation. PMID- 18912887 TI - The present status of vagotomy; in peptic ulcer. PMID- 18912888 TI - Weight changes in pregnancy. PMID- 18912889 TI - Ulcerative colitis and the personality. PMID- 18912890 TI - The antibody response in rabbits to killed suspensions of pathogenic T. pallidum. AB - The intravenous injection into rabbits of suspensions of dead T. pallidum derived from rabbit testicular chancres regularly caused the appearance of Wassermann and flocculation antibodies in significantly increased titer. Control suspensions of cultured treponemes (Reiter strain) added to extracts of normal testes were ineffective. This suggests that the Wassermann and flocculation reagin elaborated during syphilitic infection may be an antibody to T. pallidum which happens to cross-react with alcoholic extracts of mammalian tissue. The antisera did not cause the agglutination of suspensions of pathogenic T. pallidum, living or dead, did not give specific complement fixation with those suspensions, and did not usually cause the living treponemata to lose their infectiousness. Animals immunized with such aqueous suspensions for as long as 4 months, or with organisms suspended in a water-in-oil emulsion, were not demonstrably resistant to infection. As few as ten living organisms inoculated intradermally into animals "immunized" with as many as 38 billion dead treponemata regularly produced typical darkfield positive infections; and two of five animals inoculated intratesticularly with ten organisms were also infected. The contradiction involved in the production of antibodies cross-reacting with a non specific antigen, and the non-appearance of specific antibodies against the organism used as antigen, is discussed in the text. PMID- 18912891 TI - The inhibitory effect of polysaccharide on mumps virus multiplication. AB - Polysaccharides derived from type-specific Friedlander bacilli cause inhibition of the multiplication of mumps virus in the allantoic sac of the chick embryo. As little as 5 microg. of polysaccharide is effective as an inhibitor. Inhibition of multiplication is obtained when polysaccharide is injected as long as 4 days after inoculation of virus. Chemical studies have shown that the structural configurations of the polysaccharide responsible for specific serological activity are not identical with those which determine the inhibitory effect relative to mumps virus. The possible mechanisms of the inhibition of viral multiplication by means of polysaccharides are discussed. PMID- 18912892 TI - The effect of polysaccharides on the reaction between erythrocytes and viruses, with particular reference to mumps virus. AB - Polysaccharides which cause inhibition of the multiplication of mumps virus in the allantoic sac may or may not cause inhibition of hemagglutination by the virus. Moreover, such substances may or may not prevent adsorption of the virus by erythrocytes. The available evidence indicates that polysaccharides active as inhibitors do not block adsorption of mumps virus by cells of the living allantoic membrane. With influenza A, influenza B, and Newcastle disease viruses, as well as with PVM, there also appears to be a lack of correlation between the in vitro and in vivo inhibiting activity of polysaccharides. PMID- 18912893 TI - An osmotic system within the cytoplasm of cells. AB - The cytoplasm of cells of the liver and of the kidney is in large part occupied by bodies which respond to the water content of these cells and are modified by dissolved substances in the surrounding fluid or by physical change such as freezing. These bodies, in part mitochondria but designated more broadly cytochondria, constitute an osmotic system within the cytoplasm of cells. When the specific gravity of liver or kidney tissue is used as an index of changes in the water content of tissue, swelling of cytochondria in general follows the intake of water but this relation may be modified by a variety of conditions. When liver that has been frozen and thawed is immersed in water, cytochondria become swollen though the containing cells diminish in size. Solutions of sodium and of potassium chloride isotonic with blood plasma cause delayed swelling of cells and cytochondria, greater with the potassium salt; solutions of calcium chloride of equal molar concentration cause immediate swelling of cells and cytochondria. The basophile material of the cytoplasm (ribonucleic acid and related substances) and the material that gives to mitochondria their characteristic stain are removed by immersion in water but their disappearance is retarded by isotonic solutions of sodium or of potassium chloride and further delayed by hypertonic solutions. When the intensity of staining reactions is diminished by the partial loss of basophile substance or of the distinctive mitochondrial material, these are found at the surfaces of the cytoplasmic bodies, held perhaps by adsorption. When water, isotonic solutions of sodium chloride, or Ringer's solution comes into contact with immersed liver, they remove basophile and mitochondrial material from a superficial zone and substances with similar staining reactions appear in the cytoplasm of cells at a deeper level. Osmotic changes in the cytoplasmic bodies may be reversible. When liver tissue which has been for a short time immersed in water is transferred to a solution that is approximately isotonic in relation to blood plasma, swollen cytochondria return in part or completely to their former size; but with continued immersion in water, this reversibility becomes increasingly less complete. PMID- 18912895 TI - Effects resulting from atomic bomb explosion. PMID- 18912894 TI - The inactivation of biologically active proteins, and the virus of western equine encephalomyelitis by periodic acid. AB - The action of periodic acid on two biologically active proteins, crystalline ribonuclease and pneumococcus Type III immune globulin, and on the virus of Western equine encephalomyelitis has been studied. The biological activity of the two proteins and the pathogenic action of the virus were destroyed by the reagent; the specific antigenicity of the immune globulin was retained, however, but that of the equine virus was lost. The bearing of these reactions on the chemical alteration of the respective substances has been discussed. PMID- 18912896 TI - Cervical lesions; diagnosis of malignant disease by vaginal smear. PMID- 18912897 TI - Medical management of essential hypertension. PMID- 18912898 TI - Diabetes in pregnancy. PMID- 18912899 TI - Environmental care for children with rheumatic fever. PMID- 18912900 TI - Headaches. PMID- 18912901 TI - Some problems of therapy in psychosomatic disease. PMID- 18912902 TI - The management of squint. PMID- 18912903 TI - Exfoliative dermatitis. PMID- 18912904 TI - Scalenus anticus syndrome; a consideration of diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 18912905 TI - Evidence of contact spread of poliomyelitis. PMID- 18912906 TI - Pregnancy in a rudimentary horn with case report. PMID- 18912907 TI - Observations on caudal and intravenous analgesia in obstetrics. PMID- 18912908 TI - The causes and cure of backache. PMID- 18912909 TI - [Hemoosteopathy; the purpose of a clinical case]. PMID- 18912910 TI - [Individual medicine and collective medicine]. PMID- 18912911 TI - [Mechanism of secondary hemorrhage in the spleen ruptures]. PMID- 18912912 TI - [Aspects of social medicine in relation to the Rerum Novarum and Quadragesimo Anno encyclicals]. PMID- 18912913 TI - [Chemistry and Biology of immunity in the study]. PMID- 18912914 TI - [Situations in acute asthma and heart disease]. PMID- 18912915 TI - [A new method for the early diagnosis of typhoid fever in similar processes]. PMID- 18912916 TI - [The activity of a service histopathological diagnosis]. PMID- 18912917 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912918 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912919 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912920 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912921 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912922 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912923 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912924 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912925 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912926 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912928 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912927 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912929 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912930 TI - The treatment of epilepsy. PMID- 18912931 TI - Physiologic therapy in diseases of the respiratory system. PMID- 18912932 TI - Tumors of the twelfth nerve; report of two cases. PMID- 18912933 TI - Spread of infection from face and jaws; anatomic considerations. PMID- 18912934 TI - Phlegmon of the floor of the mouth (Ludwig's angina). PMID- 18912935 TI - Spread of infection from the jaws to the submaxillary region; clinical considerations. PMID- 18912936 TI - Common nasal allergies; diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 18912937 TI - Ophthalmological problems in general practice. PMID- 18912938 TI - The treatment of urinary incontinence. PMID- 18912939 TI - Pericarditis simulating coronary occlusion. PMID- 18912940 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912941 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912942 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912944 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912943 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912945 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912946 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912947 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912948 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912949 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912950 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912952 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912951 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912953 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912954 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912955 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912956 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912957 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912958 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912959 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912960 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912961 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912962 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912963 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912964 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912965 TI - A dermoid cyst of the lesser omentum. PMID- 18912966 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912967 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912968 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912969 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912970 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912971 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912972 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912973 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912974 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912975 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912976 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912977 TI - Some reflections on genius. PMID- 18912978 TI - Function of the cruciate ligaments of the knee-joint. PMID- 18912979 TI - Aleudrine and anthisan in bronchial spasm. PMID- 18912980 TI - Penicillin therapy in scarlet fever and complicating otitis. PMID- 18912981 TI - Quantitative sensitization of a penicillin-resistant staphylococcus. PMID- 18912982 TI - Unusual cause of spasm of psoas muscle. PMID- 18912983 TI - Backache-sciatica syndrome. PMID- 18912984 TI - Attack on rheumatism. PMID- 18912985 TI - Penicillin and sulphonamide in typhoid fever. PMID- 18912986 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912987 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912988 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912989 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912990 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912991 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912992 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912993 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912994 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912995 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912996 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912997 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912998 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18912999 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913000 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913001 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913002 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913003 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913004 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913005 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913006 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913007 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913008 TI - Pathologic physiology of the lung. PMID- 18913009 TI - Laboratory aid in the diagnosis of epidemic neurotropic virus diseases with special reference to the collection of specimens. PMID- 18913010 TI - Vaginal hysterectomy. PMID- 18913011 TI - Delays in cancer diagnosis. PMID- 18913012 TI - Care of the heart case under anaesthesia. PMID- 18913013 TI - Notes on tachycardia. PMID- 18913014 TI - Hypertension and hyperthyroidism. PMID- 18913015 TI - Anaesthesiological considerations of valvular heart disease. PMID- 18913016 TI - Streptomycin in the treatment of tuberculosis. PMID- 18913017 TI - Fungus infection of the lungs; two cases. PMID- 18913018 TI - Mediastinal tumors. PMID- 18913019 TI - Australia's contribution to our knowledge of insect-borne disease. PMID- 18913020 TI - Gastric surgery with special reference to peptic ulcer. PMID- 18913021 TI - A basic routine for post-operative treatment after laparotomy. PMID- 18913022 TI - Pyohydronephrosis. PMID- 18913023 TI - Poliomyelitis in preventive orthopaedics. PMID- 18913024 TI - Report of a survey of children born in 1941 with reference to congenital abnormalities arising from maternal rubella. PMID- 18913025 TI - Observations on the use of mixtures of protamine zinc and regular insulins in the management of diabetes mellitus. PMID- 18913026 TI - The syndrome of chronic hypertension, fibrositis and tonsillitis. PMID- 18913027 TI - An investigation of the inorganic iodine content of the saliva in hyperthyroidism following the administration of potassium iodide, and the effect of 2-thiouracil and 4-methyl thiouracil thereon. PMID- 18913028 TI - A simple abdominal retractor. PMID- 18913029 TI - Splenic anaemia. PMID- 18913030 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913031 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913032 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913033 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913035 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913034 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913037 TI - Extragenitale luetische Vielinfektion. PMID- 18913036 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913038 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913039 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913040 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913041 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913042 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913043 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913044 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913045 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913046 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913047 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913049 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913048 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913050 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913051 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913052 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913053 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913054 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913055 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913056 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913057 TI - The statistical assessment of public health. PMID- 18913058 TI - The modern treatment of behaviour disorders. PMID- 18913059 TI - Amyoplasia congenita. PMID- 18913060 TI - Wild men and wolf boys. PMID- 18913061 TI - Caring for the pre-school child. PMID- 18913062 TI - CRAMP and salt balance. PMID- 18913063 TI - Prevention and treatment of sterile mating. PMID- 18913064 TI - Bronchoscopy in diagnosis. PMID- 18913065 TI - The value of exercises before a and following an abdominal operation. PMID- 18913066 TI - Treatment of arsenical reaction with BAL. PMID- 18913067 TI - Mental hygiene and socio-environmental factors. PMID- 18913068 TI - Medical services in New Zealand. PMID- 18913069 TI - Social and psychological factors affecting fertility; the comparative influence on fertility of contraception and impairments of fecundity. PMID- 18913070 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913071 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913072 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913073 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913074 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913075 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913076 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913077 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913079 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913078 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913080 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913081 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913082 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913083 TI - Ophthalmoscopy and the hypertensive state. PMID- 18913084 TI - The problem of granuloma inguinale. PMID- 18913085 TI - The epidemiology of brucellosis in Mississippi in 1946. PMID- 18913087 TI - The symptomatic treatment of severe bronchial asthma. PMID- 18913086 TI - Rectal diseases. PMID- 18913088 TI - Toxemia of pregnancy in Mississippi. PMID- 18913089 TI - Acquired hiatus hernia. PMID- 18913090 TI - Neurological diagnostic tests and procedures. PMID- 18913091 TI - Fibrocytic disease of the pancreas. PMID- 18913092 TI - Early diagnosis of cervical carcinoma. PMID- 18913093 TI - Roentgen observations in gastric ulcer. PMID- 18913094 TI - The treatment of injuries of the spinal cord. PMID- 18913095 TI - The fatigue syndrome of allergic origin. PMID- 18913096 TI - Serum phosphatase determinations in differential diagnosis and in prognosis. PMID- 18913097 TI - The surgical management of the post-phlebitic leg. PMID- 18913098 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913099 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913100 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913101 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913102 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913103 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913104 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913105 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913106 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913108 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913107 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913110 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913109 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913111 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913112 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913113 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913114 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913116 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913115 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913117 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913118 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913119 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913121 TI - Meniere's disease. PMID- 18913120 TI - Practical surgical points in strabismus. PMID- 18913122 TI - The acute gallbladder. PMID- 18913123 TI - The treatment of varicose veins during pregnancy by combined high saphenous and segmental ligations followed by the injection of the residual varicosities. PMID- 18913124 TI - The Rorschach test in clinical psychiatry. PMID- 18913125 TI - Whence came you? PMID- 18913126 TI - Initial symptoms of pollenosis at an advanced age. PMID- 18913127 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913128 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913130 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913129 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913131 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913132 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913133 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913134 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913135 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913136 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913138 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913137 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913139 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913140 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913141 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913142 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913143 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913144 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913145 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913146 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913147 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913148 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913149 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913150 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913151 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913152 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913153 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913155 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913154 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913156 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913157 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913158 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913159 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913160 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913161 TI - Some nutritional hazards of the hospitalized patient. PMID- 18913162 TI - Cardiac services in Philadelphia schools. PMID- 18913163 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913164 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913165 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913166 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913167 TI - Unusual cervical changes during pregnancy. PMID- 18913168 TI - Headache. PMID- 18913169 TI - Acute intestinal obstruction among natives on the Witwatersrand gold mines. PMID- 18913170 TI - A case of (?) tubercular arthritis of right knee joint. PMID- 18913171 TI - A case of superior mediastinal syndrome. PMID- 18913172 TI - A case of fracture of the coracoid process of the left scapula. PMID- 18913174 TI - A case of intussusception. PMID- 18913173 TI - Resection and anastomosis of gangrenous small intestine near ileo-caecal junction in a case of strangulated left-sided inguinal hernia. PMID- 18913175 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913176 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913177 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913178 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913179 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913180 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913181 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913183 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913184 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913182 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913185 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913186 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913187 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913188 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913189 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913190 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913191 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913192 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913193 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913194 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913195 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913196 TI - [New aspects of social medicine and sanitation]. PMID- 18913198 TI - [Tuberculosis and individual constitution]. PMID- 18913197 TI - [Treatment of disorders of binocular function; orthoptic treatment]. PMID- 18913199 TI - [The neurone nerve and harmony]. PMID- 18913200 TI - [Principle and synthesis of a neurosis]. PMID- 18913201 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913202 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913203 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913204 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913205 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913206 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913207 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913208 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913209 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913210 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913211 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913212 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913213 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913214 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913215 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913216 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913217 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913218 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913219 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913220 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913221 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913222 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913223 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913224 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913225 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913226 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913227 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913228 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913229 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913230 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913231 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913232 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913233 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913235 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913234 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913236 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913237 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913238 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913239 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913240 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913241 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913242 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913243 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913244 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913245 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913246 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913247 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913248 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913249 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913251 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913250 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913252 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913253 TI - The acute abdomen. PMID- 18913254 TI - Friderichsen-Waterhouse syndrome. PMID- 18913256 TI - A case of meningococcal meningitis. PMID- 18913255 TI - Medical emergencies. PMID- 18913258 TI - Outlet forceps, use and abuse. PMID- 18913257 TI - Recent advances in the active immunization of infants. PMID- 18913259 TI - The correlation of clinical with roentgenological findings in pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 18913260 TI - The diagnosis of cancer from smear of secretions and exudates with modification of the Papanicolaou procedure. PMID- 18913261 TI - A case of propylthiouracil poisoning. PMID- 18913262 TI - A case of multiple gastric lipoma with a review of all cases previously reported in the literature. PMID- 18913263 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913264 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913265 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913266 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913267 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913268 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913269 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913270 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913271 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913272 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913273 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913275 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913274 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913276 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913277 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913278 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913279 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913280 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913281 TI - Intelligence and fertility. PMID- 18913282 TI - The Rh factor and its relation to maternal and foetal diseases. PMID- 18913283 TI - Effects of exercise on the renal circulation in man. PMID- 18913284 TI - The experimental analysis of gene action. PMID- 18913285 TI - The relation between infant birthweight and subsequent development of maternal diabetes mellitus. PMID- 18913286 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913287 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913288 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913289 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913290 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913292 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913291 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913293 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913294 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913295 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913296 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913297 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913298 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913299 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913300 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913301 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913302 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913303 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913304 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913305 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913307 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913306 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913308 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913309 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913310 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913311 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913312 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913313 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913314 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913315 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913316 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913318 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913317 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913319 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913320 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913321 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913322 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913323 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913324 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913325 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913326 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913327 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913328 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913329 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913330 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913331 TI - INFECTIOUS encephalitis in the Far East. PMID- 18913333 TI - NEW procedure for commissioning dental officers. PMID- 18913332 TI - SWIMMING pools and bathing areas. PMID- 18913335 TI - CHICKEN pox. PMID- 18913334 TI - UMT experimental unit VD rates. PMID- 18913337 TI - PHARMACEUTICAL Aids. PMID- 18913336 TI - DIARRHEAL diseases. PMID- 18913338 TI - Military psychology; analysis of mental ability. PMID- 18913339 TI - Early development of airborne training. PMID- 18913340 TI - Leadership as a health factor. PMID- 18913341 TI - Medical cooperation in civil defense. PMID- 18913343 TI - Medical problems of future submarines. PMID- 18913342 TI - Training activities of the Army Medical Department. PMID- 18913344 TI - Multiple neurofibromatosis involving the urinary bladder. PMID- 18913345 TI - Successful treatment of case of uremia by means of peritoneai irrigation. PMID- 18913346 TI - The treatment of traumatic aphasics of World War II at Birmingham General V. A. Hospital, Van Nuys, California. PMID- 18913347 TI - Neuropsychiatric activities at Darnall General Hospital. PMID- 18913348 TI - Physical standards in the active and reserve components of the military service. PMID- 18913349 TI - Local control of epidemic dengue fever. PMID- 18913350 TI - Improved operation for ingrowing toenail. PMID- 18913351 TI - A study of the mechanics of gunshot injury to the spinal cord of the cat. PMID- 18913352 TI - ARMY doctors study relation of basic science to illness. PMID- 18913353 TI - [The Officers of Health of the Army]. PMID- 18913354 TI - [Tuberculosis and armed forces]. PMID- 18913356 TI - [Trench foot]. PMID- 18913355 TI - [Guide to implementation of health inspections summoned]. PMID- 18913357 TI - [Health service artillery division]. PMID- 18913358 TI - [The health service of the F.E.B. detachment]. PMID- 18913359 TI - [Aspects of war surgery in England; notes on anesthesia]. PMID- 18913360 TI - [Notes on the sidelines of a health inspection conducted in five counties of the State of Pernambuco]. PMID- 18913362 TI - AMEBIASIS and liver abscesses. PMID- 18913361 TI - DEATHS due to electric shock. PMID- 18913363 TI - HEALTH of the native population of Palau and Yap, 1946. PMID- 18913364 TI - INCIDENCE of chronic arthritis. PMID- 18913365 TI - Photosynthesis relationships of Chlorella species. PMID- 18913366 TI - The vitamin nutrition of an isolate of Blastocladia pringsheimii. PMID- 18913367 TI - Crystallization of squash mosaic virus. PMID- 18913368 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913369 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913370 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913371 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913372 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913373 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913374 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913375 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913376 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913377 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913378 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913379 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913380 TI - Inheritance of resistance to bacterial wilt in tobacco. PMID- 18913381 TI - Determination of sulfur in bone char. PMID- 18913382 TI - Disintegration of antimony-124. PMID- 18913383 TI - 30-MeV. electron synchrotron. PMID- 18913384 TI - SEXCENTENARY of the University of Prague. PMID- 18913386 TI - Fission products of U233. PMID- 18913385 TI - A method of feeding micro-wave power into a resonator having a fine mode structure. PMID- 18913387 TI - Photography on selenium. PMID- 18913388 TI - The melanin problem; a synthesis of 5:6-dihydroxyindole. PMID- 18913389 TI - Isolation in chick embryos of a filtrable agent possibly related etiologically to lumpy skin disease of cattle. PMID- 18913390 TI - Early effects of hydroquinone on mitosis. PMID- 18913391 TI - Synonymy of the nudibranch genera Pellibranchus and Okadaia. PMID- 18913392 TI - Mass-defects of the heavy isotopes. PMID- 18913394 TI - WRITTEN expression in science. PMID- 18913393 TI - Chromosomal evolution in the European mole-cricket. PMID- 18913395 TI - Chemical regulators of plant growth. PMID- 18913396 TI - Polarographic cystine and protein tests. PMID- 18913397 TI - The measurement of the viscosity of glycerol at high temperatures. PMID- 18913398 TI - Studies in detergency; the oily constituent in naturally occurring domestic dirt. PMID- 18913399 TI - Particle and quantum counters. PMID- 18913400 TI - A magnetic lens beta- and gamma-ray spectrometer. PMID- 18913402 TI - Voltage regulators of the shunt type. PMID- 18913401 TI - Directional counter for the determination of the complete azimuthal effect of primary cosmic radiation. PMID- 18913403 TI - An inductively coupled series tube D. C. high voltage regulator. PMID- 18913404 TI - An electronic eyepiece for spectroscopy of near infra-red. PMID- 18913405 TI - A high resolution nuclear spectrometer. PMID- 18913406 TI - A magnetic field strength meter employing the Hall effect in germanium. PMID- 18913407 TI - An efficient, convenient polarizer for infra-red radiation. PMID- 18913408 TI - A cloud chamber illumination system. PMID- 18913409 TI - A high vacuum valve. PMID- 18913410 TI - Notes on an inductively coupled high voltage stabilizer. PMID- 18913411 TI - Small cloud chamber for use with unmanned balloons. PMID- 18913412 TI - A vibrator for treating small samples of biological materials. PMID- 18913413 TI - The spraying of liquids from aircraft. PMID- 18913414 TI - Electrical properties of nervous tissue. PMID- 18913415 TI - Some basic features of cloud chamber operation. PMID- 18913416 TI - The use of isotopes in biology. PMID- 18913417 TI - Specificity of the action of chemical compounds on living tissues. PMID- 18913418 TI - Action of 8-hydroxyquinoline on fungi and bacteria. PMID- 18913419 TI - Trends in moral temper. PMID- 18913420 TI - The beans of St Botolph's and other letters to Screwtape. PMID- 18913421 TI - Totem feast in modern dress. PMID- 18913422 TI - The bear in the haunted mill. PMID- 18913423 TI - The ceiling effect of glutamic acid upon intelligence in children and in adolescents. PMID- 18913424 TI - Clinical and electroencephalographic observations concerning the effect of tridione in epileptic patients. PMID- 18913425 TI - The use of ergotamine compounds in the treatment of acute simple anxiety states. PMID- 18913426 TI - Preliminary report of an experience in the group psychotherapy of schizophrenics. PMID- 18913427 TI - Group psychotherapy in Veterans Administration hospitals. PMID- 18913428 TI - Group psychotherapy with patients' relatives. PMID- 18913429 TI - Art in psychotherapy. PMID- 18913430 TI - Bibliotherapy as an adjuvant in psychotherapy. PMID- 18913431 TI - Patient-physician relationship in psychotherapy. PMID- 18913432 TI - The techniques of the initial interview and methods of teaching them. PMID- 18913433 TI - An exploratory study of the usefulness of a battery of psychological tests with nursery school children. PMID- 18913434 TI - The concept of psychogenesis. PMID- 18913436 TI - SUGGESTED basic psychiatric reading list, 1948. PMID- 18913435 TI - [The psychiatry and modern life]. PMID- 18913437 TI - Dynamic aspects of the teaching of psychology. PMID- 18913438 TI - The diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia. PMID- 18913439 TI - Motility, behavior and the brain; stereodynamic organization and neural coordinates of behavior. PMID- 18913440 TI - Alterations of behavior produced in cats by lesions in the brainstem. PMID- 18913441 TI - The basic pathology of schizophrenia. PMID- 18913442 TI - Studies in electronarcosis therapy; physiological effects in electronarcosis and electro shock. PMID- 18913443 TI - Studies in electronarcosis therapy; psychological test findings. PMID- 18913444 TI - Electric shock therapy in general paresis. PMID- 18913445 TI - The significance of the phenomenon of extinction. PMID- 18913446 TI - Cerebral localization of psychological processes occurring during a two-minute experience. PMID- 18913447 TI - Twenty years' experience in the treatment of trifacial neuralgia. PMID- 18913448 TI - Role of somatic trigger areas in the patterns of hysteria. PMID- 18913449 TI - A Rorschach tension score and the diurnal lymphocyte curve in psychotic subjects. PMID- 18913450 TI - Psychosomatic considerations in peptic ulcer. PMID- 18913451 TI - The relation of group morale to the incidence and duration of medical incapacity in industry. PMID- 18913452 TI - Rorschach sequence analysis in a case of paranoid schizophrenia. PMID- 18913453 TI - Psychodiagnostic testing in group work, Rorschach and painting analysis technique. PMID- 18913454 TI - Psychodrama and the make a picture story test. PMID- 18913455 TI - Rorschach patterns of a group of hard of hearing patients. PMID- 18913456 TI - The Rorschach psychodiagnostic as applied to deaf-mutes. PMID- 18913457 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913458 TI - Gastric vagotomy; treatment of peptic ulcer by section of the vagus nerve to the stomach. PMID- 18913459 TI - Nursing care in gastric vagotomy. PMID- 18913460 TI - Pyruvic acid paste for burns. PMID- 18913461 TI - Organizing the nursing department to serve the patient. PMID- 18913462 TI - Nursing for the poliomyelitis patient. PMID- 18913463 TI - Electric shock therapy. PMID- 18913464 TI - The red Crescent school in Istanbul. PMID- 18913465 TI - Pregnancy complicating diabetes mellitus. PMID- 18913466 TI - Responsibilities of the nurse in industry. PMID- 18913467 TI - Use of radioactive isotopes. PMID- 18913468 TI - Preparation of a hospital nursing consultant. PMID- 18913470 TI - Teaching health statistics. PMID- 18913469 TI - TENTATIVE plan for one national nursing organization. PMID- 18913471 TI - The county health department and rural health. PMID- 18913472 TI - The nurses' health in New Zealand. PMID- 18913473 TI - Systems of isolation nursing. PMID- 18913475 TI - SCHEME for the premature baby in Cardiff homes. PMID- 18913474 TI - A primitive weapon aids modern surgery. PMID- 18913476 TI - Current school medical problems and the nurse. PMID- 18913477 TI - The school nurse and the child with polio. PMID- 18913478 TI - Epidemic ringworm of the scalp. PMID- 18913479 TI - Consultant service for school nurses. PMID- 18913480 TI - Integrated school health instruction. PMID- 18913482 TI - Purposive strabismus with reports of three cases. PMID- 18913481 TI - An analysis of visual performance in relation to safety. PMID- 18913483 TI - Dynamic impression technique of contact lens fitting. PMID- 18913484 TI - Dvorine color discrimination screening test. PMID- 18913485 TI - Shortage of ophthalmic materials in Germany. PMID- 18913486 TI - Early history of contact lenses. PMID- 18913488 TI - Color correction in color printing. PMID- 18913487 TI - A photoelectric method for preparing printing plates. PMID- 18913489 TI - An electronic method for solving simultaneous equations. PMID- 18913490 TI - Absolute sensitivity measurements on single-grain layer photographic plates for different wave-lengths. PMID- 18913491 TI - Performance of an optical system as the sum of the contributions of its construction elements. PMID- 18913492 TI - Visibility on cathode-ray tube screens, signals on a P7 screen seen at different intervals after excitation. PMID- 18913493 TI - Phase microscopy with vertical illumination. PMID- 18913494 TI - Centering of optical systems. PMID- 18913495 TI - A new determination of the Young-Helmholtz primaries. PMID- 18913496 TI - Color blindness. PMID- 18913497 TI - Visibility on cathode-ray tube screens; the effects of light adaptation. PMID- 18913499 TI - Effects of illumination level on visual performance and fatigue. PMID- 18913498 TI - An investigation of the use of Geiger-Muller photoelectron counters in the spectrographic analysis of phosphorus in steel. PMID- 18913500 TI - Photographic granularity and graininess; visual acuity thresholds; dynamic versus static assumptions. PMID- 18913501 TI - The behavior of an interferometer in a gravitational field; application to a planetary orbit. PMID- 18913502 TI - Optical staining of tissue. PMID- 18913503 TI - Perimetry. PMID- 18913504 TI - The effect of lenses on accommodation. PMID- 18913505 TI - Selection of contact lens patients. PMID- 18913506 TI - The derivation of optical nomenclature. PMID- 18913507 TI - Commentary on the crossed-cylinder. PMID- 18913509 TI - Perimetry. PMID- 18913508 TI - Prescribing for glare discomfort. PMID- 18913510 TI - Publicizing contact lenses. PMID- 18913511 TI - Fusion in low anisometropia. PMID- 18913512 TI - Perimetry. PMID- 18913513 TI - Visual problems in type design; notes on the new optician type style. PMID- 18913514 TI - Optometry is involved. PMID- 18913515 TI - Normal and anomalous projection. PMID- 18913516 TI - Normal and anomalous projection. PMID- 18913517 TI - Orbital complications resulting from lesions of the sinuses. PMID- 18913518 TI - Observations on bone conduction in fenestration cases; physiological considerations. PMID- 18913519 TI - The fenestration operation; a survey of 500 cases. PMID- 18913520 TI - Reevaluation of the implantation of fascial strips through the masseter muscle for surgical correction of facial paralysis; report of three additional cases. PMID- 18913521 TI - Special techniques for the diagnosis and treatment of psychogenic deafness. PMID- 18913522 TI - Influenzal laryngitis. PMID- 18913523 TI - The fissula ante fenestram of the human otic capsule; aberrant form and contents. PMID- 18913524 TI - Bronchoscopic experiences with tumors of the lower respiratory tract. PMID- 18913525 TI - Treatment of chronic nasal diphtheria carriers; report of a case. PMID- 18913527 TI - Bronchography in bronchiectasis in children. PMID- 18913526 TI - The repair of the ear drum in blast injuries. PMID- 18913528 TI - Laryngeal edema in epidemic parotitis. PMID- 18913529 TI - Penicillin treatment of nerve deafness due to syphilis. PMID- 18913530 TI - Relation of dosage to streptomycin toxicity. PMID- 18913531 TI - Benign lesions of the true vocal cords. PMID- 18913532 TI - Mortality in cancer of the larynx. PMID- 18913533 TI - Phlebolith of the anterior facial vein; case report. PMID- 18913534 TI - Acute pyogenic meningitis following tonsillectomy, with recovery; a case report. PMID- 18913535 TI - Simultaneous poliomyelitis in four brothers two of whom had recently had tonsillectomies. PMID- 18913537 TI - A case of rhinosporidiosis coexisting with leprosy. PMID- 18913536 TI - Atelectasis in the newborn; case report. PMID- 18913538 TI - Angio-epithelioma of the postnasal space. PMID- 18913539 TI - Angiosarcoma of the petrous portion of the temporal bone; report of a case. PMID- 18913540 TI - Hearing acuity varying with the position of the head. PMID- 18913541 TI - Direct laryngoscopy, a simplified technique; an aid to the early detection of laryngeal cancer. PMID- 18913542 TI - Lymphosarcoma of the tonsil; case report. PMID- 18913543 TI - The use of pyridoxin (B-6) in vertigo; clinical note. PMID- 18913544 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913545 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913546 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913548 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913549 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913547 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913550 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913551 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913552 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913553 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913554 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913555 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913556 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913557 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913558 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913559 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913560 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913561 TI - Green pastures in pathology. PMID- 18913562 TI - Isotopes in medicine. PMID- 18913563 TI - Kahn reactions with cardiolipin antigen compared with Kahn antigen; with a note on a microflocculation procedure with cardiolipin antigen. PMID- 18913564 TI - Isoimmunization with the A and B factors and its relation to hemolytic disease of the newborn. PMID- 18913565 TI - Acute pancreatitis, favored particularly by the radiation to the left lumbar region and by the somewhat elevated serum amylase. PMID- 18913566 TI - The photographic museum in the service of pathology. PMID- 18913567 TI - Growth of pathogenic fungi on a new culture medium. PMID- 18913568 TI - Plasma concentrations following intramuscular injections of various doses of penicillin. PMID- 18913569 TI - The effect of variations in the concentration of non-protein constituents of serum on the correlation between the specific gravity and the protein content. PMID- 18913570 TI - A simple method of determining nonprotein nitrogen, total protein and albumin in blood serum samples by using Conway cells. PMID- 18913571 TI - Application of the Weichselbaum biuret reagent to the determination of spinal fluid protein. PMID- 18913572 TI - A simple improvement of the common spring lancet to reduce the pain of finger punctures. PMID- 18913573 TI - FIRST report of the committee for clarification of the nomenclature of cells and diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs. PMID- 18913574 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913575 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913576 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913577 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913578 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913579 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913581 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913580 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913582 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913583 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913585 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913584 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913586 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913587 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913588 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913589 TI - Fibrocystic disease of the pancreas. PMID- 18913590 TI - Closure of the proximal end of the main bronchus by scar-like fibrous tissue. PMID- 18913591 TI - Solitary multilocular cyst of the kidney. PMID- 18913592 TI - Pubic hair in infancy. PMID- 18913593 TI - Fatigability; slow growth. PMID- 18913594 TI - Braces tomorrow. PMID- 18913595 TI - White School reclaims epileptics. PMID- 18913596 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913597 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913598 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913599 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913600 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913601 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913602 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913603 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913604 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913605 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913606 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913607 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913608 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913609 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913610 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913611 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913612 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913613 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913614 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913615 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913616 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913617 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913618 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913619 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913620 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913621 TI - Effect of injecting glass and other foreign particles. PMID- 18913622 TI - Labeling requirements of the Federal Pure Food, Drug and Cosmetic Law. PMID- 18913623 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913624 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913625 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913626 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913627 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913628 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913630 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913629 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913631 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913632 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913633 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913634 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913635 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913636 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913637 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913638 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913639 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913640 TI - Photoelectric measurement of melanophoral activity of frog skin induced in vitro. PMID- 18913641 TI - Potassium, sodium and water interchange in irritable tissues and haemolymph of an omnivorous insect, Periplaneta americana. PMID- 18913642 TI - The high potassium and low sodium in the body fluid and tissues of a phytophagous insect, the silkworm Bombyx mori and the change before pupation. PMID- 18913643 TI - Mitotic effects of ultraviolet radiation of the 2250 A region, with special reference to the spindle and cleavage. PMID- 18913644 TI - Effects of hydrogen ion concentration and of buffer systems on the luminescence of the Cypridina luciferin-luciferase reaction. PMID- 18913645 TI - The effects of circulatory arrest and oxygen lack on synaptic transmission in a sympathetic ganglion. PMID- 18913646 TI - Inhibition of plant growth by irradiation; discrete steps of growth inhibition and pattern of dose-response-relation. PMID- 18913647 TI - The longevity of chick tissue cultures without renewal of medium. PMID- 18913648 TI - Gradient patterns of the nitroprusside reaction in Stylaria fossularis. PMID- 18913649 TI - Changes in riboflavin during embryonic development as functions of the embryo. PMID- 18913650 TI - The experimental modification of developmental patterns in Arbacia with malonic acid. PMID- 18913651 TI - Histochemical observations of alkaline phosphatases in the integument, gastrolith sac, digestive gland, and nephridium of the crayfish. PMID- 18913652 TI - The lipid composition of Tenebrio molitor larvae. PMID- 18913653 TI - A study of the quantitative effects of ethinyl testosterone upon the sword and gonopodium of Xiphophorus hellerii. PMID- 18913654 TI - Social factors influencing the hierarchies of small flocks of the domestic hen; interactions between resident and part-time members of organized flocks. PMID- 18913655 TI - Attitudes to work; a field study of building operatives. PMID- 18913656 TI - Aesthetic and technical factors in artistic appreciation. PMID- 18913657 TI - Theory of the human operator in control systems; man as an element in a control system. PMID- 18913658 TI - The intermittency of control movements and the psychological refractory period. PMID- 18913659 TI - Perspectives in modern psychology. PMID- 18913660 TI - A factor analysis of the Bernreuter personality inventory. PMID- 18913661 TI - Implications of a brief study of prediction of success in the medical school, Medical College of Virginia. PMID- 18913662 TI - Response fixation under anxiety and non-anxiety conditions. PMID- 18913663 TI - An investigation into the causes of retroactive interference. PMID- 18913664 TI - A probability formulation of the Hunter-Sigler effect. PMID- 18913665 TI - Superstition in the pigeon. PMID- 18913666 TI - Discriminative conditioning; effects of a Pavlovian conditioned stimulus upon a subsequently established operant response. PMID- 18913667 TI - The effects of mild anoxia on simple psychomotor and mental skills. PMID- 18913668 TI - Visual field articulation in the absence of spatial stimulus gradients. PMID- 18913669 TI - Discussion concerning the effect of shock for right responses in visual discrimination learning. PMID- 18913670 TI - A reply to Dr Muenzinger on the effect of punishment on discrimination learning in a non-correction situation. PMID- 18913671 TI - The formation of group norms in waking suggestion. PMID- 18913672 TI - The Black Hole of Calcutta, fact or fiction? PMID- 18913673 TI - A study in the application of sociopsychological research to the problems of business and industry. PMID- 18913674 TI - Variations in role and group identifications as frames of reference. PMID- 18913675 TI - A skeptical note on the use of attitude scales toward war in 1946. PMID- 18913676 TI - Some psychological hypotheses on Nazi Germany. PMID- 18913677 TI - What American men want to know about sex. PMID- 18913678 TI - Kuder preference record masculinity-femininity scale. PMID- 18913679 TI - The expanding use of personnel methods. PMID- 18913680 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913681 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913683 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913684 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913682 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913685 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913686 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913687 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913688 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913689 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913690 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913691 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913692 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913693 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913694 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913695 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913696 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913697 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913698 TI - [Purification of water by means of electrolysis with aluminum electrodes]. PMID- 18913699 TI - [Cracking-factory sewage]. PMID- 18913700 TI - [Importance of dilution of water in biochemical determination of oxygen consumption]. PMID- 18913701 TI - [Determination of acrolein in the air]. PMID- 18913702 TI - [The first Russian book on Industrial hygiene; centennial of the publication of Diseases of workers with the indications of the measures for prevention, by A. N. Nikitin, SPB, 1847]. PMID- 18913703 TI - [Quantitative analysis of toxicity and the use of mice in diagnosing staphylococcic food poisonings]. PMID- 18913704 TI - [Comfortable body temperature for infants]. PMID- 18913705 TI - [Twenty years of the Ministry of Health in the Georgian SSR]. PMID- 18913706 TI - [Soil erosion and the welfare of health resorts]. PMID- 18913707 TI - [The effect of German occupation upon the laboratory of the epidemiological station in White Russia]. PMID- 18913708 TI - [Beneficial effect of Kindergartens and public schools upon the children]. PMID- 18913709 TI - [A case of poisoning]. PMID- 18913710 TI - Infective hepatitis in West Africa; syringe-transmitted hepatitis. PMID- 18913711 TI - Water supplies in aircraft. PMID- 18913712 TI - The behaviour of different types of homologous and heterologous diphtheria antitoxin when administered to pregnant guinea-pigs. PMID- 18913713 TI - Philadelphia's Board of Health the first in the United States. PMID- 18913714 TI - Progress toward a national health program. PMID- 18913715 TI - The community type industrial health survey. PMID- 18913716 TI - Tuberculosis among military inductees in New Jersey. PMID- 18913717 TI - Opportunities for public health in disability insurance programs. PMID- 18913718 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913720 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913719 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913721 TI - Iron and manganese removal. PMID- 18913722 TI - WATER supply at Lagos, Nigeria. PMID- 18913723 TI - Cost of heating glass covered sludge drying beds. PMID- 18913724 TI - Some practical aspects of the addition of sodium fluoride to a municipal water supply. PMID- 18913725 TI - Chlorination of Los Angeles sewage at Hyperion Plant. PMID- 18913726 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913727 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913728 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913729 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913730 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913731 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913732 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913733 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913734 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913735 TI - Pitfalls in the use of analgesic injections for painful musculoskeletal disorders. PMID- 18913736 TI - Intravenous nitrous oxide and experimental embolism; a preliminary report. PMID- 18913738 TI - Continuous spinal anesthesia with dilution technique. PMID- 18913737 TI - Glycogenolysis under prolonged use of sodium seconal and sodium phenobarbital in dogs. PMID- 18913739 TI - Anesthesia for ear, nose and throat operations in infants and children. PMID- 18913740 TI - A nerve block clinic. PMID- 18913741 TI - Balanced anesthesia for oral surgery in the ambulatory patient. PMID- 18913742 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913743 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913744 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913745 TI - Surgical management of carcinoma of the lower two-thirds of the esophagus and cardiac end of the stomach. PMID- 18913746 TI - Congenital esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula. PMID- 18913747 TI - Bronchoscopic and esophagoscopic cinematography. PMID- 18913748 TI - Esophageal hiatal hernias of the short esophagus type; etiologic and therapeutic considerations. PMID- 18913749 TI - Resection of a coarctation of the aorta with subclavian-aortic anastomosis; report of a case with a discussion of a new clamp for aortic resection and anastomosis. PMID- 18913750 TI - Aortic-pulmonary anastomosis for pulmonary stenosis. PMID- 18913751 TI - A study of variations of the bronchopulmonary segments of the right upper lobe. PMID- 18913752 TI - Collateral ventilation. PMID- 18913753 TI - Collateral ventilation in man. PMID- 18913754 TI - Studies on experimental phosgene poisoning; pulmonary artery pressure in phosgene poisoned cats. PMID- 18913755 TI - The localization of pulmonary cavities by a modified roentgenographic technique. PMID- 18913756 TI - [Treatment of uterine fibroids]. PMID- 18913757 TI - [A tool to facilitate suturing the skin]. PMID- 18913758 TI - [Diagnosis of stomach cancer]. PMID- 18913759 TI - [Millin and the return to common sense]. PMID- 18913760 TI - Portacaval anastomosis; observations on technic and postoperative care. PMID- 18913761 TI - The surgical treatment of essential hypertension; a comparison of the results of the classical Smithwick operation and the extensive thoracolumbar sympathectomy. PMID- 18913762 TI - Surgery in peripheral vascular disease. PMID- 18913763 TI - Radioactive sodium in peripheral vascular disease studies. PMID- 18913764 TI - The management of venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. PMID- 18913765 TI - Surgical management of venous clotting. PMID- 18913766 TI - The surgery of congenital heart disease. PMID- 18913767 TI - Arterial embolectomy. PMID- 18913768 TI - The management of acute traumatic arterial emergencies. PMID- 18913769 TI - Arterial anastomosis in war wounds of the extremities. PMID- 18913770 TI - End results following the capsular operation for parkinsonism. PMID- 18913771 TI - The surgical treatment of certain intracranial arterial aneurysms. PMID- 18913772 TI - Cerebral arteriography. PMID- 18913773 TI - Spontaneous intracerebellar hemorrhage; surgical treatment. PMID- 18913774 TI - Hydrocephalus, and hydrocephalus with meningocele; their treatment by choroid plexectomy. PMID- 18913775 TI - Visual field studies in neurosurgery. PMID- 18913776 TI - The repair of facial paralysis of otitic origin. PMID- 18913777 TI - Peripheral nerve injuries; some recent progress in treatment. PMID- 18913778 TI - Lesions of the intervertebral disks. PMID- 18913779 TI - Segmental arterial spasm associated with supracondylar fracture of the elbow; report of a case. PMID- 18913780 TI - Obturator nerve avulsion in the treatment of painful hip joints. PMID- 18913781 TI - The treatment of painful phantom limb; a follow-up study. PMID- 18913782 TI - Therapy of pain. PMID- 18913783 TI - Preoperative and postoperative treatment in hepato-biliary disease. PMID- 18913784 TI - Cataract surgery in the young diabetic. PMID- 18913785 TI - Tuberculous salpingitis; report of a typical case. PMID- 18913786 TI - Cutis grafts for repair of incisional and recurrent hernias. PMID- 18913787 TI - Modern trends in surgery of the colon. PMID- 18913788 TI - Phlebography of lower extremity. PMID- 18913789 TI - Phlebectomy for varicosis. PMID- 18913790 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913791 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913792 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913793 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913794 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913795 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913796 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913797 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913798 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913799 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913800 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913801 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913802 TI - Symposium on nontuberculous pulmonary diseases. PMID- 18913803 TI - Prophylactic immunization and specific therapy of experimental pneumonic plague. PMID- 18913804 TI - Actinomyces in chronic bronchopulmonary infections. PMID- 18913805 TI - The use of coccidioidin. PMID- 18913806 TI - Histoplasmosis and pulmonary calcifications. PMID- 18913807 TI - Fatal coccidioidomycosis; a case of a laboratory infection. PMID- 18913808 TI - Case-finding in Iowa; report on state-wide clinics and mass X-ray surveys. PMID- 18913809 TI - Heart size in four by five inch films. PMID- 18913810 TI - Heart disease detection in pre-employment examinations. PMID- 18913811 TI - Chromogenic acid-fast bacilli; their use in vaccination against tuberculosis in the guinea pig. PMID- 18913812 TI - Age specific susceptibility to tuberculosis; experiments on guinea pigs and rats. PMID- 18913813 TI - Acid-base condition in tuberculosis. PMID- 18913814 TI - Tuberculous laryngitis; a controlled study. PMID- 18913815 TI - Empire conference on tuberculosis (London) and international congress for microbiology (Copenhagen). A brief report of impressions in post-war Europe. PMID- 18913816 TI - Comments on Mary Dempsey's article on Decline in tuberculosis; the death rate fails to tell the entire story. PMID- 18913817 TI - Tuberculosis in Europe. PMID- 18913818 TI - Anatomy and physiology of the lungs; immunity in the individual, natural and acquired, against tuberculosis; explanation and rationale of BCG. PMID- 18913819 TI - Chemotherapy of tuberculosis. PMID- 18913820 TI - Present trends in surgery for pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 18913821 TI - Effect of current developments on nursing service. PMID- 18913822 TI - What we expect from X-ray programs. PMID- 18913823 TI - Providing adequate treatment for tuberculosis patients. PMID- 18913824 TI - Ten common obstacles to tuberculosis control. PMID- 18913825 TI - Rehabilitation as part of treatment. PMID- 18913826 TI - The role of a county tuberculosis association in developing rehabilitation service. PMID- 18913827 TI - Social work in tuberculosis control on a national basis. PMID- 18913828 TI - Social work in tuberculosis control on a local basis. PMID- 18913829 TI - Tuberculosis in Europe after the second World War. PMID- 18913830 TI - Tuberculosis in South America. PMID- 18913831 TI - The tuberculosis problem in the Philippines. PMID- 18913832 TI - Management of pulmonary tuberculosis in general hospitals; the isolation unit. PMID- 18913833 TI - Management of pulmonary tuberculosis in general hospitals; case findings in hospitals. PMID- 18913834 TI - Management of pulmonary tuberculosis in general hospitals; the insurance company's viewpoint. PMID- 18913835 TI - Case-finding programs in statewide clinics and mass X-ray surveys. PMID- 18913836 TI - Estimation of heart size using four-by-five inch films. PMID- 18913837 TI - Importance of detection of heart disease through available screening facilities in preparation for employment. PMID- 18913838 TI - Renal rickets and polycystic disease of the kidney. PMID- 18913839 TI - Massive hydronephrosis. PMID- 18913840 TI - Renal tuberculosis, does it heal clinically? PMID- 18913841 TI - Persistent arterial hypertension. PMID- 18913842 TI - Hemangioma of the kidney. PMID- 18913843 TI - Management of renal trauma. PMID- 18913844 TI - Late complications of lumbar wound healing, neuritis and herniation; diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 18913845 TI - Studies in the dissolution of urinary calculi; experimental and clinical aspects. PMID- 18913846 TI - The management and prevention of renal and ureteral calculi. PMID- 18913847 TI - Intubated ureterotomy; experimental work and clinical results. PMID- 18913848 TI - Vesical abnormalities incident to diabetes mellitus. PMID- 18913849 TI - Epithelial bladder tumors attacked by radons and fulguration during the years 1926-1938. PMID- 18913850 TI - Cutaneous metastases from carcinoma of the urinary bladder; report of two cases. PMID- 18913851 TI - The use of oxycel in prostatic resections. PMID- 18913852 TI - Modification of the resectoscope. PMID- 18913853 TI - Prolonged morbidity following operation for benign prostatic hyperplasia; a statistical survey. PMID- 18913854 TI - The use of continuous gastric lavage in the treatment of uremia associated with prostatism. PMID- 18913855 TI - The prevention of fatal pulmonary emboli after prostatectomy. PMID- 18913856 TI - The value of combined blood phosphatase and sedimentation rate determinations in the diagnosis of metastasis in prostatic carcinoma. PMID- 18913857 TI - Lasting results following internal urethrotomy for urethral stricture. PMID- 18913858 TI - Primary bilateral testicular tumor. PMID- 18913859 TI - Urological complications of regional ileitis. PMID- 18913860 TI - Uro-surgery in relation to pregnancy. PMID- 18913861 TI - Mullerian duct cysts. PMID- 18913862 TI - Urolocide, a new skin antiseptic and disinfectant for instruments. PMID- 18913863 TI - A condemnation of resectoscopic procedures upon the female vesical neck. PMID- 18913864 TI - Endometriosis of the bladder; report of a case. PMID- 18913865 TI - Nature and treatment of vaginismus. PMID- 18913866 TI - Bleeding of vesical origin in the menopause confused with uterine and rectal bleeding. PMID- 18913867 TI - The urinary disturbances in the woman, dependant upon her genital apparatus. PMID- 18913868 TI - Pelvic pressure and inter-related urologic problems in the female. PMID- 18913869 TI - The inter-relationship between pregnancy and urinary tract disorders, with case report. PMID- 18913870 TI - Endometriosis of the bladder. PMID- 18913871 TI - Vesical neck obstruction in the female. PMID- 18913872 TI - Distorted postoperative anatomy as a cause of bladder symptoms following hysterectomy. PMID- 18913873 TI - The role of the cystoscope in gynecology. PMID- 18913874 TI - Urological and genital tract relationships. PMID- 18913875 TI - The treatment of vesicovaginal fistula. PMID- 18913876 TI - Military dermatology in general hospitals in the Zone of the Interior and in the Pacific Ocean area in World War II; based on observations of 6,683 consecutive cases. PMID- 18913877 TI - Are we stamping out syphilis? PMID- 18913878 TI - Hypospray administration of penicillin in the treatment of gonorrhea. PMID- 18913879 TI - Evaluation of spinal fluid examinations. PMID- 18913880 TI - Louisville-Jefferson County venereal disease case-finding demonstration. PMID- 18913881 TI - The VDRL slide flocculation test for syphilis; a supplementary report. PMID- 18913882 TI - Mass blood testing in eight Georgia communities. PMID- 18913883 TI - The incidence of infection in contacts of early syphilis. PMID- 18913884 TI - Local prophylaxis in experimental syphilis of the rabbit. PMID- 18913885 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913886 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913887 TI - Some aspects of the control of bovine tuberculosis in pastoral Queensland. PMID- 18913888 TI - Studies on nutrition of poultry; investigations on the effect of vitamin A deficiency on hatchability and egg production. PMID- 18913889 TI - Poisoning of sheep by Phalaris tuberosa. PMID- 18913890 TI - The effects of exsanguination on the agglutinin content of the blood. PMID- 18913891 TI - Enterohepatitis (blackhead) in turkeys; observations on transmission by the caecal worm (Heterakis gallinae). PMID- 18913894 TI - Studies in pullorum disease; response to oral infection with Salmonella pullorum in comparable groups of turkeys and chickens. PMID- 18913895 TI - Mortality in young pigs; the effect of deficient diets on successive generations. PMID- 18913896 TI - The relation of animal diseases to public health. PMID- 18913897 TI - Swine diseases. PMID- 18913898 TI - Bull problems. PMID- 18913899 TI - Treatment of fractures by intramedullary pinning. PMID- 18913900 TI - Nail removed from stomach of dog with aid of magnet. PMID- 18913901 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913902 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913903 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913905 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913904 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913906 TI - Chloroform the anesthetic of choice for large animals. PMID- 18913907 TI - Notes on brucellosis control and interstate health certificates. PMID- 18913908 TI - Using nutritional knowledge in practical dog feeding. PMID- 18913909 TI - The relationship of the veterinarian to public health work. PMID- 18913910 TI - Equine antu poisoning. PMID- 18913911 TI - Penicillin therapy in chronic staphylococcic mastitis. PMID- 18913913 TI - The treatment of superficial infections of small animals with a new bacterial agent. PMID- 18913912 TI - Amino acids in animal nutrition. PMID- 18913914 TI - Seasonal variations in faeces worm-egg counts of sheep. PMID- 18913915 TI - Diagrams for the estimation of sulphonamide dosage. PMID- 18913917 TI - Osteodystrophic disease in the dog, with special reference to rubber jaw (renal osteodystrophy) and its comparison with renal rickets in the human. PMID- 18913916 TI - Death of a lamb caused by a single Cysticercus tenuicollis. PMID- 18913918 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913919 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913920 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913921 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913923 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913922 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913924 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913925 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913926 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913927 TI - Chitwoodiella ovofilamenta gen. et sp. nov., a nematode parasite of Gryllotalpa. PMID- 18913928 TI - Studies on the housefly, Musca domestica L.; the biology and large scale production of laboratory populations. PMID- 18913929 TI - Studies on the housefly, Musca domestica L.; the effects of low temperatures on laboratory-reared puparia. PMID- 18913930 TI - Studies on the housefly Musca domestica L.; the effects of age, temperature, and light on the feeding of adults. PMID- 18913931 TI - Accessory tails in frog tadpoles, their experimental production and significance; five cases of accessory tails in tadpoles of Rana clamitans as a result of natural injury. PMID- 18913932 TI - Exogastrulation by sodium azide and other inhibiting conditions in Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. PMID- 18913933 TI - Development of the early chick blastoderm on synthetic media. PMID- 18913934 TI - The relation between ovarian growth and sexual characters in brown Leghorn chicks treated with gonadotrophins. PMID- 18913935 TI - The effect of nitrogen mustard on nucleic acids during embryonic amphibian development. PMID- 18913936 TI - Observations on the posterior par of the neural plate in Amblystoma; the inductive effect of the intact posterior part of the chorda-mesodermal axis on competent prospective ectoderm. PMID- 18913937 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913938 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913940 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913939 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913941 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913942 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913943 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913944 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913945 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913946 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913947 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913948 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913949 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913950 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913951 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913952 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913953 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913954 TI - [Significance of the thyroid gland in regulation of carbohydrate metabolism]. PMID- 18913955 TI - [A study of basal-granular cells of the intestinal mucous membrane in regeneration processes of the pancreas]. PMID- 18913956 TI - [Functional criterium in the evaluation of the plasticity of collateral vessels]. PMID- 18913957 TI - [Percentage of histiocytes in the cell formula of connective tissue in cats]. PMID- 18913958 TI - [The effect of Bogomoletz' antireticular cytotoxic serum upon experimental tumors]. PMID- 18913959 TI - [A new SS-57 strain of laboratory mice]. PMID- 18913960 TI - [Polarographic analysis of the blood proteins in cancer]. PMID- 18913961 TI - [Quantitative analysis of constriction effects]. PMID- 18913962 TI - [Block of excitation impulses in the muscle during inhibiting reaction]. PMID- 18913963 TI - [Action of a constant current upon parabiosis]. PMID- 18913964 TI - [Polarization currents of human skin in traumatic injuries of the central nervous system]. PMID- 18913965 TI - [Peri-electrotonus in the conductive system of the heart]. PMID- 18913966 TI - [Depressor nerve of the carotid sinus region]. PMID- 18913967 TI - [Remote effects upon internal organs; the effect of proprioceptive and subsensory tactile stimuli upon the motor function of the stomach]. PMID- 18913968 TI - [Modification of absolute light sensitivity in twilight under the influence of aural irritation]. PMID- 18913969 TI - [Comparative analysis of acetylcholine and of the system of histidindecarboxylase histaminase in neural stimulation]. PMID- 18913970 TI - [Modification of the biological properties of blood serum irradiated by roentgen rays]. PMID- 18913972 TI - [Modification rate of circulatory in anaphylactic shock]. PMID- 18913971 TI - [Uterine hemorrhage and allergy; hyperergic modifications of the endometrium and of Arthus' phenomenon in the uterus]. PMID- 18913973 TI - [Modification in the content of erythrocytes, hemoglobin and in the residual blood solids and tissues following severe hemorrhage]. PMID- 18913974 TI - [Chemotherapy of the tick fever; therapeutic effect of sulfonamides]. PMID- 18913975 TI - [Date on the fungicidal and fungistatic effects in vitro of fungicides of onion and garlic upon geotrichum]. PMID- 18913976 TI - [Discussion on protein]. PMID- 18913977 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913978 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913979 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913980 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913981 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913982 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913983 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913984 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913985 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913986 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913987 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913988 TI - The alkaloids of Lycopodium species; Lycopodium cernuum L. PMID- 18913989 TI - Some new indicators derived from vanillin; 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-beta-nitrostyrene and homologues. PMID- 18913990 TI - The density of adsorbates. PMID- 18913991 TI - The flow of gases and vapors through adsorbing porous media. PMID- 18913992 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913993 TI - A photoelectric study of the rate of gelatinization of nitrocellulose in nitroglycerine. PMID- 18913994 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18913995 TI - The catalytic action of aluminum silicates; the dehydration of butanediol-1,3 and butanediol-1,4 over activated Morden bentonite. PMID- 18913996 TI - Catalyzed nitration of amines; dinitroxydiethylnitramine. PMID- 18913997 TI - Catalyzed nitration of amines; relative basicities of secondary amines in acetic acid. PMID- 18913998 TI - Catalyzed nitration of amines; the ease of nitration among aliphatic secondary amines. PMID- 18913999 TI - Catalyzed nitration of amines; the role of electropositive chlorine in the nitration of lysidine. PMID- 18914000 TI - The preparation of nitriles. PMID- 18914001 TI - Curariform activity and chemical structure. PMID- 18914002 TI - Radioactive isotopes as indicators in biology. PMID- 18914003 TI - Synthesis of steroids of the progesterone series. PMID- 18914004 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914005 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914006 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914007 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914008 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914009 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914010 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914011 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914013 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914012 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914014 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914015 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914016 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914018 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914017 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914019 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914020 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914021 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914022 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914023 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914024 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914025 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914026 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914027 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914028 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914029 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914030 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914031 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914032 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914033 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914034 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914035 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914036 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914037 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914038 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914039 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914040 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914041 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914043 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914042 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914044 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914045 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914046 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914047 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914049 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914048 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914050 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914051 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914052 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914053 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914054 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914055 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914056 TI - Changes in phosphate and carbohydrate metabolism in shock. PMID- 18914057 TI - On the mechanism of enzyme inhibition by sulfhydryl reagents. PMID- 18914058 TI - The immunochemistry of toxins and toxoids; the solubility of staphylococcal toxin in methanol-water mixtures under controlled conditions of pH, ionic strength, and temperature. PMID- 18914059 TI - Inhibition of hyaluronidase action by derivatives of hesperidin. PMID- 18914060 TI - The assay and distribution of coenzyme A. PMID- 18914061 TI - A method for computing the effective extraneous reducers in the folin spectrophotometric determination of cystine. PMID- 18914062 TI - Counter-current distribution studies on streptomycin; the tautomerism of streptomycin. PMID- 18914063 TI - Further studies of unidentified factors required in the nutrition of Lactobacillus casei. PMID- 18914064 TI - The synthesis of protein by non-proliferating Escherichia coli. PMID- 18914065 TI - The pantothenic acid content of coenzyme A by chick assay. PMID- 18914066 TI - Observations on blood acetol after administration of acetol, methyl alcohol, and formaldehyde to rabbits. PMID- 18914067 TI - On the use of the nephrectomized rat for the study of rapid changes in nitrogen metabolism. PMID- 18914068 TI - The distribution of potassium isotopes in biological material. PMID- 18914069 TI - Biosynthesis of tricarboxylic acids by carbon dioxide fixation; the preparation and properties of oxalosuccinic acid. PMID- 18914070 TI - Biosynthesis of tricarboxylic acids by carbon dioxide fixation; oxalosuccinic carboxylase. PMID- 18914071 TI - Biosynthesis of tricarboxylic acids by carbon dioxide fixation; enzymatic mechanisms. PMID- 18914072 TI - Spectrophotometric studies on the decarboxylation of beta-keto acids. PMID- 18914073 TI - The stereochemistry of an enzymatic reaction; the oxidation of 1-, d-, and epi inositol by Acetobacter suboxydans. PMID- 18914074 TI - Studies of arteriovenous differences in blood sugar; effect of alimentary hyperglycemia on the rate of extrahepatic glucose assimilation. PMID- 18914075 TI - The determination of kiketo-1-gulonic acid, dehydro-1-ascorbic acid, and 1 ascorbic acid in the same tissue extract by the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine method. PMID- 18914076 TI - Distribution studies; attainment of equilibrium. PMID- 18914078 TI - Distribution studies; purity of crystalline penicillins. PMID- 18914077 TI - Distribution studies; isolation of benzylpenicillin containing radioactive sulfur. PMID- 18914079 TI - Some properties of an unidentified growth factor in distillers' dried solubles. PMID- 18914080 TI - The microbial growth inhibition produced by optical isomers of beta-2 thienylalanine. PMID- 18914081 TI - Studies on cholinesterase; kinetics of the enzyme inhibition. PMID- 18914082 TI - The reaction between thiobarbituric acid and the oxidation products of certain lipides. PMID- 18914083 TI - On the inhomogeneity of commercial heparin preparations from the physicochemical point of view. PMID- 18914084 TI - Pantothenic acid studies; propionic acid and beta-alanine utilization. PMID- 18914085 TI - The synthesis of bacterial viruses; the synthesis of nucleic acid and protein in Escherichia coli B infected with T2r + bacteriophage. PMID- 18914086 TI - The synthesis of bacterial viruses; the origin of the phosphorus found in the desoxyribonucleic acids of the T2 and T4 bacteriophages. PMID- 18914087 TI - A spectrophotometric study of blood group A-specific substance isolated from hog gastric mucosa. PMID- 18914088 TI - Folic acid activity in homogenates of rat liver. PMID- 18914089 TI - Some structural analogues antagonistic to pteroylglutamic acid. PMID- 18914090 TI - Isolation and antifungal action of naturally occurring 2-methoxy-1,4 naphthoquinone. PMID- 18914091 TI - The lecithin, cephalin, and sphingomyelin content of serum as indicated by the choline-phosphorus and nitrogen-phosphorus ratios. PMID- 18914092 TI - The lecithin, cephalin, and sphingomyelin content of serum as indicated by the amino nitrogen and non-diffusible phosphorus content after differential hydrolysis of the acetone-insoluble lipides. PMID- 18914093 TI - A detailed procedure for the preparation of highly purified adenosine triphosphate. PMID- 18914094 TI - Growth inhibition of Neurospora by canavanine, and its reversal. PMID- 18914095 TI - Release of antibody by lymphoid tissue in vitro. PMID- 18914096 TI - Dimethyl-beta-propiothetin, a new methyl donor. PMID- 18914097 TI - Synthesis of nicotinic acid from tryptophan by the developing chick embryo. PMID- 18914098 TI - Birefringence of flow of preparations of myosin. PMID- 18914099 TI - A new magnesium-activated adenosinetriphosphatase from muscle. PMID- 18914100 TI - The intermediate role of carbamyl-L-glutamic acid in citrulline synthesis. PMID- 18914101 TI - Constituents of cortex piscidiae erythrinae; the structure of piscidic acid. PMID- 18914102 TI - Attempts to find new chemotherapeutic amidines; derivatives of 1:1 diphenylethylene and naphthalene. PMID- 18914103 TI - Curare alkaloids; constitution of dextro-tubocurarine chloride. PMID- 18914104 TI - Alumina catalysts for vapour-phase organic dehydrations, deaminations, etc. PMID- 18914105 TI - A study of the properties of fluorine-substituted 5-aminoacridines and related compounds; some 5-amino-1:2:2':3'-pyridoacridines. PMID- 18914106 TI - Derivatives of arsacridine. PMID- 18914107 TI - Derivatives of arsacridine. PMID- 18914108 TI - Anhydrides of polyhydric alcohols; the conversion of glucamine into 1 : 4 anhydrosorbitol; the constitution of benzylidene 1 : 4-anhydrosorbitol. PMID- 18914109 TI - Amidines; preparation of amidines from cyanides, ammonia or an amine, and an ammonium or substituted-ammonium salt. PMID- 18914110 TI - A new synthesis of dl-threonine. PMID- 18914111 TI - The periodic system of the chemical elements in three dimensions; the five-five system. PMID- 18914112 TI - The structure of certain polysulphides and sulphonyl sulphides; a preliminary X ray survey. PMID- 18914113 TI - Interactions between non-bonded atoms, and the structure of cis-decalin. PMID- 18914114 TI - Cinnolines; 4-hydroxy-3-methylcinnolines. PMID- 18914115 TI - Cinnolines; a simple method for the preparation of 4-aminocinnolines. PMID- 18914116 TI - Azlactones and phenylacetic acids derived from the 2-nitro-derivatives of vanillin, isovanillin, and veratraldehyde. PMID- 18914117 TI - A synthesis of leptospermone. PMID- 18914118 TI - Recent developments in the vitamin A field. PMID- 18914119 TI - [Hardness of the chrome diffusion coatings]. PMID- 18914120 TI - [Theory of absorption of nitrogen oxides with sulphuric acid]. PMID- 18914121 TI - [Heat of dissolution of magnesium oxide (sintered magnesite) based at high temperatures]. PMID- 18914122 TI - [Values of heats for formation of oxides and silicates]. PMID- 18914123 TI - [Physico-chemical investigations in the field of ammoniacal soda processes; the kinetic of crystallization of sodium bicarbonate from the supersaturated solutions]. PMID- 18914124 TI - [The chemosorption theory; absorption of carbon dioxide with caustic alkali solutions]. PMID- 18914125 TI - [The chemosorption theory; absorption of carbon dioxide with the soda solutions]. PMID- 18914126 TI - [Influence of sulfanilamide compounds on the autoxidation of mineral oils]. PMID- 18914127 TI - [Application of acidolysis in obtaining alkid resins]. PMID- 18914128 TI - Congenital cleft palate; a case of congenital cleft palate which required the fitting of a special appliance. PMID- 18914129 TI - Penicillin in dental operations. PMID- 18914130 TI - Removal of tooth by external route. PMID- 18914131 TI - Phantom jaw for use in the teaching of prophylaxis. PMID- 18914132 TI - Fibrositis and painful dentures. PMID- 18914133 TI - Fixation in maxillofacial fractures. PMID- 18914134 TI - An immediate full denture technique. PMID- 18914135 TI - Repairing broken facings with a modified acrylic crown. PMID- 18914136 TI - Differential diagnosis of cysts in the anterior maxillary region. PMID- 18914137 TI - Oral bacterial infection, diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 18914138 TI - The porcelain jacket crown and the color problem. PMID- 18914139 TI - Safeguards in general anesthesia for the dental office. PMID- 18914140 TI - Psychological and dental aspects of thumbsucking. PMID- 18914141 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914142 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914143 TI - Two methods of graphing the contour of the mucosal surface of plaster models. PMID- 18914144 TI - Studies in the dietaries of contemporary primitive peoples. PMID- 18914145 TI - Simple technic for accurate castings; new and original method of vacuum investing. PMID- 18914146 TI - Oral use of absorbable gelatin sponge in the prevention and treatment of postoperative hemorrhage. PMID- 18914147 TI - Extra-oral fixation of mandibular fractures. PMID- 18914148 TI - The place of the state university in a democratic society. PMID- 18914149 TI - A dental faculty analyzes its teaching program. PMID- 18914150 TI - The objectives and program of the National Society for Medical Research. PMID- 18914151 TI - The application of the scientific aspects of periodontology to clinical teaching. PMID- 18914152 TI - Students and techniques in the teaching of restorative dentistry. PMID- 18914153 TI - In vitro studies of sodium bicarbonate in relation to certain factors concerned with dental caries. PMID- 18914154 TI - The role of oxalates on the incidence and extent of dental caries in the cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus hispidus). PMID- 18914155 TI - Sodium fluoride reagent concentration and powdered enamel solubility. PMID- 18914156 TI - A medium for the differentiation of strongly acidogenic from weakly acidogenic organisms of human saliva; a preliminary report. PMID- 18914157 TI - The influence of age in the development of dental caries in the rat (Rattus norvegicus). PMID- 18914158 TI - A method for the quantitative estimation of interproximal cavity size. PMID- 18914159 TI - A note on the estimation of phosphate in saliva. PMID- 18914160 TI - The estimation of phosphate in saliva. PMID- 18914161 TI - A dental examination record form for statistical machine tabulation. PMID- 18914162 TI - Weather conditions affecting patients' reactions to local anesthetics; a report of 1,319 consecutive cases. PMID- 18914163 TI - The relation between length of mandible and certain characteristics of skull and teeth. PMID- 18914164 TI - The abrasiveness of dentifrices as measured on the cervical areas of extracted teeth. PMID- 18914165 TI - Acute vitamin C deficiency and the periodontal tissues; the effect of acute vitamin C deficiency upon the response of the periodontal tissues of the guinea pig to artificially induced inflammation. PMID- 18914166 TI - Penicillin impregnated dental points; a clinical and laboratory report. PMID- 18914167 TI - A perfusion apparatus. PMID- 18914168 TI - Prophylaxis, toothbrushing, and home care of the mouth as caries control measures. PMID- 18914169 TI - The degradation of sugars in the mouth and the use of chewing gum and vitamin K in the control of dental caries. PMID- 18914171 TI - The use of penicillin in dental caries control. PMID- 18914170 TI - The effectiveness of dentifrices, mouthwashes, and ammonia-urea compounds in the control of dental caries. PMID- 18914172 TI - An evaluation of the effectiveness as caries control measures of ingested fluorides in water, food, bone flour, and proprietary preparations. PMID- 18914173 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914174 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914176 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914175 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914178 TI - Pyribenzamine in therapy and prophylaxis of rhus dermatitis. PMID- 18914177 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914179 TI - Calciferol treatment of leprosy; preliminary report of two cases. PMID- 18914180 TI - Specificity of streptococci isolated from patients with skin diseases; studies on pemphigus, dermatitis herpetiformis, lupus erythematosus and erythema multiforme; lupus erythematosus disseminatus. PMID- 18914181 TI - Dissociation in Candida albicans. PMID- 18914183 TI - The gamma isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane in the treatment of scabies. PMID- 18914182 TI - Some aspects of the physiology and pathology of cornification. PMID- 18914184 TI - The mechanism of adhesive plaster irritation. PMID- 18914185 TI - The Kveim test in sarcoidosis; the theory, meaning and practical value of skin tests and reactions in sarcoidosis. PMID- 18914186 TI - Aromatic amines and azo-dyes in allergy and cancer. PMID- 18914187 TI - Food contamination and potential dangers to the public health. PMID- 18914188 TI - Mustiness in foods. PMID- 18914189 TI - Thiamin content of tropical foods. PMID- 18914190 TI - An improved Stone medium for the isolation and testing of food-poisoning staphylococci. PMID- 18914191 TI - Effect of old-fashioned and modern methods of cooking on the retention of nutrients in vegetables; cabbage; influence of method of reporting data on results. PMID- 18914192 TI - Effect of variety and storage on ascorbic acid content of sweet potatoes. PMID- 18914193 TI - Variation in composition of winter squashes. PMID- 18914194 TI - Observations on Spanish sherry process. PMID- 18914195 TI - Lysozyme activity of rehydrated, spray-dried, whole-egg powder. PMID- 18914196 TI - Vitamin content of snap beans grown in South Carolina. PMID- 18914197 TI - Effect of certain home practices on riboflavin content of cabbage, peas, snap beans, and spinach. PMID- 18914198 TI - Condition of oranges as affecting bacterial content of frozen juice with emphasis on coliform organisms. PMID- 18914199 TI - The relation of diet composition and vitamin C to vitamin A deficiency. PMID- 18914201 TI - Growth and reproduction of rats fed Army combat rations. PMID- 18914200 TI - The effect of iso-caloric substitution of alcohol for dietary carbohydrate upon the excretion of B vitamins in man. PMID- 18914202 TI - Studies with monkeys fed Army combat rations. PMID- 18914203 TI - The synthesis of certain B vitamins by the rabbit. PMID- 18914204 TI - Mineral metabolism studies in dairy cattle; manganese metabolism in the lactating bovine. PMID- 18914205 TI - Influence of nutritional factors on skeletal atrophy from disuse and on normal bones of mature rats. PMID- 18914206 TI - Effect of protein intake on the bones of mature rats. PMID- 18914207 TI - Urinary excretion of ascorbic acid by guinea pigs at different ages. PMID- 18914208 TI - The effect of dietary protein content upon the nitrogen retention and weight gain produced by the hypophyseal growth hormone. PMID- 18914209 TI - Chemical changes in the blood composition of chickens and turkeys fed synthetic estrogens. PMID- 18914210 TI - An attempt to explain the anomalous action of Lugol's solution in exophthalmic goiter. PMID- 18914211 TI - Metabolism of the steroid hormones; the isolation of etiocholanediol-3(alpha), 17(alpha) from human urine. PMID- 18914212 TI - Hyaluronidase levels of rat testes as related to age, hypophysectomy and cryptorchidism. PMID- 18914213 TI - The pathology of the adrenal gland in Addison's disease with special reference to adrenocortical contraction. PMID- 18914214 TI - Progesterone and desoxycorticosterone in the steroid control of the gonadotrophic function of the hypophysis; exemplified by the behavior of the intrasplenic ovarian graft in the guinea pig. PMID- 18914215 TI - The influence of hypophysectomy, thyroidectomy, and of both hypophysectomy and thyroidectomy upon the fat content of the liver of the dog. PMID- 18914216 TI - Choline prevents fatty change and cirrhosis in the livers of dogs subjected to hypophysectomy and thyroidectomy. PMID- 18914217 TI - Effect of the dietary protein concentration upon the secretion of adrenocorticotrophin. PMID- 18914218 TI - Urinary steroid excretion patterns of two pseudohermaphrodites. PMID- 18914219 TI - Increased glyconeogenetic factor production after adrenal enucleation. PMID- 18914220 TI - Observations on 13 cases of late extrauterine pregnancy. PMID- 18914221 TI - The treatment of pelvic endometriosis. PMID- 18914222 TI - Fifty-four deaths occurring in pregnant patients who had hypertension. PMID- 18914223 TI - Blood platelet studies during pregnancy and the puerperium. PMID- 18914224 TI - Hyperthyroidism and pregnancy. PMID- 18914225 TI - Immediate postpartum hemorrhage due to retained secundines. PMID- 18914226 TI - Factors in the treatment of chorionepithelioma. PMID- 18914227 TI - Influences of posture on the urinary tract in pregnancy. PMID- 18914228 TI - Hysterectomy; a study bases on 266 personal operations performed in 1945 and 1946. PMID- 18914229 TI - Diverticulitis; symptoms, complications, and management, particularly in the female. PMID- 18914230 TI - Fetal and neonatal mortality; causes and prevention. PMID- 18914231 TI - Carcinoma of the cervix in an urban population. PMID- 18914232 TI - Staphylococcus aureus hemolyticus puerperal mastitis and infections of the newborn. PMID- 18914233 TI - Hysterostomatomy. PMID- 18914234 TI - Vaginal and rectal pruitus; etiology and treatment. PMID- 18914235 TI - Wise indifference of the wise in anesthesia. PMID- 18914236 TI - Single injection caudal for obstetrical analgesia and the use of pontocaine. PMID- 18914237 TI - A statistical review of the progress of midwifery during the last 20 years with thoughts for the future. PMID- 18914239 TI - Early rising after delivery. PMID- 18914238 TI - Benign trophoblastic cell proliferation. PMID- 18914240 TI - Acute puerperal mastitis; clinical and bacteriologic studies in relation to penicillin therapy. PMID- 18914241 TI - Ovarian dysfunction in young women treated with low-dosage irradiation. PMID- 18914242 TI - Fear, an important etiological factor in obstetric problems. PMID- 18914243 TI - Spinal (saddle block) anesthesia in obstetrics. PMID- 18914244 TI - The use of the vaginal smear in a gynecologic service. PMID- 18914245 TI - Preinvasive and invasive carcinoma of cervix uteri; pathogenesis, detection, differential diagnosis, and the pathologic basis for management. PMID- 18914246 TI - Spectroscopic detection of haematin in the peripheral blood an aid to diagnosis of ruptured tubal pregnancy. PMID- 18914247 TI - The duration of labor; mean, median, and mode. PMID- 18914248 TI - Study of the incidence and occurrence of symptoms of vaginal trichomonads and various species of yeast in pregnancy. PMID- 18914249 TI - A study of the use of penicillin in premature rupture of the membranes. PMID- 18914250 TI - Splenectomy in pregnancy, its hematologic indications and obstetric management. PMID- 18914251 TI - Arrhenoblastoma of the ovary. PMID- 18914252 TI - Sterilization failure with external migration of the ovum. PMID- 18914253 TI - Endometriosis of episiotomy scar. PMID- 18914254 TI - Pentothal sodium anesthesia for cesarean sections. PMID- 18914255 TI - Combined local infiltration anesthesia and pentothal sodium anesthesia in cesarean sections; a preliminary report. PMID- 18914256 TI - Rectal hemorrhage following irradiation for carcinoma of cervix. PMID- 18914257 TI - Cervical cancer with metastasis to breast. PMID- 18914258 TI - Pulmonary embolism from amniotic fluid. PMID- 18914259 TI - Cornification in the cervix and estrogenic activity. PMID- 18914260 TI - [Prolapse of the vaginal walls and uterus; etiology, pathogenesis and treatment with casuistic contribution to the material of Obstetrics Univ. of Turin]. PMID- 18914261 TI - [Metamorphosis endometrioid and decidual reaction in the pathogenic mechanism of tubal pregnancy]. PMID- 18914262 TI - [Ancora a proposito della teoria de Ogino-Knaus]. PMID- 18914263 TI - [On surgical methods for the treatment of female infertility with particular emphasis on tubal re-engagement]. PMID- 18914264 TI - Relief of severe stress incontinence; technique and anatomy of two suprapubic fascial operations. PMID- 18914265 TI - Virilizing tumours of the ovary with report of a case associated with pregnancy. PMID- 18914266 TI - Calcium and phosphorus metabolism in pregnancy; a survey under war and post-war conditions. PMID- 18914267 TI - A case of partial atresia of the vagina. PMID- 18914268 TI - Haemoglobin values in pregnant women. PMID- 18914269 TI - Fibromyoma of the fallopian tube. PMID- 18914270 TI - Investigations into the determination of pregnanediol according to the Guterman method. PMID- 18914271 TI - Facts and fantasy in the study of female infertility. PMID- 18914272 TI - A case of adenomyosis of the uterus with tuberculous infection. PMID- 18914273 TI - Heart disease in pregnancy. PMID- 18914274 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914275 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914276 TI - The chemical specificity of the interaction of diverse human plasma proteins. PMID- 18914277 TI - The span of life of the red blood cell; a resume. PMID- 18914278 TI - Studies on free erythrocyte protoporphyrin, plasma iron and plasma copper in normal and anemic subjects. PMID- 18914280 TI - Osmometric behavior of normal and abnormal human erythrocytes. PMID- 18914279 TI - Studies in iron transportation and metabolism; absorption of radioactive iron in patients with fever and with anemias of varied etiology. PMID- 18914281 TI - A method for determining the form of the distribution of red cell resistances to simple hemolysin. PMID- 18914282 TI - The hemoglobin of healthy college undergraduated and comparisons with various medical, social, physiologic and other factors. PMID- 18914283 TI - Studies of the staphylocoagulase reaction; nature and properties of a plasma activator and inhibitor. PMID- 18914284 TI - Some hematologic effects of irradiation. PMID- 18914285 TI - The effect of radiation on hemopoiesis; is there an indirect effect? PMID- 18914286 TI - Normal blood counts in different seasons. PMID- 18914287 TI - Mesmerism in primitive societies. PMID- 18914288 TI - Mesmer and animal magnetism. PMID- 18914290 TI - Hypnosis and modern psychiatry. PMID- 18914291 TI - The medical management of intestinal hemorrhage. PMID- 18914289 TI - From mesmerism to hypnotism. PMID- 18914292 TI - Anesthesiology today and in the future. PMID- 18914293 TI - Avoiding behavior problems; anorexia. PMID- 18914294 TI - Physical medicine in the treatment of arthritis. PMID- 18914295 TI - Surgery of congenital cardiac defects in infancy and childhood. PMID- 18914297 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914296 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914298 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914299 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914300 TI - Mental stasis. PMID- 18914301 TI - Congenital defects associated with maternal rubella. PMID- 18914302 TI - HOSPITAL on wheels. PMID- 18914303 TI - Essential qualifications of an administrator. PMID- 18914304 TI - To what extent can we prevent and control chronic diseases? PMID- 18914305 TI - CANCER detection clinic opened at Women's College Hospital. PMID- 18914306 TI - About beds; an English manufacturer replies to an American doctor. PMID- 18914308 TI - Hospitals and community health. PMID- 18914307 TI - A consultant's latitude. PMID- 18914309 TI - Collections through small claims court. PMID- 18914310 TI - Tuberculosis in our hospitals. PMID- 18914311 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914312 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914313 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914314 TI - Industrial health and hygiene; review 1947. PMID- 18914315 TI - The role of the industrial physician. PMID- 18914316 TI - The effective treatment of leg ulcers in Puerto Rico. PMID- 18914317 TI - The safety engineer, the man without a training. PMID- 18914318 TI - A psychiatrist looks at the causes of alcoholism. PMID- 18914319 TI - Cost and remedy of the alcoholic hangover in industry. PMID- 18914320 TI - Clinical observation on a new synthetic antihistamine. PMID- 18914321 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914322 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914323 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914324 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914325 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914326 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914327 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914328 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914329 TI - Kalauppa, Molokai, then and now. PMID- 18914330 TI - Why not change the name? PMID- 18914331 TI - Malaria in the Philippines; clinical and pathological studies of its hepatic manifestations. PMID- 18914332 TI - Hand-Schuller-Christian's disease (xanthomatosis or cholesterol storage disease). PMID- 18914333 TI - Brain schistosomiasis; a contribution to its pathogenesis. PMID- 18914334 TI - Chronic cor pulmonale. PMID- 18914335 TI - Delayed traumatic rupture of the spleen. PMID- 18914336 TI - The use of DDT-treated sawdust for the control of anopheline mosquito larvae in streams. PMID- 18914337 TI - On an epidemic of acute glomerulonephritis in Amsterdam. PMID- 18914338 TI - The Addis-Shevky concentration test. PMID- 18914339 TI - Autotransplantation of joint capsule, an attempt to desensitize patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 18914340 TI - Thrombocythemia hemorrhagica. PMID- 18914341 TI - Haff disease in Sweden. PMID- 18914342 TI - Development of putrid pulmonary abscess in emphysema-bladders in primary atypic pneumonia. PMID- 18914343 TI - Calculation of the basal metabolism. PMID- 18914344 TI - The heat-stabilized sedimentation rate, a few clinical observations. PMID- 18914345 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914346 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914347 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914348 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914349 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914350 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914351 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914352 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914353 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914355 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914354 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914356 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914357 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914358 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914359 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914360 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914361 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914362 TI - Hypoplasie comngenitale de cheveux. PMID- 18914363 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914364 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914366 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914365 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914367 TI - Observations on the treatment of subacute bacterial endocarditis with penicillin and streptomycin. PMID- 18914368 TI - Some practical considerations in the management of obesity. PMID- 18914369 TI - Sternal puncture. PMID- 18914370 TI - Neurosyphilis. PMID- 18914371 TI - The use of a sulfadiazine-sulfathiazole mixture combined with systemic alkalizers. PMID- 18914372 TI - The treatment of rheumatoid spondylitis. PMID- 18914373 TI - The treatment of human anthrax with penicillin. PMID- 18914374 TI - Preparation of poor risk patients for surgery. PMID- 18914375 TI - The problem of preventing pulmonary embolism in a patient with coronary disease. PMID- 18914376 TI - Myocarditis, a neglected subject. PMID- 18914377 TI - Poliomyelitis. PMID- 18914378 TI - A new and promising powder for the control of human scabies. PMID- 18914379 TI - Poliomyelitis in China. PMID- 18914380 TI - On membranes (vernix membrane) caused by amniotic fluid in the lungs of newborn and on interstitial emphysema, as well as spontaneous pneumothorax. PMID- 18914382 TI - On the age and cause of death of parents of hypertensive patients. PMID- 18914381 TI - Paroxysmal tachycardia and pre-excitation in a newborn infant. PMID- 18914383 TI - On the relation between blood pressure and body weight. PMID- 18914384 TI - On psychic and somatic factors in the etiology of neurocirculatory and gastric dystonia. PMID- 18914385 TI - Response of neurocirculatory dystonia patients to cold-pressor test. PMID- 18914386 TI - On the urinary excretion of phosphates, calcium and magnesium in neurocirculatory dystonia. PMID- 18914387 TI - Investigations on fluid balance in infantile atrophy. PMID- 18914388 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914389 TI - On the significance of infection in the treatment of premature infants. PMID- 18914390 TI - The influence of a meal on the urinary acidity in patients with heart failure. PMID- 18914391 TI - Roentgenologic observations on medication with pilocarpine in hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. PMID- 18914392 TI - On microscopic hemorrhages of the medulla oblongata in premature infants; preliminary report. PMID- 18914393 TI - On achrestic anemia in the light of one new case. PMID- 18914394 TI - Observations on the treatment of leukemia with uretan. PMID- 18914395 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914396 TI - On scarification as a means of treating edema. PMID- 18914397 TI - Did the recent wars affect the children's growth in height? PMID- 18914398 TI - Thrombocytopenic purpura accompanying penicillin therapy; case report. PMID- 18914399 TI - Experiments on the permeability of the meninges and lumbar canal in children. PMID- 18914400 TI - Congenital heart disease in children; a clinical study with special reference to prognosis. PMID- 18914401 TI - On the treatment of pneumonia in children with one massive dose of sulfathiazole. PMID- 18914402 TI - Treatment of infantile diarrhoea by streptomycin. PMID- 18914403 TI - Observations on diphtheria in the newborn and on the subsequent immunity. PMID- 18914404 TI - Acute meningitis and its treatment with penicillin and heparin. PMID- 18914405 TI - On the condition of patients with choreaminor in the light of follow-up examinations. PMID- 18914407 TI - Investigations on the preservability and preservation of mother's milk; preliminary report. PMID- 18914406 TI - The incidence of premature births. PMID- 18914408 TI - Studies in blood potassium, calcium and lipids in peptic ulcer. PMID- 18914409 TI - A case of hydrocephalus in infancy caused by choroid papilloma. PMID- 18914410 TI - On the behaviour of the sedimentation rate in early remission of pernicious anemia; a clinical survey. PMID- 18914411 TI - A contribution to the question of the genesis of erythrocytes and blood platelets. PMID- 18914412 TI - Two cases of dystrophia adiposo-genitalis, type Laurence-Moon-Biedl-Bardet. PMID- 18914413 TI - The hemoglobin concentration of the packed blood cells. PMID- 18914414 TI - Clinical experiences with di-insulin. PMID- 18914415 TI - On the staining of diphyllobothrium ova. PMID- 18914416 TI - Food selection in alloxan diabetes; preliminary report. PMID- 18914417 TI - Arteriosclerosis and war-time. PMID- 18914419 TI - On the period of incubation in tuberculosis. PMID- 18914418 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914420 TI - On the red blood picture of premature infants in their first hours of life. PMID- 18914421 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914422 TI - The effect of blood transfusions on the peripheral red and white blood picture in premature infants. PMID- 18914423 TI - Cirrhosis liver. PMID- 18914424 TI - Angina pectoris and coronary thrombosis. PMID- 18914425 TI - The psychological approach to youth. PMID- 18914426 TI - Planning of leprosy work in India. PMID- 18914427 TI - Some blinding diseases of Malabar. PMID- 18914428 TI - Relation of various normal haematological values with normal blood sedimentation rate in the Punjab. PMID- 18914429 TI - The tuberculosis problem of to-day. PMID- 18914430 TI - The treatment of measles and its common complications. PMID- 18914431 TI - Allergic manifestations with respiratory symptoms due to round-worm infection. PMID- 18914432 TI - Clinical exposition of a case of chronic hypertension. PMID- 18914433 TI - A case of acute lymphatic leukemia. PMID- 18914434 TI - A case of hydatid mole. PMID- 18914435 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914436 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914438 TI - Abuses and pitfalls of physical medicine. PMID- 18914437 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914439 TI - The use of physical therapy in the postoperative management of tendon transfers and grafts in the hand. PMID- 18914440 TI - Physiology of respiration, as applied to the treatment of bulbar poliomyelitis. PMID- 18914441 TI - The medulla oblongata in anoxia. PMID- 18914442 TI - Electromyographic studies of paralyzed and paretic muscles in anterior poliomyelitis. PMID- 18914443 TI - Evaluation of training of physical educationists for reconditioning and rehabilitation. PMID- 18914445 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914444 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914446 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914447 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914448 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914449 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914450 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914451 TI - [The radio-isotopes in diagnosis and therapy]. PMID- 18914452 TI - [Treatment of varicocele]. PMID- 18914454 TI - Environmental factors influencing health and efficiency in warships. PMID- 18914453 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914455 TI - Permanent homonymous quadrantanopia after migraine. PMID- 18914456 TI - Phlebothrombosis decubiti and prevention of pulmonary embolism. PMID- 18914457 TI - Treatment of thyrotoxic heart diseases by methyl thiouracil. PMID- 18914458 TI - Penicillin and gonorrhoea; an analysis of 150 cases treated by the single injection method. PMID- 18914460 TI - The problem of chilblains. PMID- 18914459 TI - Penicillin, beeswax, and allergy. PMID- 18914461 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914462 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914463 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914464 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914465 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914466 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914467 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914468 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914469 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914470 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914471 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914472 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914473 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914474 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914475 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914476 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914477 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914478 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914479 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914480 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914481 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914482 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914483 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914485 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914484 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914486 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914487 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914488 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914489 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914490 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914491 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914492 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914493 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914494 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914495 TI - Publicity and propaganda in the Government agencies and bureaus. PMID- 18914496 TI - Statistics on the nation's health. PMID- 18914498 TI - On the socialistic medicine firing line. PMID- 18914497 TI - Debunking medical public relations. PMID- 18914499 TI - Health in an aging population. PMID- 18914500 TI - Diabetes mellitus, its modern interpretation and treatment. PMID- 18914502 TI - Diagnosis and treatment of anemia. PMID- 18914501 TI - Management of acute cardiovascular emergencies. PMID- 18914503 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914504 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914505 TI - Duodenal ileus (Wilkie's syndrome) arterio-mesenteric ileus. PMID- 18914506 TI - Treatment of carcinoma of the breast with testosterone therapy. PMID- 18914507 TI - Treatment of psychoneurosis in general practice. PMID- 18914508 TI - Carcinoma of the colon and rectum. PMID- 18914509 TI - Surgical treatment of hypertension. PMID- 18914510 TI - Infection as related to maternal mortality. PMID- 18914511 TI - PENICILLIN treatment of primary, secondary and early latent syphilis. PMID- 18914515 TI - The management of acute neck infections. PMID- 18914519 TI - An original technique for surgical correction of deep paravesical diverticula in bad risks. PMID- 18914521 TI - Leprosy in Los Angeles; a statistical study of 75 cases. PMID- 18914529 TI - Polyarteritis nodosa involving coronary arteries, pancreas, ileum kidneys and meninges. PMID- 18914530 TI - Angular blepharitis in ariboflavinosis, a not well known clinical manifestation of riboflavin deficiency. PMID- 18914531 TI - Intracapsular cataract extraction. PMID- 18914532 TI - Neuromyelitis optica in a Chinese; a case report. PMID- 18914533 TI - A study of attenuation of the iris root; attachment between the dilatator and ligamentum pectinatum in a Chinese eye. PMID- 18914534 TI - Persistent pupillary membrane. PMID- 18914535 TI - Amplitude of ocular accommodation in Chinese. PMID- 18914536 TI - Acute toxic amaurosis. PMID- 18914537 TI - Causes of blindness in China. PMID- 18914538 TI - Dilatation type aortic hiatus aneurysm; case report. PMID- 18914539 TI - The United States Pharmacopoeia; additions of interest in the thirteenth revision. PMID- 18914540 TI - A century and a third of vagotomy. PMID- 18914541 TI - The pineal body. PMID- 18914542 TI - Ulcerative amebic colitis and ileitis. PMID- 18914543 TI - The mechanism of diabetic acidosis. PMID- 18914544 TI - The causes of headache in diseases of the ear, nose and throat. PMID- 18914546 TI - A criticism of venous competency tests in the diagnosis and treatment of varicose veins. PMID- 18914545 TI - Undiagnosed acute pancreatitis. PMID- 18914547 TI - Polyarteritis nodisa; a report of two cases with a brief review of the current literature. PMID- 18914548 TI - The syndrome of malignant malnutrition (kwashiorkor; infantile pellagra) its conception as a protein deficiency and its treatment with skimmed lactic acid milk. PMID- 18914549 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914550 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914551 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914552 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914553 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914554 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914555 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914556 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914557 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914558 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914560 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914559 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914561 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914562 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914563 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914564 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914565 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914566 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914567 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914569 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914568 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914570 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914572 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914573 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914571 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914574 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914575 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914576 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914577 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914578 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914579 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914580 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914581 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914582 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914583 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914584 TI - A parasitological survey of Taveta. PMID- 18914585 TI - Filariasis in the Southern Sudan. PMID- 18914587 TI - Bleeding gums in uraemia. PMID- 18914586 TI - Cysticercosis of the brain in the African of Rhodesia. PMID- 18914588 TI - Pathology of Central African natives. PMID- 18914589 TI - A report of 50 consecutive cases of malignant growths seen amongst the Wa-Kikuyu. PMID- 18914590 TI - CASE of pyometra in an infant. PMID- 18914591 TI - A short history of the pneumococcus with special reference to lobar pneumonia. PMID- 18914592 TI - The preparation of iso-osmotic phosphate buffer solutions. PMID- 18914593 TI - Mortality from appendicitis in Scotland, 1901-45. PMID- 18914594 TI - Symposium on headache as a symptom; some general considerations. PMID- 18914595 TI - Symposium on headache as a symptom; migraine. PMID- 18914596 TI - Symposium on headache as a symptom; psychological aspect. PMID- 18914597 TI - Symposium on headache as a symptom; the eyes and headache. PMID- 18914598 TI - Symposium on headache as a symptom; headache from sinus infections. PMID- 18914599 TI - The emotional problems of elderly people. PMID- 18914600 TI - Management of descensus uteri in the aged. PMID- 18914601 TI - Chronic illness as a public health problem. PMID- 18914602 TI - Some practical aspects of geriatric ophthalmology. PMID- 18914603 TI - Alcoholism in the older age groups. PMID- 18914604 TI - Nitrogen balance studies under prolonged high nitrogen intake levels in elderly individuals. PMID- 18914605 TI - Examination of circulation time by means of sulfuric magnesium. PMID- 18914606 TI - Interference between typhus and typhoid. PMID- 18914607 TI - Sighing dyspnea. PMID- 18914608 TI - Virus pneumonia. PMID- 18914609 TI - 50 years' progress of nutrition and therapy in infancy. PMID- 18914610 TI - Tuberculin test of Jewish children in Haifa. PMID- 18914611 TI - Report on the Mantoux testing of pupils in Tel-Aviv municipal schools during the school year 1946-47. PMID- 18914612 TI - Meningitis complicating paratyphoid. PMID- 18914613 TI - Diagnostic use of radioactive tracers. PMID- 18914614 TI - Psychosomatic aspects of peptic ulcer. PMID- 18914615 TI - Observations of nitrogen mustard therapy; preliminary report. PMID- 18914617 TI - The indirect follow-up of cancer patients. PMID- 18914616 TI - Primary carcinoma of the lung invading the heart; case report. PMID- 18914618 TI - A note on the contagiousness of puerperal fever. PMID- 18914619 TI - The practitioner and the specialist. PMID- 18914620 TI - The evolution of human posture. PMID- 18914621 TI - The possible role of poi in the epidemiology of infectious intestinal diseases. PMID- 18914622 TI - The therapy of endocarditis. PMID- 18914623 TI - Benadryl in acute lepra reactions. PMID- 18914624 TI - Hypnotism as a practical therapeutic procedure. PMID- 18914625 TI - The place of the practical nurse in the hospital and in the community. PMID- 18914626 TI - Licensing of practical nurses and their place in the nursing profession. PMID- 18914627 TI - Objectives and current program of the training course for practical nurses. PMID- 18914628 TI - Plastic surgery in general practice. PMID- 18914629 TI - Plastic repair of contractures and late treatment of burn-scars; report of 12 cases. PMID- 18914630 TI - Unusual types of foreign bodies in the gastro-intestinal tract. PMID- 18914631 TI - A study of Weil-Felix reaction in the diagnosis of typhus fever in Bombay. PMID- 18914632 TI - Insulin sensitivity among Indian diabetics. PMID- 18914633 TI - Phthalylsulphathiazole in the treatment of cholera. PMID- 18914635 TI - Xanthoma diabeticorum; a case record. PMID- 18914634 TI - Sulphasuxidine in the treatment of cholera. PMID- 18914636 TI - Unusual fatal haemorrhage complicating enteric fever. PMID- 18914637 TI - Intravenous paludrine in malaria. PMID- 18914638 TI - A case of hernia lung. PMID- 18914639 TI - Corneal grafting in India, its difficulties. PMID- 18914640 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914641 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914642 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914643 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914644 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914645 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914646 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914647 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914648 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914649 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914651 TI - The laboratory diagnosis of nutritional deficiency. PMID- 18914650 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914652 TI - Chronic inflammatory disease of the small intestine. PMID- 18914654 TI - Management of recurrent renal calculi. PMID- 18914655 TI - Analysis of 200 cases of urinary calculi with particular reference to methods of management of ureteral stones. PMID- 18914653 TI - Some basic facts of medical interest concerning cigarettes and their smoke. PMID- 18914656 TI - Diagnosis of hepatitis by histologic and functional laboratory methods. PMID- 18914657 TI - Disease of the liver; a review of some clinical and biochemical problems as revealed by systematic biopsy studies. PMID- 18914658 TI - The accuracy of diagnosis of jaundice. PMID- 18914659 TI - Efficacy of lipotropic substances in treatment of cirrhosis of liver. PMID- 18914660 TI - Some observations on the cholera vibrio isolated from the 1947 Egyptian epidemic. PMID- 18914661 TI - The cholera vibrio; resume of bacteriology. PMID- 18914662 TI - Effect of copper sulphate on Vibrio cholerae. PMID- 18914663 TI - A rapid method for the bacteriological diagnosis of cholera. PMID- 18914664 TI - Potassium tellurite in the isolation of the cholera vibrio. PMID- 18914665 TI - Treatment of bilharzia by the oral route. PMID- 18914666 TI - Hormonal imbalance in cancer; a survey and new aspects; prostatic and mammary cancer. PMID- 18914667 TI - Congenital obstructive jaundice atresia of the bile ducts. PMID- 18914668 TI - Post partum curettage for retained placental cotyledones. PMID- 18914669 TI - The intensive treatment of bilharziasis with tartar emetic. PMID- 18914670 TI - The defense of Egypt against cholera in the past, present and future. PMID- 18914671 TI - Miracil D; investigation of blood levels after a single dose. PMID- 18914672 TI - Demonstration of schistosoma ova in the liver by biopsy. PMID- 18914673 TI - On the antimalarial activity of nivaquine C. PMID- 18914674 TI - Management of ringworm of the scalp; present status of the epidemic form in the Birmingham area. PMID- 18914675 TI - Complications of sinusitis with particular emphasis on osteomyelitis of the frontal bone. PMID- 18914676 TI - Hearing disorders; a study of a new medical therapy. PMID- 18914677 TI - An analysis of 435 endoscopic examinations from the bronchoscopic service of the Medical College of Alabama. PMID- 18914678 TI - The progress of physical medicine and its clinical application. PMID- 18914679 TI - The infantile paralysis outlook. PMID- 18914680 TI - The passing of the voluntary hospitals. PMID- 18914681 TI - Cancer of the oesophagus; modern treatment. PMID- 18914682 TI - Dangerous tendencies in the evolution of health services. PMID- 18914683 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914684 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914685 TI - Spontaneous rupture of a papillary muscle of the heart; a report of three cases and a review of the literature. PMID- 18914686 TI - Reversible bronchiectasis. PMID- 18914687 TI - The treatment of chronic discoid lupus erythematosus with naphride sodium. PMID- 18914688 TI - Venous thrombosis and peripheral pulmonary embolization. PMID- 18914689 TI - Geriatrics as a specialty. PMID- 18914690 TI - Protein hydrolysates and concentrates as nutritional aids in therapy. PMID- 18914691 TI - Insulin therapy in diabetes mellitus. PMID- 18914692 TI - Prophylactic low forceps and episiotomy. PMID- 18914693 TI - Pre and postnatal breast care. PMID- 18914694 TI - Induction of labor at term. PMID- 18914695 TI - Management of hydrocephalus. PMID- 18914696 TI - Management of breech presentation. PMID- 18914697 TI - Erythroblastosis foetalis. PMID- 18914698 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914700 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914699 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914701 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914702 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914703 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914704 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914705 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914706 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914707 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914708 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914709 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914710 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914711 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914712 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914713 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914714 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914715 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914716 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914717 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914718 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914719 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914720 TI - Psychiatry as applied to occupational health. PMID- 18914721 TI - Is rheumatism a virus disease? PMID- 18914722 TI - Rubella in pregnancy as an aetiological factor in stillbirth. PMID- 18914723 TI - Maternal measles, mumps, and chickenpox as a cause of congenital anomalies. PMID- 18914724 TI - Avulsion fracture of lesser tuberosity of humerus; report of a case. PMID- 18914725 TI - Exophthalmic ophthalmoplegia treated with prostigmin. PMID- 18914726 TI - A growth-retarding factor in maize bran. PMID- 18914727 TI - DOUBLE forearm amputation. PMID- 18914728 TI - Epidemic nausea. PMID- 18914729 TI - Treatment of apoplexy. PMID- 18914730 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914732 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914731 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914734 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914733 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914735 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914737 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914736 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914738 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914739 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914740 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914741 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914742 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914743 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914744 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914745 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914746 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914747 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914748 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914749 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914750 TI - Proteins in health and disease. PMID- 18914752 TI - A case of Stengel-Wolbach sclerosis with autopsy. PMID- 18914751 TI - Protein in health and disease. PMID- 18914753 TI - The sex ratio. PMID- 18914754 TI - Health education in Scotland. PMID- 18914755 TI - The Antarctic expedition from a medical angle. PMID- 18914756 TI - Tuberculous lymphadenitis. PMID- 18914757 TI - The legal aspects of mental disorder. PMID- 18914758 TI - Congenital disorders of the foot. PMID- 18914759 TI - Morphological and biochemical changes produced by sulfonamides. PMID- 18914760 TI - Local and systemic reaction to aerosol streptomycin; a case report. PMID- 18914761 TI - Some medical uses of vitamin E. PMID- 18914762 TI - Personal experiences with carcinoma of the right half of the colon in private practice. PMID- 18914763 TI - Psychoneuroses in relation to general medicine. PMID- 18914764 TI - Public health aspects of poliomyelitis. PMID- 18914765 TI - Clinical signs of poliomyelitis. PMID- 18914766 TI - Laboratory aids in the diagnosis of poliomyelitis. PMID- 18914767 TI - Discussion of the diagnosis of poliomyelitis. PMID- 18914768 TI - The role of the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis. PMID- 18914770 TI - ON coming home from a sanatorium. PMID- 18914769 TI - Some causes of injury at sports and games. PMID- 18914771 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914772 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914773 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914774 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914775 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914776 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914777 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914778 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914779 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914780 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914782 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914781 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914783 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914784 TI - Whither the Pegasus of public health? PMID- 18914785 TI - Reconstruction of the burned hand. PMID- 18914786 TI - Pheochromocytomas coexisting in adrenal gland and retroperitoneal space, with sustained hypertension; report of a case with surgical cure. PMID- 18914788 TI - Pelvic abscess. PMID- 18914787 TI - Orthopedic surgery; conditions of the shoulder. PMID- 18914789 TI - Malignant teratoma of anterior mediastinum, involving pericardium, pleura and right lung. PMID- 18914790 TI - Choice of procedure in ophthalmic plastic surgery. PMID- 18914791 TI - Some observations on the neurogenic bladder. PMID- 18914793 TI - Transurethral treatment of bladder tumors. PMID- 18914792 TI - Results of radiation therapy of bladder cancer. PMID- 18914794 TI - Segmental resection of the bladder for cancer. PMID- 18914795 TI - Ureterocutaneous anastomoses. PMID- 18914796 TI - Results of the ureterointestinal anastomoses. PMID- 18914797 TI - Total cystectomy. PMID- 18914798 TI - The treatment of bladder tumors; symposium; summary and conclusions. PMID- 18914799 TI - Streptomycin in clinical tuberculosis. PMID- 18914800 TI - Diagnostic difficulties in intrathoracic neoplasms. PMID- 18914801 TI - Diagnosis and treatment of minimal tuberculosis. PMID- 18914802 TI - Isolated nonpenetrating injuries of the pancreas; 10-year review of the literature and report of a case. PMID- 18914803 TI - The diagnosis of sickle cell anemia. PMID- 18914804 TI - Carcinoma of the esophagus without dysphagia. Clinico-pathological conference. PMID- 18914805 TI - A case of Wolf-White-Parkinson syndrome with electrocardiographic changes and an attack of supraventricular tachycardia, controlled by quinidine. PMID- 18914806 TI - Elective tracheotomy following thyroidectomy. PMID- 18914807 TI - The despecialization of psychiatry. PMID- 18914808 TI - The plastic repair of major cutaneous defects. PMID- 18914809 TI - Rheumatic fever. PMID- 18914810 TI - Hormones in urology. PMID- 18914811 TI - Clinical manifestations of glioblastoma multiforme; a review of 50 cases. PMID- 18914812 TI - Primary cancer of the lung. PMID- 18914813 TI - Better health, today and tomorrow, through medicine. PMID- 18914814 TI - X-ray examination in rupture of the spleen. PMID- 18914815 TI - Treatment of prolonged labor due to uterine inertia. PMID- 18914816 TI - Primary staphylococcic pneumonia. PMID- 18914818 TI - Duodenal and gastric ulcer. PMID- 18914817 TI - Arteriolar nephrosclerosis and arteriolar sclerosis of the spleen, pancreas and adrenals. PMID- 18914819 TI - Cancer research. PMID- 18914820 TI - The relief of pain in terminal cancer. PMID- 18914821 TI - New anticonvulsant drugs in the treatment of epilepsy. PMID- 18914822 TI - Medical aspects of juvenile delinquency. PMID- 18914823 TI - Present-day concepts of rheumatic fever. PMID- 18914824 TI - Soils and health. PMID- 18914825 TI - The surgical conditions of infancy. PMID- 18914826 TI - Chemotherapy in infants and children. PMID- 18914827 TI - Squamous cell carcinoma following prolonged use of arsenic; case report. PMID- 18914828 TI - Practical considerations in the management of arthritis. PMID- 18914829 TI - Management of allergic disease of the respiratory tract in children. PMID- 18914830 TI - Philosophy of a medical service plan. PMID- 18914831 TI - Rhinoplastic procedures to establish normal physiologic nasal function. PMID- 18914832 TI - Primary carcinoma of the liver. PMID- 18914833 TI - Trochanteric fractures of the femur treated by internal fixation. PMID- 18914834 TI - Bone marrow infusions in infancy. PMID- 18914835 TI - The significance of hypertension in pregnancy. PMID- 18914836 TI - Tic and spasm. PMID- 18914837 TI - Riboflavin and the vitamin B. group. PMID- 18914838 TI - [Remoglobin and the reticulo-endothelial system]. PMID- 18914840 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of cancer of the breast]. PMID- 18914839 TI - [Results in the treatment of gonorrhea with sulphanilamides]. PMID- 18914841 TI - [Results for mass examinations of school children for pulm. tuberculosis]. PMID- 18914842 TI - [Review of English literature on pediatrics]. PMID- 18914843 TI - The complications of gastric and duodenal ulcer. PMID- 18914845 TI - Robert Burton's Anatomy of melancholy. PMID- 18914844 TI - Vagotomy; the present position. PMID- 18914846 TI - Modern therapy of thyrotoxicosis. PMID- 18914847 TI - The differential diagnosis of jaundice. PMID- 18914849 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914848 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914850 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914851 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914852 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914853 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914854 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914855 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914856 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914857 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914858 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914859 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914861 TI - RESPIRATORY diseases. PMID- 18914860 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914862 TI - Malignant melanoma of the skin; report of four-year cure by radical surgical excision. PMID- 18914863 TI - Adynamic ileus simulating organic obstruction associated with anaphylactoid purpura. PMID- 18914864 TI - Cavernous hemangioma of the stomach; report of a case. PMID- 18914865 TI - Heterophile agglutination reaction, stat. PMID- 18914866 TI - Continuous lavage of the small intestine as a means of treating renal insufficiency; report of case. PMID- 18914867 TI - Continuous lavage of the colon as a means of treating renal insufficiency; report of case. PMID- 18914868 TI - Endometriosis as a cause of obstruction of the intestine. PMID- 18914869 TI - Discussion on Simmond's disease. PMID- 18914870 TI - Thyrotoxicosis in mother with cretinism in child. PMID- 18914871 TI - Adrenal virilism (group I) bilateral partial adrenalectomy. PMID- 18914872 TI - Juvenile delinquency with special reference to remand homes. PMID- 18914873 TI - Discussion on the dietetic service of the hospitals of the future. PMID- 18914874 TI - Plasma protein fractions. PMID- 18914875 TI - The serious limitations and erroneous indications of biopsy in the diagnosis of tumours of bone. PMID- 18914876 TI - Discussion on the electro-encephalogram in organic cerebral disease. PMID- 18914877 TI - Surgery in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. AB - The pain, deformities and disabilities resulting from rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis must be treated by a team composed of physician, physical medicine expert, orthopaedic surgeon, and, in certain cases, deep X-ray therapist working simultaneously.The principle of "rest" in order to relieve pain has to be combined with methods designed to preserve and restore function. The multiple joint deformities in these cases may necessitate a long programme of reconstructive or functional treatment, which entails whole-hearted co-operation on the part of the patient in intensive post-operative exercise regime.PROCEDURES ADVOCATED FOR THE UPPER LIMB INCLUDE EXCISION OF THE ACROMION PROCESS TOGETHER WITH THE SUBACROMIAL BURSA TO ALLOW FREE MOVEMENT BETWEEN THE CENTRAL TENDON OF THE DELTOID AND THE TENDINOUS SHOULDER CUFF: arthrodesis of the shoulder in cases where there is more severe joint destruction: in certain cases of elbow-joint arthritis, excision of the radial head and sub-total synovectomy may preserve joint function and avoid or delay the necessity for arthroplasty which can be carried out in two ways: (a) similar to the formal joint excision, or (b) re shaping the lower end of the humerus and upper end of the ulna lining these surfaces with fascia. The former method is preferable in cases of rheumatoid arthritis. To overcome wrist-joint deformity and restore pronation and supination excision of the lower end of the ulna together with radiocarpal fusion in position for optimum function is advocated. Finger and toe joints may be corrected by resection of the bone ends and capsulectomy.In the lower limbs bilateral involvement of the hip-joint is best treated by vitallium mould arthroplasty which may be carried out in four ways: (1) Routine arthroplasty; (2) Modified Whitman procedure; (3) Modified Colonna operation; and (4) The proximal shaft or intertrochanteric arthroplasty. It is essential in these operations to have knowledge of the operative technique, the use of special hip gouges and reamers, and detailed post-operative supervision.For dorsal kyphosis of the spine, spinal osteotomy at the lumbar level provides excellent correction but is an operation demanding care and skill in its execution.The author's remarks are based on experience gained when working with Dr. M. N. Smith-Petersen at the Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, U.S.A. PMID- 18914878 TI - Aptitude testing. PMID- 18914880 TI - A case of subcapital fracture of the neck of the femur. PMID- 18914879 TI - Follow-up of a case of tuberculosis of the medical malleolus of the right tibia. PMID- 18914881 TI - A case of severed parotid duct. PMID- 18914882 TI - A case of monilla infection of the lung. PMID- 18914883 TI - A case of pneumococcal meningitis following a head injury. PMID- 18914884 TI - A case of pyloric obstruction. PMID- 18914885 TI - A case of hydatid cyst of the pelvic cellular tissues. PMID- 18914886 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914887 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914888 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914889 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914890 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914891 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914892 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914894 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914893 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914895 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914896 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914897 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914898 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914899 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914900 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914901 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914902 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914903 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914904 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914905 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914906 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914907 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914909 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914908 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914910 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914911 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914912 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914913 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914914 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914915 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914916 TI - The care of the patient with terminal cancer. PMID- 18914917 TI - Analysis of 4,000 operations for gallbladder and biliary duct disease. PMID- 18914918 TI - Treatment of psychosomatic conditions. PMID- 18914919 TI - Endocrine problems in adolescence. PMID- 18914920 TI - Protein nutrition and conservation. PMID- 18914921 TI - The catch in sickness insurance. PMID- 18914922 TI - Rupture of the diaphragm and urinary bladder by non-penetrating trauma of the abdominal wall. PMID- 18914923 TI - Prenatal diagnosis of anencephaly and report of a case. PMID- 18914924 TI - A quantitative study of the nature of the inhibition of oestradiol by testosterone propionate as assessed by the reaction in the perineum of the male and female castrated baboons. PMID- 18914925 TI - The Bantu salivary glands in chronic malnutrition with a brief consideration of the parenchyma-interstitial tissue relationship. PMID- 18914926 TI - The relationship between ectoparasite and host; the development of Cimex lectularius and Ornithodorus moubata on riboflavin deficient rats. PMID- 18914927 TI - The anatomy and the embryology of double monsters, with special reference to dicephalus. PMID- 18914928 TI - Ketosteroids in health and disease. PMID- 18914929 TI - Shakespeare and medicine. PMID- 18914930 TI - Tobacco substitutes. PMID- 18914931 TI - Medicine in Canada. PMID- 18914932 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914933 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914934 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914935 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914936 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914937 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914938 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914939 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914940 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914941 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914942 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914943 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914944 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914945 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914946 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914947 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914949 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914948 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914950 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914951 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914952 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914953 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914954 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914955 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914956 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914957 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914958 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914959 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914960 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914961 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914962 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914963 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914965 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914964 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914966 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914967 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914968 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914969 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914970 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914971 TI - Contributions of urology to life expectancy. PMID- 18914972 TI - Unorthodox treatment in coronary occlusion. PMID- 18914973 TI - Multiple calcinosis associated with hypervitaminosis D; report of a case. PMID- 18914974 TI - Important factors in the surgical removal of ureteral calculi. PMID- 18914975 TI - Factors influencing the healing of anorectal surgical wounds. PMID- 18914976 TI - Colostomies; a follow-up study of functional results. PMID- 18914977 TI - The venereal granulomas; a comparative study of these diseases in Florida. PMID- 18914979 TI - Temporal arteritis with associated optic atrophy. PMID- 18914978 TI - The use of interfacet vitallium screws in the Hibbs spine fusion. PMID- 18914980 TI - Report of the effect of various anesthetics and operative procedures on the venous pressure. PMID- 18914981 TI - The principles of therapy in allergic diseases. PMID- 18914982 TI - What can we expect from electro-sleep (electro-shock) treatment? PMID- 18914983 TI - A complete industrial health service at an atomic energy laboratory. PMID- 18914984 TI - The importance of physical medicine rehabilitation as demonstrated by the experience of the Veterans Administration. PMID- 18914985 TI - Pseudomonas (pyocyaneus) infection of the gastro-intestinal tract in infants and children. PMID- 18914986 TI - Spinal anesthesia in obstetrics. PMID- 18914987 TI - Cesarean section; results in 533 consecutive operations. PMID- 18914988 TI - Rational treatment of anemia. PMID- 18914989 TI - The prevention of heat prostration by use of vitamin C. PMID- 18914990 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914991 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914992 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914993 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914994 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914995 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914996 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914997 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914998 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18914999 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915000 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915001 TI - Neurologic sequelae of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. PMID- 18915002 TI - The treatment of chronic liver disease. PMID- 18915003 TI - Head injuries. PMID- 18915004 TI - Allergy; a review of its mechanism and management. PMID- 18915005 TI - The diagnosis and treatment of ectopic pregnancy. PMID- 18915006 TI - Cerebral palsy clinic. PMID- 18915007 TI - Fracture of the greater multangular bone; report of two cases. PMID- 18915008 TI - The need for well-child conferences with prenatal clinics in West Virginia. PMID- 18915009 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915010 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915011 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915012 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915013 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915014 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915015 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915016 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915017 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915018 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915019 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915020 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915021 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915022 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915023 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915024 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915025 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915026 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915027 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915028 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915029 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915030 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915031 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915032 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915033 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915034 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915035 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915036 TI - VENEREAL diseases. PMID- 18915037 TI - Subacute bacterial endocarditis; a report of a healed case with death due to congestive heart failure. PMID- 18915038 TI - STREPTOMYCIN. PMID- 18915039 TI - Cutaneous diphtheria. PMID- 18915040 TI - The sequelae of lumbar puncture. PMID- 18915042 TI - Evaluation of the five atomic bombs. PMID- 18915041 TI - Elementary principles of atomic energy. PMID- 18915043 TI - Historical sketch of the development of the control of animal diseases in Germany. PMID- 18915044 TI - DISEASES of the blood. PMID- 18915045 TI - ORAL pathological conditions. PMID- 18915046 TI - FACTORS influencing the incidence of chronic arthritis. PMID- 18915047 TI - ARMY doctors go back to school to study relation of basic science to illness. PMID- 18915048 TI - Cholecystitis, acute. PMID- 18915049 TI - Chronic alcoholism and the conditioned reflex treatment. PMID- 18915050 TI - The evolution and function of genes. PMID- 18915051 TI - Living cells in action. PMID- 18915052 TI - The physical chemistry of polymers. PMID- 18915053 TI - Chick sexing. PMID- 18915054 TI - Card guessing. PMID- 18915055 TI - A review of some basic facts of blood coagulation. PMID- 18915056 TI - Heparin in blood clotting and thrombosis. PMID- 18915057 TI - The relationship of vitamin K to hemorrhage and coagulation. PMID- 18915058 TI - Hemorrhagic manifestations observed in experimental deficiency of pantothenic acid, choline, and cystine. PMID- 18915059 TI - The effects of hemorrhage on the circulation. PMID- 18915060 TI - Experimental studies on traumatic and hemorrhagic shock. PMID- 18915061 TI - Vasomotion in the hemodynamics of the blood capillary circulation. PMID- 18915062 TI - Reactions of peripheral blood vessels in experimental hemorrhage. PMID- 18915063 TI - Hepato-renal factors in circulatory hemeostasis; the influence of humoral factors of hepato-renal origin on the vascular reactions to hemorrhage. PMID- 18915064 TI - Effects of hemorrhage on the kidney. PMID- 18915065 TI - Metabolic changes associated with hemorrhage. PMID- 18915066 TI - Certain anatomo-pathologic aspects of hemorrhage. PMID- 18915067 TI - Hemorrhagic manifestations of bacterial and virus infections; experimental studies and pathological interpretations. PMID- 18915068 TI - Abnormal hemorrhage with normal platelet count and normal clotting. PMID- 18915070 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915069 TI - Clinical aspects of hypoprothrombinemia. PMID- 18915071 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915072 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915073 TI - Plankton research at Hull. PMID- 18915074 TI - Advances in microscopy; the reflecting microscope. PMID- 18915075 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915076 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915077 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915078 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915079 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915080 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915081 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915082 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915083 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915084 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915085 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915086 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915087 TI - Canadian Wiltshire bacon; chloride shift in curred pork. PMID- 18915088 TI - Canadian Wiltshire bacon; changes in the thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin contents produced by curing, storage, and cooking. PMID- 18915089 TI - Apparatus for measuring oxygen consumption of guinea pigs. PMID- 18915090 TI - The reducing sugar content of frozen eggs as an index of the bacterial content. PMID- 18915091 TI - The resistance to weathering of cotton duck treated with certain compounds of iron, chromium, and copper. PMID- 18915092 TI - The oxidation, ignition, and detonation of fuel vapors and gases; the effect of flow configuration on the velocity of the oxidation reaction in pentane-air mixtures. PMID- 18915093 TI - A continuous laboratory vacuum evaporator. PMID- 18915094 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915095 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915096 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915097 TI - Penicillin and ribonuclease. PMID- 18915098 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915099 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915100 TI - Experimental investigations of the proliferative activity of erythroblasts in their different stages of maturation. PMID- 18915101 TI - Restitution of the reduced heat tolerance of thyroidectomized animals with thermothyrine. PMID- 18915102 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915104 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915103 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915105 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915106 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915107 TI - The status of the Protozoa. PMID- 18915108 TI - The artificial production of mesons. PMID- 18915109 TI - Distribution of alkaline phosphatase in the eggs of a sea-urchin. PMID- 18915110 TI - Influence of vitamin P (vitamin C2) upon the amount of ascorbic acid in the organs of the guinea pig. PMID- 18915112 TI - A cytochemical study of the perinuclear lipidic layer in the liver cell. PMID- 18915111 TI - The nucleolus of the apodan Sertoli cell. PMID- 18915113 TI - Haemolytic system in the blood of malaria-infected monkeys. PMID- 18915114 TI - Effect of colchicine treatment on the alkaloidal content of Datura metel. PMID- 18915115 TI - Effect of the electron beam on the voltage distribution of a high-voltage multistage electron accelerator. PMID- 18915116 TI - Apparent emission of positive electrons from beta-emitters. PMID- 18915117 TI - Mass-spectrographic separation of isotopes of gaseous elements. PMID- 18915118 TI - Hormone-mimetic and other responses of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L., to some polyploidogenic agents. PMID- 18915119 TI - HISTORY of science in education. PMID- 18915120 TI - INSECTICIDAL smokes. PMID- 18915121 TI - Effect of sodium cyanide on the human electroencephalogram. PMID- 18915122 TI - Effects of p-aminopropiophenone on response-times of a conditioned reflex of avoidance. PMID- 18915123 TI - Multiple neuritis and hypothyroidism. PMID- 18915124 TI - A study of 700 discharged neuro-psychiatric casualties and follow-up. PMID- 18915125 TI - Intervertebral disc rupture; appraisal of important signs. PMID- 18915126 TI - A study of the EEG following superior cervical ganglionectomy in the dog. PMID- 18915127 TI - The electroencephalogram in the clinical study of cortical atrophy. PMID- 18915128 TI - Electroencephalograms of children. PMID- 18915129 TI - Studies in the treatment of experimental hydrocephalus. PMID- 18915130 TI - Carcinomas of the tongue in monkeys and pathologic changes in the central nervous system. PMID- 18915131 TI - The Golgi apparatus in autonomic ganglion cells and peripheral neuroglia and its modification following stimulation and induced hypertension. PMID- 18915132 TI - Subcortical changes in cerebral concussion. PMID- 18915133 TI - Cerebrospinal fluid, its origin, nature and function. PMID- 18915134 TI - A second motor cortex in the monkey, Macaca mulatta. PMID- 18915135 TI - Kernicterus; a review with a report of the findings in a study of seven cases. PMID- 18915136 TI - Histometabolic changes and neuropathologic selectivity in the light of recent investigations; histometabolic dysergia. PMID- 18915137 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915138 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915139 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915140 TI - The meaning of anxiety in psychiatry and in life. PMID- 18915141 TI - Obeah; magic and social structure in the Lesser Antilles. PMID- 18915142 TI - Delusion, belief and fact. PMID- 18915143 TI - Color denial in the Negro; a preliminary report. PMID- 18915144 TI - A study of mental derangement in Africans, and an attempt to explain its peculiarities, more especially in relation to the African attitude of life. PMID- 18915145 TI - Congenital dislocation of the hip. PMID- 18915146 TI - Nursing care in congenital dislocation. PMID- 18915147 TI - A health week project. PMID- 18915148 TI - Value of adequate supervision. PMID- 18915149 TI - Venereal disease work in the public health nursing program. PMID- 18915150 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915151 TI - Care of nose, throat and ears. PMID- 18915152 TI - Psychiatric concepts applied to industrial nursing. PMID- 18915153 TI - Kholbhari. PMID- 18915154 TI - Tropical liver abscess eith secondary B coli infection. PMID- 18915155 TI - Vagal resection in the treatment of duodenal ulcer. PMID- 18915156 TI - Recent advances in anaesthesia. PMID- 18915157 TI - Medical and nursing care of miners. PMID- 18915158 TI - Radiotherapy for malignant growths. PMID- 18915159 TI - To the attack against kala-azar with the Friends Service Unit in China. PMID- 18915160 TI - Detailed record of labour observations. PMID- 18915162 TI - Diphtheria. PMID- 18915161 TI - Stuttering and semantic environment. PMID- 18915164 TI - Diseases we get from animals. PMID- 18915163 TI - In search of gold; the story of chemotherapy. PMID- 18915165 TI - Sunbathing for health. PMID- 18915166 TI - Modern treatment of syphilis. PMID- 18915167 TI - Estasis papilar. PMID- 18915168 TI - The subjective correction of astigmatism. PMID- 18915169 TI - Colour vision. PMID- 18915170 TI - Ocular-dominance. PMID- 18915172 TI - Sectional accommodation. PMID- 18915173 TI - Diabetic hypermetropia. PMID- 18915171 TI - Amblyopia. PMID- 18915174 TI - An introduction to dynamic retinoscopy. PMID- 18915175 TI - Orthoptic treatment of heterophoria. PMID- 18915176 TI - Treatment of carcinoma of the pharynx and larynx. PMID- 18915177 TI - Some intractable diseases of the conjunctiva and cornea. PMID- 18915178 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915179 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915180 TI - Data concerning the heredity of astigmatism. PMID- 18915181 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915182 TI - Capillary hemorrhages of the retina and capillary fragility. PMID- 18915183 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915184 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915185 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915186 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915188 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915187 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915189 TI - Inhalation of penicillin and streptomycin in office practice. PMID- 18915190 TI - Peripheral cranial autonomic tracts; a study in anatomy and function. PMID- 18915191 TI - Streptomycin treatment of vertigo. PMID- 18915192 TI - Compressive suspension splint for postoperative and accidental comminuted nasal fractures. PMID- 18915193 TI - Direct laryngoscopy; a simplified technic an aid to the early detection of laryngeal cancer. PMID- 18915194 TI - Corneal transplantation; selection of cases. PMID- 18915195 TI - Corneal transplantation; technic. PMID- 18915196 TI - Corneal transplantation; complications. PMID- 18915197 TI - Corneal transplantation; physiopathology. PMID- 18915198 TI - Corneal transplantation; results. PMID- 18915199 TI - Opportunities and responsibilities of ophthalmologists. PMID- 18915200 TI - Need for informative labeling of sun glasses. PMID- 18915201 TI - Visual testing technics. PMID- 18915202 TI - The membranous labyrinth in the congenitally deaf collie and Dalmatian dog. PMID- 18915203 TI - Bronchography. PMID- 18915204 TI - Treatment of endonasal and cutaneous lupus vulgaris with calciferol, with report of a successful case. PMID- 18915205 TI - The use of roentgen rays in small dosages for the relief of pain in inflammations of the external ear. PMID- 18915206 TI - Subglottic cylindroma, with special reference to its clinical course. PMID- 18915207 TI - Propylene glycol as a menstruum for sulfathiazole with practical application to otolaryngology; secondary report. PMID- 18915208 TI - A safe and efficient cleansing device for the nasopharyngeal radium applicator. PMID- 18915209 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915210 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915211 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915212 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915213 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915214 TI - A morphologic study of the cardiac conduction system; the pathogenesis of heart block and bundle branch block. PMID- 18915215 TI - Manifold manifestations of reticuloendothelial disease; report of a case of Hodgkin's disease, lymphogranulomatosis, acute hemolytic anemia and giant follicular lymphadenopathy. PMID- 18915216 TI - Spread of carcinoma to the spleen, its relation to generalized carcinomatous spread. PMID- 18915217 TI - Laennec cirrhosis, its histogenesis, with special reference to the role of angiogenesis. PMID- 18915218 TI - Statistical and histologic study of 120 canine neoplasms. PMID- 18915219 TI - Mastitis of the mouse as related to postsecretory mammary involution. PMID- 18915220 TI - Role played by the salivary glands in the alarm reaction. PMID- 18915221 TI - Normal variation of the costochondral junction. PMID- 18915222 TI - Fuel oil aspiration pneumonia. PMID- 18915223 TI - Staphylococcic meningitis, its rarity in the newborn; review of the literature; report of three-day-old infant with recovery. PMID- 18915224 TI - Rice sensitivity in children. PMID- 18915225 TI - Appendicitis in infancy; report of case. PMID- 18915226 TI - Diphtheria. PMID- 18915227 TI - Postvaricella; bronchopneumonia. PMID- 18915228 TI - Epitlottitis. PMID- 18915229 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915230 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915232 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915231 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915233 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915234 TI - Toward better care for rural mothers. PMID- 18915235 TI - Finland safeguards health of mothers and children. PMID- 18915236 TI - Needed improvements in health education. PMID- 18915237 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915238 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915239 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915240 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915241 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915242 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915243 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915244 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915245 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915246 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915247 TI - NEW vehicles for prolonged penicillin administration. PMID- 18915249 TI - ANEMIA, its causes and therapy. PMID- 18915248 TI - Diagnostic agents. PMID- 18915250 TI - Drug addiction. PMID- 18915251 TI - The thorn apple; an East African pest. PMID- 18915252 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915253 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915254 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915256 TI - Medicated dusting powders. PMID- 18915255 TI - Cosmetics, cold and cleansing creams, functions and formulations. PMID- 18915257 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915258 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915259 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915260 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915262 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915261 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915263 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915264 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915265 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915266 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915267 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915268 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915269 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915270 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915271 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915272 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915274 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915273 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915275 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915276 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915277 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915278 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915279 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915280 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915281 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915282 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915283 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915284 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915285 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915286 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915287 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915288 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915289 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915290 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915291 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915292 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915293 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915294 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915295 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915296 TI - Narcotics prescriptions regulations. PMID- 18915297 TI - DIFFERENCES in dispensing practice. PMID- 18915298 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915299 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915300 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915301 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915302 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915304 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915303 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915305 TI - Why do we spice our food? PMID- 18915306 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915307 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915308 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915310 TI - Cold tolerance and cold immersion in infant rats. PMID- 18915309 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915311 TI - A method for estimating traces of T-1824 by combination with cellophane. PMID- 18915313 TI - Physiological significance of preserved central vision in lesions of the optic tract vs. optic radiation. PMID- 18915312 TI - Relation between synaptic delays and characteristics of preganglionic volleys initiating responses in cat autonomic ganglia. PMID- 18915314 TI - Hepato-renal factors in circulatory homeostasis; antidiuretic action of liver VDM concentrates. PMID- 18915315 TI - CO2 content of maternal and fetal sheep blood. PMID- 18915316 TI - The femoral A-V glucose differrences following glucose infusion in unanesthetized normal and adrenalectomized dogs. PMID- 18915317 TI - A new concept of phase-boundary potential applied to the electro-physiology of nerve. PMID- 18915318 TI - A light-stable visual purple. PMID- 18915319 TI - Change in riboflavin during embryonic development. PMID- 18915321 TI - The myenteric reflex. PMID- 18915322 TI - Circulatory reserves shown by animals under acceleratory exposure. PMID- 18915320 TI - The effects of anoxia upon myoglobin concentration. PMID- 18915323 TI - Insulin inactivation by tissue extracts. PMID- 18915324 TI - Responses of inhibited motoneurones. PMID- 18915325 TI - Effect of tetraethyl-ammonium chloride on intra-arterial blood pressure in patients with coarctation of the aorta. PMID- 18915326 TI - Consciousness and unconsciousness during anesthesia in relation to brain potential. PMID- 18915327 TI - A method for direct measurement of rate of oxygen utilization by nerve. PMID- 18915328 TI - Cell fractionation and gonadotrophin assays of anterior pituitary glands. PMID- 18915329 TI - Effect of exercise on renal plasma flow. PMID- 18915330 TI - Studies of the mechanism of increased chloride excretion during osmotic diuresis. PMID- 18915331 TI - A method for constant, long-term intravenous infusion of the unanesthetized dog. PMID- 18915332 TI - Pilot metabolism and respiratory activity during varied flight tasks. PMID- 18915333 TI - Analysis of combined effects of exercise and carbon dioxide inhalation on pulmonary ventilation in man. PMID- 18915334 TI - Changes in verbal material copied by hand. PMID- 18915335 TI - Children's friendships; a study of the bases on which children select and reject their best friends. PMID- 18915336 TI - Outline for a possible consideration of the psychological factors involved in spelling. PMID- 18915337 TI - Attitudes to work among building operatives. PMID- 18915339 TI - The measurement of human skill. PMID- 18915338 TI - Training the industrial psychologist. PMID- 18915341 TI - Anthropological background to work. PMID- 18915340 TI - Professor Bartlett on skill. PMID- 18915342 TI - Satisfactions in work; a further comment. PMID- 18915343 TI - OUTLINE of mental hygiene in maternal and preschool child health for public health nurses. PMID- 18915344 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915345 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915346 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915347 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915348 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915349 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915350 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915351 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915353 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915352 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915354 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915355 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915356 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915357 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915358 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915359 TI - [The teaching of general hygiene at the school of Hygiene of the Medical Institute]. PMID- 18915360 TI - [The principles of quarters planning blocks in villages]. PMID- 18915361 TI - [Sanitary condition of the Neva bay]. PMID- 18915362 TI - [Pollution of the compost heap ground]. PMID- 18915364 TI - [Temperature as a factor in the occurrence of caisson disease]. PMID- 18915363 TI - [The effect of sanitary conditions in industry upon the occurrence of lobar pneumonia]. PMID- 18915365 TI - [Luminescence analysis as a factor for determination of the quality of raw and cooked fish]. PMID- 18915366 TI - [Simplified method of determination pro-vitamine A (carotin) in green vegetables]. PMID- 18915367 TI - [Wild greens and cultivated vegetables as a source of carotin]. PMID- 18915369 TI - Application to the elderly of the principles of preventive medicine. PMID- 18915370 TI - A note on synthetic fats. PMID- 18915368 TI - [Disinfecting properties of acid tar]. PMID- 18915372 TI - Mortality from suicide in Scotland. PMID- 18915371 TI - Three milk-borne outbreaks of disease in North-East Scotland. PMID- 18915373 TI - REHABILITATION of tuberculous persons. PMID- 18915374 TI - War-time changes in road transport deaths. PMID- 18915375 TI - The rabies control program in New Jersey. PMID- 18915376 TI - PHYSICIANS and schools; report of Section II; school health programs and studies. PMID- 18915377 TI - Psychokinetics and dance therapy. PMID- 18915378 TI - Infective hepatitis in West Africa. PMID- 18915379 TI - The value of anti-cholera inoculations. PMID- 18915380 TI - An outbreak of Shigella flexneri infection among rheus monkeys. PMID- 18915381 TI - Ohio can have adequate local health services. PMID- 18915382 TI - Brief history of local health units in Ohio. PMID- 18915383 TI - Employment of soluble antigen in screening tests for typhus complement fixation. PMID- 18915384 TI - Heart diseases and allied causes of death in relation to age changes in the population. PMID- 18915385 TI - Studies on the genus Shigella. PMID- 18915386 TI - The nutritional status of a Puerto Rican rural community in relation to its dietary intake. PMID- 18915387 TI - Malariology, mosquito control and aviation. PMID- 18915388 TI - The National Sanitation Foundation. PMID- 18915389 TI - Evaluation of results of mechanical cooling of milk on producing farms. PMID- 18915390 TI - Sewage treatment at military installations. PMID- 18915392 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915391 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915393 TI - The determination of zinc in water, sewage and trade wastes. PMID- 18915394 TI - Developments in water chlorination practice, 1947. PMID- 18915395 TI - Some practical aspects of chlorination and coagulation. PMID- 18915396 TI - An oxygen consumed test for sewage. PMID- 18915397 TI - The influence of castration by roentgen on carcinoma of the breast. PMID- 18915398 TI - Protrusion of the acetabula as complication of labor. PMID- 18915400 TI - The use of a mobile source of light in radiography. PMID- 18915399 TI - The roentgen diagnosis of fluid in the frontal and sphenoidal sinuses. PMID- 18915401 TI - Microcolon; with report of two cases. PMID- 18915402 TI - Roentgen examination in acute dilatation of the stomach. PMID- 18915403 TI - The treatment of keloids at Radium-hemmet, 1921-1941. PMID- 18915404 TI - Solution of technical problems connected with economical light-weight apparatus for mass miniature radiography. PMID- 18915405 TI - The behaviour of the thrombocytes during and after local radiotherapy. PMID- 18915406 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915407 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915408 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915409 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915410 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915411 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915412 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915413 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915414 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915415 TI - Treatment of fractures of long bones by open reduction and screw fixation; a report of 42 cases. PMID- 18915416 TI - Etiology of goiter in man; new concepts. PMID- 18915417 TI - Current reappraisal of total abdominal hysterectomy. PMID- 18915418 TI - Repair of fascial defects with whole skin grafts. PMID- 18915419 TI - Simplified technic for subtotal thyroidectomy. PMID- 18915420 TI - Management of recurrent varicose veins. PMID- 18915421 TI - Procidentia; a new operation to cure the remaining prolapsed cervix or vaginal hernia. PMID- 18915422 TI - Use of curare in the anesthetic management of the profoundly sedated patient. PMID- 18915423 TI - Anterior dislocation of the elbow with fracture of the olecranon. PMID- 18915424 TI - Middle meningeal hemorrhage. PMID- 18915425 TI - Mucocele of the appendix. PMID- 18915426 TI - Glossopharyngeal nerve block. PMID- 18915427 TI - Congenital chondrosternal depression (funnel chest) relieved by chondrosternoplasty. PMID- 18915428 TI - Gastric resection for duodenal ulcer; surgical treatment and follow-up study. PMID- 18915429 TI - Hemangioendothelioma of the salivary gland. PMID- 18915430 TI - Stenosis of the intestine after strangulated hernia, with fatal complication following intestinal intubation. PMID- 18915431 TI - Multiple diverticula of the jejunum. PMID- 18915432 TI - Pregnancy complicated by trans-mesenteric hernia. PMID- 18915433 TI - Primary malignant melanoma of female urethra. PMID- 18915434 TI - Ligation of the inferior vena cava and ovarian veins for infected abortion. PMID- 18915435 TI - Improved apparatus for skeletal traction of the cervical spine. PMID- 18915436 TI - Tracheal airway for use during total laryngectomy. PMID- 18915437 TI - The local anesthetic properties of amidone (dolophine). PMID- 18915438 TI - The Chicago keysort anesthesia record. PMID- 18915439 TI - The influence of posture on mechanics of respiration and vital capacity. PMID- 18915440 TI - Pentothal-curare solution; a preliminary report and analysis of its use in 160 cases. PMID- 18915441 TI - A new method for recording the effect of various agents upon the caliber of the human bronchial tree. PMID- 18915442 TI - Studies on the parenteral administration of hydrogen peroxide. PMID- 18915443 TI - Erythroblastosis foetalis caused by cougle sensitization to the factors rh" and Hr'. PMID- 18915444 TI - Anesthetic problems in thoracic surgery. PMID- 18915445 TI - The action of procaine, salicylate and benzoate of sodium on the excitability of skeletal muscle and of nerve. PMID- 18915446 TI - Control of temperature of inspired atmosphere in absorption technic. PMID- 18915447 TI - Report of 69 anaesthetics to a child in a period of 5 years. PMID- 18915448 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915449 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915450 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915451 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915452 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915453 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915454 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915455 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915457 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915456 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915458 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915459 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915460 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915461 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915462 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915463 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915464 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915465 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915466 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915467 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915468 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915469 TI - Mediastinal tumor involving left lung, attempted removal, death, loose tooth occluding right bronchus. PMID- 18915470 TI - An 8 yr old colored female, orthopedic operation of left leg; inhalation anesthesia; death during anesthesia. PMID- 18915471 TI - Fatality under topical and local anesthesia for submucous resection; death before operation. PMID- 18915472 TI - Death under anesthesia during right pneumonectomy. PMID- 18915473 TI - Primipara, age 28, full term, delivered; death one hour after delivery. PMID- 18915474 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915475 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915476 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915477 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915478 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915479 TI - Penicillin in the treatment of intra-abdominal infection. PMID- 18915480 TI - Appendectomy; a technic for total excision. PMID- 18915481 TI - The surgical aspects of diverticula of the duodenum with the report of an additional surgical case. PMID- 18915482 TI - Application of war experiences to civilian chest casualties. PMID- 18915483 TI - Familial sciatica due to herniated discs. PMID- 18915484 TI - Tumor of the carotid body; a case presentation. PMID- 18915485 TI - Early carcinoma of the prostate, its diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 18915486 TI - Cysts of the falciform ligament. PMID- 18915487 TI - Operability of thyroid cases. PMID- 18915488 TI - Amino acids in surgery; a review of their progress and the outlook for the future. PMID- 18915489 TI - Treatment of short stricture of the esophagus by partial esophagectomy and end-to end esophageal reconstruction. PMID- 18915490 TI - Leiomyoma of the esophagus and cardia of the stomach. PMID- 18915491 TI - An in vivo method for evaluation of detergents and germicides. PMID- 18915492 TI - Choledochostomy. PMID- 18915493 TI - Myotonia acquisita due to chronic calculous cholecystitis and cured by cholecystectomy. PMID- 18915494 TI - Herpes zoster and the surgical abdomen. PMID- 18915495 TI - Mesenteric thrombosis. PMID- 18915496 TI - Observations on an absorbable powder to replace talc. PMID- 18915497 TI - The Magnuson-Stack procedure for recurrent dislocations of the shoulder. PMID- 18915499 TI - Subcutaneous rupture of the brachioradialis muscle. PMID- 18915498 TI - A plaster traction splint for compound comminuted fractures of the tibia and fibula. PMID- 18915500 TI - Four metachronous malignant lesions of the colon; an unusual case. PMID- 18915501 TI - Benign lymphoma of the rectum. PMID- 18915502 TI - Gastrostomy; a statistical review of 199 cases. PMID- 18915503 TI - An improved drain for peritoneal lavage. PMID- 18915504 TI - Progress in surgery of the autonomic nervous system, 1943-1946. PMID- 18915505 TI - Congenital cystic disease of the liver. PMID- 18915506 TI - The treatment of peritonitis; a review of 186 cases. PMID- 18915507 TI - Gigantic ovarian cyst developing in a thecoma; problems encountered in surgical management. PMID- 18915508 TI - Conversion of an otoscope into an infant laryngoscope. PMID- 18915509 TI - Studies on thyrotoxicosis. PMID- 18915510 TI - Propylthiouracil, its use in the preoperative treatment of severe and complicated hyperthyroidism. PMID- 18915511 TI - Spinal anesthesia in more than 5000 vaginal deliveries. PMID- 18915512 TI - A statistical review of 241 consecutive cesarean sections. PMID- 18915513 TI - Proteolytic activity in the physiology, pathology and therapeutics of the thyroid gland. PMID- 18915514 TI - Further observations on thiouracil and related substances in the treatment of toxic goiter. PMID- 18915515 TI - Sodium pentothal anesthesia in obstetrics. PMID- 18915516 TI - Immediate attention to the postpartum cervix. PMID- 18915517 TI - A study of 10 years of cesarean sections at Emanuel Hospital. PMID- 18915518 TI - Recent advances in surgery of the newborn and of early infancy. PMID- 18915520 TI - Infertility and the stability of marriage. PMID- 18915519 TI - Electron microscope studies of normal human spermatozoa. PMID- 18915521 TI - The problem of rehabilitation in reconstructive surgery. PMID- 18915522 TI - Occupational therapy for the chronically ill. PMID- 18915523 TI - Music therapy at Children's Memorial Hospital, Montreal. PMID- 18915524 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915525 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915526 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915527 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915529 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915528 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915530 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915531 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915532 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915534 TI - TREATMENT of anemia. PMID- 18915533 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915535 TI - EPILEPSY, the hopeful disorder. PMID- 18915536 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915537 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915538 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915539 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915540 TI - The action in vitro of some aromatic diamidines on a Sudan strain of Leishmania infantum. PMID- 18915541 TI - The growth of Anopheles sergenti Theobald (Diptera, Culicidae) with special reference to the growth of the anal papillae in varying salinities. PMID- 18915542 TI - A note on the effect of high temperature on the pupal stage of Glossina in relation to the transmission-rate of trypanosomes. PMID- 18915543 TI - The pathology of an experimental amoebic infection in the rat. PMID- 18915544 TI - Observations on the use of cercarial antigen in the diagnosis of schistosomiasis. PMID- 18915545 TI - Leishman's stain adapted for use with histological sections. PMID- 18915546 TI - A simple technique for the microscopy of living tissues in situ, with some observations on the splenic circulation. PMID- 18915547 TI - Some species of Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) from the state of Chiapas, Mexico. PMID- 18915548 TI - The cultivation of excerythrocytic forms of Plasmodium gallinaceum; a preliminary note. PMID- 18915549 TI - The resorption of haemoglobin by the renal tubules in haemoglobinuria. PMID- 18915550 TI - The pathogenesis of the liver lesion due to the administration of carbon tetrachloride. PMID- 18915551 TI - Infection of reticulocytes by Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium malariae in hyperendemic indigenous malaria. PMID- 18915552 TI - Discussion of methods for differentiating tick- from louse-borne relapsing fever spirochaetes. PMID- 18915553 TI - The occurrence of a piroplasm, Entopolypoides macaci, in East African monkeys. PMID- 18915554 TI - Collapse therapy in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 18915555 TI - Psychology and tuberculosis. PMID- 18915556 TI - Why can't I take streptomycin? PMID- 18915558 TI - Classification of leprosy. PMID- 18915557 TI - Papular dermatitis. PMID- 18915559 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915560 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915562 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915561 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915563 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915564 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915565 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915566 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915567 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915568 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915569 TI - Distemperoid virus; clinical observations on its value in dogs in the Philippines. PMID- 18915570 TI - Dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane; a complete review of literature. PMID- 18915571 TI - Manufacture of agar-agar from sea weed, Gracilaria lichenoides. PMID- 18915572 TI - Penicillin therapy in bovine mastitis. PMID- 18915573 TI - A hidden disease of bovines in South Kanara District. PMID- 18915574 TI - Surra in bovines; some uncommon symptoms. PMID- 18915575 TI - Egg-bound in hens. PMID- 18915576 TI - Bovine anaplasmosis. PMID- 18915577 TI - Relative effectiveness of two methods used in insemination of dairy cattle. PMID- 18915578 TI - Anomalous genitalia in heifers. PMID- 18915579 TI - Toxic cells in blood examination. PMID- 18915580 TI - Unusual cause of abscess. PMID- 18915581 TI - The propagation of glue-tongue virus in the developing chick embryo with particular reference to the temperature of incubation. PMID- 18915582 TI - Further observations on the pathology of bluetongue in sheep. PMID- 18915583 TI - The diffusion constant and molecular weight and shape of neurotropic horsesickness virus. PMID- 18915584 TI - Mites, hitherto unrecorded in South Africa, collected in Natal from fowls, pigeons, turkeys, guinea-fowls, wild birds and rabbits. PMID- 18915585 TI - Studies on the action of potassium monofluoroacetate, CH2FCOOK; Dichapetalum cymosum, Hook, Engl., toxin on animals. PMID- 18915586 TI - The secretion of abnormal milk by quarters free from known pathogens. PMID- 18915587 TI - MEXICAN outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease. PMID- 18915588 TI - Diseases of the nervous system. PMID- 18915590 TI - Survival of sheep nematode larvae on pasture during summer. PMID- 18915589 TI - Diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease. PMID- 18915591 TI - Veterinary education in Formosa and Japan. PMID- 18915592 TI - A veterinary education in Japan. PMID- 18915593 TI - Filth borne infections of mink. PMID- 18915594 TI - Clinical trial of a new skin antiseptic zyclophen veterinary. PMID- 18915595 TI - Bovine laminitis. PMID- 18915596 TI - Recent advances in chemotherapy as applied to practice. PMID- 18915597 TI - Acute interstitial pulmonary emphysema of bovines. PMID- 18915598 TI - Estimation of phenanthridinium compounds. PMID- 18915599 TI - Clinical aspects of foreign bodies in the alimentary tract. PMID- 18915600 TI - Some remarks on the use of penicillin as a topical application. PMID- 18915601 TI - Black disease of sheep. PMID- 18915602 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915603 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915604 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915606 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915605 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915607 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915608 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915609 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915610 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915611 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915612 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915613 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915614 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915615 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915616 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915617 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915618 TI - Experiments on the mechanism of nerve growth. PMID- 18915619 TI - A study of frog egg antigens with serum-like reactive groups. PMID- 18915620 TI - Specificity and mode of action of cytotoxins produced against alien transplants in rats. PMID- 18915621 TI - Temperature and size in the reorganization of Tubularia. PMID- 18915622 TI - Regeneration of primordia and developing hydranths of Tubularia. PMID- 18915623 TI - The occurrence and formation of binucleate and multinucleate cells and polyploid nuclei in the mouse liver. PMID- 18915624 TI - The nature and distribution of lipoids in the placenta of the bat, Myotis lucifugus lucifugs, with observations on the mitochondria and Golgi apparatus. PMID- 18915625 TI - Changes with age in the reticular fibers of the myocardium of the mouse. PMID- 18915626 TI - Cytochemical properties of apocrine sweat glands normally present in the human mammary gland. PMID- 18915627 TI - Changes in the ossification of the third metacarpal occurring at progressively longer intervals following hypophysectomy in the female rat. PMID- 18915628 TI - Response to pituitary growth hormone and thyroxin of the third metacarpal in the hypophysectomized female rat. PMID- 18915629 TI - The effect of anterior hypophyseal growth hormone on epiphyseal closure in the third metacarpal of normal female rats. PMID- 18915630 TI - Distribution of ascorbic acid in autonomic ganglia and its alteration in experimental and pathologic states. PMID- 18915631 TI - The andromimetic action of adrenal cortical transplants to the seminal vesicle of the adult rat. PMID- 18915632 TI - The male accessory reproductive glands of Condylura with notes on a unique prostatic secretion. PMID- 18915633 TI - Innervation of the human tooth. PMID- 18915634 TI - The innervation of the knee joint. PMID- 18915635 TI - The nature of the ascician tadpole, with reference to Boltenia echinata. PMID- 18915636 TI - The structure and division of Chilomastix intestinalis Kuczynski, with notes on similar forms in man and other vertebrates. PMID- 18915637 TI - Morphogenetic studies of the rabbit; inheritance of an asymmetrical vascular pattern. PMID- 18915638 TI - Tadpole larvae of the ascidians Polycitor, Euherdmania and Polysyncraton. PMID- 18915639 TI - Embryological development of the mouth parts and related structures of the milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas). PMID- 18915640 TI - Human factors in aircraft design. PMID- 18915658 TI - Cytochemical mechanisms of penicillin action; the influence of cobalt on the optimal bacteriostatic concentration of penicillin. PMID- 18915662 TI - Nutritional requirements of Bacillus larvae. PMID- 18915663 TI - Mima polymorpha in meningitis. PMID- 18915664 TI - The effect of streptomycin on the formation of adaptive enzymes. PMID- 18915665 TI - Steroid effect upon bacterial growth. PMID- 18915666 TI - Aneurysms of the abdominal aorta. PMID- 18915667 TI - Pregnancy and the thyroid gland. PMID- 18915668 TI - The immunochemistry of mouse tissue components; a comparison of the antigenic composition of embryonic mouse organs with that of adult mouse organs and with mouse tumors. PMID- 18915669 TI - The incidence of primary atypical pneumonia of unknown etiology. PMID- 18915670 TI - Mechanism of the topical effect of penicillin G in experimental local streptococcal infections. PMID- 18915671 TI - Concentration, partial purification, properties, and nature of staphylocoagulase. PMID- 18915672 TI - Surgical treatment of degenerative arthritis of the hip; articular denervation. PMID- 18915673 TI - The treatment of rheumatic polyarthritis with acid azo compounds. PMID- 18915674 TI - The radiological interpretation of chronic rheumatic arthritis. PMID- 18915675 TI - Manipulation of the atlas and axis. PMID- 18915676 TI - [Carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism of sugar beet]. PMID- 18915677 TI - [Existence of diketopiperazine groupings in the protein molecule]. PMID- 18915678 TI - [Plastids of carrots as colloidal systems and vitamin bearers]. PMID- 18915679 TI - [Importance of carnosine in the process of decarboxylation of oxaloacetic acid]. PMID- 18915680 TI - [Kydrolytic cleavage of carbohydrates in muscles]. PMID- 18915681 TI - [Improved manometric apparatus for the microdetermination of amino nitrogen]. PMID- 18915682 TI - [Chemical nature of the substance of the brain tissue sensibilizing muscles to acetylcholine]. PMID- 18915683 TI - [Effect of amino acids on the process of the synthesis of saccharose in plants]. PMID- 18915684 TI - [Harden-Young equation of cell-free fermentation]. PMID- 18915685 TI - [Enzymatic splitting of carnosine]. PMID- 18915686 TI - [Vitamin and enzyme properties of mycelium of penicillium]. PMID- 18915687 TI - New Fischer techniques for studying oils and waxes. PMID- 18915688 TI - Determination of crystal water by the use of hydrides. PMID- 18915689 TI - Plastic film printing. PMID- 18915690 TI - The new insecticide hexaethyl tetraphosphate. PMID- 18915691 TI - Improvements in separations by precipitation. PMID- 18915692 TI - Flame excitation methods for quantitative spectrochemical analysis. PMID- 18915693 TI - Atomic bombardment and its effects in relation to fire engineering. PMID- 18915694 TI - The Philips hot-air engine. PMID- 18915695 TI - Continuous hydrolysis of fats. PMID- 18915696 TI - STORING of data on microfilm. PMID- 18915697 TI - Tubocurarine. PMID- 18915699 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915698 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915700 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915701 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915702 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915704 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915703 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915705 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915706 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915707 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915708 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915709 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915710 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915711 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915712 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915714 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915713 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915715 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915716 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915717 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915719 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915718 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915720 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915721 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915722 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915723 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915725 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915724 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915726 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915727 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915728 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915729 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915730 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915731 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915732 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915733 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915734 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915735 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915736 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915737 TI - The electrochemical properties of mineral membranes; clay membranes for the determination of calcium. PMID- 18915738 TI - The electrochemical properties of mineral membranes; clay membranes for the determination of magnesium. PMID- 18915739 TI - The isolation of 1,1-dichloro-2-o-chlorophenyl-2-p-chlorophenyl-ethane from technical TDE. PMID- 18915740 TI - Lignin; purification of lignin sulfonic acids by continuous dialysis. PMID- 18915741 TI - Lignin; liberation of phenolic hydroxyl groups by alkaline cleavage of lignin sulfonic acids. PMID- 18915743 TI - The half-wave potential of samarium. PMID- 18915742 TI - The polarographic reduction of gadolinium. PMID- 18915744 TI - The reactions of antiserum homologous to the p-azosuccinanilate ion group. PMID- 18915745 TI - Antimalarials; 2,5-diphenyl-3-furyl amino ketones and alcohols. PMID- 18915747 TI - A new synthesis of cinnoline derivatives; heterocyclic steroid analogs. PMID- 18915746 TI - Aminoalkylphenols as antimalarials (heterocyclicamino)-alpha-amino-o-cresols; the synthesis of camoquin. PMID- 18915748 TI - The synthesis of palmitic acid and tripalmitin labeled with carbon fourteen. PMID- 18915749 TI - Physiologically active indanamines; compounds substituted in the aromatic ring. PMID- 18915750 TI - The structures of some isopropylidene-aldehydo-L-arabinose derivatives. PMID- 18915751 TI - 1-Thiosorbitol. PMID- 18915752 TI - L-alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine. PMID- 18915753 TI - Physical studies of gel microstructure. PMID- 18915754 TI - The selective degradation of certain pyrryl polycarboxylic esters. PMID- 18915755 TI - The Leuckart reaction; a study of the mechanism. PMID- 18915756 TI - Gelsemine. PMID- 18915757 TI - Studies in steroid metabolism; the problem of Walden inversion in the reactions of steroid hydrogen sulfates and steroid sulfites. PMID- 18915758 TI - Cyclic polyolefins; synthesis of cyclooctatetraene from pseudopelletierine. PMID- 18915759 TI - Structure of alkali amylose. PMID- 18915761 TI - Synthesis of DL-methionine. PMID- 18915760 TI - Surfaces of solids; the heats of emersion and desorption of water from graphite at 25 degrees. PMID- 18915762 TI - A synthesis of 2-thiazolethiol and its disulfide. PMID- 18915763 TI - A new method for the preparation of 17(alpha)-hydroxy-20-ketopregnanes. PMID- 18915764 TI - The reaction of anthracene with maleic and fumaric acid and their derivatives and with citraconic anhydride and mesaconic acid. PMID- 18915765 TI - The reaction of 1-vinylnaphthalene and 6-methoxy-1-vinylnaphthalene with citraconic anhydride, fumaric acid and mesaconic acid. PMID- 18915766 TI - The Diels-Alder reaction of 1-vinyl-6-methoxy-3,4-dihydronaphthalene with citraconic anhydride. PMID- 18915767 TI - Amino acids; phthalyl derivatives. PMID- 18915768 TI - Synthesis of 6-nitro-6-desoxy-D-glucose and 6-nitro-6-desoxy-L-idose. PMID- 18915769 TI - Cyclization of 6-nitrodesoxyaldohexoses to nitrodesoxyinositols. PMID- 18915770 TI - Hydroxylation of 2,3-dihydropyran and the application of desoxyaldopentoses in the Browning reaction. PMID- 18915771 TI - Derived steroids; cholesteryl ketones. PMID- 18915772 TI - 3-Nitrofluorenone. PMID- 18915773 TI - The entropy of ethyl chloride; heat capacity from 13 to 287 degrees K. vapor pressure; heats of fusion and vaporization. PMID- 18915774 TI - The chlorophyll-sensitized photooxidation of phenylhydrazine by methyl red; reactivity of the several forms of methyl red. PMID- 18915775 TI - Search for elements 94 and 93 in nature; presence of 94239 in Pitchblende. PMID- 18915776 TI - A study of the distribution of arzine in impregnated charcoal by means of radioactive tracers. PMID- 18915777 TI - Synthesis of products related to vitamin A; the application of the Darzens reaction of beta-ionone. PMID- 18915778 TI - Synthesis of products related to vitamin A; the synthesis of [1-(2',6',6 trimethylcyclohexen-1'-yl)-3,7-dimethyldeca-1,3,5,7-tetraenyl]-10-ethyl ether. PMID- 18915780 TI - beta,beta-Diarylacrylic acids; synthesis and properties of symmetrical and unsymmetrical beta, beta-diarylacrylic acids. PMID- 18915781 TI - beta, beta-Diarylacrylic acids; a new synthesis of triarylethylenes. PMID- 18915779 TI - Synthesis of products related to vitamin A; the synthesis of biologically active vitamin A ethers. PMID- 18915782 TI - Reactions of mustard-type vesicants with alpha-amino acids. PMID- 18915783 TI - The decomposition of 2,5-dinitrobenzoic acid by alkali. PMID- 18915784 TI - Ultrasonic investigation of molecular properties of liquids; the alcohols. PMID- 18915785 TI - The accuracy of estimation of hydrogen peroxide by potassium permanganate titration. PMID- 18915786 TI - Acylation of benzene compounds with iodine as a catalyst. PMID- 18915787 TI - The volatility and vapor pressure of ten substituted 2-chloroethylamines. PMID- 18915788 TI - Cyclic acetals related to ethylacetonylbarbituric acid. PMID- 18915789 TI - Some quaternary ammonium salts of substituted thiazoles. PMID- 18915790 TI - Cis and trans forms of beta-(p-chlorophenyl)-cinnamic acid. PMID- 18915791 TI - 3,4,5-Triiodobenzoyl chloride as a reagent for alcohols. PMID- 18915792 TI - Hydrolytic titrations of lead with potassium cyanide. PMID- 18915793 TI - The structure of uranium hydride. PMID- 18915794 TI - Nitrogen-substituted chloroalkylamines. PMID- 18915795 TI - p-Aminosalicylic acid (4-amino-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid). PMID- 18915796 TI - The decomposition of o-methoxybenzene diazonium chloride. PMID- 18915797 TI - The structure of ring C of colchicine. PMID- 18915798 TI - Recoil-activated and thermal exchange reactions between sulfur-35 and carbon disulfide. PMID- 18915799 TI - Pyridoxylamines. PMID- 18915800 TI - Evidence for the involvement of glutathione in the mechanism of penicillin action. PMID- 18915801 TI - Leaf xanthophylls. PMID- 18915802 TI - [Some mineralizers of quartz]. PMID- 18915803 TI - [Stability of derivative cuprammonium solutions]. PMID- 18915804 TI - [Physico-chemical research on sodium carbonate, process; anomaly in carbonization of ammonium salt solutions]. PMID- 18915805 TI - [Labile thermoregulator]. PMID- 18915806 TI - [Kinetic method of determination of solvents]. PMID- 18915807 TI - [Mechanism of nickel electroprecipitation; electroprecipitation of the nickel in direct reaction to the hydrogen atom]. PMID- 18915808 TI - [Kopolimerization of compound vinyl ether with maleinates; kopolimerization of ethylenglycolmaleinate with vinyl formiate]. PMID- 18915809 TI - [Research on 2-chlorethanol synthesis; application of increased pressure]. PMID- 18915810 TI - [Research on bisulfate compounds; bisulfate compound of chrysoidine]. PMID- 18915811 TI - [Research on bisulphate compounds; bisulphate compound of methyl-phenylhydrazone 1,4-naphthoquinone]. PMID- 18915812 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915813 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915814 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915815 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915816 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915817 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915818 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915819 TI - The efficacy of dental and surgical face masks. PMID- 18915820 TI - Intra-osseous wiring technique for a compound comminuted fracture with bone loss. PMID- 18915821 TI - The dental problem; a solution. PMID- 18915822 TI - Applied anatomy in local anaesthesia. PMID- 18915824 TI - Effect of vitamin D on the developing tooth. PMID- 18915823 TI - Biologic factors in partial denture design. PMID- 18915825 TI - Bleeding gums. PMID- 18915827 TI - The unerupted upper central incisor. PMID- 18915826 TI - The dental hygienist. PMID- 18915828 TI - Notes on dentures, crowns and bridges. PMID- 18915829 TI - Nitrous oxide and air anaesthesia. PMID- 18915830 TI - Early deciduous caries. PMID- 18915831 TI - The indirect resection. PMID- 18915832 TI - A contribution to partial denture construction. PMID- 18915833 TI - Surgery of the mouth and jaws. PMID- 18915834 TI - Impacted and aberrant teeth. PMID- 18915835 TI - The newer knowledge of hygiene in diet. PMID- 18915836 TI - The use of rutin and vitamin C in the treatment of bleeding gums due to increased capillary fragility. PMID- 18915837 TI - Experimental ionization. PMID- 18915838 TI - Aims and objectives of research in tuberculosis. PMID- 18915839 TI - The nutritional deficiency theory of dental caries. PMID- 18915840 TI - Chronic periapical lesions; a detailed study of their pathology incidence and clinical significance, with special reference to those occurring on deciduous teeth. PMID- 18915841 TI - Cerebral development of the catarrhina and the bimana and the concomitant changes in the facial bones. PMID- 18915842 TI - Factors concerned in the growth and development of the jaws and teeth. PMID- 18915843 TI - Principles and construction of the oral screen as a functional appliance. PMID- 18915844 TI - The dental care of children under five years of age. PMID- 18915845 TI - Topical fluorides in the control of dental caries. PMID- 18915846 TI - Gingivectomy vs. conservative treatment of periodontal diseases. PMID- 18915847 TI - Dental care for the pre-school child. PMID- 18915848 TI - Factors for successful pulp canal therapy. PMID- 18915849 TI - The education of dental hygienists. PMID- 18915851 TI - Root canal therapy, a practical and conservative technique. PMID- 18915850 TI - Changing concepts of operative dentistry. PMID- 18915852 TI - The use of the rubber dam in impregnation of the tooth surface. PMID- 18915853 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915855 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915854 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915856 TI - American progressive dentistry. PMID- 18915857 TI - A departure from the conventional method of lining cavities. PMID- 18915858 TI - CORRECT approach to child treatment; the patient, the child and the doctor. PMID- 18915859 TI - Medical and dental co-operation. PMID- 18915860 TI - Observations on the possible significance of the exposed dental pulp as a portal of entry for the poliomyelitis virus. PMID- 18915861 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915862 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915863 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915864 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915865 TI - A modified method for the determination of blood sugar. PMID- 18915866 TI - The fluorescence method of demonstrating Mycobacterium tuberculosis in tissues. PMID- 18915867 TI - The use of citrate-gelatin mixtures as routine blood preservative for blood banks. PMID- 18915868 TI - A plan to find the titer of an anticomplementary blood serum or spinal fluid. PMID- 18915869 TI - Tips on cleaning glassware. PMID- 18915870 TI - The essential fatty acids. PMID- 18915871 TI - Studies on reproduction and lactation in rats and mice maintained on synthetic diets. PMID- 18915872 TI - Achromotrichia produced in mice on a cooked egg diet. PMID- 18915873 TI - Pteroylglutamic acid balance studies on monkeys. PMID- 18915874 TI - Occurrence of B-vitamins in tissues of rats fed rations satisfactory and unsatisfactory for reproduction. PMID- 18915875 TI - The utilization of nicotinic acid by pregnant women. PMID- 18915876 TI - Urinary excretion of B vitamins in persons on normal and restricted diets. PMID- 18915877 TI - Factors affecting the excretion of metabolites of phenylalanine and tyrosine in alkaptanuria. PMID- 18915878 TI - The effect of diet upon iron absorption. PMID- 18915879 TI - The adequacy of an intake of seven milligrams of iron per day for women. PMID- 18915881 TI - Diet and dose-response of weanling rats to intravenous alloxan. PMID- 18915880 TI - The nutritive value of cereal proteins in human subjects. PMID- 18915882 TI - Effect of arginine on urinary output of 17-ketosteroids in a patient with myotonia atrophica. PMID- 18915883 TI - Studies of thiamine deficiency in C3H mice. PMID- 18915884 TI - Haemoglobin levels by age and sex. PMID- 18915885 TI - Southern peas as a source of protein for growth. PMID- 18915886 TI - The tryptophane requirement for growth of the rat. PMID- 18915887 TI - Physical factors influencing dental caries in the cotton rat. PMID- 18915888 TI - Influence of pteroylglutamic acid on the synthesis and action of the antipernicious anemia factor. PMID- 18915890 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915889 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915891 TI - Symptomatic sprue, due to reticulosarcomatosis of the small intestine and the mesentery glands. PMID- 18915892 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915893 TI - The use of the male North American frog, Rana pipiens, in the diagnosis of pregnancy. PMID- 18915894 TI - Experimental diabetes produced by the administration of glucose. PMID- 18915895 TI - Organ weights of rats receiving hormone supplements during recovery from chronic starvation. PMID- 18915896 TI - Effect of vitamin deficiencies in New Hampshire chicks injected with high doses of thyroxine. PMID- 18915897 TI - The role of bile in the absorption of steroid hormones from the gastro-intestinal tract. PMID- 18915898 TI - Lymphocyte discharge from the isolated rabbit spleen by adrenal cortical extract. PMID- 18915899 TI - Splenic lymphocyte discharge induced by adrenal cortical hormones under in vivo conditions. PMID- 18915900 TI - The effect of removing various endocrine glands on the hair cycles of black rats. PMID- 18915901 TI - Urethane-induced lymphopenia in normal and adrenalectomized rats. PMID- 18915902 TI - Goitrous chicks from thyroprotein-fed hens. PMID- 18915903 TI - The interstitial tissue of a human hermaphrodite. PMID- 18915904 TI - Adrenal and testicular deficiency; a comparison based on similarities in androgen deficiency, androgen and 17-ketosteroid excretion, and on differences in their effects upon pituitary activity. PMID- 18915905 TI - Analogies between urinary 17-ketosteroids and urinary steroids, as determined microchemically. PMID- 18915906 TI - Alkaline phosphatase and glycogen in human endometrium. PMID- 18915907 TI - Use of globin insulin in Addison's disease associated with insulin-sensitive diabetes. PMID- 18915908 TI - Diabetes in a dwarf; a case report. PMID- 18915909 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915910 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915911 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915912 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915913 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915914 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915915 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915916 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915917 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915918 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915919 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915921 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915920 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915922 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915923 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915924 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915925 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915926 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915927 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915928 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915929 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915931 TI - The art of teaching. PMID- 18915930 TI - Streptomycin. PMID- 18915932 TI - An international survey of female labour. PMID- 18915933 TI - The healing of bowel as influenced by sulfasuxidine and streptomycin. PMID- 18915934 TI - Intestinal intubation in small bowel distention and obstruction; further experiences with the single lumen mercury weighted tube and analysis of complications. PMID- 18915935 TI - Characteristics of mixed tumors of the parotid gland growing in vitro. PMID- 18915937 TI - Effects of absorbable foreign substance on bowel anastomosis. PMID- 18915936 TI - The use of polythene film as a dural substitute; an experimental and clinical study. PMID- 18915938 TI - Toxemia superimposed upon prepregnant hypertension treated by splanchnicectomy. PMID- 18915939 TI - A clinical study of the effect of intercostal nerve block with nupercaine in oil following upper abdominal surgery. PMID- 18915940 TI - An experimental study of the comparative efficacy of heparin and dicumarol in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. PMID- 18915942 TI - Transplantation of peroneus longus to anterior tibial insertion in poliomyelitis. PMID- 18915941 TI - Carcinoma of the pancreas; a clinicopathologic survey. PMID- 18915943 TI - Tumors of the breast; preoperative roentgenography. PMID- 18915944 TI - Neurovascular complications from malposition on the operating table. PMID- 18915945 TI - Various types of diaphragmatic hernia treated surgically; report of 430 cases. PMID- 18915946 TI - Surgical treatment for coarctation of the aorta. PMID- 18915947 TI - Congenital pulmonary stenosis. PMID- 18915948 TI - The topical use of antibiotics in established surgical infections. PMID- 18915949 TI - The incidence of gastric cancer. PMID- 18915950 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915951 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915952 TI - Investigation of chemicals for surgical sterilization. PMID- 18915953 TI - On the purification of the rickettsia of tsutsugamushi disease. PMID- 18915954 TI - Characterization of the enzymic action of influenza viruses on human red cells. PMID- 18915956 TI - Studies in hypersensitivity in simian malaria. PMID- 18915955 TI - Diphtheria toxin-antitoxin reaction in human antisera. PMID- 18915957 TI - The long persistence of Rickettsia orientalis in the blood and tissues of infected animals. PMID- 18915958 TI - Toxicity for paramecia of sera from cancerous and non-cancerous persons. PMID- 18915959 TI - The inactivation of influenza virus by mercurials and reactivation by sodium thioglycolate and BAL. PMID- 18915960 TI - On the kinetics of hemolysis by antibody and complement. PMID- 18915961 TI - Parallel use of the direct and indirect complement-fixation tests. PMID- 18915962 TI - The relation of tryptophane utilization to the mechanism of resistance to sulfonamides. PMID- 18915963 TI - Complement-fixation with P. knowlesi antigen for diagnosis of malaria. PMID- 18915964 TI - Lighting the hospital patient's room. PMID- 18915965 TI - High frequency operation of fluorescent lamps. PMID- 18915966 TI - A study of fluorescent lamp maintenance. PMID- 18915967 TI - Correlation of brightness ratios and decoration. PMID- 18915968 TI - The unitary hypothesis or C=xyz quantum mechanism of epidemicity. PMID- 18915969 TI - Common errors in feeding infants and young children. PMID- 18915970 TI - Sporozoites of Plasmodium sp. in Anopheles mangyanus and oocysts in A. kochi. PMID- 18915971 TI - The occurrence of Anopheles minimus flavirostris (Ludlow) in the city of Manila. PMID- 18915972 TI - Investigations on acute infections of the respiratory tract; experimental studies on the effect of small doses of sulfonamides in respiratory tract infections. PMID- 18915973 TI - Some clinical problems concerning fatty liver and methylation processes. PMID- 18915974 TI - Basal metabolism in subnutrition. PMID- 18915975 TI - Myocardial infarction resulting from intravenous administration of hypertonic solution of sodium chloride to patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans of the lower extremities; a report on three cases. PMID- 18915976 TI - Porphyrin in the urine as a first symptom of leadpoisoning. PMID- 18915977 TI - Resorption of penicillin after inhalation. PMID- 18915978 TI - Congenital malformation of the thorax accompanied by congenital vitium cordis; attacks of auricular tachycardia; hemiplegia due to crossed embolism. PMID- 18915980 TI - Some sources of intake and methods of elimination of fluorine. PMID- 18915979 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915981 TI - Hormone of rest. PMID- 18915982 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915984 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915983 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915985 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915986 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915987 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915988 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915989 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915991 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915990 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915992 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915993 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915995 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915994 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915996 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18915997 TI - The clinical examination in the recognition of heart disease. PMID- 18915998 TI - The treatment of subacute bacterial endocarditis. PMID- 18915999 TI - Onset symptoms of painless myocardial infarction. PMID- 18916000 TI - A nutrition survey in heart disease. PMID- 18916001 TI - Certain reactions following spinal puncture; a comparison of technics. PMID- 18916003 TI - Vaccination against tuberculosis by BCG. PMID- 18916002 TI - Prevention of chronic pulmonary disease following epidemic respiratory infection; a postwar problem. PMID- 18916004 TI - Treatment of the migraine attack. PMID- 18916005 TI - Infectious mononucleosis; a review. PMID- 18916006 TI - Fundamental working concepts in the study and management of patients with abnormal bleeding. PMID- 18916007 TI - Infarction of appendix epiploica. PMID- 18916008 TI - Graves' disease. PMID- 18916009 TI - Hodgkin's disease? PMID- 18916010 TI - Evaluation of treatment for cirrhosis of the liver. PMID- 18916011 TI - Recent advances in the treatment of syphilis. PMID- 18916012 TI - Anesthesia for upper abdominal surgery. PMID- 18916013 TI - Uteroscopy; preliminary report on new developments. PMID- 18916014 TI - Psychosomatic aspects of general practice. PMID- 18916015 TI - Facial neuralgia and headache. PMID- 18916016 TI - Recent advances in the treatment of gonorrhea. PMID- 18916017 TI - Primary carcinoma of the prostate gland. PMID- 18916018 TI - Homeostatic vascular mechanism in shock. PMID- 18916019 TI - Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine. PMID- 18916020 TI - Device for holding aspiration tube conveniently during operations. PMID- 18916021 TI - A consideration of the deformities after trauma. PMID- 18916022 TI - Mental health, a social problem for the state. PMID- 18916023 TI - Treatment of leprosy with the sulphone drugs. PMID- 18916024 TI - Infective hepatitis in North Burma. PMID- 18916025 TI - Outlines of medical treatment in general practice with recent advances. PMID- 18916026 TI - Some practical hints on the examination and diagnosis of eye diseases. PMID- 18916027 TI - Psychoneurotic cases. PMID- 18916028 TI - Puerperal septicaemia. PMID- 18916029 TI - Hiccough as one of the forms of malignant malaria. PMID- 18916030 TI - Syphilitic ulcers on the chest. PMID- 18916031 TI - A case of kala azar. PMID- 18916032 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916033 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916034 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916035 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916036 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916037 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916038 TI - Challenge to physical medicine. PMID- 18916039 TI - Tests and measurements in physical medicine. PMID- 18916040 TI - Electromyography in kinesiologic evaluations. PMID- 18916041 TI - The prevention of postural deformities in children with cerebral palsy. PMID- 18916043 TI - Physical medicine rehabilitation in a Veterans Administration medical and surgical hospital. PMID- 18916042 TI - Oxygen therapy in poliomyelitis; a tracheotomy inhalator incorporating humidification and the optional use of positive pressure for oxygen therapy in patients with tracheotomy. PMID- 18916045 TI - Gastrointestinal disorders; the viewpoint of the psychiatrist. PMID- 18916044 TI - The anemias, with particular reference to classification and to alterations in the erythrocyte protoporphyrin and urinary coproporphyrin. PMID- 18916046 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916047 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916048 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916049 TI - PNEUMONIAS. PMID- 18916050 TI - The relative importance of sodium, acid, and water in the treatment of edema. PMID- 18916051 TI - On indications for the use of adrenalin, digitalis and water in the presence of acute myocardial infarction. PMID- 18916052 TI - Pernicious anaemia of pregnancy and the puerperium. PMID- 18916053 TI - Folic acid. PMID- 18916054 TI - Congenital megacolon; results of treatment by spinal anaesthesia. PMID- 18916055 TI - Megaloblastic anaemia of pregnancy; report of an unusual case. PMID- 18916056 TI - Hereditary oedema (Milroy's disease). PMID- 18916057 TI - Two cases of periarteritis nodosa with observations on aetiology, diagnosis, and treatment. PMID- 18916058 TI - Otitis media in infancy. PMID- 18916059 TI - Accidental syphilis. PMID- 18916060 TI - Intra-abdominal and intrauterine pressures. PMID- 18916061 TI - The problem of caries. PMID- 18916062 TI - A case of white asphyxia. PMID- 18916063 TI - Medicine at Cambridge. PMID- 18916064 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916065 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916066 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916067 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916068 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916069 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916070 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916072 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916071 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916073 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916074 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916075 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916076 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916077 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916079 TI - The British National Health Service. PMID- 18916080 TI - A familial spread of vaccinia with one death; isolation and identification of the virus. PMID- 18916078 TI - Total intravenous alimentation; its effect on mineral and bacterial content of feces. PMID- 18916081 TI - Reduction of intussusception by hydrostatic pressure; an experimental study. PMID- 18916082 TI - Audiometry with the use of galvanic skin-resistance response; a preliminary report. PMID- 18916083 TI - Creatinuria in man; the role of renal tubule and muscle mass. PMID- 18916084 TI - Neuroparalytic accidents during the course of anti-rabic treatment. PMID- 18916085 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916086 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916087 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916088 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916089 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916090 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916091 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916092 TI - Combined thioglycolate and penicillin aerosol in the treatment of severe asthma; preliminary report. PMID- 18916093 TI - Current trends in specific therapy of bacterial meningitis. PMID- 18916094 TI - Liposarcoma; a report of two cases. PMID- 18916095 TI - A case of sickle cell anemia complicating pregnancy. PMID- 18916096 TI - Vitamin K and late tonsillar hemorrhage. PMID- 18916097 TI - The reliability of percussion of the left heart border. PMID- 18916098 TI - RUPTURE of the uterus. PMID- 18916100 TI - The diffuse collagen diseases; a morphological correlation. PMID- 18916099 TI - CAUSES of death among physicians. PMID- 18916101 TI - The person with ulcerative colitis. PMID- 18916103 TI - Compound fractures. PMID- 18916102 TI - Adrenal medullary pheochromocytoma. PMID- 18916104 TI - Radiological aspects of peptic ulcer. PMID- 18916105 TI - A comparative study of continuous spinal and cyclopropane with curare. PMID- 18916106 TI - The diagnosis of tuberculosis in the presence of silicosis. PMID- 18916107 TI - Haemoglobin levels at different ages. PMID- 18916108 TI - Uncomplicated duodenal ulcer; physiology and etiology. PMID- 18916109 TI - Vertical deviations. PMID- 18916110 TI - Femoral hernia following inguinal herniorrhaphy. PMID- 18916111 TI - Mikulicz's disease. PMID- 18916112 TI - Mesothelioma of the pleura. PMID- 18916113 TI - The relationship of urethral caruncle to carcinoma of urethra. PMID- 18916114 TI - A study of 150 cases of pneumonia. PMID- 18916115 TI - Case of double aorta; extensive healed dissecting aneurysm of the aorta. PMID- 18916116 TI - Torsion of a cryptorchid with strangulation of omentum in a congenital hernia. PMID- 18916117 TI - Torsion of the gall bladder with gangrene. PMID- 18916118 TI - Relief of sciatica in carcinoma of the prostate by proctocaine. PMID- 18916119 TI - Anaplastic carcinoma of the seminal vesicles with extensive invasion of the bladder wall. PMID- 18916120 TI - Fracture fixation with aire-lite. PMID- 18916121 TI - The role of the practicing physician in the prevention of disease, with particular reference to the ten point program of the Academy of Medicine. PMID- 18916122 TI - Carcinoma of the large intestine. PMID- 18916123 TI - Monocytic leukemia. PMID- 18916124 TI - Glucose tolerance testing. PMID- 18916125 TI - The early recognition of chest disease. PMID- 18916126 TI - Lung abscess. PMID- 18916127 TI - Infectious hepatitis. PMID- 18916129 TI - Pointers on amebiasis and its complications, diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 18916128 TI - Methergine, its use in the induction of labor. PMID- 18916131 TI - A new jet method of nasal medication. PMID- 18916130 TI - The plasma protein fractions and their therapeutic uses. PMID- 18916132 TI - Hippuric acid liver function test. PMID- 18916133 TI - Treatment of psychoneurotic diseases. PMID- 18916134 TI - Relationship between chemical constitution and pharmacological action of drugs. PMID- 18916135 TI - Leprosy; treatment, newer chemotherapeutic drugs. PMID- 18916136 TI - Some aspects of hereditary pathology. PMID- 18916138 TI - Diagnosis of primary muscular dystrophy. PMID- 18916137 TI - Prognosis in congestive heart failure, a physician's headache. PMID- 18916139 TI - Recent views on the nature of prothrombin. PMID- 18916142 TI - The early recognition of disease with relation to few important symptoms. PMID- 18916141 TI - Laughter, nature's contribution to medical science. PMID- 18916140 TI - OX-217 (B.A.L.) as an antidote in complication of arsenic therapy. PMID- 18916143 TI - Streptomycin, an antibiotic. PMID- 18916144 TI - Stethoscope diagnosis of heart disease. PMID- 18916145 TI - Gastro-photography. PMID- 18916146 TI - Haemostatics. PMID- 18916147 TI - The diagnosis of joint injuries. PMID- 18916148 TI - Modern conception of sleep. PMID- 18916149 TI - A case of arsenical dermatitis. PMID- 18916150 TI - A case of tuberculous epididymo-orchitis. PMID- 18916151 TI - Symposium on renal calculi. PMID- 18916152 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916153 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916154 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916156 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916155 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916157 TI - Problems in thoracic surgery as seen in a general hospital. PMID- 18916158 TI - Procedures for reducing maternal mortality. PMID- 18916159 TI - Observations on the management of cancer in Connecticut. PMID- 18916161 TI - Dermoid cyst of the bridge of the nose. PMID- 18916160 TI - Teratoma of the ovary, removal with subsequent pregnancy. PMID- 18916162 TI - Local public health practice in Connecticut today. PMID- 18916163 TI - New horizons for old age. PMID- 18916164 TI - EVALUATION of the use of streptomycin in tuberculosis. PMID- 18916165 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916166 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916167 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916168 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916169 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916170 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916171 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916172 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916173 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916174 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916175 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916176 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916177 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916178 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916179 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916180 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916181 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916182 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916183 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916184 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916185 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916186 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916187 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916188 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916189 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916190 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916191 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916192 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916193 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916194 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916195 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916196 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916197 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916198 TI - Pathology of coronary artery diseases and the resulting myocardial lesions. PMID- 18916199 TI - The paroxysmal tachycardia. PMID- 18916200 TI - Diseases of the peripheral blood vessels; methods of examination. PMID- 18916201 TI - Further observations on the pregnandiol precipitation test. PMID- 18916202 TI - Primary carcoma of the tongue; case report. PMID- 18916203 TI - The behavior of fungi in the presence of radioactive tracers; preliminary report. PMID- 18916204 TI - Solitary diverticulitis of the cecum. PMID- 18916205 TI - Plastic surgery in facial cancer. PMID- 18916206 TI - The law relating to medico-legal autopsies in the Territory of Hawaii. PMID- 18916207 TI - Familial erythroblastic anemia (Cooley's anemia); report of possible cases in two Filipino brothers. PMID- 18916208 TI - Incidence of oxyuriasis among a group of school children in Honolulu. PMID- 18916209 TI - Why a lumbar puncture? PMID- 18916210 TI - Effect of penicillin sodium on coliform bacilli and Proteus in vitro. PMID- 18916211 TI - Uterotubal implantation; report of a case followed by spontaneous delivery at term. PMID- 18916212 TI - Recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid disorders. PMID- 18916213 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916214 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916215 TI - [Prostate cancer]. PMID- 18916216 TI - [Research methods of Rh antibodies]. PMID- 18916217 TI - [Recent advances in cardio-vascular therapeutics]. PMID- 18916218 TI - [Aspects of tuberculosis in Aracaju]. PMID- 18916219 TI - [Character histiocytic granuloma in spontaneous leishmaniasis of the guinea pig]. PMID- 18916220 TI - [Infectious mononucleosis in Negro]. PMID- 18916221 TI - [Constitution's biological health]. PMID- 18916222 TI - [Contact dermatitis; a case of dermatitis caused by merthiolate]. PMID- 18916223 TI - [Salicylate poisoning]. PMID- 18916224 TI - [Slow endocarditis ; study of clinical cases]. PMID- 18916225 TI - [Brazilian Journal of the activities in the proctologic period 1941-1946]. PMID- 18916226 TI - The surgical treatment of psychoses. PMID- 18916227 TI - The influence of insulin on degenerative changes in diabetes mellitus. PMID- 18916228 TI - Maternal death study. PMID- 18916229 TI - Osteomyelitis of the face and the skull. PMID- 18916230 TI - Hydatiform mole with eclampsia occurring in the fourth month of pregnancy. PMID- 18916231 TI - Treatment of relapsing malaria with specific antimalarial drugs in combination with penicillin. PMID- 18916232 TI - Clinical features of murine typhus. PMID- 18916233 TI - Scrub typhus; variations in clinical symptoms and strains. PMID- 18916234 TI - Sulphadiazine in the treatment of cholera. PMID- 18916235 TI - A comparison of the subcutaneous and intradermal methods of immunization with T.A.B. vaccine; an experimental study. PMID- 18916236 TI - Roentgen therapy in tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis. PMID- 18916237 TI - A modified bone graft for arthrodesis wrist. PMID- 18916238 TI - Studies on gastric analysis with different test meals. PMID- 18916239 TI - Some constituents of normal blood; a study based on the examination of the blood of 50 persons, 25 men and 25 women. PMID- 18916240 TI - Serological technique; the cerebrospinal fluid. PMID- 18916241 TI - A case of amoeboma with abscess formation followed by infection of the drainage wound. PMID- 18916242 TI - A case of diphtheritic encephalitis. PMID- 18916243 TI - Spontaneous rupture of the spleen following an attack of malaria; its causes. PMID- 18916244 TI - Treatment of scabies with D.D.T. PMID- 18916246 TI - The care of premature infants. PMID- 18916245 TI - Transmission of kala-azar in India; the case against the sandfly. PMID- 18916247 TI - Factors influencing the spread of tuberculosis and measures to be taken to combat the same. PMID- 18916248 TI - Infantile cirrhosis. PMID- 18916249 TI - Sex education; anatomy of male urogenital organs. PMID- 18916250 TI - Tuberculosis of the skin. PMID- 18916251 TI - Sternal puncture and malaria. PMID- 18916252 TI - Demonstrations of hypnotic phenomena. PMID- 18916253 TI - The general practitioner and surgical emergencies. PMID- 18916254 TI - Sulphaguanidine in the treatment of cholera under rural conditions; a report on 290 cases. PMID- 18916255 TI - Dermatitis with multiple deficiency. PMID- 18916256 TI - Diabetic neuropathy. PMID- 18916257 TI - Congenital absence of the left coronary artery; occlusion of an anomalous branch of the right coronary artery; pulmonary embolism. PMID- 18916259 TI - Creeping eruption in Kansas. PMID- 18916258 TI - Cancer of the larynx; 10-year review of 74 cases. PMID- 18916260 TI - The acute abdomen. PMID- 18916261 TI - Penicillin, streptomycin and tyrothricin in dermatology. PMID- 18916262 TI - Fracture of edentulous mandible; open reduction and fixation with tantalum wire. PMID- 18916263 TI - Subacute red atrophy of liver. PMID- 18916265 TI - Blood transfusion; organization of services. PMID- 18916264 TI - A note on the streptomycin treatment of tuberculous meningitis. PMID- 18916266 TI - The problem of pruritus ani with an outline of aetiology and modern treatment. PMID- 18916267 TI - Georgia's plan for increased hospital facilities and health centers. PMID- 18916268 TI - Paranasal sinus infection in infants and children. PMID- 18916269 TI - Trends in pediatric immunology. PMID- 18916270 TI - Georgia's hospital construction program. PMID- 18916271 TI - Volvulus of the sigmoid colon; report of four cases. PMID- 18916272 TI - Treatment of coronary thrombosis. PMID- 18916273 TI - Conservative use of the gastroscope. PMID- 18916274 TI - Recent advances in gynecology. PMID- 18916275 TI - Histamine headache. PMID- 18916276 TI - Ophthalmology in pediatric practice. PMID- 18916277 TI - Sarcoma of soft parts. PMID- 18916279 TI - Carcinoma of the gall-bladder. PMID- 18916280 TI - Unusual anomaly of the gallbladder and bile duct. PMID- 18916278 TI - Gastric neoplasms. PMID- 18916281 TI - The occurrence of endemic typhus fever in Kansas City, Missouri. PMID- 18916282 TI - Benign polyp of the jejunum causing unexplained hemorrhage; case report. PMID- 18916283 TI - Urine vs. blood serum in Friedman's test for pregnancy. PMID- 18916284 TI - Pyloric obstruction due to gastric diverticulum; report of a case. PMID- 18916285 TI - A critical analysis of recent methods of treatment of thromboembolic disease. PMID- 18916286 TI - Aims and policies of National Medical Society. PMID- 18916287 TI - Prospects of a new type of medical education in America. PMID- 18916288 TI - Theory and application of the Hoxsey method of treating cancer. PMID- 18916289 TI - Vital normalization in the treatment of arterial hypertension. PMID- 18916290 TI - Cooperation of all the healing arts needed to cure psychopathic patients and clean out our over crowded hospitals. PMID- 18916291 TI - Carcinoma of the body of the uterus. PMID- 18916292 TI - Small bowel obstruction. PMID- 18916293 TI - Surgery of the cervix with the electric knife. PMID- 18916294 TI - Chest X-ray survey program in Oklahoma. PMID- 18916295 TI - Primary pulmonary tuberculous complex, recent, active, right upper lobe. PMID- 18916296 TI - Acute porphyria. PMID- 18916297 TI - Carcinoma of the terminal ileum; a case study. PMID- 18916298 TI - Mental hygiene clinic in Spartanburg. PMID- 18916300 TI - X-rays in the treatment of common inflammatory conditions. PMID- 18916299 TI - The historical background and the objectives of the socialized medicine program. PMID- 18916301 TI - The management of infantile diarrhea and dysentery. PMID- 18916302 TI - Advances in orthopedic surgery. PMID- 18916303 TI - Epidermal sensitivity due to streptomycin. PMID- 18916304 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916305 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916306 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916307 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916308 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916309 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916310 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916311 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916312 TI - Psychiatry by the general practitioner. PMID- 18916313 TI - Malignant lesions of the rectum, rectosigmoid, a sigmoid. PMID- 18916315 TI - The medical treatment of duodenal ulcer. PMID- 18916314 TI - Paralysis of the larynx. PMID- 18916316 TI - Rectovaginal fistula. PMID- 18916317 TI - Ulnar nerve paralysis. PMID- 18916318 TI - Treatment of whooping cough by combined vaccination of H. pertussis vaccine and purified vaccinia lymph. PMID- 18916319 TI - Studies on dengue; resume. PMID- 18916320 TI - Experimental study on measles virus. PMID- 18916321 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916322 TI - The action of immune serum on the Japanese encephalitis virus cultivated in vitro. PMID- 18916323 TI - Studies on the activation of catalase activity. PMID- 18916324 TI - Researches on the chemotherapy of protozoal infections. PMID- 18916325 TI - Studies on the mechanism of the agglutination; on the lattice theory. PMID- 18916326 TI - Studies on the mechanism of the agglutination; on the quantitative relation between the surface area of the bacteria and the binding agglutinin. PMID- 18916327 TI - Studies on the potency test of tuberculin. PMID- 18916328 TI - A new method of testing the potency of tuberculin. PMID- 18916329 TI - An antibacterial substance from several strains of penicillia and its probable identity with penicillin. PMID- 18916330 TI - Studies on the surface culture for the penicillin production. PMID- 18916331 TI - The influence of the phenylacetic acid, paranitrophenylacetic acid, paraaminophenylacetic acid and paraoxyphenylacetic acid on the penicillin production by surface culture. PMID- 18916332 TI - Studies on the influence of penicillin and patulin on the respiration of bacteria. PMID- 18916333 TI - Skin diseases and some newer methods for their treatment. PMID- 18916335 TI - Atomic energy, its liberation. PMID- 18916334 TI - Slipping of the upper femoral epiphysis. PMID- 18916336 TI - Needle biopsy in the diagnosis of liver disease; preliminary report. PMID- 18916337 TI - Uveitis and secondary glaucoma. PMID- 18916338 TI - Intrathoracic esophagogastric anastomosis for carcinoma of the lower esophagus and cardiac end of the stomach. PMID- 18916339 TI - Rheumatic fever in children. PMID- 18916340 TI - Types of fixation indicated in open reduction. PMID- 18916341 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916342 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916343 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916344 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916345 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916346 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916347 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916348 TI - Induction of labor. PMID- 18916349 TI - Diagnosis and treatment of gall bladder disease. PMID- 18916350 TI - Etiology of congenital malformations. PMID- 18916351 TI - Curare in clinical medicine. PMID- 18916353 TI - Malignant melanoma of the skin; 75 cases. PMID- 18916352 TI - Essential hypertension with renal failure. PMID- 18916354 TI - Sarcoidosis; a clinico pathological review of 300 cases, including 22 autopsies. PMID- 18916355 TI - Hyaluronidase; an enzyme essential for human fertility. PMID- 18916356 TI - The individual and the environment. PMID- 18916357 TI - The hypothalamus and obesity. PMID- 18916358 TI - Inguinal hernia; a review of treatment. PMID- 18916359 TI - Tuberculosis of the upper part of the respiratory tract, with a report of a case. PMID- 18916360 TI - Four cases of carditis occurring in children and associated with the administration of a foreign serum. PMID- 18916361 TI - The Anne MacKenzie oration [means for preventing or diminishing diseases and disabilities in the human body by the study of preventive measures]. PMID- 18916362 TI - Protein deficiency and the use of human serum in its treatment. PMID- 18916363 TI - Tick typhus in south Queensland; report of three cases. PMID- 18916365 TI - Influenzal meningitis. PMID- 18916364 TI - New diagnostic test of cerebrospinal fluid in influenzal type B meningitis. PMID- 18916366 TI - Intussusception treated by incision of the caecum. PMID- 18916367 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916368 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916369 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916370 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916371 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916372 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916373 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916374 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916375 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916376 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916377 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916378 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916379 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916380 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916381 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916382 TI - Food before the war and today. PMID- 18916383 TI - The logic of the national diet. PMID- 18916384 TI - The nutritional importance of a balanced diet. PMID- 18916385 TI - The role of vitamin deficiency in nervous and mental disorders. PMID- 18916386 TI - The diagnosis and modern treatment of pink disease. PMID- 18916387 TI - General and local, dysplastic or dystrophic excess or lack, and other dysplasias, of the subcutaneous fat and subcutaneous tissue. PMID- 18916388 TI - Ophthalmic and other affections predisposed to by deformities and caused by sepsis of the nose. PMID- 18916389 TI - Trichomonas vaginalis infestation in women. PMID- 18916390 TI - Aetiology and modern treatment of menorrhagia. PMID- 18916391 TI - The action of the endocrines and the light it throws on that of some of the other forms of therapy. PMID- 18916392 TI - Anaesthesia for thyroid operations. PMID- 18916394 TI - The internal fixation of fractures of the shafts of the long bones. PMID- 18916393 TI - The storage of life. PMID- 18916395 TI - The effects of mustard gas on the eyes. PMID- 18916397 TI - Spontaneous haematomata of the vulva. PMID- 18916396 TI - Amphetamine in katatonia. PMID- 18916398 TI - Modern treatment of fracture of the os calcis. PMID- 18916399 TI - The heart in thyrotoxicosis. PMID- 18916400 TI - The management of patients with a contracted pelvis in pregnancy and labour. PMID- 18916401 TI - The cell fluid circulation basis of the body. PMID- 18916402 TI - Hormone therapy in pregnancy complicating diabetes. PMID- 18916403 TI - Preliminary report on a probable bacterial cause of scleroderma and on its further treatment with an antibacterial agent. PMID- 18916404 TI - Teach them to live. PMID- 18916405 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916406 TI - A parathyroid tumour. PMID- 18916407 TI - Minor surgery; injuries to the inferior extremity. PMID- 18916408 TI - Technique of artificial feeding; preparation of feed, method of feeding, diet sheets, caloric feeding. PMID- 18916409 TI - Clinical use of histamine and the histamine antagonists. PMID- 18916410 TI - Pathology of labour. PMID- 18916411 TI - Radical excision of the rectum without colostomy. PMID- 18916413 TI - First aid; general principles. PMID- 18916412 TI - Disturbances of sleep. PMID- 18916414 TI - A method for the treatment of knee injuries. PMID- 18916415 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916416 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916417 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916418 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916419 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916420 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916421 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916422 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916423 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916424 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916425 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916426 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916427 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916428 TI - The surgical relief of severe angina pectoris; methods employed and end results in 83 patients. PMID- 18916429 TI - Cinchophen (atophan) a critical review. PMID- 18916430 TI - Potassium and periodic paralysis; a metabolic study and physiological considerations. PMID- 18916431 TI - Acute pulmonary edema due to excessive sodium chloride administration. PMID- 18916432 TI - The puerperal breast as an obstetrical problem. PMID- 18916433 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916434 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916435 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916437 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916436 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916438 TI - Diagnosis and treatment of carcinoma of buccal mucosa. PMID- 18916439 TI - Contact dermatitis of the hands. PMID- 18916440 TI - Heart disease and pregnancy. PMID- 18916441 TI - Surgical methods for the management of intractable pain. PMID- 18916442 TI - Clinical experience with influenza vaccine. PMID- 18916443 TI - Diagnosis and treatment of the psychoneuroses. PMID- 18916444 TI - Non-surgical procedures in anesthesiology. PMID- 18916445 TI - Congenital hemolytic disease and the Rh factor. PMID- 18916446 TI - A new ophthalmologic applicator for pure beta irradiation utilizing radium D; a preliminary report. PMID- 18916447 TI - Portacaval shunts in the treatment of portal hypertension with special reference to patients previously operated upon. PMID- 18916448 TI - Salmonella osteomyelitis of the spine associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm; report of a case. PMID- 18916449 TI - Bone and joint pain in leukemia, simulating acute rheumatic fever and subacute bacterial endocarditis. PMID- 18916450 TI - Orthopedic surgery; growth and inequality of leg length in poliomyelitis. PMID- 18916451 TI - Empyema, right pleural cavity. PMID- 18916452 TI - Acute glomerulonephritis. PMID- 18916453 TI - Poliomyelitis. PMID- 18916454 TI - Meningitis; recent advances in therapy. PMID- 18916455 TI - Peritoneoscopy, an analysis of its use in 69 cases. PMID- 18916456 TI - Acute mastoiditis secondary to fracture of the mastoid. PMID- 18916457 TI - The use of dicumarol in the prevention and treatment of intravascular clotting and embolism. PMID- 18916458 TI - The Rh factor in clinical obstetrics and gynecology. PMID- 18916459 TI - Hematuria, its clinical significance. PMID- 18916460 TI - The management of prostatism. PMID- 18916461 TI - Routine eye examinations; screening tests; especially for children. PMID- 18916462 TI - The time for eye surgery. PMID- 18916463 TI - Recent advances in the management of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 18916464 TI - What's to become of the veterans? PMID- 18916465 TI - Gout and gouty arthritis. PMID- 18916466 TI - The accident problem in infancy and childhood. PMID- 18916467 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916468 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916469 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916470 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916472 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916471 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916473 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916474 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916475 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916476 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916477 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916478 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916479 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916480 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916481 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916482 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916483 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916484 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916485 TI - The suction socket above-knee artificial leg. PMID- 18916486 TI - Physical therapy for lower extremity amputees with suction socket prostheses. PMID- 18916487 TI - Speech iterations; ting a ling phenomenon. PMID- 18916488 TI - Stress incontinence of urine in the female. PMID- 18916489 TI - Sciatica, with particular reference to its causes and treatment. PMID- 18916490 TI - Acute haematogenous osteomyelitis; diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 18916491 TI - Histamine and antihistamine substances. PMID- 18916492 TI - Milestones in midwifery. PMID- 18916493 TI - Some recent advances in foetal physiology. PMID- 18916494 TI - Neurosyphilis; a review of recent literature. PMID- 18916495 TI - Haemolytic anaemia, with particular reference to cause and mechanism. PMID- 18916496 TI - Pulmonary embolism; recent advances in diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 18916497 TI - Needle biopsy of the liver; technique and diagnostic application. PMID- 18916498 TI - Importance of extrapleural pneumothorax in the collapse therapy of pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 18916499 TI - The roentgen diagnosis of cranial and intracranial lesions. PMID- 18916501 TI - The World Medical Association. PMID- 18916500 TI - Chronic alcoholism. PMID- 18916502 TI - Anesthesia Study Commission; findings of 11 years. PMID- 18916503 TI - [Medical statistics; method of calculation]. PMID- 18916504 TI - [Etiology of tumors]. PMID- 18916505 TI - [Sulfonamides in treatment of actinomycosis]. PMID- 18916506 TI - [Sulfonamides in treatment of Gonorrhea]. PMID- 18916507 TI - [Diagnosis by means of the cerebrospinal fluid]. PMID- 18916509 TI - [Impressions from a trip to the U.S.A]. PMID- 18916508 TI - [Malaria in Poland in 1945]. PMID- 18916510 TI - [Hospitals during the German Invasion]. PMID- 18916512 TI - [Medical statistics; methods of calculation]. PMID- 18916511 TI - [Diabetes, diagnosis and treatment]. PMID- 18916513 TI - [Rupture of the uterus before parturition]. PMID- 18916514 TI - [Forensic medicine in Poland; organization]. PMID- 18916515 TI - [Diagnostic significance of protein in the cerebro-spinal fluid]. PMID- 18916516 TI - [Control of venereal diseases in Anglo-Saxon countries]. PMID- 18916517 TI - [Impressions from a trip to USA and Canada]. PMID- 18916518 TI - Anorexia nervosa, anterior-pituitary insufficiency, Simmonds' cachexia, and Sheehan's disease, including some observations on disturbances in water metabolism associated with starvation. PMID- 18916519 TI - Diagnosis and treatment of infectious hepatitis. PMID- 18916520 TI - Psychology for the general practitioner. PMID- 18916521 TI - Use of parenteral feeding in the surgical treatment of intestinal fistula. PMID- 18916522 TI - Differential diagnosis and management of bronchial asthma. PMID- 18916523 TI - Drug allergy. PMID- 18916524 TI - Acute appendicitis complicated by intussusception. PMID- 18916526 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916525 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916527 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916528 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916529 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916530 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916531 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916532 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916533 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916534 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916535 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916536 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916537 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916538 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916540 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916539 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916541 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916542 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916543 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916544 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916545 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916546 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916547 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916548 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916549 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916550 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916551 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916552 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916553 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916555 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916554 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916556 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916557 TI - Gastric vagotomy for peptic ulcer. PMID- 18916558 TI - The role of sex hormones in the differentiation of the sexes and in sexual abnormality. PMID- 18916559 TI - Chylothorax due to mild trauma. PMID- 18916560 TI - Propylthiouracil in Graves' disease. PMID- 18916562 TI - Streptothricosis (nocardia) of the lungs. PMID- 18916561 TI - Atypical amyloidosis with observations on a new staining method for amyloid. PMID- 18916563 TI - The arterial oxygen saturation in cyanotic types of congenital heart disease. PMID- 18916564 TI - Employment of the intra-uterine pack in the management of postpartum hemorrhage. PMID- 18916565 TI - Atrial septal defect; presentation of a case with obstructive pulmonary vascular lesions caused by metastatic carcinoma. PMID- 18916566 TI - Home hydrotherapy for minor reactions due to tension. PMID- 18916567 TI - Portal obstruction in the syndrome of splenic anemia. PMID- 18916568 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916569 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916570 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916571 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916572 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916573 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916574 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916575 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916576 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916577 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916578 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916579 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916581 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916580 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916582 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916583 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916584 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916586 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916585 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916587 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916588 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916589 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916590 TI - La chirurgie de la surdite; mtethode de la fenestration. PMID- 18916591 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916592 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916593 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916594 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916595 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916596 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916597 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916598 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916599 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916600 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916602 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916601 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916604 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916603 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916605 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916606 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916607 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916609 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916608 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916610 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916611 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916612 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916613 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916615 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916614 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916616 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916617 TI - The conquest of puerperal infection, 1846-1946. PMID- 18916618 TI - Tuberculosis in Providence. PMID- 18916620 TI - The advent of socialized medicine in Britain. PMID- 18916619 TI - Symposium on rheumatic fever and heart disease. PMID- 18916621 TI - The concept of preoperative and postoperative surgical therapy. PMID- 18916622 TI - End results of operative treatment of low back pain. PMID- 18916623 TI - An evaluation of the present treatment of toxic goiter. PMID- 18916624 TI - Obstetric hemorrhage. PMID- 18916625 TI - Periarteritis nodosa with ulcerative enteritis and perforation. PMID- 18916627 TI - A case of tuberculosis. PMID- 18916628 TI - Thoracic surgery in pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 18916629 TI - Surgical tuberculosis. PMID- 18916626 TI - Imperforate anus in a premature. PMID- 18916630 TI - A preliminary report on 39 cases of acute osteitis treated without operation. PMID- 18916631 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916633 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916632 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916634 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916635 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916636 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916637 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916638 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916639 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916640 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916641 TI - Education for the practice of medicine. PMID- 18916642 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916644 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916643 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916645 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916646 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916647 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916648 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916649 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916650 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916651 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916652 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916653 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916654 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916655 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916656 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916658 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916657 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916659 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916660 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916661 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916662 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916663 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916664 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916665 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916666 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916667 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916668 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916669 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916670 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916671 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916672 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916673 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916674 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916675 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916676 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916677 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916678 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916679 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916680 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916681 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916682 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916683 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916684 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916685 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916686 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916687 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916688 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916689 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916690 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916691 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916692 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916693 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916694 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916695 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916696 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916697 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916698 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916699 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916700 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916702 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916701 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916703 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916704 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916705 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916706 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916707 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916708 TI - [Basic principles of the organization of cancer control]. PMID- 18916709 TI - [Cancer etiology; progress]. PMID- 18916710 TI - [Early diagnosis of cancer]. PMID- 18916711 TI - [Excision of the esophagus in cancer]. PMID- 18916712 TI - [Surgical treatment of erosion of the cervix for the prevention of cancer]. PMID- 18916713 TI - [Pathogenesis of occupational (aniline) tumors of the bladder]. PMID- 18916714 TI - [Farm and home accidents of the collective farm according to data of the local dispensary]. PMID- 18916715 TI - [Mechanical causes and treatment of post amputational genu valgum]. PMID- 18916716 TI - [Results of treatment of non-healing lesions in 8000 cases]. PMID- 18916717 TI - [Clinical aspect and treatment of gas gangrene]. PMID- 18916718 TI - [Injury to the skin of the extremities in trauma of the spinal cord]. PMID- 18916719 TI - [Physiotherapy of wounds of the peripheral nervous system]. PMID- 18916720 TI - [Physiotherapy in painful syndrome]. PMID- 18916721 TI - [Physiotherapy in rural practice]. PMID- 18916722 TI - [Sulfamides and factors of endocrine regulation in the development of the organism]. PMID- 18916723 TI - [Influence of high blood pressure on the degeneration of the venous valves]. PMID- 18916724 TI - [Treatment of retention cyst and pseudoabcesses of Bartholin's gland]. PMID- 18916725 TI - [Sterilization of silk and catgut sutures by hydrochloric acid]. PMID- 18916726 TI - [Cholecystography for common use; new Soviet x-ray contrast substance, bilitrast]. PMID- 18916727 TI - [Prevention of industrial accidents in Moskva]. PMID- 18916728 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916729 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916730 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916731 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916732 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916733 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916734 TI - A review of some aspects of oxygen therapy. PMID- 18916735 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916736 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916737 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916738 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916739 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916740 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916741 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916742 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916743 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916744 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916745 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916746 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916747 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916748 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916749 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916750 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916751 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916752 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916753 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916754 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916755 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916756 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916757 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916758 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916759 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916760 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916761 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916762 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916763 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916764 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916765 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916766 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916767 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916768 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916770 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916769 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916771 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916772 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916773 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916774 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916775 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916776 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916778 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916777 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916779 TI - Canada's rehabilitation program. PMID- 18916780 TI - Phlebothrombosis. PMID- 18916781 TI - Fractures of the mandibular condyle. PMID- 18916782 TI - Report on a visit to U.S. Veterans' Administration ophthalmo, restoration and research centers. PMID- 18916783 TI - Instructions for use and care of oxygen therapy equipment. PMID- 18916784 TI - What is medical social work? Medical-social clinics. PMID- 18916785 TI - Report on the vocational rehabilitation of disabled veterans as at January 31, 1948. PMID- 18916787 TI - A case of pulmonary actinomycosis. PMID- 18916786 TI - Penicillin and abdominal abscess. PMID- 18916788 TI - Effect of processing and storage on the quality of gelose from Irish moss (Chondrus crispus). PMID- 18916789 TI - MACROMOLECULES. PMID- 18916790 TI - Antibodies and specific biological forces. PMID- 18916791 TI - The polarization microscope. PMID- 18916792 TI - Plant tissue culture. PMID- 18916793 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916794 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916795 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916796 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916797 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916798 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916799 TI - Recherches sur les vitamines du sol. PMID- 18916800 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916801 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916802 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916803 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916804 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916805 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916806 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916807 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916808 TI - Operational research. PMID- 18916809 TI - Progress of cancer research. PMID- 18916810 TI - Chromatic aberration of electrostatic lenses. PMID- 18916811 TI - Absorption band spectrum of S2 in the Schumann region. PMID- 18916812 TI - A new sulpha compound (6257) and its use in human cholera infection. PMID- 18916813 TI - Bactericidal activity of phenols in aqueous solutions of soap. PMID- 18916814 TI - Calcium-deficient media; their effect on phage action. PMID- 18916815 TI - Trace elements and nitrification. PMID- 18916816 TI - Vascular patterns in the testis, with particular reference to Macropus. PMID- 18916817 TI - Pharmacology of ch'ang shan (Dichroa febrifuga) a Chinese antimalarial herb. PMID- 18916818 TI - Annealing of glass. PMID- 18916819 TI - What is a dialysate? PMID- 18916820 TI - A factor in heart muscle required for the reduction of cytochrome c by cytochrome b. PMID- 18916822 TI - Oribatid mites and their economic importance. PMID- 18916821 TI - SOCIOLOGY of mental disease. PMID- 18916823 TI - The meson field and the equation of motion of a spinning particle. PMID- 18916824 TI - Operational research in the research associations. PMID- 18916825 TI - The status of the Protozoa. PMID- 18916826 TI - The borderline of psychology, physics and music. PMID- 18916827 TI - Method of steepest descents; improved formula for X-ray analysis. PMID- 18916828 TI - Control of cattle trypanosomiasis. PMID- 18916830 TI - Effect of undernutrition in man on hepatic structure and function. PMID- 18916829 TI - Cinnoline derivatives as chemotherapeutic agents for Trypanosoma congolense infections. PMID- 18916831 TI - Preparation of oestrogens from urine by application of high temperatures. PMID- 18916833 TI - Enzymic action of viruses and bacterial products on human red cells. PMID- 18916832 TI - Higher fatty acid dehydrogenase of mammalian liver. PMID- 18916835 TI - Discovery of radioactivity. PMID- 18916834 TI - Origin of noble sugar-canes (Saccharum officinarum L.). PMID- 18916836 TI - Plant virus proteins and antibody-antigen reactions. PMID- 18916838 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916837 TI - Production of an antibiotic substance on wheat straw and other organic materials and in the soil. PMID- 18916839 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916840 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916841 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916842 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916847 TI - Traffic behavior patterns. PMID- 18916848 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916849 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916850 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916851 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916852 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916853 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916854 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916855 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916856 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916857 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916858 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916859 TI - The individual's responsibility for world peace. PMID- 18916860 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916861 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916862 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916863 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916864 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916865 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916866 TI - Combined vestibular and cochlear stimulation. PMID- 18916867 TI - Excitatory abreaction; with special reference to its mechanism and the use of ether. PMID- 18916868 TI - The existence of critical levels for the actions of hormones and enzymes, with some therapeutic applications. PMID- 18916869 TI - Cerebral symptoms in thrombo-angiitis obliterans. PMID- 18916871 TI - Schizophrenia in a boy of 11 years. PMID- 18916870 TI - Mepacrine psychosis. PMID- 18916872 TI - Treatment of epileptics with epanutin. PMID- 18916873 TI - Bilateral fractional resection of frontal cortex for the treatment of psychoses; preliminary report. PMID- 18916876 TI - Notes on group psychotherapy. PMID- 18916875 TI - A study of the plantar response in hypnotic age regression. PMID- 18916874 TI - Cyclopia, arhinencephalia and callosal defect; cranium bifidum anterius and telencephaloschisis. PMID- 18916877 TI - Aleukemic leukemia with involvement of the central nervous system. PMID- 18916878 TI - Evidence and clinical significance of homosexuality in 100 unanalyzed cases of dementia praecox. PMID- 18916879 TI - Pentothal, the nursing aspects. PMID- 18916880 TI - Occupation in the mental hygiene of the aged. PMID- 18916881 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916882 TI - The epileptic in industry. PMID- 18916883 TI - Visiting the miner. PMID- 18916884 TI - Counseling professional nurses. PMID- 18916885 TI - Public health nursing in the control of rheumatic fever. PMID- 18916887 TI - A habit clinic is launched. PMID- 18916886 TI - Some emotional aspects of prolonged illness in children. PMID- 18916888 TI - Preparation of aspherical refracting optical surfaces by an evaporation technique. PMID- 18916889 TI - Non-adaptability of the ICI system to some near-whites which show absorption in the far blue region of the spectrum. PMID- 18916890 TI - Coefficients of reflection of magnesium oxide and magnesium carbonate. PMID- 18916891 TI - New contributions to the optics of intensely light-scattering materials. PMID- 18916892 TI - The illuminant in textile color matching. PMID- 18916893 TI - A method for automatically plotting spectral energy distribution of luminescent materials. PMID- 18916894 TI - The CaSiO3: (Pb+Mn) phosphor. PMID- 18916895 TI - Emission spectra of zinc cadmium sulfides. PMID- 18916896 TI - Lead selenide photo-conductive cells. PMID- 18916897 TI - Visual training. PMID- 18916898 TI - Social insurance for the blind. PMID- 18916899 TI - Pre-conditioning for vocational rehabilitation of the blind. PMID- 18916900 TI - The relationship of caloric intake level and protein intake level to rate of protein synthesis. PMID- 18916901 TI - Iron absorption in normal subjects and in patients with anemias of varied etiology. PMID- 18916902 TI - Adrenal gland lesions in experimental simian malaria and similar human lesions in varied diseases. PMID- 18916903 TI - The renal lesion of murine haemobartonellosis compared with lower nephrone nephrosis. PMID- 18916904 TI - Arterial disease may be a matter of days, not decades. PMID- 18916905 TI - Hypoprothrombinemia with hemorrhage as a cause of death in the rat in hypervitaminosis A. PMID- 18916906 TI - The fate of aged leukocytosis-promoting factor of exudates. PMID- 18916907 TI - Adrenal cortical atrophy and liver damage produced in dogs by feeding 2,2-bis (parachloro-phenyl)-1,1-dichloroethane. PMID- 18916908 TI - Effect of blood and oxygen on P. knowlesi infection in monkeys. PMID- 18916909 TI - Preparation of radioactive gold colloids for use in the therapy of malignancies. PMID- 18916910 TI - Chemotherapeutic effect of chloromycetin on experimental infection with psittacosis and lymphogranuloma venereum viruses. PMID- 18916911 TI - Desoxypyridoxine; morphologic and functional changes in acute pyridoxine deficiency. PMID- 18916912 TI - Specificity of human serum antihyaluronidase for antagonism of a particular species of bacterial hyaluronidase. PMID- 18916913 TI - The effect of bacterial endotoxins on the carbohydrate metabolism of the rabbit. PMID- 18916914 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916915 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916916 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916917 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916918 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916919 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916920 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916921 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916922 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916923 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916924 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916925 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916926 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916927 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916928 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916929 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916930 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916931 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916932 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916933 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916934 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916935 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916936 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916937 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916938 TI - Nervousness and swelling of lower neck. PMID- 18916939 TI - Pallor and weakness. PMID- 18916940 TI - Blueness; irritability. PMID- 18916941 TI - Difficult breathing and blueness. PMID- 18916942 TI - The radiographic appearance of the gastrointestinal tract during the first day of life. PMID- 18916943 TI - The use of benzedrine and dexedrine sulfate in the treatment of epilepsy. PMID- 18916944 TI - Diagnosis and surgical treatment of certain congenital cardiovascular anomalies. PMID- 18916946 TI - New concepts of osteomyelitis in the newborn infant. PMID- 18916945 TI - An evaluation of the penicillin treatment in early congenital syphilis. PMID- 18916947 TI - Relationship of race to the incidence of diphtheria and Schick, tuberculin, and Wassermann tests in hospitalized children. PMID- 18916948 TI - Varicelliform eruption of Kaposi due to vaccinia virus complicating atopic eczema. PMID- 18916949 TI - The proctologic examination of infants and children. PMID- 18916950 TI - Some of the problems in the education of rheumatic children. PMID- 18916951 TI - Alkaligenes fecalis bacteremia and meningitis; report of two cases in newborn infants. PMID- 18916952 TI - Tetanus neonatorum. PMID- 18916953 TI - Lack of correlation between possible Rh incompatibility and Mongolian idiocy. PMID- 18916954 TI - Treatment of common skin diseases in infants and children. PMID- 18916956 TI - Tuberous sclerosis. PMID- 18916955 TI - Neuroblastoma. PMID- 18916957 TI - Empyema. PMID- 18916958 TI - Hemophilia. PMID- 18916959 TI - Coarctation of the aorta. PMID- 18916960 TI - Management of the child with mental deficiency. PMID- 18916961 TI - The age-incidence of defects in school children; their changing health status. PMID- 18916962 TI - Sex education in tomorrow's schools. PMID- 18916963 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916964 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916965 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916966 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916967 TI - Antibiotic drug therapy. PMID- 18916968 TI - Skin creams. PMID- 18916969 TI - Headache preparations. PMID- 18916970 TI - Molecular distillation. PMID- 18916972 TI - Chest rubs and analgesic balms. PMID- 18916971 TI - Newer treatment of fungus infections. PMID- 18916973 TI - Are prescriptions confidential? PMID- 18916974 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916975 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916976 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916977 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916978 TI - DIFFERENCES in dispensing practice. PMID- 18916979 TI - ADVERTISING of medicines; new code of standards. PMID- 18916980 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916981 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916982 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916983 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916984 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916985 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916986 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916987 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916988 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916989 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916990 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916991 TI - The dermatological action of skin cleansers. PMID- 18916992 TI - Dairy cleaners. PMID- 18916993 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916994 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916996 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916995 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916998 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916997 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18916999 TI - Alterations in the rate of glycolysis in human blood following the addition of salts. PMID- 18917000 TI - Influence of intravenous cytochrome c upon visual acuity of the dark adapted human eye. PMID- 18917002 TI - Liver regeneration in the rat. PMID- 18917003 TI - Observations on the peripheral circulation in neurogenic hypertension. PMID- 18917001 TI - Influence of protein hydrolysates on the production of nephrosclerosis and hypertension by anterior-pituitary preparations. PMID- 18917004 TI - The influence of hypotension on coronary blood flow, cardiac oxygen metabolism and cardiac work. PMID- 18917006 TI - Effects of cold on infant rats. PMID- 18917005 TI - Effects of positive intrapulmonic pressure on muscular contraction. PMID- 18917007 TI - Studies on the stability, inhibition and activation of fibrinolytic protease (tryptase, plasmin). PMID- 18917008 TI - Effect of magnesium on alkaline phosphatase as influenced by pH, enzyme concentration and aging. PMID- 18917009 TI - Renal and circulatory factors in congestive failure of the circulation. PMID- 18917010 TI - Correlation between signs of toxicity and cholinesterase level of brain and blood during recovery from di-isopropyl fluorophosphate poisoning. PMID- 18917011 TI - A comparative study of the effects of several anticholinesterases on central nervous integration. PMID- 18917012 TI - Renal function related to increased intra-abdominal pressure in anesthetized and unanesthetized dogs. PMID- 18917013 TI - Determination of the etiology of pathological effects of explosive decompression on the lungs of rats. PMID- 18917014 TI - Studies of the pathological physiology of negative G in animals and man. PMID- 18917015 TI - Studies of arterial oxygen saturation in patients with suspected arterial hypoxemia, with use of a modified oximeter. PMID- 18917016 TI - The in vitro metabolism of testosterone to delta 4-androstenedione 3,17 and cis testosterone by rabbit liver homogenate. PMID- 18917017 TI - Oxygen in bone marrow blood during prolonged hemorrhagic anemia. PMID- 18917018 TI - Studies of galactose and glucose metabolism. PMID- 18917019 TI - Hepatic lymph and ascitic fluid following experimental chronic obstruction of the inferior vena cava. PMID- 18917020 TI - Inhibition of gastric secretion by histaminase. PMID- 18917021 TI - Resistance characteristics of rectifier element in single nerve fibers. PMID- 18917022 TI - Galloxanthin, a carotenoid from the chicken retina. AB - A new carotenoid has been isolated from the chicken retina for which the name galloxanthin is proposed. This substance has the properties of a hydroxy carotenoid or xanthophyll. It has not yet been crystallized. On a chromatogram of calcium carbonate it is adsorbed just below astaxanthin and above lutein. The absorption spectrum of galloxanthin lies in a region where natural carotenoids have not ordinarily been found. Its main, central absorption band falls at about 400 mmicro. The position of its spectrum suggests a conjugated system of eight double bonds. This relatively short polyene structure must be reconciled with very strong adsorption affinities. With antimony trichloride, galloxanthin yields a deep blue product, possessing a main absorption band at 785 to 795 mmicro, and a secondary maximum at about 710 mmicro which may not be due to galloxanthin itself. Galloxanthin appears to be one of the carotenoid filter pigments associated with cone vision in the chicken. It may act as an auxiliary to the other filter pigments in differentiating colors; or its primary function may be to exclude violet and near ultraviolet radiations for which the eye has a large chromatic aberration. PMID- 18917023 TI - The effects of low temperature on fertilized rabbit ova in vitro, and the normal development of ova kept at low temperature for several days. AB - Fertilized rabbit ova at the 2-blastomere stage kept in rabbit serum were stored at low temperatures for various lengths of time. They were then cultured at 38 degrees C. for about 24 hours to determine their viability. A number of the viable ova were finally transplanted into recipient does. It was found that rapid cooling of ova to 5 degrees or to 0 degrees C. was more harmful to the subsequent viability of ova than slow cooling. Rapid cooling was not more lethal to the ova than slow cooling, but did prevent their future normal cleavage. There was no difference between those ova cooled rapidly or slowly to 10 degrees C. It was concluded that temperature shock has an adverse effect on ova, especially at the lower temperatures, though temperature shock can be remedied by acclimatization (slow cooling). Thus, the physiological significance of temperature shock would seem to be broadened. The optimal temperature for the storage of ova was investigated. It was found that 10 degrees C. was the best temperature; at this temperature viable ova were obtained after storage for 144 to 168 hours. At 0 degrees , 5 degrees , or 15 degrees C. the ova were viable for 96 to 120 hours, while at 22-24 degrees C., only for 24 to 48 hours. The percentage of dead ova was low at a favorable temperature, increasing only at the end of the storage period. At an unfavorable temperature, however, the rate of death increased steadily from beginning to end of storage. The percentage of abnormally cleaved ova (arrested cleavage and fragmentation) remained at a low level at first at a favorable temperature, but then increased just before or during death of the ova. A critical time for the viability, the abnormal cleavage, and the death of ova was characteristic of each temperature. About 24 to 28 per cent of the viable ova remaining after being stored at 0-15 degrees C. for 2 to 4 days and cultured at 38 degrees C. for 24 hours were capable of development into normal young. The compatibility of serum and ova, the absence of a correlation between the viability of the ova and the source of the fertilizing spermatozoa, and the fertilization of superovulated ova (i.e., the percentage of fertile does in follicular phase and in luteal phase, the percentage of unfertilized ova and of fertilized ova at different stages, the percentage of does that had produced a normal number of ova or had produced a large number of ova, etc.), are reported. The possibility of a more efficient utilization of the germ cells of valuable animals by means of the present techniques, and the possibility of a new approach to the experimental investigation of mammalian genetics and development, have been mentioned. PMID- 18917024 TI - The inhibition of the adenosine triphosphatase activity of actomyosin by magnesium ions. PMID- 18917025 TI - Surface inactivation of bacterial viruses and of proteins. AB - 1. The seven bacterial viruses of the T group active against E. coli, are rapidly inactivated at gas-liquid interfaces. 2. The kinetics of this inactivation whether brought about by shaking or by bubbling with nitrogen are those of a first order reaction. 3. This inactivation may be prevented by the addition of enough protein to maintain the gas-liquid interface in a saturated condition. 4. The analogy between this phenomenon and the surface denaturation of proteins is pointed out and discussed. PMID- 18917026 TI - The relation between visual acuity and brightness discrimination. AB - 1. Visual acuity depends on the brightness contrast between test object and background; and conversely, brightness discrimination depends on the target size. Both functions vary with the brightness of the background. Measurements with rectangular targets of length-width ratio 2 were made over a range of sizes, contrasts, and brightnesses sufficient to determine the relations among these three variables. The rectangles were from 2' to 50' wide; the contrast fraction, DeltaI/I, ranged from 0.01 to 40; the background brightness varied from 0.0001 to 2500 millilamberts. 2. When DeltaI/I or visual acuity is plotted as a function of brightness the data do, in general, follow Hecht's equation. The departure from a simple photochemical theory which the larger targets show is probably due to changes in the functional retinal mosaic with changing brightness. 3. In general also, the relation between visual acuity and brightness, at selected contrasts, fits Hecht's derivation. At low contrasts, as the brightness is reduced a point is reached at which the test object becomes invisible at any size. 4. No simple relation emerges from the data relating visual acuity to contrast, at set levels of illumination. Over only a very short range are visual acuity and contrast directly related. At high contrasts, visual acuity reaches a maximum, whereas at low visual acuity, DeltaI/I reaches a minimum which cannot be passed regardless of size. 5. The shape of the curves relating DeltaI/I to brightness is not significantly altered by changing the exposure time. There is some evidence to show that a 3 second exposure of the target is equivalent to two looks of 0.2 second each. 6. In all these studies the thresholds were determined by a frequency of seeing method, and the data have been considered in terms of a quantum theory of threshold seeing. It was found that a threshold response involves between four and eight independent critical events, which are largely independent of size, brightness, and criterion of seeing. PMID- 18917028 TI - Principles of directive counseling and psychotherapy. PMID- 18917027 TI - Is psychotherapy dependent upon diagnosis? PMID- 18917029 TI - The Counseling Center at the University of Chicago. PMID- 18917030 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917031 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917032 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917033 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917034 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917035 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917036 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917037 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917038 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917039 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917040 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917041 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917042 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917043 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917044 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917045 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917047 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917046 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917048 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917049 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917050 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917051 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917053 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917052 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917054 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917055 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917056 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917057 TI - The development of resistance to infection. PMID- 18917058 TI - The aims and methods of child guidance. PMID- 18917060 TI - Antenatal care. PMID- 18917059 TI - Rubella in pregnancy. PMID- 18917061 TI - Heredity and environment; environment. PMID- 18917062 TI - The sanitary inspector and health education. PMID- 18917063 TI - Poliomyelitis and polioencephalitis; hospital enquiry. PMID- 18917064 TI - Recent improvements in control of domestic insect pests. PMID- 18917065 TI - The presence of Salm. typhi-murium in the sputum of an asthmatic. PMID- 18917066 TI - Suppuration associated with a non-haemolytic group A streptococcus. PMID- 18917068 TI - Arctic harvest. PMID- 18917067 TI - You can't see a calorie, but to a calorie-conscious public it is well to know why calories count in our everyday lives. PMID- 18917069 TI - Rabies. PMID- 18917070 TI - Community-wide chest x-ray surveys and the general practitioner. PMID- 18917071 TI - Operation of the United States Public Health Service malaria control program. PMID- 18917072 TI - Dental effects of community waters accidentally fluorinated for 19 years; differences in the extent of caries reduction among the different types of permanent teeth. PMID- 18917073 TI - Diphtheria epidemic in Utah in 1947. PMID- 18917074 TI - Appearance of minimus type diphtheria in Utah. PMID- 18917075 TI - Hydraulics for the practical operator. PMID- 18917076 TI - Cathodic protection of steel surfaces in contact with water. PMID- 18917077 TI - Control of micro-organisms and aquatic vegetation. PMID- 18917078 TI - CHLORINE demand determination. PMID- 18917079 TI - Improved residual chlorine test; the ortho-toluidine: arsenite method for testing water for true, false and chloramine residuals. PMID- 18917080 TI - Sewage treatment processes and results. PMID- 18917081 TI - Special sewer service charges for industrial wastes. PMID- 18917082 TI - Operating fundamentals of the activated sludge process. PMID- 18917083 TI - Focal epilepsy; correlation of the pathological and radiological findings. PMID- 18917084 TI - Bone involvement in malignant lymphoma. PMID- 18917085 TI - Tumor dose in cancer of the larynx. PMID- 18917086 TI - A consideration of roentgen therapy in producing temporary depilation for tinea capitis; a new method. PMID- 18917087 TI - Additive effects of X-rays and methylcholanthrene in inducing mouse leukemia. PMID- 18917088 TI - The practical aspects of the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of Hodgkin's disease and allied disorders. PMID- 18917089 TI - The nitrogen mustards; clinical use. PMID- 18917090 TI - The newer nitrogen mustards in the treatment of leukemia. PMID- 18917091 TI - Lymphoma of the conjunctiva. PMID- 18917092 TI - Lymphoid tumors. PMID- 18917093 TI - Lateral intrathoracic meningocele. PMID- 18917094 TI - Roentgen manifestations in Hodgkin's disease of retroperitoneal lymph nodes. PMID- 18917095 TI - Unusual Friedlander's bacillus pneumonia associated with septicemia; case report and brief review of the literature. PMID- 18917096 TI - Isolated fracture of the pisiform bone; a case report. PMID- 18917097 TI - Regional jejunitis; three cases. PMID- 18917098 TI - Acute gaseous cholecystitis; report of a case. PMID- 18917099 TI - Accidental filling of urinary tract during barium enema; report of a case. PMID- 18917100 TI - A method of roentgenologic examination of the shoulder. PMID- 18917101 TI - Chronic idiopathic hypertrophic osteo-arthropathy. PMID- 18917102 TI - The roentgen appearance of ossifying fibroma of bone. PMID- 18917103 TI - Importance of intra-alveolar pressure in the diagnosis of pulmonary diseases. PMID- 18917104 TI - Bone and joint lesions in leprosy; a radiologic study. PMID- 18917105 TI - Hydronephrosis; a radiologic classification based on anatomical variations. PMID- 18917107 TI - Further observations on the use of three-million-volt roentgen therapy. PMID- 18917106 TI - Effective compression in excretory pyelography. PMID- 18917108 TI - Physical basis for the high skin tolerance of supervoltage roentgen rays. PMID- 18917109 TI - Venous calcification in Banti's syndrome; report of a case. PMID- 18917110 TI - Malignant plasmocytoma of the nasopharynx; a case of multiple myeloma primary in the nasopharynx. PMID- 18917111 TI - Prenatal estimation of birth weight by pelvicephalometry. PMID- 18917112 TI - A symposium on socialized medicine. PMID- 18917113 TI - Government interference in medicine. PMID- 18917114 TI - The implications of social medicine for radiologists. PMID- 18917115 TI - Marrow-nailing of recent fractures, pseudarthrosis and bone plastic; experiences in 100 cases. PMID- 18917116 TI - Cardiac resuscitation. PMID- 18917117 TI - Metabolic study of burn cases. PMID- 18917118 TI - The surgical triangles of the inguinopectineal region (inguina) their classification, parietal relationship and significance in hernia repair. PMID- 18917119 TI - Thyroiditis. PMID- 18917120 TI - Coarctation and aneurysm of the aorta; report of a case treated by excision and end-to-end suture of aorta. PMID- 18917121 TI - The changing scene in American surgery. PMID- 18917122 TI - Uterine anomaly; duplication of uterus, three tubes and three ovaries; report of a case. PMID- 18917123 TI - The selection of patients for thoracolumbar sympathectomy; description of a set of rules for the elimination of failures and fatalities. PMID- 18917124 TI - Constrictive pericarditis with tuberculous intrapericardial abscess treated by streptomycin; report of a case. PMID- 18917125 TI - Functional subclavian arterial murmur; possible relation to scalenus anticus syndrome, costoclavicular compression, or the neurovascular syndrome of Wright. PMID- 18917126 TI - Peripheral nerve surgery; repair of nerve defects. PMID- 18917127 TI - Myxoma, the tumor of primitive mesenchyme. PMID- 18917128 TI - Raynaud's phenomenon and atypical causalgia; the role of sympathectomy. PMID- 18917129 TI - Multiple intussusceptions, direct and retrograde, of traumatic origin. PMID- 18917130 TI - Carcinosarcoma of the uterus. PMID- 18917131 TI - Congenital absence of the gallbladder with case report. PMID- 18917132 TI - Hydrocele of the canal of Nuck with large cystic retroperitoneal extension. PMID- 18917133 TI - Lipoma of the duodenum causing melena. PMID- 18917134 TI - A new method of restoring continuity of the alimentary canal in cases of congenital atresia of the esophagus with tracheo-esophageal fistula not treated by immediate primary anastomosis. PMID- 18917135 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917136 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917137 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917138 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917139 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917140 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917141 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917142 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917143 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917144 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917145 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917147 TI - Lesions caused by periarteritis nodosa of interest to the anesthesiologist. PMID- 18917146 TI - The action of EA-83 (2-methylamino-6-hydroxy-6-methyl heptane) on venous pressure. PMID- 18917148 TI - Combined anesthesia for cesarean section (low transverse). PMID- 18917149 TI - Seconal as a basal anesthetic for children. PMID- 18917150 TI - A clinical trial of amidone (dolophine), a new synthetic analgesic. PMID- 18917151 TI - Neosynephrin hydrochloride in anesthesia and shock. PMID- 18917152 TI - Improving the efficiency of a department of anesthesiology; an all-purpose supply cabinet. PMID- 18917153 TI - Picrotoxin and amphetamine (benzedrine) in barbiturate poisoning. PMID- 18917154 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917155 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917156 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917157 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917158 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917159 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917160 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917161 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917162 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917163 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917164 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917165 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917166 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917167 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917168 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917169 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917171 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917170 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917172 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917173 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917174 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917175 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917176 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917177 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917178 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917180 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917179 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917181 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917182 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917183 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917184 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917185 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917186 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917187 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917188 TI - Modern methods of culturing Mycobacterium tuberculosis, with special reference to the Dubos technique. PMID- 18917189 TI - Bilateral active pulmonary tuberculosis treated with artificial pneumothorax and thoracoplasty; a review of 29 cases. PMID- 18917190 TI - Autopsy findings in Boeck's sarcoid. PMID- 18917192 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917191 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917193 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917194 TI - Ammonium urate in the semen of bulls with testicular hypoplasia. PMID- 18917195 TI - An abnormal case of anastomosis between the medial and lateral volar (plantar) nerves in a horse. PMID- 18917196 TI - The pancreas in sausage meat. PMID- 18917197 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917199 TI - Eye changes associated with thyroid disease. PMID- 18917198 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917200 TI - The present status of plastic surgery. PMID- 18917201 TI - Anxiety manifested by moderately elevated temperatures. PMID- 18917202 TI - Modern surgical methods in the management of osteomyelitis. PMID- 18917203 TI - Surgical treatment of peptic ulcer with a report of 32 vagotomies. PMID- 18917204 TI - The surgical treatment of large colonic cancers which have secondarily invaded surrounding structures. PMID- 18917205 TI - Back to basic principles in the management of functional uterine bleeding. PMID- 18917206 TI - Boeck's sarcoid; a case report illustrating several typical manifestations. PMID- 18917207 TI - The diagnosis and treatment of coronary heart disease. PMID- 18917208 TI - A study of tuberculosis patients in Colorado sanatoria and their rehabilitation needs. PMID- 18917209 TI - Pitfalls in the interpretation of the electrocardiogram. PMID- 18917210 TI - Ichthyosis treated with stilboestrol. PMID- 18917211 TI - The macroscopic diagnosis of urinary schistosomiasis. PMID- 18917212 TI - Schistosomiasis; an educational problem. PMID- 18917213 TI - Early treatment of the injured hand. PMID- 18917214 TI - Reflections on the psychosomatic approach in general practice. PMID- 18917215 TI - Weingartner's disease or tropical eosinophilia. PMID- 18917217 TI - Industrial medicine. PMID- 18917216 TI - Carcinoma of the corpus uteri. PMID- 18917218 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917219 TI - Diabetes mellitus clinic; cardiovascular complications. PMID- 18917220 TI - Muscle atrophy from sensitivity to protamine zinc insulin. PMID- 18917221 TI - Diabetes mellitus clinic; eye complications. PMID- 18917222 TI - Rational treatment of diabetic acidosis. PMID- 18917223 TI - Obstetric use of demerol. PMID- 18917224 TI - Obstetric saddle block anesthesia. PMID- 18917225 TI - Local anesthesia technique for cesarean section. PMID- 18917226 TI - Scalenus anticus and cervical rib syndrome. PMID- 18917227 TI - Surgical treatments for the relief of urinary stress incontinence. PMID- 18917228 TI - Paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia, with special reference to treatment. PMID- 18917229 TI - Treatment of acute infectious mononucleosis. PMID- 18917230 TI - Atypical mononucleosis simulating acute appendicitis. PMID- 18917232 TI - A decade of public health progress in Texas. PMID- 18917231 TI - Control measures in acute respiratory infections. PMID- 18917233 TI - University of Texas child health program; report on activities, 1944-1947. PMID- 18917234 TI - Children with reading problems. PMID- 18917235 TI - Diagnosis and management of gout. PMID- 18917236 TI - The response of the adrenal cortex to disease and trauma. PMID- 18917237 TI - The antagonistic effect of certain substances of bacterial origin on the course of infection with pneumonia virus of mice (PVM). PMID- 18917238 TI - Natural antibodies to pneumococcus in man. PMID- 18917239 TI - Hepato-renal vasotropic factors in experimental shock and renal hypertension. PMID- 18917240 TI - Recent studies of cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolism in man. PMID- 18917241 TI - Beri-beri heart disease. PMID- 18917242 TI - Relation between electrical and mechanical events of the cardiac cycle in normal and abnormal clinical states. PMID- 18917243 TI - Mechanism for changing the cardiac output in man. PMID- 18917244 TI - Surface phagocytosis, its relation to the mechanism of recovery in acute pneumonia caused by encapsulated bacteria. PMID- 18917245 TI - Abnormalities in the globulin component of serum as demonstrable by the cephalin flocculation test. PMID- 18917246 TI - Marked abdominal bloating not due to gas but to a neurosis of the abdominal wall. PMID- 18917247 TI - A mechanism explaining chronic progressive pulmonary bullous emphysema. PMID- 18917248 TI - Metabolic studies in diabetic coma. PMID- 18917249 TI - Report on a cooperative study of nitrogen mustard (HN2) therapy of neoplastic disease. PMID- 18917250 TI - A case of dermatomyositis. PMID- 18917251 TI - Studies on the pathogenesis of human brucellosis. PMID- 18917252 TI - The anatomy of acute infarcts and scars in the heart with reference to electrocardiographic diagnosis. PMID- 18917253 TI - Clinical studies on the effects of pituitary adrenocorticotrophic hormone. PMID- 18917254 TI - Tremor, normal and pathological; a preliminary report. PMID- 18917256 TI - Penicillin in syphilis, a 1947 appraisal. PMID- 18917255 TI - Hypercholesterolemia and the effects of lipotropic agents. PMID- 18917257 TI - Streptomycin in treatment of tularemia. PMID- 18917258 TI - Some observations on the development of resistance to streptomycin. PMID- 18917259 TI - The relative importance of dietary sodium chloride and water intake in cardiac edema. PMID- 18917260 TI - The effects of surgical sympathectomy upon certain vasopressor responses in hypertensive patients. PMID- 18917261 TI - Some nutritional hazards in a general hospital. PMID- 18917262 TI - Dicumarol as an anticoagulant; use in a large series of cases. PMID- 18917263 TI - The effect of dicumarol on the heart in experimental acute coronary occlusion. PMID- 18917264 TI - An evaluation of various therapeutic programs in patients with acute fatty livers. PMID- 18917265 TI - Experience with the anoxemia test in patients with typical angina of effort and in pathents with atypical pain which may be due to coronary insufficiency. PMID- 18917266 TI - Temporary relief of anginal pain by carotid sinus stimulation. PMID- 18917267 TI - Recent therapeutic experiences in rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 18917268 TI - New immunologic aspects of the pathogenesis of glomerulenephritis and rheumatic fever. PMID- 18917269 TI - Amalgam, ancient and modern. PMID- 18917270 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917271 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917272 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917273 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917275 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917274 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917276 TI - An outbreak of infectious hepatitis. PMID- 18917277 TI - First aid for alcoholism. PMID- 18917278 TI - Venereal disease; progress report. PMID- 18917279 TI - A probable outbreak of Q fever in Munich, Germany. PMID- 18917280 TI - Tetanus. PMID- 18917281 TI - Acute epiphysitis; case report. PMID- 18917282 TI - Some influences of military medicine upon war. PMID- 18917284 TI - Introduction to military medicine. PMID- 18917283 TI - Current problems in aviation medicine. PMID- 18917285 TI - Physical medicine in a Marine hospital. PMID- 18917286 TI - Aviation medicine is industrial medicine. PMID- 18917287 TI - Medical service in reinforcement installations in the E. T. O. PMID- 18917288 TI - Newer aspects of aviation neuropsychiatry. PMID- 18917289 TI - When to start orthodontic treatment considering age and relative growth. PMID- 18917290 TI - Healed dissecting aneurysm of the aorta with sign of aortic insufficiency; a case report. PMID- 18917291 TI - Penicillin and streptomycin precursors; their probable source and derivation. PMID- 18917292 TI - The treatment of decubitus ulcers with fibrin foam; a preliminary report. PMID- 18917294 TI - Medical men who were signers of the Declaration of Independence of the United States. PMID- 18917293 TI - Benzedrine psychosis; report of a case. PMID- 18917295 TI - SCIENTIFIC research and public expenditure. PMID- 18917296 TI - Evidence for the existence of new unstable elementary particles. PMID- 18917298 TI - Meson decay and the theory of nuclear forces. PMID- 18917297 TI - Electron microscopy of bacteria. PMID- 18917299 TI - Effect of injection of adrenaline on the anaerobic glycolysis of rat diaphragm. PMID- 18917300 TI - Influence of adenohypophysectomy on the transfer of salt across the frog skin. PMID- 18917301 TI - Cobalt deficiency in Sligo. PMID- 18917303 TI - Arctic aerobiology. PMID- 18917302 TI - Economic control of the relapsing fever tick in African houses. PMID- 18917304 TI - Colour phenomena in the perception of fine detail. PMID- 18917305 TI - ORGANISATION for scientific and industrial research. PMID- 18917306 TI - Physico-chemical aspects of chemical carcinogens. PMID- 18917307 TI - Molecular weight of alpha-amylase. PMID- 18917308 TI - Structure of amylopectin. PMID- 18917309 TI - Interaction of thionyl chloride and hydroxy compounds. PMID- 18917310 TI - Response of new-born children to hypertonic solutions of sodium chloride and of urea. PMID- 18917311 TI - Hypertension after bilateral nephrectomy in the rat. PMID- 18917312 TI - The matter-radiation cycle in the cosmos (and the second law) the sun's equilibrium. PMID- 18917313 TI - The measurable and the non-measurable. PMID- 18917314 TI - Structure of spectral lines. PMID- 18917315 TI - Organization of the cell walls of tracheids and wood fibres. PMID- 18917316 TI - ABSORPTION of ultrasonic waves in liquids. PMID- 18917322 TI - Histological study of the duodenum of the white rat. PMID- 18917323 TI - Spermatogenesis in Pseudacris triseriata. PMID- 18917324 TI - More or less potency of genes. PMID- 18917325 TI - The similar effect of rations containing butter fat or corn oil upon the maze learning ability of rats. PMID- 18917326 TI - Application of the electronic theory to some simple organic reactions. PMID- 18917327 TI - The content of genera. PMID- 18917328 TI - The pallial component in hepato-lenticular degeneration. PMID- 18917329 TI - Hemochromatosis of the central nervous system. PMID- 18917330 TI - Studies on the physiology and therapy of convulsive disorders; some properties of experimental convulsions. PMID- 18917331 TI - Mode of extension of contrast substances injected into peripheral nerves. PMID- 18917332 TI - Myotonia atrophica; histopathologic considerations. PMID- 18917333 TI - Bone formation and destruction in hyperostoses associated with meningiomas. PMID- 18917334 TI - Multiple primary intracranial tumours; meningioma associated with a glioma; report of a case. PMID- 18917335 TI - The human pyramidal tract; reaction of individual axons in selected cases with acute cerebral lesions. PMID- 18917336 TI - The role of the endoneurium in the regeneration of nerve grafts as compared with nerve traumas. PMID- 18917337 TI - Chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis. PMID- 18917338 TI - Report of two new cases of sudden death after electric shock treatment with histopathological findings in the central nervous system. PMID- 18917339 TI - Pathologic changes in early herpes zoster. PMID- 18917340 TI - Focal amyloid degeneration of the brain following X-ray therapy. PMID- 18917341 TI - Nerve regeneration; a comparative experimental study following suture by clot and thread. PMID- 18917342 TI - Histopathology of virus encephalitis. PMID- 18917343 TI - Spongioneuroblastoma and transitional glioneuroma. PMID- 18917344 TI - Calcifying epileptogenic lesions (hemangioma calcificans). PMID- 18917345 TI - Maduromycotic meningitis. PMID- 18917346 TI - Morphological details of the oligodendroglia and description of a method for its staining in celloidine or paraffin embedded material. PMID- 18917347 TI - Observations on standardizing the surgical management of intracranial suppuration. PMID- 18917348 TI - Faulty sensory localization in nerve regeneration; an index of functional recovery following suture. PMID- 18917349 TI - Cranioplasty and the post-traumatic syndrome. PMID- 18917350 TI - Residual sympathetic pathways after paravertebral sympathectomy. PMID- 18917351 TI - Upward transtentorial herniation of the brain stem and cerebellum due to tumor of the posterior fossa with special note on tumors of the acoustic nerve. PMID- 18917352 TI - Nerve regeneration; a comparative experimental study following suture by clot and thread. PMID- 18917353 TI - Congenital atresia of the foramina of Luschka and Magendie with report of two cases of surgical cure. PMID- 18917354 TI - Bilateral extradural hematoma; report of case. PMID- 18917355 TI - Electrical burn of the brain. PMID- 18917356 TI - Minor fractures of the cervical laminae simulating ruptured cervical disk; report of two cases. PMID- 18917357 TI - Two cases of acute subdural hygroma simulating massive intracranial hemorrhage. PMID- 18917358 TI - A simple and inexpensive laminograph for use in neurosurgery. PMID- 18917359 TI - Use of standard cerebellar frame for neurosurgical operations in sitting position. PMID- 18917360 TI - A minor modification of the Crutchfield tongs. PMID- 18917361 TI - On some psychodynamics of masochism. PMID- 18917362 TI - Some observations on a form of projection. PMID- 18917363 TI - Basic mental concepts; their clinical and theoretical value. PMID- 18917364 TI - The fallacious use of quantitative concepts in dynamic psychology. PMID- 18917365 TI - Mohave orality; analysis of nursing and weaning customs. PMID- 18917367 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917366 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917368 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917369 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917371 TI - Fowler's position. PMID- 18917370 TI - Cosmetics and the nurse. PMID- 18917372 TI - Across the Pindus Mountains to Salonica. PMID- 18917373 TI - Relief of pain in midwifery. PMID- 18917374 TI - Current trends in tuberculosis nursing. PMID- 18917375 TI - The bent pin; posture, industry, nurse. PMID- 18917376 TI - Nursing the chronically ill. PMID- 18917377 TI - Teaching the blind diabetic self-administration of insulin. PMID- 18917378 TI - A psychiatrist's experience in the 2nd World War. PMID- 18917380 TI - Radiotherapy and breast cancer. PMID- 18917379 TI - A case of an uncommon late complication following operative treatment of a compound fracture of the lower leg. PMID- 18917381 TI - The general practitioner and the blood pressure. PMID- 18917382 TI - ANTIHISTAMINE therapy. PMID- 18917383 TI - The pituitary-adrenal control of antibody release. PMID- 18917384 TI - Carcinoma of the corpus uteri. PMID- 18917385 TI - Diphtheria; treatment and nursing care. PMID- 18917386 TI - Some aspects of practical nursing. PMID- 18917387 TI - Malignant hypertension. PMID- 18917388 TI - Industrial medicine is not new. PMID- 18917389 TI - Modern canning methods; knowledge blasts superstitions. PMID- 18917390 TI - Two important diagnostic points in tropias. PMID- 18917391 TI - Recurrent hordeola associated with monocular suppression; a case report. PMID- 18917392 TI - Elimination of cyclophoria as a factor in astigmatic correction. PMID- 18917393 TI - Notes on ametropia; a further analysis of Stenstrom's data. PMID- 18917394 TI - Diplopia resulting from paresis of third nerve caused by focal infection; a case report. PMID- 18917395 TI - The tolerance factor and Sattler's veil as influenced by a new development of contact lens making. PMID- 18917396 TI - Visual training as an adjunct to refraction; a case report. PMID- 18917397 TI - MANUAL for orientors. PMID- 18917399 TI - The case for recording, as a librarian sees it. PMID- 18917398 TI - A plea for the deaf-blind. PMID- 18917400 TI - Studies on correlation between symptoms of ragweed hay fever and titer of thermostable antibody. PMID- 18917401 TI - Measurement of vital capacity in asthmatic subjects receiving histamine and acetyl-beta-methyl choline; a clinical study. PMID- 18917402 TI - Tissue changes in allergy. PMID- 18917403 TI - Chemical studies on a skin-reactive fraction from short ragweed pollen. PMID- 18917404 TI - Statistical studies in allergy; a factorial analysis. PMID- 18917405 TI - Aerosol therapy. PMID- 18917406 TI - Spirometric evaluation of ethyl-nor-epinephrine in bronchial asthma. PMID- 18917407 TI - Local cutaneous allergy (Arthus phenomenon) from spinephrine. PMID- 18917408 TI - The use of procaine hydrochloride intravenously in the treatment of reactions to penicillin; report of four cases. PMID- 18917409 TI - Address of the chairman of the teachers' conference on graduate instruction. PMID- 18917410 TI - Planning for graduate education in pharmacy. PMID- 18917411 TI - Recent economic trends of interest to pharmaceutical educators. PMID- 18917412 TI - The pharmacy laws of the United States should be simple and uniform. PMID- 18917413 TI - Will free enterprise fill Rx No. 1950? PMID- 18917414 TI - Symposium on the teaching of additional subject matter in general pharmacognosy. PMID- 18917415 TI - A plea for the complete separation of pharmacognosy from pharmacology in the instructional program. PMID- 18917417 TI - Hexahydric alcohols in pharmaceutical practice. PMID- 18917416 TI - The Medical Library Association. PMID- 18917418 TI - CARONAMIDE. PMID- 18917419 TI - POLYSACCHARIDE vaccine for pneumonia prophylaxis. PMID- 18917420 TI - Trichinosis. PMID- 18917421 TI - HYALURONIDASE. PMID- 18917422 TI - PARA-AMINOSALICYLIC acid in tuberculosis. PMID- 18917423 TI - HEXAHYDRIC alcohols in pharmaceutical practice. PMID- 18917424 TI - CHLOROMYCETIN, a new microbiotic agent. PMID- 18917425 TI - The assay of nux vomica and nux vomica preparations. PMID- 18917426 TI - An improved coal tar solution. PMID- 18917427 TI - A review of strophanthus tincture. PMID- 18917428 TI - Graphic story of official Galenicals. PMID- 18917429 TI - The narcotic law. PMID- 18917430 TI - Thyroid function and the duration of sodium pentobarbital anesthesia. PMID- 18917431 TI - The preparation of 1-diethylamino-2-(2,4,6-triiodophenoxy) ethane hydrochloride. PMID- 18917432 TI - The use of acetylation in the quantitative separation of ephedrine from procaine. PMID- 18917433 TI - The synthesis and study of some N-dihydroxypropyl derivatives. PMID- 18917434 TI - Chemical determination of synthetic estrogens; basic data on the nitrosophenol reaction. PMID- 18917435 TI - Comparative in vitro neutralization of heparin. PMID- 18917436 TI - The bactericidal action of oxygen-liberating substances on oral microorganisms; studies with fusiform bacilli. PMID- 18917437 TI - Chemical investigation of Premna integrifolia Linn. PMID- 18917438 TI - The estimation of aloin in pharmaceuticals. PMID- 18917439 TI - Pharmacognostical studies of brahmi; stem and leaf characteristics of Herpestis monniera H. B. and K. and Hydrocotyle asiatica Linn. PMID- 18917440 TI - Thixotropic mineral gels and their therapeutic possibilities. PMID- 18917441 TI - Lubricants in compressed tablet manufacture. PMID- 18917442 TI - Notes on the role of hydrogen ion concentration and buffer systems in the preparation of ophthalmic solutions. PMID- 18917443 TI - A note on the synergism of the central nervous system stimulants. PMID- 18917444 TI - A note on the hypnotic principle of Rauwolfia serpentina. PMID- 18917445 TI - PROPYL thiouracil. PMID- 18917446 TI - Cardiac therapy. PMID- 18917447 TI - Prescription accuracy and tolerances. PMID- 18917448 TI - Action of pyridine-3-carboxylic acid on neuromuscular transmission. PMID- 18917449 TI - The effects of iodides, 1-thiosorbitol, and 25 other compounds on alpha naphthylthiourea (antu) toxicity in rats. PMID- 18917450 TI - Determination of the therapeutic, irregularity, and lethal doses of cardiac glycosides in the heart-lung preparation of the dog. PMID- 18917451 TI - The absorption, distribution and excretion of streptomycin. PMID- 18917452 TI - The metabolic fate of chloral hydrate. PMID- 18917453 TI - The effects of analgesic drugs upon excised frog and terrapin hearts and upon the terrapin cardiac vagus nerve. PMID- 18917454 TI - The influence of atropine and scopolamine on the central effects of DFP. PMID- 18917455 TI - The influence of sulfhydryl compounds on diuresis and renal and cardiac circulatory changes caused by mersalyl. PMID- 18917456 TI - The effects of single doses of 6-dimethylamino-4-4-diphenyl-3-heptanone (amidone, methadon, or 10820) on human subjects. PMID- 18917457 TI - The biological assay of histamine and diphenhydramine hydrochloride (benadryl hydrochloride). PMID- 18917458 TI - The determination and the urinary excretion of 6-dimethylamino-4,4-diphenyl-3 heptanone hydrochloride (amidone). PMID- 18917459 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917460 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917461 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917462 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917463 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917464 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917465 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917467 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917466 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917468 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917469 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917470 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917471 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917473 TI - RECOMMENDED graduate training program in clinical psychology. PMID- 18917472 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917474 TI - Some lessons from aviation psychology. PMID- 18917475 TI - Respective effectiveness of success and task-tension in learning. PMID- 18917476 TI - Theory of the human operator in control systems; the operator as an engineering system. PMID- 18917477 TI - Notes on the intellectual and social capacities of a group of young delinquents. PMID- 18917478 TI - The growth of the knowledge of time in children of school-age. PMID- 18917479 TI - Different types of perceptual ability. PMID- 18917480 TI - High incentives versus hot and humid atmospheres in a physical effort task. PMID- 18917481 TI - Selected factors which influence job preferences. PMID- 18917482 TI - Men and machines. PMID- 18917483 TI - Learning in accident reduction. PMID- 18917484 TI - Selection of aircraft engineering draftsmen and designers. PMID- 18917485 TI - The problem of resistance to change in industry. PMID- 18917486 TI - Norms for graduate school business students on the Minnesota vocational test for clerical workers. PMID- 18917487 TI - Validation of naval aviation cadet selection tests against training criteria. PMID- 18917488 TI - The analysis of personnel data in relation to turnover on a factory job. PMID- 18917490 TI - Confusion control in poster readership study. PMID- 18917489 TI - A classification and evaluation of personnel rating methods. PMID- 18917491 TI - An efficient method of obtaining counts for computing the interrelation of test items. PMID- 18917492 TI - A rapid method of computing standard scores. PMID- 18917493 TI - An experiment on the design of tables and graphs used for presenting numerical data. PMID- 18917494 TI - Relation of personality and character requirements to jobs in a civil service agency. PMID- 18917495 TI - A proposed symposium on a program for parapsychology. PMID- 18917496 TI - Trial-by-trial grouping of success and failure in PSI tests. PMID- 18917497 TI - Impatience with scientific method in parapsychology. PMID- 18917498 TI - Child feeding in Europe under the International Children's Emergency Fund. PMID- 18917499 TI - Prospects of improving the food supply of the Orient. PMID- 18917500 TI - An analysis of the Wilson-Worcester method for determining the median effective dose of pertussis vaccine. PMID- 18917501 TI - An abridged table of probits for use in the graphic solution of the dosage-effect curve. PMID- 18917502 TI - Preservice and inservice preparation in health of school personnel. PMID- 18917503 TI - Frozen precooked foods. PMID- 18917504 TI - Dog, fox, and cattle rabies in New York State; evaluation of vaccination in dogs. PMID- 18917505 TI - Death, defect, and disability in prenatal life; an epidemiologic consideration. PMID- 18917506 TI - Community health services for children in eight selected states. PMID- 18917507 TI - Public health and bedside home nursing services. PMID- 18917508 TI - Public health degrees and certificates granted in the United States and Canada during the academic year, 1946-1947. PMID- 18917509 TI - The professionalization of public health. PMID- 18917511 TI - Changing problems growing out of the change in composition of the population. PMID- 18917510 TI - Progress in public health administration. PMID- 18917512 TI - The unfinished job of essential public health service. PMID- 18917513 TI - Surmounting obstacles to health progress. PMID- 18917514 TI - Poverty and disease. PMID- 18917515 TI - Public health and the future. PMID- 18917516 TI - Kentucky Rapid Treatment Center monthly analysis for 1946. PMID- 18917517 TI - What a part-time health officer needs in developing his program. PMID- 18917519 TI - CHOLERA in Egypt. PMID- 18917518 TI - CHOLERA in Egypt. PMID- 18917520 TI - Multiple sclerosis; how prevalent is it? PMID- 18917521 TI - Rheumatic fever; facts and figures. PMID- 18917522 TI - The veterinary public health program. PMID- 18917524 TI - Some notification troubles. PMID- 18917523 TI - Scabies and pediculosis. PMID- 18917525 TI - BACTERIOLOGICAL examination of stools for vibrio cholerae. PMID- 18917526 TI - Collection of specimens for virus investigations. PMID- 18917527 TI - The spirit of surgery. PMID- 18917528 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917530 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917529 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917531 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917532 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917533 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917534 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917535 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917536 TI - Clinical studies with jet injection; a new method of drug administration. PMID- 18917537 TI - The use of curare in prolonged abdominal operations. PMID- 18917538 TI - Continuous caudal analgesia in obstetrics, surgery and therapeutics. PMID- 18917539 TI - Use of nitrous oxide-oxygen anesthesia in dental surgery. PMID- 18917540 TI - Some aspects of spinal anesthesia. PMID- 18917541 TI - Metopryl, a new anesthetic. PMID- 18917542 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917543 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917544 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917545 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917546 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917547 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917548 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917549 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917550 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917551 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917552 TI - Studies on the causes of death following operations on the vermiform appendix. PMID- 18917553 TI - Recession in carcinomatosis following oophorectomy, opotherapy, deep-therapy. PMID- 18917554 TI - Cancer of the colon. PMID- 18917555 TI - Colostrum in conditions other than pregnancy. PMID- 18917556 TI - Spontaneous auto-amputation of the thigh in a case of gangrene; case report. PMID- 18917557 TI - The arterial blood supply of the common and hepatic bile ducts with reference to the problems of common duct injury and repair; based on a series of 23 dissections. PMID- 18917558 TI - Unusual innervation of the intrinsic muscles of the hand by median and ulnar nerve. PMID- 18917559 TI - Tantalum gauze in the repair of hernias complicated by tissue deficiency; a preliminary report. PMID- 18917560 TI - Pulmonary embolism; a correlation of clinical and autopsy studies. PMID- 18917561 TI - Tattooing with mercury sulfide for intractable anal pruritus with brief reference to vulval pruritus and evaluation of results. PMID- 18917563 TI - Lobectomy for pulmonary cysts in a 15-day-old infant with recovery. PMID- 18917562 TI - Cerebral hemorrhage following repair of a common carotid-internal jugular arteriovenous fistula. PMID- 18917564 TI - The problem of parenteral nitrogen administration in surgical patients, with special consideration of preoperative preparation and of the means of effecting favorable nitrogen balance. PMID- 18917565 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917566 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917567 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917568 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917569 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917570 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917571 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917572 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917573 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917574 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917575 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917576 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917577 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917578 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917579 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917580 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917581 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917582 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917583 TI - USE of gluco-thricil. PMID- 18917584 TI - STREPTOMYCIN in 1947. PMID- 18917585 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917586 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917587 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917588 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917590 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917591 TI - Clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of sprue. PMID- 18917589 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917592 TI - The malaria patient and quinine. PMID- 18917593 TI - Chronic tuberculous mediastinitis and mediastinal lymphadenitis; report of two cases illustrating certain complications with surgical measures for their relief. PMID- 18917594 TI - The American Association for Thoracic Surgery; a report of its meeting on May 28, 29 and 30, 1947. PMID- 18917595 TI - The chemotherapy of pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 18917596 TI - Antibiotic and chemotherapy of tuberculosis. PMID- 18917597 TI - Streptomycin resistant tubercle bacilli; their development during streptomycin therapy of pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 18917598 TI - Sensitivity of tubercle bacilli to streptomycin; an in vitro study of some factors affecting results in various test media. PMID- 18917599 TI - Tuberculous meningitis. PMID- 18917600 TI - Seminar on BCG. PMID- 18917601 TI - BCG vaccination among American Indians. PMID- 18917602 TI - The possible use of the vaccine BCG in San Francisco. PMID- 18917603 TI - BCG. PMID- 18917604 TI - BCG vaccination. PMID- 18917605 TI - BCG vaccination. PMID- 18917606 TI - BCG vaccination. PMID- 18917607 TI - Wartime injuries of the urinary tract. PMID- 18917608 TI - Injuries to the bladder. PMID- 18917610 TI - Aseptic prostatectomy. PMID- 18917609 TI - Battle casualties involving the genitourinary system. PMID- 18917611 TI - Chronic pyelonephritis. PMID- 18917612 TI - A case of renal carbuncle treated by penicillin. PMID- 18917613 TI - A case with unusual congenital deformities and genito-urinary abnormalities. PMID- 18917614 TI - A case of pelvic fused kidneys. PMID- 18917615 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917616 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917617 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917618 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917619 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917620 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917621 TI - The minimal infectious inoculum of Spirochaeta pallida (Nichols strain) and a consideration of its rate of multiplication in vivo. PMID- 18917622 TI - The effect of antisyphilitic treatment on the microscopic appearance of syphilitic aortitis. PMID- 18917623 TI - Three years of penicillin alone in neurosyphilis. PMID- 18917624 TI - A study of the nutritional requirements of the Reiter strain of Treponema pallidum. PMID- 18917625 TI - The effectiveness in experimental syphilis of penicillin in peanut oil-beeswax given in 16 daily injections. PMID- 18917626 TI - The termination of therapeutic malaria with chloroquine. PMID- 18917627 TI - Experimental mouse syphilis, a critical review of the literature. PMID- 18917628 TI - The complete case finder; the practical epidemiology of syphilis and gonorrhea in New York City. PMID- 18917629 TI - The function of rapid treatment centers. PMID- 18917630 TI - Sex education or social hygiene education in schools in forty cities. PMID- 18917631 TI - Law enforcement progress during 1947. PMID- 18917632 TI - Serological tests for industrial workers. PMID- 18917633 TI - Social hygiene in the magazines. PMID- 18917634 TI - Statistical indices used in the evaluation of syphilis contact investigation. PMID- 18917635 TI - Status of contact investigation; an evaluation of data from state and local health areas. PMID- 18917636 TI - The 100-day experiment in contact investigation in Arkansas. PMID- 18917637 TI - Comparative study of human and bovine sperm by electron microscopy. PMID- 18917638 TI - On a normal human embryo of 17 days development. PMID- 18917639 TI - Relation of biotin to congenital deformities in the chick. PMID- 18917640 TI - Mitochondria in nerve cell bodies following section of axones. PMID- 18917641 TI - The chemical histology of human eccrine and apocrine sweat glands. PMID- 18917642 TI - Influence of temperature on development of rat embryos. PMID- 18917643 TI - The fundamental transverse arrangement of cross striae in myofibrils on striated muscle. PMID- 18917644 TI - Development of the cervical vesicles in man. PMID- 18917645 TI - The visualization of vertebrate capillary beds by intravascular precipitation of lead chromate. PMID- 18917646 TI - The cytological distribution of ascorbic acid in the adrenal cortex of the rat under normal and experimental conditions. PMID- 18917647 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917648 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917649 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917651 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917650 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917652 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917653 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917656 TI - The effects of salts on streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin in agar plate assays. PMID- 18917657 TI - The effect of aromatic dismidines on bacterial growth; the mechanism of action. PMID- 18917658 TI - The effect of aromatic diamidines on bacterial growth; the antagonism of nucleic acids and polyamines. PMID- 18917659 TI - A note on detergent interference in the serial dilution assay of penicillin using Bacillus subtilis. PMID- 18917662 TI - Physiological studies on spore germination with special reference to Clostridium botulinum; development of a quantitative method. PMID- 18917663 TI - Physiological studies on spore germination with special reference to Clostridium botulinum; quantitative aspects of the germination process. PMID- 18917667 TI - The influence of varied protein intake and of tryptophane deficiency on Theiler's encephalomyelitis of mice. PMID- 18917668 TI - The apparent involvement of vibrio fetus in an infection of man. PMID- 18917669 TI - Studies on certain biological characteristics of Malleomyces mallei and Malleomyces pseudomallei; morphology, cultivation, viability, and isolation from contaminated specimens. PMID- 18917670 TI - Studies on certain biological characteristics of Malleomyces mallei and Malleomyces pseudomallei; virulence and infectivity for animals. PMID- 18917672 TI - Ascoschongastia bushlandi, a new species of chigger mite from Dutch New Guinea. PMID- 18917673 TI - A new mite, Eubrachylaelaps crowei, from the grasshopper mouse, Onychomys leucogaster arcticeps (Rhoads). PMID- 18917674 TI - Lethal effects of cecal contents from chickens infected with cecal coccidiosis and the inhibition of these effects with immune sera. PMID- 18917675 TI - Sex of host as a factor in Chagas' disease. PMID- 18917676 TI - The in vitro effects of penicillin on the growth of Trichomonas foetus. PMID- 18917677 TI - The prolongation of the viability of cultures of E. histolytica by the addition of streptomycin. PMID- 18917678 TI - A technique for the perfusion of laboratory animals for the recovery of schistosomes. PMID- 18917679 TI - A new species of Renifer (Trematoda) from the kingsnake, Lampropeltis getulus, with an emendation of the genus Renifer Pratt, 1903. PMID- 18917680 TI - Observations on the role of Tenebrio molitor as an intermediate host for Hymenolepis nana var. fraterna. PMID- 18917681 TI - Bakererpes fragilis n. g., n. sp., a cestode from the nighthawk (Cestoda : Dilepididae). PMID- 18917683 TI - The determination of mercury by means of dithizone. PMID- 18917682 TI - Effectiveness of piperonyl butoxide and pyrethrum as a practical treatment for hog lice. PMID- 18917684 TI - Determination of small quantities of manganese in caustic soda. PMID- 18917685 TI - The stability of the cobaltous thiocyanate complex in ethyl alcohol-water mixtures and the photometric determination of cobalt. PMID- 18917686 TI - The occurrence and distribution of Salmonella types in fowl; studies of artificial S. bareilly and S. oranienburg infections in hens. PMID- 18917687 TI - The preparation of benzylamines from benzyl halides and hexamethylenetetramine. PMID- 18917688 TI - The kinetics of the reaction between copper and iodine in various solutions; solutions of iodine in organic solvents. PMID- 18917689 TI - Deoxypentose nucleic acids; preparation of the tetrasodium salt of the deoxypentose nucleic acid of calf thymus. PMID- 18917690 TI - Deoxypentose nucleic acids; electrometric titration of the acidic and the basic groups of the deoxypentose nucleic acid of calf thymus. PMID- 18917691 TI - Deoxypentose nucleic acids; viscosity and streaming birefringence of solutions of the sodium salt of the deoxypentose nucleic acid of calf thymus. PMID- 18917692 TI - The constitution of kappa-santonin; a study of the butenolide system. PMID- 18917693 TI - Pyrazine derivatives; conversion of diketopiperazines into pyrazine derivatives; synthesis of 2-hydroxy-3: 6-disec.-butylpyrazine from isoleucine. PMID- 18917694 TI - Pyrazine derivatives; pyrazine N-oxides and their conversion into chloropyrazines. PMID- 18917695 TI - Pectic substances; the molecular structure of strawberry and apple pectic acids. PMID- 18917696 TI - Pectic substances; the structure of the araban from Arachis Hypogea. PMID- 18917697 TI - Poetic substances; the constitution of the galactan from Lupinus albus. PMID- 18917698 TI - The reduction of oxides by hydrogen and carbon monoxide. PMID- 18917699 TI - The constitution of a by-product from the preparation of trichloropyrimidine from barbituric acid. PMID- 18917700 TI - Spectroscopic studies of the amide linkage. PMID- 18917701 TI - Address on the occasion of the centenary celebration of the Chemical Society. PMID- 18917702 TI - The essential oil of Phylloclaudus trichomanoides. PMID- 18917704 TI - Ergosterol F. PMID- 18917703 TI - Studies on the conversion of ergosterol to adrenal cortical hormones. PMID- 18917705 TI - Meso-alpha, beta-diaminosuccinic acid. PMID- 18917706 TI - The preparation of a series of 3-methyl-5-substituted cyclohexanone-3-carboxylic esters. PMID- 18917707 TI - Identification by distribution studies; application to metabolic studies of 4 aminoquinoline antimalarials. PMID- 18917708 TI - Fragmentation of 2,3,4-trimethyl-2-pentanol when condensed with benzene in the presence of aluminum chloride. PMID- 18917709 TI - An observation on the relation between the melting points of the disubstituted isomers of benzene and their chemical constitution. PMID- 18917710 TI - The preparation and properties of the eight diastereoisomers of 9,10,12,13 tetrahydroxystearic acid. PMID- 18917712 TI - Further studies aminobenzacridines. PMID- 18917711 TI - Occurrence of stearic acid in bayberry tallow (wax). PMID- 18917713 TI - The peroxide effect in the addition of reagents to unsaturated compounds; the addition of mercaptans to methyl acrylate. PMID- 18917714 TI - Factors influencing the course and mechanism of grignard reactions; the preparation of substituted bibenzyls from grignard reagents, alkyl halides, and alkylbenzenes in the presence and absence of cobaltous chloride. PMID- 18917715 TI - The photosynthesis of semi-mustard gas, 2-chloroethyl-2-hydroxyethyl sulfide. PMID- 18917716 TI - Rearrangement of N-triphenylmethyl-O-benxylhydroxylamine by means of potassium amide or boron trifluoride. PMID- 18917717 TI - Alkylation of phenol with iota-butyl alcohol in the presence of perchloric acid. PMID- 18917718 TI - Biotin; the structure of 2-alkyldihydrothiophene-3,4-dicarboxylic acids. PMID- 18917719 TI - Experimental chemotherapy of filariasis; the preparation of derivatives of piperazine. PMID- 18917720 TI - Experimental chemotherapy of filariasis; the preparation of derivatives of piperazine. PMID- 18917721 TI - A dry synthesis of aromatic sulfides; phenylene sulfide resins. PMID- 18917722 TI - Condensations effected by the alkali amides; the use of lithium amide in the synthesis of certain beta-keto esters and symmetrical beta-diketones. PMID- 18917723 TI - Products of Friedel-Crafts acylation of beta-substituted naphthalenes. PMID- 18917724 TI - Correction of structure for several supposed 2-substituted 1-naphthalene derivatives. PMID- 18917725 TI - The cause and treatment of deep sublingual indurations (Ludwig's angina). PMID- 18917727 TI - The impactor in socket expansion technique. PMID- 18917726 TI - The art of casting an axial porcelain or acrylic veneer crown. PMID- 18917728 TI - Anesthesia for the oral surgeon. PMID- 18917729 TI - Simplified trays for full denture impressions. PMID- 18917730 TI - Direct injection of penicillin into the oral tissues. PMID- 18917731 TI - The bacteriotoxic action of glycerite of hydrogen peroxide and certain other compounds on oral bacteria as determined by in vitro tests. PMID- 18917732 TI - The use and abuse of antibiotics. PMID- 18917733 TI - Applied nutrition for practicing dentists. PMID- 18917734 TI - The newer knowledge of hygiene in diet. PMID- 18917735 TI - Injection without pain. PMID- 18917736 TI - Surgery of the mouth and jaws. PMID- 18917737 TI - Impacted and aberrant teeth. PMID- 18917738 TI - Dental research, a one way street? PMID- 18917739 TI - Practical dental assisting. PMID- 18917740 TI - Autarcetic immunity. PMID- 18917741 TI - Standardized radiography in orthodontic case analysis. PMID- 18917742 TI - Impression technique for immediate full dentures. PMID- 18917743 TI - Dental status of Australian aborigines in Northern Territory. PMID- 18917744 TI - Practical aspects of conservative oral surgery. PMID- 18917745 TI - Globulomaxillary cyst; case report. PMID- 18917746 TI - Antibiotics and chemotherapy for periapical infection. PMID- 18917747 TI - Simple jacket crown technics. PMID- 18917748 TI - Essential uses of ammoniacal silver nitrate. PMID- 18917749 TI - Extraction of the upper third molar. PMID- 18917750 TI - Anterior fixed bridges replacing missing teeth where abnormal interproximal spaces exist. PMID- 18917751 TI - Nitrous oxide-oxygen analgesia; indications for use and technic of induction. PMID- 18917752 TI - Relative merits of vacuum investing of small castings as compared to conventional methods. PMID- 18917753 TI - The effect of wetting agents on oral Lactobacilli. preliminary report. PMID- 18917754 TI - Tryptophane in carbohydrate metabolism. PMID- 18917755 TI - Penicillin and caries activity. PMID- 18917756 TI - Effects of topical sodium fluoride in the mandibular teeth. PMID- 18917757 TI - A determination of the number of surfaces involved in carious extracted teeth. PMID- 18917758 TI - The role of oxalates in rat dental caries. PMID- 18917759 TI - The role of nutrition in dentistry for children. PMID- 18917760 TI - Thirty years too soon. PMID- 18917761 TI - Some considerations pertaining to acute leukemia, with case presentation. PMID- 18917762 TI - The MASS murder of physicians, nurses, wounded soldiers and patients in Warsaw hospitals during the uprising of 1944 against the German invaders. PMID- 18917763 TI - The dentist and the dental laboratory. PMID- 18917764 TI - Psychology in dentistry for children. PMID- 18917765 TI - Removal of elevator tip. PMID- 18917766 TI - Preventive dentistry as a practice builder. PMID- 18917767 TI - Immediate denture prosthesis. PMID- 18917768 TI - Suction in lower dentures. PMID- 18917769 TI - Public health dentistry in contemporary America. PMID- 18917770 TI - Dento-facial deformities associated with nasal obstruction. PMID- 18917771 TI - Salivary amylase inhibition. PMID- 18917772 TI - Anesthesia and paresthesia of the lower lip following oral surgical procedures. PMID- 18917773 TI - The thyroid gland and its relation to the dentition. PMID- 18917774 TI - A prosthesis for cleft palate; a case report. PMID- 18917775 TI - Ludwig's angina. PMID- 18917776 TI - A modern dental office on wheels. PMID- 18917778 TI - The genetics of pityriasis rubra pilaris. PMID- 18917777 TI - Vitamin A and pityriasis rubra pilaris. PMID- 18917779 TI - The intelligence of men with acne. PMID- 18917780 TI - Gastric secretory studies with a mucin antacid mixture. PMID- 18917781 TI - Ulcerative colitis; an evaluation of the etiology, symptomatology and therapy. PMID- 18917782 TI - The consideration for surgery in ulcerative colitis. PMID- 18917783 TI - Comments on the laboratory diagnosis of enteric infections. PMID- 18917784 TI - Appetite and overeating in their relation to obesity. PMID- 18917785 TI - Use of non-nutritive materials to satisfy hunger. PMID- 18917787 TI - Some observations on bacterial antagonism. PMID- 18917786 TI - The fiftieth anniversary of the American Gastroenterological Association. PMID- 18917788 TI - Personality disorders in gastroenterology; analysis of 500 cases. PMID- 18917790 TI - Salmonellosis; experiences in military and civilian practice. PMID- 18917789 TI - A postwar survey of amebiasis and other intestinal parasites; Evanston, Illinois, 1945-1946. PMID- 18917791 TI - Bacillary dysentery and ulcerative colitis; their occurrence among military and associated personnel, World War II. PMID- 18917792 TI - Salmonella, a cause of chronic bacterial dysentery. PMID- 18917793 TI - Intralumen pressures of the stomach and duodenum in health and disease. PMID- 18917794 TI - Pharmacology of the sphincter of Oddi. PMID- 18917795 TI - Utilization of parenteral protein hydrolysate in the normal. PMID- 18917796 TI - The inverse relationship of the secretion of hydrochloric acid to the tension of carbon dioxide in the stomach. PMID- 18917797 TI - Primary carcinoma of the liver arising in the left lobe and simulating splenomegalia. PMID- 18917798 TI - Henochs purpura; a case with bullous skin lesions and residual scars, roentgenologic considerations. PMID- 18917799 TI - The suddenness with which the bowel can fill with gas. PMID- 18917800 TI - Diagnosis of prepyloric lesions in the stomach. PMID- 18917801 TI - Experience with Papanicolaou stains in the study of gastric contents. PMID- 18917802 TI - Some observations on the effect of synthetic folic acid on the alimentary tract of patients with tropical sprue. PMID- 18917803 TI - Teaching comprehensive gastroenterology. PMID- 18917804 TI - Carcinoma of the large intestine; a review of personal experience in private practice. PMID- 18917805 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917806 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917807 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917808 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917809 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917810 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917811 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917812 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917814 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917813 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917815 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917816 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917817 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917818 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917819 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917820 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917821 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917822 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917823 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917824 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917825 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917826 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917827 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917828 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917829 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917830 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917831 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917832 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917833 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917834 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917835 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917836 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917837 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917838 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917839 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917840 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917841 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917842 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917843 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917844 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917845 TI - Studies on age and wastage in industrial populations; age and incidence. PMID- 18917846 TI - School medical inspections, their value and limitations. PMID- 18917847 TI - The medical ethnography of the second World War. PMID- 18917848 TI - Serological tests for industrial workers. PMID- 18917849 TI - The physician and his public speaking. PMID- 18917850 TI - The value of industrial medicine in tropical America. PMID- 18917851 TI - Skin hazards of longshoremen and harbor workers. PMID- 18917852 TI - Tuberculosis and industrial employment. PMID- 18917853 TI - Some uses of radioactive isotopes in medicine. PMID- 18917854 TI - Anaemia associated with trauma and sepsis. PMID- 18917855 TI - The effect of food supplements on poorly fed workers in Brussels in January, 1945. PMID- 18917856 TI - VIABILITY of strangulated bowel. PMID- 18917857 TI - Eosinopenia caused by adrenaline infusion and by insulin hypoglycaemia. PMID- 18917858 TI - The convulsive properties of thio pentone. PMID- 18917859 TI - Granulosa-cell tumour of ovary as acute abdominal emergency. PMID- 18917860 TI - Primary carcinoma of the external auditory meatus. PMID- 18917861 TI - Sulphamerazine treatment of pneumonia in adults. PMID- 18917862 TI - Streptomycin and tuberculous meningitis. PMID- 18917863 TI - Residual prostatitis. PMID- 18917864 TI - A method of abdominal palpation. PMID- 18917866 TI - Anxiety reactions. PMID- 18917865 TI - Sterilization of syringes. PMID- 18917867 TI - Medieval medicine. PMID- 18917868 TI - The clinical diagnosis and supervision of infant development. PMID- 18917869 TI - Report of an epidemic of atypical pneumonia in children with observations on cold agglutination titers. PMID- 18917870 TI - Psychiatry for the millions. PMID- 18917871 TI - The diagnosis and treatment of brucellosis. PMID- 18917872 TI - The student and his role in medical education. PMID- 18917873 TI - Scleroderma. PMID- 18917874 TI - Edema. PMID- 18917875 TI - Hydrogen ion concentration of the vagina during menstrual flow. PMID- 18917876 TI - Long-term illness and the practitioner. PMID- 18917877 TI - Local anesthesia in the treatment of abscess. PMID- 18917878 TI - Methods of laboratory diagnosis of brucellosis. PMID- 18917879 TI - Primary hypertension. PMID- 18917881 TI - Aims and objectives of research in tuberculosis. PMID- 18917880 TI - The shift of emphasis in medicine. PMID- 18917882 TI - The cholera epidemic in Egypt and its potential danger to Palestine. PMID- 18917883 TI - Preventive inoculation against cholera. PMID- 18917884 TI - Notes on a cholera epidemic in Burma. PMID- 18917885 TI - Occupational diseases in Palestine. PMID- 18917886 TI - PROBLEM of cholera. PMID- 18917887 TI - Problems of aging. PMID- 18917888 TI - Treatment of tuberculosis with streptomycin. PMID- 18917889 TI - Experimental chemotherapy of filariasis; experimental methods for testing drugs against naturally acquired filarial infections in cotton rats and dogs. PMID- 18917890 TI - Experimental chemotherapy of filariasis; effect of piperazine derivatives against naturally acquired filarial infections in cotton rats and dogs. PMID- 18917891 TI - Experimental chemotherapy of filariasis; effect of 1-diethyl-carbamyl-4 methylpiperazine hydrochloride against naturally acquired filarial infections in cotton rats and dogs. PMID- 18917892 TI - Studies in erythroblastosis fetalis; activation of the incomplete Rh antibody by the blood serum of full term and premature newborn infants. PMID- 18917893 TI - Studies in erythroblastosis fetalis; investigations on the detection of sensitization of the red blood cells of newborn infants with erythroblastosis fetalis. PMID- 18917894 TI - The urinary excretion of pteroylglutamic acid and certain related compounds. PMID- 18917895 TI - Anomalous findings in penicillin level determinations in urine. PMID- 18917896 TI - The antibacterial activity of some sulfon- and sulfanilanilide derivatives. PMID- 18917897 TI - The effect of 2,3-dimercaptopropanol (BAL) on the toxicity of gold. PMID- 18917898 TI - Histamine antagonists; N-(alpha-pyridyl)-N-(alpha-thienyl)-N', N dimethylethylenediamine, a new antihistaminic compound; experimental and clinical experiences. PMID- 18917899 TI - Effect of alkaloids on acetylcholine and potassium sensitivity of striated muscle. PMID- 18917900 TI - Dilution technique for rapid estimation of dihydrostreptomycin and other antibacterial agents in body fluids. PMID- 18917901 TI - Estimation of uric acid in serum and whole blood by an electrophotometric modification of Folin's method. PMID- 18917902 TI - A dermal plethysmograph for the recording of skin-whealing reactions. PMID- 18917904 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917903 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917905 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917906 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917907 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917908 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917909 TI - Vagotomy. PMID- 18917910 TI - Rehabilitation of the tuberculous in Manitoba. PMID- 18917912 TI - Refugee physicians. PMID- 18917911 TI - Agranulocytosis due to dilantin sodium. PMID- 18917913 TI - Experimental trends in antibiotics. PMID- 18917914 TI - Penicillin; a review of the basic principles and their clinical application. PMID- 18917915 TI - The treatment of bacterial endocarditis with penicillin and streptomycin. PMID- 18917916 TI - Hemorrhagic gangrenous exfoliative dermatitis following penicillin in oil and beeswax; combined immediate and delayed reactions; report of a case. PMID- 18917917 TI - Temporal arteritis; critical review of the proven cases with report of an additional case with pernicious anemia. PMID- 18917919 TI - Cancer of the lungs. PMID- 18917918 TI - District cancer control. PMID- 18917920 TI - The otolaryngologic patient and nutrition. PMID- 18917921 TI - Irradiation of the nasopharynx. PMID- 18917922 TI - Plastic surgery of the nose and face. PMID- 18917923 TI - Fractures of the nasal and the maxillary bones. PMID- 18917924 TI - Cerebral anoxia and its residuals; the structural changes. PMID- 18917925 TI - Rehabilitation of the deafened. PMID- 18917926 TI - Some bibliographical tools. PMID- 18917927 TI - The rise, fall and revivals of hospitals. PMID- 18917928 TI - Some thyroid pioneers. PMID- 18917929 TI - SURVEY of current medico-historical literature. PMID- 18917930 TI - Tetanus. PMID- 18917931 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917932 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917933 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917934 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917935 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917936 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917937 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917938 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917939 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917940 TI - Handicapped children; record cards. PMID- 18917941 TI - Remote control in health administration. PMID- 18917942 TI - The years of victory; a geriatric commentary. PMID- 18917943 TI - Remedials; posture classes. PMID- 18917944 TI - The treatment of hypertension. PMID- 18917945 TI - Diseases which man may acquire from his pets. PMID- 18917946 TI - The use of di-isopropyl fluorophosphonate, D. F. P., in paralytic ileus; a preliminary report. PMID- 18917947 TI - Congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. PMID- 18917949 TI - Radium in the treatment of ectopic pregnancy. PMID- 18917948 TI - Avian metabolism; the bed-rock of bird-migration. PMID- 18917950 TI - Angina pectoris associated with diabetes mellitus. PMID- 18917951 TI - Treatment of tinea with ethyl chloride. PMID- 18917952 TI - He was called the Belsen man. PMID- 18917954 TI - A case of transportation of the abdominal and thoracic viscera. PMID- 18917955 TI - Simple benign peptic ulcer. PMID- 18917953 TI - Anxiety neurosis in modern life. PMID- 18917956 TI - The pathogenesis of the edema of congestive heart failure. PMID- 18917957 TI - Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. PMID- 18917958 TI - The treatment of chronic anemia. PMID- 18917959 TI - Radiation treatment in cancer. PMID- 18917960 TI - Functional conditions of the nose. PMID- 18917961 TI - Perirectal abscess. PMID- 18917962 TI - Diagnostic approach to disease of the lungs. PMID- 18917963 TI - The role of bronchoscopy in chronic diseases of the chest. PMID- 18917964 TI - Surgical treatment of non-tuberculous pulmonary suppuration. PMID- 18917965 TI - Bronchiectasis. PMID- 18917966 TI - Carcinoma of the lung. PMID- 18917967 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917969 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917968 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917970 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917971 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917972 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917973 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917974 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917975 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917976 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917977 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917978 TI - The American Academy of General Practice. PMID- 18917979 TI - Nutrition in relation to disease; general principles and their application to metabolic disorders. PMID- 18917980 TI - Gastric disorders. PMID- 18917981 TI - Diarrheal disorders. PMID- 18917982 TI - Cardio-vascular disease. PMID- 18917983 TI - Hepatic and biliary disorders. PMID- 18917985 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917984 TI - The evaluation of vitamins in the practice of medicine. PMID- 18917987 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917988 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917986 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917989 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917990 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917991 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917992 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917993 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917994 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917995 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917996 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917997 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917998 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18917999 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918000 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918001 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918002 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918003 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918004 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918005 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918006 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918007 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918009 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918008 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918010 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918011 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918012 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918013 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918014 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918015 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918016 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918017 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918018 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918019 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918020 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918021 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918022 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918023 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918024 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918025 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918026 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918027 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918028 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918029 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918030 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918031 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918032 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918033 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918034 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918035 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918036 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918037 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918038 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918039 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918040 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918041 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918042 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918043 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918044 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918045 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918046 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918047 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918049 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918048 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918052 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918050 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918051 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918053 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918054 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918055 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918056 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918057 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918058 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918059 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918060 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918061 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918062 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918063 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918064 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918066 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918065 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918067 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918068 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918069 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918070 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918072 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918071 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918073 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918074 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918075 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918076 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918077 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918078 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918079 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918080 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918081 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918082 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918083 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918084 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918085 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918086 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918087 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918088 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918089 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918090 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918091 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918092 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918093 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918094 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918095 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918096 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918097 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918098 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918099 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918100 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918101 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918102 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918103 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918104 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918105 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918106 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918107 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918108 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918109 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918110 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918111 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918112 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918113 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918114 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918115 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918116 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918117 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918118 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918119 TI - Emergencies in pediatric practice. PMID- 18918120 TI - Veterinary education in southern Korea. PMID- 18918121 TI - Venereal disease contact reporting. PMID- 18918122 TI - Protruded disk sciatica in the services and its management. PMID- 18918123 TI - Report on nutrition, and discussion of the main causes of death, F Force, Thailand. PMID- 18918124 TI - An appreciation of smallpox as its affects the hygiene services of the British Army to-day. PMID- 18918125 TI - The bacteriophage typing of European and North African strains of Bact. typhosum. PMID- 18918126 TI - Military nursing through the ages. PMID- 18918127 TI - Dynamics of single muscle fibers. PMID- 18918128 TI - The time course of tension development in the muscle response. PMID- 18918129 TI - Muscular contraction and rubberlike elasticity. PMID- 18918130 TI - Membrane changes during excitation and inhibition of the contractile mechanism. PMID- 18918131 TI - Birefringence and ultrastructure of muscle. PMID- 18918132 TI - Electron microscope and X-ray diffraction studies of muscle structure. PMID- 18918133 TI - The main chemical phases of the recovery of muscle. PMID- 18918134 TI - Chemical processes of oxidative recovery. PMID- 18918135 TI - Intracellular inorganic ions and muscle action. PMID- 18918136 TI - The interaction of myosin and adenosinetriphosphate. PMID- 18918137 TI - Latency relaxation and a theory of muscular mechano-chemical coupling. PMID- 18918138 TI - Trend of zoological research in the U.K. and the U.S.A. PMID- 18918139 TI - The nucleus and nucleic acids. PMID- 18918140 TI - The training of plant pathologists in India. PMID- 18918141 TI - Chemical composition of storage organs of plants; a factor in photoperiodism. PMID- 18918142 TI - Production of vitamins of the B-group by B. subtilis grown on synthetic medium. PMID- 18918143 TI - Relative efficiency of bacteria and protozoa in the flocculation and oxidation of organic matter suspended in water. PMID- 18918144 TI - Respiration of Vorticella. PMID- 18918145 TI - Colouring matter of the flowers of Hibiscus esculantus. PMID- 18918146 TI - Some benzene 1 : 4-disulphonamides. PMID- 18918147 TI - Congo red as adsorption indicator. PMID- 18918148 TI - Effect of storage on the alkaloidal content of Strychnos nux-vomica seeds. PMID- 18918149 TI - Mosaic disease of Malvastrum coromandelianum Garcke. PMID- 18918150 TI - A latent virus in tomato. PMID- 18918151 TI - Effect of different treatments on the removal of hydrocyanic acid from the Burma bean (Phaseolus lunatus Linn.). PMID- 18918152 TI - Assay of globin insulin preparations. PMID- 18918153 TI - The significance of the frontal lobe connections in mental diseases. PMID- 18918154 TI - Hormonal and nervous factors in the regulation of the body temperature. PMID- 18918155 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918156 TI - The photographic action of X-rays of wavelengths 2.5-25 A. PMID- 18918157 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918158 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918159 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918160 TI - On the acid production during cytolysis of sea-urchin eggs. PMID- 18918161 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918162 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918163 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918164 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918165 TI - The effect of ischaemia on nucleoproteins in liver cells. PMID- 18918166 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918167 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918168 TI - The concepts of meaning and cause in psychodynamics. PMID- 18918169 TI - Soviet psychiatry in the post war period. PMID- 18918170 TI - First year analysis of veterans treated in a mental hygiene clinic of the Veterans Administration. PMID- 18918171 TI - Psychoses associated with the administration of atabrine. PMID- 18918172 TI - Laboratory findings in affective and schizophrenic psychoses. PMID- 18918173 TI - Psychiatric diagnoses of military offenders. PMID- 18918174 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918175 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918176 TI - Activated electroencephalography. PMID- 18918177 TI - Fatal cryptogenic neuropathy. PMID- 18918178 TI - Relation of the frontal lobe to the autonomic nervous system in man. PMID- 18918179 TI - Hyperhidrosis; study of a case. PMID- 18918180 TI - Spinal extradural cyst; report of a case, with particular reference to a possible diagnostic aid. PMID- 18918181 TI - Psychoneurotic reaction to multiple psychoses among siblings. PMID- 18918182 TI - Fibrillary (pilocytic) astrocytoma in the floor of the fourth ventricle. PMID- 18918183 TI - Rehabilitation of the paraplegic patient. PMID- 18918184 TI - Pneumococcic meningitis developing in a patient treated with penicillin. PMID- 18918185 TI - Coccidioidomycosis; report of a fatal case. PMID- 18918186 TI - Neurologic complications of diphtheritic neuritis. PMID- 18918187 TI - Endocrine manifestations and their relation to the hypothalamus. PMID- 18918188 TI - Neurosurgery of the parasellar region. PMID- 18918189 TI - A natural order of abnormal reactions. PMID- 18918190 TI - Electroencephalographic findings in a naval control group of 259 men; correlation with age, length of service, combat experience and neuropsychiatric symptoms. PMID- 18918191 TI - Psycho-physiological background of pain and its psychologic treatment. PMID- 18918192 TI - Hazards of curarization before electroshock; case reports. PMID- 18918193 TI - Papaverine hydrochloride in status epilepticus. PMID- 18918194 TI - Management of speech disorders in a hospital clinic. PMID- 18918196 TI - Clinical trial of 10820, a new synthetic analgesic. PMID- 18918195 TI - Maintenance treatment in schizophrenia. PMID- 18918197 TI - A review of literature on group treatment of psychoses. PMID- 18918198 TI - Observations noted during course of group treatment of psychoses. PMID- 18918199 TI - An approach to precognition. PMID- 18918200 TI - Electroencephalographic changes induced by water intoxication. PMID- 18918201 TI - Some electro-encephalographic findings in subcortical and hypothalamic lesions. PMID- 18918202 TI - Blocking of chemical decerebration by pontile pathology; case report. PMID- 18918203 TI - Study of carbonic anhydrase in 37 brains with reference to symmetry of distribution. PMID- 18918204 TI - Objective (behavioristic) criteria of recovery from neuropsychiatric disorders. PMID- 18918205 TI - Observations on emotional currents in interview group therapy with adolescent girls. PMID- 18918206 TI - Diary of a war neurosis. PMID- 18918208 TI - Successful treatment of an adult (male) eunuchoid. PMID- 18918207 TI - Mental hospitals, today and tomorrow. PMID- 18918209 TI - The route via the arteries; a study on heredodegenerative diseases. PMID- 18918210 TI - Fatal cryptogenic neuropathy. PMID- 18918211 TI - Cerebral injuries due to explosion waves; blast concussion. PMID- 18918212 TI - A specific epileptic syndrome treated by lysis of pacchionian granulations. PMID- 18918213 TI - Rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 18918214 TI - Patients' families are important; analysis of family situations as a technic of staff education. PMID- 18918215 TI - Esophageal conditions and their treatment. PMID- 18918216 TI - Nursing care in esophageal operations. PMID- 18918217 TI - Nursing in the Dominican Republic. PMID- 18918218 TI - The clinic patient's nutrition needs. PMID- 18918219 TI - Professional education for the nursing of the future. PMID- 18918220 TI - MOORFIELDS, the oldest and largest eye hospital in Britain. PMID- 18918221 TI - The story of the Red Cross. PMID- 18918222 TI - Classification of inflammations of the throat. PMID- 18918223 TI - Speech hearing in otosclerosis. PMID- 18918224 TI - Beta hemolytic streptococcus parasitism in infections of the upper respiratory tract. PMID- 18918225 TI - Syndrome of Avellis; a review of the literature and report of one case. PMID- 18918226 TI - Escape of cerebrospinal fluid into the wounds of operations on the temporal bone. PMID- 18918227 TI - Intocostrin-pentothal sodium anesthesia for bronchoscopy and laryngoscopy. PMID- 18918228 TI - New analgesic for the practice of otolaryngology. PMID- 18918229 TI - Chronic abscess of the nasal septum. PMID- 18918230 TI - Use of absorbable gauze in otolaryngologic practice. PMID- 18918231 TI - Functional examination of hearing. PMID- 18918232 TI - Pathological versus clinical diagnosis of uveitis. PMID- 18918233 TI - A new synthetic anti-histaminic substance, antistine. PMID- 18918234 TI - Effective means of securing good results in nasoplastic operations. PMID- 18918235 TI - Newer concepts concerning the indications for sinus surgery. PMID- 18918236 TI - Esophageal varices. PMID- 18918237 TI - Some observations on the fundamentals of allergy with special reference to its aural manifestations. PMID- 18918238 TI - Treatment of otogenic blood stream sepsis. PMID- 18918239 TI - Some observations on bone conduction following the fenestration operation. PMID- 18918240 TI - A case of osteomyelitis of the frontal bone, treated by penicillin. PMID- 18918241 TI - Some anatomical points in the fenestration operation. PMID- 18918242 TI - Emergency epistaxis. PMID- 18918243 TI - Anterior ethmoidal haemorrhage. PMID- 18918244 TI - Nutrition in ophthalmology and otolaryngology. PMID- 18918245 TI - The recruitment phenomenon and difference limen in hearing and vibration sense. PMID- 18918246 TI - Representation of the cochlea in the cerebral cortex. PMID- 18918247 TI - Laryngocele. PMID- 18918248 TI - Bilateral granuloma of the larynx following endotracheal anesthesia. PMID- 18918249 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918250 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918251 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918252 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918254 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918253 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918255 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918256 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918257 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918258 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918259 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918260 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918261 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918262 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918263 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918264 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918265 TI - Major factors in the rhetoric of historians. PMID- 18918266 TI - A study in social and intellectual history. PMID- 18918267 TI - Why the Indian does not stutter. PMID- 18918268 TI - But is it aphasia? PMID- 18918269 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918270 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918271 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918272 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918273 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918274 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918275 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918276 TI - The hearing aid industry in Denmark. PMID- 18918277 TI - Prenatal bowing and thickening of tubular bones, with multiple cutaneous dimples in arms and legs; a congenital syndrome of mechanical origin. PMID- 18918278 TI - Total and fractional blood lipid levels in diseases of childhood. PMID- 18918279 TI - Infection with Salmonella typhimurium in the newborn; epidemiologic and clinical considerations. PMID- 18918280 TI - Diabetes mellitus in infants under one year of age; report of a case and review of the literature. PMID- 18918281 TI - Histoplasmin sensitivity; results of studies of children in Alabama. PMID- 18918282 TI - Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia; summary of literature, with report of a case. PMID- 18918284 TI - The nasopharynx. PMID- 18918283 TI - Chemotherapy and use of antibiotics in combating aural suppuration. PMID- 18918285 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918286 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918287 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918288 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918289 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918290 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918291 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918292 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918293 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918294 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918295 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918296 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918297 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918298 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918299 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918300 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918302 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918301 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918303 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918304 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918305 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918306 TI - Infants of Mexican descent; physical status of neonates. PMID- 18918307 TI - Some influential factors in the determination of aggressive behavior in preschool children. PMID- 18918308 TI - Changes in parent behavior during pregnancy; an experiment in longitudinal analysis. PMID- 18918309 TI - An analytical study of ascendant behavior of preschool children. PMID- 18918310 TI - Changes in behavior of originally feebleminded children. PMID- 18918311 TI - Wetting agents and detergents. PMID- 18918312 TI - Automatic detection and estimation of harmful gases. PMID- 18918313 TI - Some notes on the fixation of perfumes. PMID- 18918314 TI - FIRST mass-producers of streptomycin. PMID- 18918315 TI - Facts about henna. PMID- 18918316 TI - Chloroform; its first use in obstetric practice. PMID- 18918317 TI - Parachlorophenyl alpha-glycerol ether as an antibacterial and antifungal agent. PMID- 18918318 TI - European and Indian valerian; volatile oil content and alcohol-soluble extractive. PMID- 18918319 TI - Iso-osmotic solutions. PMID- 18918320 TI - STREPTOMYCIN: its effects in tuberculosis. PMID- 18918321 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918322 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918323 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918324 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918325 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918326 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918327 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918328 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918329 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918330 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918331 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918332 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918333 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918334 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918335 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918336 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918337 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918338 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918339 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918340 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918341 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918342 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918343 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918344 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918346 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918345 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918347 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918348 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918349 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918350 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918351 TI - Control of pollution in New Jersey. PMID- 18918353 TI - Survey physically handicapped for central registry. PMID- 18918352 TI - The New Jersey industrial nurses' survey of 1947. PMID- 18918354 TI - Salvaging unused skills of the physically handicapped. PMID- 18918355 TI - TUBERCULOSIS problem, retrospect and prospect. PMID- 18918356 TI - CHANCES of being born alive. PMID- 18918358 TI - MOTORCYCLE accident fatalities increase sharply. PMID- 18918357 TI - COST of the common cold. PMID- 18918359 TI - DECLINE in mortality from toxic goiter. PMID- 18918360 TI - The biological effects of penetrating radiations. PMID- 18918361 TI - Carcinoma of the stomach; a radiologist's point of view. PMID- 18918362 TI - Gastroscopy in the diagnosis of gastric cancer. PMID- 18918363 TI - Cancer of the stomach; some pathological considerations. PMID- 18918364 TI - The surgical aspect of carcinoma of the stomach. PMID- 18918365 TI - Irradiation of gastric cancer. PMID- 18918366 TI - The statistical approach to gastric cancer. PMID- 18918367 TI - The association of achalasia of the cardia with oesophageal carcinoma. PMID- 18918368 TI - The genetic effects of non-sterilizing doses of penetrating radiation. PMID- 18918369 TI - Comparison of the lethal effect of neutrons and gamma rays on mouse tumours; by irradiation of grafted tumours in vivo; by irradiation of tumour fragments in vitro. PMID- 18918370 TI - Dosage estimation and distribution in the radium treatment of carcinoma of the cervix uteri; a new method and its clinical applications. PMID- 18918371 TI - Carcinoma of the cervix; a discussion on the value and techniques of supplementary X-ray therapy. PMID- 18918372 TI - A note on some biological aspects of the radiotherapeutic treatment of carcinoma of the cervix. PMID- 18918373 TI - Cranio-skeletal dysplasia. PMID- 18918374 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918375 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918376 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918377 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918378 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918379 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918380 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918381 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918382 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918383 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918384 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918385 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918386 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918387 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918388 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918389 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918390 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918391 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918393 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918392 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918394 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918395 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918396 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918397 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918398 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918399 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918400 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918401 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918402 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918403 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918404 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918405 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918406 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918407 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918408 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918409 TI - The value of preoperative heart examination. PMID- 18918410 TI - Septic appendical peritonitis and fluid balance. PMID- 18918411 TI - Obstruction of the duodenum with special reference to gallstone perforations. PMID- 18918412 TI - A case of Abrikossoff's tumor or so-called myeloblastic myoma. PMID- 18918413 TI - Vagotomy for peptic ulcer; theoretical background and clinical results. PMID- 18918415 TI - Surgical treatment of polycystic kidney. PMID- 18918414 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918416 TI - The growth of neurosurgery. PMID- 18918417 TI - Rehabilitation of veterans paralyzed as the result of injury to the spinal cord and cauda equina. PMID- 18918418 TI - Acute abdominal emergencies in paraplegics. PMID- 18918419 TI - Exophthalmos; some principles of surgical management from the neurosurgical aspect. PMID- 18918420 TI - Complications accompanying surgical relief of pain in trigeminal neuralgia. PMID- 18918421 TI - Hypertension and its surgical treatment by bilateral supradiaphragmatic splanchnicectomy. PMID- 18918422 TI - Tumors of the spinal cord. PMID- 18918423 TI - Traumatic intracranial hemorrhage. PMID- 18918424 TI - Surgical treatment of tumors of the pituitary body. PMID- 18918425 TI - Lateral rupture of cervical intervertebral discs; incidence and clinical varieties. PMID- 18918426 TI - Ruptured intervertebral discs in the lower lumbar regions. PMID- 18918427 TI - Meniere's disease; its surgical treatment by division of the acoustic nerve. PMID- 18918428 TI - Abscess of the brain. PMID- 18918429 TI - Diagnosis of intracranial aneurysms. PMID- 18918430 TI - Intractable pain due to cancer; treatment by neurosurgical methods. PMID- 18918431 TI - Surgical treatment of epilepsy. PMID- 18918432 TI - Fractures and dislocations of the spine. PMID- 18918433 TI - Prefrontal lobotomy; indications and results in schizophrenia. PMID- 18918435 TI - Cortical extirpation in the treatment of involuntary movements. PMID- 18918434 TI - Congenital anomalies of the neural axis; surgical management based on embryologic considerations. PMID- 18918436 TI - Section of the fibers of the anterior limb of the internal capsule in parkinsonism. PMID- 18918438 TI - Orthopedic operative procedures allowing early motion. PMID- 18918437 TI - Control of arterial hemorrhage by a gelatin sponge cuff and chromic surgical gut sheath; a new experimental method. PMID- 18918439 TI - Interosseous wiring in the treatment of fractures of the mandible. PMID- 18918440 TI - Chemotherapy in gas gangrene; an experimental study. PMID- 18918441 TI - Osteochondrosarcoma of the sternum; use of tantalum plate as a prosthesis. PMID- 18918442 TI - Hernial repair using Cooper's ligament; follow-up studies on 367 operations. PMID- 18918443 TI - Effect of distention of the biliary tract on the electrocardiogram; experimental study. PMID- 18918444 TI - Treatment of postoperative swelling of the arm following mastectomy; preliminary report. PMID- 18918445 TI - Neurovascular syndrome of the arm associated with hypertrophied subclavius muscle; report of a case, including operative treatment. PMID- 18918446 TI - Precautionary administration of penicillin in surgical procedures on bones and joints. PMID- 18918447 TI - Head wounds and infection in two wars. PMID- 18918448 TI - Neurosurgery in the British Army, 1939-1945. PMID- 18918449 TI - An atlas of head wounds illustrating standard operative technique. PMID- 18918450 TI - A surgical experience of 1200 cases of penetrating brain wounds in battle, N. W. Europe, 1944-45. PMID- 18918452 TI - Neurosurgical experiences in Northern Italy. PMID- 18918451 TI - The management of brain wounds in the forward area. PMID- 18918453 TI - A series of wounds of the head from the battle front of North-west Europe. PMID- 18918454 TI - Neurosurgery in the Royal Navy; an outline of the development and work of the Naval Neurosurgical Unit. PMID- 18918455 TI - Intracranial haematoma in missile wounds. PMID- 18918456 TI - Craniofacial-orbital wounds involving paranasal sinuses; primary definitive surgical treatment. PMID- 18918457 TI - Orbito-facio-cranial gunshot wounds. PMID- 18918458 TI - On dural laceration over paranasal and petrous air sinuses. PMID- 18918459 TI - The management of the untreated brain wound. PMID- 18918460 TI - Missile wounds of the head in the Burma Campaign with special reference to meningitis and ventriculitis due to virulent strains of Escherichia coli. PMID- 18918461 TI - A survey of fatal head wounds. PMID- 18918462 TI - The bacteriology of head wounds. PMID- 18918463 TI - Localized hydrocephalus following penetrating wounds of the ventricle. PMID- 18918464 TI - Complications of head wounds, with especial reference to infection. PMID- 18918465 TI - The neurological state and post-operative course in penetrating head wounds. PMID- 18918466 TI - The neurology of brain wounds. PMID- 18918467 TI - Rehabilitation after gunshot wounds of the brain. PMID- 18918468 TI - Primary skull closure with acrylic plates. PMID- 18918469 TI - False cerebral aneurysm of the vertebral artery from remote missile injury of the neck. PMID- 18918470 TI - Cerebro-facial bullet wound resulting in five secondary haemorrhages from the nasopharynx; carotid ligatures. PMID- 18918471 TI - Pneumocephalus following a penetrating wound of the chest; bullet in brain. PMID- 18918472 TI - A case of vascular headache after missile wound of the scalp. PMID- 18918473 TI - BIBLIOGRAPHY on gunshot wounds of the head. PMID- 18918474 TI - EFFECT of streptomycin upon pulmonary tuberculosis; preliminary report of a cooperative study of 223 patients by the Army, Navy and Veterans Administration. PMID- 18918475 TI - Streptomycin therapy in progressive pulmonary tuberculosis; preliminary report of clinical investigation in 37 patients. PMID- 18918476 TI - Streptomycin and bed-rest in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 18918478 TI - Pulmonary tuberculosis treated with streptomycin; a report of 20 patients. PMID- 18918477 TI - Streptomycin in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis; report of 15 patients. PMID- 18918479 TI - Streptomycin in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis; a therapeutic review of 23 patients. PMID- 18918480 TI - Treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis with streptomycin. PMID- 18918481 TI - Streptomycin therapy with special reference to pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 18918482 TI - Case-finding. PMID- 18918483 TI - Scapulectomy and thoracoplasty. PMID- 18918484 TI - Chronic miliary tuberculosis. PMID- 18918485 TI - A case of a large thymic cyst successfully removed from the anterior mediastinum. PMID- 18918486 TI - The clinical aspects of sarcoidosis. PMID- 18918487 TI - Observations on sarcoidosis. PMID- 18918488 TI - The gentlest art and the art of gentleness. PMID- 18918489 TI - Hazards in the steel industry. PMID- 18918491 TI - TUBERCULOSIS and sanatorium treatment; an expatient's point of view. PMID- 18918490 TI - The mechanism of infection and resistance. PMID- 18918492 TI - Orthopaedics in East Africa. PMID- 18918493 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918494 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918495 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918496 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918497 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918498 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918499 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918500 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918502 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918501 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918503 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918504 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918505 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918506 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918507 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918508 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918509 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918510 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918511 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918512 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918513 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918514 TI - Pneumolysis for the cure of spontaneous pneumothorax. PMID- 18918515 TI - Pulmonary cavitation in coccidioidomycosis. PMID- 18918516 TI - The role of the state clinics in a tuberculosis eradication program. PMID- 18918517 TI - Recent advances of BCG vaccination in Brazil. PMID- 18918518 TI - Cancer cells in bronchial secretions. PMID- 18918519 TI - Air embolism; report of a case complicating pneumoperitoneum. PMID- 18918520 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918521 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918522 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918523 TI - Old age dysfunction of the vesical neck in women. PMID- 18918524 TI - Data to the glomerular filtration based on clearance examinations on separated kidneys. PMID- 18918525 TI - Heart preparation prior to kidney, ureter, bladder and testicle operations. PMID- 18918526 TI - Influencing factors in the renal excretion of penicillin and in vitro examination of its antibiotic effects. PMID- 18918527 TI - Special hook for the exposare of the urinary bladder. PMID- 18918528 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918529 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918530 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918531 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918532 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918533 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918534 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918535 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918536 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918537 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918538 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918539 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918540 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918541 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918542 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918543 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918544 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918545 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918546 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918547 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918548 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918549 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918550 TI - An unique experience [tigress teaching her cubs how to kill sheep]. PMID- 18918551 TI - Some aspects of haematological studies during rinderpest in goats. PMID- 18918552 TI - Control of acute theileriasis in calves in the Punjab. PMID- 18918553 TI - D.D.T. and its tickicidal value on dogs. PMID- 18918555 TI - Gestation periods of cows; a case of wide range in a dairy cow. PMID- 18918554 TI - Suramin in veterinary practice; identity of Bayer 205 with suramin B.P. PMID- 18918557 TI - Haemorrhagic septicaemia. PMID- 18918556 TI - Castration of a tiger. PMID- 18918558 TI - Not Available. PMID- 18918559 TI - Oxalic acid as a general hemostatic. PMID- 18918560 TI - Rabbit husbandry. PMID- 18918561 TI - Iizuka's test for fluorosis in bovines. PMID- 18918562 TI - Aegyptiaellosis in fowls. PMID- 18918563 TI - Bacteriology of bovine mastitis in India with special reference to the incidence of Streptococcus agalactiae. PMID- 18918564 TI - Bovine mastitis in Grissa. PMID- 18918565 TI - A rare injury at the scrotum of a bull. PMID- 18918566 TI - A case of ascites in a bull calf complicated with retention of urine. PMID- 18918567 TI - Surra, a note on its prevalence in equines in East Godavari district during the last five years. PMID- 18918568 TI - The mineral requirements of farm animals. PMID- 18918569 TI - Effect of feeding level and live-weight on daily gains of pigs. PMID- 18918570 TI - Methods of feeding soybeans and their supplementation in a hogging-off program. PMID- 18918571 TI - Relationship of corn diets to nicotinic acid deficiency in growing pigs. PMID- 18918572 TI - The value of sunflower-seed meal in rations for growing fattening pigs. PMID- 18918574 TI - The relation between average daily gain and some carcass measurements. PMID- 18918573 TI - Observations on the thiamine, riboflavin, and choline needs of sows for reproduction. PMID- 18918575 TI - Digestibility of rations for ruminants as affected by proportions of nutrients. PMID- 18918576 TI - Urea as an extender of protein when fed to cattle. PMID- 18918577 TI - The repeatability of the yearly production of range cows. PMID- 18918578 TI - Factors affecting the estimation of concentration of sperm in ram's semen by the photoelectrometric method. PMID- 18918579 TI - Heritability estimates of sow productivity and litter performance. PMID- 18918580 TI - Performance of inbred lines and line crosses in swine. PMID- 18918581 TI - The fertility of bovine spermatozoa treated with immune sera for the control of trichomoniasis. PMID- 18918582 TI - The relation of face-covering to lamb production in range Rambouillet ewes. PMID- 18918583 TI - A study of lamb mortality. PMID- 18918584 TI - Michigan sow testing ans swine extension swine feeding projects. PMID- 18918585 TI - An index for estimating pork carcass yields. PMID- 18918586 TI - Sanitation from the slaughtering floor to the consumer. PMID- 18918587 TI - The significance of the metabolic nitrogen of the feces in the estimation of the protein requirements of ruminants. PMID- 18918588 TI - Preliminary observations on using a synthetic milk for raising pigs from birth. PMID- 18918589 TI - The effects of soya-lecithin on the absorption and utilization of vitamin A. PMID- 18918590 TI - Raising new-born pigs to weaning age on a synthetic diet, with attempt to produce a pteroylglutamic acid deficiency. PMID- 18918591 TI - The use of dehydrated alfalfa meal and certain by-products of the fish and distilling industries in drylot rations of weanling pigs. PMID- 18918592 TI - Further studies on the relationship of niacin and protein in swine nutrition. PMID- 18918593 TI - The nutritive value of barn-dried hay for dairy cows. PMID- 18918594 TI - The effect of ration on certain vitamin concentrations in the blood, liver, and milk of ewes and their lambs. PMID- 18918595 TI - The value of dehydrated sweet potatoes as a carbohydrate feed for fattening steers. PMID- 18918596 TI - The effect of hemopoietic dietary factors upon internal parasite infection in sheep. PMID- 18918597 TI - Effect of winter supplementation on subsequent gains of beef steers on grass and in the fattening lot. PMID- 18918598 TI - Age, winter gain and grazing methods as factors in steer production from pasture. PMID- 18918599 TI - Comparison of various methods of using improved permanent pastures for fattening steers. PMID- 18918600 TI - Balanced nutrition for range livestock, emphasizing vitamin A. PMID- 18918601 TI - Experimental use of commercial hormone preparations in treating shy-breeding dairy cows. PMID- 18918602 TI - A biological method for determination of thiouracil in tissues using radioactive iodine. PMID- 18918603 TI - An investigation of the staining principle and the background stain in the differentiation of live from dead spermatozoa. PMID- 18918604 TI - Studies of some blood constituents at time of parturition in mastectomized cows. PMID- 18918605 TI - Interrelation of the pituitary and the sex hormones in mammary gland growth. PMID- 18918606 TI - Occurrence of postpartum estrus and ovulation in sows. PMID- 18918607 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918608 TI - Karcinom als Hufkrebs. PMID- 18918609 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918611 TI - Observations on the vertebral column of the domestic animals. PMID- 18918610 TI - Some cases of purpura haemorrhagica in the horse. PMID- 18918612 TI - Some experiences with colchicine in the treatment of mammary tumours in the bitch. PMID- 18918613 TI - The free-martin. PMID- 18918614 TI - Australia safeguards animal health. PMID- 18918615 TI - The control of psoroptic scab on sheep by benzene hexachloride and D.D.T. PMID- 18918616 TI - The present position of the practitioner in the service of the Animal Health Division of the Ministry of Agriculture. PMID- 18918617 TI - Unusual or unexpected findings on post-mortem examination in an Egyptian veterinary practice. PMID- 18918619 TI - Some practical aspects of artificial insemination. PMID- 18918618 TI - Apparatus for rapid udder infusion. PMID- 18918620 TI - Some observations on the pharmacology of penicillin in cattle. PMID- 18918621 TI - Penicillin in Leptospira canicola infection in the dog. PMID- 18918622 TI - Improved flask for the transport of bovine semen. PMID- 18918623 TI - Wounds and their treatment. PMID- 18918624 TI - Hyper-acute canine babesia (tick fever). PMID- 18918625 TI - This livestock improvement business. PMID- 18918626 TI - Immunity to East Coast fever. PMID- 18918627 TI - Blood transfusion in dogs. PMID- 18918628 TI - Clinical observations on the use of luteinizing hormone (chorionic gonadotrophin) in the treatment of ovarian cysts in the bovine. PMID- 18918629 TI - The use of suction in small-animal surgery. PMID- 18918630 TI - Poliomyelitis and virus disease of dogs. PMID- 18918631 TI - Coccidiosis, some factors influencing its epidemiology. PMID- 18918632 TI - Swine erysipelas in Kenya. PMID- 18918633 TI - Porcine trypanosomiasis. PMID- 18918634 TI - A case of cranial nerve tumour with acquired hydrocephalus in the dog. PMID- 18918635 TI - Bovine mastitis. PMID- 18918636 TI - The clinical use of penicillin in the treatment and control of bovine mastitis. PMID- 18918637 TI - The rate of morphogenesis and regeneration of the gonopodium in normal and castrated males of Gambusia affinis. PMID- 18918638 TI - Cholinergic stimulation of the release of melanophore hormone by the hypophysis in salamander larvae. PMID- 18918639 TI - Sensitivity of regenerating limbs of an aquatic crustacean to variations in the concentration of hydrogen and phosphate ions in the external medium. PMID- 18918640 TI - Neural induction in explants which have passed through a sublethal cytolysis. PMID- 18918641 TI - Some effects of temperature on tumor incidence in several strains of Drosophila melanogaster. PMID- 18918642 TI - Notes on ectoparasites from Venezuela (Siphonaptera and Acarina). PMID- 18918643 TI - Preliminary studies of the effects of sulfonamides on fish and Bacterium salmonicida. PMID- 18918644 TI - The Pan-African Congress on Prehistory, 1947; a general report. PMID- 18918645 TI - A new genus and species, Eurymyiocnema aphelinoides (Hymenoptera, Aphelinidae) and a history of the genera Euryischia Riley and Myiocnema Ashmead. PMID- 18918646 TI - Laboratory studies on the bionomics of the rat fleas, Xenopsylla brasiliensis, Baker and X. cheopis, Roths; further factors affecting adult longevity. PMID- 18918647 TI - The effect of area dosage, solution concentration and drop size of sprayed solutions and emulsions of DDT against mosquito larvae. PMID- 18918648 TI - Some observations on the hunger-cycle of the tsetse-flies Clossina swynnertoni and G. pallidipes (Diptera) in the field. PMID- 18918649 TI - Some new and imperfectly known gall midges (Itonididae: Diptera) from India. PMID- 18918650 TI - The effects of house spraying with pyrethrum and with DDT on Anopheles gambiae and A. melas in West Africa. PMID- 18918651 TI - The extermination of Glossina palpalis fuscipes, Newstead, by hand catching. PMID- 18918652 TI - Sandfly control with DDT residual spray; field experiments in Palestine. PMID- 18918653 TI - Toxicity of DDT applied to lime wash. PMID- 18918654 TI - Coccids attacking cacao (Theobroma cacao, L.) in West Africa, with descriptions of five new species. PMID- 18918655 TI - A record of Syntomosphyrum glossinae from Nigeria. PMID- 18918662 TI - Cytochemical mechanisms of penicillin action; comparative responses of gram positive and gram-negative bacteria to penicillin. PMID- 18918665 TI - The effect of podophyllin on Eberthella typhosa. PMID- 18918666 TI - Activities of 22 antibacterial substances against nine species of bacteria. PMID- 18918672 TI - [Problems of medical virusology]. PMID- 18918673 TI - [Purification and concentration of measles serum; method of obtaining pure gamma globulin fraction]. PMID- 18918674 TI - [Purification and concentration of measles serum; effectiveness of gamma globulins in experimental measles prophylaxis]. PMID- 18918675 TI - [Antigen and immunogen properties of whooping-cough bacillus]. PMID- 18918676 TI - [Hyperimmune whooping-cough serum; preparation and examination of hyperimmune whooping-cough serum]. PMID- 18918677 TI - [Effectiveness of hyperimmune serum in whooping-cough]. PMID- 18918678 TI - [Specific titration of measles serum]. PMID- 18918679 TI - [Mechanism of serum sickness; antibodies to horse proteins in the serum of cases of serum sickness]. PMID- 18918680 TI - [Etiology of toxinfectious diseases of the newborn]. PMID- 18918681 TI - [Interrelations between X-Proteus and Rickettsia prowazeki; pathogenicity of G form X-Proteus in experimental infection of mice]. PMID- 18918682 TI - [Quantitative determination of immunogenic properties of intestinal vaccines]. PMID- 18918683 TI - [Bacteremia in diphtheria]. PMID- 18918684 TI - [Nature of salt extractions of the bacillus of diphtheria gravis]. PMID- 18918685 TI - [Differential diagnosis of Aerobacter aerogenes and Escherichia coli by means of the FeSO4 reaction]. PMID- 18918686 TI - [Etiology of winter dysentery and dysentiform diseases]. PMID- 18918687 TI - [Effectiveness of laboratory methods in diagnosis of bacillary dysentery]. PMID- 18918688 TI - [Use of typhoid phage in typhoid and paratyphoid convalescence]. PMID- 18918689 TI - On the distribution of the rank correlation coefficient tau when the variates are not independent. PMID- 18918690 TI - The significance of rank correlations where parental correlation exists. PMID- 18918691 TI - Testing for normality. PMID- 18918692 TI - The stratified semi-stationary population. PMID- 18918693 TI - A simple approach to confounding and fractional replication in factorial experiments. PMID- 18918694 TI - A comparison of stratified with unrestricted random sampling from a finite population. PMID- 18918695 TI - Some theorems on time series. PMID- 18918697 TI - The variance of tau when both rankings contain ties. PMID- 18918696 TI - Rank correlation between two variables, one of which is ranked, the other dichotomous. PMID- 18918698 TI - A chi 2 smooth test for goodness of fit. PMID- 18918699 TI - An exact test for the equality of variances. PMID- 18918700 TI - The estimation from individual records of the relationship between dose and quantal response. PMID- 18918701 TI - A power function for tests of randomness in a sequence of alternatives. PMID- 18918702 TI - A numerical solution of the problem of moments. PMID- 18918703 TI - Approximation to percentage points of the Z-distribution. PMID- 18918704 TI - Note on the cumulants of Fisher's Z-distribution. PMID- 18918705 TI - A note on the mean deviation from the median. PMID- 18918706 TI - On the method of paired comparisons. PMID- 18918707 TI - Notes on the calculation of autocorrelations of linear autoregressive schemes. PMID- 18918708 TI - Approximate formulae for the percentage points of the incomplete beta function and of the chi 2 distribution. PMID- 18918709 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918710 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918711 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918712 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918713 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918714 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918715 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918716 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918717 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918718 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918719 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918720 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918721 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918722 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918723 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918724 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918725 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918726 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918727 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918728 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918729 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918730 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918731 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918732 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918733 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918734 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918736 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918735 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918737 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918738 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918739 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918740 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918741 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918742 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918743 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918744 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918745 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918746 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918747 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918748 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918749 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918750 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918751 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918752 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918753 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918754 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918755 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918756 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918757 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918758 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918759 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918760 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918761 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918762 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918763 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918764 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918765 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918766 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918767 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918768 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918769 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918770 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918771 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918772 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918773 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918774 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918775 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918776 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918777 TI - Spinal osteoporosis, cause unknown. PMID- 18918778 TI - Generalized osteoporosis in old age. PMID- 18918779 TI - Review of the literature on acute rheumatism during the years 1939-1945. PMID- 18918780 TI - Standard bone; a description of radiographic technique. PMID- 18918781 TI - RHEUMATOLOGY and the community. PMID- 18918782 TI - The structure of voluntary muscle in relation to its function. PMID- 18918783 TI - The isolation of the fermentation Lactobacillus casei factor. PMID- 18918784 TI - The isolation of the Lactobacillus casei factor from liver. PMID- 18918785 TI - The degradation of the fermentation Lactobacillus casei factor. PMID- 18918786 TI - Degradation of the fermentation L. casei factor. PMID- 18918787 TI - The structure of the liver L. casei factor. PMID- 18918788 TI - Synthesis of pteroylglutamic acid (liver L. casei factor) and pteroic acid. PMID- 18918789 TI - Synthesis of pteroylglutamic acid (liver L. casei factor) and pteroic acid. PMID- 18918790 TI - Synthesis of pteroylglutamic acid. PMID- 18918791 TI - Synthesis of pteroylglutamic acid. PMID- 18918792 TI - Many-membered carbon rings; a new synthesis of civetone and dl-muscone. PMID- 18918793 TI - A study of the synthesis of plasmochin by the reductive amination method with Raney nickel. PMID- 18918794 TI - The preparation and rearrangements of 1,2-dimethylaminochloropropanes. PMID- 18918795 TI - Studies on lignin and related compounds; the high pressure hydrogenation of maple wood; hydrol lignin. PMID- 18918796 TI - Studied on lignin and related compounds; synthesis and properties of dimers related to lignin. PMID- 18918797 TI - Studies on lignin and related compounds; hydrogenation of dimers related to lignin. PMID- 18918798 TI - Studies on lignin and related compounds; high pressure hydrogenation of maple wood. PMID- 18918799 TI - Synthesis of embelin, rapoanne and related quinones by peroxide alkylation. PMID- 18918800 TI - Some isomers of amidone and related compounds. PMID- 18918801 TI - Thiophene analogs of DDT. PMID- 18918802 TI - Biophysical studies of blood plasma proteins; separation of gamma-globulin from the sera of various animals. PMID- 18918803 TI - Biophysical studies of blood plasma proteins; separation and properties of the gamma-globulins of the sera of normal cows. PMID- 18918804 TI - The allergenic principles of poison ivy; absorption spectra of 3-n pentadecylcatechol and related compounds. PMID- 18918805 TI - 2-Hydroxyacetylfuran. PMID- 18918806 TI - Aliphatic ketones and amines containing the trifluoromethyl group. PMID- 18918807 TI - N-bromosuccinimide as a dehydrogenating agent. PMID- 18918809 TI - The iodination of certain phenylsulfonamido- and aminoheterocycles. PMID- 18918808 TI - Acetylenic glycols related to natural polyenes. PMID- 18918810 TI - Synthetic sterols; model experiments employing Hagemann's ester. PMID- 18918811 TI - The mercuration of 5-nitroguaiacol. PMID- 18918813 TI - Studies in the indole series; yohimbine; the mechanism of dehydrogenation of yohimbine and related compounds. PMID- 18918812 TI - Amino acid intermediates; alpha-amino-gamma-lactones. PMID- 18918814 TI - Studies in the indole series; yohimbine; the synthesis of yobyrine, yobyrone and tetrahydroyobyrine. PMID- 18918815 TI - Reactions of ethylenimines; with ammonia and amines. PMID- 18918816 TI - Fractionation and physical-chemical studies of a commercial preparation of the specific polysaccharide of type I pneumococcus. PMID- 18918817 TI - The synthesis of derivatives of beta-carboline; syntheses from dl-tryptophan and aldehydes. PMID- 18918818 TI - Hydrogenolysis of aromatic esters to alcohols. PMID- 18918819 TI - The reaction of ketones with iodine and pyridine. PMID- 18918821 TI - Triple chain-length structures of saturated triglycerides. PMID- 18918820 TI - The reaction of ketones with iodine, pyridine and water. PMID- 18918822 TI - The Skraup reaction with acrolein and its derivatives. PMID- 18918823 TI - Local anesthetics; aroyl derivatives of beta-methyl-beta-monoalkylamino propanols. PMID- 18918825 TI - Isolation of rutin from a citrus hybrid. PMID- 18918824 TI - The occurrence of rutin in a wild cherry, Prunus melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Rydb. PMID- 18918826 TI - Alcohols of the sugar group; 2,5-anhydro-L-iditol. PMID- 18918827 TI - Addition compounds of sulfur dioxide with three isomeric lutidines. PMID- 18918828 TI - Reaction kinetics of aliphatic tertiary beta-chloroethylamines in dilute aqueous solution; the cyclization process. PMID- 18918829 TI - Chromatography of Cuban blackstrap molasses on clay; some constituents of an odor and pigment fraction. PMID- 18918830 TI - Esters of lima bean pod and corn cob hemicelluloses. PMID- 18918831 TI - The structure of an enzymatically synthesized reducing disaccharide D-glusosido-L arabinose. PMID- 18918832 TI - 1,5-Anhydro-4-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-D-glucitol,1,5-anhydro-6-(beta-D glucopyranosyl)-D-glucitol and 1,5-anhydro-D-galactitol. PMID- 18918833 TI - On the structure of leucaenine (leucaenol) from Leucaena glauca Bentham. PMID- 18918834 TI - The condensation of chloroacetone with formaldehyde. PMID- 18918835 TI - Resin acids; an improved method of isolation of resin acids the isolation of a new abietic-type acid, neoabietic acid. PMID- 18918836 TI - Resin acids; the structure of neobietic acid. PMID- 18918837 TI - Studies on the denaturation of antibody; kinetic aspects of the inactivation of diphtheria antitoxin by urea. PMID- 18918838 TI - The constitution of mesquite gum; 4-methoxy-D-glucuronic acid. PMID- 18918839 TI - Preparation of some substituted beta-phenylisovaleric acids. PMID- 18918840 TI - Studies of furan compounds; conversion of 2-acetofuran to hexen-2-dion-4,5-acetal 1 and pyrocatschol. PMID- 18918841 TI - On the fortification of edible fat with vitamin A. PMID- 18918842 TI - A simplified synthesis of alpha-phenylcinnamic acid and alpha-phenyl-p nitrocinnamic acid. PMID- 18918843 TI - Brominations with pyridine hydrobromide perbromide. PMID- 18918844 TI - Separation of tropic and atropic acids by partition and chromatography. PMID- 18918845 TI - Alpha and beta Schardinger dextrin nitrates. PMID- 18918846 TI - Vanadium oxide, a hydrogenation catalyst. PMID- 18918847 TI - Occurrence of pectic materials in wood. PMID- 18918848 TI - Synthesis of antimalarials; 1-(7-chloro-2-phenylquinolyl-4)-6 diethylaminohexanedione-1,3 and certain other compounds. PMID- 18918849 TI - Alpha-Amino-beta-mercapto-n-valeric acid hydrochloride. PMID- 18918850 TI - 4-Fluoroanthranilic acid. PMID- 18918851 TI - The structure of citrinin. PMID- 18918852 TI - Reduction of carbon dioxide to methanol by lithium aluminum hydride. PMID- 18918853 TI - The preparation of technetium metal. PMID- 18918854 TI - The potentials of falling drops. PMID- 18918855 TI - Solubilization of water-insoluble dye by colloidal electrolytes and non-ionizing detergents. PMID- 18918856 TI - The effect of temperature and molecular-weight distribution on the morphology of natural and synthetic high polymers. PMID- 18918857 TI - Calculation of the surface energy of liquid argon and mercury. PMID- 18918858 TI - A dual-surface B.E.T. adsorption theory. PMID- 18918859 TI - Active magnesia; application of dual-surface theory. PMID- 18918860 TI - Monodisperse colloids and higher-order Tyndall spectra. PMID- 18918861 TI - Electrophoretic mobilities and conductometric activities of potassium, sodium, and lithium salts of gum arabic. PMID- 18918862 TI - Some correlating principles of detergent action. PMID- 18918863 TI - Colloidal structures in binary soap systems. PMID- 18918864 TI - Aqueous systems of non-ionic detergents as studied by X-ray diffraction. PMID- 18918865 TI - Critical micelle concentrations as determined by refraction. PMID- 18918866 TI - Electrical conductivity of crystalline and liquid-crystalline soap-water systems. PMID- 18918867 TI - Phase study of rosin soap-sodium chloride-water and rosin soap-sodium silicate water systems. PMID- 18918868 TI - Stability of synthetic keratin fibers in alcohol-water mixtures; theoretical basis for a new method for solubilizing feather keratin. PMID- 18918869 TI - Electrophoretic and ultracentrifugal investigation of rabbit liver nucleoprotein. PMID- 18918870 TI - Homogeneity and the electrophoretic behavior of some proteins. PMID- 18918871 TI - X-ray diffraction studies in the system NiO-Cr2O3-ZrO2. PMID- 18918872 TI - Sedimentation equilibria of polydisperse non-ideal solutes; theory. PMID- 18918873 TI - The effect of size, shape, and flexibility of the solute molecules on the properties of colloidal solutions. PMID- 18918874 TI - The dependence of the scattering of light on angle and concentration in linear polymer solutions. PMID- 18918875 TI - Some physical and chemical properties of weight-fractionated lignosulfonic acid, including the dissociation of lignosulfonates. PMID- 18918876 TI - The antidiuretic hormone and the factors which determine its release. PMID- 18918877 TI - Glutinosin; a fungistatic metabolic product of the mould Metarrhizium glutinosum S. Pope. PMID- 18918878 TI - Chemistry of transuranium elements. PMID- 18918879 TI - Progress and problems in the science of nutrition. PMID- 18918880 TI - An investigation into the permeability of human enamel using osmotic methods. PMID- 18918881 TI - Impressions gathered during a short visit to the United States. PMID- 18918882 TI - Symmetrical tuberculated supernumerary teeth posterior to the first upper incisors. PMID- 18918883 TI - Misplaced maxillary canine and first premolar. PMID- 18918884 TI - Foods and feeding as they affect teeth and their environment. PMID- 18918885 TI - The clinical application of fibrin and thrombin in oral surgery. PMID- 18918886 TI - Caries. PMID- 18918887 TI - The avoidance of a casting defect. PMID- 18918888 TI - The role of dentistry in general medicine and surgery. PMID- 18918890 TI - Some psychological aspects of thumbsucking. PMID- 18918889 TI - Acute anterior poliomyelitis and the dental surgeon. PMID- 18918891 TI - Some removable appliances. PMID- 18918892 TI - Severance of mandibular nerve during extraction. PMID- 18918893 TI - Prognathism; case report of surgical reduction. PMID- 18918894 TI - Socket expansion and sectioning techniques in exodontia. PMID- 18918895 TI - Improved prosthetic occlusion. PMID- 18918896 TI - A problem in articulation solved by geometric formula. PMID- 18918897 TI - The master mind of the complete denture prosthetist. PMID- 18918899 TI - A simplified technique for apicoectomies. PMID- 18918898 TI - The dentist and the law; the case of the broken needle. PMID- 18918900 TI - Substitutes used for natural teeth. PMID- 18918901 TI - Leukemia; the role of the dentist in diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 18918902 TI - Statistical study being made. PMID- 18918903 TI - Towards a more rational technique for the treatment of root canals. PMID- 18918904 TI - The effectiveness of clinical treatment of pulp-involved teeth as determined by bacteriological methods. PMID- 18918905 TI - Why not more endodontia? PMID- 18918906 TI - Use of sodium and potassium in root canal therapy. PMID- 18918907 TI - The principles of the long tube technique. PMID- 18918908 TI - The porcelain jacket crown. PMID- 18918910 TI - Current problems in caries research. PMID- 18918909 TI - Causes of failure in root canal therapy. PMID- 18918911 TI - A system of periodontal treatment for the general practitioner. PMID- 18918912 TI - An interesting case of partial anodontia. PMID- 18918913 TI - New factors in adhesive formulas which lessen irritation. PMID- 18918914 TI - Studies of sweating; preliminary report with particular emphasis of a sweat retention syndrome. PMID- 18918915 TI - A new series of fungicidal fatty acid esters. PMID- 18918916 TI - Specificity of skin tests in deep fungus infections. PMID- 18918917 TI - Penicillin in sesame oil and wax; observations on delayed absorption in 65 patients. PMID- 18918918 TI - Toxicity of penicillin for the guinea pig. PMID- 18918919 TI - Penicillin therapy in early syphilis. III. PMID- 18918920 TI - Fungistatic properties of salicil and related compounds. PMID- 18918921 TI - Skin sensitization to BAL. PMID- 18918922 TI - The absence of effect of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) on certain fungi in culture. PMID- 18918923 TI - The arterioles of the skin in essential hypertension. PMID- 18918924 TI - Acanthosis nigricans; an analysis of data in 22 cases and a study of its frequency in necropsy material. PMID- 18918925 TI - The sunburn-protecting effect of para-aminobenzoic acid. PMID- 18918926 TI - Multiple budding in Sporotrichum Schenckii Matruchot. PMID- 18918927 TI - Eczema vaccinatum; report of two cases with a review of the literature. PMID- 18918928 TI - The allergen of human dander present in skin of the general body surface. PMID- 18918929 TI - NEW, simplified ultra-sonorator furthers supersonic research. PMID- 18918930 TI - Nutritional factors in liver disease. PMID- 18918931 TI - The story of inositol. PMID- 18918932 TI - Acute pancreatitis; an evaluation of the classification, symptomatology, diagnosis and therapy. PMID- 18918933 TI - Contribution to the diagnosis of acute pancreatic necrosis. PMID- 18918934 TI - Jaundice and hepatitis; a laboratory review. PMID- 18918935 TI - Indications and contraindications for gastroscopy. PMID- 18918936 TI - Gastritis and amebiasis; a gastroscopic study. PMID- 18918937 TI - An appliance for preventing leakage of gastrostomy and enterostomy. PMID- 18918938 TI - Allergy as a factor in headaches. PMID- 18918939 TI - Carcinoma of the colon secondary to chronic ulcerative colitis. PMID- 18918940 TI - The importance of occult blood in the stool. PMID- 18918943 TI - The optimum structure of breeding flocks; rate of genetic improvement under different breeding plans. PMID- 18918944 TI - The optimum structure of breeding flocks; methods of determination. PMID- 18918948 TI - Metallic sutures and early American gynecology. PMID- 18918949 TI - The human conceptus during the first two weeks of gestation. PMID- 18918950 TI - Studies of the human corpus luteum; corpus luteum-endometrial relationships in functional utering bleeding. PMID- 18918951 TI - Atypical endometrial hyperplasia simulating adenocarcinoma. PMID- 18918952 TI - The use of multiple sources of radium within the uterus in the treatment of endometrial cancer. PMID- 18918954 TI - The detailed anatomy of the para-urethral ducts in the adult human female. PMID- 18918953 TI - High lymphadenectomy and sympathectomy in carcinoma of the vulva. PMID- 18918955 TI - Culdoscopy, a useful gynecologic procedure. PMID- 18918956 TI - Reactions of the vulva to systemic diseases. PMID- 18918957 TI - A clinical and histopathologic study of lesions of the cervix uteri during pregnancy. PMID- 18918958 TI - Cervical dystocia, with special reference to the fibrous nature of the cervix. PMID- 18918959 TI - The expectant management of placenta previa. PMID- 18918960 TI - The repeat cesarean. PMID- 18918961 TI - Retroversion of the uterus. PMID- 18918962 TI - Home and hospital confinements. PMID- 18918964 TI - The prescription and the auspices. PMID- 18918963 TI - The responsibility and opportunities of local health authorities. PMID- 18918965 TI - The evolution of the prescription. PMID- 18918966 TI - The golden age of the prescription. PMID- 18918968 TI - The American Medical Association. PMID- 18918967 TI - The early history of American medical societies. PMID- 18918969 TI - Special medical societies in the United States after 1860. PMID- 18918970 TI - Rhus poisoning. PMID- 18918971 TI - Can't cure a cold? homeopathy can. PMID- 18918972 TI - Homeopathic research. PMID- 18918973 TI - The causative factor in modern foot disorders and a solution. PMID- 18918974 TI - A case history of the radical removal of onychocryptosis. PMID- 18918975 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918976 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918977 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918979 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918978 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918980 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918981 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918982 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918983 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918984 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918985 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918986 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918987 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918988 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918989 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918990 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918991 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918992 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918993 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918994 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918995 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918996 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918997 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918998 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18918999 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919000 TI - New Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria. PMID- 18919001 TI - MEDICAL services in West Africa. PMID- 18919002 TI - Hospital buildings and vibration. PMID- 18919003 TI - A cost accounting system for a hospital pharmacy. PMID- 18919004 TI - Administrative policies and problems in a state cancer hospital. PMID- 18919005 TI - GOOD Samaritan, twentieth century style. PMID- 18919006 TI - How much is your outpatient department doing? PMID- 18919007 TI - Some reasons for building a square hospital. PMID- 18919008 TI - Five steps to eliminate outpatient confusion. PMID- 18919009 TI - Are hospital rates too high? PMID- 18919010 TI - As a business house would collect from slow-pay patients. PMID- 18919011 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919012 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919013 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919014 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919015 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919016 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919017 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919018 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919019 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919020 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919021 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919022 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919023 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919024 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919025 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919026 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919027 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919028 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919029 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919030 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919031 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919032 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919033 TI - Observations on the toxic effects of cordite. PMID- 18919034 TI - The risk of fluorosis in magnesium foundries. PMID- 18919035 TI - The experimental production of X-ray shadows in the lungs by inhalation of industrial dusts; iron oxide. PMID- 18919036 TI - Argyro-siderosis of the lungs in silver finishers. PMID- 18919037 TI - The solubility or distribution coefficient of trichlorethylene in water, whole blood, and plasma. PMID- 18919038 TI - Barrier creams and their evaluation. PMID- 18919039 TI - Marital frictions and how to avoid them. PMID- 18919040 TI - The blind; social liabilities or social assets? PMID- 18919041 TI - Domestic servants in Bombay. PMID- 18919042 TI - Children's nutrition. PMID- 18919043 TI - The nurse's role in health education, in industry. PMID- 18919044 TI - Tropical medicine. PMID- 18919045 TI - What management expects from the industrial nurse. PMID- 18919046 TI - The female worker and the industrial nurse. PMID- 18919047 TI - Orienting the new employee in the services of the industrial health department. PMID- 18919048 TI - Some modern trends in maternal and child care. PMID- 18919049 TI - SWISS compulsory old-age and survivors' insurance scheme. PMID- 18919050 TI - DOMINICAN social insurance act. PMID- 18919051 TI - Dust concentrations in stone crushing operations. PMID- 18919052 TI - The nurse in the over-all industrial health program. PMID- 18919054 TI - CHOLERA. [1]. PMID- 18919053 TI - Acute mercurialism resulting from the distillation of mercury in a thermometer shop. PMID- 18919055 TI - On so called allergic arthritis symptoms. PMID- 18919056 TI - On the clinical significance of achlorhydria. PMID- 18919057 TI - On the significance of renal lesions in hypertension. PMID- 18919058 TI - Electrocardiographic studies in Addison's disease. PMID- 18919059 TI - Observations throwing light on the pathogenesis of pernicious tapeworm anaemia. PMID- 18919060 TI - On plasma lipids in certain internal diseases. PMID- 18919061 TI - Sedimentation rate in atheromatous ulcers of aorta. PMID- 18919062 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919063 TI - On allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma in bakers. PMID- 18919064 TI - Temporal arteritis. PMID- 18919065 TI - On the effect of digitalis, strophantin and mercurial diuretics on blood coagulation; preliminary report. PMID- 18919066 TI - Exudative pleurisy with eosinophilia. PMID- 18919067 TI - Studies of the peripheral circulation in rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 18919068 TI - War-time incidence of peptic ulcer, its predisposing causes and some simultaneous symptoms of other diseases. PMID- 18919069 TI - Thrombocytopenic purpura produced by quinidine. PMID- 18919070 TI - Is the broad tape-worm the casual agent of hypochromic anemia? PMID- 18919071 TI - Changes in diabetic death rate in Finland. PMID- 18919072 TI - Prolonged administration of sulfonamides in rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 18919073 TI - GENERAL practitioner. PMID- 18919074 TI - Surgery in hypertension. PMID- 18919075 TI - The treatment of tuberculous cavities. PMID- 18919077 TI - Embryology in medicine. PMID- 18919076 TI - Some historical notes on forensic medicine. PMID- 18919078 TI - The treatment of tuberculosis; non-medical treatment. PMID- 18919079 TI - Recent advances in chemotherapy of tuberculosis. PMID- 18919080 TI - Observations of the Chicago committee on the effectiveness [of] BCG vaccine among nurses and internes. PMID- 18919081 TI - Technic of BCG vaccination. PMID- 18919082 TI - Recent advances in the field of hematology. PMID- 18919083 TI - Q fever notes. PMID- 18919085 TI - Hand infections. PMID- 18919084 TI - Convulsions in children. PMID- 18919086 TI - Carcinoma of the stomach. a difficult diagnosis. PMID- 18919087 TI - Caronamide. PMID- 18919088 TI - Acute urinary retention. PMID- 18919089 TI - DECOMPRESSION illness. PMID- 18919090 TI - Ureteral calculi with symptomatology referable to other organs. PMID- 18919092 TI - Science looks to the witchdoctor. PMID- 18919091 TI - SMEAR method in diagnosis of cancer. PMID- 18919093 TI - WHEN do your feet stop growing? PMID- 18919094 TI - The blood groups of mankind; a new approach to anthropology. PMID- 18919095 TI - Medical matters in the Sherlock Holmes stories, from the records of John H. Watson, M. D. PMID- 18919096 TI - Tumors of the chest lying within or adjacent to the mediastinum. PMID- 18919098 TI - Modern concepts in the treatment and diagnosis of fungous infections of the skin. PMID- 18919097 TI - On the mode of action of sulfonamides. PMID- 18919099 TI - The treatment of cord bladder by transurethral resection of the bladder neck. PMID- 18919101 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919100 TI - Some diseases associated with changes in the white blood cells. PMID- 18919102 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919103 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919104 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919105 TI - Trends in recent drugs and drug action. PMID- 18919106 TI - A simple device for spraying powders. PMID- 18919108 TI - Peripelvic lymphatic cysts of the kidney; report of two cases. PMID- 18919107 TI - Diseases of the salivary glands. PMID- 18919109 TI - Treatment of meningitis with sulfadiazine and sulfamerazine. PMID- 18919110 TI - Hypogenitalism during the usual time of puberty. PMID- 18919111 TI - Follow-up of medical recommendations; results of a health checkup of a group of well children in Chicago. PMID- 18919112 TI - Cancer of the liver, bile ducts and pancreas. PMID- 18919113 TI - Test for locating the position of the tip of the Miller-Abbott tube. PMID- 18919114 TI - The bacteriostatic and bactericidal actions of some mercurial compounds on hemolytic streptococci. PMID- 18919115 TI - Hydraulic lift for patients with partial leg paralysis. PMID- 18919116 TI - Philosophy of a medical service plan. PMID- 18919117 TI - LIBEL and slander; physician's report to patient privileged [Calif., 1947]. PMID- 18919118 TI - The cervical syndrome as a cause of migraine. PMID- 18919119 TI - Infant health and the hospital in the South. PMID- 18919120 TI - Children's growth curves in rural Mississippi. PMID- 18919121 TI - Appraisal of the value of hygienic vaginal douches. PMID- 18919122 TI - Blood type and other factors in their relation to postpartum hemorrhage. PMID- 18919123 TI - Guillain-Barre syndrome; a case report. PMID- 18919124 TI - The laboratory of clinical pathology. PMID- 18919125 TI - Streptomycin in the treatment of tuberculosis. PMID- 18919126 TI - Pioneer women doctors in the South. PMID- 18919128 TI - Surgical relief of pain. PMID- 18919127 TI - Brain tumors; value of early diagnosis. PMID- 18919129 TI - Staphylococcus pneumonia and empyema. PMID- 18919131 TI - Masochism in the medical patient. PMID- 18919130 TI - Comparative uses of pentothal sodium in civilian and military practice. PMID- 18919132 TI - Observations on the treatment of recurring convulsions (epilepsy) occurring among children. PMID- 18919133 TI - Glucuronic acid deficiency in the rheumatic diseases. PMID- 18919134 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919135 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919136 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919137 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919138 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919139 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919140 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919141 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919142 TI - The psychological aspects of sanatorium management. PMID- 18919143 TI - Excision of the elbow-joint. PMID- 18919144 TI - Significance of palatal movements in diphtheria. PMID- 18919145 TI - Clinical extracorporeal dialysis of blood with artificial kidney. PMID- 18919146 TI - Sensitization of penicillin-resistant bacteria. PMID- 18919147 TI - Thrombocytopenic purpura with thyrotoxicosis. PMID- 18919148 TI - Recurrent bullous eruption of feet; report of a case. PMID- 18919149 TI - Blunt boomerang needle and accessories. PMID- 18919150 TI - Children's Clinic, Helsinki. PMID- 18919151 TI - Coxa valga associated with osteo-arthritis. PMID- 18919152 TI - Hepatic syndrome of wide distribution. PMID- 18919153 TI - Ankylosing spondylitis. PMID- 18919154 TI - The pneumonias associated with epidemic respiratory infections. PMID- 18919155 TI - Treatment of arthritis by intra-articular injection. PMID- 18919156 TI - Virulence of gravis strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. PMID- 18919157 TI - Phalangeal metastases in bronchogenic carcinoma; report of three cases. PMID- 18919158 TI - Vitamin E in angina pectoris. PMID- 18919159 TI - Recurrent agranulocytosis; report of a case. PMID- 18919160 TI - An extensible Sims' speculum. PMID- 18919162 TI - Ankylosing spondylitis. PMID- 18919161 TI - Conservative surgery in Aleppo. PMID- 18919163 TI - Death after myanesin anaesthesia. PMID- 18919164 TI - Mass radiography in early diagnosis. PMID- 18919165 TI - Blood samples from infants. PMID- 18919166 TI - Two aspects of auto eroticism. PMID- 18919167 TI - Jaundice. PMID- 18919168 TI - Sciatica, its diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 18919169 TI - Medical illustration; past and present. PMID- 18919170 TI - Studies on the repression of neoplasm by bacterial toxins. PMID- 18919171 TI - The eclampsias. PMID- 18919172 TI - Treatment of deep peripheral thrombo-phlebitis by para vertebral sympathetic block. PMID- 18919173 TI - The Manchester Public Infirmary, Lunatic Hospital and Dispensary. PMID- 18919174 TI - Mallet finger; a review of 45 cases. PMID- 18919175 TI - Medical statesmanship. PMID- 18919176 TI - Varicose veins and the varicose state. PMID- 18919177 TI - The clinical examination in the recognition of heart disease. PMID- 18919178 TI - General review of allergy. PMID- 18919179 TI - Cancer prevention or detection clinics. PMID- 18919180 TI - Anaesthesia in labour and caesarean section. PMID- 18919181 TI - Local anaesthesia in obstetrics. PMID- 18919182 TI - Failure of the clotting mechanism during abnormal labour, with a discussion of the possible causes. PMID- 18919183 TI - The use of peritoneal dialysis in a case of eclampsia. PMID- 18919184 TI - Surgical glove powder. PMID- 18919185 TI - Preliminary report on fish poisoning at Fanning Island (Central Pacific). PMID- 18919186 TI - The anticonvulsant properties of creatinine. PMID- 18919187 TI - New formation of smooth muscle in the lung. PMID- 18919188 TI - Olivo-ponto-cerebellar atrophy (Marie's ataxia). PMID- 18919189 TI - Dermato-myositis. PMID- 18919190 TI - Osteogenic sarcoma. PMID- 18919191 TI - Prefrontal leucotomy. PMID- 18919192 TI - Corpulence in childhood and adolescence; a clinical study. PMID- 18919193 TI - Difficulties and disappointments in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis by artificial pneumothorax. PMID- 18919194 TI - Congenital heart disease. PMID- 18919195 TI - Failure of the clotting mechanism during abnormal labour. PMID- 18919196 TI - Clinical physiology of the cerebellum. PMID- 18919197 TI - Acute poliomyelitis. PMID- 18919198 TI - The modern treatment of cerebrospinal fever. PMID- 18919199 TI - Diphtheria to-day. PMID- 18919200 TI - The management of patients in breathing machines. PMID- 18919201 TI - Whooping cough; treatment and prophylaxis. PMID- 18919202 TI - Haematuria with special reference to bladder growth. PMID- 18919203 TI - Minor surgery; minor injuries; foreign bodies, muscle and tendon ruptures, sprains. PMID- 18919204 TI - Minor surgery; haemorrhage; haemorrhage from special situations; varicose veins. PMID- 18919205 TI - The treatment of inoperable vesical carcinoma. PMID- 18919207 TI - Minor surgery; infections. PMID- 18919206 TI - Staggered hours and overtime; a study in psychosomatics. PMID- 18919208 TI - Recent progress in surgery. PMID- 18919209 TI - A case of lassitude. PMID- 18919210 TI - Blood transfusion; intravenous infusions; gastric suction; tidal drainage. PMID- 18919211 TI - Fractures of the navicular. PMID- 18919212 TI - Chronic purulent otitis media. PMID- 18919213 TI - Refinements in plastic surgery of the nose and ear. PMID- 18919214 TI - The use and abuse of estrogen. PMID- 18919215 TI - Long unrecognized foreign bodies in the air and food passages. PMID- 18919216 TI - Diabetes and its treatment. PMID- 18919217 TI - Medicine and the radioactive elements. PMID- 18919219 TI - Romance of surgery. PMID- 18919218 TI - Anemia and cardiac cirrhosis from rheumatic heart disease. PMID- 18919220 TI - Heredity and the X and gamma rays. PMID- 18919221 TI - Continuous caudal analgesia. PMID- 18919222 TI - Diarrhea of the newborn; its causes and prevention. PMID- 18919223 TI - An unusual case of acute infective polyneuritis with visceral lesions. PMID- 18919224 TI - Emphysematous gastritis. PMID- 18919225 TI - What industry thinks about the Massachusetts Medical Society's program of medical care for the people of Massachusetts. PMID- 18919226 TI - The nasal carrier of beta-hemolytic streptococci. PMID- 18919227 TI - Acute oophoritis and perioophoritis. PMID- 18919228 TI - Rheumatic heart disease, with mitral stenosis and insufficiency. PMID- 18919229 TI - Anticoagulant treatment of postoperative venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. PMID- 18919230 TI - Thiouracil and allied drugs in hyperthyroidism. PMID- 18919231 TI - Neurologic disturbances with folic acid therapy. PMID- 18919232 TI - Lipemia retinalis; report of a case. PMID- 18919233 TI - The toxemias of pregnancy. PMID- 18919234 TI - Hepatoma, with extension into portal and hepatic veins. PMID- 18919235 TI - Ewing sarcoma of sacrum. PMID- 18919236 TI - Certain public-health aspects of infectious diseases. PMID- 18919237 TI - Fever of unknown origin due to lymphogranuloma venereum; report of a case with diagnosis by the use of quantitative complement-fixation tests. PMID- 18919238 TI - The disabled veterans of World War II; analysis of 600 cases examined at Harvard University. PMID- 18919239 TI - Toxic effects of gases and vapors; mechanism of poisoning by volatile solvents. PMID- 18919240 TI - Radiation therapy. PMID- 18919241 TI - Metastases to mediastinal lymph nodes involving esophagus and right main bronchus. PMID- 18919242 TI - Epidermoid carcinoma of bronchus of right lower lobe. PMID- 18919243 TI - Prefrontal lobotomy under direct vision; survey of psychiatric aspects. PMID- 18919244 TI - The effects of influenzal meningitis on the nervous system. PMID- 18919245 TI - The intangible factors in the treatment of patients with low back pain with special reference to industrial patients. PMID- 18919246 TI - The importance of early diagnosis in the surgical treatment of carcinoma of the lung. PMID- 18919247 TI - Paget's disease and the central nervous system. PMID- 18919248 TI - Narcodiagnosis and narcotherapy in the neuroses and psychoses. PMID- 18919249 TI - Metabolic and nutritional aspects of arterial hypertension. PMID- 18919250 TI - The nature of acute leukemia and the interrelationship of the malignant dyscrasias. PMID- 18919251 TI - Allergic reaction to penicillin. PMID- 18919252 TI - Spontaneous rupture of the ventricular wall with cardiac tamponade following coronary occlusion and infarction. PMID- 18919253 TI - An optimal routine for the management of congestive failure. PMID- 18919254 TI - Tonsillectomy; some pre-operative considerations. PMID- 18919255 TI - Actinomycotic infections of cattle. PMID- 18919256 TI - Canine distemper. PMID- 18919257 TI - Swine enteritis. PMID- 18919258 TI - Some psychosomatic problems in gynecology. PMID- 18919259 TI - Treatment of diabetes mellitus. PMID- 18919260 TI - The prophylaxis and management of reactions to penicillin. PMID- 18919261 TI - Insulin as an adjunct in the treatment of anxiety states. PMID- 18919262 TI - Friedlaender pneumonia with bacteremia successfully treated with streptomycin; report of a case. PMID- 18919263 TI - Loeffler's syndrome; review of the English literature and report of a case. PMID- 18919264 TI - Acute primary ileo-ileal intussusception in an adult; report of a case. PMID- 18919265 TI - Thromboses of the hepatic veins with marked congestion and necrosis of the liver tissue (Chiari's disease). PMID- 18919266 TI - The future status of the general practitioner. PMID- 18919267 TI - The penicillin treatment of sinus infection. PMID- 18919268 TI - Brucellosis. PMID- 18919269 TI - Factors influencing immediate survival following coronary thrombosis with myocardial infarction. PMID- 18919270 TI - Infectious diarrhea of the newborn; report of an epidemic. PMID- 18919271 TI - Preventive medicine in hospital practice. PMID- 18919272 TI - Cancer; a biologic problem. PMID- 18919273 TI - Gastric vagotomy in peptic ulcer. PMID- 18919275 TI - Chronic vascular headache. PMID- 18919274 TI - Diagnosis and treatment of cardiospasm. PMID- 18919276 TI - Chronic dyspnea and recurrent hemoptysis. PMID- 18919277 TI - Clinical and local effects of antacids and physical therapy as shown gastroscopically. PMID- 18919278 TI - SURGICAL treatment of hypertension. PMID- 18919279 TI - Pernicious anemia. PMID- 18919280 TI - Certain anatomical and physiological considerations in paralysis of the larynx. PMID- 18919281 TI - The treatment of subacute maxillary sinusitis especially in children. PMID- 18919282 TI - The normal temporal horn and its deformities by tumours in the middle cerebral fossa. PMID- 18919283 TI - The importance of statistics in psychiatry. AB - The paper gives an outline, with examples, of various statistical methods which may be of special use in psychiatry.(1) Actuarial data.-The simple accumulation of accurate figures on the ages of patients, their diagnoses and length of stay in hospital or under treatment for mental illness is of great value in understanding the scope of psychiatric problems. The age and sex incidences which correspond to different disease groups are very characteristic. Such material has value in the estimation of the results of therapeutic experiments but special methods have to be devised, as there is no exact prototype in standard vital statistics or in work on therapeutic trials.(2) Biometric techniques.-Knowledge of ordinary statistical practice guards against elementary errors and aids in establishing significance or otherwise of metrical deviations from the normal found in mentally ill subjects. Also the range of variations may be much more marked in abnormal than in normal groups. Furthermore, abnormal reactions in themselves may be characterized by either too much or too little variety, i.e. by scatter or by stereotypy.Discrimination between normal and abnormal reaction can be based on a single quantitative measurement, on difference in variance or on a compound measurement, i.e. pattern or profile. The discriminative approach has advantages over other methods because in this approach the initial factors are concrete and based on known classes such as males and females, children and adults, special clinical types, &c.(3) Genetical analysis.-Actuarial data can be useful in genetic studies by leading to estimation of population frequency of genes and consanguinity rates. Moreover, combined clinical and genetical observations can reveal the existence of new clinical entities. PMID- 18919284 TI - Specimen of colon removed on account of severe pyoderma from a long-standing case of chronic ulcerative colitis. PMID- 18919285 TI - Associated carcinoma of colon and rectum; report of two cases. PMID- 18919286 TI - Carcinoma of the caecum associated with carcinoid tumour of the small intestine. PMID- 18919287 TI - Carcinoma of the rectum with a single secondary in the liver; synchronous combined excision and left hepatectomy. PMID- 18919288 TI - Partial hepatectomy and right hemicolectomy for carcinoma of the hepatic flexure of the colon. PMID- 18919289 TI - Comments on sacrococcygeal teratomas. PMID- 18919290 TI - Technique and value of tattooing in plastic surgery. PMID- 18919291 TI - Some dermatological complications of open wounds. PMID- 18919292 TI - Recurrent dislocation of the elbow-joint. PMID- 18919293 TI - Pseudocoxalgia (Calve-Legg-Perthes disease) the radiographic changes outside the femoral head. PMID- 18919294 TI - Cases and case records illustrating orthopaedic and plastic surgical team work. PMID- 18919295 TI - The Brittain method of arthrodesis of the hip. PMID- 18919296 TI - Discussion on some recent developments in knowledge of the physiology of the breast. PMID- 18919297 TI - Studies of certain vitamins and other constituents of human milk. PMID- 18919298 TI - Recent researches on the physiology of mammary development and function. PMID- 18919299 TI - Discussion on some aspects of surgical and radiological treatment of carcinoma of the cervix. PMID- 18919300 TI - The radiological treatment of carcinoma of the cervix uteri. PMID- 18919301 TI - Discussion on anterior poliomyelitis. PMID- 18919302 TI - Acute meningo-encephalitis of undetermined virus aetiology. PMID- 18919303 TI - Some observations on the 1947 out break of acute poliomyelitis. PMID- 18919304 TI - The role of hormones in sterility. PMID- 18919305 TI - The untold truth about medicine. PMID- 18919306 TI - The peptic ulcer problem, with special reference to vagal resection; report of 50 cases. PMID- 18919307 TI - Acromegaly; report of two cases from the point of view of the otolaryngologists. PMID- 18919308 TI - Intracerebral hemorrhage of traumatic origin. PMID- 18919309 TI - A case of carcinoma of the cecum. PMID- 18919310 TI - Some problems of deafness. PMID- 18919311 TI - Dermatitis due to contact with common weeds and vines of South Carolina. PMID- 18919312 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919313 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919314 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919315 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919316 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919317 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919318 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919319 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919321 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919320 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919322 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919323 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919324 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919325 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919326 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919327 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919328 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919329 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919330 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919331 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919332 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919333 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919334 TI - Addison's anaemia and Addison's disease. PMID- 18919335 TI - Occupational lead effects. PMID- 18919336 TI - Total esophagectomy for carcinoma of the middle third of the oesophagus; report of a successful operation. PMID- 18919338 TI - Decapitation, a simple method. PMID- 18919337 TI - Bacillary dysentery in Cape Town. PMID- 18919339 TI - Development of prefrontal lobotomy in the treatment of intolerable pain. PMID- 18919340 TI - Varicose veins. PMID- 18919341 TI - Concepts of primary parenchymal liver disease. PMID- 18919342 TI - Post-operative deep femoral thrombosis; a review of its aetiology, diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 18919344 TI - THESE citizens can be salvaged. PMID- 18919343 TI - Revolutionary doctors. PMID- 18919345 TI - Some practical considerations in the management of arthritis. PMID- 18919346 TI - Psychiatric considerations in the management of tuberculosis. PMID- 18919347 TI - Tuberculosis diagnostic services in West Virginia. PMID- 18919348 TI - Renal papillary necrosis complicating diabetes mellitus; a review of the literature with case report. PMID- 18919349 TI - Temperature and heat flow in a well near Colorado Springs. PMID- 18919350 TI - Nuclear field theory. PMID- 18919351 TI - Antigonadotrophic action of human saliva in vivo. PMID- 18919352 TI - An apparatus for concentrating solutions by freezing and thawing. PMID- 18919354 TI - The role of medical photography in the hospital. PMID- 18919353 TI - Some observations on dermatological photography. PMID- 18919355 TI - A surgical photographic truck. PMID- 18919356 TI - The physical principles and techniques of autoradiographs. PMID- 18919357 TI - Removal and prevention of fungus stain of photographic negatives in the tropics. PMID- 18919358 TI - The effect of a water-soluble carcinogen on neutralization in Amblystoma explants. PMID- 18919359 TI - The relation of density of population to encystment in Didinium nasutum. PMID- 18919360 TI - A study of some algal pigments. PMID- 18919362 TI - Observations on gonidia formation in Cylindrospermum. PMID- 18919361 TI - The formation and structure of the zoospores in Allomyces. PMID- 18919363 TI - Breeding habits of a cave spider, Nesticus carteri Emerton. PMID- 18919364 TI - Photography in science. PMID- 18919365 TI - Intravenous injections. PMID- 18919366 TI - One atom and many. PMID- 18919368 TI - Racial intelligence. PMID- 18919367 TI - The principles of poor speaking. PMID- 18919369 TI - Man, the mythmaker. PMID- 18919370 TI - Obfuscating personality. PMID- 18919371 TI - PUERTO RICO, summary of vital statistics, 1945. PMID- 18919372 TI - VIRGIN ISLANDS, summary of vital statistics, 1945. PMID- 18919373 TI - Central nervous system in pneumonia (nonsuppurative pneumonic encephalitis) an experimental study. PMID- 18919374 TI - Ballism and the subthalamic nucleus hypothalamicus; corpus luysi) review of the literature and study of 30 cases. PMID- 18919375 TI - Electroencephalographic studies on induced and excised epileptogenic foci in monkeys. PMID- 18919376 TI - Investigations on narcodiagnosis. PMID- 18919377 TI - Postoperative period of survival of patients with oligodendroglioma of the brain; report of 25 cases. PMID- 18919378 TI - Significance of changes in the electrocardiogram after electrically induced convulsions in man. PMID- 18919379 TI - Spatial organization of visual perception following injury to the brain. PMID- 18919380 TI - Poliomyelitis; study of an epidemic of 40 cases in Key West, Fla., May-August 1946. PMID- 18919381 TI - Ethics of nursing. PMID- 18919382 TI - Marasmus. PMID- 18919383 TI - Modern treatment of puerperal sepsis; complications and their treatment. PMID- 18919384 TI - AVOIDABLE meningitis. PMID- 18919385 TI - Asepsis and antisepsis. PMID- 18919386 TI - PECKHAM health experiment starts again. PMID- 18919387 TI - Establishing an accident service. PMID- 18919388 TI - Mental hospitals in Patras and Ionian Islands. PMID- 18919389 TI - Drugs in common use in midwifery. PMID- 18919390 TI - SURGERY for the blue baby. PMID- 18919391 TI - Blalock operation for Fallot's tetralogy. PMID- 18919392 TI - Congenital atresia of the oesophagus successfully treated. PMID- 18919393 TI - The influence of the emotions upon pregnancy and parturition. PMID- 18919394 TI - Neonatal gastro-enteritis. PMID- 18919395 TI - Dangers of a broken needle in the tissues. PMID- 18919396 TI - The public health nurse in Northern Ireland. PMID- 18919397 TI - District nursing as a career. PMID- 18919398 TI - Conference at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore. PMID- 18919399 TI - VISITING the clinics at the Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore. PMID- 18919400 TI - Quinine; a new supply found in the Andes. PMID- 18919401 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919402 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919403 TI - Surgical treatment of syphilitic primary atrophy of the optic nerves (syphilitic optochiasmatic arachnoiditis) a clinicoanatomic study. PMID- 18919404 TI - Ocular injury due to sulfur dioxide; report of four cases. PMID- 18919405 TI - Ocular injury due to sulfur dioxide; experimental study and comparison with ocular effects of freezing. PMID- 18919406 TI - Chronic tearing cured by reestablishment of normal tear conduction passages. PMID- 18919407 TI - Therapeutic sulfadiazine poisoning, with pemphigoid lesions; conjunctival changes. PMID- 18919409 TI - Corneal and conjunctival pigmentation among workers engaged in manufacture of hydroquinone. PMID- 18919408 TI - Selenium burn of the eye; report of a case, with review of the literature. PMID- 18919410 TI - Beta ray radium applicator for ocular use; preliminary report. PMID- 18919411 TI - Ointment absorbed through corneal wound; report of a case. PMID- 18919412 TI - Improved scissors for corneal grafting. PMID- 18919413 TI - Corneal and conjunctival pigmentation among workers in hydroquinone. PMID- 18919414 TI - The treatment of syphilitic eye diseases with penicillin. PMID- 18919416 TI - The incidence of pathology cases and their referral. PMID- 18919415 TI - Distortion of binocular space perception induced by size differences introduced in fitting of spectacles. PMID- 18919417 TI - INFLUENCE of lighting, eyesight and environment of production. PMID- 18919418 TI - The science of visual development. PMID- 18919419 TI - Face measurement and fitting modern lens shapes. PMID- 18919420 TI - Visual training. PMID- 18919421 TI - Role of the optometrist in Army Medical Department. PMID- 18919422 TI - Diagnostic features of the pupil of the eye. PMID- 18919424 TI - Opportunities for sight conservation in medical care programs. PMID- 18919423 TI - Tachistoscopic training in schools. PMID- 18919426 TI - Occupational therapy in eye wards. PMID- 18919425 TI - The nurse's role in the prevention of blindness and conservation of sight. PMID- 18919427 TI - The undeveloped eye. PMID- 18919428 TI - The eyes of infancy and childhood. PMID- 18919429 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919430 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919431 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919432 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919433 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919434 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919435 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919436 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919437 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919438 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919439 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919440 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919441 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919442 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919443 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919444 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919445 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919446 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919447 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919448 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919450 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919449 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919451 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919452 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919453 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919455 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919454 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919456 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919457 TI - Bone marrow infusions in childhood. PMID- 18919458 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919460 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919459 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919461 TI - Some clinical aspects of lactation. PMID- 18919462 TI - The titratable acidity, pH, ammonia and phosphates in the urines of very young infants. PMID- 18919463 TI - The inter-renal syndrome in childhood. PMID- 18919464 TI - Urinalysis in dehydration fever. PMID- 18919466 TI - Gastric dilatation, megacolon, and idiocy in identical twins. PMID- 18919465 TI - The Addis count in the prognosis of acute nephritis in childhood. PMID- 18919467 TI - Purpura and intussusception. PMID- 18919468 TI - Tumour of the optic chiasma. PMID- 18919469 TI - Hereditary phalangeal agenesis showing dominant Mendelian characteristics. PMID- 18919470 TI - Acute bacterial endocarditis with a positive blood culture in a child aged one year. PMID- 18919471 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919472 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919473 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919474 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919475 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919476 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919477 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919478 TI - Obstructive biliary cirrhosis. PMID- 18919480 TI - Bleeding from the mouth. PMID- 18919479 TI - Fever and loss of appetite. PMID- 18919481 TI - NEW ZEALAND cares for children's teeth. PMID- 18919482 TI - If your baby is blind. PMID- 18919483 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919484 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919485 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919486 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919487 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919488 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919489 TI - Social relationships of physically handicapped children. PMID- 18919490 TI - Educating handicapped children in England and Wales. PMID- 18919491 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919492 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919493 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919494 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919495 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919496 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919497 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919498 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919499 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919500 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919501 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919502 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919503 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919504 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919505 TI - Influence of penicillin and streptomycin on the cerebral and neuromuscular reactions of white rats. PMID- 18919506 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919507 TI - The uptake of acridines by cell substances. PMID- 18919508 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919509 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919510 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919512 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919511 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919513 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919514 TI - The uptake of acridines by yeast cells, with considerations on the biochemical behaviour of acridines. PMID- 18919516 TI - REST cure. PMID- 18919515 TI - A theoretical note concerning the action of drugs on the central nervous system. PMID- 18919517 TI - ARCTIC harvest; the story of British cod-liver oil. PMID- 18919518 TI - Pharmacy today. PMID- 18919519 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919520 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919521 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919522 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919523 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919524 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919525 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919526 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919527 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919528 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919529 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919530 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919531 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919532 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919533 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919535 TI - The conservation of drugs; chemical and biological aspects. PMID- 18919534 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919536 TI - The thermolability of lipase in powder form and in suspension in oil. PMID- 18919537 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919538 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919539 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919540 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919541 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919542 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919543 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919544 TI - Applying new insecticide act. PMID- 18919545 TI - Naval stores chemicals in the disinfectant field. PMID- 18919547 TI - Penetration of DDT into wood surfaces. PMID- 18919546 TI - Quaternaries versus phenolics. PMID- 18919548 TI - ANTU the lethal dose. PMID- 18919549 TI - On the germicidal behavior of a quaternary ammonium compound. PMID- 18919551 TI - The health factor in town planning. PMID- 18919550 TI - Infantile paralysis. PMID- 18919552 TI - The teaching of hygiene in the army. PMID- 18919553 TI - Statistical aspects of demobilization in the Royal Navy. PMID- 18919554 TI - CONTROL of malaria. PMID- 18919555 TI - The fluorination of communal water supplies. PMID- 18919556 TI - Fluorine content of the water supplies of New Jersey. PMID- 18919557 TI - The story of polio. PMID- 18919558 TI - Newer methods in tuberculosis control. PMID- 18919559 TI - What a health department can contribute to the home safety program. PMID- 18919560 TI - Municipal incinerator plants. PMID- 18919561 TI - A study of motor cell localization in the spinal cord of the rhesus monkey. PMID- 18919562 TI - An analysis of variations in the bronchovascular pattern of the right upper lobe of 50 lungs. PMID- 18919563 TI - The effect on liver structure of treatment with adrenocorticotropin under varied dietary conditions. PMID- 18919564 TI - Age changes in the deep cervical lymph nodes of 100 Wistar Institute rats. PMID- 18919565 TI - Nuclear behavior of Paramecium trichium during conjugation. PMID- 18919566 TI - The cytology of the Cecidomyidae (Diptera) the salivary-gland chromosomes of several species. PMID- 18919567 TI - Fluorine analysis of Italian prune foliage affected by marginal scorch. PMID- 18919568 TI - Soil fumigation for fungus control with methyl bromide. PMID- 18919569 TI - The identification and characterization of a virus causing mosaic in Mertensia virginica. PMID- 18919570 TI - Production of antibiotic substances by fusaria. PMID- 18919571 TI - Antagonistic activity of a species of Actinomyces against Ceratostomella ulmi in vitro. PMID- 18919572 TI - The respiratory quotient of Drosophila in flight. PMID- 18919573 TI - The effect of illumination and stage of tide on the attachment of barnacle cyrids. PMID- 18919574 TI - Early life history of the oyster crab, Pinnotheres ostreum (Say). PMID- 18919575 TI - Electrokinetic studies of marine ova; effect of pH-changes on the surface potentials of sea-urchin eggs. PMID- 18919576 TI - Electrokinetic studies of marine ova; the effect of salts on the zeta potential of the eggs of Strongylocentrotus pulcherrimus. PMID- 18919577 TI - Electrokinetic studies of marine ova; relation between the zeta potentioa and adhesiveness of the cell membrane of sea-urchin eggs. PMID- 18919578 TI - The development of the spiracular cartilages of the spiny dogfish, Acanthias vulgaris (Squalus Acanthias). PMID- 18919579 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919580 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919581 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919582 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919583 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919584 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919585 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919586 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919587 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919588 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919589 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919590 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919591 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919592 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919593 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919594 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919595 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919596 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919597 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919598 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919599 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919600 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919602 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919601 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919603 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919604 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919605 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919606 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919607 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919608 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919609 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919610 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919611 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919612 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919613 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919614 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919615 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919616 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919617 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919618 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919619 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919620 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919621 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919622 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919623 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919624 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919625 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919626 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919627 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919628 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919629 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919630 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919631 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919632 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919633 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919634 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919635 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919637 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919636 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919638 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919639 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919640 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919641 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919642 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919643 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919645 TI - Some notes on parasitic Copepoda. PMID- 18919644 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919646 TI - The Portuguese man-of-war, Physalia physalis L., in British and adjacent seas. PMID- 18919647 TI - The electrocardiographic diagnosis of right ventricular hypertrophy. PMID- 18919648 TI - Tonoscillography after exercise in peripheral vascular disease and coarctation of the aorta. PMID- 18919649 TI - Variations in the deviations of S-T in anterior wall infarction. PMID- 18919650 TI - Spinal nerve root pain (radiculitis) simulating coronary occlusion; a common syndrome. PMID- 18919651 TI - Extrasystoles in groups. PMID- 18919652 TI - The use of dicumarol in experimental coronary occlusion; the ineffectiveness of dicumarol when ligation is the method of occlusion. PMID- 18919653 TI - Clinical analysis of the S wave pattern electrocardiogram; an investigation including extensive unipolar lead studies. PMID- 18919654 TI - Angiomesohyperplasia; a generalized noninflammatory occlusive arterial disease. PMID- 18919655 TI - Rupture of the heart following acute myocardial infarction; incidence in a public hospital, with five illustrative cases including one of perforation of the interventricular septum diagnosed ante mortem. PMID- 18919656 TI - Paroxysmal auricular tachycardia at a rate of 86 per minute; report of a case. PMID- 18919657 TI - Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in a case of congenital heart disease. PMID- 18919658 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919659 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919660 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919661 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919662 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919664 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919663 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919665 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919666 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919667 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919668 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919669 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919670 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919671 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919672 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919673 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919674 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919675 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919676 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919678 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919677 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919679 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919680 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919681 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919682 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919683 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919684 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919685 TI - Studies on stream sterilization of soils; some effects on physical, chemical, and biological properties. PMID- 18919686 TI - Aerobic bacteria that decompose cellulose, isolated from Quebec soils; isolation and description of the species. PMID- 18919687 TI - An indicator agar for the determination of the relative concentration of ascorbic acid in potato tuber tissue. PMID- 18919688 TI - Studies on the decomposition of cellulose by micro-organisms. PMID- 18919689 TI - Phosphorus deficiency in relation to the nitrate reduction test. PMID- 18919690 TI - The genetics of the colour phases of the red fox in the Mackenzie River locality. PMID- 18919691 TI - The non-availability of lysine from the corresponding hydantoin in the rat. PMID- 18919692 TI - The specificity of the precipitin reaction, as used in the study of mosquito feeding habits. PMID- 18919693 TI - Effect of dietary protein on susceptibility of rats to trauma. PMID- 18919694 TI - Influence of replacement therapy on the increased susceptibility of protein deficient rats to trauma. PMID- 18919695 TI - Morphine studies; the phenanthrene unit. PMID- 18919696 TI - Constituents of pyrethrum flowers; revision of the structure of dihydrocinerolone. PMID- 18919697 TI - Sex hormones; a synthesis of 1-keto-7-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrophenanthrene and of 1-keto-7-methoxy-1,2,3,4,9,10-hexahydrophenanthrene. PMID- 18919698 TI - 8-R-thio- and 8-R-sulfonylcaffeine derivatives. PMID- 18919699 TI - A new synthesis and confirmation of the structure of amidone. PMID- 18919700 TI - A new synthesis of fused ring structure related to the steroids; the 17 equilenones; a total synthesis of equilenin. PMID- 18919701 TI - Thionol and its semiquinone radical. PMID- 18919702 TI - Polarographic study with a microelectrode past which an electrolyte is flowing. PMID- 18919703 TI - The effect of alkali on the ultraviolet absorption spectra of hydroxyaldehydes, hydroxyketones and other phenolic compounds. PMID- 18919704 TI - Streptolin, a new antibiotic from a species of streptomyces. PMID- 18919705 TI - The role of the constituents of synthetic media for penicillin production. PMID- 18919706 TI - The antibacterial principle of Arctium minus; the unsaturated lactone structure. PMID- 18919707 TI - Streptomyces antibiotics; N-methyl-L-glucosamine. PMID- 18919708 TI - Studies in the anthracene series; alkyl ketones derived from 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro 9,10-anthraquinone. PMID- 18919709 TI - Hydrogenation of esters to alcohols over Raney nickel. PMID- 18919710 TI - Reactions of vanillin and its derived compounds; some esters of vanillic acid. PMID- 18919711 TI - Substituted sulfanilamidopyrimidines. PMID- 18919712 TI - The synthesis of 3-hydroxy-16-equilenone, a structural isomer of equilenin. PMID- 18919713 TI - Condensations of alpha-alkyl-alpha-carbethoxy-gamma-butyric lactones. PMID- 18919714 TI - Some urethans of phenolic quaternary ammonium salts. PMID- 18919715 TI - Acetate metabolism in yeast, studied with isotopic carbon. PMID- 18919716 TI - Hydroxylated stearic acids; action of Prevost's reagent on oleic and elaidic esters; evidence for configuration of the hydroxy acids. PMID- 18919717 TI - The alkylation of aliphatic nitro compounds with gramine; a new synthesis of derivatives of tryptamine. PMID- 18919718 TI - The chlorination of anthranilic acid. PMID- 18919719 TI - The homogeneous reaction of nitric oxide and carbon monoxide. PMID- 18919720 TI - Evidence for the presence of streptothricin in streptolin culture filtrates. PMID- 18919721 TI - The metachromatic reaction of hexametaphosphate. PMID- 18919722 TI - Choline cholanate. PMID- 18919723 TI - Diamines; the synthesis of amino analogs of adrenaline, arterenol and ephedrine. PMID- 18919724 TI - Paper chromatography applied to the isotopic derivative method of analysis. PMID- 18919725 TI - 6,8-Diiodobenzoyleneurea, and the interaction of 5,7-dihalogenoisatoic anhydrides with ammonia and with ethylamine; 3-ethyl-6,8-dihalogenobenzoyleneureas. PMID- 18919726 TI - Electronic interpretation of organic chemistry; the role of solvent in determining reaction rate. PMID- 18919727 TI - Antimalarials; some new secondary and tertiary arylmethylamines. PMID- 18919728 TI - Antimalarials; aliphatic amino ketones and alcohols. PMID- 18919729 TI - Antimalarials; some piperazine derivatives. PMID- 18919730 TI - Antimalarials; some new long-chain aliphatic di-(amino alcohols). PMID- 18919731 TI - The improved synthesis of 5-nitro-1,10-phenanthroline. PMID- 18919732 TI - The synthesis of 5-hydroxy-8-nitroquinoline and certain of its derivatives. PMID- 18919733 TI - Thiocarbonyls; the structure of difluoryl trisulfide and dibenzophenone trisulfide. PMID- 18919734 TI - Dimeric propenyl phenol ethers; the formation of anthraquinone derivatives in the chromic acid degradation of diisohomogenol (1). PMID- 18919735 TI - The method of molecular rotation differences applied to 3-keto steroids of the allo series. PMID- 18919736 TI - The Mannich reaction with dihydrocodeinone. PMID- 18919737 TI - The phenyldihydrothebaines. PMID- 18919738 TI - Biguanide and thiourea derivatives of quinoline. PMID- 18919739 TI - Arsenicals; sulfonyloxy, sulfonamido, and benzyloxy derivatives of phenylarsonic acids and their reduction products. PMID- 18919740 TI - Reactions of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrophenanthrene and derivatives; alkyl derivatives and antimalarial drugs. PMID- 18919741 TI - Piperidine derivatives; 2-phenyl- and 2-phenylalkyl-piperidines. PMID- 18919742 TI - Piperidine derivatives; 4-arylpiperidines. PMID- 18919743 TI - Piperidine derivatives; 4-alkyl-, 4-cycloalkyl-, and 4-heterocyclyl-piperidines. PMID- 18919744 TI - Piperidine derivatives; 1,3-dialkyl-4-aryl-4-acyloxypiperidines. PMID- 18919745 TI - Clinical photography. PMID- 18919746 TI - Surgical correction of the alveolus to accommodate immediate dentures. PMID- 18919747 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919749 TI - Orthodontics for the masses. PMID- 18919748 TI - Experimental welder design. PMID- 18919750 TI - Construction of an impression tray from a phonograph record for use with mucostatic impression materials. PMID- 18919751 TI - A practical technic for rebasing lower dentures. PMID- 18919752 TI - Recognition and treatment of the early periodontal pocket. PMID- 18919753 TI - Chronic desquamative gingivitis. PMID- 18919754 TI - Vincent's infection of the mouth. PMID- 18919755 TI - DENTISTS oppose college speedup courses. PMID- 18919756 TI - Sectioning of impacted teeth. PMID- 18919757 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919758 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919759 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919760 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919761 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919762 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919763 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919764 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919765 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919766 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919767 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919768 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919769 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919770 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919771 TI - Etiology and rehabilitation. PMID- 18919772 TI - Graduate education in dermatology. PMID- 18919773 TI - Survey of pathologic studies of cutaneous diseases during World War II. PMID- 18919774 TI - Liquid oxygen in dermatologic practice. PMID- 18919775 TI - Spindle cell epidermoid epithelioma simulating sarcoma in chronic radiodermatitis. PMID- 18919776 TI - Chemistry of palmar sweat; ammonia nitrogen. PMID- 18919777 TI - Technic and problems of roentgen ray epilation. PMID- 18919778 TI - American cutaneous leishmaniasis; report of 12 cases from Canal Zone. PMID- 18919780 TI - Lymphogranuloma venereum; observations on 388 patients at Bellevue Hospital. PMID- 18919779 TI - Sebaceous adenoma; review of the literature and report of a case. PMID- 18919781 TI - Viability of fungus in hairs from patients with tinea capitis; Microsporon audouini. PMID- 18919782 TI - Dermatitis following the use of nitrofurazone. PMID- 18919783 TI - Cutaneous diseases among Army personnel in Japan. PMID- 18919784 TI - The hormonal properties of perhydrodiethylstilboestrol. PMID- 18919785 TI - Assay of thyroidal activity by a closed vessel technique. PMID- 18919786 TI - A comparison of the growth of the ovum and follicle in normal rhesus monkeys, and monkeys treated with oestrogens and androgens. PMID- 18919787 TI - Duration of reproductive life in the baboon. PMID- 18919788 TI - Recent advances in the chemistry of the adrenal cortex. PMID- 18919789 TI - The pituitary-adrenocortical relationship. PMID- 18919790 TI - The influence of the adrenal cortex on metabolism. PMID- 18919791 TI - The adrenal cortex in shock and stress. PMID- 18919792 TI - Biological assays of cortical hormones and estimation of the rate of secretion of the mammalian suprarenal cortex. PMID- 18919793 TI - Some observations on the determination of pregnanediol. PMID- 18919794 TI - Observations on the excretion of diethylstilboestrol by the ruminant. PMID- 18919795 TI - The antithyroid activity of ergothioneine. PMID- 18919796 TI - Further observations on the closed vessel technique for testing thyroid activity. PMID- 18919797 TI - Pituitary and carbohydrate metabolism of the brain. PMID- 18919798 TI - Tissue changes and sodium balance in pantothenic acid-deficient rats. PMID- 18919799 TI - Studies on the bioassay of hormones; the relative potencies of testosterone propionate and testosterone-17-beta-diethyl amino ethyl carbonate hydrochloride. PMID- 18919800 TI - Studies on the bioassay of hormones; the assay of chronic gonadotrophin from human pregnancy urine and serum. PMID- 18919801 TI - Studies on the bioassay of hormones; the use of radiosodium for the detection of small quantities of desoxycorticosterone. PMID- 18919802 TI - Metabolism of the steroid hormones; studies on 17-ketosteroids and androgens. PMID- 18919803 TI - Potentiating effects of adrenal cortical extract on insulin-induced abnormalities of chick development. PMID- 18919805 TI - Ovarian influence on the response of the anterior pituitary to estrogens. PMID- 18919804 TI - Effects of vitamin A deficiency on thyroid function studied with radioactive iodine. PMID- 18919806 TI - Influence of thiouracil on the basal metabolic rate and on molting in hens. PMID- 18919807 TI - The action of diethylstilbestrol and some steroids on the respiration of rat brain homogenates. PMID- 18919808 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919809 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919810 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919811 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919812 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919813 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919814 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919815 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919816 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919817 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919818 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919819 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919820 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919821 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919822 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919823 TI - Diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of kymographic uterotubal insufflation with comparative observations on hysterosalpingography. PMID- 18919824 TI - Studies in the biology of the cervix and its relation to puerperal infections. PMID- 18919825 TI - The range of blood-pressure among women who had a normal pregnancy and confinement. PMID- 18919826 TI - The value of the Guterman test in threatened abortion. PMID- 18919827 TI - An investigation of the causes of sterility and lowered fertility in West African Negroes. PMID- 18919829 TI - Vestibular anus; report of a case. PMID- 18919828 TI - Calcium and phosphorus metabolism in pregnancy; a survey under war and post-war conditions; calcium and phosphorus balances and antenatal findings. PMID- 18919830 TI - Cramps in pregnancy. PMID- 18919831 TI - Some aspects of foetal pathology with special reference to the role of amniotic bands. PMID- 18919832 TI - Inevitable, incomplete and septic abortion. PMID- 18919833 TI - The incubation period of ophthalmia neonatorum. PMID- 18919834 TI - Further observations on the basal temperature in sterile women. PMID- 18919835 TI - A case of spontaneous extra- and intra-peritoneal rupture of a hydronephrosis in pregnancy. PMID- 18919836 TI - The use of a Hodge pessary for correcting backward displacement of the uterus. PMID- 18919837 TI - Pyrexia as a sign of endometriosis. PMID- 18919838 TI - Plastic surgical treatment of congenital transverse diaphragms of the vagina. PMID- 18919839 TI - [The problem of Brazilian children and their technical equipping]. PMID- 18919840 TI - [Corioangioma placenta]. PMID- 18919841 TI - [Bleeding of the corpus luteum simulating acute appendicitis]. PMID- 18919842 TI - [Genitorectal pathology]. PMID- 18919843 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919844 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919845 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919846 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919847 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919848 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919849 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919850 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919851 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919852 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919853 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919854 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919855 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919856 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919857 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919858 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919859 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919860 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919861 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919863 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919862 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919864 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919865 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919866 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919867 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919868 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919869 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919870 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919871 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919872 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919873 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919874 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919875 TI - Paracelsan medicine in England; the first thirty years (ca. 1570-1600). PMID- 18919876 TI - Etiological theory in America prior to the Civil War. PMID- 18919877 TI - Some recent European publications dealing with Paracelsus. PMID- 18919878 TI - Medical and anatomical terms in the Pentateuch in the light of Egyptian medical papyri. PMID- 18919879 TI - Cancer of the stomach. PMID- 18919880 TI - History of Westlake Hospital, Melrose Park, Ill. PMID- 18919882 TI - Early ambulation evaluated. PMID- 18919881 TI - Including education for general practitioners. PMID- 18919883 TI - Meeting the administrative problems of rooming in. PMID- 18919884 TI - Veterans hospitalization is another of the urgent problems for Congress. PMID- 18919885 TI - The use and mechanics of the medical audit. PMID- 18919886 TI - A new cerebral palsy nursery school. PMID- 18919887 TI - A gold mine of teaching, wasted. PMID- 18919888 TI - PLANS of general hospitals for the coordinated hospital system. PMID- 18919889 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919890 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919891 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919892 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919893 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919894 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919895 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919896 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919897 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919898 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919899 TI - Culture contacts and population growth. PMID- 18919900 TI - Courtship and personality. PMID- 18919901 TI - Mormon fertility; a survey of student opinion. PMID- 18919902 TI - The regular-service myth. PMID- 18919903 TI - Socioanalysis; a new approach to criminology. PMID- 18919904 TI - Oral examination for every employee. PMID- 18919905 TI - Benzene hexachloride (gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane). PMID- 18919906 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919907 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919908 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919909 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919910 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919911 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919912 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919913 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919914 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919915 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919916 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919917 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919918 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919919 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919920 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919921 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919922 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919923 TI - Historical inquiry as a method of estimating the trend of leprosy. PMID- 18919924 TI - Promizole treatment of leprosy; a progress report. PMID- 18919925 TI - Erythema nodosum in leprosy. PMID- 18919926 TI - Immunology of leprosy; antigens derived from Mycobacterium leprae in oily suspension. PMID- 18919927 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919928 TI - Endemic foci of leprosy in the State of Texas. PMID- 18919929 TI - Leprosy in ancient Indian medicine. PMID- 18919930 TI - Leprosy problem in Burma. PMID- 18919931 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919932 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919933 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919934 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919935 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919937 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919936 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919938 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18919939 TI - Carcinoma of the lung. PMID- 18919940 TI - A statistical study of 112 cases of benign gastric ulceration. PMID- 18919941 TI - Experimental study on the localization of Castle's intrinsic factor in the human stomach; anti-anemic effect of powdered human fundus and pylorus. PMID- 18919942 TI - Rectal polyps; diagnosis, 5 year follow-up, and relation to carcinoma of the rectum. PMID- 18919943 TI - Attempts to inhibit Rh antibody production in rabbits; use of ethylene disulphonate, sodium salicylate, pyribenzamine, and A and B specific blood substances. PMID- 18919944 TI - Variation in the prothrombin test technique. PMID- 18919945 TI - A study of the mechanism and treatment of experimental heat pyrexia. PMID- 18919946 TI - Studies on the action of intravenously administered sodium amytal. PMID- 18919947 TI - Thiouracil and propylthiouracil in the pre-surgical and medical management of thyrotoxicosis. PMID- 18919948 TI - Studies of biotin metabolism in man; studies of the mechanism of absorption of biotin and the effect of biotin administration on a few cases of seborrhea and other conditions. PMID- 18919949 TI - Penicillin therapy in subacute bacterial endocarditis. PMID- 18919950 TI - Non-atheromatous lesions of the coronary arteries. PMID- 18919951 TI - The iatrogenic factors in illness. PMID- 18919952 TI - Dynamic structure of glucose convulsions. PMID- 18919953 TI - The rate of increase of arterial oxygen saturation during inhalation of oxygen. PMID- 18919954 TI - The standardization of hemoglobin measurement. PMID- 18919955 TI - The immediate treatment of cerebrovascular accidents. PMID- 18919956 TI - Observations on 2233 blood cultures and their interpretation. PMID- 18919958 TI - The roentgenologic diagnosis of syphilitic cardiovascular disease. PMID- 18919957 TI - The early diagnosis of syphilitic aortitis. PMID- 18919959 TI - A present-day concept of the treatment of cardiovascular syphilis. PMID- 18919960 TI - Sequelae of acute hepatitis. PMID- 18919961 TI - Psychosomatic medicine in daily practice. PMID- 18919962 TI - The treatment of acne rosacea. PMID- 18919963 TI - The management of warts. PMID- 18919964 TI - Leprosy. PMID- 18919965 TI - Significance of diastolic murmurs. PMID- 18919966 TI - Lower nephron nephrosis. PMID- 18919967 TI - Rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 18919968 TI - Thrombopenic purpura. PMID- 18919969 TI - Immunity to diphtheria induced by a booster dose of diphtheria toxoid purified by absorption and elution; based on a study of 55 allergic children. PMID- 18919970 TI - Bronchial asthma in patients over the age of 55 years; diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 18919971 TI - The allergens of mill dust; asthma in millers, farmers, and others. PMID- 18919972 TI - Allergy in glaucoma; manifestations of allergy in three glaucoma patients as determined by the pulse-diet method of coca. PMID- 18919973 TI - Anti-asthmatic effects of a new synthetic antispasmodic; beta-diethylaminoethyl 9,10-dihydroanthracene-9-carboxylate hydrochloride. PMID- 18919974 TI - Methods for the objective demonstration of suspected drug sensitivity. PMID- 18919975 TI - Chemical investigations of giant ragweed pollen. PMID- 18919976 TI - The application of a tissue culture technique in the clinical evaluation of bacterial hypersensitivity. PMID- 18919977 TI - Active sensitization to pollen. PMID- 18919978 TI - The effect of drugs in modifying the response of asthmatic subjects to inhalation of pollen extracts as determined by vital capacity measurements. PMID- 18919979 TI - Failure of certain histamine-like substances to produce or to inhibit wheals in the human skin; preliminary report. PMID- 18919980 TI - Pharmacology of a new bronchoconstrictor drug, hexaethyltetraphosphate. PMID- 18919981 TI - The use of the respiratory enzyme, cytochrome C, in dyspnea. PMID- 18919982 TI - 2-Methylaminoheptane (cenethyl) as an aid in the diagnosis and therapy of headaches associated with hypotension; a preliminary report. PMID- 18919983 TI - Parenterally induced drug reactions. PMID- 18919984 TI - Metrorrhagia due to allergy to cold. PMID- 18919985 TI - Dermatologic allergy. PMID- 18919986 TI - Osteoporosis. PMID- 18919987 TI - Obesity. PMID- 18919988 TI - The poverty of the immunological mechanism in patients with Hodgkin's disease. PMID- 18919989 TI - Clinically primary tuberculous pericarditis. PMID- 18919990 TI - The efficacy of maintenance doses of digitalis in preventing the recurrence of congestive heart failure. PMID- 18919991 TI - The medical history; a suggested technic for internists and general practitioners. PMID- 18919992 TI - Analysis of roentgen-ray diagnosis in carcinoma of the cecum and ascending colon. PMID- 18919993 TI - Protective reaction patterns and disease. PMID- 18919994 TI - Effect of the antimony compounds, fuadin and tartar emetic, on the electrocardiogram of man; a study of the changes encountered in 141 patients treated for schistosomiasis. PMID- 18919995 TI - Streptomycin in the treatment of tuberculosis in humans; pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 18919996 TI - Chronic porphyria. PMID- 18919997 TI - Acute hemolytic anemia with auto-agglutination following sulfonamide therapy. PMID- 18919998 TI - Calcification of the myocardium. PMID- 18919999 TI - Complete heart block in calcareous aortic stenosis. PMID- 18920000 TI - Recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of granuloma inguinale. PMID- 18920001 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920002 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920003 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920004 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920005 TI - Penicillin in subacute bacterial endocarditis. PMID- 18920006 TI - Intravenous alimentation. PMID- 18920007 TI - Rarer manifestations of herpes zoster; a report on three cases. PMID- 18920008 TI - Treatment of chronic ulceration after irradiation of plantar wart. PMID- 18920009 TI - Exertion haemoglobinuria; report of a case. PMID- 18920010 TI - Tridione in the treatment of petit mal. PMID- 18920011 TI - A fatal case of agranulocytosis associated with tridione therapy. PMID- 18920012 TI - The dangers of going to bed. PMID- 18920013 TI - A sign of carcinoma. PMID- 18920014 TI - Pica for pipes. PMID- 18920015 TI - Smear diagnosis of malignancies. PMID- 18920016 TI - Combined pentothal, curare and nitrous oxide technique. PMID- 18920017 TI - An anti-Rh antigen-antibody reaction factor (the Rh protective factor). PMID- 18920018 TI - Psychotherapy in general medical practice. PMID- 18920019 TI - The resistance of the young rabbit to the diabetogenic effect of alloxan. PMID- 18920020 TI - Malignant tumors of the nasopharynx. PMID- 18920021 TI - The treatment of miliary tuberculosis with promizole. PMID- 18920022 TI - Diagnosis and treatment in gall bladder disease. PMID- 18920023 TI - Aortic aneurysms. PMID- 18920024 TI - A discussion of the results of splenectomy. PMID- 18920025 TI - Certain physiological aspects of peptic ulcer. PMID- 18920026 TI - Double uterus with massive haematometra. PMID- 18920028 TI - Treatment of mastitis using penicillin bougies. PMID- 18920030 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920031 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920032 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920033 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920034 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920035 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920036 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920037 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920038 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920039 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920040 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920041 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920042 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920043 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920044 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920045 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920046 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920047 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920048 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920049 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920050 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920051 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920052 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920053 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920054 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920055 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920056 TI - A case of gout in a Ruanda African. PMID- 18920057 TI - Patent urachus causing acute retention of urine; with a note on a continuous suction apparatus. PMID- 18920058 TI - Pathology of Central African natives; Mulago Hospital post mortem studies. PMID- 18920059 TI - Trombiculid mites on eyelid. PMID- 18920060 TI - Recent advance in the chemotherapy of tropical diseases. PMID- 18920061 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920062 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920063 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920064 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920065 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920066 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920067 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920068 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920069 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920070 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920071 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920072 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920074 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920073 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920075 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920076 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920077 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920078 TI - Psychosomatic diagnosis. PMID- 18920079 TI - Dermatologic manifestations in psychiatric disorders. PMID- 18920080 TI - Hookworm infections in American servicemen with reference to the establishment of ancylostoma duodenale in the Southern United States. PMID- 18920081 TI - Anastomosis of vas deferens after purposeful division for sterility. PMID- 18920082 TI - Carcinoma of the uterus, ovary and tube. PMID- 18920083 TI - Cranial arteritis; report of its occurrence in a young woman. PMID- 18920084 TI - Dicumarol poisoning. PMID- 18920085 TI - Nocardiosis; nocardia asteroides infection simulating pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 18920086 TI - Reduction of mortality from premature birth; some practical measures. PMID- 18920087 TI - Newborn mortality and morbidity with continuous caudal analgesia; an analysis of cases in New York, Philadelphia and Memphis, with controls. PMID- 18920088 TI - Cerebral granuloma due to schistosomiasis. PMID- 18920089 TI - Periodic disease; a probable syndrome including periodic fever, benign paroxysmal peritonitis, cyclic neutropenia and intermittent arthralgia. PMID- 18920090 TI - Lymphomas and leukemias; the value of early diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 18920091 TI - Treatment of tuberculosis of the tongue with streptomycin. PMID- 18920092 TI - DEATHS of physicians in 1947. PMID- 18920093 TI - Ventricular fibrillation abolished by electric shock. PMID- 18920094 TI - VACCINATION by nurse as unlicensed practice of medicine [New York, 1947]. PMID- 18920095 TI - Hypertension. PMID- 18920096 TI - Personal history and contact in pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 18920097 TI - Some current medical problems of underwriting. PMID- 18920098 TI - Beneficial results of atomic fission described. PMID- 18920100 TI - Obstetrics yesterday and today. PMID- 18920099 TI - Underwriting trends of today. PMID- 18920101 TI - Nonspecific granuloma of the colon. PMID- 18920102 TI - Thoracoplasty in pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 18920103 TI - Congenital gastro-enteric cysts of the thorax; a review and report of a case. PMID- 18920104 TI - Allergy in otolaryngology. PMID- 18920105 TI - The price of government medicine. PMID- 18920106 TI - The physiological characteristics of uterine cancer in relation to radiation therapy. PMID- 18920107 TI - Clinical use of antibiotics with special reference to penicillin and streptomycin. PMID- 18920108 TI - Visual examination for school children. PMID- 18920109 TI - Lipomas of large and small intestine; a clinical and pathological study of 12 cases which produced symptoms necessitating surgical intervention. PMID- 18920110 TI - Acute bronchiolitis in children. PMID- 18920111 TI - Carcinoma of the breast; its present status. PMID- 18920112 TI - 6-N-propylthiouracil in the treatment of hyperthyroidism; preliminary report. PMID- 18920113 TI - Bismuth therapy of verrucae; oral administration of sodium bismuth triglycollamate (bistrimate tablets). PMID- 18920114 TI - Hyperparathyroidism; summary of important findings in a 10 year study of a case. PMID- 18920115 TI - Mistaken diagnoses o tuberculosis. PMID- 18920116 TI - The Physick-Sellheim cesarean section in potentially infected cases. PMID- 18920117 TI - Buerger's disease; its management. PMID- 18920118 TI - Blood bilirubin studies; bile pigments in different diseases associated with jaundice. PMID- 18920119 TI - Shock in obstetrics. PMID- 18920120 TI - The initiation of cellular infection by influenza and related viruses. PMID- 18920121 TI - Ankylosing spondylitis. PMID- 18920122 TI - Action o tetraethyl ammonium bromide. PMID- 18920123 TI - Tetraethyl ammonium bromide in hypertension and hypertensive heart failure. PMID- 18920124 TI - Folic acid in nutritional anaemia. PMID- 18920125 TI - Streptomycin in human plague. PMID- 18920126 TI - Canine hysteria and wheat. PMID- 18920127 TI - A French architect's view. PMID- 18920128 TI - Censorship of medical articles. PMID- 18920129 TI - Death after myanesin anaesthesia. PMID- 18920130 TI - Media of health education. PMID- 18920131 TI - Chemotherapy and pharmacology of aerosporin; a selective gram-negative antibiotic. PMID- 18920132 TI - Treatment of pertussis with aerosporin. PMID- 18920133 TI - Fractures of the mandible with oedema of the neck and tongue; the early treatment. PMID- 18920134 TI - Perforation of the colon in dysentery; two cases of recovery after operation. PMID- 18920135 TI - Recto-urethral fistula; report of a case. PMID- 18920136 TI - Trichiniasis presenting with foot-drop and facial palsy. PMID- 18920137 TI - New type of bed cradle. PMID- 18920138 TI - Hospitals in the United States. PMID- 18920139 TI - Intravenous connulisation. PMID- 18920140 TI - Trilite inhaler in obstetric cases. PMID- 18920141 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920142 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920143 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920144 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920145 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920146 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920147 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920148 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920149 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920150 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920151 TI - Acute frontal sinusitis. PMID- 18920152 TI - Diet and the soil; modern views. PMID- 18920153 TI - The surgical treatment of peptic ulcers. PMID- 18920154 TI - Aetiology and incidence of foetal malformation. PMID- 18920155 TI - Homosexuality. PMID- 18920156 TI - The emergency medical services (England and Wales) the inter-war period; historical survey. PMID- 18920157 TI - Principles of diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 18920158 TI - Intestinal obstruction in the newborn. PMID- 18920159 TI - The treatment of nasal polypi. PMID- 18920160 TI - The emergency medical services (England and Wales) the war period; the outbreak of the war. PMID- 18920161 TI - Investigation and treatment of diseases of the fallopian tube. PMID- 18920162 TI - Principles of diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 18920163 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920164 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920165 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920166 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920167 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920168 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920169 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920170 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920172 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920171 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920173 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920174 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920175 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920176 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920177 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920178 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920179 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920180 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920181 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920182 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920183 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920184 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920185 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920186 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920187 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920189 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920188 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920190 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920191 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920193 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920192 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920194 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920195 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920196 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920197 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920198 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920199 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920200 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920201 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920203 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920202 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920204 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920205 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920206 TI - Penicillin in the treatment of cardiovascular syphilis. PMID- 18920207 TI - Present-day status of poliomyelitis. PMID- 18920208 TI - The treatment of polycythemia vera by spray irradiation. PMID- 18920209 TI - Ovarian conservation during surgery; with reference to bilateral dermoids and endometriosis. PMID- 18920210 TI - Thoracic tenderness in pulmonary infarction. PMID- 18920211 TI - Syphilis. PMID- 18920212 TI - Metastases to lungs, liver, axillary, mediastinal and retroperitoneal lymph nodes, ovary and vertebras. PMID- 18920213 TI - Malignant lymphoma, reticulum-cell sarcoma type, involving mediastinal and other lymph nodes, kidneys, adrenal glands, lungs, intestine, stomach, thyroid gland and bones. PMID- 18920214 TI - Infant loss in New Zealand. PMID- 18920215 TI - Otosclerosis. PMID- 18920216 TI - The statistical classification of causes of death. PMID- 18920217 TI - Common forms of arthritis and rheumatism. PMID- 18920218 TI - Organic cervical rigidity causing obstructed labour; treatment in general practice. PMID- 18920219 TI - The treatment of mallet finger; a modified plaster technique. PMID- 18920220 TI - The cerebral agenesias. PMID- 18920221 TI - Ruptured congenital aneurysm; Gear v. the King. PMID- 18920222 TI - Coronary thrombosis and its relation to effort; Smith v. the King. PMID- 18920223 TI - Histaminic headache; Horton's syndrome; case report. PMID- 18920224 TI - Compensatory hypertrophy of fibula in osteomyelitis. PMID- 18920225 TI - Herpes zoster and varicella in the same patient. PMID- 18920227 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920226 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920228 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920229 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920230 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920231 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920233 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920232 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920234 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920235 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920236 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920237 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920238 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920239 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920240 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920241 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920242 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920243 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920244 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920245 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920246 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920247 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920248 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920249 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920250 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920251 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920252 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920253 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920255 TI - Medical treatment in neoplastic disease. PMID- 18920254 TI - A study in adaptation, being an account of some experiences as a medical officer in a Japanese prisoner-of-war camp. PMID- 18920256 TI - Hyperthyroidism. PMID- 18920257 TI - Recurrent dislocation of the shoulder. PMID- 18920258 TI - Bronchiogenic carcinoma. PMID- 18920259 TI - The aetiology, pathology and diagnosis of wonga wonga. PMID- 18920260 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920261 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920262 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920264 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920263 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920265 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920266 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920267 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920268 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920269 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920270 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920271 TI - Additional use of gelatin foam in thoracic surgery; preliminary report. PMID- 18920272 TI - Penicillin in the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis. PMID- 18920273 TI - Rhinoscleroma apparently cured with streptomycin. PMID- 18920274 TI - The clinical concept of myasthenia gravis. PMID- 18920275 TI - Adenocarcinoma of parathyroid origin with hyperparathyroidism, local recurrence and metastases; report of case. PMID- 18920276 TI - Subacute bacterial endocarditis; a case report. PMID- 18920277 TI - Bilateral ankylosis of the hips treated by osteotomy and arthroplasty; report of case. PMID- 18920278 TI - Mesodermal mixed tumor of the vagina; report of case. PMID- 18920279 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920280 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920281 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920282 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920283 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920284 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920285 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920286 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920287 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920288 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920289 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920290 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920291 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920292 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920293 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920294 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920295 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920296 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920297 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920298 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920299 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920300 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920301 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920302 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920303 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920304 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920305 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920306 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920307 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920308 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920309 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920310 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920311 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920312 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920313 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920314 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920315 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920316 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920317 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920318 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920319 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920320 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920322 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920321 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920323 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920324 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920325 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920326 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920327 TI - Conditions in childhood characterized by acute abdominal symptoms. PMID- 18920328 TI - Abdominal pain in children; the surgeon's viewpoint. PMID- 18920329 TI - Symposium on cancer research. PMID- 18920331 TI - The bio-electric field of the cell and its significance. PMID- 18920330 TI - Applications of the viroid theory to the cancer problem. PMID- 18920332 TI - The chemical significance of certain agents which destroy malignant cells. PMID- 18920333 TI - Cooperation in cancer research. PMID- 18920334 TI - Stromal malignancy in mouse mammary carcinoma. PMID- 18920335 TI - Statistics on sites of malignancy. PMID- 18920336 TI - Recent advances in the study of malignancy with tissue culture technique. PMID- 18920337 TI - Nutrition in experimental cancer. PMID- 18920338 TI - Recent advanced in the study of tissue metabolism. PMID- 18920339 TI - Action of certain parasympathominetic and parasympatholytic drugs on blood eosinophilia in the guinea pig. PMID- 18920340 TI - Innervation of the anterior lobe of the armadillo hypophysis; a comparative discussion. PMID- 18920341 TI - Reflex facilitation in relation to pain following nerve injuries. PMID- 18920342 TI - Fresh water and sea water drowning; a study of the terminal cardiac and biochemical events. PMID- 18920343 TI - Clinical observations on vitamin A deficiency in young ducks. PMID- 18920344 TI - 1947 medical centennials. PMID- 18920345 TI - The organization of a surgical department in a university clinic. PMID- 18920346 TI - The soul of medicine. PMID- 18920347 TI - Plastic surgery. PMID- 18920348 TI - Generalized miliary tuberculosis arising from tuberculosis of the tubes. PMID- 18920349 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920350 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920351 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920352 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920353 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920354 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920355 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920356 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920357 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920358 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920359 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920360 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920361 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920362 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920363 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920364 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920365 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920366 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920367 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920368 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920369 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920370 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920371 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920372 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920373 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920374 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920375 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920376 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920377 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920378 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920379 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920381 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920380 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920382 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920383 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920384 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920385 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920386 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920387 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920388 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920389 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920390 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920391 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920392 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920393 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920394 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920395 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920396 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920397 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920398 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920399 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920400 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920401 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920402 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920403 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920404 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920405 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920406 TI - The application of tests of respiratory physiology for the clinical evaluation of pulmonary pathology. PMID- 18920407 TI - Variations in plasma-amino acid nitrogen of schizophrenics. PMID- 18920408 TI - Plasma-amino acids, serum lipids, and proteins after prefrontal lobotomy in seven schizophrenic patients. PMID- 18920409 TI - Preliminary studies on the agent of canine pharyngo-laryngo-tracheitis. PMID- 18920410 TI - The nutrition of the mouse; growth rates of two strains on stock rations and on purified diets. PMID- 18920411 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920412 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920413 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920414 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920415 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920416 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920417 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920418 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920419 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920421 TI - MEASLES (rubeola). PMID- 18920420 TI - AIR evacuation. PMID- 18920422 TI - MEASLES, German (rubella). PMID- 18920423 TI - Rh ANTIBODY titers. PMID- 18920424 TI - SHIPMENT of blood specimens for serological examinations. PMID- 18920425 TI - [Primitive septic thrombophlebitis of cava; around a clinical observation]. PMID- 18920427 TI - [Tuberculosis and armed forces]. PMID- 18920426 TI - [Thyroid insufficiency in the face of glutathionemia, cholesteremia and basal metabolism]. PMID- 18920428 TI - [Influence of heat, water and salt on the health of fighters]. PMID- 18920429 TI - [Hemorrhagic splenopathy; considerations of a case]. PMID- 18920430 TI - [Aspects of war surgery in England; upon thoracic injuries]. PMID- 18920431 TI - [Upon a case of vertebral sciatica]. PMID- 18920432 TI - [A year at the head of the Office of Military Medical gynecology]. PMID- 18920433 TI - [Subconjunctival penicillin]. PMID- 18920434 TI - [Indications and results of treatment of infant toxicosis by plasma lyophilisate]. PMID- 18920435 TI - High energy physics. PMID- 18920436 TI - Chemical achievement and hope for the future. PMID- 18920437 TI - Achievement and promise in virus research. PMID- 18920438 TI - Genes and biological enigmas. PMID- 18920439 TI - The physical chemistry of polymers. PMID- 18920440 TI - Benjamin Silliman and the founding of the Sheffield Scientific School. PMID- 18920441 TI - Organized cooperation in scientific research. PMID- 18920442 TI - On filing reprints. PMID- 18920443 TI - A biological criterion of progress. PMID- 18920444 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920445 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920446 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920447 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920448 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920449 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920450 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920451 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920452 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920453 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920454 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920455 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920457 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920456 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920459 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920458 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920460 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920461 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920462 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920463 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920464 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920465 TI - Facts and statistics of significance for psychiatry. PMID- 18920466 TI - Death from psychic causes. PMID- 18920467 TI - Physical or mental science? PMID- 18920468 TI - Characteristic psychological variations in cerebral palsy. PMID- 18920469 TI - The psychological sequelae of poliomyelitis in children. PMID- 18920470 TI - Organic lesions leading to speech disorders. PMID- 18920471 TI - Adjustment problems of the deaf child. PMID- 18920472 TI - Effects of blindness on the cognitive functions of children. PMID- 18920473 TI - Mental disorders in childhood due to endocrine disorders. PMID- 18920474 TI - Factors responsible for emotional disturbances in diabetic children. PMID- 18920476 TI - The present status of allergy. PMID- 18920475 TI - Mental disorder due to juvenile hepatitis. PMID- 18920477 TI - Psychopathology of childhood tuberculosis. PMID- 18920478 TI - Psychologic management of children with pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 18920479 TI - The study of psychiatry. PMID- 18920480 TI - Psychological aspects of obesity. PMID- 18920481 TI - The schizoid maneuver. PMID- 18920482 TI - The quantitative analysis of case records; an experimental study. PMID- 18920483 TI - An age of mass communication. PMID- 18920484 TI - The personal meaning of the human figure in the Rorschach. PMID- 18920485 TI - Observations on Japanese early child training. PMID- 18920486 TI - TEN years of psychiatry. PMID- 18920487 TI - The blood supply of the optic nerve and its clinical significance. PMID- 18920488 TI - A study of the angle of bifurcation of retinal vessels. PMID- 18920489 TI - On the mechanism of production of massive preretinal hemorrhage following rupture of a congenital medial-defect intracranial aneurysm. PMID- 18920490 TI - The significance of the base pressure in primary glaucoma. PMID- 18920491 TI - Reading difficulty (dyslexia) from the ophthalmic point of view. PMID- 18920492 TI - The significance of the intracutaneous test for hypersensitivity to uveal pigment. PMID- 18920493 TI - Functional home exercises in cases of eyestrain. PMID- 18920494 TI - The vergence test; an evaluation of the various techniques. PMID- 18920495 TI - Intraocular foreign bodies in soldiers. PMID- 18920496 TI - The surgical correction of paresis of the superior oblique. PMID- 18920498 TI - A case of fixed strabismus. PMID- 18920497 TI - A new drainage operation for the relief of glaucoma. PMID- 18920499 TI - Subretinal hemorrhage simulating sarcoma of the choroid; a clinical pathologic report. PMID- 18920500 TI - Boeck's sarcoid; report of a case with an unusual precipitating factor. PMID- 18920501 TI - The problem of strabismus in childhood with especial reference to convergent strabismus in infancy and early childhood. PMID- 18920502 TI - Absorption from the vitreous. PMID- 18920503 TI - Visual functions in infants. PMID- 18920504 TI - Management of infantile glaucoma. PMID- 18920505 TI - Congenital cataract after maternal rubella. PMID- 18920506 TI - Profuse hemorrhage in pterygium. PMID- 18920507 TI - Foreign body in sclera. PMID- 18920508 TI - Eclipse retinitis. PMID- 18920509 TI - The search for aqueous veins. PMID- 18920510 TI - Inverse cyclodialysis. PMID- 18920511 TI - MAKING optometric history in Georgia. PMID- 18920512 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920513 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920514 TI - The question of prothrombinopenic hemorrhage from post-tonsillectomy use of chewing gum containing acetylsalicylic acid. PMID- 18920515 TI - Plastic repair of the obstructing nasal septum. PMID- 18920516 TI - Chemical meningitis following use of tyrothricin; a clinical and experimental study. PMID- 18920517 TI - Nonvibratory tinnitus; factors underlying subaudible and audible irritations. PMID- 18920518 TI - Nasal hemorrhage; studies of ascorbic acid, prothrombin and vitamin K. PMID- 18920519 TI - Congenital laryngeal web; its eradication. PMID- 18920520 TI - Morphologic deformities of the lower lateral cartilages. PMID- 18920521 TI - Calcified hematoma of the oropharynx secondary to a gunshot wound. PMID- 18920522 TI - Fibroma of the trachea. PMID- 18920523 TI - A suggestion for packing the nose for anesthesia. PMID- 18920524 TI - The paranasal sinuses. PMID- 18920525 TI - Nonsurgical treatment of cataract and management of the cataract patient. PMID- 18920526 TI - Management of the tonsil problem. PMID- 18920527 TI - The blue drum membrane. PMID- 18920528 TI - Diagnostic significance of reflexes. PMID- 18920529 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920530 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920531 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920532 TI - A photo-electric oxyhemograph; a continuous method for measuring the oxygen saturation of the blood. PMID- 18920533 TI - Hemangioma of the small intestine with special reference to intussusception; review of the literature and report of three new cases. PMID- 18920534 TI - Elevated serum amylase in alcoholics. PMID- 18920535 TI - Diffuse interstitial myocarditis in a case of epidemic encephalitis. PMID- 18920536 TI - A case of Shigella alkalescens cystopyelitis and bacteremia. PMID- 18920537 TI - Intestinal coccidiosis; report of two cases of Isopora hominis. PMID- 18920538 TI - Mycosis fungoides. PMID- 18920539 TI - The role of the pathologist in world health. PMID- 18920540 TI - Proper usage of the term leukemia. PMID- 18920541 TI - The practice of pathology in the tumor clinic. PMID- 18920542 TI - A clinical viscometer. PMID- 18920543 TI - Possible source of error in the quantitative determination of urobilinogen by Watson's method. PMID- 18920544 TI - Rapid determination of urobilinogen in feces. PMID- 18920545 TI - Rapid method for collecting dog's blood. PMID- 18920546 TI - The Chanco technic in Wright's stain. PMID- 18920547 TI - Simplified method for staining spermatozoa. PMID- 18920550 TI - Quantitative estimation of the fibrous tissue in pathologic livers. PMID- 18920549 TI - Acid-fast property of Histoplasma capsulatum. PMID- 18920548 TI - Standard test for Staphylococcus coagulase activity. PMID- 18920551 TI - Preinvasive carcinoma of the cervix uteri; seven cases in which it was detected by examination of routine endocervical smears. PMID- 18920552 TI - Rare anomaly of the vermiform appendix; mucous lining of the external surface. PMID- 18920553 TI - Primary atypical pneumonia; report of eight cases with autopsies. PMID- 18920554 TI - Intra-articular changes induced in rabbits by injection of typhoid somatic antigen. PMID- 18920555 TI - Fibrosi uteri. PMID- 18920556 TI - Parathyroid adenoma with generalized metastatic calcification. PMID- 18920557 TI - Reticuloendothelial cells reacting to toxic antigens and to infection. PMID- 18920558 TI - Nucleolar substance in the anterior lobe of the human pituitary gland. PMID- 18920559 TI - Improved method for handling photo-labile liquids. PMID- 18920560 TI - Mechanisms of abnormal development; postnatal developmental abnormalities. PMID- 18920561 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920562 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920564 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920563 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920565 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920566 TI - The treatment of acute respiratory infections in children with orally administered, unbuffered penicillin solutions. PMID- 18920567 TI - Glomerular filtration rate, effective renal blood flow, and maximal tubular excretory capacity in infancy. PMID- 18920568 TI - A new anomaly of the aorta; left aortic arch with right descending aorta. PMID- 18920569 TI - The treatment of pertussis and pneumonia complicating pertussis; the role of hyperimmune gamma globulin and sulfadiazine. PMID- 18920570 TI - Restoration of diphtheria immunity without injections (Bousfield's method). PMID- 18920571 TI - The heart in normal infants and children; incidence of precordial systolic murmurs and fluoroscopic and electrocardiographic studies. PMID- 18920572 TI - Eosinophilic granuloma of bone and Hand-Schuller-Christian disease. PMID- 18920573 TI - Petechiae in children; incidence, seasonal variations, and etiology. PMID- 18920574 TI - Acrodynia; a new treatment with BAL. PMID- 18920575 TI - Adjustment of parents to children in the home. PMID- 18920576 TI - Diabetes insipidus; amelioration following tonsillectomy. PMID- 18920577 TI - Septicemia due to Escherichia coli. PMID- 18920578 TI - Chronic lymphoid leucemia in children. PMID- 18920579 TI - Bronchiectasis. PMID- 18920580 TI - Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia. PMID- 18920581 TI - Ritter's disease. PMID- 18920582 TI - Thumb- and finger-sucking in children. PMID- 18920583 TI - Responsibility of the pediatrician in the community health program. PMID- 18920584 TI - Heart arrhythmias in children. PMID- 18920585 TI - [Functional state of the liver in dysentery cases in children]. PMID- 18920586 TI - [Role of the liver in the pathogenesis and clinical aspect of hemorrhagic colitis in children]. PMID- 18920587 TI - [Modifications of the central nervous system in dysentery in children]. PMID- 18920588 TI - [Clinical characteristic of dysentery]. PMID- 18920589 TI - [Clinical characteristic of dysentery for 1946]. PMID- 18920590 TI - [Role of intercurrent diseases in relapses of bacillary dysentery]. PMID- 18920591 TI - [Bacteriological and serological examination of children with chronic dysentery]. PMID- 18920592 TI - [Pathomorphological modification of small vascular sections in toxicosis in children and in experimental toxicosis]. PMID- 18920593 TI - [The mechanism of the effect of perorally and intravenously administered sulfonamid preparations upon the normal intestinal flora of children]. PMID- 18920594 TI - [Peculiarities of the course of gastro-intestinal diseases in older children during war time]. PMID- 18920595 TI - [Problems in prophylaxis and therapy of disturbances of nutrition and digestion of children in relation to the problem of classification]. PMID- 18920596 TI - [The problem of classification of gastro-intestinal diseases of children]. PMID- 18920597 TI - [The problem of classification of gastro-intestinal diseases in children]. PMID- 18920598 TI - [Special lectures for medical students in the classroom and in the pediatric clinic]. PMID- 18920599 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920600 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920601 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920602 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920603 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920604 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920605 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920606 TI - The behavior of the nucleic acids during the early development of the sea urchin egg (Arbacia). AB - 1. The unfertilized Arbacia egg contains an average of 20gamma x 10(-3) ribonucleic acid and 0.7 to 1gamma x 10(-3) desoxyribonucleic acid. 2. During the first 24 hours of development, the amount of ribonucleic acid per embryo remains practically unchanged whereas that of desoxyribonucleic acid steadily increases. At the end of this period, the amount of desoxyribonucleic acid per embryo is 10 to 15 times larger than that of the unfertilized egg. PMID- 18920607 TI - Method for obtaining known low concentrations of mustard (H) or lewisite (L) gas in air. AB - Constant small quantities (0.1 to 100 micrograms per hour) of mustard (H) or lewisite (L) gas may be obtained by allowing the vapor to diffuse through a porous alundum plug of suitable dimensions. By regulating the rate of flow of air past the plug known concentrations of the gases in air may be obtained. PMID- 18920608 TI - A convenient method for potentiometric titration of chloride ions. AB - A convenient reference cell and method of potentiometric determination of chloride ions with silver nitrate is described. The method is accurate to about +/- 0.02 ml. 10(-4)M silver nitrate. PMID- 18920609 TI - Some correlations between development and respiration in the sand dollar egg, as shown by cyanide inhibition studies. AB - Cyanide is a valuable tool for studying respiratory mechanisms and their role in embryonic development: it is relatively specific in its action, penetrates cell membranes readily, is active in low concentration, and may be controlled quantitatively (page 217). Echinarachnius is extremely sensitive to cyanide and the oxygen consumption of both eggs and of sperm is almost completely inhibited by 10(-5)M HCN (pages 219 and 221). Cell division is likewise arrested by the same concentration (page 223). One of the pronounced effects of an irreversible dosage of cyanide is the marked cytolysis or breakdown of the egg, both internally and at the cell membrane. This cytolysis appears to be related to the state of metabolism, and its occurrence varies with both the respiratory and developmental activity of the cell (page 224). The lethal dosage of cyanide varies with the state of development of the egg: the unfertilized egg is less susceptible than the fertilized one, and the susceptibility increases as the development of the fertilized egg proceeds (page 228). The Echinarachnius egg differs from that of Arbacia in respiratory behavior chiefly in its inability to survive prolonged anoxia: the sea urchin egg will tolerate for 24 hours a concentration of cyanide that kills the sand dollar eggs in 30 minutes (page 229). The Echinarachnius egg is apparently completely dependent upon cyanide sensitive catalytic systems for its normal functioning and maintenance. Interference with this aerobic energy release mechanism results in irreversible damage to the egg (page 231). PMID- 18920610 TI - Phage formation in Staphylococcus muscae cultures; a factor necessary for phage formation. AB - 1. A factor necessary for the formation, of Staphylococcus muscae phage was found in acid digests of many highly purified proteins. 2. The factor is released from egg albumen and pepsin by peptic digestion. 3. No amino acids tried could replace the acid digests of proteins as a source of the factor. 4. The factor, when added to a multiplying bacteria-phage system, cannot be found in purified phage or in the lysate after complete lysis of the system has taken place. PMID- 18920611 TI - A versatile microrespirometer for routine use. AB - A new design of microrespirometer suitable for routine laboratory work has been described. PMID- 18920612 TI - The oxygen consumption of the microspores of Trillium in relation to the mitotic cycle. AB - The oxygen consumption of 265 single Trillium erectum anthers was measured before and during the mitotic cycle of the microspores using a modified differential microrespirometer. The results show a rising oxygen consumption of the anther in the premitotic stages followed by a sharp drop immediately preceding and during active division. It is suggested from these results that active division may be associated with anaerobic behavior and that the rapid uptake of molecular oxygen commonly associated with proliferating tissues is probably characteristic of premitotic development. PMID- 18920613 TI - Sensitization to heat by X-rays. AB - 1. Paramecium caudatum is sensitized to heat by sublethal dosages of x-rays. Thus if paramecia are irradiated, then exposed to a sublethal dosage of heat they are killed, but if the same heat exposure precedes the same dosage of radiations, they are not. 2. Sensitivity to both heat and x-rays is much greater in paramecia from the log growth phase than in those from the stationary phase of a culture. 3. Recovery from heat sensitization in animals from the stationary phase of a culture is slow, requiring several days. 4. Division is readily retarded and even temporarily inhibited by sublethal dosage of x-rays. Recovery of the division rate is fairly slow requiring several days. 5. Paramecia can be killed by a dosage of 1,200,000 r (of which about one-half reach the animal) units of x radiation alone. Smaller dosages are not lethal if the paramecia are transferred to fresh medium immediately upon completion of irradiation. 6. The possibility of utilization of heat sensitization in treatment of malignant growths is discussed. PMID- 18920614 TI - Penetration of radioactive sodium and chloride into cerebrospinal fluid and aqueous humor. AB - 1. Experiments were performed on six dogs to determine the rate of penetration of Cl(33) and Na(24) across the blood-aqueous humor and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers after intravenous injection of the radioactive ions. The radioactivity measurements were made with an immersion type of Geiger-Muller counter. 2. The concentrations of the labelled ions in the anterior chamber and the cisterna magna increase slowly to approach that of plasma. The rate of penetration k is calculated from a simple exponential equation with the half-value interval t(0.5) or the time required for the labelled-ion concentration in the fluid to reach 50 per cent of that of plasma. The average t(0.5) for Cl(38) and Na(24) in aqueous humor are 34.3 +/- 9 and 27.3 +/- 9 minutes, respectively, while those for cerebrospinal fluid are 90 +/- 6 and 95 +/- 6 minutes, respectively. 3. A study of the radioactivity in plasma was made to determine the per cent remaining after a steady state was reached. By means of this determination the sodium and chloride space was calculated to be 33 +/- 5 per cent. PMID- 18920615 TI - The quantic and statistical bases of visual excitation. AB - 1. The photochemical theories of vision cannot provide a valid interpretation of the facts over the whole range of brightness. The fact that liminal excitation is increased by the absorption of a very small number of quanta, each absorbing rod receiving a single quantum, excludes the intervention of the mass action law which is the basis of all photochemical theories. 2. Owing to the quantic structure of light and to the random distribution of quanta in a faint light pencil, there must exist numerical relations between the threshold energy on the one hand and the size of the retinal area stimulated and the stimulation time on the other, whatever may be the inner mechanism of liminal excitation. When taking as a basis Van der Velden's experimental results, viz. that two quanta absorbed during a certain interval of time are sufficient to raise threshold excitation, the probability calculus enables us to compute the course of threshold energy in relation to the stimulation time and to the stimulated retinal area. No arbitrary parameter is needed to do so; the only constant to be used is found by experiment. 3. The quantic and statistical theory of visual excitation that we put forward in the present paper enables us to predict the validity of Ricco's law within what we call a "quasi-independent unit" and the validity of Piper's law within a test area made up of a certain number of such units. This theory does not correspond exactly with Pieron's law for foveal threshold in relation to the size of the stimulated area, but the deviation is probably due to an artefact; viz., the action of the micronystagmus. 4. Experiment proves that in region IV of the retina, 15 degrees temporally from the fovea of the right eye of two observers, Ricco's law applies strictly in rod vision from 2'12'' to 31'36'' and, perhaps, further on. 5. In the same region, from 12'30'' to 31'36'', Piper's law applies strictly in cone vision of extremely red light. 6. In peripheral vision with extremely red light the photochromatic interval has been found to be null. 7. Our theoretical interpretation of the term "quasi-independent unit" fits well with the histological data of the retina. 8. Numerical deviations of the theoretic time law of threshold intensity from the empirical course may be due to the existence of a relative refractory period of the ganglion (or bipolar) cells. This mechanism would be a sort of instantaneous adaptation of nervous elements and would explain the fact that the sensation level increases very much slower than the brightness level, in a range of the brightness scale where the photochemical adaptation cannot account for this phenomenon. PMID- 18920616 TI - Abnormal protoplasmic patterns and death in slightly hypertonic solutions. AB - Some interesting properties of protoplasm are revealed when slightly hypertonic solutions of sugars or of electrolytes are applied to Nitella. The chloroplasts contract and the space between them increases and forms a characteristic pattern consisting of clear areas extending lengthwise along the cell and tapering off at both ends. The development of these areas is irreversible from the start. If the cell is returned to water after plasmolysis begins these areas continue to enlarge in much the same fashion as when no change is made in the external solution. The cell soon dies whether returned to water or left in the plasmolyzing solution. Similar results are obtained with other sugars, with NaCl, CaCl(2), and sea water. Similar reactions are also brought about by strong ingoing or outgoing currents of water. This suggests that mechanical action may be chiefly responsible for the result and this idea is in harmony with other facts. It seems possible that the retraction of the protoplasm from the cellulose wall may disturb the delicate non-aqueous film which covers the outer surface of the protoplasm and thus produce injury. Such an effect might take place even without visible retraction if the injury occurred in protoplasmic projections extending into the cellulose wall. A study of this behavior may throw light on the nature of the protoplasmic surface and on the properties of protoplasmic gels as well as on the process of death. An understanding of the mechanism involved may help to explain the action of hypertonic solutions in other cases as, for example, in the artificial parthenogenesis of marine eggs. PMID- 18920617 TI - Karen Horney and Erich Fromm in relation to Alfred Adler. PMID- 18920618 TI - An individual psychological approach to a case of folie imposee. PMID- 18920619 TI - Adler and the others. PMID- 18920620 TI - A child with compulsive neurosis. PMID- 18920621 TI - Note on the psychology of proper names. PMID- 18920622 TI - The effects of pacing and distribution on intercorrelations of motor abilities. PMID- 18920623 TI - Experimental extinction as a function of the distribution of extinction trials and response strength. PMID- 18920624 TI - A positive relationship between reinforcement and resistance to extinction produced by removing a source of confusion from a technique that had produced opposite results. PMID- 18920625 TI - Some functional relationships of reaction potential (sEr) and related phenomena. PMID- 18920626 TI - Sensory pre-conditioning of human subjects. PMID- 18920627 TI - Sensory pre-conditioning and incidental learning in human subjects. PMID- 18920628 TI - A comparison of learning under motivated and satiated conditions in the white rat. PMID- 18920629 TI - Syphilis. PMID- 18920630 TI - Fluorine and dental caries. PMID- 18920631 TI - Dental caries prevalence and tooth mortality; a study of 24,092 Georgia children in 12 communities. PMID- 18920632 TI - Sickness absenteeism among industrial workers, first and second quarters of 1947. PMID- 18920633 TI - Pteroylglutamic acid (folic acid) liver extract, and amino acids in the treatment of granulocytopenia in rats. PMID- 18920634 TI - A serum protection test in tularemic infections in white rats. PMID- 18920635 TI - The differentiation of patent ductus arteriosus and atrial septal defect. PMID- 18920636 TI - Syndrome of aberrant right subclavian artery with patent ductus arteriosus. PMID- 18920637 TI - Roentgenologic pulmonary manifestations of fatal histoplasmosis. PMID- 18920638 TI - Thinness of parietal bones; report of a case having predominantly unilateral involvement. PMID- 18920639 TI - Variations in the position of the azygos septum and its incidence in 50,000 roentgen examinations. PMID- 18920640 TI - Roentgenographic visualization of the placenta in the third stage of labor; a preliminary report. PMID- 18920641 TI - Eosinophilic granuloma of bones associated with involvement of the lungs and diaphragm. PMID- 18920643 TI - Tissue dosage in radio-isotope therapy. PMID- 18920642 TI - Radioactive sodium as a tool in medical research. PMID- 18920644 TI - Artificially prepared radioactive isotopes as a means of administering radiation therapy. PMID- 18920646 TI - Analysis of technical factors and results of treatment in carcinoma of the cervix uteri; description of improved radium applicator. PMID- 18920645 TI - Comparative therapeutic effects of radioactive and chemical agents in neoplastic diseases of the hemopoietic system. PMID- 18920647 TI - Roentgen therapy in uterine fibromyoma without ovarian sterilization. PMID- 18920648 TI - The time factor in radiation therapy. PMID- 18920649 TI - Physiobiology and general management of chronic ulceration occurring after irradiation. PMID- 18920650 TI - A master facial cast for rigid portal delimitation in roentgen therapy of cancer about the face. PMID- 18920651 TI - Herniation of the cerebral ventricles. PMID- 18920652 TI - The diagnostic significance of change in position of metallic foreign bodies in brain abscess. PMID- 18920653 TI - Some observations on diffuse pulmonary lesions. PMID- 18920654 TI - Basal onset of reinfection tuberculosis. PMID- 18920655 TI - The crater in uncomplicated duodenal ulcer; its significance in diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 18920656 TI - Post bulbar ulcer of the duodenum. PMID- 18920657 TI - Psychosomatic relationships in peptic ulcer. PMID- 18920658 TI - The role of the roentgenologist in the diagnosis of polypoid disease of the colon. PMID- 18920660 TI - Injurious effects of whole body neutron irradiation in animals. PMID- 18920659 TI - Bernhard Schmidt and his reflector camera; an astronomical contribution to radiology. PMID- 18920661 TI - Instruments useful in cases of trismus. PMID- 18920662 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920663 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920664 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920665 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920666 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920667 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920668 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920669 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920670 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920671 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920673 TI - Some aspects of bronchiogenic carcinoma. PMID- 18920672 TI - Duodenal ulcer. PMID- 18920674 TI - John Hunter as a psychologist. PMID- 18920675 TI - Hyperthyroidism. PMID- 18920676 TI - The problems of portal hypertension. PMID- 18920677 TI - Vogue and fashion in abdominal surgery. PMID- 18920683 TI - Penetrating wounds of the cerebral ventricles. PMID- 18920698 TI - Braces in the rehabilitation of veterans. PMID- 18920699 TI - Use of braces for cerebral palsy. PMID- 18920700 TI - Popliteal varices simulating Baker's cyst. PMID- 18920701 TI - Common duct obstruction relieved by injection of a topical anesthetic into T tube. PMID- 18920702 TI - Problem of carcinoma of the colon in the Southeast. PMID- 18920703 TI - Congenital extrinsic duodenal obstruction in the new born; report of two cases. PMID- 18920705 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920704 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920706 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920707 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920708 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920709 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920710 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920711 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920712 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920713 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920714 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920715 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920716 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920718 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920717 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920719 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920720 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920721 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920722 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920723 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920724 TI - On the influence of androgen and estrogen administration on chemically induced albino rat sarcoma. PMID- 18920725 TI - On the thymol turbidity test in pregnancy. PMID- 18920726 TI - Experiences on the antistreptolysin reaction. PMID- 18920727 TI - Antibiotics of yeasts. PMID- 18920728 TI - On the use of gold chloride in the treatment of lupus erythematosus. PMID- 18920729 TI - On the use of penicillin emulsion in the treatment of gonorrhoea. PMID- 18920730 TI - On some culture media used for the isolation of Salmonella, Eberthella and Shigella organisms. PMID- 18920731 TI - Kirchner's method of cultivating tubercle bacilli. PMID- 18920732 TI - The determination of bacterial sensitivity to sulphonamides by the use of the impregnated blotting paper disc method. PMID- 18920733 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920734 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920735 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920736 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920737 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920738 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920739 TI - The function of the insect ocellus. PMID- 18920740 TI - Local factors and regeneration in Crustacea. PMID- 18920741 TI - Studies on plastron respiration; the biology of Aphelocheirus [Hemiptera, Aphelocheiridae (Naucoridae) and the mechanism of plastron retention. PMID- 18920742 TI - Studies on plastron respiration; the respiratory efficiency of the plastron in Aphelocheirus. PMID- 18920743 TI - A metal microrespirometer of the Barcroft type suitable for small insects and other animals. PMID- 18920744 TI - Studies on plastron respiration; the orientation responses of Aphelocheirus [Hemiptera, Aphelocheiridae (Naucoridae)] in relation to plastron respiration; together with an account of specialized pressure receptors in aquatic insects. PMID- 18920745 TI - On the function of haemoglobin in Chironomus after oxygen lack. PMID- 18920746 TI - The function of haemoglobin in Tanytarsus (Chironomidae). PMID- 18920747 TI - The succinoxidase system in oyster muscle. PMID- 18920748 TI - Observations on the effect of microclimate on biting by Aedes aegypti (L.) (Dipt., Culicid.). PMID- 18920749 TI - Studies on tapeworm physiology; aseptic cultivation of larval Diphyllobothriidae in vitro. PMID- 18920750 TI - An electro-magnetic mixer for manometric experiments. PMID- 18920751 TI - Rhythmical impedance changes in the egg of the trout. PMID- 18920752 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920753 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920754 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920755 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920757 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920758 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920756 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920759 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920760 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920761 TI - A plea for international understanding. PMID- 18920763 TI - A uniform medium for determination of amino acids with various microorganisms. PMID- 18920762 TI - A new mode of enzymatic phosphate transfer. PMID- 18920764 TI - A micromethod for the microbiological determination of amino acids. PMID- 18920765 TI - The utilization of d-amino acids by man; tryptophan and acetyltryptophan. PMID- 18920766 TI - Creatine and creatinine metabolism in the normal male adult studied with the aid of isotopic nitrogen. PMID- 18920767 TI - Nucleic acids as growth factors in Drosophila. PMID- 18920768 TI - Glycine, a precursor of 5(4)-amino-4(5)-imidazolecarboxamide. PMID- 18920769 TI - Streptogenin activity of derivatives of glutamic acid. PMID- 18920770 TI - The chemistry of melanin; mechanism of the oxidation of dihydroxyphenylalanine by tyrosinase. PMID- 18920771 TI - Excretion in reptiles; nitrogen constituents of the urinary concretions of the oviparous snake Zamenis diadema, Schlegel. PMID- 18920772 TI - Excretion in reptiles; nitrogen constituents of the urinary concretions of the viviparous snake Eryx thebaicus, Reuss. PMID- 18920773 TI - Decrease of glycine and glutamine in skeletal muscle and of glutamine in liver in ascorbic acid deficiency in the guinea pig. PMID- 18920774 TI - The isoleucine content of seed globulins and beta-lactoglobulin. PMID- 18920775 TI - Changes in rat liver enzyme activity with acute inanition; relation of loss of enzyme activity to liver protein loss. PMID- 18920776 TI - The biochemical determination of thiouracil in the muscular tissue of hogs receiving supplementary thiouracil in the diet. PMID- 18920777 TI - Isolation and identification of hydrolecithin (dipalmityl lecithin) from brain and spleen. PMID- 18920778 TI - The chemical nature of the fatty acids of brain and spleen sphingomyelin; the occurrence of saturated and unsaturated sphingosines in the sphingomyelin molecule. PMID- 18920779 TI - Microbiological determination of histidine in proteins and foods. PMID- 18920781 TI - The mechanism of retinal vitamin A formation. PMID- 18920780 TI - Excretion of benzoquinoneacetic acid in hypovitaminosis C. PMID- 18920782 TI - Blood sugar after injection of acetoacetate. PMID- 18920783 TI - Determination of plutonium in human feces. PMID- 18920784 TI - On the nature of the phosphorus-containing lipides of cabbage leaves and their relation to a phospholipide-splitting enzyme contained in these leaves. PMID- 18920785 TI - Concurrent use of radioisotopes of calcium and phosphorus in the study of the metabolism of calcified tissues. PMID- 18920786 TI - The combination of organic anions with serum albumin; stabilization against urea denaturation. PMID- 18920787 TI - The specific esterase activity of trypsin. PMID- 18920788 TI - Studies in steroid metabolism; methods for the isolation and quantitative estimation of neutral steroids present in human urine. PMID- 18920789 TI - Studies in steroid metabolism; identification and characterization of ketosteroids isolated from urine of healthy and diseased persons. PMID- 18920790 TI - Studies in steroid metabolism; the application of infra-red spectrometry to the fractionation of urinary ketosteroids. PMID- 18920791 TI - The formation of cholesterol i-cholesteryl methyl ether. PMID- 18920792 TI - Acceleration of catalase action. PMID- 18920793 TI - 16-Substituted steroids; 16-keto-alpha-estradiol and 16-ketoestrone. PMID- 18920794 TI - Metabolism of sodium selenate and selenite by the tissues. PMID- 18920795 TI - The role of bicarbonate in the glutamic acid metabolism of lactobacillus arabinosus. PMID- 18920796 TI - Rate of penetration of electrolytes into nerve-fibers. PMID- 18920797 TI - Magnesium as an activator of antinvasin. PMID- 18920799 TI - Enzymic transformation of pteroylglutamic acid. PMID- 18920798 TI - Milk xanthopterin oxidase and pteroylglutamic acid. PMID- 18920800 TI - The source of urea carbon. PMID- 18920802 TI - The galactomannan of the lucerne seed. PMID- 18920801 TI - Oxidation of carbohydrates by the periodate ion. PMID- 18920803 TI - Bromination of dimethoxystilbenes. PMID- 18920804 TI - Benzylamine analogues of chemotherapeutic diamidines. PMID- 18920806 TI - Lanosterol; hydrocarbons formed by the action of dehydrating agents. PMID- 18920805 TI - The separation of d-fructose from other natural sugars as its 2 : 3-4 : 5 diacetone and 1 : 2-monoacetone derivatives; observations on the behavior of acetone derivatives of monosaccharides towards cold decinormal sulphuric acid. PMID- 18920807 TI - The application of infra-red analysis to the study of the reaction of certain olefins with hydrogen sulphide. PMID- 18920808 TI - Derivatives of 6-methoxyquinaldine with basic substituents in the 4-position. PMID- 18920809 TI - Strychnine and brucine; oxodihydroneostrychnine and oxodihydromethoxymethyldi hydroneostrychnine. PMID- 18920810 TI - Strychnine and brucine; degradation of the strychnineacetic acid prepared from pseudostrychnine. PMID- 18920811 TI - Technique of impregnation for caries prophylaxis and desensitization of dentin. PMID- 18920812 TI - Dental sepsis, bacteraemia and the heart. PMID- 18920813 TI - Cranio-cleido dyostosis. PMID- 18920814 TI - Pain, its significance in dental practice. PMID- 18920815 TI - Carcinoma of the oral cavity. PMID- 18920816 TI - The importance of the study of the local metabolism in periodontal diseases. PMID- 18920817 TI - Nutrition and the dentist. PMID- 18920818 TI - Radiography in pulp canal therapy. PMID- 18920819 TI - The correlation of the endocrines and vitamins in periodontal disease. PMID- 18920820 TI - [Innervation of a tooth in an abnormal position]. PMID- 18920821 TI - [The cutting through of milk teeth following denervation]. PMID- 18920822 TI - [Polarigraphic determination of copper and zinc in healthy and carious teeth]. PMID- 18920823 TI - [Congenital absence of teeth in the lower jaw in a four year old boy]. PMID- 18920824 TI - [Anatomical aspect of mandibular anesthesia]. PMID- 18920825 TI - [Osteomyelitis in maxillofacial practice]. PMID- 18920826 TI - [Heat treatment in osteomyelitis of the jaw]. PMID- 18920827 TI - [Alveolar pain following extraction]. PMID- 18920828 TI - [Cholesteatoma of the jaw]. PMID- 18920829 TI - [Apodactylic method in stomatology]. PMID- 18920830 TI - [An effective rapid method of determining the quality of artificial teeth prepared from plastic substance AKR-7]. PMID- 18920831 TI - [Development of extraction technique]. PMID- 18920833 TI - [Stomatology at Gorki]. PMID- 18920832 TI - [Outline of the history of dentistry in Russia during the XVIII and the beginning of the XIX century; dental publications of the XVIII century]. PMID- 18920834 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920835 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920836 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920837 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920838 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920839 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920840 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920841 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920842 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920843 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920844 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920845 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920846 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920847 TI - CHLORDANE is superior to DDT for controlling insect pests. PMID- 18920848 TI - Infra-red toasting unit speeds wheat-germ processing. PMID- 18920849 TI - Quaternary ammonium compounds in the dairy industry. PMID- 18920850 TI - Low temperature hydrolysis of commercial proteins. PMID- 18920851 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920852 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920853 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920854 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920855 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920856 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920857 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920859 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920858 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920860 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920861 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920862 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920863 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920864 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920865 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920866 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920867 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920868 TI - MARRIED women and national insurance. PMID- 18920869 TI - Psychology of fear as it affects the pregnant mother. PMID- 18920870 TI - [Reflections on the current value of the forceps]. PMID- 18920871 TI - [Utero-tubal insufflation]. PMID- 18920872 TI - [Cataclysmic hemorrhage]. PMID- 18920873 TI - The influence of vitamin E on vascular disease. PMID- 18920875 TI - The heterologous growth of cancer of the human prostate. PMID- 18920874 TI - The visceral endopelvic fascia and the hypogastric sheath. PMID- 18920876 TI - Study of ureteral blood supply and its bearing on necrosis of the ureter following the Wertheim operation. PMID- 18920877 TI - Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. PMID- 18920879 TI - Repair in the normal and hyperacid stomach; an experimental study. PMID- 18920878 TI - Infrared photographic study of the superficial veins of the thorax in relation to breast tumors; a preliminary report. PMID- 18920880 TI - Painful hells in children. PMID- 18920881 TI - Acute pancreatitis; a statistical review of 307 established cases of acute pancreatitis. PMID- 18920882 TI - Causalgia; the role of sympathetic interruption in treatment. PMID- 18920883 TI - Evaluation of treatment of slipping of the capital femoral epiphysis. PMID- 18920884 TI - Selection of operative procedure to avoid colostomy in carcinoma of rectum and rectosigmoid. PMID- 18920886 TI - Vagotomy. PMID- 18920885 TI - Tissue protein depletion; a factor in wound disruption. PMID- 18920887 TI - The nurse anesthetist. PMID- 18920888 TI - Pernicious anemia from Addison to folic acid. PMID- 18920889 TI - Twenty years of liver therapy. PMID- 18920890 TI - Pernicious anemia, nutritional macrocytic anemia, and tropical sprue. PMID- 18920891 TI - The relation of therapy in pernicious anemia to changes in the nervous system; early and late results in a series of cases observed for periods of not less than ten years, and early results of treatment with folic acid. PMID- 18920892 TI - The development and progression of subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord in patients with pernicious anemia treated with synthetic pteroylglutamic (folic) acid. PMID- 18920893 TI - Pernicious anemia caused by Diphyllobothrium latum, in the light of recent investigations. PMID- 18920894 TI - The study of the myelogram (bone marrow puncture) in pernicious anemia and the problem of the megaloblast. PMID- 18920895 TI - Refractory megaloblastic anemia. PMID- 18920896 TI - Further observations on the specificity of the folic acid molecule. PMID- 18920897 TI - A case of pernicious anemia requiring enormous amounts of liver, especially by mouth, over 20 years. PMID- 18920898 TI - Professional organizations as bargaining agents. PMID- 18920899 TI - Engineering problems in urban and rural hospitals. PMID- 18920900 TI - The role of the general hospital in the care of psychiatric patients. PMID- 18920902 TI - Ambulance journey records. PMID- 18920901 TI - New out-patients department at Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary. PMID- 18920903 TI - A medical records index. PMID- 18920904 TI - Engineering in hospitals; lighting. PMID- 18920905 TI - Present status of volunteer workers in hospitals. PMID- 18920906 TI - Television in medical teaching. PMID- 18920907 TI - Psychology in the management of hospital personnel. PMID- 18920908 TI - The value of medical social work. PMID- 18920909 TI - Cleaning material for floor maintenance. PMID- 18920911 TI - Physical therapy. PMID- 18920910 TI - The hyperthyroid patient; a clinical teaching guide. PMID- 18920912 TI - Physical therapy. PMID- 18920913 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920914 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920915 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920916 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920917 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920918 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920919 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920920 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920921 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920922 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920923 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920924 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920925 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920926 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920927 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920929 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920928 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920930 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920931 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920932 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920934 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920933 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920935 TI - The spleen as a decisive factor in medical diagnosis. PMID- 18920936 TI - On riboflavin deficiency, its causes, diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 18920937 TI - Diagnostic test for the disease of the sacroiliac joint. PMID- 18920938 TI - Allergy to aspirin in a family; report of a case. PMID- 18920939 TI - Cholera. PMID- 18920940 TI - BAL (British anti-lewisite). PMID- 18920941 TI - Effects of immobilization upon various metabolic and physiologic functions of normal men. PMID- 18920942 TI - Experiences in the management of subacute bacterial endocarditis treated with penicillin. PMID- 18920943 TI - Effect of penicillin on the bacteremia following dental extraction. PMID- 18920944 TI - Sulfonamide therapy of subacute bacterial endocarditis. PMID- 18920945 TI - Use of radioactive sodium as a guide to the efficacy of drugs used in treatment of diseases of the peripheral vascular system; preliminary report. PMID- 18920946 TI - Hypertensive vascular disease; duration of life in a selected series. PMID- 18920947 TI - Clinical aspects of coronary insufficiency. PMID- 18920948 TI - Experimental renal hypertension. PMID- 18920949 TI - Participation of hepatorenal vasotropic factors in experimental renal hypertension. PMID- 18920950 TI - Uses of streptomycin. PMID- 18920951 TI - Rheumatic heart disease, bacterial endocarditis and cardiac failure. PMID- 18920952 TI - Infectious mononucleosis with severe central nervous system involvement. PMID- 18920953 TI - The antibiotic age. PMID- 18920954 TI - Observations on a normal young woman given synthetic 11-dehydrocorticosterone acetate. PMID- 18920955 TI - Effects of synthetic 11-dehydrocorticosterone (compound A) in a subject with Addison's disease. PMID- 18920956 TI - Sodium loss in man induced by desoxycorticosterone acetate; study in a subject with myotonic dystrophy. PMID- 18920957 TI - Effect of increasing the blood volume and right atrial pressure on the circulation of normal subjects by intravenous infusions. PMID- 18920958 TI - Value and limitations of the thymol turbidity test as an index of liver disease. PMID- 18920959 TI - Liver function tests in the differential diagnosis of jaundice. PMID- 18920960 TI - Minimal yet adequate program of liver function studies in the differential diagnosis of jaundice. PMID- 18920961 TI - Blast hypertension; elevated arterial pressures in the victims of the Texas City disaster. PMID- 18920962 TI - Coexisting auricular fibrillation and complete heart block. PMID- 18920963 TI - Electrocardiographic patterns of ventricular aneurysm. PMID- 18920964 TI - Cardiovascular syphilis. PMID- 18920965 TI - Mechanisms of human hypertension. PMID- 18920967 TI - Headache. PMID- 18920966 TI - Hepatitis. PMID- 18920968 TI - Agranulocytosis in induced tertian malaria. PMID- 18920969 TI - The pathogenesis of lupus erythematosus and allied conditions. PMID- 18920970 TI - The cardiac lesions of acute disseminated lupus erythematosus. PMID- 18920971 TI - The physical examination; helps and hindrances. PMID- 18920972 TI - Urine volume and total renal sodium excretion during water diuresis. PMID- 18920973 TI - The incidence of heart disease in 2,000 consecutive autopsies. PMID- 18920974 TI - Rheumatism and arthritis; review of American and English literature of recent years. PMID- 18920975 TI - Weber-Christian's disease; report of a case. PMID- 18920976 TI - Pulmonary embolism. PMID- 18920977 TI - Periarteritis nodosa with recovery; report of an unusual case apparently due to sensitivity to sulfadiazine. PMID- 18920978 TI - Chronic lead poisoning and hypertension, with death resulting from peritonitis; report of a case. PMID- 18920979 TI - A new rickettsial disease. PMID- 18920980 TI - SAN FRANCISCO, scenic city and medical center. PMID- 18920981 TI - Actinomycosis in Southern California; high incidence of thoracic or pulmonary actinomycosis. PMID- 18920982 TI - Perforation of the gallbladder; surgical considerations and management; review of recent literature. PMID- 18920983 TI - Emotional maturity. PMID- 18920984 TI - Acute nasopharyngitis. PMID- 18920985 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920986 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18920987 TI - The practical approach to a case of anemia. PMID- 18920988 TI - Some practical considerations in the management of fractures. PMID- 18920990 TI - The erythrocyte sedimentation rate. PMID- 18920989 TI - Dystrophia myotonica. PMID- 18920991 TI - Therapy in pediatric practice. PMID- 18920992 TI - Common surgical disorders of the rectum and anal canal. PMID- 18920993 TI - Cirrhosis of the liver in infants. PMID- 18920994 TI - Observations in black water fever. PMID- 18920995 TI - Diagnosis of the more common fevers clinically. PMID- 18920996 TI - Clinical value of the appearance of tongue. PMID- 18920997 TI - Outlines of medical treatment in general practice with recent advances. PMID- 18920999 TI - Report of a case of eclampsia. PMID- 18920998 TI - A case of puerperal insanity. PMID- 18921000 TI - Malaria with algid symptoms; causative organism, Plasmodium vivax (B. T.). PMID- 18921001 TI - A case of lung abscess (apical). PMID- 18921002 TI - Streptomycin; a valuable anti-tuberculosis agent. PMID- 18921003 TI - Cancer of the stomach in Addison's anaemia. PMID- 18921004 TI - The complications of mumps. PMID- 18921005 TI - Fatal air embolism during mastectomy. PMID- 18921006 TI - Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in the adult. PMID- 18921007 TI - Congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis; report of four cases in brothers. PMID- 18921008 TI - A case of epidermolysis bullosa. PMID- 18921009 TI - A spray device for surface analgesia. PMID- 18921010 TI - The treatment of myasthenia gravis. PMID- 18921011 TI - A method of abdominal palpation. PMID- 18921012 TI - General anaesthesia and surgical shock. PMID- 18921013 TI - Acute non-specific gastro-enteritis. PMID- 18921014 TI - Dicoumarol. PMID- 18921015 TI - Unjustified use of d-tubocurarine chloride. PMID- 18921016 TI - Measles prophylactic. PMID- 18921017 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921018 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921019 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921020 TI - Cancer of the head and neck. PMID- 18921021 TI - Intrathoracic tumors. PMID- 18921022 TI - Nutrition in the far North. PMID- 18921023 TI - A case of spindle-cell sarcoma of the stomach. PMID- 18921024 TI - Medico-legal aspects of criminal abortion. PMID- 18921025 TI - The cancer problem in Brooklyn. PMID- 18921026 TI - Recent advances in treatment of lymphomas, leukemias and allied disorders. PMID- 18921027 TI - Relation of the adrenals to immunity. PMID- 18921028 TI - Clinical and experimental studies on adrenal cortical hyperfunction. PMID- 18921029 TI - Colitis. PMID- 18921030 TI - Psychological aspects of obesity. PMID- 18921031 TI - Studies in intermediary metabolism conducted with the aid of isotopic tracers. PMID- 18921032 TI - Penicillin treatment of syphilis with some remarks in retrospect of syphilotherapy over 100 years. PMID- 18921033 TI - Annual report of the Irwin Memorial Blood Bank. PMID- 18921034 TI - Treatment of oedema by milk diet. PMID- 18921035 TI - On the indigenous systems of medicine. PMID- 18921036 TI - Combined treatment with penicillin and M. & B. 693 in two cases of cerebrospinal fever. PMID- 18921037 TI - A case of infantile wasting (marasmus). PMID- 18921038 TI - Streptomycin for penicillin-resistant subacute bacterial endocarditis. PMID- 18921039 TI - Chondroma of the larynx; report of a case. PMID- 18921041 TI - Thromboangiitis obliterans; a summary of recent trends and treatment. PMID- 18921040 TI - Giant urethral calculus. PMID- 18921042 TI - Primary splenic sarcomas of Hodgkin's type; review of the literature and report of 2 cases. PMID- 18921043 TI - Eosinophilic granuloma; report of a case with both osseous and cutaneous lesions. PMID- 18921044 TI - Carcinoma of the pancreas with special reference to the body and tail. PMID- 18921045 TI - Bone narrow studies in Hodgkin's disease. PMID- 18921046 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921047 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921048 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921049 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921051 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921050 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921052 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921053 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921054 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921055 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921056 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921057 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921058 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921059 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921060 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921061 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921062 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921063 TI - The conservative treatment of thrombo-embolic diseases. PMID- 18921064 TI - Renal rickets. PMID- 18921065 TI - Clinical observations on the use of anti-thyroid drugs; a review of the current literature and a report of 60 cases treated at the Hartford Hospital. PMID- 18921066 TI - Newer aspects of the palliative treatment of cancer. PMID- 18921067 TI - The Medical Library of the New Britain General Hospital. PMID- 18921068 TI - Doctors and nurses of other lands. PMID- 18921069 TI - The purpose of state medical societies. PMID- 18921070 TI - On Boeck's sarcoids. PMID- 18921071 TI - The clinical significance of changes in small intestinal function. PMID- 18921072 TI - Results of treatment of carcinoma of the body of uterus. PMID- 18921073 TI - Radiation therapy of carcinoma of the cervix. PMID- 18921074 TI - Pentothal, nitrous oxygen, curare anesthesia. PMID- 18921075 TI - Bilateral renal tuberculosis in pregnancy. PMID- 18921076 TI - The care of crippled children in Connecticut. PMID- 18921077 TI - A review of otolaryngology in Connecticut, particularly in New Haven County. PMID- 18921078 TI - BCG vaccination in all age groups; methods and results of a strictly controlled study. PMID- 18921079 TI - Role of transfusion in the etiology of erythroblastosis; a warning to physicians. PMID- 18921080 TI - Kala-azar; report of a case showing unusual leukocyte response and prolonged incubation period. PMID- 18921081 TI - Streptomycin in the therapy of granuloma inguinale. PMID- 18921082 TI - Effects of urethane in the treatment of leukemia and metastatic malignant tumors. PMID- 18921084 TI - Congenital toxoplasmosis. PMID- 18921083 TI - Cancer of the nervous system; brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves. PMID- 18921085 TI - A cabinet department of health, education and security. PMID- 18921086 TI - What is gout? PMID- 18921087 TI - Plantar warts; a plea for rational treatment. PMID- 18921088 TI - Liver disease in Johannesburg; relation to pellagra. PMID- 18921089 TI - Artificial pneumothorax; survey of 150 inductions on outpatients. PMID- 18921090 TI - Seasonal incidence of retarded growth in children with nutritive failure. PMID- 18921092 TI - Hospitals in the United States. PMID- 18921091 TI - Failure of sulphonamides and penicillin in maduromycosis. PMID- 18921093 TI - The country doctor. PMID- 18921094 TI - Bronchial carcinoma presenting as polyneuritis. PMID- 18921095 TI - Treatment of schistosomiasis. PMID- 18921096 TI - Clicking pneumothorax. PMID- 18921097 TI - Phosphatase and bone formation. PMID- 18921098 TI - Acute subdural haematoma amenable to surgical treatment. PMID- 18921099 TI - Fatal hypoglycaemia in a diabetic. PMID- 18921100 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921101 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921102 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921103 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921104 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921105 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921106 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921107 TI - Epidemic (infectious) jaundice and homologous serum jaundice. PMID- 18921108 TI - Consideration of the vaccinotherapy in whooping cough. PMID- 18921109 TI - Why the California Tuberculosis and Health Association fights rheumatic fever. PMID- 18921110 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921111 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921112 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921114 TI - Surgical aspects of bronchiectasis. PMID- 18921113 TI - Medical and hospital care of the veterans in Massachusetts. PMID- 18921115 TI - Mechanisms underlying pulmonary and cardiac complications of electrically induced convulsions. PMID- 18921116 TI - Angiocardiography; its use in the diagnosis of patent ductus arteriosus. PMID- 18921117 TI - Acute hemolytic anemia from quinine used as an abortifacient. PMID- 18921118 TI - Syphilis. PMID- 18921119 TI - Subacute bacterial endocarditis, aortic valve. PMID- 18921120 TI - Normal uterus. PMID- 18921121 TI - The control of acute respiratory infections in industry. PMID- 18921122 TI - The course of rheumatoid arthritis in patients receiving simple medical and orthopedic measures. PMID- 18921123 TI - Anesthesia in the surgical treatment of bronchiectasis. PMID- 18921124 TI - Localized coccidioidal osteomyelitis. PMID- 18921125 TI - Syphilis. PMID- 18921126 TI - Coronary arteriosclerosis, with occlusion, left anterior descending. PMID- 18921127 TI - Acute appendicitis, with perforation. PMID- 18921128 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921129 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921130 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921131 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921132 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921133 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921134 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921135 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921136 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921137 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921138 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921139 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921140 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921141 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921142 TI - Presentation of two bone marrow elements; the tart cell and the L.E. cell. PMID- 18921143 TI - Report on surgery of the stomach and duodenum for 1946. PMID- 18921144 TI - Annual surgical report on the stomach and duodenum for 1946; medical aspects. PMID- 18921145 TI - Annual report on surgery of the biliary system and pancreas for 1946. PMID- 18921146 TI - Annual surgical report on the biliary system and pancreas for 1946; medical aspects. PMID- 18921147 TI - An evaluation of thenylene [N,N-dimethyl N'-(alpha-pyridyl)-N'-(alpha-thenyl) ethylenediamine hydrochloride]. PMID- 18921148 TI - Procedure for distinguishing drugs effective against the tubercle bacillus by a combined in vivo and in vitro method. PMID- 18921149 TI - Multiple meningiomas; report of case and surgical considerations. PMID- 18921150 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921151 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921152 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921153 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921154 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921155 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921156 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921157 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921158 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921159 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921160 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921161 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921162 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921163 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921164 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921165 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921166 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921167 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921169 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921168 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921170 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921171 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921172 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921173 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921174 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921175 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921176 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921177 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921178 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921179 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921180 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921181 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921182 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921183 TI - The treatment of infective asthma with penicillin in beeswax and oil. PMID- 18921184 TI - Caronamide; a new enhancing agent for use in conjunction with penicillin therapy. PMID- 18921185 TI - Penicillin plus caronamide in the treatment of subacute bacterial endocarditis. PMID- 18921186 TI - Experimental studies of the common cold in human volunteers. PMID- 18921187 TI - The researcher, the searcher, and research. PMID- 18921188 TI - CATALOGUE of the Mutter Museum of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia. PMID- 18921189 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921191 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921190 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921192 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921193 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921194 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921195 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921196 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921197 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921198 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921199 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921200 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921201 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921203 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921202 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921205 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921204 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921206 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921207 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921208 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921209 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921210 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921211 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921212 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921214 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921213 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921215 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921216 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921217 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921218 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921219 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921220 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921221 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921222 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921223 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921224 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921225 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921226 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921227 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921229 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921228 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921230 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921231 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921232 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921233 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921234 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921235 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921236 TI - The Army Medical Department faces the future. PMID- 18921237 TI - Army hospitalization, retrospect and prospect. PMID- 18921238 TI - The nutrition program in Germany, U.S. Zone of Occupation in Germany, May 1945 May 1946. PMID- 18921239 TI - Blood-volume determination. PMID- 18921240 TI - Bronchiectasis following atypical pneumonia. PMID- 18921241 TI - A case of rabies. PMID- 18921242 TI - A case of malaria. PMID- 18921243 TI - A case of meningitis. PMID- 18921244 TI - A case of coccidioidal granuloma of the skin. PMID- 18921245 TI - A case of enchondroma. PMID- 18921246 TI - A case of osteogenic sarcoma. PMID- 18921247 TI - A case of bronchial adenoma. PMID- 18921248 TI - INDEX services of the Army Medical Library. PMID- 18921249 TI - Status of Medical Corps procurement. PMID- 18921250 TI - The peptic ulcer patient. PMID- 18921251 TI - Mouse holding instrument for brain harvesting. PMID- 18921252 TI - Fractures of the mandible; treatment; general considerations. PMID- 18921253 TI - SHOCK therapy. PMID- 18921254 TI - Urinary lithiasis. PMID- 18921255 TI - Organization of a dietary department. PMID- 18921257 TI - Malaria. PMID- 18921256 TI - The treatment of depression. PMID- 18921258 TI - An unusual dental prosthesis. PMID- 18921259 TI - Bicycle accident; skull fracture, middle meningeal hemorrhage, cerebral contusion, porencephaly. PMID- 18921260 TI - Glancing high velocity head injury, post traumatic epilepsy, cortical sensory deficit. PMID- 18921262 TI - Neuritis due to traction or pressure. PMID- 18921261 TI - Glancing head injury, left parietal with cortical sensory loss, right hand. PMID- 18921263 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921264 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921265 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921266 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921267 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921268 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921269 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921270 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921271 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921272 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921273 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921274 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921275 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921276 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921277 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921278 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921279 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921280 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921282 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921281 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921283 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921284 TI - The research laboratories of the General Electric Company. PMID- 18921285 TI - Attempts to detect the emission of secondary charged particles in the fission of 235U by slow neutrons. PMID- 18921286 TI - A connexion between the criterion of yield and the strain ratio relationship in plastic solids. PMID- 18921287 TI - Photoelectric measurements of the seasonal variations in daylight at Plymouth, from 1938 to March 1941, compared with the years 1930 to 1937. PMID- 18921288 TI - Progressive lightning; directly-correlated photographic and electrical studies of lightning from near thunderstorms. PMID- 18921289 TI - Extensive penetrating cosmic ray showers. PMID- 18921290 TI - An investigation, by the method of characteristics, of the lateral expansion of the gases behind a detonating slab of explosive. PMID- 18921291 TI - The interaction of radiation and matter. PMID- 18921292 TI - The basis for failure on color vision tests. PMID- 18921293 TI - Monocular amblyopia ex anopsia improved by astigmatic correction and orthoptic training; a case report. PMID- 18921294 TI - A clinical survey of spherical aberration. PMID- 18921295 TI - Convergent strabismus corrected by lenses and orthoptics; a case report. PMID- 18921297 TI - A certain class of binoculary equivalent configurations. PMID- 18921296 TI - A rapid non-destructive method of determining the refractive index of lens components, using a spectrometer. PMID- 18921298 TI - Recording and control system for infra-red spectrophotometer. PMID- 18921299 TI - A new type of reflecting sight. PMID- 18921300 TI - Tables for the determination of the refractive index and of the thickness of the thin film by the polarimetric method. PMID- 18921301 TI - Some new optical diffraction pictures. PMID- 18921302 TI - Frustrated total reflection interference filters. PMID- 18921303 TI - Infra-red radiation from a Bunsen burner. PMID- 18921304 TI - A spectrograph of high resolution for the region 0.6 to 3.0 microns. PMID- 18921305 TI - Pharmacological reactions of irradiated and non-irradiated blood sera. PMID- 18921306 TI - Non-adaptability of the I. C. I. system to some near-whites which show absorption in the far blue region of the spectrum. PMID- 18921307 TI - Reflectors for wide-angle scanning at microwave frequencies. PMID- 18921308 TI - Zeeman effect and g-values for neutral nitrogen and oxygen. PMID- 18921309 TI - New applications of the quantometer to direct reading spectrochemistry. PMID- 18921310 TI - Centering of optical systems. PMID- 18921311 TI - Electroformed precision prisms. PMID- 18921312 TI - Sky brightness measurements from rocket-borne equipment. PMID- 18921313 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921316 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921315 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921314 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921317 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921318 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921319 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921321 TI - Congenital cysts of the larynx. PMID- 18921320 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921322 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921323 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921324 TI - Septicemia in osteomyelitis of the skull. PMID- 18921325 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921326 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921327 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921328 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921329 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921331 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921330 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921332 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921333 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921334 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921335 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921336 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921337 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921338 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921339 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921340 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921342 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921341 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921343 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921344 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921345 TI - The clinical and pathologic effects of the nitrogen and sulfur mustards in laboratory animals. PMID- 18921346 TI - Some aspects of the evolution of silicotic lesions. PMID- 18921347 TI - True aneurysms of the mitral valve in subacute bacterial endocarditis. PMID- 18921349 TI - Histologic changes in rickettsialpox. PMID- 18921348 TI - Virus myocarditis; pathologic and experimental studies. PMID- 18921350 TI - Studies on ameboid motion and secretion of motor end-plates; effects of slow nervous action of disuse on the structure of nerve endings, neurosomes, and muscle fibers. PMID- 18921351 TI - Vascular proliferations, with features of arteriovenous anastomoses, in the sympathetic chain of hypertensive patients. PMID- 18921352 TI - Lesions in elastic arteries associated with hypertension. PMID- 18921353 TI - Alterations of cerebral capillaries in the early stage of arterial hypertension. PMID- 18921354 TI - Coccidioidomycosis in animals with report of a new case in a dog. PMID- 18921355 TI - Primary systemic amyloidosis. PMID- 18921356 TI - Mechanisms concerned in the necrosis effected by unsaturated fatty acid. PMID- 18921357 TI - Myocardium after sulfonamide therapy. PMID- 18921358 TI - Chronic carbon dioxide poisoning; experimental studies. PMID- 18921359 TI - Hepatic abscess; factors determining its localization. PMID- 18921360 TI - Chemical character of the enterochromaffin cells. PMID- 18921361 TI - Triple synchronous primary carcinoma. PMID- 18921362 TI - Congenital aneurysm of an aortic sinus. PMID- 18921363 TI - Modified eosin counterstain for formaldehyde-fixed tissues. PMID- 18921364 TI - Lymphoid diseases; Hodgkin's granuloma, giant follicular lymphadenopathy, lymphoid leukemia, lymphosarcoma and gastrointestinal pseudoleukemia. PMID- 18921365 TI - Antisepsis and disinfection in surgery. PMID- 18921366 TI - CAPILLARY fragility, vitamin P and rutin. PMID- 18921367 TI - Basic principles of perfumery. PMID- 18921368 TI - New methods for evaluating functional properties of petrolatum. PMID- 18921370 TI - Aromatic elixir, a new simplified procedure. PMID- 18921369 TI - PEPPERMINT and spearmint. PMID- 18921371 TI - Prescription accuracy; what are reasonable tolerances? PMID- 18921372 TI - Your profession in the U.S. Army. PMID- 18921373 TI - Your profession in the U.S. Navy. PMID- 18921374 TI - Your profession in the U.S. Public Health Service. PMID- 18921375 TI - Your profession in the Veterans Administration. PMID- 18921376 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921377 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921378 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921379 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921380 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921381 TI - [Contribution to the study of jurubeba]. PMID- 18921383 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921382 TI - [Streptomycin, testing for approval]. PMID- 18921384 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921385 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921386 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921387 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921388 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921389 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921390 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921391 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921392 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921393 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921394 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921395 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921396 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921397 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921398 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921399 TI - Total and free acetylcholine in rat peripheral nerves. PMID- 18921400 TI - Absence of spinal cord regeneration in the cat. PMID- 18921401 TI - The cingular gyrus, area 24. PMID- 18921402 TI - Phasic inhibition of the light reflex of the pupil during retinal rivalry. PMID- 18921403 TI - The occipital alpha rhythm; a study of phase variations. PMID- 18921404 TI - Some respiratory, vascular and thermal responses to stimulation of orbital surface of frontal lobe. PMID- 18921405 TI - The effect of temperature on the intersex character of Daphnia longispina. PMID- 18921406 TI - The effects of certain depressing agents on intracellular oxidation of indicators in hydra. PMID- 18921407 TI - Responses of fish melanophores to chemical warfare agents. PMID- 18921408 TI - Effects of testosterone propionate on sex development in female Ambystoma larvae. PMID- 18921409 TI - The effect of male hormone on aggressive behavior in mice. PMID- 18921410 TI - The transmission of radio-strontium and plutonium from mother to offspring in laboratory animals. PMID- 18921411 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921412 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921413 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921414 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921415 TI - The effect of the nature of the criterion upon the validity of aptitude tests. PMID- 18921416 TI - Relationship between military occupational specialty and Army general classification test standard score. PMID- 18921417 TI - The validity of a multiple aptitude test at the secondary school level. PMID- 18921418 TI - Measuring outcomes of classroom therapy. PMID- 18921419 TI - The frequency of errors in the classification of individuals on the basis of fallible test scores. PMID- 18921420 TI - The validity of standard and custom-built personality inventories in a pilot selection program. PMID- 18921421 TI - Selecting executives by psychological tests. PMID- 18921422 TI - A misuse of group tests of intelligence in the school. PMID- 18921423 TI - Multiple forms of objective tests; a test-scoring machine technique. PMID- 18921425 TI - Comparative hospital records of two groups differentiated by psychological tests. PMID- 18921424 TI - Group opinion as a predictor of military leadership. PMID- 18921426 TI - Etiological studies of psychopathic personality; the ego-inflated, defectively conditioned type. PMID- 18921428 TI - The make-a-picture-story (maps) projective personality test; a preliminary report. PMID- 18921429 TI - Psychological elements in work interference from physical disability. PMID- 18921427 TI - Abbreviated forms of the Bernreuter personality inventory. PMID- 18921430 TI - A coding system for MMPI profile classification. PMID- 18921431 TI - A factorial study of fluency in writing. PMID- 18921432 TI - A note on the reflection of signs in the extraction of centroid factors. PMID- 18921433 TI - P-technique demonstrated in determining psycho-physiological source traits in a normal individual. PMID- 18921434 TI - On the mechanics of droplet nuclei infection; apparatus for the quantitative study of droplet nuclei infection of animals. PMID- 18921435 TI - On the mechanics of droplet nuclei infection; quantitative experimental air-borne tuberculosis in rabbits. PMID- 18921437 TI - The control of schistosomiasis japonica; studies on the chemical impregnation of uniform cloth as a protection against schistosomiasis japonica. PMID- 18921436 TI - The treatment of head lice with the MYL and DDT louse powders and the NBIN emulsion. PMID- 18921438 TI - The control of schistosomiasis japonica; studies on the value of repellents and repellent ointments as a protection against schistosomiasis japonica. PMID- 18921439 TI - Observations on the safety of multiple antigen preparations. PMID- 18921440 TI - Additional observations on the duration of humoral immunity following vaccination with the 17D strain of yellow fever virus. PMID- 18921441 TI - Vaccination against Q fever. PMID- 18921442 TI - Western equine encephalitis control studies in Kern County, California, 1945; the effectiveness of residual DDT deposits on adult Culex mosquito populations. PMID- 18921443 TI - Western equine encephalitis control studies in Kern County, California, 1945; an evaluation of the effectiveness of certain types of mosquito control including residual DDT on virus infection rates in Culex mosquitoes and in chickens. PMID- 18921444 TI - Survival of the virus of the common cold in specimens collected from naturally acquired cases of common cold. PMID- 18921445 TI - Immunological studies with common cold infection. PMID- 18921446 TI - Studies in human malaria; the organization of a program for testing potential antimalarial drugs in prisoner volunteers. PMID- 18921447 TI - Studies in human malaria; the protective and therapeutic action of quinine sulfate against St. Elizabeth strain vivax malaria. PMID- 18921448 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921449 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921450 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921451 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921452 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921453 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921454 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921455 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921456 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921457 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921459 TI - Objectives of research, sources of material, and general methods. PMID- 18921458 TI - The geographical distribution and molluscan intermediate hosts of the schistosomes maturing in man. PMID- 18921460 TI - Snails collected for the schistosomiasis investigations. PMID- 18921461 TI - Methods of establishing and maintaining snails in the laboratory. PMID- 18921462 TI - Experimental molluscan infection with Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium. PMID- 18921463 TI - Experimental molluscan infection with Schistosoma japonicum. PMID- 18921464 TI - Experimental mammalian infection with the schistosomes of man. PMID- 18921465 TI - Experimental mammalian infection with the schistosomes of man; comparative study of Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum infections produced by immersion and by intraperitoneal injection. PMID- 18921466 TI - Effects of water treatment processes on schistosome cercariae. PMID- 18921467 TI - Survival of Schistosoma japonicum cercariae at various temperatures in several types of water. PMID- 18921468 TI - The effects of sewage treatment processes on the ova and miracidia of Schistosoma japonicum. PMID- 18921469 TI - The effect of chlorine and chloramine on schistosome ova and miracidia. PMID- 18921470 TI - The protective value of chemically impregnated fabrics against penetration of schistosome cercariae. PMID- 18921471 TI - Intradermal and serological tests in patients with schistosomiasis japonica. PMID- 18921472 TI - Atomic tracers. PMID- 18921473 TI - Tuberculosis control. PMID- 18921474 TI - Food handling. PMID- 18921475 TI - B.C.G. vaccination. PMID- 18921476 TI - An experience in health motivation for college girls. PMID- 18921477 TI - Sex offenses as seen by a psychiatrist. PMID- 18921478 TI - Medical, dental, and nursing services for school children. PMID- 18921479 TI - Practical considerations in mass survey follow-up. PMID- 18921480 TI - Tuberculosis mortality in major cities; United States, 1945. PMID- 18921481 TI - Some factors influencing the mouse potency test for rabies vaccine. PMID- 18921482 TI - An estimate of the incidence of disease. PMID- 18921484 TI - Studies in enterococcal food poisoning; the isolation of enterococci from foods implicated in several outbreaks of poisoning. PMID- 18921483 TI - Some improvements in the performance test for rating dishwashing detergents. PMID- 18921485 TI - A comparison of the effectiveness of 5 and 10 percent DDT dusts for the control of rat fleas. PMID- 18921486 TI - Notes on the preparation of chlorine-demand-free water. PMID- 18921487 TI - Report of brucellosis outbreak at Federalsburg, Maryland. PMID- 18921488 TI - MARRIAGES decline slightly in 1947. PMID- 18921489 TI - ACCIDENT death toll rises in 1947. PMID- 18921490 TI - GROWING importance of hospitals in medical care. PMID- 18921491 TI - Oestrogens and tumour genesis. PMID- 18921492 TI - The centralization of cancer treatment. PMID- 18921493 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921494 TI - Capacitive electric charge as a biologically active element in roentgen treatment of organic tissue; preliminary report. PMID- 18921495 TI - Treatment of cervical cancer. PMID- 18921496 TI - Parametritis as the first and only symptom of cervical carcinoma during pregnancy. PMID- 18921497 TI - Methods to reduce the dangers of radiotherapy in cancer of the uterus. PMID- 18921498 TI - The experiences with radiotherapy in cancer of the cervix and of the corpus of the uterus at the Radiumcenter in Odense. PMID- 18921499 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921500 TI - A clinical review of 262 cases of cancer of uterus. PMID- 18921501 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921502 TI - Some complicating factors in the radium treatment of carcinoma of the cervix uteri. PMID- 18921503 TI - Summary of results in the radiation treatment of uterine cervical cancer. PMID- 18921504 TI - Optimum dosage in the treatment of cancer of the cervix by radiation. PMID- 18921505 TI - The treatment of carcinoma of the cervix complicated by pregnancy. PMID- 18921506 TI - Tissue dosage in roentgenotherapy of mammary cancer. PMID- 18921507 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921508 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921510 TI - Malignant teratomas and some remarks on their radiosensitivity. PMID- 18921509 TI - Results of surgery and radiation for carcinoma of the breast with axillary metastasis. PMID- 18921511 TI - Carcinoma of the ovary developing on the basis of ovarian endometriosis. PMID- 18921512 TI - Clinical and pathological survey of ovarian tumours treated at Radiumhemmet; dysgerminomas. PMID- 18921513 TI - Malignant tumours of the testis; treatment at Radiumhemmet, Stockholm. PMID- 18921515 TI - Myogenic sarcomas of the uterus with skeletal metastases; report of cases. PMID- 18921514 TI - The prophylaxis of recurrent carcinoma of the vulva. PMID- 18921516 TI - Results of roentgen treatment in chronic myelogenous leukosis. PMID- 18921517 TI - Two cases of cystic lymphangioma of the neck with mediastinal involvement. PMID- 18921518 TI - Cases of haemangioma vertebrae roentgen treated with good results. PMID- 18921519 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921520 TI - Clinical and experimental observations in radiotherapy in functional uterine haemorrhage; a preliminary report. PMID- 18921521 TI - Rectal injuries following the Stockholm method of treatment of cancer of the cervix uteri. PMID- 18921522 TI - A new teleradium apparatus. PMID- 18921523 TI - The distribution of radiation in the treatment of carcinoma of the cervix. PMID- 18921524 TI - Small-scale dosage trials for preparatory studies in radiological treatment; preliminary report. PMID- 18921525 TI - Two automatic methods for measuring condenser chambers. PMID- 18921526 TI - A dosimeter for preventing radiation injuries to the rectum during treatment of carcinoma of the uterus with radium. PMID- 18921527 TI - On the importance of roentgen diagnostics especially in the surgical clinic. PMID- 18921528 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921529 TI - Hysterosalpingograms in genital tuberculosis in women. PMID- 18921530 TI - Further experiences in the roentgen diagnosis of tuberculous salpingitis. PMID- 18921531 TI - Roentgen examination as an aid in the diagnosis of islet adenoma in the pancreas. PMID- 18921532 TI - Intracranial angiography via the vertebral artery; preliminary report of a new technique. PMID- 18921533 TI - First infection pulmonary tuberculosis in the young adult. PMID- 18921534 TI - Roentgen elektrokymography. PMID- 18921535 TI - The six-frame translumination cabinet. PMID- 18921536 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921537 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921538 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921539 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921540 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921541 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921542 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921543 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921544 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921545 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921546 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921547 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921548 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921549 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921550 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921551 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921552 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921553 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921555 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921554 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921556 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921557 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921558 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921559 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921560 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921561 TI - Roentgenologic study of the small intestine; dysfunction associated with neurologic diseases. PMID- 18921562 TI - Newer methods of pneumoarthrography of the knee with an evaluation of the procedure in 315 operated cases. PMID- 18921563 TI - Dissecting (intramural) pharyngo-esophageal diverticulum. PMID- 18921564 TI - Spinal extradural hemangioblastoma roentgenographically visualized with diodrast at operation and successfully removed. PMID- 18921565 TI - Further studies on the relation between radiation effects, cell viability, and induced resistance to malignant growth; comparison of effects of roentgen rays on mammary tumors autogenous to inbred strains of mice (dba and C3H). PMID- 18921566 TI - Cerebral angiography. PMID- 18921568 TI - Care of patients with advanced pelvic cancer. PMID- 18921567 TI - Symposium on the treatment and care of advanced cancer patient. PMID- 18921569 TI - The management of advanced cancer of the breast. PMID- 18921570 TI - Palliative procedures in advanced cancer of the mouth. PMID- 18921571 TI - Pulmonary disease in workers exposed to beryllium compounds; its roentgen characteristics. PMID- 18921572 TI - The adult silent chest. PMID- 18921573 TI - Radiological differentiation between pericardial effusion and cardiac dilatation. PMID- 18921574 TI - The roentgen treatment of subacute sinusitis in children. PMID- 18921575 TI - Hilar densities simulating neoplasms. PMID- 18921576 TI - Roentgenologic aspect of certain lesions of bone; neurotrophic or infectious? PMID- 18921577 TI - Calcium, phosphorus and phosphatase as aids in the diagnosis of bone lesions. PMID- 18921578 TI - Experiences with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. PMID- 18921579 TI - Diverticulitis with abscess formation and vaginal fistula. PMID- 18921580 TI - Bronchography in asthmatic patients, with the aid of adrenalin. PMID- 18921581 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921582 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921583 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921584 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921585 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921586 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921587 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921588 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921589 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921590 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921591 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921592 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921593 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921594 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921595 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921596 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921598 TI - The qualifications of the surgeon and the cancer problem. PMID- 18921597 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921599 TI - The American College of Surgeons; fellowship obligations and opportunities. PMID- 18921600 TI - Liberal medical education. PMID- 18921601 TI - Forum on fundamental surgical problems. PMID- 18921602 TI - Long-term illness and the hospital of the future. PMID- 18921603 TI - Newer concepts of medical rehabilitation in Veterans Administration hospitals. PMID- 18921604 TI - HOSPITAL medical library. PMID- 18921605 TI - Forum on fundamental surgical problems. PMID- 18921607 TI - Need for efficient medical staff organization and control of the professional work of the hospital. PMID- 18921606 TI - Better hospital facilities for rural patients. PMID- 18921608 TI - The new era in personnel relations and its meaning for hospitals. PMID- 18921609 TI - The value of motion pictures in surgical teaching. PMID- 18921610 TI - Comments on report on activities of American College of Surgeons to promote training and use of vocational nurses in hospitals. PMID- 18921611 TI - Preparation and use of practical nurses and auxiliary workers for the care of the sick. PMID- 18921612 TI - How hospitals can help in student and practical nurse recruitment. PMID- 18921613 TI - Correlation of the services of the graduate nurse, the practical nurse and the auxiliary worker. PMID- 18921614 TI - HEIGHT (THE) and breadth of literary service. PMID- 18921615 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921616 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921617 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921618 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921619 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921620 TI - The mechanism and treatment of fractures of the calcaneus; open reduction with the use of cancellous grafts. PMID- 18921621 TI - Slipped epiphysis in the adolescent hip; a reconsideration of open reduction. PMID- 18921622 TI - Operative therapy for slipped upper femoral epiphysis; an end-result study. PMID- 18921624 TI - Internal contact splint. PMID- 18921623 TI - Summary of results of bone-grafting for war injuries. PMID- 18921625 TI - Experimental study of fracture sites. PMID- 18921626 TI - An anatomical study of the mechanics, pathology, and healing of fracture of the femoral neck; a preliminary report. PMID- 18921627 TI - Homografts in orthopaedic surgery. PMID- 18921628 TI - The mechanism of injury and the distribution of 3000 fractures and dislocations caused by parachute jumping. PMID- 18921629 TI - Styloidectomy of the radius in the surgical treatment of nonunion of the carpal navicular; a preliminary report. PMID- 18921630 TI - Disturbance of longitudinal growth associated with prolonged disability of the lower extremity. PMID- 18921631 TI - Hypermobile flat-foot with short tendo achillis. PMID- 18921632 TI - Structural patterns of callus in fractures of the long bones; with reference to healing after internal fixation. PMID- 18921633 TI - Cyst-like lesions of carpal bones, associated with ununited fractures, aseptic necrosis, and traumatic arthritis. PMID- 18921634 TI - Cartilage and chondroitin sulphate; chondroitin sulphate and inflammatory lesions of cartilage. PMID- 18921635 TI - Plastic repair of the extremities by non-tubulated pedicle skin flaps. PMID- 18921636 TI - The formation of new bursae with cellophane. PMID- 18921637 TI - Interinnomino-abdominal amputations; report of 12 cases. PMID- 18921638 TI - Sensory denervation of the heel for persistent pain following fractures of the calcaneus. PMID- 18921639 TI - Resection of the obturator nerve for relief of pain in arthritis of the hip joint. PMID- 18921640 TI - Salmonella suipestifer infection of the knee joint. PMID- 18921641 TI - Salmonella suipestifer pyarthrosis of the knee joint. PMID- 18921643 TI - The treatment of dropped shoulder; a new operative technique. PMID- 18921642 TI - Fracture of the femoral shaft complicated by hip dislocation; a method of treatment. PMID- 18921644 TI - A depth gauge for bone surgery. PMID- 18921645 TI - Olecranon fractures; a method of wiring. PMID- 18921646 TI - A utility attachment for cineplastic artificial arms. PMID- 18921647 TI - Cast treatment of acromioclavicular dislocations. PMID- 18921648 TI - Control of position of lower extremity by elastic bandage. PMID- 18921649 TI - Thumb abduction splint. PMID- 18921651 TI - Apparatus for correction of flexion deformity of the knee. PMID- 18921650 TI - Semilunar-cartilage knives. PMID- 18921652 TI - Apparatus for maintaining rotation of lower extremity while in traction. PMID- 18921653 TI - A self-turning sling device. PMID- 18921654 TI - Results of recent studies and experiments concerning metals used in the internal fixation of fractures. PMID- 18921655 TI - Management of vesical dysfunction following abdominoperineal proctosigmoidectomy. PMID- 18921656 TI - Gastric resection; its history and present status. PMID- 18921657 TI - The surgical treatment of extradural hematoma. PMID- 18921658 TI - Hemicolectomy and proctosigmoidectomy with transplantation of transverse colon to anus; a report of eight cases. PMID- 18921659 TI - Lumbosacro-iliac arthrodesis. PMID- 18921660 TI - The double forceps technic for delivery of a posterior head. PMID- 18921661 TI - The treatment of chronic deep thrombophlebitis. PMID- 18921662 TI - Presacral neurectomy for relief of uterine dysmenorrhea. PMID- 18921663 TI - Spontaneous perforation of the gallbladder; report of a case occurring 35 years after cholecystostomy. PMID- 18921664 TI - Late gangrenous hernia; conservative operative treatment with recovery in a nonagenarian. PMID- 18921665 TI - The treatment of hemangiomas of the head and neck. PMID- 18921666 TI - Experimental and clinical studies of reduced temperatures in injury and repair in man; effect of moderate cold and refrigeration on wound healing and regeneration of human skin. PMID- 18921667 TI - Anaphylaxis and the homotransplantation of skin. PMID- 18921668 TI - Amputation versus transposition of gland and nipple in mammaplasty. PMID- 18921669 TI - Myositis ossificans of the masseter muscle; a case report. PMID- 18921670 TI - Spontaneous gangrene of the scrotum; Fournier's gangrene. PMID- 18921671 TI - Old burn of the face and head with marked loss of hair. PMID- 18921672 TI - Marjolin ulcer of the knee following an old burn during childhood. PMID- 18921673 TI - Reconstruction of the left maxilla. PMID- 18921674 TI - The use of vitallium plates to maintain function following resection of the mandible. PMID- 18921675 TI - The use of a composite graft in reconstructive surgery of the lower eyelid. PMID- 18921676 TI - A nasal speculum for rhinoplastic surgery. PMID- 18921677 TI - A new rhinoplastic instrument. PMID- 18921678 TI - A mirror attachment on the Padgett's dermatome as a visual guide. PMID- 18921679 TI - A new device for easier skin suturing. PMID- 18921680 TI - The chondrojet; a simplified method for handling of diced cartilage. PMID- 18921681 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921682 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921683 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921684 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921685 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921686 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921687 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921688 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921689 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921690 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921691 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921692 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921693 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921694 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921695 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921696 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921697 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921698 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921699 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921700 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921701 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921702 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921703 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921704 TI - The Manson tradition. PMID- 18921705 TI - Tropical ulcer, as seen in south Iran, and its treatment with penicillin. PMID- 18921706 TI - Tuberculosis of trachea and major bronchi. PMID- 18921707 TI - Studies of venous pressure, vital capacity, circulation times and electrocardiograms in the course of pulmonary collapse therapy. PMID- 18921708 TI - Right heart failure after thoracoplasty. PMID- 18921710 TI - Multiple simultaneous acute putrid lung abscesses. PMID- 18921709 TI - The synergism between mycotic and tuberculous infections of the lungs. PMID- 18921711 TI - Tuberculosis in pediatric practice. PMID- 18921712 TI - Silicosis as an industrial and compensation problem in British Columbia. PMID- 18921713 TI - Pneumococcus pneumonia and its complications. PMID- 18921714 TI - Lung abscess (surgical aspects). PMID- 18921715 TI - Bronchiectasis. PMID- 18921716 TI - Calcium ribonate and vitamin C (Nu 240-10) in the treatment of tuberculosis. PMID- 18921717 TI - Cystic disease of the lung with report of a case. PMID- 18921718 TI - Legislative implications of adequate tuberculosis control. PMID- 18921719 TI - Necropsy incidence of tuberculosis in a hospital for the mentally ill. PMID- 18921720 TI - Necropsy diagnoses. PMID- 18921721 TI - Accommodation for the tuberculous. PMID- 18921722 TI - State of employment among 724 males (aged 15 years and over) on a tuberculosis register. PMID- 18921723 TI - Tuberculosis in Singapore. PMID- 18921724 TI - Obligations and safeguards relating to the production, issue and use of biological products. PMID- 18921725 TI - Syncope following barium chloride intravenously in the horse? PMID- 18921726 TI - Precautions against lightning conduction by water system. PMID- 18921727 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921728 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921729 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921730 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921731 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921732 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921733 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921734 TI - Reproduction in the rat on purified diets containing succinylsulfathiazole. PMID- 18921735 TI - Effect of estrogens on malic dehydrogenase of rat liver. PMID- 18921736 TI - The presence of ferritin in the duodenal mucosa and liver in hemochromatosis. PMID- 18921737 TI - Sparing action of protein on pantothenic acid requirement of rat; fibrin as the protein component. PMID- 18921738 TI - The age factor in the castration of male rabbit fetuses. PMID- 18921739 TI - The lymphoid tissue and antibody formation. PMID- 18921740 TI - Prevention of experimental arteritis in dogs by vitamin E. PMID- 18921741 TI - Cataract development in animals with delayed supplementation of tryptophane. PMID- 18921742 TI - Simulated auricular flutter in the electrocardiogram of the dog. PMID- 18921743 TI - Influence of pamaquine and atabrine on the enzymatic degradation of quinine. PMID- 18921744 TI - Urinary excretion of amino acids by the rat. PMID- 18921745 TI - Vasoconstriction elicited by addition of plasma to vasoinactive tissue extracts. PMID- 18921746 TI - Deposition of liver glycogen in normal mice and in mice bearing sarcoma 180. PMID- 18921747 TI - Arginase and catalase activity in livers of patients having benign and malignant gastric lesions. PMID- 18921748 TI - Activation of serum protease in peptone shock. PMID- 18921749 TI - Susceptibility of the hamster to St. Louis and Japanese encephalitis viruses by feeding. PMID- 18921750 TI - Influence of alpha tocopherol on implantation in old rats. PMID- 18921751 TI - Amputation of the canine atrial appendages. PMID- 18921752 TI - Perirenal hemorrhage in ureter ligated dogs receiving phthalylsulfathiazole. PMID- 18921753 TI - Complement fixation studies in experimental histoplasmosis. PMID- 18921754 TI - Sulfactin; bacterial spectrum, toxicity and therapeutic studies. PMID- 18921755 TI - Experimental type transformation of Shigella paradysenteriae (Flexner). PMID- 18921756 TI - Ovarian hyperemia in the immature rat as a pregnancy test in equids. PMID- 18921757 TI - Effect of ozonized oxygen on anti-A, anti-B, and anti-Rh typing sera. PMID- 18921758 TI - Effect of cytochrome C therapy on altitude tolerance of normal rats. PMID- 18921759 TI - Chemotherapy of experimental tuberculosis with benzothiazole derivatives. PMID- 18921760 TI - Influence of X-rays on respiration of nuclei of fowl erythrocytes. PMID- 18921761 TI - Relationship of weight, venous pressure and radiosodium (Na22) excretion in chronic congestive heart failure. PMID- 18921762 TI - Stratification of the erythrocytes of man by ultracentrifuging. PMID- 18921763 TI - Influence of epinephrine on vasoconstrictor action of kidney extracts. PMID- 18921764 TI - Influence of epinephrine on vasoconstrictive action of organ extracts. PMID- 18921765 TI - A machine for shell-freezing biological materials in small glass ampoules. PMID- 18921766 TI - Production of fatty infiltration of liver in rats by alcohol in spite of adequate diet. PMID- 18921767 TI - Complement-fixation in experimental and human poliomyelitis. PMID- 18921768 TI - Influence of pyribenzamine and antistine upon the action of hyaluronidase. PMID- 18921769 TI - Isolation and properties of snake erythrocyte nuclei. PMID- 18921770 TI - Attempted infection of the hen and man with the sporozoites of Plasmodium cathemerium 3H2. PMID- 18921771 TI - Therapeutic efficacy in experimental syphilis of eight daily injections of penicillin in beeswax-peanut oil. PMID- 18921772 TI - A search for Treponema pallidum in the lymph nodes of the syphilitic mouse. PMID- 18921773 TI - Canine epilepsy caused by flour bleached with nitrogen trichloride (agene); experimental method. PMID- 18921774 TI - Canine epilepsy caused by flour bleached with nitrogen trichloride (agene); role of amino acids. PMID- 18921775 TI - Adrenal cortical activity in urine of horses. PMID- 18921776 TI - Nutrition of the mouse; comparison of bacterial population of two highly inbred strains. PMID- 18921777 TI - Spasmolytic action of dolophine (amidone). PMID- 18921778 TI - Induction of male copulatory behavior in the brown Leghorn hen. PMID- 18921779 TI - Incidence of Rh factor among the Indians of the Southwest. PMID- 18921780 TI - Chemistry of melanin; electron micrography of natural melanins. PMID- 18921781 TI - Evaluation of a new test for the effect of vitamin P on capillaries. PMID- 18921782 TI - Effect on cardiac glycogen of intravenously administered sodium acetoacetate, sodium beta-hydroxybutyrate and sodium butyrate. PMID- 18921783 TI - Temporal relation between contraction of right and left sides of the normal human heart. PMID- 18921784 TI - The effect of a Sporosarcina ureae preparation on tumor cells in vitro. PMID- 18921785 TI - Liver injury in the dog following use of 2,3-dithiopropinol (BAL). PMID- 18921786 TI - Influence of diet upon the hypertension and nephrosclerosis produced by desoxycorticosterone acetate overdosage. PMID- 18921787 TI - Effects of dithiobiuret on the central nervous system. PMID- 18921788 TI - Specificity of eczematous hypersensitivity to p-aminobenzoic acid butyl ester (butesin). PMID- 18921789 TI - Mydriatic activity of some new synthetic anticholinergic esters. PMID- 18921790 TI - Enzyme studies on human blood; proteolytic activity associated with a fraction of plasma. PMID- 18921791 TI - Effect of histolyticus infection and toxin on transplantable mouse tumors. PMID- 18921792 TI - Comparison of two types of permanent external bile-fistula dogs for studying liver function. PMID- 18921793 TI - Urticarial hypersensitivity to sunlight. PMID- 18921794 TI - Studies on uterine metabolism; adenosinetriphosphatase activity of smooth muscle. PMID- 18921795 TI - Production of essential fatty acid deficiency symptoms in the mature rat. PMID- 18921796 TI - Effect of carbon dioxide and other gases on electrocardiogram of the right ventricle. PMID- 18921797 TI - Methionine excretion; effect of diet and methionine ingestion in normal subjects. PMID- 18921798 TI - An acoustical indicator of the systolic end point in rat blood pressure determinations. PMID- 18921799 TI - Relaxin content of blood, urine and other tissues of pregnant and postpartum guinea pigs. PMID- 18921800 TI - Enhancement of effect of chorionic gonadotrophin on ovarian hyperemia in the rat by pituitary extract. PMID- 18921801 TI - Radiations and cell division. PMID- 18921802 TI - Life tables for natural populations of animals. PMID- 18921803 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921804 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921805 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921806 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921807 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921808 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921809 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921810 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921811 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921812 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921813 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921814 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921815 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921816 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921817 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921818 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921819 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921820 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921821 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921822 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921823 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921825 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921824 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921826 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921827 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921828 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921829 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921830 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921831 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921833 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921832 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921834 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921835 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921836 TI - Enzymatic hydrolysis of alpha, alpha-di(glycylamino) propionic acid. PMID- 18921837 TI - Effects of X-radiation on sodium thymus nucleate. PMID- 18921838 TI - Chemical and electrophoretic studies of fibrinogen prepared by various methods. PMID- 18921839 TI - The oxidase of the olive. PMID- 18921840 TI - The role of pantothenate in sulfapyridine-induced achromotrichia. PMID- 18921841 TI - On the participation of carbon dioxide in the photosynthetic activity of illuminated chloroplast suspensions. PMID- 18921842 TI - Crystalline pepsin-resistant protein from skeletal muscle. PMID- 18921843 TI - The effect of repletion on the plasma proteins in the dog measured by electrophoretic analysis. PMID- 18921844 TI - Desthiobiotin and O-heterobiotin as growth factors for normal and degenerate strains of Clostridia. PMID- 18921845 TI - The hexose-monophosphatase system (glucose-6-phosphatase) of liver. PMID- 18921846 TI - Further differentiation of bean trypsin-inhibiting factors. PMID- 18921847 TI - Zoopherin; a nutritional factor for rats associated with animal protein sources. PMID- 18921848 TI - A microchemical reaction resulting in the staining of polysaccharide structures in fixed tissue preparations. PMID- 18921849 TI - The amino acid metabolism of Penicillium chrysogenum Q-176. PMID- 18921850 TI - Estimation of L-aspartic acid with aspartase. PMID- 18921851 TI - Behavior of some alkali soap systems in organic solvents. PMID- 18921852 TI - Volumetric analysis of colloidal electrolytes by turbidity titration. PMID- 18921853 TI - Membrane potentials for keratin. PMID- 18921854 TI - The sorption of oxalate by hydrous alumina. PMID- 18921855 TI - Association phenomena; the growth of particles of silver chloride, and the higher order Tyndall effect. PMID- 18921856 TI - Statistical theory of rubber-like substances. PMID- 18921857 TI - The influence of the particle size of homogeneous insecticidal aerosols on the mortality of mosquitoes in confined atmospheres. PMID- 18921858 TI - The effect of strongly hydrogen bonding agents on some polar polymers. PMID- 18921859 TI - Oleophobic monolayers; temperature effects and energy of adsorption. PMID- 18921860 TI - A new suggestion for a model representing the structure of carbon black. PMID- 18921861 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921862 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921863 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921864 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921865 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921867 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921866 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921868 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921869 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921870 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921871 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921872 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921873 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921874 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921876 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921875 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921877 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921878 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921879 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921880 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921881 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921883 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921882 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921884 TI - Dentistry and dermatology. PMID- 18921885 TI - [The dentist and cancer]. PMID- 18921886 TI - [The problem of pain in cases of abscess feces]. PMID- 18921887 TI - [Chronology of abnormal eruption of temporary teeth]. PMID- 18921888 TI - [Classification and terminology of rheumatic diseases]. PMID- 18921889 TI - [Role of the embryology of the maxillary sinus and tooth development in sinusitis of dental origin, clinical and therapeutic deductions]. PMID- 18921890 TI - [Recent data on blood clotting]. PMID- 18921891 TI - [About postoperative alveolitis]. PMID- 18921892 TI - [Diamond instruments]. PMID- 18921893 TI - [Biostatistics in the prosthesis]. PMID- 18921894 TI - [Traumatic lesions of the dental follicle and their consequences]. PMID- 18921895 TI - [The current state of dental education in Czechoslovakia]. PMID- 18921896 TI - [Recent findings in hematology; their importance in dental hemorrhages]. PMID- 18921897 TI - [Considerations of artificial teeth for fixed bridges decks]. PMID- 18921898 TI - [The autoplasties in odontostomatology]. PMID- 18921899 TI - [Caries and treatment]. PMID- 18921901 TI - [A journey through the larynx, trachea and bronchi]. PMID- 18921900 TI - [The filling root canals in ivory]. PMID- 18921902 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921903 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921904 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921905 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921906 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921907 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921908 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921909 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921910 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921912 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921911 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921913 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921915 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921914 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921916 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921917 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921919 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921918 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921920 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921922 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921921 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921923 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921924 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921925 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921926 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921927 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921928 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921929 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921930 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921931 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921932 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921933 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921934 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921935 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921936 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921937 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921938 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921939 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921940 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921941 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921942 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921943 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921944 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921945 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921946 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921947 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921948 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921949 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921950 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921951 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921952 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921953 TI - Three cases of exudative chronic discoid and lichenoid dermatosis (Sulzberger and Garbe) in Shanghai. PMID- 18921955 TI - Observations on the Kveim reaction in sarcoidosis of the American Negro. PMID- 18921954 TI - Correlation of age and respiration of skin from the human female. PMID- 18921956 TI - Studies on the eczematous sensitization; the effect of the engendering of an eczematous sensitization on the threshold of reaction to primary irritants. PMID- 18921957 TI - The distribution and factors influencing the amount of sebum on the skin of the forehead. PMID- 18921958 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921959 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921960 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921961 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921962 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921963 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921965 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921964 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 18921966 TI - D-chiro-inositol-enriched tartary buckwheat bran extract lowers the blood glucose level in KK-Ay mice. AB - D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an active compound in tartary buckwheat [Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaench] with an insulin-like bioactivity. The present study was performed to (i) prepare DCI-enriched tartary buckwheat bran extract (TBBE), (ii) evaluate its acute toxicity in mice, and (iii) examine its blood glucose lowering activity in diabetic mice. It was found that steaming buckwheat bran in an autoclave at 1.6 MPa and 120 degrees C for 60 min could significantly enrich the DCI level in TBBE from 0.03 to 0.22% and further to 22% after passage of the TBBE through activated carbon and ion exchange resins. An acute toxicity test demonstrated that the LD 50 of TBBE was >20 g/kg of body weight in mice, suggesting that TBBE was in general nontoxic and safe in mice. Male KK-A(y) mice (type 2 diabetic) and C57BL/6 mice (the control) were used to investigate the antidiabetic activity of TBBE. In KK-A(y) mice, the blood glucose, plasma C peptide, glucagon, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were significantly higher than those in the C57BL/6 mice. In addition, KK A(y) mice showed an obvious decrease in insulin immunoreactivity in the pancreas. The present study clearly demonstrated that oral administration of DCI-enriched TBBE could lower plasma glucose, C-peptide, glucagon, triglyceride, and BUN, improve glucose tolerance, and enhance insulin immunoreactivity in KK-A(y) mice. PMID- 18921967 TI - Two different proteases from Streptomyces hygroscopicus are involved in transglutaminase activation. AB - Transglutaminase (TGase), the only commercial enzyme in the food industry capable of introducing covalent bonds to proteins, is secreted as a zymogen (Pro-TGase) in several Streptomyces species. In previous studies, only a metalloprotease has been isolated from Streptomyces mobaraensis as an endogenous TGase-activating protease (TAP). In this study, not only an endogenous metalloprotease but also an endogenous serine protease is found to be involved in TGase activation in Streptomyces hygroscopicus. In a cell-free system, the TAP inhibitor was first precipitated with cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) to maintain TAP activity. Subsequently, different types of protease inhibitors were added to identify the TAP involved in TGase activation in S. hygroscopicus. TGase activation was inhibited by 1 mM phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) and 10 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), indicating the involvement of serine protease and metalloprotease in the TGase activation process. Furthermore, the TAP purified from a liquid culture of S. hygroscopicus was identified as a serine protease, which is different from the TAP isolated from S. mobaraensis. In addition, Streptomyces Pro-TGases were found to have a conserved amino acid sequence preceding the N-terminal of TGase, which contained cleavage sites for both serine protease and metalloprotease. These results indicate that endogenous serine and metalloproteases are both involved in TGase activation in S. hygroscopicus. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report that an endogenous serine protease is involved in Streptomyces TGase activation. PMID- 18921968 TI - Microwave-assisted lignin isolation using the enzymatic mild acidolysis (EMAL) protocol. AB - The use of microwaves is explored in an effort to further improve the recently developed lignin isolation protocol termed EMAL (enzymatic mild acidolysis lignin). Because the presence of the lignin-carbohydrate linkages seems to be rather pronounced within wood, a microwave reactor was used to replace traditional refluxing during the mild acidolysis step. This was done in an attempt to augment the selectivity of this step toward cleaving lignin carbohydrate bonds as well as reducing the overall intensity of this step toward inducing changes in the lignin structure, thus affording lignin in greater yields and purities. Consequently, in this study the yields, purities, and structures of lignins isolated from spruce (softwood) by the EMAL protocol under various microwave conditions were examined. The variables studied included microwave power, microwave heating time, hydrochloric acid concentration and water content of the reaction medium. Microwave heating afforded EMAL samples of high purity (90%, comparable to the conventional protocol) but in significantly greater gravimetric yields. Quantitative (31)P NMR and SEC data confirmed that the structure of lignin was similar to that obtained by traditional EMALs, with comparable contents of beta-aryl ether bonds, phenolic hydroxyls (condensed and uncondensed), and carboxylic acids. PMID- 18921969 TI - The HEALTHGRAIN Cereal Diversity Screen: concept, results, and prospects. AB - One hundred and fifty bread wheat lines and 50 other lines of small-grain cereals (spelt, durum wheat, Triticum monococcum, Triticum dicoccum, oats, rye, and barley) were selected for diversity in their geographical origin, age, and characteristics. They were grown on a single site in Hungary in 2004-2005, harvested, milled, and analyzed for a range of phytochemicals (tocols, sterols, phenolic acids, folates, alkylresorcinols) and fiber components that are considered to have health benefits. Detailed analyses of these components in the different species are reported in a series of accompanying papers. The present paper discusses the comparative levels of the bioactive components in the different species, showing differences in both ranges and mean amounts. Furthermore, detailed comparisons of the bread wheat lines show that it is possible to identify lines in which high levels of phytochemicals and dietary fiber components are combined with good yield and processing quality. This means that commercially competitive lines with high levels of bioactive components are a realistic goal for plant breeders. PMID- 18921970 TI - Tocopherols and tocotrienols in wheat genotypes in the HEALTHGRAIN Diversity Screen. AB - Tocopherol and tocotrienol compositions were studied in 175 genotypes of different wheat types grown under similar conditions to screen for natural diversity. The main focus was on bread wheats, including 130 and 20 winter and spring types, respectively. The average total content of tocopherols and tocotrienols was 49.4 microg/g of dm, with a range of 27.6-79.7 microg/g of dm, indicating a 2.9-fold variation among genotypes. Beta-tocotrienol and alpha tocopherol were the major vitamers, and in general there were more tocotrienols than tocopherols. In the early cultivated forms of wheat the proportion of tocotrienols was especially high, at >or=62.5%. In conclusion, there was a large variation in total tocopherol and tocotrienol contents in bread wheats and this, along with the high proportions of tocotrienols in other types of wheat, demonstrates the great genetic potential of genotypes to be exploited by plant breeders. PMID- 18921971 TI - Alkylresorcinols in wheat varieties in the HEALTHGRAIN Diversity Screen. AB - The contents of alkylresorcinols (AR) were analyzed in 131 winter wheats, 20 spring wheats, 10 durum wheats, 5 spelt wheats, and 10 early cultivated forms of wheat (5 diploid einkorn and 5 tetraploid emmer), which are part of the HEALTHGRAIN diversity screen. AR were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC), which provides both total contents and relative homologue compositions, as well as with a Fast Blue colorimetric method that provides only total contents but which is fast and easily screens a large number of samples. There was considerable variation in the total AR content analyzed with GC: winter wheat (220-652 microg/g of dm), spring wheat (254-537 microg/g of dm), durum wheat (194-531 microg/g of dm), spelt (490-741 microg/g of dm), einkorn (545-654 microg/g of dm), and emmer wheat (531-714 microg/g of dm). The relative AR homologue composition was different for different types of wheat, with a C17:0 to C21:0 ratio of 0.1 for winter, spring, and spelt wheats, 0.04 for einkorn and emmer wheat, and 0.01 for durum wheat. The total AR content analyzed with the Fast Blue method was lower than that analyzed with GC but there was a good correlation between the two methods (R(2) = 0.76). PMID- 18921972 TI - Folate in wheat genotypes in the HEALTHGRAIN Diversity Screen. AB - As part of the diversity screen of the HEALTHGRAIN project, the total folate contents of bread wheat (130 winter and 20 spring wheat genotypes), durum wheat (10 genotypes), earlier cultivated diploid einkorn and tetraploid emmer wheat (5 genotypes of each), and spelt (5 genotypes), grown in the same location in a controlled manner, were determined by a microbiological assay. The total folate contents ranged from 364 to 774 ng/g of dm in winter wheat and from 323 to 741 ng/g of dm in spring wheat, thus showing a marked variation. The highest mean for total folate content was measured in the durum wheat genotypes, whereas the earlier cultivated diploid and tetraploid wheat genotypes and spelt were shown to possess comparable or even higher folate contents than bread wheat. HPLC analysis of selected genotypes showed that 5-formyltetrahydrofolate was the major vitamer. The data provide a basis for breeding wheat genotypes with improved folate content. PMID- 18921973 TI - Phytosterols in wheat genotypes in the HEALTHGRAIN Diversity Screen. AB - The phytosterol contents of 130 winter wheat, 20 spring wheat, 10 durum wheat, 5 spelt, 5 einkorn, and 5 emmer wheat genotypes, grown at the same location in the same year, were analyzed with gas chromatography. Considerable variation was observed in total phytosterol contents in all wheat types. The total sterol contents ranged from 670 to 959 microg/g of dm in winter wheat and from 797 to 949 microg/g of dm in spring wheat. The highest sterol contents were found in spelt, durum wheat, and einkorn wheat. The proportions of the main phytosterols also varied substantially among the different genotypes. The most abundant phytosterol in all wheat genotypes was sitosterol (40-61% of total sterols), whereas the highest variation was seen in total stanols (7-31% of total sterols). The comprehensive data set produced in this study constitutes a valuable basis for plant breeding and selection of phytosterol-rich genotypes. PMID- 18921974 TI - Isoflavone content and its potential contribution to the antihypertensive activity in soybean Angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory peptides. AB - A soybean angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptide fraction was reported to have antihypertensive activity in a rat study. The purpose of the present study was to examine if the presence of isoflavones in the soybean ACE inhibitory peptide fraction may contribute to the blood-pressure-lowering property. The isoflavone concentration in soybean samples was analyzed on a C 18 reverse-phase column using a two-step gradient solvent system. Producing soybean hydrolysate led to a nearly 40% loss of isoflavones compared with the original soybean flour, but the isoflavone composition did not change and the dominant isoflavone chemicals remained as 6''-O-malonylgenistin and 6''-O-malonyldaidzin. Ion exchange chromatography affected significantly both the content and the composition of the isoflavones. The dominant isoflavones in the ion-exchanged fraction were aglycones and nonacylated isoflavones, accounting for 95.8% of the total amount of 987.7 microg/g. It was calculated that the isoflavone content in the soybean ACE inhibitory peptide fraction was 25 times less than the minimal effective isoflavone dose reported. In vitro study also showed that adding isoflavones into both soybean flour hydrolysate and soybean ACE inhibitory peptide samples to a concentration of as high as 31.5% (w/w) did not affect ACE inhibitory activity (IC 50 values). The findings along with previously published results indicated that the contribution of isoflavones in soybean ACE inhibitory peptide fraction to the blood-pressure-lowering property in a short-term feeding study might be negligible. PMID- 18921975 TI - Composition and end-use quality of 150 wheat lines selected for the HEALTHGRAIN Diversity Screen. AB - The HEALTHGRAIN program is focused on developing new healthy food products based on wholegrains of wheat and other cereals, by combining enhanced nutritional quality with good agronomic performance and processing quality. A sample set comprising 130 winter and 20 spring wheat varieties was therefore selected to identify the range of variation in a number of phytochemical and dietary fiber components. These lines were also analyzed for their technological properties (protein and gluten contents, Zeleny sedimentation, bran yield, kernel hardness, etc.), using samples grown on adjacent sites for two successive seasons (2004 2005, 2005-2006). On the basis of the frequency distribution and principal component analysis it was concluded that significant variation for technological quality traits is present in the 150 wheat lines and that it is possible to combine enhanced nutritional quality with good agronomic performance and processing properties. PMID- 18921976 TI - Phytochemicals and dietary fiber components in rye varieties in the HEALTHGRAIN Diversity Screen. AB - Ten rye varieties grown in one location were analyzed for their contents of dietary fiber (arabinoxylan and beta-glucan) and phytochemicals (folate, tocols, phenolic acids, alkylresorcinols, and sterols). The varieties included old and modern varieties from five European countries. Significant differences were observed in the contents of all phytochemicals in whole grains and in the fiber contents in the flour and bran. The old French varieties Haute Loire and Queyras had high contents of most phytochemicals, whereas the Polish varieties Dankowskie Zlote and Warko were relatively poor in phytochemicals. The varieties with a high content of folate tended to have low alkylresorcinol contents and vice versa. Furthermore, high contents of arabinoxylans were associated with high contents in tocols and sterols. The 10 selected rye samples comprising old populations and old and modern varieties from different ecological regions of Europe demonstrate high natural variation in their composition and show that landraces and old populations are useful genetic resources for plant breeding. The contents of single phytochemicals can likely be affected by breeding, and they may be adjusted by the right selection of genotype. PMID- 18921977 TI - Phenolic acids in wheat varieties in the HEALTHGRAIN Diversity Screen. AB - The amounts and compositions of free, conjugated, bound, and total phenolic acids were determined in 175 samples of wheat flour grown on a single site in 2005. The highest contents of total phenolic acids were found in flours of winter wheat (1171 microg/g) with average levels of 658 microg/g total phenolics across all of the wheat genotypes. Winter wheats showed a range of >3.5-fold across the concentration range for total phenolic acids. Spelt genotypes displayed the narrowest (1.9-fold) range of total phenolic acid concentration. The concentrations of phenolic acids in the different phenolic acid fractions were in the order bound > conjugated > free, with bound phenolic acids making up around 77% of the total phenolic acid concentration and free phenolic acids constituting between 0.5 and 1%. The results indicate that there is genetic diversity in phenolic acid content and that it should be possible to selectively breed for lines with high contents of phenolic components. PMID- 18921978 TI - Variation in the content of dietary fiber and components thereof in wheats in the HEALTHGRAIN Diversity Screen. AB - Within the HEALTHGRAIN diversity screening program, the variation in the content of dietary fiber and components thereof in different types of wheat was studied. The wheat types were winter (131 varieties) and spring (20 varieties) wheats (both Triticum aestivum L., also referred to as common wheats), durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf., 10 varieties), spelt wheat (Triticum spelta L., 5 varieties), einkorn wheat (T. monococcum L., 5 varieties), and emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccum Schubler, 5 varieties). Common wheats contained, on average, the highest level of dietary fiber [11.5-18.3% of dry matter (dm)], whereas einkorn and emmer wheats contained the lowest level (7.2-12.8% of dm). Intermediate levels were measured in durum and spelt wheats (10.7-15.5% of dm). Also, on the basis of the arabinoxylan levels in bran, the different wheat types could be divided this way, with ranges of 12.7-22.1% of dm for common wheats, 6.1 14.4% of dm for einkorn and emmer wheats, and 10.9-13.9% of dm for durum and spelt wheats. On average, bran arabinoxylan made up ca. 29% of the total dietary fiber content of wheat. In contrast to what was the case for bran, the arabinoxylan levels in flour were comparable between the different types of wheat. For wheat, in general, they varied between 1.35 and 2.75% of dm. Einkorn, emmer, and durum wheats contained about half the level of mixed-linkage beta glucan (0.25-0.45% of dm) present in winter, spring, and spelt wheats (0.50-0.95% of dm). All wheat types had Klason lignin, the levels of which varied from 1.40 to 3.25% of dm. The arabinoxylan contents in bran and the dietary fiber contents in wholemeal were inversely and positively related with bran yield, respectively. Aqueous wholemeal extract viscosity, a measure for the level of soluble dietary fiber, was determined to large extent by the level of water-extractable arabinoxylan. In conclusion, the present study revealed substantial variation in the contents of dietary fiber and constituents thereof between different wheat types and varieties. PMID- 18921979 TI - Phytochemical and dietary fiber components in barley varieties in the HEALTHGRAIN Diversity Screen. AB - Ten different barley varieties grown in one location were studied for their content of tocols, folate, plant sterols, alkylresorcinols, and phenolic acids, as well as dietary fiber components (arabinoxylan and beta-glucan). The samples included hulled and hull-less barley types and types with normal, high-amylose, and waxy starch. The aim was to study the composition of raw materials, and therefore the hulls were not removed from the hulled barleys. A large variation was observed in the contents of all phytochemicals and dietary fibers. Two varieties from the INRA Clermont Ferrand barley program in France (CFL93-149 and CFL98-398) had high content of tocopherols and alkylresorcinols, whereas the variety Dicktoo was highest in dietary fiber content and phenolics. Positive correlations were found between 1000 kernel weight, alkylresorcinols, and tocols, as well as between dietary fiber content and phenolic compounds. The results demonstrate that the levels of phytochemicals in barley can likely be affected by breeding and that the contents of single phytochemicals may easily be adjusted by a right selection of a genotype. PMID- 18921980 TI - Phytochemical and fiber components in oat varieties in the HEALTHGRAIN Diversity Screen. AB - The levels and compositions of a range of phytochemicals (sterols, tocols, avenanthramides, folates, phenolic acids) and dietary fiber components were determined in five oat cultivars (four husked and one naked) grown on a single site in 2005. The total levels of tocols, phenolic acids, and avenanthramides varied by over 2-fold between cultivars, but less variation occurred in total sterols and total folates. Limited variation was also observed in the dietary fiber content and composition of the four husked lines. These results indicate that it may be possible to selectively breed for lines with high contents of dietary fiber and specific groups of phytochemicals. PMID- 18921981 TI - Patterned growth of vertically aligned ZnO nanowire arrays on inorganic substrates at low temperature without catalyst. AB - We report an approach for growing aligned ZnO nanowire arrays with a high degree control over size, orientation, dimensionality, uniformity, and possibly shape. Our method combines e-beam lithography and a low temperature hydrothermal method to achieve patterned and aligned growth of ZnO NWs at <100degreesC on general inorganic substrates, such as Si and GaN, without using catalyst. This approach opens up the possibility of applying ZnO nanowires as sensor arrays, piezoelectric antenna arrays, two-dimensional photonic crystals, IC interconnects, and nanogenerators. PMID- 18921983 TI - Exploring interactions of endocrine-disrupting compounds with different conformations of the human estrogen receptor alpha ligand binding domain: a molecular docking study. AB - Endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) accumulating in nature are known to interact with nuclear receptors. Especially important is the human estrogen receptor alpha (hERalpha), and several EDCs are either known or suspected to influence the activity of the ligand-binding domain (LBD). We here present a comparative docking study of both well-known hERalpha ligands and small organic compounds, including selected polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), plasticizers, and pesticides, that are all potentially endocrine-disrupting,into different conformations of the hERalpha LBD. Three newly found quasi-stable structures of the hERalhpa LBD are examined along with three crystallographic conformations of the protein, either theapo structure or using a protein structure with a bound agonist or antagonist ligand. The possible interactions between the protein and the potentially EDCs are described. It is found that most suspected EDCs can bind in the steroid binding cavity, interacting with at least one of the two hydrophilic ends of the steroid binding site. DDE, DDT, and HPTE are predicted to bind most strongly to the hERalpha LBD. It is predicted that these compounds can interact with the three conformations of hERalpha LBD with comparable affinities.The metabolic hydroxylation of aromatic compounds is found to lead to an increase in the binding affinity of PCBs as well as DDT. Docking into the quasi-stable conformations of the hERalpha LBD leads to computed binding affinities similar to or better than those calculated for the three X-ray structures, revealing that the new structures may be of importance for assessing the function of the influence of EDCs on nuclear receptors. PMID- 18921985 TI - Predicting hydrogen-bond strengths from acid-base molecular properties. The pK(a) slide rule: toward the solution of a long-lasting problem. AB - Unlike normal chemical bonds, hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) characteristically feature binding energies and contact distances that do not simply depend on the donor (D) and acceptor (:A) nature. Instead, their chemical context can lead to large variations even for a same donor-acceptor couple. As a striking example, the weak HO-H...OH(2) bond in neutral water changes, in acidic or basic medium, to the 6 fold stronger and 15% shorter [H(2)O...H...OH(2)](+) or [HO...H...OH](-) bonds. This surprising behavior, sometimes called the H-bond puzzle, practically prevents prediction of H-bond strengths from the properties of the interacting molecules. Explaining this puzzle has been the main research interest of our laboratory in the last 20 years. Our first contribution was the proposal of RAHB (resonance-assisted H-bond), a new type of strong H-bond where donor and acceptor are linked by a short pi-conjugated fragment. The RAHB discovery prompted new studies on strong H-bonds, finally leading to a general H-bond classification in six classes, called the six chemical leitmotifs, four of which include all known types of strong bonds. These studies attested to the covalent nature of the strong H-bond showing, by a formal valence-bond treatment, that weak H-bonds are basically electrostatic while stronger ones are mixtures of electrostatic and covalent contributions. The covalent component gradually increases as the difference of donor-acceptor proton affinities, DeltaPA, or acidic constants, DeltapK(a), approaches zero. At this limit, the strong and symmetrical D...H...A bonds formed can be viewed as true three-center-four-electron covalent bonds. These results emphasize the role PA/pK(a) equalization plays in strengthening the H-bond, a hypothesis often invoked in the past but never fully verified. In this Account, this hypothesis is reconsidered by using a new instrument, the pK(a) slide rule, a bar chart that reports in separate scales the pK(a)'s of the D-H proton donors and :A proton acceptors most frequently involved in D-H...:A bond formation. Allowing the two scales to shift so to bring selected donor and acceptor molecules into coincidence, the ruler permits graphical evaluation of DeltapK(a) and then empirical appreciation of the D-H...:A bond strength according to the pK(a) equalization principle. Reliability of pK(a) slide rule predictions has been verified by extensive comparison with two classical sources of H-bond strengths: (i) the gas-phase dissociation enthalpies of charged [X...H...X](-) and [X...H...X](+) bonds derived from the thermodynamic NIST Database and (ii) the geometries of more than 9500 H-bonds retrieved from the Cambridge Structural Database. The results attest that the pK(a) slide rule provides a reliable solution for the long-standing problem of H-bond-strength prediction and represents an efficient and practical tool for making such predictions directly accessible to all scientists. PMID- 18921986 TI - Sugars, alkaloids, and heteroaromatics: exploring heterocyclic chemistry with alkoxyallenes. AB - As master craftsmen, modern synthetic chemists are challenged to achieve remarkable feats of efficiency and elegance toward molecular targets. The nature of this pursuit necessitates the collection of synthetic repertoires that are tried and true. With methodologies and pathways increasingly scrutinized, the adept chemist must seek out propitious tools to incorporate into the arsenal. With this in mind, this Account highlights the versatility of alkoxyallenes as precursors to valuable heterocyclic building blocks for such efforts as natural product synthesis. Accessed by the etherification of either propargyl alcohols or propargylic halides, alkoxyallenes are obtained after base-catalyzed isomerizations of the propargylic ethers. A host of umpolung synthons are available through this scheme after metalation, generating C(3) nucleophiles synthetically equivalent to vital anionic and zwitterionic synthons. Reactions with a diverse set of heteroatomic electrophiles yield carbohydrates, spiroketals, alkaloids, and heteroaromatics via [3 + 2] or [3 + 3] cyclizations. By employing lithiated alkoxyallenes into transformation routes, the natural product chemist can utilize this methodology as a viable resource in stereoselective synthesis. A survey of our own utilization of alkoxyallenes along synthetic pathways toward natural product targets reveals their suitability for generating advantageous precursors. A set of four stereoisomeric 2,6 dideoxyhexoses were stereoselectively obtained after an initial lithiated alkoxyallene and lactaldehyde cyclization, followed by the oxidative ring opening of the dihydrofurans. Through the addition of a lithiated alkoxyallene to a functionalized benzaldehyde, an essential spiroketal diastereomer was rapidly achieved in a few steps. We greatly benefitted from alkoxyallenes in the construction of complex nitrogen-containing synthetic targets, whether pyrrolidine alkaloids, substituted imidazole derivatives, or functionalized pyridines. A pinnacle example of their utility came from the coupling of alkoxyallenes to nitrones affording 1,2-oxazines, which served as a gateway to an array of novel polyfunctionalized compounds such as aminopolyols, hydroxylated pyrrolidines, or carbohydrate mimetics. Alkoxyallenes have proven themselves to be powerful C(3) building blocks toward complex molecular targets, revealing novel pathways to a variety of desirable highly functionalized heterocycles. In our view, the full extent of their synthetic utility has yet to be truly realized. PMID- 18921987 TI - Photodecomposition profiles of beta-bond cleavage of phenylphenacyl derivatives in the higher triplet excited states during stepwise two-color two-laser flash photolysis. AB - Photochemical properties of p-phenylphenacyl derivatives (PP-X) having C-halide, C-S, and C-O bonds in the lowest (T 1) and higher (T n ) triplet excited states were investigated in solution by using single-color and stepwise two-color two laser flash photolysis techniques. PP-Xs (X = Br, SH, and SPh) undergo beta-bond dissociation in the lowest singlet excited states (S 1) while the C-X bonds of other PP-Xs are stable upon 266-nm laser photolysis. The T 1(pi,pi*) states of PP X were efficiently produced during 355-nm laser photolysis of benzophenone as a triplet sensitizer. Triplet PP-Xs deactivate to the ground state without photochemical reactions. Upon 430-nm laser photolysis of the T 1 states of PP-X (X = Br, Cl, SH, SPh, OH, OMe, and OPh), decomposition of PP-X in the T n states was found. On the basis of the changes in the transient absorption, quantum yields (Phi dec) of the decomposition of PP-X in the T n states were determined, while bond dissociation energies (BDE) of the C-X bonds were calculated by computations. According to the relationship between the Phi dec and BDE values, it was shown that the decomposition of PP-X in the T n state is due to beta cleavage of the corresponding C-X bond, and that the state energy of the reactive T n for the C-O bond cleavage differs from that for the C-halide and C-S bond cleavage. The reaction profiles of the C-X bond cleavage of PP-X in the T n states were discussed. PMID- 18921988 TI - Topological insights into the nature of the halogen-carbon bonds in dimethylhalonium ylides and their cations. AB - In this study the nature of the bonding in a series of dimethylhalonium ylides (fluoronium, chloronium, bromonium and iodonium) was analyzed by means of topological methodologies (AIM and ELF analysis), to document the changes in the nature of the C-X bonds (X = F, Cl, Br, I) upon the series. For the sake of comparison the same study was performed on the corresponding dimethylhalonium cations (XC 2H 6 (+)) and the XCH 3 series. The wave functions used for the topological analysis were obtained at B3LYP level using extended triple-zeta basis sets. The formation of the cationic XC 2H 6 (+) structures can be interpreted to arise from the interaction between the XCH 3 and CH 3 (+) moieties. The resultant structures can be explained in terms of the superposition of two electrostatically interacting and two dative mesomeric structures. The halogen-carbon bonds have all the characteristics of the charge-shift (CS) bonds. The analysis of the C-X bond in the XC 2H 5 series shows a progressive reinforcing of the CH 3X-CH 2 bond, from FC 2H 5 that can be considered as formed from two fragments, FCH 3 and CH 2, to IC 2H 5, in which the CH 3I-CH 2 bond has all the features of a multiple bond involving atoms bearing lone pairs. Particularly interesting is BrC 2H 5, in which a special type of bond (hybrid covalent-dative double bond) has been characterized. The energetic stability of the XC 2H 5 structures with respect to the dissociation into the XCH 2 + CH 3 and XCH 3 + CH 2 ground-state fragments was studied in detail. PMID- 18921989 TI - Gas-phase oxidation of Cm+ and Cm2+ --thermodynamics of neutral and ionized CmO. AB - Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry was employed to study the products and kinetics of gas-phase reactions of Cm (+) and Cm (2+); parallel studies were carried out with La (+/2+), Gd (+/2+) and Lu (+/2+). Reactions with oxygen-donor molecules provided estimates for the bond dissociation energies, D[M (+)-O] (M = Cm, Gd, Lu). The first ionization energy, IE[CmO], was obtained from the reactivity of CmO (+) with dienes, and the second ionization energies, IE[MO (+)] (M = Cm, La, Gd, Lu), from the rates of electron-transfer reactions from neutrals to the MO (2+) ions. The following thermodynamic quantities for curium oxide molecules were obtained: IE[CmO] = 6.4 +/- 0.2 eV; IE[CmO (+)] = 15.8 +/- 0.4 eV; D[Cm-O] = 710 +/- 45 kJ mol (-1); D[Cm (+)-O] = 670 +/- 40 kJ mol (-1); and D[Cm (2+)-O] = 342 +/- 55 kJ mol (-1). Estimates for the M (2+)-O bond energies for M = Cm, La, Gd, and Lu are all intermediate between D[N 2-O] and D[OC-O] - that is, 167 kJ mol (-1) < D[M (2+)-O] < 532 kJ mol (-1) - such that the four MO (2+) ions fulfill the thermodynamic requirement for catalytic oxygen atom transport from N2O to CO. It was demonstrated that the kinetics are also favorable and that the CmO (2+), LaO (2+), GdO (2+), and LuO (2+) dipositive ions each catalyze the gas-phase oxidation of CO to CO2 by N2O. The CmO 2 (+) ion appeared during the reaction of Cm (+) with O 2 when the intermediate, CmO (+), was not collisionally cooled - although its formation is kinetically and/or thermodynamically unfavorable, CmO 2 (+) is a stable species. PMID- 18921990 TI - Topological analysis of the reaction of uranium ions (U+, U2+) with N2O in the gas phase. AB - Density functional theory calculations were performed to study the ability of uranium cations, U(+) and U(2+), to activate the N-N and N-O bonds of N(2)O. A close description of the reaction pathways leading to different reaction products is presented. The obtained results are compared with previous experimental works. The nature of the bonding of all the involved species and the bonding evolution along the reaction pathways was studied by means of the topological analysis of the ELF function. PMID- 18921991 TI - Prevention of drug-induced memory impairment by immunopharmacotherapy. AB - One approach to treating drug abuse uses antidrug antibodies to immunize subjects against the illicit substance rather than administering therapeutics that target the specific CNS site of action. At present, passive vaccination has recognized efficacy in treating certain gross symptoms of drug misuse, namely, motor activation, self-administration, and overdose. However, the potential for antibodies to prevent drug-induced changes involving finer cognitive processes, such as benzodiazepine-associated amnesia, remains unexplored. To address this concept, a flunitrazepam hapten was synthesized and employed in the generation of a panel of high affinity monoclonal antibodies. Anti-flunitrazepam mAb RCA3A3 ( K d,app = 200 nM) was tested in a mouse model of passive immunization and subsequent mole-equivalent challenge with flunitrazepam. Not only was flunitrazepam-induced sedation prevented but immunization also conferred protection to memory consolidation as assessed through contextual and cued fear conditioning paradigms. These results provide evidence that immunopharmacotherapeutic blockade of drug intoxication also preserves complex cognitive function. PMID- 18921992 TI - Rational design and synthesis of 4-((1R,2R)-2-hydroxycyclohexyl) 2(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile (PF-998425), a novel, nonsteroidal androgen receptor antagonist devoid of phototoxicity for dermatological indications. AB - 4-((1 R,2 R)-2-Hydroxycyclohexyl)-2(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile [PF-0998425, (-) 6a] is a novel, nonsteroidal androgen receptor antagonist for sebum control and treatment of androgenetic alopecia. It is potent, selective, and active in vivo. The compound is rapidly metabolized systemically, thereby reducing the risk of unwanted systemic side effects due to its primary pharmacology. (-)- 6a was tested negative in the 3T3 NRU assay, validating our rationale that reduction of conjugation might reduce potential phototoxicity. PMID- 18921993 TI - Magnetic circular dichroism study of a dicobalt(II) methionine aminopeptidase/fumagillin complex and dicobalt II-II and II-III model complexes. AB - The dicobalt form of the metallohydrolase methionine aminopeptidase from Escherichia coli (CoCo EcMetAP) has an active site with one 5-coordinate Co (II) and a more weakly bound 6-coordinate Co (II). These metal ions are bridged by two carboxylate amino acid side chains and water or hydroxide, potentially enabling magnetic exchange coupling between the metals. We used variable-temperature, variable-field magnetic circular dichroism to determine whether such coupling occurs. CoCo EcMetAP's MCD spectrum shows distinct d-d transitions at 495 and 567 nm caused by 6- and 5-coordinate Co (II), respectively. The magnetization curves for 5- and 6-coordinate Co (II) are very different, indicating that their electronic ground states vary considerably, ruling out any coupling. When the fungal metabolite fumagillin binds to the CoCoEcMetAP, the qualitative MCD spectrum is unchanged; however, VTVH MCD data show that 5- and 6-coordinate Co (II) ions have similarly shaped magnetization curves, indicating that the Co (II) ions now share the same electronic ground state. Fitting the VTVH MCD data to a model in which dimer wave functions are calculated using a spin Hamiltonian with zero-field splitting showed the Co (II) ions to be weakly ferromagnetically coupled, with J = 2.9 cm (-1). Ferromagnetic coupling is unusual for dinuclear Co (II); therefore, to support the CoCoEcMetAP/fumagillin complex results, we also analyzed VTVH MCD data from a matched pair of dinuclear cobalt complexes, 1 and 2. Complex 1 shares the carboxylate and hydroxide-bridged dicobalt(II) structural motif with the active site of CoCo EcMetAP. Complex 2 contains a nearly isostructural Co (II) ion, but the Co (III) is diamagnetic, so any magnetic coupling is switched off, while the spectral features of the Co (II) ion remain. Magnetization data for 1, fitted to the dimer model, showed that the Co (II) ions were weakly ferromagnetically coupled, with J = 1.7 cm (-1). Magnetization data for Co (II) ions in 2, however, reflect loss of magnetic exchange coupling. PMID- 18921994 TI - Remarkably bent, ethane-linked, diiron(III) mu-oxobisporphyrin: synthesis, structure, conformational switching, and photocatalytic oxidation. AB - A remarkably bent diiron(III) mu-oxobisporphyrin containing a highly flexible ethane linker is reported that authenticates, for the first time, the unprecedented ability of this platform to "open" and "close" its binding pockets, leading to facile syn-anti conformational switching with very high vertical flexibility of over 6.5 A in a single molecular framework. X-ray structural characterization reveals the bent diiron(III) mu-oxobisporphyrins with the smallest known Fe-O-Fe angles of 147.9(1) degrees for any iron(III) mu-oxo porphyrin dimers reported so far. Two rings in a molecule are not slipped but are face to face in a nearly eclipsed geometry and are placed so close that at least six carbon atoms from each of the macrocycles are driven to be essentially less than the van der Waals contacts (<3.4 A). The complex catalyzes the rapid photoinduced oxygenation of phosphites under mild conditions using aerial oxygen. PMID- 18921995 TI - Catalytic desulfurization of dibenzothiophene with palladium nanoparticles. AB - The thermal reduction of [(PEt3)2PdMe2] (1 mol%), which was produced in situ from [(PEt3)2PdCl2] (1) and 2 equiv of MeMgBr in toluene solvent, yielded palladium nanoparticles that in conjunction with MeMgBr effected the desulfurization of dibenzothiophene (DBT). The reaction resulted in the generation of the sulfur free compound 2,2'-dimethylbiphenyl, in high yields (60%). The use of several stabilizing agents such as sodium 2-ethylhexanoate and hexadecylamine was also addressed herein, their use resulting in a significant improvement of the desulfurization reaction that reached up to 90% conversion of DBT into the mentioned biphenyl. The palladium nanoparticles formed during the reaction were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and exhibited a smaller size and a lesser extent of agglomeration whenever stabilizers were used. PMID- 18921996 TI - Easily prepared chiral scorpionates: tris(2-oxazolinyl)boratoiridium(i) compounds and their interactions with MeOTf. AB - Optically active C 3-symmetric monoanionic ligands are uncommon in organometallic chemistry. Here we describe the synthesis of readily prepared tris(4 S-isopropyl 2-oxazolinyl)phenylborate [To (P)] and fluxional, zwitterionic four- and five coordinate iridium(I) compounds [Ir(To (P))(eta (4)-C 8H 12)] ( 4) and [Ir(To (P))(CO) 2] ( 5). The highly fluxional nature of 4 and 5 makes structural assignment difficult, and the interaction between the iridium(I) center and the [To (P)] ligand is established by solid-state and solution (15)N NMR methods that permit the direct comparison between solution and solid-state structures. Although iridium cyclooctadiene 4 is a mixture of four- and five-coordinate species, the dicarbonyl 5 is only the five-coordinate isomer. The addition of electrophiles MeOTf and MeI provides the oxazoline N-methylated product rather than the iridium methyl oxidative addition product. N-Methylation was unequivocally proven by through-bond coupling observed in (1)H- (15)N HMBC experiments. PMID- 18921997 TI - Self-assembly of triple helical and meso-helical cylindrical arrays tunable by bis-tripodal coordination converters. AB - The synergistic interplay of coordination and hydrogen-bonding interactions leads to assembly of isomorphous compounds of the general formula [Ln(ntb) 2](ClO 4) 3.(BDA4BPy) 3.2MeCN} infinity (Ln = La, Sm and Pr, ntb = tris(2 benzimidazoylmethyl)amine, and BDA4BPy = N (1), N (4)-bis(pyridin-4-ylmethylene) benzene-1,4-diamine), of which polymorphic crystals can be isolated in a different solvent system. In acetonitrile (MeCN) solution, the compounds crystallize as a red color (Ln = La, meso -1, Ln = Pr, meso -2), while in an acetonitrile-benzonitrile (MeCN-PhCN) mixture, yellow crystals are obtained (Ln = Pr, helical - 2). The single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses of these crystals reveal that the structures display similar cylindrical arrays containing polycompartmental cavities for guest inclusion. Occurrence of polymorphism is due to formation of helical and meso-helical arrays, giving rise to a way to tune the helicity through the solvent effects on the helix propensity of the bis-tripodal coordination converters. PMID- 18921998 TI - State-to-state dynamics of H + O2 reaction, evidence for nonstatistical behavior. AB - Converged differential and integral cross sections are reported for the H + O2 - > OH + O reaction on an improved potential energy surface of HO2(X2A'') using a dynamically exact quantum wave packet method and Gaussian weighted quasi classical trajectory method. The complex-forming mechanism is confirmed by strong forward and backward scattering peaks and by highly inverted OH rotational state distributions. Both the quantum and classical results provide strong evidence for nonstatistical behavior in this important reaction. PMID- 18921999 TI - Ordered mesoporous alumina-supported metal oxides. AB - The one-pot synthesis of alumina-supported metal oxides via self-assembly of a metal precursor and aluminum isopropoxide in the presence of triblock copolymer (as a structure directing agent) is described in detail for nickel oxide. The resulting mesoporous mixed metal oxides possess p6 mm hexagonal symmetry, well developed mesoporosity, relatively high BET surface area, large pore widths, and crystalline pore walls. In comparison to pure alumina, nickel aluminum oxide samples exhibited larger mesopores and improved thermal stability. Also, long range ordering of the aforementioned samples was observed for nickel molar percentages as high as 20%. The generality of the recipe used for the synthesis of mesoporous nickel aluminum oxide was demonstrated by preparation of other alumina-supported metal oxides such as MgO, CaO, TiO 2, and Cr 2O 3. This method represents an important step toward the facile and reproducible synthesis of ordered mesoporous alumina-supported materials for various applications where large and accessible pores with high loading of catalytically active metal oxides are needed. PMID- 18922000 TI - New hyperpolarized contrast agents for 13C-MRI from para-hydrogenation of oligooxyethylenic alkynes. AB - Two alkyne derivatives, which contain one and two oligooxyethylenic chains respectively, showed to be good substrates for para-hydrogenation reactions, yielding the corresponding hyperpolarized alkenes in good yields. A suitable theory has been developed to account for the observed results, fully explaining the different para-H 2 induced effects observed upon the para-hydrogenation of symmetrically and asymmetrically substituted alkynes in ALTADENA and PASADENA modes. The oligooxyethylenic substituent provides good water solubility to the para-hydrogenated symmetrical derivative. (13)C-MR in vitro images of the latter derivative were obtained both in acetone and in water solutions (130 mM), using the ALTADENA procedure and after application of the field cycling procedure which allows acquisition of an in-phase (13)C carbonyl resonance. The finding that the hydrogenated product is water-soluble in contrast to the parent alkyne which is not allows for the pursuit of a fast phase-transfer separation from the organic solvent, the unreacted substrate, and the catalyst to obtain a "ready-to-use" water solution suitable for further in vivo MRI applications. PMID- 18922001 TI - Size and shape control of colloidally synthesized IV-VI nanoparticulate tin(II) sulfide. AB - We report the synthesis and characterization of monodisperse SnS nanocrystals and demonstrate shape control by varying the ratio of ligands present in the reaction mixture. The nanoparticles are subsequently linked to conducting transparent substrates, and their optoelectronic response is probed. Values of the photocurrent for this system, without attempts to optimize, in the range of 6-8 nA cm(-2) were obtained. PMID- 18922002 TI - Azidation of silicon(111) surfaces. AB - A two-step chlorination/azidation process was reported to prepare azide-modified silicon(111) surfaces. XPS and IR analyses show the covalent bonding of azide with silicon. In combination with scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy analyses, different kinetic rates, azide coverages, and surface-area distributions were derived depending on the azidation solvent. PMID- 18922003 TI - Relative and absolute stereochemistry of quinadoline B, an inhibitor of lipid droplet synthesis in macrophages. AB - New fungal metabolites, designated quinadolines A (1) and B (2), were isolated from culture broth of Aspergillus sp. FKI-1746, and their structures were elucidated by NMR spectroscopy. The complete relative and absolute stereochemistry of 2 was determined by X-ray crystallography and amino acid analysis using a chiral column. Quinadolines moderately inhibited lipid droplet synthesis in mouse macrophages. PMID- 18922004 TI - Cyclization of nonterminal alkynic beta-keto esters catalyzed by gold(I) complex with a semihollow, end-capped triethynylphosphine ligand. AB - A cationic gold(I) complex with a semihollow-shaped trialkynylphosphine catalyzed 5-exo-dig and 6-endo-dig cyclizations of various internal alkynic beta-keto esters, showing a marked advantage over a gold(I)-PPh3 complex with respect to the rates of the reactions and the product yields. It is proposed that the gold bound alkynic substrate in a catalytic pocket must be somewhat folded and that such a steric effect makes the carbon-carbon bond formation entropically more favorable. PMID- 18922005 TI - Intermolecular silacarbonyl ylide cycloadditions: a direct pathway to oxasilacyclopentenes. AB - Silacarbonyl ylides, generated by metal-catalyzed silylene transfer to carbonyls, participate in formal intermolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions with carbonyl compounds and alkynes to form dioxasilacyclopentane acetals and oxasilacyclopentenes in an efficient, one-step process. PMID- 18922006 TI - Cu(I)-catalyzed intramolecular C-C coupling of activated methylene compounds with vinyl halides: efficient synthesis of functionalized alkylidenecyclobutanes. AB - With the catalysis of CuI/L-proline, a number of 2-(3-bromobut-3-enyl)malonates underwent efficient intramolecular C-vinylation leading to the synthesis of functionalized alkylidenecyclobutanes. Competition experiments revealed that this four-membered ring closure is fundamentally preferred over the corresponding five membered ring closure. PMID- 18922007 TI - Diversity-oriented synthesis of fused pyran gamma-lactones via an efficient Pd thiourea-catalyzed alkoxycarbonylative annulation. AB - We reported herein a diversity-oriented synthesis of a range of fused pyran-gamma lactones that was effected through a versatile Pd-thiourea complex-catalyzed intramolecular alkoxycarbonylative annulation. PMID- 18922008 TI - Manganese-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction between aryl Grignard reagents and alkenyl halides. AB - Aryl Grignard reagents react stereospecifically with alkenyl halides in the presence of manganese chloride (10%) to afford good yields of cross-coupling products. PMID- 18922009 TI - Expression profiling of muscle reveals transcripts differentially expressed in muscle that affect water-holding capacity of pork. AB - To identify biological processes as well as molecular markers for drip loss, a parameter for water holding capacity of meat, the M. longissimus dorsi transcriptomes of six divergent sib pairs were analyzed using Affymetrix Porcine Genome Array. Functional categories of differentially regulated transcripts were determined by single-gene analysis and gene set analysis. The transcripts being up-regulated at high drip loss belong to groups of genes functionally categorized as genes of membrane proteins, signal transduction, cell communication, response to stimulus, and cytoskeleton. Among genes down-regulated with high drip loss, functional groups of oxidoreductase activity, lipid metabolism, and electron transport were identified. Differential regulation of the abundance of transcripts of these biological networks in live muscle affect mortem biochemical processes of meat maturation. Knowledge of this functional link is indicative for the identification of candidate genes for improvement of meat quality. PMID- 18922010 TI - Modified benzoxazinones in the system Oryza sativa-Echinochloa crus-galli: an approach to the development of biorational herbicide models. AB - The utility of benzoxazinones and some of their synthetic derivatives in the search for new leads for herbicide model development has been explored. The work described focuses on obtaining derivatives that present selectivity in the system Oryza sativa- Echinochloa crus-galli. To achieve this goal the influence of lipophilicity in this system has been studied by preparing 14 ester derivatives at the N-4 position of D-DIBOA along with other compounds with different functionalization and chain lengths at position C-2. These compounds have been tested in the aforementioned system, and the dose-response profiles have been compared. The most active compound was 2-ethyl-4-hydroxy-(2H)-1,4-benzoxazin 3(4H)-one, which presented higher selectivity than the specific herbicide Cotanil 35. These results confirm the potential of D-DIBOA as a lead herbicide for the control of Echinochloa spp. in rice crops. PMID- 18922011 TI - Reinvestigation of the bitter compounds in carrots (Daucus carota L.) by using a molecular sensory science approach. AB - In order to reinvestigate the key molecules inducing bitter off-taste of carrots ( Daucus carota L.), a sensory-guided fractionation approach was applied to bitter carrot extracts. Besides the previously reported bitter compounds, 6 methoxymellein (1), falcarindiol (2), falcarinol (3), and falcarindiol-3-acetate (4), the following compounds were identified for the first time as bitter compounds in carrots with low bitter recognition thresholds between 8 and 47 micromol/L: vaginatin (5), isovaginatin (6), 2-epilaserine oxide (7), laserine oxide (8), laserine (14), 2-epilaserine (15), 6,8-O-ditigloyl- (9), 6-O-angeloyl , 8-O-tigloyl- (10), 6-O-tigloyl-, 8-O-angeloyl- (11), and 6-, 8-O-diangeloyl-6 ss,8alpha,11-trihydroxygermacra-1(10) E,4 E-diene (12), as well as 8-O-angeloyl tovarol (13) and alpha-angeloyloxy-latifolone (16). Among these bitter molecules, compounds 9, 10, 13, and 16 were not previously identified in carrots and compounds 6, 11, and 12 were yet not reported in the literature. PMID- 18922012 TI - Hydrolysis of whey protein isolate with Bacillus licheniformis protease: aggregating capacities of peptide fractions. AB - In a previous study, peptides aggregating at pH 7.0 derived from a whey protein hydrolysate made with Bacillus licheniformis protease were fractionated and identified. The objective of the present work was to investigate the solubility of the fractionated aggregating peptides, as a function of concentration, and their aggregating capacities toward added intact proteins. The amount of aggregated material and the composition of the aggregates obtained were measured by nitrogen concentration and size exclusion chromatography, respectively. The results showed that of the four fractions obtained from the aggregating peptides, two were insoluble, while the other two consisted of 1:1 mixture of low and high solubility peptides. Therefore, insoluble peptides coaggregated, assumedly via hydrophobic interactions, other relatively more soluble peptides. It was also shown that aggregating peptides could aggregate intact protein nonspecifically since the same peptides were involved in the aggregation of whey proteins, beta casein, and bovine serum albumin. Both insoluble and partly insoluble peptides were required for the aggregation of intact protein. These results are of interest for the applications of protein hydrolysates, as mixtures of intact protein and peptides are often present in these applications. PMID- 18922013 TI - Characteristic hydrocarbons and 2-alkylcyclobutanones for detecting gamma irradiated sesame seeds after steaming, roasting, and oil extraction. AB - Hydrocarbons and 2-alkylcyclobutanones in sesame seeds ( Sesamum indicum L.) irradiated at 0.5-4 kGy were used to determine the effect of subsequent steaming, roasting, and oil extraction from the roasted samples on the changes in their concentrations. The concentrations of radiation-induced hydrocarbons increased almost linearly (R(2) = 0.8671-0.9953) with the applied dose. The hydrocarbons, 1,7-hexadecadiene and 8-heptadecene, were detected only in the irradiated samples before and after three types of treatments at doses > or =0.5 kGy, but they were not detected in non-irradiated samples before and after treatment. These two hydrocarbons could be used as markers to identify irradiated sesame seeds. The concentrations of the three detected 2-alkylcyclobutanones, 2 dodecylcyclobutanone (2-DCB), 2-tetradecylcyclobutanone (2-TCB), and 2-(5' tetradecenyl)cyclobutanone (2-TeCB), linearly increased with the irradiation dose. These compounds could be detected at doses > or =0.5 kGy but not in non irradiated samples. The three types of treatments had no significant effect on the levels of 2-alkylcyclobutanones. PMID- 18922014 TI - Comparative metabolism and pharmacokinetics of seven neonicotinoid insecticides in spinach. AB - The metabolism of seven commercial neonicotinoid insecticides was compared in spinach seedlings (Spinacia oleracea) using HPLC-DAD and LC-MSD to analyze the large number and great variety of metabolites. The parent neonicotinoid levels in the foliage following hydroponic treatment varied from differences in uptake and persistence. The metabolic reactions included nitro reduction, cyano hydrolysis, demethylation, sulfoxidation, imidazolidine and thiazolidine hydroxylation and olefin formation, oxadiazine hydroxylation and ring opening, and chloropyridinyl dechlorination. The identified phase I plant metabolites were generally the same as those in mammals, but the phase II metabolites differed in the conjugating moieties. Novel plant metabolites were various neonicotinoid-derived O- and N glucosides and -gentiobiosides and nine amino acid conjugates of chloropyridinylcarboxylic acid. Metabolites known to be active on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors included the desnitro- and descyanoguanidines and olefin derivatives. The findings highlight both metabolites common to several neonicotinoids and those that are compound specific. PMID- 18922015 TI - Evaluation of Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt.) cultivars for their polyphenol content, antioxidant properties, and storage stability. AB - The polyphenol contents and antioxidant activities were assessed for 17 Saskatoon berry cultivars grown in Canada in fresh and stored fruits at -20 degrees C for 9 months. The Nelson cultivar was the richest in total polyphenol, anthocyanin, and procyanidin contents (801, 382, and 278 mg/100 g fresh weight, respectively). This cultivar was characterized also by the highest antioxidant potential measured with DPPH and ABTS radicals (2.8 and 5.0 mM/100 g FW, respectively). Cultivar-dependent changes in polyphenol content after freezer storage were observed. In the Lee 2 cultivar, significant increases in anthocyanin and flavonol contents occurred, while in the Lee 3 and Martin cultivars considerable decreases were observed. During the freezer storage, the antioxidant activity remained unchanged except for the Smokey which showed to be the most sensitive cultivar during storage. The Nelson and Lee 2 were the most stable cultivars during storage. The high polyphenol content and antioxidant activity of the Nelson cultivar and its good storage stability would make this cultivar the optimal material for fruit growers and food producers. PMID- 18922016 TI - Interaction between ascorbic acid and chlorogenic acid during the formation of nitric oxide in acidified saliva. AB - When saliva and gastric juice are mixed, salivary nitrite is transformed to nitrous acid to produce nitric oxide (NO). The NO formation in acidified saliva was enhanced by ascorbic acid and chlorogenic acid. Thiocyanate ion (SCN(-)) also enhanced the transformation of nitrous acid to NO. During the NO formation in the presence of both ascorbic acid and chlorogenic acid, ascorbic acid was preferentially oxidized. Chlorogenic acid was oxidized after ascorbic acid had been oxidized. Ascorbyl radical was detected during the oxidation of ascorbic acid, and the radical intensity was decreased by chlorogenic acid. The decrease is discussed to be due to the reduction of the oxidation intermediate or product of chlorogenic acid by ascorbyl radical. The result obtained in this study suggests that ascorbic acid was preferentially oxidized and that not only ascorbic acid but also ascorbyl radical could interact with the oxidation intermediate or product of chlorogenic acid when chlorogenic acid was added to the mixture of saliva and gastric juice that contained ascorbic acid. PMID- 18922017 TI - Phytoestrogen content of foods of animal origin: dairy products, eggs, meat, fish, and seafood. AB - Dietary phytoestrogens may be involved in the occurrence of chronic diseases. Reliable information on the phytoestrogen content in foods is required to assess dietary exposure and disease risk in epidemiological studies. However, existing analyses have focused on only one class of these compounds in plant-based foods, and there is only little information on foods of animal origin, leading to an underestimation of intake. This is the first comprehensive study of phytoestrogen content in animal food. We have determined the phytoestrogen content (isoflavones: biochanin A, daidzein, formononetin, genistein, and glycitein; lignans: secoisolariciresinol and matairesinol; coumestrol; equol; enterolactone; and enterodiol) in 115 foods of animal origin (including milk and milk-products, eggs, meat, fish, and seafood) and vegetarian substitutes using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) with (13)C-labeled internal standards. Phytoestrogens were detected in all foods analyzed; the average content was 20 microg/100 g of wet weight (isoflavones, 6 microg/100 g; lignans, 6 microg/100 g; equol, 3 microg/100 g; and enterolignans, 6 microg/100 g). In infant soy formula, 19 221 microg/100 g phytoestrogens were detected (compared to 59 microg/100 g in non-soy formula). Our study shows that all foods analyzed contained phytoestrogens and most foods (except for fish, seafood, and butter) contained mammalian phytoestrogens (enterolignans and equol). This is the first comprehensive study of phytoestrogen content of foods of animal origin and will allow for a more accurate estimation of exposure to dietary phytoestrogens. PMID- 18922020 TI - Analysis of BART7 microRNA from Epstein-Barr virus-infected nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells by capillary electrophoresis. AB - MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of approximately 22-nucleotide noncoding RNA molecules that negatively regulate their target genes in a sequence-specific manner. In the present study, a fluorescence-labeled antisense DNA oligonucleotide was directly hybridized with BART7 miRNA in SSC buffered cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), followed by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence. The CTAB-mediated hybridization allows the probe to anneal the target at 50.0 degrees C, which is well below the computer-calculated melting temperature of 66.4 degrees C. The free probe (22-nt) and probe/miRNA duplex (22-bp) can be separated well by 2% poly(ethylene) oxide in the presence of electroosmotic flow with 7 M urea. The repeatability of the migration time of the DNA probe was 10.66 +/- 0.34 min (n = 10), the resolution was 1.12 +/- 0.11 (n = 10), and the separation efficiencies achieved were 1.71 and 1.74 million per meter. The peak area of the probe/miRNA duplex exhibited an excellent linearity (r(2) = 0.9973). Furthermore, no false positive result was detected even in the presence of a 2000-fold excess of single nucleotide-mismatched target. Compared to other methods, capillary electrophoresis not only exhibits excellent specificity but also shows negligible effects of intrinsic interferences such as human total RNA, primary miRNA or precursor miRNA. PMID- 18922019 TI - Multiplex detection of protease activity with quantum dot nanosensors prepared by intein-mediated specific bioconjugation. AB - We report here a protease sensing nanoplatform based on semiconductor nanocrystals or quantum dots (QDs) and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (QD-BRET) to detect the protease activity in complex biological samples. These nanosensors consist of bioluminescent proteins as the BRET donor, quantum dots as the BRET acceptor, and protease substrates sandwiched between the two as a sensing group. An intein-mediated conjugation strategy was developed for site specific conjugation of proteins to QDs in preparing these QD nanosensors. In this traceless ligation, the intein itself is spliced out and excluded from the final conjugation product. With this method, we have synthesized a series of QD nanosensors for highly sensitive detection of an important class of protease matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity. We demonstrated that these nanosensors can detect the MMP activity in buffers and in mouse serum with the sensitivity to a few nanograms per milliliter and secreted proteases by tumor cells. The suitability of these nanosensors for a multiplex protease assay has also been shown. PMID- 18922021 TI - Solution structure of Pyrococcus furiosus RPP21, a component of the archaeal RNase P holoenzyme, and interactions with its RPP29 protein partner. AB - RNase P is the ubiquitous ribonucleoprotein metalloenzyme responsible for cleaving the 5'-leader sequence of precursor tRNAs during their maturation. While the RNA subunit is catalytically active on its own at high monovalent and divalent ion concentrations, four protein subunits are associated with archaeal RNase P activity in vivo: RPP21, RPP29, RPP30, and POP5. These proteins have been shown to function in pairs: RPP21-RPP29 and POP5-RPP30. We have determined the solution structure of RPP21 from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus ( Pfu) using conventional and paramagnetic NMR techniques. Pfu RPP21 in solution consists of an unstructured N-terminus, two alpha-helices, a zinc binding motif, and an unstructured C-terminus. Moreover, we have used chemical shift perturbations to characterize the interaction of RPP21 with RPP29. The data show that the primary contact with RPP29 is localized to the two helices of RPP21. This information represents a fundamental step toward understanding structure-function relationships of the archaeal RNase P holoenzyme. PMID- 18922022 TI - The efficacy of topoisomerase II-targeted anticancer agents reflects the persistence of drug-induced cleavage complexes in cells. AB - Genistein, a widely consumed bioflavonoid with chemopreventative properties in adults, and etoposide, a commonly prescribed anticancer drug, are well characterized topoisomerase II poisons. Although both compounds display similar potencies against human topoisomerase IIalpha and IIbeta in vitro and induce comparable levels of DNA cleavage complexes in cultured human cells, their cytotoxic and genotoxic effects differ significantly. As determined by assays that monitored cell viability or the phosphorylation of histone H2AX, etoposide was much more toxic in CEM cells than genistein. Further studies that characterized the simultaneous treatment of cells with genistein and etoposide indicate that the differential actions of the two compounds are not related to the effects of genistein on cellular processes outside of its activity against topoisomerase II. Rather, they appear to result from a longer persistence of cleavage complexes induced by etoposide as compared to genistein. Parallel in vitro studies with purified type II enzymes led to similar conclusions regarding cleavage complex persistence. Isoform-specific differences were observed in vitro and in cells treated with etoposide. To this point, the t 1/2 of etoposide induced DNA cleavage complexes formed with topoisomerase IIalpha in CEM cells was approximately 5 times longer than those formed with topoisomerase IIbeta. The cytotoxicity of etoposide following four treatment-recovery cycles was similar to that induced by continuous exposure to the drug over an equivalent time period. Taken together, these findings suggest that it may be possible to preferentially target topoisomerase IIalpha with etoposide by employing a schedule that utilizes pulsed drug treatment-recovery cycles. PMID- 18922023 TI - Functional analysis of phenylalanine residues in the active site of cytochrome P450 2C9. AB - The two published crystal structures of cytochrome P450 2C9, complexed with ( S) warfarin or flurbiprofen, implicate a cluster of three active site phenylalanine residues (F100, F114, F476) in ligand binding. However, these three residues appear to interact differently with these two ligands based on the static crystal structures. To elucidate the importance of CYP2C9's active site phenylalanines on substrate binding, orientation, and catalytic turnover, a series of leucine and tryptophan mutants were constructed and their interactions with ( S)-warfarin and ( S)-flurbiprofen examined. The F100-->L mutation had minor effects on substrate binding and metabolism of each substrate. In contrast, the F114L and F476L mutants exhibited substantially reduced ( S)-warfarin metabolism and altered hydroxy metabolite profiles but only modestly decreased nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) turnover while maintaining product regioselectivity. The F114-->W and F476-->W mutations also had opposing effects on ( S)-warfarin versus NSAID turnover. Notably, the F476W mutant increased the efficiency of ( S)-warfarin metabolism 5-fold, yet decreased the efficiency of ( S)-flurbiprofen turnover 20-fold. (1)H NMR T 1 relaxation studies suggested a slightly closer positioning of ( S)-warfarin to the heme in the F476W mutant relative to the wild-type enzyme, and stoichiometry studies indicated enhanced coupling of reducing equivalents to product formation for ( S)-warfarin, again in contrast to effects observed with ( S)-flurbiprofen. These data demonstrate that F114 and F476, but not F100, influence ( S)-warfarin's catalytic orientation. Differential interactions of F476 mutants with the two substrates suggest that their catalytically productive binding modes are not superimposable. PMID- 18922024 TI - Carbapenems and SHV-1 beta-lactamase form different acyl-enzyme populations in crystals and solution. AB - The reactions between single crystals of the SHV-1 beta-lactamase enzyme and the carbapenems, meropenem, imipenem, and ertapenem, have been studied by Raman microscopy. Aided by quantum mechanical calculations, major populations of two acyl-enzyme species, a labile Delta (2)-pyrroline and a more tightly bound Delta (1)-pyrroline, have been identified for all three compounds. These isomers differ only in the position of the double bond about the carbapenem nucleus. This discovery is consonant with X-ray crystallographic findings that also identified two populations for meropenem bound in SHV-1: one with the acyl CO group in the oxyanion hole and the second with the acyl group rotated 180 degrees compared to its expected position [Nukaga, M., Bethel, C. R., Thomson, J. M., Hujer, A. M., Distler, A. M., Anderson, V. E., Knox, J. R., and Bonomo, R. A. (2008) J. Am. Chem. Soc. (in press)]. When crystals of the Delta (1)- and Delta (2)-containing acyl-enzymes were exposed to solutions with no carbapenem, rapid deacylation of the Delta (2) species was observed by kinetic Raman experiments. However, no change in the Delta (1) population was observed over 1 h, the effective lifetime of the crystal. These observations lead to the hypothesis that the stable Delta (1) species is due to the form seen by X-ray with the acyl carbonyl outside the oxyanion hole, while the Delta (2) species corresponds to the form with the carbonyl inside the oxyanion hole. Soak-in and soak-out Raman experiments also demonstrated that tautomeric exchange between the Delta (1) and Delta (2) forms does not occur on the crystalline enzyme. When meropenem or ertapenem was reacted with SHV-1 in solution, the Raman difference spectra demonstrated that only a major population corresponding to the Delta (1) acyl-enzyme could be detected. The 1003 cm (-1) mode of the phenyl ring positioned on the C3 side chain of ertapenem acts as an effective internal Raman intensity standard, and the ratio of its intensity to that of the 1600 cm (-1) feature of Delta (1) provides an estimate of the relative populations of Delta (1). In solution, I 1600/ I 1003 equals 2, and in the crystal, I 1600 /I 1003 equals 1. This is strong evidence that the Delta (1) and Delta (2) acyl-enzymes in the crystal are present in approximately equal amounts, in agreement with the X-ray data. However, in solution there are twice as many Delta (1) species per Phe group, and this represents approximately 100% of the active sites, which is consistent with the observed inhibition of the enzyme's activity. PMID- 18922025 TI - Identification and characterization of the nuclear isoform of Drosophila melanogaster CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase. AB - CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CCT) catalyzes the conversion of phosphocholine and cytidine 5'-triphosphate (CTP) to CDP-choline for the eventual synthesis of phosphatidylcholine (PC). The enzyme is regulated by reversible association with cellular membranes, with the rate of catalysis increasing following membrane association. Two isoforms of CCT appear to be present in higher eukaryotes, including Drosophila melanogaster, which contains the tandem genes Cct1 and Cct2. Before this study, the CCT1 isoform had not been characterized and the cellular location of each enzyme was unknown. In this investigation, the cDNA encoding the CCT1 isoform from D. melanogaster has been cloned and the recombinant enzyme purified and characterized to determine catalytic properties and the effect of lipid vesicles on activity. CCT1 exhibited a V max of 23904 nmol of CDP-choline min (-1) mg (-1) and apparent K m values for phosphocholine and CTP of 2.29 and 1.21 mM, respectively, in the presence of 20 muM PC/oleate vesicles. Cytidylyltransferases require a divalent cation for catalysis, and the cation preference of CCT1 was found to be as follows: Mg (2+) > Mn (2+) = Co (2+) > Ca (2+) = Ni (2+) > Zn (2+). The activity of the enzyme is stimulated by a variety of lipids, including phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylserine, diphosphatidylglycerol, and the fatty acid oleate. Phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidic acid, however, did not have a significant effect on CCT1 activity. The cellular location of both CCT1 and CCT2 isoforms was elucidated by expressing green fluorescent fusion proteins in cultured D. melanogaster Schneider 2 cells. CCT1 was identified as the nuclear isoform, while CCT2 is cytoplasmic. PMID- 18922026 TI - Charge-pairing mechanism of phosphorylation effect upon amyloid fibrillation of human tau core peptide. AB - Phosphorylation of a fibrillogenic protein, human tau, is believed to play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. For elucidating molecular mechanisms of the phosphorylation effect on tau fibrillation, we synthesized a peptide, VQIVY 310K (PHF6) and its phosphorylated derivative (PHF6pY). PHF6 is a partial peptide surrounding a plausible in vivo phosphorylation site Tyr310 and forms amyloid-type fibrils similar to those generated by full-length tau. Fibrillation of PHF6 and PHF6pY were studied by spectroscopic and microscopic methods, and the critical concentration of the fibrillation was determined for comparing the fibril stability. The results showed that the phosphorylation strongly influenced the fibrillation propensity of PHF6 by changing its dependency on pH and ionic strength. On the basis of the observations, we suggested that charged sites on the phosphate group and its electrostatic pairing with the neighboring charged residues were physical origins of the phosphorylation effect. To verify this charge-pairing mechanism, we conducted experiments using a series of PHF6 derivatives with non-native charge distributions. The electrostatic interaction in an intermolecular mode was also demonstrated by the system composed of two different peptide species, which found that fibrillation of nonphosphorylated PHF6 was drastically enhanced when a trace amount of phosphorylated PHF6 molecules coexisted. A simulation analysis utilizing crystal coordinates of the PHF6 fibril was also performed for interpreting the experimental results in a molecular level. The present study using the model peptide system gave us a microscopically insightful view on the roles of tau phosphorylation in amyloid-related diseases. PMID- 18922027 TI - Formation of efficient dye-sensitized solar cells by introducing an interfacial layer of long-range ordered mesoporous TiO2 thin film. AB - Long-range ordered cubic mesoporous TiO 2 films with 300 nm thickness were fabricated on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate by evaporation-induced self-assembly (EISA) process using F127 as a structure-directing agent. The prepared mesoporous TiO 2 film (Meso-TiO 2) was applied as an interfacial layer between the nanocrystalline TiO 2 film (NC-TiO 2) and the FTO electrode in the dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). The introduction of Meso-TiO 2 increased J sc from 12.3 to 14.5 mA/cm (2), and V oc by 55 mV, whereas there was no appreciable change in the fill factor (FF). As a result, the photovoltaic conversion efficiency ( eta) was improved by 30.0% from 5.77% to 7.48%. Notably, introduction of Meso-TiO 2 increased the transmittance of visible light through the FTO glass by 23% as a result of its excellent antireflective role. Thus the increased transmittance was a key factor in enhancing the photovoltaic conversion efficiency. In addition, the presence of interfacial Meso-TiO 2 provided excellent adhesion between the FTO and main TiO 2 layer, and suppressed the back transport reaction by blocking direct contact between the electrolyte and FTO electrode. PMID- 18922028 TI - Scanning tunneling microscopy observation of self-assembled monolayers of strapped porphyrins. AB - In this paper, we reveal that the free-base and zinc strapped porphyrins possessing long alkyl chains, C 24OPP-HQ and Zn(C 24OPP-HQ), respectively, can be arranged on surfaces. We used scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) to observe alkyl-chain-assisted self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of these strapped porphyrins at the solid-liquid interface. STM images revealed that the strapped benzene moiety was detectable on the porphyrin core: that is, the strapped porphyrins could be differentiated from nonstrapped analogues. We compared the population of the nonstrapped porphyrin (C 24OPP) and either of the strapped porphyrins C 24OPP-HQ or Zn(C 24OPP-HQ) in the mixed SAMs. We then confirmed that Zn(C 24OPP-HQ) is more favorably incorporated in the mixed SAMs than C 24OPP-HQ. From (1)H NMR spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic analyses, we concluded that the factors increasing the population of Zn(C 24OPP-HQ) in the mixed SAMs are the enhanced rigidity of the porphyrin core by the zinc coordination and the flat structure of the porphyrin moiety in the saddle conformation. This study demonstrates that strapped porphyrins possessing long alkyl chains are available to arrange the functional modules on the surface via chemical modification on the strapped moiety. PMID- 18922029 TI - Quantum dots bearing lectin-functionalized nanoparticles as a platform for in vivo brain imaging. AB - Delivery of imaging agents to the brain is highly important for the diagnosis and treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases, as well as the elucidation of their pathophysiology. Quantum dots (QDs) provide a novel probe with unique physical, chemical, and optical properties, and become a promising tool for in vivo molecular and cellular imaging. However, their poor stability and low blood brain barrier permeability severely limit their ability to enter into and act on their target sites in the CNS following parenteral administration. Here, we developed a QDs-based imaging platform for brain imaging by incorporating QDs into the core of poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles, which was then functionalized with wheat germ agglutinin and delivered into the brain via nasal application. The resulting nanoparticles, with high payload capacity, are water-soluble, stable, and showed excellent and safe brain targeting and imaging properties. With PEG functional terminal groups available on the nanoparticles surface, this nanoprobe allows for conjugation of various biological ligands, holding considerable potential for the development of specific imaging agents for various CNS diseases. PMID- 18922030 TI - Proteomic analysis of left ventricular remodeling in an experimental model of heart failure. AB - The development of chronic heart failure (CHF) following myocardial infarction is characterized by progressive alterations of left ventricle (LV) structure and function called left ventricular remodeling (LVR), but the mechanism of LVR remains still unclear. Moreover, information concerning the global alteration protein pattern during the LVR will be helpful for a better understanding of the process. We performed differential proteomic analysis of whole LV proteins using an experimental model of CHF in which myocardial infarction was induced in adult male rats by left coronary ligation. Among 1000 protein spots detected in 2D gels, 49 were differentially expressed in LV of 2-month-old CHF-rats, corresponding to 27 different identified proteins (8 spots remained unidentified), classified in different functional groups as being heat shock proteins, reticulum endoplasmic stress proteins, oxidative stress proteins, glycolytic enzymes, fatty acid metabolism enzymes, tricarboxylic acid cycle proteins and respiratory chain proteins. We validated modulation of selected proteins using Western blot analysis. Our data showed that proteins involved in cardiac metabolism and oxidative stress are modulated during LVR. Interestingly, proteins of stress response showed different adaptation pathways in the early and late phase of LVR. Expression of four proteins, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, alphaB-crystallin, peroxiredoxin 2, and isocitrate dehydrogenase, was linked to echographic parameters according to heart failure severity. PMID- 18922031 TI - Probing phenylalanine/adenine pi-stacking interactions in protein complexes with explicitly correlated and CCSD(T) computations. AB - To examine the effects of pi-stacking interactions between aromatic amino acid side chains and adenine bearing ligands in crystalline protein structures, 26 toluene/(N9-methyl)adenine model configurations have been constructed from protein/ligand crystal structures. Full geometry optimizations with the MP2 method cause the 26 crystal structures to collapse to six unique structures. The complete basis set (CBS) limit of the CCSD(T) interaction energies has been determined for all 32 structures by combining explicitly correlated MP2-R12 computations with a correction for higher-order correlation effects from CCSD(T) calculations. The CCSD(T) CBS limit interaction energies of the 26 crystal structures range from -3.19 to -6.77 kcal mol (-1) and average -5.01 kcal mol ( 1). The CCSD(T) CBS limit interaction energies of the optimized complexes increase by roughly 1.5 kcal mol (-1) on average to -6.54 kcal mol (-1) (ranging from -5.93 to -7.05 kcal mol (-1)). Corrections for higher-order correlation effects are extremely important for both sets of structures and are responsible for the modest increase in the interaction energy after optimization. The MP2 method overbinds the crystal structures by 2.31 kcal mol (-1) on average compared to 4.50 kcal mol (-1) for the optimized structures. PMID- 18922032 TI - Relay stations for electron hole migration in peptides: possibility for formation of three-electron bonds along peptide chains. AB - Our calculations found that the O thereforeO three-electron (3e) bonds (2.16 approximately 2.27 A) can be formed not only between two neighboring peptide units in a main chain but also between two adjacent peptide units in two different main chains in proteins. This finding may address electron hole migration from one peptide unit to the next in proteins. Evidently, stability of the O thereforeO 3e bonded species is strongly dependent on the component of the oligopeptides and is reduced owing to the steric hindrance of the side chains when the big chains present in oligopeptides. Besides, formation of the O thereforeO 3e bonds competes with the formation of the other forms of three electron bonds depending on the component of the polypeptides. Formation of the O thereforeS 3e bond is thermodynamically more favorable than that of the O thereforeO 3e bond for the oligopeptides containing sulfur atom in their side chains. Similarly, formation of the O thereforepi 3e bond between aromatic ring of the side chain and the neighboring peptide unit is more stable than that of the O thereforeO 3e bond when the aromatic amino acids present in the oligopeptides. We infer that a series of three-electron bonds may be formed during the electron hole migration along the peptide backbone in proteins and assist electron hole transport as relay stations, supporting the peptide chain as a conduction wire. The ab initio molecular dynamics simulations of the polypeptides also support this conclusion. PMID- 18922033 TI - Triterpenoids and aromatics from Derris laxiflora. AB - Seven new compounds, O-trans-cinnamoylglutinol (1), 22beta-hydroxy-12-oleanen-3 one (2), 15alpha,16alpha-epoxy-12-oleanen-3-one (3), 29-hydroxy-12-oleanene-3,22 dione (4), 22beta,29-dihyroxy-12-oleanen-3-one (5), 2,3-(methylenedioxy)-4 methoxy-5-methylphenol (8), and 2,3,6-trimethoxy-5-methylphenol (9), as well as two first isolated from natural sources, 25-cycloartene-3,24-dione (6) and 24xi hydroxy-25-cycloarten-3-one (7), were characterized from Derris laxiflora. The structures of these compounds were determined by analysis of their spectroscopic data. PMID- 18922034 TI - A 2-substituted prodiginine, 2-(p-hydroxybenzyl)prodigiosin, from Pseudoalteromonas rubra. AB - In the course of work aimed at the discovery of new pharmaceutical lead compounds from marine bacteria, a lipophilic extract of the bacterium Pseudoalteromonas rubra displayed significant cytotoxicity against SKOV-3, a human ovarian adenocarcinoma cell line. Bioassay-directed fractionation of this extract resulted in the isolation of a series of known and new prodiginine-type azafulvenes. The structure of the major metabolite was elucidated by interpretation of spectroscopic data as a 2-substituted prodigiosin, which we named 2-(p-hydroxybenzyl)prodigiosin (HBPG). PMID- 18922035 TI - A concise synthesis of pawhuskin A. AB - Pawhuskin A is an isoprenylated stilbene that was isolated from Dalea purpurea and reported to have affinity for the opioid receptor in vitro. It has been synthesized through a convergent sequence that joins a prenylated aldehyde with a geranylated phosphonate in a stereoselective Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons condensation to afford the target E olefin isomer. This synthesis confirms the structure assigned to the natural product and establishes a route that may be used to explore its biological activity and to prepare more active analogues. PMID- 18922036 TI - Semisynthesis and antiplasmodial activity of the quinoline alkaloid aurachin E. AB - A one-step synthesis of the rare aurachin E (1) from the easily accessible aurachin C (2) and cyanogen bromide is described. 3-Bromocarbamoylquinoline (5) is formed in a side reaction with concomitant loss of the 3-farnesyl residue. In an alternative approach, aurachin D (3) was reacted with phosgene and sodium azide to form the imidazolone ring of 1 via N-acylation. Unexpectedly, the initial reaction occurred at the carbonyl group of 3 to give 1H-pyrrolo[3,2 c]quinoline 4. The reaction sequence represents a novel route to this type of compound. Aurachin E, contrary to other aurachins, combines a high in vitro antiplasmodial activity with low cytotoxicity and absence of mitochondrial respiratory inhibition. PMID- 18922037 TI - Commodity chemicals derived from glycerol, an important biorefinery feedstock. PMID- 18922038 TI - Concise and diversity-oriented synthesis of ligand arm-functionalized azoamides. AB - Azoamides, previously established as bioactive intracellular GSH-depleting agents, were decorated with a terminal alkyne moiety to 4 and then were transformed, by copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), into different ligand-arm functionalized azoamides 6. Azides 5 having ligand-arms amenable for binding to platinum(II) were selected for this study. Because, for the fragile azoamides 4, the typically employed reaction conditions for CuAAC failed, several alternative solvents and copper catalysts were tested. Excellent results were obtained with copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate/metallic copper and especially with heterogeneous catalysts, such as copper-in-charcoal, cupric oxide, and cuprous oxide. The heterogeneous catalysts were employed to obtain the desired products in almost quantitative yields by a simple three-step "stir filter-evaporate" protocol with no or negligible contamination with copper impurities. This is of particular importance because compounds 6 have been designed for coordination. PMID- 18922039 TI - Agglutination of Trypanosoma cruzi in infected cells treated with serum from chronically infected mice. AB - The protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi is the causative agent of Chagas disease. The chronic stage of infection is characterized by a production of neutralizing antibodies in the vertebrate host. A polyclonal antibody, anti egressin, has been found to inhibit egress of parasites from the host cell late in the intracellular cycle, after the parasites have transformed from the replicative amastigote into the trypomastigote. It has also been found that BALB/c mouse fibroblasts in the late stages of parasite infection become permeable to molecules as large as antibodies, leading to the possibility that anti-egressin affects the intracellular parasites. This project addresses the fate of the intracellular trypomastigotes that have been inhibited from egressing the host cell. Extended cultures of infected fibroblasts treated with chronic mouse serum reduced parasite egress at all time points measured. Parasites released from infected fibroblasts treated with chronic serum had a reduced ability to infect fibroblasts in culture, yet did not lose infectivity entirely. Absorption of chronic serum with living trypomastigotes removed the anti-egressin effect. The possibility that the target of anti-egressin is a parasite surface component is further indicated by the agglutination of extracellular trypomastigotes by chronic serum. The possibility that cross-linking by antibody occurs intracellularly, thus inhibiting egress, was reinforced by cleaving purified IgG into Fab fragments, which did not inhibit egress when added to infected cultures. From this work, it is proposed that the current, best explanation of the mechanism of egress inhibition by anti-egressin is intracellular agglutination, preventing normal parasite-driven egress. PMID- 18922040 TI - Seroepidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnant women in rural Durango, Mexico. AB - The epidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnant women in rural Mexico is largely unknown. The seroepidemiology of T. gondii infection in 439 pregnant women from 9 communities in rural Durango State, Mexico was investigated. Using commercial enzyme-linked immunoassays, sera were tested for T. gondii IgG, IgM, and avidity antibodies. Prevalences of T. gondii IgG antibodies in the communities varied from 0% to 20%. Overall, 36 (8.2%) of the 439 women had IgG T. gondii antibodies. Ten (2.3%) women had also T. gondii IgM antibodies; IgG avidity was high in all IgM-positive women, suggesting chronic infection. None of the women, however, had delivered a known T. gondii-infected child. The seroprevalence was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in women from low socio economic conditions (14%) than in those with higher socio-economic status (6.6%). Multivariate analysis showed that T. gondii infection was associated with soil floors at home (adjusted OR = 2.89; 95% CI: 1.12-7.49). This is the first epidemiological study of T. gondii infection in pregnant women in rural Mexico. PMID- 18922041 TI - Vitamin K supplementation in postmenopausal women with osteopenia (ECKO trial): a randomized controlled trial. AB - BACKGROUND: Vitamin K has been widely promoted as a supplement for decreasing bone loss in postmenopausal women, but the long-term benefits and potential harms are unknown. This study was conducted to determine whether daily high-dose vitamin K1 supplementation safely reduces bone loss, bone turnover, and fractures. METHODS AND FINDINGS: This single-center study was designed as a 2-y randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial, extended for earlier participants for up to an additional 2 y because of interest in long-term safety and fractures. A total of 440 postmenopausal women with osteopenia were randomized to either 5 mg of vitamin K1 or placebo daily. Primary outcomes were changes in BMD at the lumbar spine and total hip at 2 y. Secondary outcomes included changes in BMD at other sites and other time points, bone turnover markers, height, fractures, adverse effects, and health-related quality of life. This study has a power of 90% to detect 3% differences in BMD between the two groups. The women in this study were vitamin D replete, with a mean serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D level of 77 nmol/l at baseline. Over 2 y, BMD decreased by 1.28% and -1.22% (p = 0.84) (difference of -0.06%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.67% to 0.54%) at the lumbar spine and -0.69% and -0.88% (p = 0.51) (difference of 0.19%; 95% CI -0.37% to 0.75%) at the total hip in the vitamin K and placebo groups, respectively. There were no significant differences in changes in BMD at any site between the two groups over the 2- to 4-y period. Daily vitamin K1 supplementation increased serum vitamin K1 levels by 10-fold, and decreased the percentage of undercarboxylated osteocalcin and total osteocalcin levels (bone formation marker). However, C-telopeptide levels (bone resorption marker) were not significantly different between the two groups. Fewer women in the vitamin K group had clinical fractures (nine versus 20, p = 0.04) and fewer had cancers (three versus 12, p = 0.02). Vitamin K supplements were well-tolerated over the 4 y period. There were no significant differences in adverse effects or health related quality of life between the two groups. The study was not powered to examine fractures or cancers, and their numbers were small. CONCLUSIONS: Daily 5 mg of vitamin K1 supplementation for 2 to 4 y does not protect against age related decline in BMD, but may protect against fractures and cancers in postmenopausal women with osteopenia. More studies are needed to further examine the effect of vitamin K on fractures and cancers. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov (#NCT00150969) and Current Controlled Trials (#ISRCTN61708241). PMID- 18922042 TI - Reform should make health the first item of business. PMID- 18922043 TI - The ECM moves during primitive streak formation--computation of ECM versus cellular motion. AB - Galileo described the concept of motion relativity--motion with respect to a reference frame--in 1632. He noted that a person below deck would be unable to discern whether the boat was moving. Embryologists, while recognizing that embryonic tissues undergo large-scale deformations, have failed to account for relative motion when analyzing cell motility data. A century of scientific articles has advanced the concept that embryonic cells move ("migrate") in an autonomous fashion such that, as time progresses, the cells and their progeny assemble an embryo. In sharp contrast, the motion of the surrounding extracellular matrix scaffold has been largely ignored/overlooked. We developed computational/optical methods that measure the extent embryonic cells move relative to the extracellular matrix. Our time-lapse data show that epiblastic cells largely move in concert with a sub-epiblastic extracellular matrix during stages 2 and 3 in primitive streak quail embryos. In other words, there is little cellular motion relative to the extracellular matrix scaffold--both components move together as a tissue. The extracellular matrix displacements exhibit bilateral vortical motion, convergence to the midline, and extension along the presumptive vertebral axis--all patterns previously attributed solely to cellular "migration." Our time-resolved data pose new challenges for understanding how extracellular chemical (morphogen) gradients, widely hypothesized to guide cellular trajectories at early gastrulation stages, are maintained in this dynamic extracellular environment. We conclude that models describing primitive streak cellular guidance mechanisms must be able to account for sub-epiblastic extracellular matrix displacements. PMID- 18922044 TI - Rapid interhemispheric switching during vocal production in a songbird. AB - To generate complex bilateral motor patterns such as those underlying birdsong, neural activity must be highly coordinated across the two cerebral hemispheres. However, it remains largely elusive how this coordination is achieved given that interhemispheric communication between song-control areas in the avian cerebrum is restricted to projections received from bilaterally connecting areas in the mid- and hindbrain. By electrically stimulating cerebral premotor areas in zebra finches, we find that behavioral effectiveness of stimulation rapidly switches between hemispheres. In time intervals in which stimulation in one hemisphere tends to distort songs, stimulation in the other hemisphere is mostly ineffective, revealing an idiosyncratic form of motor dominance that bounces back and forth between hemispheres like a virtual ping-pong ball. The intervals of lateralized effectiveness are broadly distributed and are unrelated to simple spectral and temporal song features. Such interhemispheric switching could be an important dynamical aspect of neural coordination that may have evolved from simpler pattern generator circuits. PMID- 18922045 TI - The nucleosome-remodeling ATPase ISWI is regulated by poly-ADP-ribosylation. AB - ATP-dependent nucleosome-remodeling enzymes and covalent modifiers of chromatin set the functional state of chromatin. However, how these enzymatic activities are coordinated in the nucleus is largely unknown. We found that the evolutionary conserved nucleosome-remodeling ATPase ISWI and the poly-ADP-ribose polymerase PARP genetically interact. We present evidence showing that ISWI is target of poly-ADP-ribosylation. Poly-ADP-ribosylation counteracts ISWI function in vitro and in vivo. Our work suggests that ISWI is a physiological target of PARP and that poly-ADP-ribosylation can be a new, important post-translational modification regulating the activity of ATP-dependent nucleosome remodelers. PMID- 18922049 TI - The normative dimensions of extending the human lifespan by age-related biomedical innovations. AB - The current normative debate on age-related biomedical innovations and the extension of the human lifespan has important shortcomings. Mainly, the complexity of the different normative dimensions relevant for ethical and/or juridicial norms is not fully developed and the normative quality of teleological and deontological arguments is not properly distinguished. This article addresses some of these shortcomings and develops the outline of a more comprehensive normative framework covering all relevant dimensions. Such a frame necessarily has to include conceptions of a good life on the individual and societal levels. Furthermore, as a third dimension, a model for the access to and the just distribution of age-related biomedical innovations and technologies extending the human lifespan will be developed. It is argued that such a model has to include the different levels of the general philosophical theories of distributive justice, including social rights and theories of just health care. Furthermore, it has to show how these theories can be applied to the problem area of aging and extending the human lifespan. PMID- 18922048 TI - Effect of Lactobacillus paracasei NCC2461 on antigen-specific T-cell mediated immune responses in aged mice. AB - Aging is associated with a reduced capacity to mount proper immune responses, in particular to vaccines. Probiotic lactic acid bacteria may improve the immune status of the elderly; however, there is little evidence showing an effect of these bacteria on humoral and cellular immune responses. In the present study, the immunomodulatory capacity of the probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei NCC2461 combined or not with a prebiotic composition, FOS/inulin, was examined in aged mice. Male C57BL/6J mice (21-months-old) were allocated to one of three groups fed ad libitum for 44 days with different diets: a normal diet (control), a normal diet plus NCC2461 given in the drinking water, or a diet containing FOS/inulin plus NCC2461 in the drinking water. All mice were immunized on day 15 and challenged on day 22 with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). T helper (Th)1 cell-dependent immune responses (anti-KLH immunoglobulin G(2a) [IgG(2a)] levels and delayed type hypersensitivity response) were increased significantly in NCC2461-supplemented mice when compared to controls. Supplementation with FOS/inulin did not further improve the immune-enhancing effect mediated by the probiotic. Splenocyte proliferation, T cell subsets, systemic total IgG levels, and mucosal total IgA responses were not affected. Interestingly, supplementation with NCC2461 modulated the intestinal microbiota composition by increasing the numbers of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. In conclusion, oral intake of L. paracasei NCC2461 by aged mice enhanced the specific adaptive immune response to in vivo antigenic challenge without altering other cellular and humoral immune responses. The poor responsiveness to antigenic challenge, frequently observed in elderly people, may be improved by supplementation with L. paracasei NCC2461. PMID- 18922051 TI - Characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of inherited platelet disorders in mammals. AB - Inherited intrinsic platelet disorders have been identified in dogs, cattle, horses, and cats as well as other animals. The prevalence of mutations in some breeds is high, making these disorders potentially as common as von Willebrand disease in certain breed lineages. PMID- 18922047 TI - Improvement of aging-associated cardiovascular dysfunction by the orally administered copper(II)-aspirinate complex. AB - BACKGROUND: Aging-associated nitro-oxidative stress causes tissue injury and activates proinflammatory pathways that play an important role in the pathogenesis of aging-associated cardiovascular dysfunction. It has been recently reported, that the copper(II)-aspirinate complex (CuAsp) exerts not only the well known anti-inflammatory and platelet antiaggregating effects of aspirin, but, due to its superoxide dismutase mimetic activity, it acts as a potent antioxidant as well. In this study we investigated the effects of CuAsp on aging-associated myocardial and endothelial dysfunction. METHODS AND RESULTS: Aging and young rats were treated for 3 weeks with vehicle, or with CuAsp (200 mg/kg per day per os). Left ventricular pressure-volume relations were measured by using a microtip pressure-volume conductance catheter, and indexes of contractility (e.g., slope of end-systolic pressure-volume relationships [ESPVR] [E(es)], and dP/dt(max) - end-diastolic volume [EDV]) were calculated. In organ bath experiments for isometric tension with isolated aortic rings, endothelium-dependent and independent vasorelaxation were investigated by using acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside. When compared to the young controls, aging rats showed impaired left ventricular contractility (E(es), 0.51 +/- 0.04 vs. 2.16 +/- 0.28 mmHg/microL; dP/dt(max) - EDV, 10.71 +/- 2.02 vs. 37.23 +/- 4.18 mmHg/sec per microL; p < 0.05) and a marked endothelial dysfunction (maximal relaxation to acetylcholine: 66.66 +/- 1.30 vs. 87.09 +/- 1.35%; p < 0.05). Treatment with CuAsp resulted in reduced nitro-oxidative stress, improved cardiac function (E(es), 1.21 +/- 0.17 vs. 0.51 +/- 0.04 mmHg/microL; dP/dt(max) - EDV, 23.40 +/- 3.34 vs. 10.71 +/- 2.02 mmHg/sec per microL; p < 0.05) and higher vasorelaxation to acetylcholine in aging animals (94.83 +/- 0.73 vs. 66.66 +/- 1.30%; p < 0.05). The treatment did not influence the cardiovascular functions of young rats. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular dysfunction in the aging organism, which can be reversed by CuAsp. PMID- 18922052 TI - Assessment of plasma cardiac troponin I concentration as a means to differentiate cardiac and noncardiac causes of dyspnea in cats. AB - OBJECTIVE: To determine whether plasma cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentrations can be used to discriminate cardiac from noncardiac causes of dyspnea in cats. DESIGN: Prospective, multicenter study. ANIMALS: Client-owned cats with dyspnea attributable to congestive heart failure (D-CHF; n=31) or to noncardiac causes (D NCC; n=12). PROCEDURES: For each cat, plasma cTnI concentration was analyzed by use of a solid-phase radial partition immunoassay; values in cats with D-CHF and D-NCC were compared. A receiver operating characteristic curve was analyzed to determine the accuracy of plasma cTnI concentration for diagnosis of D-CHF. RESULTS: Median plasma concentration of cTnI in cats with D-CHF (1.59 ng/mL; range, 0.20 to 30.24 ng/mL) was significantly higher than in cats with D-NCC (0.165 ng/mL; range, 0.01 to 1.42 ng/mL). With regard to the accuracy of plasma cTnI concentration for diagnosis of D-CHF, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.84. At plasma concentrations > or = 0.2 ng/mL, cTnI had 100% sensitivity but only 58% specificity for identification of CHF as the cause of dyspnea. At plasma concentrations > or = 1.43 ng/mL, cTnI had 100% specificity and 58% sensitivity for identification of CHF as the cause of dyspnea. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: On the basis of the derived diagnostic limits, CHF as the cause of dyspnea could be ruled in or ruled out without additional diagnostic testing in > 50% of the study cats. Measurement of plasma cTnI concentration may be clinically useful for differentiation of cardiac from noncardiac causes of dyspnea in cats. (J Am Vet PMID- 18922053 TI - Serum triglyceride concentration in dogs with epilepsy treated with phenobarbital or with phenobarbital and bromide. AB - OBJECTIVE: To compare serum triglyceride concentrations obtained after food had been withheld (i.e., fasting concentrations) in dogs with epilepsy that had been treated long term (> or = 3 months) with phenobarbital or with phenobarbital and potassium bromide with concentrations in healthy control dogs. DESIGN: Cross sectional study. ANIMALS: 57 epileptic dogs that had been treated with phenobarbital (n=28) or with phenobarbital and bromide (29) and 57 healthy, untreated control dogs matched on the basis of age, breed, sex, neuter status, and body condition score. PROCEDURES: Blood samples were collected after food had been withheld for at least 12 hours, and serum biochemical and lipid concentrations were determined. Oral fat tolerance tests were performed in 15 control dogs and 9 dogs with epilepsy treated with phenobarbital alone. RESULTS: 19 of the 57 (33%) epileptic dogs had fasting serum triglyceride concentrations greater than the upper reference limit. Nine (16%) dogs had a history of pancreatitis, and 5 of the 9 had high fasting serum triglyceride concentrations at the time of the study. A significant relationship was found between body condition score and fasting serum triglyceride concentration in all dogs, but serum triglyceride concentration was not significantly associated with phenobarbital dosage or serum phenobarbital concentration. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggested that dogs treated long term with phenobarbital or with phenobarbital and bromide may develop hypertriglyceridemia. Fasting serum triglyceride concentration should be periodically monitored in dogs treated with phenobarbital because hypertriglyceridemia is a risk factor for pancreatitis. PMID- 18922055 TI - Outcome of medical and surgical treatment in dogs with cervical spondylomyelopathy: 104 cases (1988-2004). AB - OBJECTIVE: To compare outcomes and survival times for dogs with cervical spondylomyelopathy (CSM; wobbler syndrome) treated medically or surgically. DESIGN: Retrospective case series. ANIMALS: 104 dogs. PROCEDURES: Medical records of dogs were included if the diagnosis of CSM had been made on the basis of results of diagnostic imaging and follow-up information (minimum, 6 months) was available. Ordinal logistic regression was used to compare outcomes and the product-limit method was used to compare survival times between dogs treated surgically and dogs treated medically. RESULTS: 37 dogs were treated surgically, and 67 were treated medically. Owners reported that 30 (81%) dogs treated surgically were improved, 1 (3%) was unchanged, and 6 (16%) were worse and that 36 (54%) dogs treated medically were improved, 18 (27%) were unchanged, and 13 (19%) were worse. Outcome was not significantly different between groups. Information on survival time was available for 33 dogs treated surgically and 43 dogs treated medically. Forty of the 76 (53%) dogs were euthanized because of CSM. Median and mean survival times were 36 and 48 months, respectively, for dogs treated medically and 36 and 46.5 months, respectively, for dogs treated surgically. Survival times did not differ significantly between groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In the present study, neither outcome nor survival time was significantly different between dogs with CSM treated medically and dogs treated surgically, suggesting that medical treatment is a viable and valuable option for management of dogs with CSM. PMID- 18922056 TI - Late cardiac perforation by a passive-fixation permanent pacemaker lead in a dog. AB - CASE DESCRIPTION: A 12-year-old Miniature Dachshund with a history of permanent endocardial pacemaker implantation performed 7 weeks previously was admitted for routine dental prophylaxis. CLINICAL FINDINGS: Preanesthetic ECG revealed normal ventricular capture. Thoracic radiographic findings included caudomedial displacement of the endocardial pacemaker lead. Echocardiography revealed moderate chronic degenerative valve disease with moderate left atrial and ventricular dilation. After induction of anesthesia, loss of ventricular capture was detected. The dog recovered from anesthesia and had improved ventricular capture. The following day, surgical exposure of the cardiac apex revealed perforation of the right ventricular apex by the passive-fixation pacemaker lead. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME: A permanent epicardial pacemaker was implanted through a transxiphoid approach. Appropriate ventricular capture and sensing were achieved. The dog recovered without complications. Approximately 2 months later, the dog developed sudden respiratory distress at home and was euthanized. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In dogs with permanent pacemakers and loss of ventricular capture, differential diagnoses should include cardiac perforation. If evidence of perforation of the pacemaker lead is found, replacement of the endocardial pacemaker lead with an epicardial pacemaker lead is warranted. PMID- 18922057 TI - Thoracoscopic resection of a giant thymolipoma in a 4-year-old girl. AB - Thymolipoma is a very rare, benign mediastinal tumor. In this paper, we report on the thoracoscopic resection of such a lesion in a 4-year-old girl. PMID- 18922058 TI - Laparoscopic surgery for chronic groin pain in the general population: a prospective study. AB - BACKGROUND: Chronic groin pain is a challenging problem among not only athletes but also the general population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of laparoscopic surgery in the management of these patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Prospective data including the outcomes were collected and analyzed for 43 patients who had groin pain without clinical or radiologic evidence of hernia. All patients had magnetic resonance imaging scan and had consulted an orthopedic surgeon when appropriate. All patients were followed in clinic 2 weeks after operation and 6 months after the operation by phone call, and all were asked to call our unit in case of partial or no improvement. RESULTS: From September 1999 to August 2006, we performed 1617 laparoscopic groin hernia repairs in 1209 patients using the transabdominal preperitoneal approach. Forty-three patients (3 women and 40 men) with variable life activities and employment were included in this study. Only five patients played football at a professional level. The mean age of these patients was 38 years (range, 17-74 years), and the mean follow-up was 43 months (range, 14-72 months).The clinical invagination test showed wide external inguinal ring in 27 (62.7%) patients and tender inguinal canal in another 6 (13.95%) patients. Negative laparoscopy was reported in 7 (16.27%) patients. All patients had mesh insertion. The operation cured groin pain in 30 (69.76%) patients, and the pain improved in another 9 (20.93%) patients. Three (6.97%) patients had no change in their symptoms, and the pain became worse in 1 (2.32%) patient. CONCLUSION: We suggest offering laparoscopic groin exploration and mesh insertion for any adult patient presenting with chronic groin pain without clinical evidence of groin hernia or radiologic abnormality regardless of age, life activities, and employment. PMID- 18922059 TI - Retroperitoneoscopic nephrectomy for nephrocolonic fistula due to tuberculous nonfunctioning kidney. AB - AIM: The aim of this paper was to evaluate feasibility of retroperitoneoscopic nephrectomy in a patient with nephrocolonic fistula due to tuberculosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 20-year-old female had presented with high-grade fever. Percutaneous drainage of the kidney for pyonephrosis was performed as an initial drainage procedure. Retrograde pyelography revealed a nephrocolonic fistula. Retroperitoneoscopic nephrectomy with intracorporeal suturing of the defect in the colon was performed. RESULTS: Operative time was 245 minutes and blood loss was 170 mL. Total hospital stay was 7 days. Histopathology of the removed kidney confirmed the diagnosis of tuberculosis. At 1 year of follow-up, she gained 5 kg of body weight after a complete course of antituberculous drugs. CONCLUSION: Retroperitoneoscopic nephrectomy for tuberculous nephrocolonic fistula is feasible and safe. PMID- 18922060 TI - Multibend endoscope facilitates endoscopic hemostasis for bleeding gastric ulcer at high lesser curvature. AB - Bleeding peptic ulcer located high at a lesser curvature is one of the factors that predicted the failure of endoscopic therapy. One of the reasons is the technical difficulty in targeting the bleeding point over a gastric ulcer located high at a lesser curvature. A multibend endoscope was initially developed to facilitate the performance of an endoscopic submucosal dissection over difficult positions, including lesser curvature and cardia of the stomach. In this paper, we report 3 cases of difficult hemostasis for an ulcer located at a high lesser curvature where a novel multibending endoscope was employed to facilitate the endoscopic therapy. PMID- 18922061 TI - Laparoscopic transperitoneal decortication of a giant peripelvic renal cyst. AB - Laparoscopic decortication is currently considered the standard treatment of peripelvic renal cysts, in spite of the technical challenge due to the close contiguity with renal hilar structures. However, to date, few small series or single cases of laparoscopic decortication for symptomatic peripelvic cyst have been reported. In this paper, we report the first case of a giant peripelvic cyst (25 x 18 x 9 cm) treated by transperitoneal laparoscopic decortication in a young adult female. Pain relief and hypertension control were obtained early after surgery, and the patient is symptom free at a 30-month follow-up. PMID- 18922062 TI - The semiopen first umbilical trocar access technique in laparoscopic surgery: easy and safe. AB - BACKGROUND: First access in laparoscopy still causes trouble and a small percentage of visceral and vascular injuries. Residents and surgeons-in-training often have doubts about which technique is safer and "friendlier." Semiopen technique (SO) for the first umbilical trocar access was originally described in 2002. We report our retrospective analysis using SO that shows its safety and easiness. METHODS: In the period from January 2003 to November 2007, 300 unselected patients, including obese patients (body mass index > 30) were treated with laparoscopy beginning with a periumbilical approach using SO. We usually prefer to enter the cavity with a STEP cannula stiffened by an unarmed Veress needle of 1.9 mm. There were 112 men and 188 women with ages ranging from 16 to 82 years. The procedure was performed by an expert laparoscopic surgeon in 260 cases and by residents or surgeons without expertise in laparoscopy in 40 cases. RESULTS: We experienced no injuries of the viscera or vessels (0%). The mean time to enter the abdomen was 180 seconds, including obese patients. CONCLUSIONS: After our limited experience with the SO, we believe that every surgeon who tries it will experience safety of the Hasson and the comfort of the Veress. PMID- 18922063 TI - Laparoscopically assisted extrahepatic cyst excision and left hemihepatectomy for a type IV-A choledochal cyst. AB - Some studies have reported on laparoscopic excision for treating the choledochal cyst, yet there are no reports on laparoscopic surgery for treating type IV-A choledochal cysts that require a liver resection. In this paper, we report on a case of laparoscopic cyst excision combined with left hemihepatectomy and laparoscopy-assisted Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy for treating a type IV-A choledochal cyst. A 51-year-old female was admitted with symptoms of jaundice and cholangitis. Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) was done preoperatively for controlling the cholangitis. The imaging studies revealed a type IV-A choledochal cyst with an associated stricture of the left main intrahepatic duct. After the resolution of the cholangitis, total laparoscopic cyst excision and left hemihepatectomy were performed by using the four-port technique, and then a Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy was done by a laparoscopy assisted method. The total operation time was 420 minutes. The estimated blood loss was 300 mL, and no perioperative transfusion was needed. The tubogram, which was performed through the PTBD on postoperative day 5, showed good patency of the bilioenteric anastomosis and no biliary leakage. The patient was discharged at postoperative day 7 without any complications. This case shows the feasibility of performing laparoscopic surgery for treating a type IV-A choledochal cyst that requires a liver resection. We believe that laparoscopic cyst excision with a liver resection can be one of the treatment options for selected patients with type IV-A choledochal cysts. PMID- 18922064 TI - Cardia yield pressure measurement in an infant porcine model: a novel technique to evaluate the quality of laparoscopic fundoplication. AB - BACKGROUND: Cardia yield pressure (CYP) has been described as a measure of the combined effect of all antireflux mechanisms and not simply as another test of lower esophageal sphincter pressure. In this paper, we present a simple technique for the measurement of CYP before and after fundoplication through laparoscopic gastrostomy in an experimental pig model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twelve 8-week old female pigs with a mean weight of 8.7 +/- 0.7 kg underwent laparoscopic gastrostomy placement and Nissen fundoplication under general anesthesia. CYP was determined before and after the fundoplication by filling the stomach with water until reaching the pressure at which the cardia opened and became incompetent. Pre- and postoperative CYP was compared by using the Student's t-test for paired samples. RESULTS: Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication and gastrostomy was completed in all pigs. CYP increased in all subjects after fundoplication, from a mean of 20 +/- 8 to a mean of 63 +/- 13 cm of H(2)O (p < 0.001). The lowest increase in yield pressure of 17.5 cm was recorded after the first operation. Work-flow analysis revealed that this particular procedure took the longest, that bleeding from the liver was encountered, and shorter sutures than those used on all subsequent fundoplications may have compromised knot tying. CONCLUSIONS: CYP increases consistently after laparoscopic Nissen Fundoplication in young pigs. This parameter may be a good indicator of antireflux efficacy and functional quality of the result. Yield pressure measured through laparoscopic gastrostomy offers a new, feasible, and effective technique for the evaluation of antireflux surgery in an experimental setting. Moreover, this minimally invasive technique may become a simple investigative tool for other antireflux procedures. PMID- 18922065 TI - Laparoscopic US-guided radiofrequency ablation of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma in liver cirrhosis: feasibility and clinical outcome. AB - BACKGROUND: Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a safe, effective treatment in patients with unresectable primary liver malignancies. The laparoscopic approach to RFA (LRFA) has proved to be superior to the percutaneous approach in lesions that are difficult or impossible to be treated in such a way or in severe liver disease. Recent advances in laparoscopic ultrasound (LUS) have greatly improved the accuracy in detecting intrahepatic hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) nodules, many of which were missed by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Our aim was to assess the feasibility, clinical outcome, and efficacy of laparoscopic RFA under LUS guidance. METHODS: Between February 2006 and May 2007, 24 consecutive patients (male/female, 20/4) with unresectable HCC in liver cirrhosis were treated with LRFA under LUS guidance. Most patients were in Child-Pugh class A (54.1%). Mean age of the patients was 61.79 +/- 7.74 years (range, 45-76; median, 60). RESULTS: LRFA procedure was completed in all patients and a thermoablation of 62 HCC nodules was achieved. LUS identified 13 new malignant lesions (20%) undetected by preoperative imaging. Mean length of surgery was 148 minutes (range, 60-315). Six procedures were associated in 5 patients: adhesiolysis (3), liver resection (1), partial splenectomy (1), and cholecystectomy (1). A pneumothorax needing immediate drainage during the procedure occurred in 1 case. One patient died 4 weeks after surgery because of liver failure. Mean hospital stay was 6.9 days and postoperative morbidity rate was 4 of 24 (16.6%). A complete tumor necrosis was observed in 56 of the 62 thermoablated nodules (90.3%) through spiral CT 1 month after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: LRFA is a safe, feasible treatment modality to achieve tumor destruction in selected patients with unresectable HCC that are not treatable with the percutaneous approach. Further, LUS demonstrated great accuracy during the procedure permitting to detect new HCC nodules missed at preoperative imaging. PMID- 18922066 TI - High water temperatures impair the reproductive ability of the pejerrey fish Odontesthes bonariensis: effects on the hypophyseal-gonadal axis. AB - The aim of this research was to study how high water temperatures impair the reproductive activity of pejerrey Odontesthes bonariensis, an inland-water atherinopsid fish species from the pampasic region of Argentina. Adult pejerrey of both sexes were kept under a control-temperature regime (19 degrees C) and two experimental temperatures (23 degrees and 27 degrees C) for 8 d. The effect of elevated temperature on the pituitary-gonad axis was analyzed in terms of the expression of gonadotropin (GtH) subunits: follicle-stimulating hormone beta, luteinizing hormone beta (LH-beta), glycoprotein hormone alpha, and GtH receptors FSH-R and LH-R by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, plasma levels of sexual steroids by radioimmunoassay, and reproductive status by gonadal histology. The results of this work clearly indicate that short periods of exposure to high water temperatures disrupt pejerrey reproduction. This effect was observed in spawning activity, at the histological level, and in the reduction of plasma estradiol in females and testosterone in males. The mRNA levels of GtH subunits and GtH receptors generally decreased in proportion to the increase in temperature for both sexes. However, the differences between groups were statistically significant only for LH-beta and for FSH-R expression in pejerrey females. Thus, the gonads of pejerrey appear to be the primary target of high water temperature. Analysis of the air temperature in this region over the past 40 yr indicated an increase of 1.74 degrees C in mean annual temperature. This increase, coupled with the mechanism of high-temperature sensitivity shown in this study, may be one of the reasons for the decline in pejerrey populations observed in this region over recent decades. PMID- 18922067 TI - Different thermoregulatory strategies in nearly weaned pup, yearling, and adult Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddelli). AB - Mammals balance heat dissipation with heat production to maintain core body temperatures independent of their environment. Thermal balance is undoubtedly most challenging for mammals born in polar regions because small body size theoretically results in high surface-area-to-volume ratios (SA:V), which facilitate heat loss (HL). Thus, we examined the ontogeny of thermoregulatory characteristics of an ice-breeding seal (Weddell seal Leptonychotes weddelli). Morphology, blubber thickness, rectal temperature (T(r)), muscle temperature (T(m)), and skin temperatures on the trunk (T(s)) and flipper (T(f)) in 3-5-wk old pups, yearlings, and adults were measured. Adults maintained the thickest blubber layers, while yearlings had the thinnest; T(r) and T(m) fell within a narrow range, yet T(r) and T(m) decreased significantly with body length. All seals maintained skin temperatures lower than T(r), our index of core body temperature. The T(s)'s were positively correlated with environmental temperatures; conversely, T(f)'s were not. Although pups had the greatest proportion of blubber, their greater SA:V and limited ability to minimize body-to environment temperature gradients led to the greatest calculated mass-specific HL. This implies that pups relied on elevated metabolic heat production to counter HL. Heat production in pups and yearlings may have been aided by nonshivering thermogenesis in the skeletal muscle via the enhanced muscle mitochondrial densities that have been observed in these segments of this population. PMID- 18922069 TI - Fever and pancytopenia in a patient with AIDS. PMID- 18922070 TI - Therapeutic drug monitoring of nevirapine in resource-limited settings. AB - BACKGROUND: We developed a simple and inexpensive thin-layer chromatography (TLC) assay for semiquantitative detection of saliva concentrations of nevirapine in resource-limited settings. The method was validated in an African target population. METHODS: Paired plasma and saliva nevirapine concentrations were assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); saliva concentrations of nevirapine were also assayed by TLC. The rate of false-positive results was the proportion of subtherapeutic nevirapine saliva and plasma concentrations determined by HPLC that were judged to be therapeutic in saliva specimens by TLC. The rate of false-negative results was the proportion of therapeutic nevirapine saliva and plasma concentrations determined by HPLC that were judged to be subtherapeutic in saliva specimens by TLC. The extent of agreement in TLC readings between 5 technicians and 2 batches of TLC sheets was evaluated. RESULTS: Twenty-five (9%) of 286 African adults had a subtherapeutic plasma nevirapine concentration. The median ratio of nevirapine concentrations in saliva to those in plasma was 0.51:1. The rate of false-positive results for TLC was 0% (0 of 23 specimens) when TLC results were compared with HPLC results for saliva specimens and 8% (2 of 25 specimens) when TLC results were compared with HPLC results for plasma specimens. The rate of false-negative results for TLC was 1% (3 of 263 specimens) when TLC results were compared with HPLC results for saliva specimens and 1% (3 of 261 specimens) when TLC results were compared with HPLC results for plasma specimens. The extent of agreement of TLC results was substantial for the 5 technicians (Fleiss's kappa = 0.77) and for the 2 batches of sheets (Cohen's kappa = 0.80). CONCLUSIONS: The TLC assay was found to be sensitive, specific, and robust in the detection of subtherapeutic nevirapine concentrations in saliva specimens obtained from African HIV-infected adults. It is an attractive alternative to HPLC for therapeutic drug monitoring of nevirapine in resource-limited settings. PMID- 18922073 TI - Less pessimistic long-term results for patients with cytomegalovirus disease. PMID- 18922071 TI - Increased detectability of plasma HIV-1 RNA after introduction of a new assay and altered specimen-processing procedures. AB - After changes to assay and specimen-processing methods, plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA was frequently detectable in patients who previously had well-suppressed HIV-1 RNA levels. This artifact is attributable to shipping frozen plasma in primary plasma preparation tubes and is not caused by the HIV-1 RNA detection assay; it can be avoided by shipping plasma in a secondary tube. PMID- 18922076 TI - Cerebrovascular complications of infective endocarditis. PMID- 18922077 TI - A powerful new severity score for community-acquired pneumonia but will anyone use it? PMID- 18922079 TI - Use of a serum (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan assay for diagnosis and follow-up of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia. PMID- 18922080 TI - Routine HIV testing in jails is critical for the early diagnosis of HIV infection in men. PMID- 18922081 TI - Pacific salmon in hot water: applying aerobic scope models and biotelemetry to predict the success of spawning migrations. AB - Concern over global climate change is widespread, but quantifying relationships between temperature change and animal fitness has been a challenge for scientists. Our approach to this challenge was to study migratory Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.), fish whose lifetime fitness hinges on a once-in-a-lifetime river migration to natal spawning grounds. Here, we suggest that their thermal optimum for aerobic scope is adaptive for river migration at the population level. We base this suggestion on several lines of evidence. The theoretical line of evidence comes from a direct association between the temperature optimum for aerobic metabolic scope and the temperatures historically experienced by three Fraser River salmon populations during their river migration. This close association was then used to predict that the occurrence of a period of anomalously high river temperatures in 2004 led to a complete collapse of aerobic scope during river migration for a portion of one of the sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) populations. This prediction was corroborated with empirical data from our biotelemetry studies, which tracked the migration of individual sockeye salmon in the Fraser River and revealed that the success of river migration for the same sockeye population was temperature dependent. Therefore, we suggest that collapse of aerobic scope was an important mechanism to explain the high salmon mortality observed during their migration. Consequently, models based on thermal optima for aerobic scope for ectothermic animals should improve predictions of population fitness under future climate scenarios. PMID- 18922083 TI - Standard parameters in laser phototherapy. PMID- 18922084 TI - Temperature variation on the external root surface during intracanal Er:YAG laser irradiation. AB - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the temperature changes on the root's external surface during Er:YAG laser irradiation with different tips and pulse repetition rates. BACKGROUND DATA: There have been limited reports that correlate temperature variations with Er:YAG laser irradiation using different tips and pulse repetition rates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty roots of central incisors were sectioned 10 mm from the apex, biomechanically prepared, embedded in acrylic resin, and randomly distributed into six groups: the teeth in group I, group II, and group III were irradiated with an Opus 20 laser with a sapphire tip at 8, 10, and 15 Hz, respectively; the teeth in group IV, group V, and group VI were irradiated with the fiberoptic tip of a Kavo Key laser at 6, 10, and 15 Hz, respectively. Laser irradiation was applied for 20 sec to all teeth and temperature changes were recorded with thermocouples in the root surfaces. RESULTS: There were significant differences (p < 0.05) among pulse repetition rates: 6 and 8 Hz (2.36 degrees +/- 0.91 degrees C), 10 Hz (4.92 degrees +/- 1.60 degrees C), and 15 Hz (8.23 degrees +/- 2.78 degrees C); and radicular thirds: apical (8.33 degrees +/- 2.69 degrees C), middle (4.70 degrees +/- 1.60 degrees C), and cervical (2.48 degrees +/- 0.83 degrees C). No significant differences were seen between the two types of laser tips used (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The temperature changes on root external surfaces remained above the critical threshold (13 degrees C) during Er:YAG laser irradiation, except for irradiation with 15 Hz in the apical third. However, the type of Er:YAG laser tip used (sapphire or fiberoptic) did not affect the temperature variation. PMID- 18922085 TI - Combining therapeutic laser and herbal remedy for treating ligament injury: an ultrastructural morphological study. AB - OBJECTIVE: We examined the ultrastructural morphology (number of collagen fibrils, mean and mass-averaged diameter) of isolated and combined treatments of a therapeutic laser and herbs for medial collateral ligament (MCL) injury in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-eight rats, divided into seven groups: laser (L), herb (H), laser + herb (LH), laser control (LC), herb control (HC), laser sham (LS) and herb sham (HS), were studied. Right MCL of groups L, H, LH, LC and HC were transected, while that of LS and HS remained intact. Group L received 9 treatment sessions of GaAlAs laser with a dosage of 3.5 Jcm(-2); group H received herbal plaster treatment; groups LH had combined treatments of laser and herb; group LC had placebo laser; group LS had no treatment; groups HC and HS received only bandage without herb. All MCLs were analyzed using transmission electron microscopy at 3 weeks. RESULTS: Differences (p < 0.05) existed in mean fibril diameters among groups. Core mass-averaged diameters of groups L and H were larger than the control groups (LC and HC). Fibril diameter of group LH (combined treatment) was even larger and approaching that of the intact MCL. CONCLUSION: Combined therapeutic laser and herbal treatment hastened collagen fibril maturation in MCL repair. PMID- 18922086 TI - Role of nitric oxide in the visible light-induced rapid increase of human skin microcirculation at the local and systemic level: I. diabetic patients. AB - OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to reveal the effects of polychromatic visible (pVIS) or pVIS + near IR (nIR) light similar to some components of solar light on skin microcirculation and microvascular response to the vasodilatators acetylcholine (ACh) and nitroglycerine (NG), in the extremities of patients with diabetic microangiopathy. BACKGROUND DATA: The mechanisms behind light-induced increases in microcirculation as well as extracellular effects of terrestrial pVIS and pVIS + nIR light remain unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 24 subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus local microcirculation was measured in the skin of the foot before and after exposure to both types of light. In another 26 patients systemic microcirculation was studied in the back of the hand before and after exposure of the lumbar-sacral area to light energy. Two different types of light therapy were performed by using two devises: Q-light, which delivers pVIP (385-750 nm) and pVIS nIR light (385-1700 nm) with a power density of 40 mW/cm2, which is similar to summer sunlight at noon in Central Europe. RESULTS: At 2 min after irradiation (12 J/cm2) of the forefoot with pVIS or pVIS + nIR light, a rise in local blood flow volume (Qas) was observed, on average by 39% and 31%, respectively. The maximal effect (+41-47%) had developed in all patients at 30 min, and it then decreased and disappeared completely 24 h post-irradiation. We obtained similar results after irradiation of the sacral area in Qas of the skin of the hand. Both types of microcirculation also increased following a second exposure to the light sources. Enhancement of microcirculation was accompanied by a decrease in the microvascular response to ACh and NG solutions administered intracutaneously by iontophoresis. CONCLUSION: Both types of irradiation stimulated microcirculation at the local and systemic levels through a mechanism of enhancement of endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vasodilation, in which nitric oxide plays a major role. PMID- 18922087 TI - Role of nitric oxide in the visible light-induced rapid increase of human skin microcirculation at the local and systemic levels: II. healthy volunteers. AB - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the skin microcirculation increase seen in healthy volunteers after a single exposure to polychromatic visible (pVIS) light, and to prove the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the development of this effect. BACKGROUND DATA: Improvement of microcirculation is one of the most important effects of laser and pVIS light therapy; however, its mechanism of action remains unknown. A main role in the regulation of vascular tone is known to be played by NO. It is produced by NO-synthase (NOS) located in membranes of many cells, including endothelial and blood cells. NOS, a biopteroflavohemoprotein, absorbs pVIS light, resulting in its activation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The central area of the dorsal side of the right hand (24 cm2) of 42 volunteers was irradiated for 5 min with pVIS light from a Q-light (385-750 nm, 95% polarization, 40 mW/cm2, 12 J/cm2). Then for 90 min, the blood flow rate (Qas) was measured eight times, both in the area of the irradiation (local effect) and in the non-irradiated left hand (systemic effect) by using a high-frequency ultrasound Doppler device, recording Qas in human skin to a depth up to 5 mm. In the central area of the right hand of 14 volunteers an NOS inhibitor, N-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA, 0.1% solution), was iontophoretically administered prior to exposure, whereas in 10 other subjects it was administered to the left hand with subsequent exposure of the right hand. RESULTS: As soon as 2 min after exposure, Qas in the irradiated area rose on average by 32%, and in 20 min by 45%; it then decreased and in 90 min returned to the initial level. A statistically significant Qas increase in the non-irradiated hand was recorded in 5 min (+9%), and in 20 min it reached a maximum level (+39%), and 90 min later it decreased to the initial values. The presence of L-NMMA in the light-exposed area completely blocked the photoinduced rise of microcirculation, both in the irradiated and in non-irradiated hand; however, its administration to the non irradiated hand did not prevent these effects. CONCLUSION: The increase in skin microcirculation produced by pVIS light at the local and systemic levels is due to activation of NO synthesis in the irradiated area. PMID- 18922088 TI - Intracellular ATP level increases in lymphocytes irradiated with infrared laser light of wavelength 904 nm. AB - OBJECTIVE: Red and near-infrared laser irradiation is reported to have a range of biological effects on cultured cells and different tissues, leading to the hypothesis that laser light can affect energy metabolism. Increased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis has been reported in cultured cells and rat brain tissue after irradiation at 632.8 nm and 830 nm, respectively. This study investigated whether diode pulsed laser irradiation enhances ATP production in lymphocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Aliquots (500 microL) of an extract of cultured lymphocytes of the Molt-4 cell line were irradiated with diode laser light (lambda = 904 nm, pulsed mode, 6 kHz frequency) with an average emission power of 10 mW for 60 min. A Spectra Physics M404 power meter was used to measure light intensity. Controls were treated similarly but not irradiated. The amount of ATP was measured by the luciferin-luciferase bioluminescent assay. RESULTS: The amount of ATP in irradiated cell cultures was 10.79 +/- 0.15 microg/L (SD; n = 10), and in non-irradiated cell cultures it was 8.81 +/- 0.13 microg/L (SD; n = 10). The average percentage increase of irradiated versus control cell cultures was about 22.4% +/- 0.56% SD (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: This significant increase is probably due to laser irradiation; it cannot be attributed to any thermal effect, as the temperature during irradiation was maintained at 37.0 degrees +/- 0.5 degrees C. Thus the therapeutic effects of the biostimulating power of this type of laser are identified and its indications may be expanded. PMID- 18922089 TI - Cytotoxicity of octal-bromide zinc phthalocyanine after photodynamic therapy with different light sources. AB - OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate the cytotoxicity of octal-bromide zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPcBr8) at different concentrations (0.25, 0.5, and 1 microM) after irradiating HEp-2 cell cultures with two different light sources: a diode semiconductor laser (660 nm, 30 mW) or an LED (640 nm, 70 mW). In order to obtain comparative results, the irradiation parameters of both light sources were adjusted so that the amount of energy density delivered would be the same (4.5 J/cm2). BACKGROUND DATA: Numerous photosensitizers and light sources used in the treatment of human disease have been studied. Based on these studies, a comparative evaluation of two light sources used in photodynamic therapy (PDT) with ZnPcBr8 was proposed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: HEp-2 cells were incubated with ZnPcBr8 at different concentrations (0.25, 0.5, or 1 microM) for 1 h, irradiated with the diode semiconductor laser (660 nm at 30 mW for 300 sec; 4.5 J/cm2) or the LED laser (640 nm at 70 mW for 128 sec; 4.5 J/cm2), and then incubated in MEM medium for 1 or 24 h. The cells were analyzed using the MTT and trypan blue dye exclusion tests. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that the concentration of 1 microM of ZnPcBr8 was the most effective after PDT administered by both light sources. According to the MTT results, HEp-2-cell viability decreased by 97.96% 1 h after, and by 99.87% 24 h after irradiation with the diode semiconductor laser, and decreased by 94.03% 1 h after, and by 99.21% 24 h after irradiation with the LED. The results obtained using the trypan blue dye exclusion test confirmed the photodynamic efficacy of ZnPcBr8 employed with both light sources. With regard to HEp-2-cell viability, the following results were observed: a decrease of 98.73% 1 h after, and of 99.49% 24 h after irradiation with the diode semiconductor laser; and a decrease of 98.76% 1 h after, and of 99.23% 24 h after irradiation with the LED. CONCLUSIONS: According to our results with the irradiation parameters studied here, both the LED and diode semiconductor laser can be used for PDT in vitro, since both light sources had excellent photodynamic efficacy. PMID- 18922091 TI - The effect of low-level laser therapy on electrically induced muscle fatigue: a pilot study. AB - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this pilot study is to determine if low-level laser therapy (LLLT) could attenuate skeletal muscle fatigue induced by surface neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) in healthy volunteers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five college-age participants underwent three cross-over randomized trials: two (LLLT + NMES) test trials and a control trial (NMES only), in which NMES was applied to their dominant knee extensor muscle group. The LLLT doses, 500 mW at 808 nm, were either adjusted to deliver a total energy of 7 J for 10 min or 3 J for 5 min in a blinded fashion. Following LLLT irradiation, the NMES protocol was immediately delivered for 3 min to induce fatigue in the knee extensor muscle group. RESULTS: The five participants completed the three trials. After the control trial, torque significantly decreased (62%; p < 0.0001) at the end of 3 min. There was no significant difference between the 7 J and 3 J trials on muscle fatigue. Following both LLLT trials, torque significantly decreased (51%; p < 0.0001) at the end of 3 min. Although there was a difference (11%) in fatigue between the two LLLT trials and the control trial, this difference did not attain statistical significance (p = 0.63). CONCLUSION: LLLT did not attenuate muscle fatigue evoked by NMES, but this needs to be further addressed in human studies and clinical settings. The lack of significant findings could be explained by the small sample size and the selection of LLLT parameters. PMID- 18922090 TI - A thermal investigation of dental bleaching in vitro. AB - OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to investigate the surface temperature variations in the cervical region via infrared thermography, as well as the temperature within the pulp chamber via thermocouples, of mandibular incisors when subjected to dental bleaching using two different 35% hydrogen peroxide gels, red (HP) and green (HPM), when activated by halogen light (HL) and LED light. BACKGROUND DATA: Temperatures increases of more than 5.5 degrees C are considered to be potentially threatening to pulp vitality, while those higher than 10 degrees C can result in periodontal injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Tooth samples were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10 each), according to the bleaching agent and catalyst light source used. RESULTS: Mean values and standard deviations of the temperature increases inside the pulp chamber in the HL groups were 4.4 degrees +/- 2.1 degrees C with HP, and 4.5 degrees +/- 1.2 degrees C with HPM; whereas in the groups using LED light, they were 1.4 degrees +/- 0.3 degrees C for HP, and 1.5 degrees +/- 0.2 degrees C for HPM. For the root surfaces, the maximum temperature increases in the groups irradiated with HL were 6.5 degrees +/- 1.5 degrees C for HP, and 7.5 degrees +/- 1.1 degrees C with HPM; whereas in the groups irradiated with LED light, they were 2.8 degrees +/- 0.7 degrees C with HP, and 3 degrees +/- 0.8 degrees C with HPM. There were no statistically significant differences in pulp and surface temperature increases between the groups using different gels, although the mean temperature increases were significantly higher for the groups irradiated with HL when compared with those irradiated with the LED light (p < 0.05 with Tukey's test). CONCLUSION: LED light may be safe for periodontal and pulp tissue when using this method, but HL should be used with care. PMID- 18922093 TI - Photomedicine and LLLT Literature Watch. PMID- 18922092 TI - GaAs laser treatment of bilateral eyelid ptosis due to complication of botulinum toxin type A injection. AB - The widespread use of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) for aesthetic procedures in recent years has brought about some unwanted side effects that, though they are self-limited, cause inconvenience for patients. Injection of this paralytic toxin inactivates target muscle(s) for many months and unwanted facial movements will thus be prevented. Spreading of the toxin beyond the target muscles sometimes involves muscles necessary for other facial movements, such as the levator palpebrae, inactivation of which causes upper eyelid ptosis. Mild cases resolve after 2-3 wk, but in severe cases the complication may last as long as the cosmetic results persist (3-4 mo), and until now there has been no medical intervention to accelerate healing. In an effort to achieve more rapid recovery from eyelid ptosis due to overdose of BTX-A in the glabella, laser therapy was used in a 46-year-old woman with bilateral eyelid ptosis (partial on the right side and complete on the left) 12 d after injection. A GaAs laser was used and the protocol consisted of irradiation of three points on the upper lid just above the levator, and one point on the corrugator muscle on each side in contact mode, with three sessions per week (wavelength 890 nm, peak power 94 W, output power 28 mW, pulse duration 200 ns, spot size 3 mm, pulse repetition rate 3000 Hz, duration of irradiation 40 sec per point, energy per point 1.1 J, total energy per session 8.8 J, dose 16 J/cm2). The result was complete recovery from ptosis after 10 sessions, but the cosmetic results persisted for several months. It appears that if this procedure has similar results in other case series, it will be an effective therapeutic option to treat this complication. PMID- 18922095 TI - "Gently rough": the vaccine potential of a Salmonella enterica regulatory lipopolysaccharide mutant. AB - BACKGROUND: An alternative to multivalent vaccines could be to construct strains capable of conferring broad protection through shared antigens. Down-regulation of immunodominant major antigens has been proposed to enhance the immunogenicity of conserved antigens. METHODS: The protection provided by an aroA as well as structural and regulatory lipopolysaccharide (LPS) mutants of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium against homologous and heterologous challenges was assessed in the murine model of typhoid. The reactivity and cross-reactivity of the immune sera raised was tested by enzyme-linked immunospot assay and immunoblots. Conserved outer membrane proteins were identified by mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Unlike any structural LPS mutants, the regulatory mutant lacking RfaH was finely balanced between safety and immunogenicity, and its vaccine potential was comparable to that of the well-characterized DeltaaroA mutant. Loss of the transcriptional antiterminator RfaH resulted in a heterogeneous length of LPS chains, designated here as the "gently rough" phenotype. Our study also provides evidence that the rough phenotype enhances the immunogenicity of minor antigens, which may improve cross-protection against heterologous bacteria. A panel of conserved antigens shared by members of the Enterobacteriaceae family was identified as abundant porins and lipoprotein antigens. CONCLUSIONS: Fine-tuned down-regulation of immunodominant epitopes can create live vaccine strains that are not only desirably attenuated but that also exhibit an improved cross protective potential. PMID- 18922096 TI - Immunodominance and recognition of intracellular pathogens. PMID- 18922098 TI - Mechanism of action of rapalogues: the antiangiogenic hypothesis. AB - mTOR interacts with multiple proteins involved in major signal transduction pathways controlling cell growth, proliferation, and apoptosis. mTOR is acknowledged to play major roles in cellular interplays between cancer and stroma cells, including endothelial cells. Rapalogues demonstrated antitumour activity in several hypervascularized tumours in clinical trials. Whether rapalogues directly affect cancer cells or other stroma cells in tumours remains poorly understood. Knowing whether rapalogues act directly against cancer cells and/or could be considered as antiangiogenic agents has major implications in terms of medical indications and may help to further improve their drug development. Herein, we hypothesize that current rapalogues demonstrating activity in hypervascularized tumours may primarily act through antiangiogenic effects in patients, a hypothesis that certainly requires further translational investigations. PMID- 18922097 TI - Parasite stage-specific recognition of endogenous Toxoplasma gondii-derived CD8+ T cell epitopes. AB - BACKGROUND: BALB/c mice control infection with the obligate intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii and develop a latent chronic infection in the brain, as do immunocompetent humans. Interferon-gamma-producing CD8+ T cells provide essential protection against T. gondii infection, but the epitopes recognized have so far remained elusive. METHODS: We employed caged major histocompatibility complex molecules to generate approximately 250 H-2L(d) tetramers and to distinguish T. gondii-specific CD8+ T cells in BALB/c mice. RESULTS: We identified 2 T. gondii-specific H-2L(d)-restricted T cell epitopes, one from dense granule protein GRA4 and the other from rhoptry protein ROP7. H-2L(d)/GRA4 reactive T cells from multiple organ sources predominated 2 weeks after infection, while the reactivity of the H-2L(d)/ROP7 T cells peaked 6-8 weeks after infection. BALB/c animals infected with T. gondii mutants defective in establishing a chronic infection showed altered levels of antigen-specific T cells, depending on the T. gondii mutant used. CONCLUSIONS: Our results shed light on the identity and the parasite stage-specificity of 2 CD8+ T cell epitopes recognized in the acute and chronic phase of infection with T. gondii. PMID- 18922099 TI - In vivo biological effects of ATRA in the treatment of AML. AB - BACKGROUND: All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is mandatory in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL). Experimental studies suggest that ATRA can induce differentiation and apoptosis in leukaemia cells also for other acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML) subtypes, but the clinical observations are conflicting. DESIGN AND METHODS: Twenty-two AML patients with non-APL disease received oral ATRA alone (22.5 mg/m2 twice daily) for two days, the patients thereafter continued ATRA together with valproic acid and theophylline. We investigated the biological effects of the initial 2 days treatment with ATRA alone. Serum/plasma samples were collected before and after 2 days of ATRA, peripheral blood AML cells were collected from all 12 patients with circulating leukaemia cells (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00175812; EudraCT no. 2004-001663-22). RESULTS: AML cells collected during therapy had altered flow cytometric forward and right angle light scatters but no morphological signs of differentiation. ATRA increased the percentage of circulating AML cells in G0/G1 phase for 9 out of 12 patients (p = 0.043). Circulating leukaemia cells derived during therapy had increased intracellular levels of P21 (mean increase in mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) being 18.2%, p = 0.017), and decreased levels of Gata-2 (mean decrease in MFI 19%, p = 0.026), NF-kappaB p65 (mean decrease in MFI 15.4%, p = 0.033) and Bcl-2 (mean decrease in MFI 7.2%, p = 0.005). In addition, increased systemic levels of the endothelial marker endocan (plasma) and the angioregulatory mediator angiopoietin-2 (serum) were observed. CONCLUSIONS: In vivo ATRA treatment in AML affects leukaemic cell morphology, regulation of cell cycle progression and apoptosis, and possibly also microvascular endothelial cell functions. PMID- 18922100 TI - Perspectives in therapy for hepatitis C. AB - BACKGROUND: Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a worldwide health problem. Response rates to current standard of treatment (pegylated IFNs and ribavirin) are low in patients with the prevailing genotype 1. OBJECTIVE: To review papers published or presented at recent international meetings showing the results of trials of new anti-HCV drugs. METHODS: Literature search using the terms 'antivirals', 'interferon', 'pegylated interferon', 'ribavirin', 'polymerase inhibitors', 'protease inhibitors', 'cyclophilin inhibitors' and 'hepatitis C virus'. Search of abstracts containing the same terms in the title and presented at the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases 2007 and at the European Association for the Study of the Liver 2008 meetings. RESULTS/CONCLUSION: Preliminary results of Phase II studies of new compounds look promising, although side effects are higher than with current standard of treatment. PMID- 18922101 TI - Discontinued drug in 2007: renal, endocrine and metabolic drugs. AB - This perspective is the first part of an annual series of papers discussing drugs dropped from clinical development in the previous year. Specifically, this paper focuses on the 14 renal, endocrine and metabolic drugs discontinued in 2007. The candidates covered in this summary were being developed for treatment of diabetes, obesity, reproductive and urogenital health issues, and growth hormone deficiency. Information for this perspective was derived from a search of the Pharmaprojects database for drugs discontinued after reaching Phase I - III clinical trials. PMID- 18922102 TI - Discontinued drugs, 2007: pulmonary-allergy, dermatological, gastrointestinal and arthritis drugs. AB - This perspective is part of an annual series of papers discussing drugs dropped from clinical development in the previous year. Specifically, this paper focuses on the 17 pulmonary-allergy, dermatological, gastrointestinal and arthritis drugs discontinued in 2007. Information for this perspective was derived from a search of the Pharmaprojects database for drugs discontinued after reaching Phase I - III clinical trials. PMID- 18922103 TI - Renzapride: a new drug for the treatment of constipation in the irritable bowel syndrome. AB - Renzapride is a novel drug currently under clinical evaluation for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Renzapride is a mixed 5-hydroxytryptamine type 4 (5-HT4) agonist and 5-HT3 receptor antagonist that has a stimulatory effect on gastrointestinal motility and transit, as established by in vivo and in vitro studies. Its therapeutic efficacy, tolerability and safety have been evaluated in diabetic gastroparesis in a single study, as well as in IBS in a few other studies. Phase II studies indicated potential beneficial effects on symptoms and bowel habits in patients with constipation-predominant IBS and mixed-type IBS. The outcome of Phase III studies is currently under evaluation. PMID- 18922104 TI - New agents for Clostridium difficile-associated disease. AB - BACKGROUND: Clostridia-derived diseases, in particular C. difficile-associated disease (CDAD), have been increasing in incidence, severity, and morbidity. The mainstay of treatment options has relied upon metronidazole and vancomycin, but these treatments routinely result in high relapse rates (20%) and, in the case of metronidazole, decreasing efficacy. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate and compare the current clinical and preclinical therapies of CDAD. METHODS: RESULTS/CONCLUSION: The new antibiotics in development and preclinical development reflect next-generation versions of older drugs or two new mechanism-of-action class drugs (OPT-80, REP3123). Based on the current preclinical and clinical data, the next-generation drugs impart only a subtle difference from the intrinsic weaknesses of their genre. In contrast, OPT-80 and REP3123 seem to be differentiated. PMID- 18922106 TI - Experimental therapy for advanced renal cell carcinoma. AB - BACKGROUND: The treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has changed dramatically over the past few years. Sunitinib malate, sorafenib tosylate, bevacizumab +/- interferon-alfa, temsirolimus, and everolimus have improved clinical outcomes in randomized Phase III trials by inhibiting the VEGF and related pathways. Combinations and sequences of these agents are being evaluated. Other novel agents are in clinical development, some of which target novel pathways not yet exploited as therapy for RCC. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this review on experimental agents is to provide a comprehensive overview of evolving novel therapies in development for advanced RCC. METHODS: Experimental therapies were identified through review of abstracts submitted to recent meetings, and manuscripts published and indexed in Medline/PubMed databases. RESULTS/CONCLUSION: Several experimental agents have shown significant antitumor activity in early studies, with potential application as therapy for advanced RCC. Recently reported and ongoing clinical trials will help further define the role of these agents as therapy for metastatic RCC. PMID- 18922107 TI - Novel bone cancer drugs: investigational agents and control paradigms for primary bone sarcomas (Ewing's sarcoma and osteosarcoma). AB - BACKGROUND: New investigational agents and chemotherapy regimens including cyclophosphamide + topotecan, temozolomide + irinotecan, and anti-IGF-1R antibodies in Ewing's sarcoma (ES) and liposomal muramyltripeptide phosphatidylethanolamine (L-MTP-PE), aerosol therapy, and bone-specific agents in osteosarcoma (OS) may improve survival and/or quality of life on 'continuation' therapy. OBJECTIVE: Review of investigational approaches and control paradigms for recurrent or metastatic primary bone tumors. METHODS: Analyze temozolomide + irinotecan data and review in the context of other newer approaches including antiangiogenesis, anti-IGF-1R antibodies and bisphosphonates for ES. Review some current state-of-the-art approaches for OS including L-MTP-PE, anti-IGF-1R inhibition, aerosol therapies and bone specific agents. RESULTS/CONCLUSION: L-MTP PE with chemotherapy in OS has been shown to improve survival; compassionate access is available for recurrence and/or metastases. Aerosol therapy (granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, cisplatin, gemcitabine) for lung metastases is a promising approach to reduce systemic toxicity. The bone specific agents including denosumab (anti-receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand antibody) and bisphosphonates may have benefit against giant cell tumor, ES and OS. Anti-IGF-1R antibody SCH717454 has preclinical activity in OS but best effectiveness will most likely be in combination with chemotherapy earlier in therapy. Both temozolomide + irinotecan and cyclophosphamide + topotecan combinations are very active in ES and are likely to be tested with anti-IGF-1R antibodies against ES. PMID- 18922105 TI - FLT3 inhibitors for the treatment of autoimmune disease. AB - BACKGROUND: Autoimmune diseases encompass a broad range of illnesses with a variety of underlying causes, some of which are known and some of which remain elusive. OBJECTIVE: The focus of this review will be on describing the development of a new type of therapy that could potentially treat T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases. Unlike traditional therapies, which have primarily focused on suppressing T cells directly, targeting the step of antigen presentation may allow a less toxic therapy in which autoimmunity is lessened without compromising the entire immune system. This review will outline the science behind the development of the therapy, the roles of dendritic cells in generating autoimmune disease, and the function of the FLT3 receptor in this process. PMID- 18922108 TI - mTOR inhibitors in the treatment of cancer. AB - BACKGROUND: The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a protein kinase of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signalling pathway with a central role in the control of cell proliferation, survival, mobility and angiogenesis. Dysregulation of mTOR pathway has been found in many human tumours; therefore, the mTOR pathway is considered an important target for the development of new anticancer drugs. OBJECTIVE: To review the mTOR pathway, the role of the mTOR inhibitors in cancer treatment, the preclinical features and clinical results of the three mTOR inhibitors currently in development, temsirolimus, everolimus and deforolimus. METHODS: Review of the published literature (abstracts, full papers) since 1995 on mTOR pathway and related pathway signalling, rapamycin and analogues. RESULTS/CONCLUSION: With each of the three mTOR inhibitors temsirolimus (CCI-779), everolimus (RAD001) and deforolimus (AP23573), a safe schedule of treatment has been defined and promising results of antitumour activity have been achieved in a variety of solid tumours, thus confirming the preclinical expectations. PMID- 18922109 TI - Sagopilone (ZK-EPO): from a natural product to a fully synthetic clinical development candidate. AB - BACKGROUND: Tubulin is among the most established and clinically validated targets in oncology. The taxanes, paclitaxel and docetaxel, stabilize microtubules and have shown significant clinical activity, but factors such as the development of resistance can limit their clinical use. The epothilones are a novel class of natural microtubule-stabilizing products with potential activity in an expanded spectrum of tumour indications. OBJECTIVE: In an extensive lead optimization programme, we selected sagopilone from 350 compounds produced by total synthesis because of its combination of potent activity and good tolerability in tumour models. It is the first fully synthetic epothilone in clinical development. METHODS: Here we review the directed optimization of the natural product epothilone B to produce sagopilone, along with its mechanism of action, preclinical data and emerging clinical results. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS: We show how this optimization process translated into superior preclinical activity, coupled with a favourable tolerability profile. Activity has been determined in a number of animal models, including those from tumours resistant to other systemic treatments. The approach used to develop sagopilone may become more common as structure-driven research is increasingly employed to exploit the enormous potential of natural products, in parallel with other targeted approaches, heralding a new era of anticancer therapy. PMID- 18922110 TI - A novel CXCR4 antagonist for hematopoietic stem cell mobilization. AB - BACKGROUND: Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation is a treatment option for hematological malignancies. Current mobilization regimes frequently result in inadequate numbers of HSC for transplant therefore alternative methods of mobilization are required. OBJECTIVE: The chemokine receptor CXCR4 and ligand SDF 1 are integrally involved in HSC homing and mobilization. Disruption of the SDF 1/CXCR4 axis by the CXCR4 anatagonist, plerixafor, is shown to improve HSC mobilization. METHODS: The molecular and in vivo pharmacology of plerixafor and subsequent clinical development is reviewed. RESULTS/CONCLUSION: Preclinical studies demonstrate that plerixafor is a selective antagonist of CXCR4 and can rapidly mobilize HSC. Clinical trials demonstrated improved HSC mobilization when plerixafor was included in the mobilization regimen. These data suggest the potential for a significant role for plerixafor in hematological disease. PMID- 18922112 TI - PI-88: a novel inhibitor of angiogenesis. AB - Growth factors that stimulate angiogenesis are vital in tumor development and maintenance. Inhibitors of angiogenesis are emerging as key elements in anticancer treatments, and now antibodies and small molecule kinase inhibitors are approved in the treatment of a variety of solid tumors. These have shown modest but statistically significant benefit in colon, breast and lung cancers. PI-88 has a novel mechanism of action compared to the drugs on the market today. By inhibiting heparanase, PI-88 blocks angiogenesis on several different cellular and biological levels. Promising results from Phase I/II trials are being seen with PI-88 in a variety of tumor types including melanoma and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the development of antibody-induced thrombocytopenia has limited its use in some patients. PMID- 18922111 TI - Clazosentan: an endothelin receptor antagonist for treatment of vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. AB - Clazosentan (Ro 61-1790, VML-588 or AXV-034) is under study in clinical trials for the treatment of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) by Actelion Pharmaceuticals. It is a synthetic endothelin (ET) A receptor antagonist that decreases and reverses cerebral vasospasm after experimental SAH. Remarkable dose-dependent effects were observed on angiographic vasospasm in the CONSCIOUS-1 human clinical trial, supporting proceeding with a Phase III clinical trial. This study (CONSCIOUS-2) will enroll approximately 765 patients randomized 2:1 to clazosentan 5 mg/h intravenously or placebo. All patients will undergo neurosurgical aneurysm clipping and outcome will be assessed primarily based on mortality and vasospasm-related morbidity. PMID- 18922113 TI - Faith, heresy and the cancer stem cell hypothesis. PMID- 18922114 TI - B-cell receptor signaling in the genesis and maintenance of B-cell lymphoma. PMID- 18922115 TI - Potential of using breast milk as a tool to study breast cancer and breast cancer risk. PMID- 18922117 TI - Trial assessing individualized options for treatment for breast cancer: the TAILORx trial. AB - Novel genetic profiling tests of breast cancer tissue have been shown to be prognostic for overall survival and predictive of local and distant rates of recurrence in breast cancer patients. One of these tests, Oncotype DXtrade mark, is a diagnostic test comprised of a 21-gene assay applied to paraffin-embedded breast cancer tissue, which allows physicians to predict subgroups of hormone receptor-positive, node-negative patients who may benefit from hormonal therapy alone or require adjuvant chemotherapy to attain the best survival outcome. The results of the assay are converted to a recurrence score (0-100) that has been found to be predictive of 10- and 15-year local and distant recurrence in node negative, estrogen-receptor-positive breast cancer patients. Previous studies have shown that patients with high recurrence scores benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy, whereas patients with low recurrence scores do not. To evaluate the ability to guide treatment decisions in the group with a mid-range recurrence score, the North American Cooperative Groups developed the Trial Assessing IndiviuaLized Options for Treatment for breast cancer, a randomized trial of chemotherapy followed by hormonal therapy versus hormonal therapy alone on invasive disease-free survival-ductal carcinoma in situ (IDFS-DCIS) survival in women with node-negative, estrogen-receptor-positive breast cancer with a recurrence score of 11-25. The study was initiated in May 2006 and approximately 4500 patients will be randomized. This article describes the rationale, methodology, statistical ana-lysis and implications of the results on clinical practice. PMID- 18922118 TI - Nilotinib: a phenylamino-pyrimidine derivative with activity against BCR-ABL, KIT and PDGFR kinases. AB - The BCR-ABL kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate is currently the standard therapy for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). However, mutations within the ABL kinase domain interfering with drug binding have been identified as the main mechanism of resistance to imatinib. Multiple distinct BCR-ABL kinase mutant isoforms conferring varying degrees of resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been reported. Nilotinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor 30-fold more potent than imatinib against BCR-ABL kinase. Nilotinib is active against a wide range of imatinib-resistant BCR-ABL mutant isoforms, except for T315I. Results from Phase II studies of nilotinib for patients with CML after failure or intolerance to imatinib therapy have shown a favorable toxicity profile and confirmed the high efficacy of nilotinib in this setting. Studies addressing the activity of nilotinib in newly-diagnosed patients with CML are underway. Furthermore, nilotinib is a potent inhibitor of KIT and PDGFR kinases. Here, we review the preclinical development of nilotinib and the activity of this agent in patients with CML and in tumors driven by KIT and/or PDGFR mutant kinases, such as gastrointestinal stromal tumors and some forms of clonal hypereosinophilia. PMID- 18922119 TI - Imaging mesenchymal stem cell migration and the implications for stem cell-based cancer therapies. AB - Mesenchymal stem cells are promising cellular vehicles for the delivery of therapeutic proteins to sites of cancer growth upon transplantation. To better understand the physiology and biology of the transplanted stem cells, it is necessary and desirable to track the fate of stem cells noninvasively and longitudinally. Reporter gene imaging is a powerful tool to monitor live stem cells in vivo. In this special report, we review currently investigated reporter genes used for tracking stem cells in vivo by optical, radionuclide, magnetic resonance and multimodality imaging techniques. We also discuss the possibility and feasibility of applying reporter gene imaging to monitor stem-cell-based therapeutic gene delivery efficiency and treatment efficacy. PMID- 18922121 TI - Inflammation and prostate cancer. AB - Prostate cancer remains a major health concern for the male population throughout the Western world. It is today widely accepted that inflammation has a role in many human cancers. In fact, inflammation is thought to incite carcinogenesis by causing cell and genome damage, promoting cellular turnover and creating a tissue microenvironment that can enhance cell replication, angiogenesis and tissue repair. Accordingly, there is a body of literature suggesting a link between chronic inflammation and prostate cancer, in which prostate inflammation may contribute to the promotion of prostate cancer development. On the other hand, high levels of endogenous gonadal steroids are considered as risk factors for prostate cancer. Interestingly, it is clear that elevation of estrogens in the presence of testosterone results in a prostate-specific inflammatory response. Thus, it is possible that early inflammatory events stimulated by sex hormones serve as a prerequisite for the onset of prostate cancer. PMID- 18922120 TI - Emerging insights into the molecular pathogenesis of uveal melanoma. AB - Uveal melanoma is the most common primary cancer of the eye, and often results not only in vision loss, but also in metastatic death in up to half of patients. For many years, the details of the molecular pathogenesis of uveal melanoma remained elusive. In the past decade, however, many of these details have emerged to reveal a fascinating and complex story of how the primary tumor evolves and progresses. Early events that disrupt cell cycle and apoptotic control lead to malignant transformation and proliferation of uveal melanocytes. Later, the growing tumor encounters a critical bifurcation point, where it progresses along one of two genetic pathways with very distinct genetic signatures (monosomy 3 vs 6p gain) and metastatic propensity. Late genetic events are characterized by increasing aneuploidy, most of which is nonspecific. However, specific chromosomal alterations, such as loss of chromosome 8p, can hasten the onset of metastasis in susceptible tumors. Taken together, this pathogenetic scheme can be used to construct a molecularly based and prognostically relevant classification of uveal melanomas that can be used clinically for personalized patient management. PMID- 18922122 TI - Wnt/beta-catenin pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma pathogenesis and liver physiology. AB - The Wnt/beta-catenin pathway is a key developmental pathway for which alterations have been described in various human cancers. The aberrant activation of this pathway is a major event in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Several laboratories have shown that the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway plays an essential role in all phases of liver development and maturation, and is required for the metabolic function of this organ. In this review, we summarize current knowledge regarding the role of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma pathogenesis and liver biology, and the possibilities for developing new therapeutic interventions based on this knowledge. PMID- 18922123 TI - Laparoscopic liver resection for cancer. AB - The field of laparoscopic liver resection surgery has rapidly evolved, with more than 1000 cases now reported. Laparoscopic hepatic resection was initially described for small, peripheral, benign lesions. Experienced teams are now performing laparoscopic anatomic resections for cancer. Operative times improved with experience. When compared with open cases, blood loss was less in most laparoscopic series, but was the main indication for conversion to an open procedure. Patients undergoing laparoscopic resection had shorter length of hospital stay and quicker recovery. Perioperative complications were comparable between the two approaches. Importantly, basic oncologic principles were maintained in the laparoscopic liver resections. The purpose of this review is to summarize the data available on outcomes for laparoscopic hepatic resection for cancer. This includes primary hepatocellular carcinoma, as well as metastatic colorectal cancer to the liver. The evidence to date suggests that laparoscopic results are comparable with the open approach in cancer patients. PMID- 18922124 TI - Current status and future directions: management of colon cancer with peritoneal dissemination. AB - Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide, and although it carries a favorable prognosis when detected at early stages, it is associated with limited survival when metastatic disease is present. Modern systemic therapy has improved median survival in those patients with hematogenous dissemination, but the role of these newer combinations of cytotoxic chemotherapy and biological agents remains undefined in patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis. Cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy have resulted in long-term good outcomes for patients whose carcinomatosis can be completely removed, but offers no advantage over supportive care for those patients with incomplete tumor removal. At the present time, we lack proven therapeutic strategies on how to treat a patient newly diagnosed with peritoneal carcinomatosis of colorectal origin. A large Phase III multi-institutional trial is being developed to address these issues, and will need full collaboration between medical and surgical oncologists. PMID- 18922125 TI - Resolving the controversies surrounding lymphatic mapping in breast cancer. AB - Sentinel lymph node biopsy has rapidly become the standard of care in the primary treatment of breast cancer. Most of the initially identified potential contraindications towards the procedure, such as nonpalpability, large tumor size, pregnancy and being previously operated in the breast or axilla, have been ruled out, whereas multifocality represents an unsolved problem. There is no consensus about the best use of the technique in patients receiving neoadjuvant treatment. There is no place for sentinel lymph node biopsy in pure ductal carcinoma in situ, but it can be used for large high-grade in situ cancer diagnosed through core biopsy, especially if a mastectomy is planned. Morbidity is low, and the recurrence rates reported so far are reassuring. However, long term results are lacking, and results from ongoing randomized trials are awaited. PMID- 18922127 TI - Lung cancer and women. AB - In the early 1900s, lung cancer was a rare malignancy in women, but starting from the 1960s it has progressively reached epidemic proportions, surpassing breast cancer in 1987 and becoming the leading cause of cancer deaths in many countries. Retrospective data show that the 5-year survival rate for women who have lung cancer is 15.6%, compared with 12.5% for men, and this improved survival could have important implications in the design and interpretation of lung cancer trials. Women have major responses to therapy regardless of stage, therapeutic modalities or histology. The increase of lung cancer incidence among women is reflected in their clinical trial participation, causing a survival improvement and suggesting the need of stratification by sex in future studies. No specific drugs for women with lung cancer are currently available, but researchers are devoting energies in this area in order to better understand the implication of gender differences in epidemiology, pathogenesis, prognosis and tumor response. PMID- 18922128 TI - Stigma in cancer patients whose behavior may have contributed to their disease. AB - The purpose of the present review is to examine stigma and its consequences among people with cancer, with an emphasis on the situation in which one's behavior may have contributed to the disease. We examine whether voluntarily engaging in behavior that adds to cancer risk leads to increased stigma after cancer onset, as compared with when one's behavior is not considered (by the affected individual or by others) to have contributed to the onset of cancer. We conducted literature searches in PsychInfo and Medline and identified 38 published papers that empirically addressed cancer-related stigma. We found evidence of increased negative attitudes and more severe consequences of stigma among people that have engaged in a behavior that is perceived to have contributed to their cancer, compared with those who are not perceived to have contributed to their disease. PMID- 18922126 TI - Biologically conformal treatment: biomarkers and functional imaging in radiation oncology. AB - 'Conformal radiation therapy' is the standard of care in radiation oncology, referring to the process of shaping the radiation beam to precisely match a tumor's physical dimensions. We describe 'biologically conformal radiotherapy', in which the radiation oncologist matches the prescribed treatment to a tumor's biological characteristics and the host's predicted tolerance of radiation. This paradigm emphasizes that not all tumors are equally sensitive to radiation; conversely, some patients are especially susceptible to radiation's side effects. Patients bearing radioresistant tumors or those prone to toxicity may be best treated with the incorporation of targeted radiation modulators or, in extreme cases, by a different modality. The biological characteristics of tumors can be assessed by a wide range of techniques: functional imaging (positron emission tomography and advanced magnetic resonance imaging), single gene/protein molecular techniques and 'omic' technologies. This paper reviews the latest advances in the use of biomarkers and functional imaging in guiding patients to receive the most appropriate treatment. PMID- 18922130 TI - Highlight - viruses and signaling. PMID- 18922131 TI - Modulating serine palmitoyl transferase (SPT) expression and activity unveils a crucial role in lipid-induced insulin resistance in rat skeletal muscle cells. AB - Saturated fatty acids, such as palmitate, promote accumulation of ceramide, which impairs activation and signalling of PKB (protein kinase B; also known as Akt) to important end points such as glucose transport. SPT (serine palmitoyl transferase) is a key enzyme regulating ceramide synthesis from palmitate and represents a potential molecular target in curbing lipid-induced insulin resistance. In the present study we explore the effects of palmitate upon insulin action in L6 muscle cells in which SPT expression/activity has been decreased by shRNA (small-hairpin RNA) or sustained incubation with myriocin, an SPT inhibitor. Incubation of L6 myotubes with palmitate (for 16 h) increases intramyocellular ceramide and reduces insulin-stimulated PKB activation and glucose uptake. PKB inhibition was not associated with impaired IRS (insulin receptor substrate) signalling and was ameliorated by short-term treatment with myriocin. Silencing SPT expression (approximately 90%) by shRNA or chronic cell incubation with myriocin (for 7 days) markedly suppressed SPT activity and palmitate-driven ceramide synthesis; however, challenging these muscle cells with palmitate still inhibited the hormonal activation of PKB. This inhibition was associated with reduced IRS1/p85-PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) coupling that arises from diverting palmitate towards greater DAG (diacylglycerol) synthesis, which elevates IRS1 serine phosphorylation via activation of DAG-sensitive PKCs (protein kinase Cs). Treatment of SPT-shRNA cells or those treated chronically with myriocin with PKC inhibitors antagonized palmitate-induced loss in insulin signalling. The findings of the present study indicate that SPT plays a crucial role in desensitizing muscle cells to insulin in response to incubation with palmitate. While short-term inhibition of SPT ameliorates palmitate/ceramide induced insulin resistance, sustained loss/reduction in SPT expression/activity promotes greater partitioning of palmitate towards DAG synthesis, which impacts negatively upon IRS1-directed insulin signalling. PMID- 18922132 TI - Primate cathelicidin orthologues display different structures and membrane interactions. AB - The human cathelicidin LL-37 displays both direct antibacterial activities and the capacity to modulate host-cell activities. These depend on structural characteristics that are subject to positive selection for variation, as observed in a previous analysis of the CAMP gene (encoding LL-37) in primates. The altered balance between cationic and anionic residues in different primate orthologues affects intramolecular salt-bridging and influences the stability of the helical conformation and tendency to aggregate in solution of the peptide. In the present study, we have analysed the effects of these structural variations on membrane interactions for human LL-37, rhesus RL-37 and orang-utan LL-37, using several complementary biophysical and biochemical methods. CD and ATR (attenuated total reflection)-FTIR (Fourier-transform IR) spectroscopy on model membranes indicate that RL-37, which is monomeric and unstructured in bulk solution [F-form (free form)], and human LL-37, which is partly structured and probably aggregated [A form (aggregated form)], bind biological membranes in different manners. RL-37 may insert more deeply into the lipid bilayer than LL-37, which remains aggregated. AFM (atomic force microscopy) performed on the same supported bilayer as used for ATR-FTIR measurements suggests a carpet-like mode of permeabilization for RL37 and formation of more defined worm-holes for LL-37. Comparison of data from the biological activity on bacterial cells with permeabilization of model membranes indicates that the structure/aggregation state also affects the trajectory of the peptides from bulk solution through the outer cell-wall layers to the membrane. The results of the present study suggest that F-form cathelicidin orthologues may have evolved to have primarily a direct antimicrobial defensive capacity, whereas the A-forms have somewhat sacrificed this to gain host-cell modulating functions. PMID- 18922133 TI - Janus kinases promote cell-surface expression and provoke autonomous signalling from routing-defective G-CSF receptors. AB - CSF3R [G-CSF (granulocyte colony-stimulating factor) receptor] controls survival, proliferation and differentiation of myeloid progenitor cells via activation of multiple JAKs (Janus kinases). In addition to their role in phosphorylation of receptor tyrosine residues and downstream signalling substrates, JAKs have recently been implicated in controlling expression of cytokine receptors, predominantly by masking critical motifs involved in endocytosis and lysosomal targeting. In the present study, we show that increasing the levels of JAK1, JAK2 and TYK2 (tyrosine kinase 2) elevated steady-state CSF3R cell-surface expression and enhanced CSF3R protein stability in haematopoietic cells. This effect was not due to inhibition of endocytotic routing, since JAKs did not functionally interfere with the dileucine-based internalization motif or lysine-mediated lysosomal degradation of CSF3R. Rather, JAKs appeared to act on CSF3R in the biosynthetic pathway at the level of the ER (endoplasmic reticulum). Strikingly, increased JAK levels synergized with internalization- or lysosomal-routing defective CSF3R mutants to confer growth-factor independent STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) activation and cell survival, providing a model for how increased JAK expression and disturbed intracellular routing of CSF3R synergize in the transformation of haematopoietic cells. PMID- 18922141 TI - Complications of small bore chest drains. PMID- 18922142 TI - Antiviral therapy for respiratory tract infections. AB - Viruses are important pathogens causing respiratory tract infections both in the community and health-care facility settings. They are extremely common causes of morbidity in the competent hosts and some are associated with significant mortality in the compromised individuals. With wider application of molecular techniques, novel viruses are being described and old viruses are found to have new significance in different epidemiological and clinical settings. Some of these emerging pathogens may have the potential to cause pandemics or global spread of a severe disease, as exemplified by severe acute respiratory syndrome and avian influenza. Antiviral therapy of viral respiratory infections is often unnecessary in the competent hosts because most of them are selflimiting and effective agents are not always available. In the immunocompromised individuals or for infections caused by highly pathogenic viruses, such as avian influenza viruses (AIV), antiviral treatment is highly desirable, despite the fact that many of the agents may not have undergone stringent clinical trials. In immunocompetent hosts, antiviral therapy can be stopped early because adaptive immune response can usually be mounted within 5-14 days. However, the duration of antiviral therapy in immunosuppressed hosts depends on clinical and radiological resolution, the degree and duration of immunosuppression, and therefore maintenance therapy is sometimes needed after the initial response. Immunotherapy and immunoprophylaxis appear to be promising directions for future research. Appropriate and targeted immunomodulation may play an important adjunctive role in some of these infections by limiting the extent of end-organ damage and multi organ failure in some fulminant infections. PMID- 18922143 TI - Bile acids induce CCN2 production through p38 MAP kinase activation in human bronchial epithelial cells: a factor contributing to airway fibrosis. AB - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Bile acid aspiration occurs in a variety of acute and chronic airway disorders. The consequence of bile acid aspiration and lung disease remains unclear. It was hypothesized that airway epithelium exposure to bile acids would induce fibrosis via production of connective tissue growth factor (CCN2), CCN2 is essential for transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) induced fibrogenesis and functions as a downstream mediator of TGF-beta action on fibroblasts. METHODS: Human bronchial epithelial cells were grown on air-liquid interface culture inserts. Cells were stimulated with the major components of bile acids, chenodeoxycholic acid (CD) and glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCD). RT PCR and real-time quantitative PCR were used to detect mRNA expression. ELISA and western blotting were used to measure protein. RESULTS: CD-stimulated airway epithelial cells produce CCN2 at both mRNA and protein levels in a dose-dependent manner. GCD failed to increase CCN2 production. CCN2 expression occurred via activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase and the downstream transcription factor ATF-2. Dexamethasone and the selective p38 MAP kinase inhibitor SB203580 successfully inhibited p38 MAP kinase, ATF-2 phosphorylation and subsequent CCN2 production. CD induced TGF-beta1 release from airway epithelium via the same signalling pathway. TGF-beta1 therefore enhanced CCN2production in an autocrine manner. CONCLUSION: Early intervention to stop these processes may be useful in preventing fibrogenesis in chronic airway diseases associated with bile acid exposure. PMID- 18922144 TI - Diurnal temperature range as a novel risk factor for COPD death. AB - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Although the relationship between day-to-day temperature changes and COPD mortality is well established, it is not known whether temperature variation within one day, that is diurnal temperature range (DTR), is a risk factor for acute COPD death, independent of the absolute temperature level. METHODS: In a time-series study, the relationship between DTR and daily COPD mortality between 2001 and 2004 in Shanghai, China was assessed. A semi-parametric generalized additive model was used to allow for long-term and seasonable trends in COPD mortality, as well as variation in air pollution and weather. RESULTS: There was a significant association between DTR and daily COPD mortality. A 1 degrees C increase in the 4-day moving average for DTR corresponded to a 1.25% (95% confidence interval: 0.35-2.15) increase in COPD mortality. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that DTR is a novel risk factor for acute COPD death. PMID- 18922145 TI - Serial analysis of gene expression in a rat lung model of asthma. AB - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The pathogenesis and molecular mechanism underlying asthma remain undetermined. The purpose of this study was to identify genes and pathways involved in the early airway response (EAR) phase of asthma by using serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE). METHODS: Two SAGE tag libraries of lung tissues derived from a rat model of asthma and controls were generated. Bioinformatic analyses were carried out using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and IntegratedDiscovery Functional Annotation Tool, Gene Ontology (GO) TreeMachine and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis. RESULTS: A total of 26 552 SAGE tags of asthmatic rat lung were obtained, of which 12 221 were unique tags. Of the unique tags, 55.5% were matched with known genes. By comparison of the two libraries, 186 differentially expressed tags (P < 0.05) were identified, of which 103 were upregulated and 83 were downregulated. Using the bioinformatic tools these genes were classified into 23 functional groups, 15 KEGG pathways and 37 enriched GO categories. CONCLUSIONS: The bioinformatic analyses of gene distribution, enriched categories and the involvement of specific pathways in the SAGE libraries have provided information on regulatory networks of the EAR phase of asthma. Analyses of the regulated genes of interest may inform new hypotheses, increase our understanding of the disease and provide a foundation for future research. PMID- 18922147 TI - Mothers' involvement in a school-based fruit and vegetable promotion intervention is associated with increased fruit and vegetable intakes--the Pro Children study. AB - BACKGROUND: Several school-based fruit and vegetable interventions include activities to involve parents, but not much is know about the effectiveness of such a family component on child and parent intake levels. The current study evaluated the effects of the multi-component school-based intervention, 'the Pro Children Study', on mothers' intake levels. Furthermore, associations between level of involvement in the project and improvement in the mothers' intake levels were assessed. METHODS: Effect was evaluated in a cluster randomized controlled trial in Spain, Norway and the Netherlands among mothers of 11-year-olds. Of the 1253 mothers with complete data at baseline, 754 and 476 had complete data at first and second follow-up respectively. Fruit and vegetable intake, level of involvement and demographic variables were assessed by a parental questionnaire. Data was analyzed using multilevel regression analyses. RESULTS: Results showed no effect of the intervention on mothers' fruit and vegetable intake after one year and two year follow-up. Participation rate for the different activities varied by activity and by country, e.g. 3.7-9.4% visited the website, while 26.4 72.6% of the mothers participated in the home work assignments. Results further showed that higher involvement levels were associated with higher intake at follow-up. CONCLUSION: The Pro Children Intervention could not increase the fruit and vegetable consumption of the mothers of participating pupils, which might be explained by the low involvement in the project. More research is needed to increase mothers' involvement in school-based interventions. PMID- 18922146 TI - Congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy with progressive sensorineural deafness (Harboyan syndrome). AB - Harboyan syndrome is a degenerative corneal disorder defined as congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy (CHED) accompanied by progressive, postlingual sensorineural hearing loss. To date, 24 cases from 11 families of various origin (Asian Indian, South American Indian, Sephardi Jewish, Brazilian Portuguese, Dutch, Gypsy, Moroccan, Dominican) have been reported. More than 50% of the reported cases have been associated with parental consanguinity. The ocular manifestations in Harboyan syndrome include diffuse bilateral corneal edema occurring with severe corneal clouding, blurred vision, visual loss and nystagmus. They are apparent at birth or within the neonatal period and are indistinguishable from those characteristic of the autosomal recessive CHED (CHED2). Hearing deficit in Harboyan is slowly progressive and typically found in patients 10-25 years old. There are no reported cases with prelinglual deafness, however, a significant hearing loss in children as young as 4 years old has been detected by audiometry, suggesting that hearing may be affected earlier, even at birth. Harboyan syndrome is caused by mutations in the SLC4A11 gene located at the CHED2 locus on chromosome 20p13-p12, indicating that CHED2 and Harboyan syndrome are allelic disorders. A total of 62 different SLC4A11 mutations have been reported in 98 families (92 CHED2 and 6 Harboyan). All reported cases have been consistent with autosomal recessive transmission. Diagnosis is based on clinical criteria, detailed ophthalmological assessment and audiometry. A molecular confirmation of the clinical diagnosis is feasible. A variety of genetic, metabolic, developmental and acquired diseases presenting with clouding of the cornea should be considered in the differential diagnosis (Peters anomaly, sclerocornea, limbal dermoids, congenital glaucoma). Audiometry must be performed to differentiate Harboyan syndrome from CHED2. Autosomal recessive types of CHED (CHED2 and Harboyan syndrome) should carefully be distinguished from the less severe autosomal dominant type CHED1. The ocular abnormalities in patients with Harboyan syndrome may be treated with topical hyperosmolar solutions. However, corneal transplantation (penetrating keratoplasty) represents definitive treatment. Corneal transplantation produces a substantial visual gain and has a relatively good surgical prognosis. Audiometric monitoring should be offered to all patients with CHED2. Hearing aids may be necessary in adolescence. PMID- 18922148 TI - Unusual acquired gastric outlet obstruction during infancy: a case report. AB - Acquired gastric outlet obstruction (GOO) during infancy beyond the neonatal period is a very rare condition when other congenital causes like infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, antral diaphragm, pyloric atresia etc are excluded. We report an unusual case of 6 month old male child who presented with recurrent episode of vomiting not relieved by medication. On gastrograffin study there was pre pyloric stricture of unknown etiology and was managed by stricturoplasty. We are reporting this case because of its rarity and with excellent outcome if diagnosed and managed properly. Even on extensive search of English literature we are not able to find a single report of this lesion in infants. PMID- 18922149 TI - The Bet v 1 fold: an ancient, versatile scaffold for binding of large, hydrophobic ligands. AB - BACKGROUND: The major birch pollen allergen, Bet v 1, is a member of the ubiquitous PR-10 family of plant pathogenesis-related proteins. In recent years, a number of diverse plant proteins with low sequence similarity to Bet v 1 was identified. In addition, determination of the Bet v 1 structure revealed the existence of a large superfamily of structurally related proteins. In this study, we aimed to identify and classify all Bet v 1-related structures from the Protein Data Bank and all Bet v 1-related sequences from the Uniprot database. RESULTS: Structural comparisons of representative members of already known protein families structurally related to Bet v 1 with all entries of the Protein Data Bank yielded 47 structures with non-identical sequences. They were classified into eleven families, five of which were newly identified and not included in the Structural Classification of Proteins database release 1.71. The taxonomic distribution of these families extracted from the Pfam protein family database showed that members of the polyketide cyclase family and the activator of Hsp90 ATPase homologue 1 family were distributed among all three superkingdoms, while members of some bacterial families were confined to a small number of species. Comparison of ligand binding activities of Bet v 1-like superfamily members revealed that their functions were related to binding and metabolism of large, hydrophobic compounds such as lipids, hormones, and antibiotics. Phylogenetic relationships within the Bet v 1 family, defined as the group of proteins with significant sequence similarity to Bet v 1, were determined by aligning 264 Bet v 1-related sequences. A distance-based phylogenetic tree yielded a classification into 11 subfamilies, nine exclusively containing plant sequences and two subfamilies of bacterial proteins. Plant sequences included the pathogenesis related proteins 10, the major latex proteins/ripening-related proteins subfamily, and polyketide cyclase-like sequences. CONCLUSION: The ubiquitous distribution of Bet v 1-related proteins among all superkingdoms suggests that a Bet v 1-like protein was already present in the last universal common ancestor. During evolution, this protein diversified into numerous families with low sequence similarity but with a common fold that succeeded as a versatile scaffold for binding of bulky ligands. PMID- 18922150 TI - Risk factors for dementia in the epidemiological study of Munguialde County (Basque Country-Spain). AB - BACKGROUND: Prevalence of degenerative dementias and dementias associated with cerebrovascular disease is increasing. Dementia is one of the most significant public health problem. In recent years, the role of vascular risk factors (hypertension, diabetes mellitus and hypercholesterolemia) and depression has been evaluated.The incidence of dementia and risk factors has not been fully investigated in Spain. The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors for dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VD) in elderly people in Munguialde County (Spain). METHODS: A two phase, door-to-door populational study was performed. Demographic variables and the presence of vascular risk factors and depression were recorded. The MMSE, the DSM-IV and the conventional criteria for AD and VD were used in the evaluation. The odds ratio for each risk factor was calculated by logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: 1756 healthy subjects and 175 patients with dementia participated in the study. Of these, 133 had AD, 15 VD and the remainder other dementias. The risk factors for dementia and AD were female sex (OR = 1.67 and 1.97, respectively); age (OR = 1.14 and 1.15); stroke (OR = 7.84 and 3); and depression (OR = 53.08 and 3.19). Stroke was the only risk factor for VD (OR = 119). CONCLUSION: Greater age, female sex, stroke and depression increase the risk of suffering dementia, AD and VD. The relationship between depression, vascular risk factors and dementia has clear public health implications. Prevention and early treatment of vascular risk factors and depression may have an important impact in lowering the risk of dementia and could modify the natural history of the disease. PMID- 18922151 TI - Physical and in silico approaches identify DNA-PK in a Tax DNA-damage response interactome. AB - BACKGROUND: We have initiated an effort to exhaustively map interactions between HTLV-1 Tax and host cellular proteins. The resulting Tax interactome will have significant utility toward defining new and understanding known activities of this important viral protein. In addition, the completion of a full Tax interactome will also help shed light upon the functional consequences of these myriad Tax activities. The physical mapping process involved the affinity isolation of Tax complexes followed by sequence identification using tandem mass spectrometry. To date we have mapped 250 cellular components within this interactome. Here we present our approach to prioritizing these interactions via an in silico culling process. RESULTS: We first constructed an in silico Tax interactome comprised of 46 literature-confirmed protein-protein interactions. This number was then reduced to four Tax-interactions suspected to play a role in DNA damage response (Rad51, TOP1, Chk2, 53BP1). The first-neighbor and second neighbor interactions of these four proteins were assembled from available human protein interaction databases. Through an analysis of betweenness and closeness centrality measures, and numbers of interactions, we ranked proteins in the first neighborhood. When this rank list was compared to the list of physical Tax binding proteins, DNA-PK was the highest ranked protein common to both lists. An overlapping clustering of the Tax-specific second-neighborhood protein network showed DNA-PK to be one of three bridge proteins that link multiple clusters in the DNA damage response network. CONCLUSION: The interaction of Tax with DNA-PK represents an important biological paradigm as suggested via consensus findings in vivo and in silico. We present this methodology as an approach to discovery and as a means of validating components of a consensus Tax interactome. PMID- 18922152 TI - Targeting aspartate aminotransferase in breast cancer. AB - INTRODUCTION: Glycolysis is increased in breast adenocarcinoma cells relative to adjacent normal cells in order to produce the ATP and anabolic precursors required for survival, growth and invasion. Glycolysis also serves as a key source of the reduced form of cytoplasmic nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) necessary for the shuttling of electrons into mitochondria for electron transport. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) regulates glycolytic flux by converting pyruvate to lactate and has been found to be highly expressed in breast tumours. Aspartate aminotransferase (AAT) functions in tandem with malate dehydrogenase to transfer electrons from NADH across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Oxamate is an inhibitor of both LDH and AAT, and we hypothesised that oxamate may disrupt the metabolism and growth of breast adenocarcinoma cells. METHODS: We examined the effects of oxamate and the AAT inhibitor amino oxyacetate (AOA) on 13C glucose utilisation, oxygen consumption, NADH and ATP in MDA-MB-231 cells. We then determined the effects of oxamate and AOA on normal human mammary epithelial cells and MDA-MB-231 breast adenocarcinoma cell proliferation, and on the growth of MDA-MB-231 cells as tumours in athymic BALB/c female mice. We ectopically expressed AAT in MDA-MB-231 cells and examined the consequences on the cytostatic effects of oxamate. Finally, we examined the effect of AAT-specific siRNA transfection on MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation. RESULTS: We found that oxamate did not attenuate cellular lactate production as predicted by its LDH inhibitory activity, but did have an anti-metabolic effect that was similar to AAT inhibition with AOA. Specifically, we found that oxamate and AOA decreased the flux of 13C-glucose-derived carbons into glutamate and uridine, both products of the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle, as well as oxygen consumption, a measure of electron transport chain activity. Oxamate and AOA also selectively suppressed the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells relative to normal human mammary epithelial cells and decreased the growth of MDA-MB-231 breast tumours in athymic mice. Importantly, we found that ectopic expression of AAT in MDA-MB-231 cells conferred resistance to the anti-proliferative effects of oxamate and that siRNA silencing of AAT decreased MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that AAT may be a valid molecular target for the development of anti neoplastic agents. PMID- 18922153 TI - Ischemic stroke destabilizes circadian rhythms. AB - BACKGROUND: The central circadian pacemaker is a remarkably robust regulator of daily rhythmic variations of cardiovascular, endocrine, and neural physiology. Environmental lighting conditions are powerful modulators of circadian rhythms, but regulation of circadian rhythms by disease states is less clear. Here, we examine the effect of ischemic stroke on circadian rhythms in rats using high resolution pineal microdialysis. METHODS: Rats were housed in LD 12:12 h conditions and monitored by pineal microdialysis to determine baseline melatonin timing profiles. After demonstration that the circadian expression of melatonin was at steady state, rats were subjected to experimental stroke using two-hour intralumenal filament occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. The animals were returned to their cages, and melatonin monitoring was resumed. The timing of onset, offset, and duration of melatonin secretion were calculated before and after stroke to determine changes in circadian rhythms of melatonin secretion. At the end of the monitoring period, brains were analyzed to determine infarct volume. RESULTS: Rats demonstrated immediate shifts in melatonin timing after stroke. We observed a broad range of perturbations in melatonin timing in subsequent days, with rats exhibiting onset/offset patterns which included: advance/advance, advance/delay, delay/advance, and delay/delay. Melatonin rhythms displayed prolonged instability several days after stroke, with a majority of rats showing a day-to-day alternation between advance and delay in melatonin onset and duration. Duration of melatonin secretion changed in response to stroke, and this change was strongly determined by the shift in melatonin onset time. There was no correlation between infarct size and the direction or amplitude of melatonin phase shifting. CONCLUSION: This is the first demonstration that stroke induces immediate changes in the timing of pineal melatonin secretion, indicating that cortical and basal ganglia infarction impacts the timing of melatonin rhythms. The heterogeneous direction and amplitude of melatonin shifts suggests that the upstream regulation of hypothalamic timekeeping is likely anatomically diffuse and mechanistically complex. Finally, our study exemplifies the use of pineal microdialysis to evaluate the effect of neurological diseases on circadian function. PMID- 18922154 TI - Chronic tophaceous gout presenting as acute arthritis during an acute illness: a case report. AB - BACKGROUND: Gout is a metabolic disease that can manifest as acute or chronic arthritis, and deposition of urate crystals in connective tissue and kidneys. It can either manifest as acute arthritis or chronic tophaceous gout. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a 39-year-old male patient who developed acute arthritis during his hospital course. Later on, after a careful physical examination, patient was found to have chronic tophaceous gout. The acute episode was successfully treated with colchicines and indomethacin. CONCLUSION: Gout usually flares up during an acute illness, and should be considered while evaluating acute mono articular arthritis. Rarely, it can also present with tophi as an initial manifestation. PMID- 18922155 TI - Estimating the temporal and spatial risk of bluetongue related to the incursion of infected vectors into Switzerland. AB - BACKGROUND: The design of veterinary and public health surveillance systems has been improved by the ability to combine Geographical Information Systems (GIS), mathematical models and up to date epidemiological knowledge. In Switzerland, an early warning system was developed for detecting the incursion of the bluetongue disease virus (BT) and to monitor the frequency of its vectors. Based on data generated by this surveillance system, GIS and transmission models were used in order to determine suitable seasonal vector habitat locations and risk periods for a larger and more targeted surveillance program. RESULTS: Combined thematic maps of temperature, humidity and altitude were created to visualize the association with Culicoides vector habitat locations. Additional monthly maps of estimated basic reproduction number transmission rates (R0) were created in order to highlight areas of Switzerland prone to higher BT outbreaks in relation to both vector activity and transmission levels. The maps revealed several foci of higher risk areas, especially in northern parts of Switzerland, suitable for both vector presence and vector activity for 2006.Results showed a variation of R0 values comparing 2005 and 2006 yet suggested that Switzerland was at risk of an outbreak of BT, especially if the incursion arrived in a suitable vector activity period. Since the time of conducting these analyses, this suitability has proved to be the case with the recent outbreaks of BT in northern Switzerland. CONCLUSION: Our results stress the importance of environmental factors and their effect on the dynamics of a vector-borne disease. In this case, results of this model were used as input parameters for creating a national targeted surveillance program tailored to both the spatial and the temporal aspect of the disease and its vectors. In this manner, financial and logistic resources can be used in an optimal way through seasonally and geographically adjusted surveillance efforts. This model can serve as a tool for other vector-borne diseases including human zoonotic vectors which are likely to spread into Europe. PMID- 18922156 TI - Hahn-Steinthal fracture: a case report. AB - Isolated fracture of the capitellum is rare. We present clinical and radiological data on a single case of a fracture of capitellum. We came across a 31 year old woman who sustained an isolated Hahn Steinthal type of fracture. It was treated operatively by open reduction and internal fixation using mini fragment screws. The elbow was immobilized for 4 weeks. The patient regained full range of movement at 12 weeks post operatively. We reiterate that anatomical reduction and fixation is the right way to treat this injury. PMID- 18922157 TI - Prognostic implication of p27Kip1, Skp2 and Cks1 expression in renal cell carcinoma: a tissue microarray study. AB - BACKGROUND: p27Kip1 plays a major role as a negative regulator of the cell cycle. The regulation of p27Kip1 degradation is mediated by its specific ubiquitin ligase subunits S-phase kinase protein (Skp) 2 and cyclin-dependent kinase subunit (Cks) 1. However, little is known regarding the prognostic utility of p27Kip1, Skp2 and Cks1 expression in renal cell carcinoma. METHODS: Immunohistochemistry was performed for p27Kip1, Skp2 and Cks1 in tissue microarrays of 482 renal cell carcinomas with follow-up. The data were correlated with clinicopathological features. The univariate and multivariate survival analyses were also performed to determine their prognostic significance. RESULTS: Immunoreactivity of p27Kip1, Skp2 and Cks1 was noted in 357, 71 and 82 patients, respectively. Skp2 and Cks1 expression were not noted in chromophobe cancers. A strong correlation was found between Skp2 and Cks1 expression (P < 0.001), both of which were inversely related to p27Kip1 levels (P = 0.006 and P < 0.001), especially in primary and clear-cell cancers. Low p27Kip1 expression and Skp2 expression were correlated with larger tumor size and higher stage, as well as tumor necrosis. Cks1 expression was only correlated with tumor size. In univariate analysis, low p27Kip1 expression, Skp2 and Cks1 expression were all associated with a poor prognosis, while in multivariate analysis, only low p27Kip1 expression were independent prognostic factors for both cancer specific survival and recurrence-free survival in patients with RCC. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that immunohistochemical expression levels of p27Kip1, Skp2 and Cks1 may serve as markers with prognostic value in renal cell carcinoma. PMID- 18922158 TI - Are the adverse effects of glitazones linked to induced testosterone deficiency? AB - BACKGROUND: Adverse side-effects of the glitazones have been frequently reported in both clinical and animal studies, especially with rosiglitazone (RGZ) and pioglitazone (PGZ), including congestive heart failure, osteoporosis, weight gain, oedema and anaemia. These led to consideration of an evidence-based hypothesis which would explain these diverse effects, and further suggested novel approaches by which this hypothesis could be tested. PRESENTATION OF HYPOTHESIS: The literature on the clinical, metabolic and endocrine effects of glitazones in relation to the reported actions of testosterone in diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease is reviewed, and the following unifying hypothesis advanced: "Glitazones induce androgen deficiency in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus resulting in pathophysiological changes in multiple tissues and organs which may explain their observed clinical adverse effects." This also provides further evidence for the lipocentric concept of diabetes and its clinical implications. TESTING OF THE HYPOTHESIS: Clinical studies to investigate the endocrine profiles, including measurements of TT, DHT, SHBG, FT and estradiol, together with LH and FSH, in both men and women with T2DM before and after RGZ and PGZ treatment in placebo controlled groups, are necessary to provide data to substantiate this hypothesis. Also, studies on T treatment in diabetic men would further establish if the adverse effects of glitazones could be reversed or ameliorated by androgen therapy. Basic sciences investigations on the inhibition of androgen biosynthesis by glitazones are also warranted. IMPLICATIONS OF THE HYPOTHESIS: Glitazones reduce androgen biosynthesis, increase their binding to SHBG, and attenuate androgen receptor activation, thus reducing the physiological actions of testosterone, causing relative and absolute androgen deficiency. This hypothesis explains the adverse effects of glitazones on the heart and other organs resulting from reversal of the action of androgens in directing the maturation of stem cells towards muscle, vascular endothelium, erythroid stem cells and osteoblasts, and away from adipocyte differentiation. The higher incidence of side-effects with RGZ than PGZ, may be explained by a detailed study of the mechanism by which glitazones down-regulate androgen biosynthesis and action, resulting in a state of androgen deficiency. PMID- 18922160 TI - Dyslipidemia in primary care--prevalence, recognition, treatment and control: data from the German Metabolic and Cardiovascular Risk Project (GEMCAS). AB - BACKGROUND: Current guidelines from the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) define low thresholds for the diagnosis of dyslipidemia using total cholesterol (TC) and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) to guide treatment. Although being mainly a prevention tool, its thresholds are difficult to meet in clinical practice, especially primary care. METHODS: In a nationwide study with 1,511 primary care physicians and 35,869 patients we determined the prevalence of dyslipidemia, its recognition, treatment, and control rates. Diagnosis of dyslipidemia was based on TC and LDL-C. Basic descriptive statistics and prevalence rate ratios, as well as 95% confidence intervals were calculated. RESULTS: Dyslipidemia was highly frequent in primary care (76% overall). 48.6% of male and 39.9% of female patients with dyslipidemia was diagnosed by the physicians. Life style intervention did however control dyslipidemia in about 10% of patients only. A higher proportion (34.1% of male and 26.7% female) was controlled when receiving pharmacotherapy. The chance to be diagnosed and subsequently controlled using pharmacotherapy was higher in male (PRR 1.15; 95%CI 1.12-1.17), in patients with concomitant cardiovascular risk factors, in patients with hypertension (PRR 1.20; 95%CI 1.05-1.37) and cardiovascular disease (PRR 1.46; 95%CI 1.29-1.64), previous myocardial infarction (PRR 1.32; 95%CI 1.19-1.47), and if patients knew to be hypertensive (PRR 1.18; 95%CI 1.04-1.34) or knew about their prior myocardial infarction (PRR 1.17; 95%CI 1.23-1.53). CONCLUSION: Thresholds of the ESC seem to be difficult to meet. A simple call for more aggressive treatment or higher patient compliance is apparently not enough to enhance the proportion of controlled patients. A shift towards a multifactorial treatment considering lifestyle interventions and pharmacotherapy to reduce weight and lipids may be the only way in a population where just to be normal is certainly not ideal. PMID- 18922159 TI - Breast cancer proteomics reveals correlation between estrogen receptor status and differential phosphorylation of PGRMC1. AB - INTRODUCTION: Breast tumors lacking the estrogen receptor-alpha (ER-alpha) have increased incidence of resistance to therapy and poorer clinical prognosis. METHODS: Whole tissue sections from 16 cryopreserved breast cancer tumors that were either positive or negative for the ER (eight ER positive and eight ER negative) were differentially analyzed by multiplex imaging of two-dimensional PAGE gels using 54 cm isoelectric focusing. Differentially detected spots of Progesterone Receptor Membrane Component 1 (PGRMC1) were shown to differ in phosphorylation status by differential two dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of phosphatase-treated tumor proteins. Site directed mutagenesis was used to create putative phosphorylation site point mutants in PGRMC1. Stable transfectants of these mutants in MCF7 cells were assayed for their survival after oxidative stress, and for AKT kinase phosphorylation. Immune fluorescence using anti-PGRMC1 monoclonal antibody 5G7 was performed on breast cancer tissue microarrays. RESULTS: Proteins significantly differentially abundant between estrogen receptor negative and estrogen receptor positive tumors at the 0.1% level were consistent with published profiles, suggesting an altered keratin pool, and increased inflammation and wound responses in estrogen receptor negative tumors. Two of three spots of PGRMC1 were more abundant in estrogen receptor negative tumors. Phosphatase treatment of breast tumor proteins indicated that the PGRMC1 isoforms differed in their phosphorylation status. Simultaneous mutation of PGRMC1 serine-56 and serine-180 [corrected] fully abrogated the sensitivity of stably transfected MCF7 breast cancer cells to peroxide-induced cell death. Immune fluorescence revealed that PGRMC1 was primarily expressed in ER-negative basal epithelial cells of mammary ductules. Even in advanced tumors, high levels of ER or PGRMC1 were almost mutually exclusive in individual cells. In five out of five examined ductal in situ breast cancers of comedo type, PGRMC1 was expressed in glucose transporter 1 negative or positive poorly oxygenated cells surrounding the necrotic core, surrounded by a more distal halo of ER-positive cells. CONCLUSIONS: PGRMC1 phosphorylation may be involved in the clinical differences that underpin breast tumors of differing ER status. PMID- 18922161 TI - Hematopoietic cell activation in the subventricular zone after Theiler's virus infection. AB - BACKGROUND: The periventricular subventricular zone (SVZ) contains stem cells and is an area of active neurogenesis and migration. Since inflammation can reduce neurogenesis, we tested whether Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) induces inflammation and reduces neurogenesis in the SVZ. METHODS: We performed immmunohistochemistry for the hematopoietic cell marker CD45 throughout the central nervous system and then examined neuroblasts in the SVZ. RESULTS: CD45+ activation (inflammation) occurred early in the forebrain and preceded cerebellar and spinal cord inflammation. Inflammation in the brain was regionally stochastic except for the SVZ and surrounding periventricular regions where it was remarkably pronounced and consistent. In preclinical mice, SVZ neuroblasts emigrated into inflamed periventricular regions. The number of proliferating phoshpohistone3+ cells and Doublecortin+ (Dcx) SVZ neuroblasts was overall unaffected during the periods of greatest inflammation. However the number of Dcx+ and polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM+) SVZ neuroblasts decreased only after periventricular inflammation abated. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that after TMEV infection, the SVZ may mount an attempt at neuronal repair via emigration, a process dampened by decreases in neuroblast numbers. PMID- 18922163 TI - Vectors for multi-color bimolecular fluorescence complementation to investigate protein-protein interactions in living plant cells. AB - BACKGROUND: The investigation of protein-protein interactions is important for characterizing protein function. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) has recently gained interest as a relatively easy and inexpensive method to visualize protein-protein interactions in living cells. BiFC uses "split YFP" tags on proteins to detect interactions: If the tagged proteins interact, they may bring the two split fluorophore components together such that they can fold and reconstitute fluorescence. The sites of interaction can be monitored using epifluorescence or confocal microscopy. However, "conventional" BiFC can investigate interactions only between two proteins at a time. There are instances when one may wish to offer a particular "bait" protein to several "prey" proteins simultaneously. Preferential interaction of the bait protein with one of the prey proteins, or different sites of interaction between the bait protein and multiple prey proteins, may thus be observed. RESULTS: We have constructed a series of gene expression vectors, based upon the pSAT series of vectors, to facilitate the practice of multi-color BiFC. The bait protein is tagged with the C-terminal portion of CFP (cCFP), and prey proteins are tagged with the N-terminal portions of either Venus (nVenus) or Cerulean (nCerulean). Interaction of cCFP-tagged proteins with nVenus-tagged proteins generates yellow fluorescence, whereas interaction of cCFP-tagged proteins with nCerulean-tagged proteins generates blue fluorescence. Additional expression of mCherry indicates transfected cells and sub-cellular structures. Using this system, we have determined in both tobacco BY 2 protoplasts and in onion epidermal cells that Agrobacterium VirE2 protein interacts with the Arabidopsis nuclear transport adapter protein importin alpha-1 in the cytoplasm, whereas interaction of VirE2 with a different importin alpha isoform, importin alpha-4, occurs predominantly in the nucleus. CONCLUSION: Multi color BiFC is a useful technique to determine interactions simultaneously between a given" bait" protein and multiple "prey" proteins in living plant cells. The vectors we have constructed and tested will facilitate the study of protein protein interactions in many different plant systems. PMID- 18922162 TI - Identification of drought-responsive genes in roots of upland rice (Oryza sativa L). AB - BACKGROUND: Rice (Oryza sativa L.) germplasm represents an extraordinary source of genes that control traits of agronomic importance such as drought tolerance. This diversity is the basis for the development of new cultivars better adapted to water restriction conditions, in particular for upland rice, which is grown under rainfall. The analyses of subtractive cDNA libraries and differential protein expression of drought tolerant and susceptible genotypes can contribute to the understanding of the genetic control of water use efficiency in rice. RESULTS: Two subtractive libraries were constructed using cDNA of drought susceptible and tolerant genotypes submitted to stress against cDNA of well watered plants. In silico analysis revealed 463 reads, which were grouped into 282 clusters. Several genes expressed exclusively in the tolerant or susceptible genotypes were identified. Additionally, proteome analysis of roots from stressed plants was performed and 22 proteins putatively associated to drought tolerance were identified by mass spectrometry. CONCLUSION: Several genes and proteins involved in drought-response, as well as genes with no described homologs were identified. Genes exclusively expressed in the tolerant genotype were, in general, related to maintenance of turgor and cell integrity. In contrast, in the susceptible genotype, expression of genes involved in protection against cell damage was not detected. Several protein families identified in the proteomic analysis were not detected in the cDNA analysis. There is an indication that the mechanisms of susceptibility to drought in upland rice are similar to those of lowland varieties. PMID- 18922164 TI - Acid stress damage of DNA is prevented by Dps binding in Escherichia coli O157:H7. AB - BACKGROUND: Acid tolerance in Escherichia coli O157:H7 contributes to persistence in its bovine host and is thought to promote passage through the gastric barrier of humans. Dps (DNA-binding protein in starved cells) mutants of E. coli have reduced acid tolerance when compared to the parent strain although the role of Dps in acid tolerance is unclear. This study investigated the mechanism by which Dps contributes to acid tolerance in E. coli O157:H7. RESULTS: The results from this study showed that acid stress lead to damage of chromosomal DNA, which was accentuated in dps and recA mutants. The use of Bal31, which cleaves DNA at nicks and single-stranded regions, to analyze chromosomal DNA extracted from cells challenged at pH 2.0 provided in vivo evidence of acid damage to DNA. The DNA damage in a recA mutant further corroborated the hypothesis that acid stress leads to DNA strand breaks. Under in vitro assay conditions, Dps was shown to bind plasmid DNA directly and protect it from acid-induced strand breaks. Furthermore, the extraction of DNA from Dps-DNA complexes required a denaturing agent at low pH (2.2 and 3.6) but not at higher pH (>pH4.6). Low pH also restored the DNA-binding activity of heat-denatured Dps. Circular dichroism spectra revealed that at pH 3.6 and pH 2.2 Dps maintains or forms alpha-helices that are important for Dps-DNA complex formation. CONCLUSION: Results from the present work showed that acid stress results in DNA damage that is more pronounced in dps and recA mutants. The contribution of RecA to acid tolerance indicated that DNA repair was important even when Dps was present. Dps protected DNA from acid damage by binding to DNA. Low pH appeared to strengthen the Dps-DNA association and the secondary structure of Dps retained or formed alpha-helices at low pH. Further investigation into the precise interplay between DNA protection and damage repair pathways during acid stress are underway to gain additional insight. PMID- 18922166 TI - Multi-agent systems in epidemiology: a first step for computational biology in the study of vector-borne disease transmission. AB - BACKGROUND: Computational biology is often associated with genetic or genomic studies only. However, thanks to the increase of computational resources, computational models are appreciated as useful tools in many other scientific fields. Such modeling systems are particularly relevant for the study of complex systems, like the epidemiology of emerging infectious diseases. So far, mathematical models remain the main tool for the epidemiological and ecological analysis of infectious diseases, with SIR models could be seen as an implicit standard in epidemiology. Unfortunately, these models are based on differential equations and, therefore, can become very rapidly unmanageable due to the too many parameters which need to be taken into consideration. For instance, in the case of zoonotic and vector-borne diseases in wildlife many different potential host species could be involved in the life-cycle of disease transmission, and SIR models might not be the most suitable tool to truly capture the overall disease circulation within that environment. This limitation underlines the necessity to develop a standard spatial model that can cope with the transmission of disease in realistic ecosystems. RESULTS: Computational biology may prove to be flexible enough to take into account the natural complexity observed in both natural and man-made ecosystems. In this paper, we propose a new computational model to study the transmission of infectious diseases in a spatially explicit context. We developed a multi-agent system model for vector-borne disease transmission in a realistic spatial environment. CONCLUSION: Here we describe in detail the general behavior of this model that we hope will become a standard reference for the study of vector-borne disease transmission in wildlife. To conclude, we show how this simple model could be easily adapted and modified to be used as a common framework for further research developments in this field. PMID- 18922165 TI - Natural variation in CBF gene sequence, gene expression and freezing tolerance in the Versailles core collection of Arabidopsis thaliana. AB - BACKGROUND: Plants from temperate regions are able to withstand freezing temperatures due to a process known as cold acclimation, which is a prior exposure to low, but non-freezing temperatures. During acclimation, a large number of genes are induced, bringing about biochemical changes in the plant, thought to be responsible for the subsequent increase in freezing tolerance. Key regulatory proteins in this process are the CBF1, 2 and 3 transcription factors which control the expression of a set of target genes referred to as the "CBF regulon". RESULTS: To assess the role of the CBF genes in cold acclimation and freezing tolerance of Arabidopsis thaliana, the CBF genes and their promoters were sequenced in the Versailles core collection, a set of 48 accessions that maximizes the naturally-occurring genetic diversity, as well as in the commonly used accessions Col-0 and WS. Extensive polymorphism was found in all three genes. Freezing tolerance was measured in all accessions to assess the variability in acclimated freezing tolerance. The effect of sequence polymorphism was investigated by evaluating the kinetics of CBF gene expression, as well as that of a subset of the target COR genes, in a set of eight accessions with contrasting freezing tolerance. Our data indicate that CBF genes as well as the selected COR genes are cold induced in all accessions, irrespective of their freezing tolerance. Although we observed different levels of expression in different accessions, CBF or COR gene expression was not closely correlated with freezing tolerance. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that the Versailles core collection contains significant natural variation with respect to freezing tolerance, polymorphism in the CBF genes and CBF and COR gene expression. Although there tends to be more CBF and COR gene expression in tolerant accessions, there are exceptions, reinforcing the idea that a complex network of genes is involved in freezing tolerance and that the CBF genes alone cannot explain all differences in phenotype. Our study also highlights the difficulty in assessing the function of single transcription factors that are members of closely related gene families. PMID- 18922168 TI - Biocontrol of larval mosquitoes by Acilius sulcatus (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae). AB - BACKGROUND: Problems associated with resistant mosquitoes and the effects on non target species by chemicals, evoke a reason to find alternative methods to control mosquitoes, like the use of natural predators. In this regard, aquatic coleopterans have been explored less compared to other insect predators. In the present study, an evaluation of the role of the larvae of Acilius sulcatus Linnaeus 1758 (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) as predator of mosquito immatures was made in the laboratory. Its efficacy under field condition was also determined to emphasize its potential as bio-control agent of mosquitoes. METHODS: In the laboratory, the predation potential of the larvae of A. sulcatus was assessed using the larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus Say 1823 (Diptera: Culicidae) as prey at varying predator and prey densities and available space. Under field conditions, the effectiveness of the larvae of A. sulcatus was evaluated through augmentative release in ten cemented tanks hosting immatures of different mosquito species at varying density. The dip density changes in the mosquito immatures were used as indicator for the effectiveness of A. sulcatus larvae. RESULTS: A single larva of A. sulcatus consumed on an average 34 IV instar larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus in a 24 h period. It was observed that feeding rate of A. sulcatus did not differ between the light-on (6 a.m. - 6 p.m.), and dark (6 p.m. 6 a.m.) phases, but decreased with the volume of water i.e., space availability. The prey consumption of the larvae of A. sulcatus differed significantly (P < 0.05) with different prey, predator and volume combinations, revealed through univariate ANOVA. The field study revealed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in larval density of different species of mosquitoes after 30 days from the introduction of A. sulcatus larvae, while with the withdrawal, a significant increase (p < 0.05) in larval density was noted indicating the efficacy of A. sulcatus in regulating mosquito immatures. In the control tanks, mean larval density did not differ (p > 0.05) throughout the study period. CONCLUSION: the larvae of the dytiscid beetle A. sulcatus proved to be an efficient predator of mosquito immatures and may be useful in biocontrol of medically important mosquitoes. PMID- 18922167 TI - Thrombocytopaenia in pregnant women with malaria on the Thai-Burmese border. AB - BACKGROUND: Haematological changes associated with malaria in pregnancy are not well documented, and have focused predominantly on anaemia. Examined here is thrombocytopaenia in pregnant women infected with Plasmodium falciparum or Plasmodium vivax in a low transmission area on the north-western border of Thailand. METHODS: In this observational study we reviewed the platelet counts from routine complete blood count (CBC) in a cohort of healthy and malaria infected Karen pregnant women attending weekly antenatal clinics. A platelet count of 75,000/microL was the threshold at 2 standard deviations below the mean for healthy pregnant women used to indicate thrombocytopenia. Differences in platelet counts in non-pregnant and pregnant women were compared after matching for age, symptoms, malaria species and parasitaemia. RESULTS: In total 974 pregnant women had 1,558 CBC measurements between February 2004 and September 2006. The median platelet counts (/microL) were significantly lower in patients with an episode of falciparum 134,000 [11,000-690,000] (N = 694) or vivax malaria 184,000 [23,000-891,000] (N = 523) compared to healthy pregnant women 256,000 [64,000-781,000] (N = 255), P < 0.05 for both comparisons. Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax caused a 34% (95% CI 24-47) and 22% (95% CI 8-36) reduction in platelet count, respectively. Pregnant compared to non pregnant women were at higher risk OR = 2.27 (95%CI 1.16-4.4) P = 0.017, for thrombocytopaenia. Platelets counts were higher in first compared with subsequent malaria infections within the same pregnancy. Malaria associated thrombocytopaenia had a median [range] time for recovery of 7 234567891011121314 days which did not differ by antimalarial treatment (P = 0.86), or species (P = 0.63) and was not associated with active bleeding. CONCLUSION: Pregnant women become more thrombocytopenic than non-pregnant women with acute uncomplicated malaria. Uncomplicated malaria associated thrombocytopaenia is seldom severe. Prompt antimalarial treatment resulted in normalization of platelet counts within a week. PMID- 18922170 TI - So much to teach, so little time: a prospective cohort study evaluating a tool to select content for a critical care curriculum. AB - INTRODUCTION: Curricular content is often based on the personal opinions of a small number of individuals. Although convenient, such curricula may not meet the needs of the target learner, the program or the institution. Using an objective method to ensure content validity of a curriculum can alleviate this issue. METHODS: A form was created that listed clinical presentations relevant to residents completing intensive care unit (ICU) rotations. Twenty residents and 20 intensivists in tertiary academic multisystem ICUs ranked each presentation on three separate scales: how life-threatening each is, how commonly each is seen in critical care, and how reversible each is. Mean scores for the individual scales were calculated, and these three values were subsequently multiplied together to achieve a composite score for each presentation. The correlation between the two groups' scores for the presentations was calculated to assess reliability of the process. RESULTS: There was excellent agreement between the two groups for rating each presentation (correlation coefficient r = 0.94). The 10 clinical presentations with the highest composite scores formed the basis of our new curriculum. CONCLUSIONS: We describe a method that can be used to select the content of a curriculum for learners in an ICU. Although the content that we selected to include in our curriculum may not be applicable to other ICUs, we believe that the process we used is easily applied elsewhere, and that it provides an efficient method to improve content validity of a curriculum. PMID- 18922169 TI - ICF components of corresponding outcome measures in flexor tendon rehabilitation a systematic review. AB - BACKGROUND: The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) delivers a holistic approach to health conditions. The objective of the present study is to provide an overview of flexor tendon rehabilitation outcome measures with respect to ICF components. Furthermore, it aims to investigate to which extent current assessments measure aspects of health according to these components primarily focussing on activity and participation. METHODS: A systematic literature review was conducted to identify all studies meeting the inclusion criteria. Studies were only included if they assessed more than body function and body structure and referred to the ICF components activity and participation. The outcome measures were analysed and their linkage to the ICF components were investigated to examine to which degree aspects of health outcome as defined by the ICF were considered. RESULTS: As anticipated, the application of outcome measures after flexor tendon repair is non conform. In many studies the emphasis still lies on physical impairment neglecting activity limitations and participation restrictions.Aspects of health after flexor tendon repair could be assessed more adequately and cover patients' needs more sufficiently by choosing outcome measures which refer to all aspects of functioning. CONCLUSION: The ICF can help to identify aspects of health which are not being considered. The ICF can help promote further development of adequate outcome measures including activity limitation and participation restrictions by targeting patient centred goals and respecting patients' needs. PMID- 18922171 TI - Convulsive liability of bupropion hydrochloride metabolites in Swiss albino mice. AB - BACKGROUND: It is known that following chronic dosing with bupropion HCl active metabolites are present in plasma at levels that are several times higher than that of the parent drug, but the possible convulsive effects of the major metabolites are not known. METHODS: We investigated the convulsive liability and dose-response of the three major bupropion metabolites following intraperitoneal administration of single doses in female Swiss albino mice, namely erythrohydrobupropion HCl, threohydrobupropion HCl, and hydroxybupropion HCl. We compared these to bupropion HCl. The actual doses of the metabolites administered to mice (n = 120; 10 per dose group) were equimolar equivalents of bupropion HCl 25, 50 and 75 mg/kg. Post treatment, all animals were observed continuously for 2 h during which the number, time of onset, duration and intensity of convulsions were recorded. The primary outcome variable was the percentage of mice in each group who had a convulsion at each dose. Other outcome measures were the time to onset of convulsions, mean convulsions per mouse, and the duration and intensity of convulsions. RESULTS: All metabolites were associated with a greater percentage of seizures compared to bupropion, but the percentage of convulsions differed between metabolites. Hydroxybupropion HCl treatment induced the largest percentage of convulsing mice (100% at both 50 and 75 mg/kg) followed by threohydrobupropion HCl (50% and 100%), and then erythrohydrobupropion HCl (10% and 90%), compared to bupropion HCl (0% and 10%). Probit analysis also revealed the dose-response curves were significantly different (p < 0.0001) with CD50 values of 35, 50, 61 and 82 mg/kg, respectively for the four different treatments. Cox proportional hazards model results showed that bupropion HCl, erythrohydrobupropion HCl, and threohydrobupropion HCl were significantly less likely to induce convulsions within the 2-h post treatment observation period compared to hydroxybupropion HCl. The mean convulsions per mouse also showed the same dose-dependent and metabolite-dependent trends. CONCLUSION: The demonstration of the dose-dependent and metabolite-dependent convulsive effects of bupropion metabolites is a novelty. PMID- 18922172 TI - Identifying intrinsic and extrinsic determinants that regulate internal initiation of translation mediated by the FMR1 5' leader. AB - BACKGROUND: Regulating synthesis of the Fragile X gene (FMR1) product, FMRP alters neural plasticity potentially through its role in the microRNA pathway. Cap-dependent translation of the FMR1 mRNA, a process requiring ribosomal scanning through the 5' leader, is likely impeded by the extensive secondary structure generated by the high guanosine/cytosine nucleotide content including the CGG triplet nucleotide repeats in the 5' leader. An alternative mechanism to initiate translation - internal initiation often utilizes secondary structure to recruit the translational machinery. Consequently, studies were undertaken to confirm and extend a previous observation that the FMR1 5' leader contains an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES). RESULTS: Cellular transfection of a dicistronic DNA construct containing the FMR1 5' leader inserted into the intercistronic region yielded significant translation of the second cistron, but the FMR1 5' leader was also found to contain a cryptic promoter possibly confounding interpretation of these results. However, transfection of dicistronic and monocistronic RNA ex vivo or in vitro confirmed that the FMR1 5' leader contains an IRES. Moreover, inhibiting cap-dependent translation ex vivo did not affect the expression level of endogenous FMRP indicating a role for IRES dependent translation of FMR1 mRNA. Analysis of the FMR1 5' leader revealed that the CGG repeats and the 5' end of the leader were vital for internal initiation. Functionally, exposure to potassium chloride or intracellular acidification and addition of polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid as mimics of neural activity and double stranded RNA, respectively, differentially affected FMR1 IRES activity. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that multiple stimuli influence IRES-dependent translation of the FMR1 mRNA and suggest a functional role for the CGG nucleotide repeats. PMID- 18922173 TI - beta1-integrin mediates myelin-associated glycoprotein signaling in neuronal growth cones. AB - Several myelin-associated factors that inhibit axon growth of mature neurons, including Nogo66, myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) and oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein (OMgp), can associate with a common GPI-linked protein Nogo-66 receptor (NgR). Accumulating evidence suggests that myelin inhibitors also signal through unknown NgR-independent mechanisms. Here we show that MAG, a RGD tri peptide containing protein, forms a complex with beta1-integrin to mediate axonal growth cone turning responses of several neuronal types. Mutations that alter the RGD motif in MAG or inhibition of beta1-integrin function, but not removal of NgRs, abolish these MAG-dependent events. In contrast, OMgp-induced repulsion is not affected by inhibition of b1-integrin function. We further show that MAG stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), which in turn is required for MAG-induced growth cone turning. These studies identify beta1 integrin as a specific mediator for MAG in growth cone turning responses, acting through FAK activation. PMID- 18922174 TI - Type and etiology of liver cirrhosis are not related to the presence of hepatic encephalopathy or health-related quality of life: a cross-sectional study. AB - BACKGROUND: Hepatic encephalopathy has a negative impact on health-related quality of life (QoL) in liver cirrhosis. There are scarce and conflicting data on whether type or etiology of liver cirrhosis could be related to hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis. We aimed to determine the impact of cirrhosis etiology on hepatic encephalopathy and whether hepatic encephalopathy affects health-related QoL among patients with cirrhosis of different etiologies. METHODS: A total of 156 cirrhotic patients were prospectively evaluated for the presence of hepatic encephalopathy according to the West-Haven criteria as well as by means of two psychometric tests. Patients with cryptogenic cirrhosis or cirrhosis due to mixed hepatocellular/cholestatic etiologies were excluded. Fasting plasma glucose levels were also measured. QoL was evaluated by means of a validated questionnaire (SF-36). RESULTS: Diabetes mellitus was more common in patients with hepatocellular cirrhosis compared to those with cholestatic cirrhosis but the two groups did not differ in cirrhosis severity or the prevalence of hepatic encephalopathy (p > 0.05). The groups of patients with cirrhosis due to alcohol, hepatitis C, or cholestatic liver disease did not differ in severity of liver cirrhosis or the prevalence of hepatic encephalopathy (p > 0.05). Patients with cirrhosis of different etiologies did not differ in any SF-36 domain (p > 0.05). In multivariate analysis, performance at neuropsychological testing was independently related only to age, diabetes mellitus, and the Child-Pugh score whereas the SF-36 physical component summary only to the Child-Pugh score and hepatic encephalopathy. CONCLUSION: Cirrhosis etiology does not seem to be related to hepatic encephalopathy or health-related QoL. Cognitive impairment is associated mainly with age, liver disease severity and diabetes mellitus. PMID- 18922175 TI - Inter- and intra-observer variability in Sonographic measurements of the cross sectional diameters and area of the umbilical cord and its vessels during pregnancy. AB - BACKGROUND: The purpose of the study was to evaluate inter- and intra-observer variability in sonographic measurements of the cross-sectional area of the umbilical cord and the diameters of its vessels in low-risk pregnancies of 12 to 40 weeks of gestation. METHODS: A prospective cross sectional study was performed in 221 pregnant women at different gestational ages. Measurements were carried out also by a second observer to evaluate inter-observer variability and repeated once again by the first observer to assess intra-observer variability. The linear correlation between the measurements (Spearman's coefficient of correlation) and their reliability through the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), the Cronbach's alpha coefficient and the limits of agreement proposed by Bland and Altman were evaluated. RESULTS: The results showed that inter-observer and intra observer variability did not show any significant difference between examiners. A good linear correlation between the measurements and reliability was obtained, with values of R, ICC and Cronbach's alpha all above the standard limits. CONCLUSION: It is possible to conclude that inter- and intra-observer variability in the measurements of the umbilical cord and its vessels was small; their reliability and agreement were good. PMID- 18922176 TI - uPA is upregulated by high dose celecoxib in women at increased risk of developing breast cancer. AB - BACKGROUND: While increased urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) expression in breast cancer tissue is directly associated with poor prognosis, recent evidence suggests that uPA overexpression may suppress tumor growth and prolong survival. Celecoxib has been shown to have antiangiogenic and antiproliferative properties. We sought to determine if uPA, PA inhibitor (PAI)-1 and prostaglandin (PG)E2 expression in nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) and uPA and PGE2 expression in plasma were altered by celecoxib dose and concentration in women at increased breast cancer risk. METHODS: NAF and plasma samples were collected in women at increased breast cancer risk before and 2 weeks after taking celecoxib 200 or 400 mg twice daily (bid). uPA, PAI-1 and PGE2 were measured before and after intervention. RESULTS: Celecoxib concentrations trended higher in women taking 400 mg (median 1025.0 ng/mL) compared to 200 mg bid (median 227.3 ng/mL), and in post- (534.6 ng/mL) compared to premenopausal (227.3 ng/mL) women. In postmenopausal women treated with the higher (400 mg bid) celecoxib dose, uPA concentrations increased, while PAI-1 and PGE2 decreased. In women taking the higher dose, both PAI-1 (r = -.97, p = .0048) and PGE2 (r = -.69, p = .019) in NAF and uPA in plasma (r = .45, p = .023) were correlated with celecoxib concentrations. CONCLUSION: Celecoxib concentrations after treatment correlate inversely with the change in PAI-1 and PGE2 in the breast and directly with the change in uPA in the circulation. uPA upregulation, in concert with PAI-1 and PGE2 downregulation, may have a cancer preventive effect. PMID- 18922177 TI - Fluctuating Hemiparesis Secondary to Moyamoya Phenomenon in a Child with Down Syndrome: a case report. AB - Moyamoya phenomenon is a term used to describe extensive collateralization of the circle of Willis arteries associated with severe unilateral or bilateral internal carotid artery stenosis or occlusion in the presence of certain conditions. Down syndrome is among these conditions. A case is reported of a young girl with Down syndrome who presented with fluctuating right-sided weakness and facial droop found to have cerebral ischemia. Subsequent investigations disclosed characteristic "puff of smoke" patterns on angiographic studies consistent with moyamoya phenomenon. The patient was initially treated with aspirin and eventually underwent an encephalomyosynangiosis. This young patient with Down syndrome and moyamoya phenomenon serves as a reminder of the association between these two conditions. PMID- 18922178 TI - Satisfaction with web-based training in an integrated healthcare delivery network: do age, education, computer skills and attitudes matter? AB - BACKGROUND: Healthcare institutions spend enormous time and effort to train their workforce. Web-based training can potentially streamline this process. However the deployment of web-based training in a large-scale setting with a diverse healthcare workforce has not been evaluated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the satisfaction of healthcare professionals with web-based training and to determine the predictors of such satisfaction including age, education status and computer proficiency. METHODS: Observational, cross-sectional survey of healthcare professionals from six hospital systems in an integrated delivery network. We measured overall satisfaction to web-based training and response to survey items measuring Website Usability, Course Usefulness, Instructional Design Effectiveness, Computer Proficiency and Self-learning Attitude. RESULTS: A total of 17,891 healthcare professionals completed the web-based training on HIPAA Privacy Rule; and of these, 13,537 completed the survey (response rate 75.6%). Overall course satisfaction was good (median, 4; scale, 1 to 5) with more than 75% of the respondents satisfied with the training (rating 4 or 5) and 65% preferring web-based training over traditional instructor-led training (rating 4 or 5). Multivariable ordinal regression revealed 3 key predictors of satisfaction with web-based training: Instructional Design Effectiveness, Website Usability and Course Usefulness. Demographic predictors such as gender, age and education did not have an effect on satisfaction. CONCLUSION: The study shows that web based training when tailored to learners' background, is perceived as a satisfactory mode of learning by an interdisciplinary group of healthcare professionals, irrespective of age, education level or prior computer experience. Future studies should aim to measure the long-term outcomes of web-based training. PMID- 18922180 TI - Stressful life events and current psychological distress are associated with self reported hypertension but not with true hypertension: results from a cross sectional population-based study. AB - BACKGROUND: The evidence linking stress to hypertension has been scarcely documented in population-based studies. METHODS: Participants were selected through a multi-stage probability sampling and interviewed at home, being submitted to measures of demographics, anthropometrics, blood pressure (BP), and risk factors for hypertension. Hypertension was defined as BP >or= 140/90 mm Hg or use of BP-lowering drugs or as self-reported hypertension. Stressful life events were investigated through an inventory of nine major life events occurring in the year preceding the interview. Psychological distress was evaluated through a facial scale of expression of emotion in the last month. RESULTS: In the total, 1,484 adult individuals were investigated. Prevalence of hypertension was lower in individuals who reported any stressful life event in comparison with individuals who did not reported an event (34.3 versus 44.2%, P < 0.01), such as relative or friend death, loss of job, divorce, violence and migration. There was a trend for higher prevalence of hypertension in individuals with higher psychological distress in the last month, which was not longer significant after adjustment for confounding. In contrast, individuals who self-reported hypertension, but actually had normal blood pressure and were not using antihypertensive medication, reported higher numbers of stressful events. CONCLUSION: Recent stressful life events and current psychological distress are not associated with hypertension. Associations between stress events and distress with self-reported hypertension are not intermediated by effects of stress on blood pressure, and may be ascribed to negative feeling about disease and not to the disease itself. PMID- 18922181 TI - Thoracic costotransverse joint pain patterns: a study in normal volunteers. AB - BACKGROUND: Pain referral patterns of asymptomatic costotransverse joints have not been established. The objective of this study was to determine the pain referral patterns of asymptomatic costotransverse joints via provocative intra articular injection. METHODS: Eight asymptomatic male volunteers received a combined total of 21 intra-articular costotransverse joint injections. Fluoroscopic imaging was used to identify and isolate each costotransverse joint and guide placement of a 25 gauge, 2.5 inch spinal needle into the costotransverse joint. Following contrast medium injection, the quality, intensity, and distribution of the resultant pain produced were recorded. RESULTS: Of the 21 costotransverse joint injections, 16 (76%) were classified as being intra-articular via arthrograms taken at the time of injection, and 14 of these injections produced a pain sensation distinctly different from that of needle placement. Average pain produced was 3.3/10 on a 0-10 verbal pain scale. Pain was described generally as a deep, dull ache, and pressure sensation. Pain patterns were located superficial to the injected joint, with only the right T2 injections showing referred pain 2 segments cranially and caudally. No chest wall, upper extremity or pseudovisceral pains were reported. CONCLUSION: This study provides preliminary data of the pain referral patterns of costotransverse joints. Further research is needed to compare these findings with those elicited from symptomatic subjects. PMID- 18922179 TI - Essential fatty acids and their metabolites could function as endogenous HMG-CoA reductase and ACE enzyme inhibitors, anti-arrhythmic, anti-hypertensive, anti atherosclerotic, anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective, and cardioprotective molecules. AB - Lowering plasma low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), blood pressure, homocysteine, and preventing platelet aggregation using a combination of a statin, three blood pressure lowering drugs such as a thiazide, a beta blocker, and an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor each at half standard dose; folic acid; and aspirin-called as polypill- was estimated to reduce cardiovascular events by approximately 80%. Essential fatty acids (EFAs) and their long-chain metabolites: gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), dihomo-GLA (DGLA), arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and other products such as prostaglandins E1 (PGE1), prostacyclin (PGI2), PGI3, lipoxins (LXs), resolvins, protectins including neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1) prevent platelet aggregation, lower blood pressure, have anti-arrhythmic action, reduce LDL-C, ameliorate the adverse actions of homocysteine, show anti-inflammatory actions, activate telomerase, and have cytoprotective properties. Thus, EFAs and their metabolites show all the classic actions expected of the "polypill". Unlike the proposed "polypill", EFAs are endogenous molecules present in almost all tissues, have no significant or few side effects, can be taken orally for long periods of time even by pregnant women, lactating mothers, and infants, children, and adults; and have been known to reduce the incidence cardiovascular diseases including stroke. In addition, various EFAs and their long-chain metabolites not only enhance nitric oxide generation but also react with nitric oxide to yield their respective nitroalkene derivatives that produce vascular relaxation, inhibit neutrophil degranulation and superoxide formation, inhibit platelet activation, and possess PPAR-gamma ligand activity and release NO, thus prevent platelet aggregation, thrombus formation, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular diseases. Based on these evidences, I propose that a rational combination of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids and the co-factors that are necessary for their appropriate action/metabolism is as beneficial as that of the combined use of a statin, thiazide, a beta blocker, and an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, folic acid, and aspirin. Furthermore, appropriate combination of omega 3 and omega-6 fatty acids may even show additional benefits in the form of protection from depression, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, and enhances cognitive function; and serve as endogenous anti-inflammatory molecules; and could be administered from childhood for life long. PMID- 18922182 TI - Differences between naive and memory T cell phenotype in Malawian and UK adolescents: a role for Cytomegalovirus? AB - BACKGROUND: Differences in degree of environmental exposure to antigens in early life have been hypothesized to lead to differences in immune status in individuals from different populations, which may have implications for immune responses in later years. METHODS: Venous blood from HIV-negative adolescents and blood from the umbilical cords of babies, born to HIV-negative women, post delivery was collected and analysed using flow cytometry. T cell phenotype was determined from peripheral blood lymphocytes and cytomegalovirus (CMV) seropositivity was assessed by ELISA in adolescents. RESULTS: HIV-negative Malawian adolescents were shown to have a lower percentage of naive T cells (CD45RO-CD62Lhi CD11alo), a higher proportion of memory T cells and a higher percentage of CD28- memory (CD28-CD45RO+) T cells compared to age-matched UK adolescents. Malawian adolescents also had a lower percentage of central memory (CD45RA-CCR7+) T cells and a higher percentage of stable memory (CD45RA+CCR7-) T cells than UK adolescents. All of the adolescents tested in Malawi were seropositive for CMV (59/59), compared to 21/58 (36%) of UK adolescents. CMV seropositivity in the UK was associated with a reduced percentage of naive T cells and an increased percentage of CD28- memory T cells in the periphery. No differences in the proportions of naive and memory T cell populations were observed in cord blood samples from the two sites. CONCLUSION: It is likely that these differences between Malawian and UK adolescents reflect a greater natural exposure to various infections, including CMV, in the African environment and may imply differences in the ability of these populations to induce and maintain immunological memory to vaccines and natural infections. PMID- 18922183 TI - p53 induces distinct epigenetic states at its direct target promoters. AB - BACKGROUND: The tumor suppressor protein p53 is a transcription factor that is mutated in many cancers. Regulation of gene expression by binding of wild-type p53 to its target sites is accompanied by changes in epigenetic marks like histone acetylation. We studied DNA binding and epigenetic changes induced by wild-type and mutant p53 in non-malignant hTERT-immortalized human mammary epithelial cells overexpressing either wild-type p53 or one of four p53 mutants (R175H, R249S, R273H and R280K) on a wild-type p53 background. RESULTS: Using chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled to a 13,000 human promoter microarray, we found that wild-type p53 bound 197 promoters on the microarray including known and novel p53 targets. Of these p53 targets only 20% showed a concomitant increase in histone acetylation, which was linked to increased gene expression, while 80% of targets showed no changes in histone acetylation. We did not observe any decreases in histone acetylation in genes directly bound by wild-type p53. DNA binding in samples expressing mutant p53 was reduced over 95% relative to wild-type p53 and very few changes in histone acetylation and no changes in DNA methylation were observed in mutant p53 expressing samples. CONCLUSION: We conclude that wild-type p53 induces transcription of target genes by binding to DNA and differential induction of histone acetylation at target promoters. Several new wild-type p53 target genes, including DGKZ, FBXO22 and GDF9, were found. DNA binding of wild-type p53 is highly compromised if mutant p53 is present due to interaction of both p53 forms resulting in no direct effect on epigenetic marks. PMID- 18922184 TI - A train-the-trainer education and promotion program: chronic fatigue syndrome--a diagnostic and management challenge. AB - BACKGROUND: Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a complicated illness for providers and patients. Fewer than 20% of persons with CFS have been diagnosed and treated. For providers, compounding the issue are the challenges in making a diagnosis due to the lack of a biomedical marker. METHODS: The objective of the CFS diagnosis and management curriculum was to instruct core trainers as to the evaluation, diagnosis, and management of CFS. Over a two year period, 79 primary care physicians, physician assistants, and nurse practitioners from diverse regions in the U.S. participated as core trainers in a two day Train-the-Trainer (TTT) workshop. As core trainers, the workshop participants were expected to show increases in knowledge, self-efficacy, and management skills with the primary goal of conducting secondary presentations. RESULTS: The optimal goal for each core trainer to present secondary training to 50 persons in the health care field was not reached. However, the combined core trainer group successfully reached 2064 primary care providers. Eighty-two percent of core trainers responded "Very good" or "Excellent" in a post-tessurvey of self-efficacy expectation and CFS diagnosis. Data from the Chicago workshops showed significant improvement on the Primary Care Opinion Survey (p < 0.01) and on the Relevance and Responsibility Factors of the CAT survey (p = 0.03 and p = 0.04, respectively). Dallas workshop data show a significant change from pre- to post-test scores on the CFS Knowledge test (p = 0.001). Qualitative and process evaluation data revealed that target audience and administrative barriers impacted secondary training feasibility. CONCLUSION: Data show the workshop was successful in meeting the objectives of increasing CFS knowledge and raising perceived self-efficacy towards making a diagnosis. The CFS TTT program informed an educational provider project by shifting the format for physicians to grand rounds and continuing medical education design while retaining TTT aspects for nurse practitioners and physicians assistants. Evaluations also indicate that secondary trainings may be more readily employed and accepted if administrative barriers are addressed early in the planning phases. PMID- 18922186 TI - Incidental placental choriocarcinoma in a term pregnancy: a case report. AB - INTRODUCTION: Gestational choriocarcinoma occurs in 1 in 40,000 pregnancies. Of all forms of gestational choriocarcinoma, placental choriocarcinoma is the most rare. Maternal choriocarcinoma is usually diagnosed in symptomatic patients with metastases. The incidental finding of a choriocarcinoma confined to the placenta with no evidence of dissemination to the mother, or infant is the least common scenario. CASE PRESENTATION: The patient is an 18 year-old Gravida 1 Para 1 African American female who delivered a viable 3641 g female infant at 39 weeks gestation. Her pregnancy course was complicated by gestational hypertension during the third trimester. Her placenta revealed intraplacental choriocarcinoma. She was then followed closely by the Gynecologic Oncology service with a weekly serum beta human chorionic gonadotropin value. Beta human chorionic gonadotropin values dropped from 3070 mIU/ml to less than 2 mIU/ml two months post partum. No chemotherapy was initiated. Metastasis was ruled out by chest x-ray and whole body computed tomography scan. To date, both mother and baby are well. CONCLUSION: Due to the potential fatal outcome of placental choriocarcinoma, careful evaluation of both mother and infant after the diagnosis is made is important. The incidence of placental choriocarcinoma may actually be higher than expected since it is not routine practice to send placentas for pathological evaluation after a normal spontaneous delivery. The obstetrician, pathologist, and pediatrician should have an increased awareness of placental choriocarcinoma and its manifestations. PMID- 18922185 TI - A comparison of cecal colonization of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium in white leghorn chicks and Salmonella-resistant mice. AB - BACKGROUND: Salmonellosis is one of the most important bacterial food borne illnesses worldwide. A major source of infection for humans is consumption of chicken or egg products that have been contaminated with Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium, however our knowledge regarding colonization and persistence factors in the chicken is small. RESULTS: We compared intestinal and systemic colonization of 1-week-old White Leghorn chicks and Salmonella-resistant CBA/J mice during infection with Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium ATCC14028, one of the most commonly studied isolates. We also studied the distribution of wild type serotype Typhimurium ATCC14028 and an isogenic invA mutant during competitive infection in the cecum of 1-week-old White Leghorn chicks and 8-week-old CBA/J mice. We found that although the systemic levels of serotype Typhimurium in both infected animal models are low, infected mice have significant splenomegaly beginning at 15 days post infection. In the intestinal tract itself, the cecal contents are the major site for recovery of serotype Typhimurium in the cecum of 1-week-old chicks and Salmonella-resistant mice. Additionally we show that only a small minority of Salmonellae are intracellular in the cecal epithelium of both infected animal models, and while SPI-1 is important for successful infection in the murine model, it is important for association with the cecal epithelium of 1-week-old chicks. Finally, we show that in chicks infected with serotype Typhimurium at 1 week of age, the level of fecal shedding of this organism does not reflect the level of cecal colonization as it does in murine models. CONCLUSION: In our study, we highlight important differences in systemic and intestinal colonization levels between chick and murine serotype Typhimurium infections, and provide evidence that suggests that the role of SPI-1 may not be the same during colonization of both animal models. PMID- 18922187 TI - Rapid and reliable diagnosis of murine myeloid leukemia (ML) by FISH of peripheral blood smear using probe of PU. 1, a candidate ML tumor suppressor. AB - BACKGROUND: Murine myeloid leukemia (ML) provides a good animal model to study the mechanisms of radiation-induced leukemia in humans. This disease has been cytogenetically characterized by a partial deletion of chromosome 2 with G banding. For the rapid diagnosis of ML, this study reports a FISH method using spleen cells and peripheral blood smears from ML mice exposed to gamma rays and neutrons with PU.1, a candidate ML tumor suppressor, as a probe. RESULTS: Among mice that were tentatively diagnosed with ML by clinical findings and blood smear examination, 85% carried spleen cells showing the loss of PU.1 although the frequency of these abnormal cells varied among individuals. Mice with very low frequencies of cells showing the loss of one copy of PU.1 (one-PU.1 frequency) were later diagnosed pathologically not with ML but with blastic or eosinophilic leukemia. Some neutron-irradiated mice had cells showing translocated PU.1, although no pathological features differentiated these ML mice from ML mice expressing the simple loss of PU.1.The one-PU.1 frequency can be detected from spleen metaphase cells, spleen interphase cells, and blood smears. There was a good correlation between the one-PU.1 frequency in spleen metaphase cells and that in spleen interphase cells (r = 0.96) and between one-PU.1 frequency in spleen interphase cells and that in blood cells (r = 0.83). CONCLUSION: The FISH method was capable of detecting aberration of copy number of the PU.1 gene on murine chromosome 2, and using a peripheral blood smear is more practical and less invasive than conventional pathological diagnosis or the cytogenetic examination of spleen cells. PMID- 18922189 TI - Genetic structure, diversity, and allelic richness in composite collection and reference set in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). AB - BACKGROUND: Plant genetic resources (PGR) are the basic raw materials for future genetic progress and an insurance against unforeseen threats to agricultural production. An extensive characterization of PGR provides an opportunity to dissect structure, mine allelic variations, and identify diverse accessions for crop improvement. The Generation Challenge Program http://www.generationcp.org conceptualized the development of "composite collections" and extraction of "reference sets" from these for more efficient tapping of global crop-related genetic resources. In this study, we report the genetic structure, diversity and allelic richness in a composite collection of chickpea using SSR markers, and formation of a reference set of 300 accessions. RESULTS: The 48 SSR markers detected 1683 alleles in 2915 accessions, of which, 935 were considered rare, 720 common and 28 most frequent. The alleles per locus ranged from 14 to 67, averaged 35, and the polymorphic information content was from 0.467 to 0.974, averaged 0.854. Marker polymorphism varied between groups of accessions in the composite collection and reference set. A number of group-specific alleles were detected: 104 in Kabuli, 297 in desi, and 69 in wild Cicer; 114 each in Mediterranean and West Asia (WA), 117 in South and South East Asia (SSEA), and 10 in African region accessions. Desi and kabuli shared 436 alleles, while wild Cicer shared 17 and 16 alleles with desi and kabuli, respectively. The accessions from SSEA and WA shared 74 alleles, while those from Mediterranean 38 and 33 alleles with WA and SSEA, respectively. Desi chickpea contained a higher proportion of rare alleles (53%) than kabuli (46%), while wild Cicer accessions were devoid of rare alleles. A genotype-based reference set captured 1315 (78%) of the 1683 composite collection alleles of which 463 were rare, 826 common, and 26 the most frequent alleles. The neighbour-joining tree diagram of this reference set represents diversity from all directions of the tree diagram of the composite collection. CONCLUSION: The genotype-based reference set, reported here, is an ideal set of germplasm for allele mining, association genetics, mapping and cloning gene(s), and in applied breeding for the development of broad-based elite breeding lines/cultivars with superior yield and enhanced adaptation to diverse environments. PMID- 18922188 TI - Hemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy syndrome--the markers for an early HSES diagnosis. AB - BACKGROUND: The hemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy syndrome (HSES) is a devastating disease that affects young children. The outcomes of HSES patients are often fatal or manifesting severe neurological sequelae. We reviewed the markers for an early diagnosis of HSES. METHODS: We examined the clinical, biological and radiological findings of 8 patients (4 months to 9 years old) who met the HSES criteria. RESULTS: Although cerebral edema, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC), and multiple organ failure were seen in all 8 cases during their clinical courses, brain computed tomography (CT) scans showed normal or only slight edema in 5 patients upon admission. All 8 patients had normal platelet counts, and none were in shock. However, they all had severe metabolic acidosis, which persisted even after 3 hours (median base excess (BE), 7.6 mmol/L). And at 6 hours after admission (BE, -5.7 mmol/L) they required mechanical ventilation. Within 12 hours after admission, fluid resuscitation and vasopressor infusion for hypotension was required. Seven of the patients had elevated liver enzymes and creatine kinase (CK) upon admission. Twenty-four hours after admission, all 8 patients needed vasopressor infusion to maintain blood pressure. CONCLUSION: CT scan, platelet count, hemoglobin level and renal function upon admission are not useful for an early diagnosis of HSES. However, the elevated liver enzymes and CK upon admission, hypotension in the early stage after admission with refractory acid-base disturbance to fluid resuscitation and vasopressor infusion are useful markers for an early HSES diagnosis and helpful to indicate starting intensive neurological treatment. PMID- 18922191 TI - Evaluating completeness of maternal mortality reporting in a rural health and social affairs unit in Vellore, India, 2004. AB - Health systems in developing countries infrequently implement and evaluate maternal death surveillance. This study identified under-reported and misclassified maternal deaths among women of reproductive age between 1999 and 2004 in a rural service unit in Vellore, India. In-depth interviews, semi structured interviews and structured questionnaires were used to identify maternal deaths known to health care providers and community leaders who regularly come in contact with pregnant women. Eighteen under-reported and misclassified cases--or 50% of maternal deaths--were reported. These included 29% of abortion-related and 7% of domestic violence-related deaths. Based on this study's fieldwork, the existing death surveillance system detected 100% of the maternal deaths reported by hospital staff; however, it missed most maternal deaths reported by community workers. The latter are more likely than deaths reported by hospital workers to result from abortion and family violence. The existing surveillance system should be augmented with a community-based death surveillance system. This comprehensive approach identified twice as many maternal deaths than previously recorded and could be applied in other settings. Appropriate public health interventions should be initiated to prevent maternal deaths in this community. PMID- 18922190 TI - Prediction of TF target sites based on atomistic models of protein-DNA complexes. AB - BACKGROUND: The specific recognition of genomic cis-regulatory elements by transcription factors (TFs) plays an essential role in the regulation of coordinated gene expression. Studying the mechanisms determining binding specificity in protein-DNA interactions is thus an important goal. Most current approaches for modeling TF specific recognition rely on the knowledge of large sets of cognate target sites and consider only the information contained in their primary sequence. RESULTS: Here we describe a structure-based methodology for predicting sequence motifs starting from the coordinates of a TF-DNA complex. Our algorithm combines information regarding the direct and indirect readout of DNA into an atomistic statistical model, which is used to estimate the interaction potential. We first measure the ability of our method to correctly estimate the binding specificities of eight prokaryotic and eukaryotic TFs that belong to different structural superfamilies. Secondly, the method is applied to two homology models, finding that sampling of interface side-chain rotamers remarkably improves the results. Thirdly, the algorithm is compared with a reference structural method based on contact counts, obtaining comparable predictions for the experimental complexes and more accurate sequence motifs for the homology models. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that atomic-detail structural information can be feasibly used to predict TF binding sites. The computational method presented here is universal and might be applied to other systems involving protein-DNA recognition. PMID- 18922192 TI - Women's autonomy and reproductive preferences in Eritrea. AB - Current research and policies on reproductive behaviours in many East African countries focus primarily on proxy indicators of women's autonomy, and very little emphasis is placed on direct indicators of women's autonomy. In this paper, data from the 2002 Eritrea Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) are used to address some of the most frequently raised questions about the link between women's autonomy and reproductive behaviour. The results from the multivariate logistic models show that although the relationship between women's autonomy and reproductive preferences in Eritrea is complex, some clear, broad patterns exist that have implications for theory and policy. First, although the different dimensions of women's autonomy influence the outcome variables differently in terms of magnitude and statistical significance, most of them have a strong connection; in particular, women's final say in decisions regarding day-to-day household purchases and spousal communication are significant explanatory variables in fertility preferences and ever-use of modern contraception. Second, many background (proxy) variables, particularly household economic condition and employment, exert a strong and independent influence over fertility preferences and ever-use of contraception regardless of a woman's autonomy. In their relationship to reproductive behaviours, therefore, employment and economic status cannot be considered as proxies for women's autonomy in Eritrea. A complete explanation of the relationship between women's autonomy and reproductive preferences must recognize the effects of both the background and direct autonomy indicators. Interventions are needed to improve women's decision making autonomy and strengthen their negotiating capacity on family planning if an increased desire to limit fertility is to be attained. PMID- 18922193 TI - Association between isolation of Staphylococcus aureus one week after calving and milk yield, somatic cell count, clinical mastitis, and culling through the remaining lactation. AB - Cows with isolation of Staphylococcus aureus approximately 1 week after calving and milk yield, somatic cell count (SCC), clinical mastitis (CM), and culling risk through the remaining lactation were assessed in 178 Norwegian dairy herds. Mixed models with repeated measures were used to compare milk yield and SCC, and survival analyses were used to estimate the hazard ratio for CM and culling. On average, cows with an isolate of Staph. aureus had a significantly higher SCC than culture-negative cows. If no post-milking teat disinfection (PMTD) was used, the mean values of SCC were 42,000, 61,000, 68,000 and 77,000 cells/ml for cows with no Staph. aureus isolate, with Staph. aureus isolated in 1 quarter, in 2 quarters and more than 2 quarters respectively. If iodine PMTD was used, SCC means were 36,000; 63,000; 70,000 and 122,000, respectively. Primiparous cows testing positive for Staph. aureus had the same milk yield curve as culture negative cows, except for those with Staph. aureus isolated in more than 2 quarters. They produced 229 kg less during a 305-d lactation. Multiparous cows with isolation of Staph. aureus in at least 1 quarter produced 94-161 kg less milk in 2nd and >3rd parity, respectively, and those with isolation in more than 2 quarters produced 303-390 kg less than multiparous culture-negative animals during a 305-d lactation. Compared with culture-negative cows, the hazard ratio for CM and culling in cows with isolation of Staph. aureus in at least 1 quarter was 2.0 (1.6-2.4) and 1.7 (1.5-1.9), respectively. There was a decrease in the SCC and in the CM risk in culture-negative cows where iodine PMTD had been used, indicating that iodine PMTD has a preventive effect on already healthy cows. For cows testing positive for Staph. aureus in more than 2 quarters at calving, iodine PMTD had a negative effect on the CM risk and on the SCC through the remaining lactation. PMID- 18922194 TI - A comparison of management practices, farmer-perceived disease incidence and winter housing on organic and non-organic dairy farms in the UK. AB - There have been increases in the number of organic dairy farms in the UK in recent years. However, there is little information on the impact of organic regulations on cow welfare. As part of a larger study, we aimed to investigate differences between organic and non-organic farms in management practices and winter housing quality. Forty organic and 40 non-organic farms throughout the UK were visited. Organic and non-organic farms were paired for housing type, and as far as possible for herd size, genetic merit and location. A detailed questionnaire covering key aspects of dairy management was carried out with each farmer. On a subset of twenty pairs, an assessment of the quality of the winter housing for both lactating and dry cows was undertaken, covering the parlour, bedding, loafing and feeding areas. Management practices and building conditions varied greatly within farm types and there was considerable overlap between organic and non-organic farms. Milk yield, level and composition of concentrate feed, management of heifers and calving, and use of 'alternative treatments' to prevent and treat mastitis differed between organic and non-organic farms. In all other respects there were no differences between farm types. Building dimensions per cow did not differ, even though organic recommendations advise greater space per cow than recommended for non-organic farms. The similarity between organic and non-organic farms in most respects indicates that cow housing and health, based on both the described management regimes and the farmers' perceptions of disease incidence, on organic dairy farms is neither compromised by the regulations, nor considerably better than on non-organic farms. PMID- 18922195 TI - The effect of short-term hyperammonaemia on milk synthesis in dairy cows. AB - To test the hypothesis that ammonia detoxification in ruminants consumes amino acids to the detriment of milk protein production, we infused four lactating dairy cows with ammonium acetate or sodium acetate in switchback experiments. Plasma ammonia concentrations increased to 411 microm within 1 h of the start of infusion of ammonium acetate at 567 mmol/h. The rate constant for ammonia clearance from plasma was 0 x 054/min and the half-life was 12 x 9 min. Infusion at 567 mmol/h for 1 h followed by 1 h without infusion, repeated four times between am- and pm-milking, caused a decrease in feed intake. Compared with sodium acetate, continuous infusion of ammonium acetate at 360 mmol/h throughout an entire 10-h milking interval increased plasma ammonia concentrations to 193 microm and caused a 20% decrease in milk, protein and lactose production with no effect on percentage composition of milk or the yield of milk fat. Arterial concentrations of glucose and non-esterified fatty acids tended to increase; there was no effect on arterial acetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate or triacylglcerol, and branched-chain amino acids, Lys and Thr decreased. Mammary plasma flow, estimated by assuming 100% uptake/output of Phe+Tyr, was significantly correlated with milk yield. Mammary uptakes of acetate tended to be reduced by hyperammonaemia, but uptakes of other energy metabolites and amino acids were not affected. Thus, while an increase in amino acid consumption during hyperammonaemia was apparent from the drop in circulating concentrations of Leu, Ile, Val, Lys and Thr, there was no evidence to support the hypothesis that milk yield is affected by the lower concentrations. An ammonia-induced depression in feed intake may have caused the decrease in milk synthesis. PMID- 18922196 TI - Effects on goat milk quality of the presence of Mycoplasma spp. in herds without symptoms of contagious agalactia. AB - This study was designed to assess the possible effects of mycoplasmas on the quality of milk produced by goat herds in a contagious agalactia (CA) endemic area with absence of classical symptoms. Several factors related to milk quality (percentages of fat, total protein, lactose and total solids, standard plate counts (SPC) and presence of Staphylococcus aureus) were compared in mycoplasma infected and non-infected herds. To define the CA status of 26 herds on the island of Lanzarote (Spain), where CA is endemic, 570 individual milk samples and 266 bulk tank milk (BTM) samples were microbiologically analysed for the presence of Mycoplasma spp. A herd was considered infected by mycoplasmas when at least a sample (individual or BTM) was positive. BTM samples were also used to determine milk quality parameters. Mycoplasma infection was confirmed in 13 herds. A total of 31, 10 and 11 strains of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides LC (MmmLC), Mp. agalactiae and Mp. capricolum subsp. capricolum were isolated. No significant differences were observed between the least square means of the variables fat, total protein, lactose and total solids or SPC recorded for the infected v. non infected herds. The Staph. aureus status of a herd was also found to be independent of the presence of Mycoplasma spp. Our findings indicate that neither the presence of mycoplasmas in a goat herd with absence of classical symptoms seem to compromise the quality of the BTM. PMID- 18922197 TI - Plasma vasopressin and oxytocin concentrations increase simultaneously during suckling in goats. AB - Goats are often kept on small farms where they suckle kids and are hand milked for human consumption. Our first objective was to investigate whether vasopressin secretion increases together with oxytocin during hand milking and suckling in seven goats 6-8 weeks after parturition. Four goats suckled and three were hand milked on the first day and the treatments were reversed on the next day. Blood samples were taken via a semi-permanent catheter. Plasma concentrations of vasopressin and oxytocin increased during suckling, but not during hand milking. Plasma cortisol concentration was elevated for 10 min after both treatments. These results initiated a second series in which the objectives were to measure vasopressin and oxytocin concentrations during hand milking in a larger number of goats and to investigate whether the rise in cortisol concentration was due to the experimental conditions or to milking, by adding a no-milking treatment. Nine goats in lactation weeks 4-10 were studied. Heart rate and arterial blood pressure were registered in eight of the goats. Oxytocin concentration did not change during hand milking and the vasopressin concentration was below the detection limit. Heart rate and blood pressure were elevated during milking and for about 10 min thereafter. Cortisol concentration increased after milking, as above. None of the variables changed in the no-milking treatment. This suggests that the rise in cortisol concentration was due to milk excretion and was not a stress reaction. In conclusion, suckling increased plasma concentrations of vasopressin and oxytocin, but hand milking did not. In a mixed system, presence of the kids may be necessary to stimulate release of the peptides and thereby contraction of the myoepithelial cells. However, milk stored in the udder cisterns can be obtained by hand milking without presence of oxytocin or vasopressin. PMID- 18922198 TI - Outbreak of subclinical mastitis in a flock of dairy goats associated with atypical Staphylococcus haemolyticus. AB - Staphylococcus haemolyticus is a pathogen frequently isolated from dairy cows and small ruminants. However, it always appears in only a few animals and not as a major pathogen. Recently, in a dairy goat herd of approximately 250 milking animals, 25.6% (46/180 goats) had milk cultures with atypical highly mucoid colonies accompanied by elevated somatic cell counts. The isolates were identified as Staph. haemolyticus. The present study describes the steps used in an attempt to identify the bacterium and to compare it with other coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) including Staph. haemolyticus. Species identification performed with the API STAPH-IDENT 32 kit showed >99.4% identity confirmed by 16S rDNA sequencing tests. Microscopically the atypical Staph. haemolyticus strains showed unique cuboidal tetrad clusters reminiscent of those of the genus Sarcina. The outbreak caused by an atypical CNS underlines the need for accurate biochemical and genetic methods for ultimate identification of CNS to the species level. PMID- 18922199 TI - The role of teat skin contamination in the epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus intramammary infections. AB - Knowledge of the epidemiological pattern and the potential sources of infections is important to control Staphylococcus aureus in dairy herds. This paper reports the results of a study applying both pulse field gel electrophoresis (PGFE) and the assessment of a selected number of virulence genes to investigate the role of teat skin on Staph. aureus transmission among cows and on the contamination of milk. Overall 61 isolates were considered, 23 from teat skin, 33 from milk samples and 5 from curd samples. Teat swabs were taken in five herds, but in only three of them could Staph. aureus be isolated. Curd was sampled in three herds, but Staph. aureus could be isolated in only two herds. The distribution of isolates among herds confirmed the presence of herd-specific Staph. aureus strain in most of the herds. The same pattern was observed in teat skin samples, in quarter milk samples, and in the curd samples. Our findings are consistent with other studies showing the role of teat skin as a potential reservoir. Moreover, Staph. aureus was isolated from teat skin of confirmed Staph. aureus-negative cows that were segregated from infected ones. Our findings also suggest that some strains have higher chances to survive on teat skin and therefore to increase the risk for contamination of milk and milk products due to the persistence of intramammary infections. PMID- 18922200 TI - The effects of two out-wintering pad systems compared with free-stalls on dairy cow hoof and limb health. AB - Lameness is one of the most serious health and welfare problems for dairy cows. This study compared hoof health, limb health and locomotion of dairy cows in three over-winter management systems. Treatments were: (1) an indoor free-stall system (FS), (2) outdoors on an uncovered woodchip pad (UP) and (3) outdoors on a covered woodchip pad (CP). Animals were assigned to treatments at drying off, remained on treatment until parturition, then turned out to pasture. Sole lesions were scored on assignment to treatment, at calving, and 6 weeks and 12 weeks post partum. Locomotion and skin lesions were scored on assignment to treatment, and every 2 weeks until parturition. Post-partum locomotion was scored weekly for 13 weeks. More FS cows were affected by limb lesions than CP cows, and these animals had the worst locomotion scores post calving. There was an effect of inspection, and interactive effect of inspection and treatment on sole lesion scores. UP cows had the highest sole lesion scores 12 weeks post partum probably due to softening of the hooves arising from exposure to moisture while on the woodchip pad. However, post partum, UP cows had better locomotion scores, and CP cows tended to have better scores than cows in FS. Both of these treatments were less likely to have a high tracking-up score than cows in FS. It is possible that cows in this treatment were able to exercise more, owing to the secure underfoot surface and lack of barriers, and this promoted limb flexibility. Although woodchip pads provided benefits for limb health and locomotion, the wood chip surface in both outdoor systems did not offer protective benefits to the hooves relative to housing on concrete. However, the provision of shelter on the pad somewhat overcame the problem of high sole lesion scores in the post-partum period. PMID- 18922201 TI - Influence of space allowance and housing conditions on the welfare, immune response and production performance of dairy ewes. AB - The experiment used 45 Comisana ewes, divided into 3 groups of 15. The aim was to determine the effects of two different stocking densities and two different housing conditions on welfare, and on production performance of dairy ewes. The stocking densities tested were: high stocking density (1 x 5 m2/ewe, HD group) and low stocking density (3 m2/ewe, LD group); the two housing conditions tested were: ewes housed indoors (LD group, 3 m2/ewe) and ewes allowed to use an outdoor area (LDP group, 3 m2/ewe divided into 1 x 5 m2/ewe indoors and 1 x 5 m2/ewe outdoors). At the beginning of the experiment, and then every 2 months, the cell mediated immune status of sheep was evaluated. One month after the beginning of the experiment, and 20 d later, the ewes were injected with chicken egg albumin (OVA) to assess their humoural immune responses. Starting from the beginning of the experiment and then monthly, behavioural activities of ewes were monitored using 15-min scans. After lamb weaning, milk yield from individual ewes was measured and milk composition analysed weekly. Housing conditions (low density reared ewes indoors v. low density reared ewes with free access to an outdoor area) affected cell-mediated response, which was higher in LDP than in LD ewes. Concentrations of anti-OVA IgG were mainly influenced by space allowance, with higher antibody titres in LD than in HD ewes throughout the experiment. Both housing conditions and space allowance affected sheep behavioural activities: a greater proportion of LDP ewes displayed standing and drinking behaviours than LD ewes, and a greater proportion of LD ewes was observed walking than HD ewes. Ewes allowed access to the outdoor area had a higher protein content and lower somatic cell count in their milk, whereas reduced space allowance led to a reduction in milk yield and an increase in somatic cell count of milk. Results indicate that both increased space allowance and availability of outdoor area can improve the welfare and production performance of the lactating ewe. PMID- 18922202 TI - The antidepressant venlafaxine ameliorates murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. AB - Antidepressants are known to impact on the immune system. In this study, we examined the immunomodulatory properties of venlafaxine, a selective serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), in murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a T-cell-mediated CNS demyelinating disease model of multiple sclerosis. EAE was induced in SJL/J mice by adoptive transfer of myelin-specific T cells. Mice received different doses of venlafaxine before induction and after onset of disease. Sustained daily oral treatment with 6, 20 and 60 mg/kg significantly ameliorated the clinical symptoms of the disease compared to vehicle during both preventive and therapeutic intervention. Venlafaxine suppressed the generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-12 p40, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma in encephalitogenic T-cell clones, splenocytes and peritoneal macrophages in vitro. It also diminished mRNA expression of a number of inflammatory genes in the inflamed CNS tissue, among them CD3, CD8, Granzyme B, IL-12 p40, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha and the chemokines Ccl2 and RANTES, whereas the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor was increased. These findings demonstrate the strong immunomodulatory property of the selective SNRI venlafaxine. Further studies are warranted to clarify whether venlafaxine may exert similar effects in humans. PMID- 18922203 TI - Neuroprogression: pathways to progressive brain changes in bipolar disorder. PMID- 18922204 TI - Host choice and penetration by Schistosoma haematobium miracidia. AB - Schistosome parasites commonly show specificity to their intermediate mollusc hosts and the degree of specificity can vary between parasite strains and geographical location. Here the role of miracidial behaviour in host specificity of Schistosoma haematobium on the islands of Zanzibar is investigated. In choice chamber experiments, S. haematobium miracidia moved towards Bulinus globosus snail hosts in preference to empty chambers. In addition, miracidia preferred uninfected over patent B. globosus. This preference should benefit the parasite as patent snails are likely to have mounted an immune response to S. haematobium as well as providing poorer resources than uninfected snails. Miracidia also discriminated between the host B. globosus and the sympatric, non-host species Cleopatra ferruginea. In contrast, S. haematobium did not discriminate against the allopatric Bulinus nasutus. Penetration of the host by miracidia was investigated by screening snails 24 h after exposure using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with S. haematobium specific DraI repeat primers. There was no difference in the frequency of penetration of B. globosus versus B. nasutus. These responses to different snail species may reflect selection pressure to avoid sympatric non-hosts which represent a transmission dead end. The distribution of B. nasutus on Unguja is outside the endemic zone and so there is less chance of exposure to S. haematobium, hence there will be little selection pressure to avoid this non-host snail. PMID- 18922205 TI - The effect of abiotic factors on the toxicity of cypermethrin against the snail Lymnaea acuminata in the control of fascioliasis. AB - Every month during the year 2006-2007, the 24, 48, 72 and 96 h LC50 values of a molluscicide, cypermethrin, were determined for a snail Lymnaea acuminata, with concomitant estimation of levels of temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide and electrical conductivity, both in control and test water. On the basis of a 24 h toxicity assay, it was noted that LC50 values of 10.39, 10.90 and 11.19 mg l- 1 during the months of May, June and July, respectively, were most effective in killing the snails, while the molluscicide was least effective in the month of January, when its 24 h LC50 was 65.84 mg l- 1.There was a significant positive correlation between LC50 of cypermethrin and levels of dissolved O2/pH of water in corresponding months. On the contrary, a negative correlation was observed between LC50 and dissolved CO2/temperature of test water in the same months. In order to ascertain that such a relationship between toxicity and abiotic factors is not coincidental, the nervous tissue of the snail was assayed for the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) to sublethal concentrations (40% and 80%) of 24 h LC50 during each of the 12 months of the same year. The findings confirmed that abiotic factors indeed influence toxicity of cypermethrin in the snail. A significant positive rank correlation between AChE, ACP and ALP activity did exist following exposure to the corresponding sublethal concentrations. Moreover, there was a maximum inhibition of 61.29 and 76.16% of AChE and ACP, respectively, in snails exposed to 80% of the 24 h LC50 in the month of May. A similar treatment caused a maximum inhibition of 70.53% of ALP activity in the month of June. This work shows conclusively that the best time to control the snail population with cypermethrin is during the months of May and June. PMID- 18922206 TI - Protective efficacy of a filarial surface antigen in experimental filariasis. AB - A water-insoluble, detergent-soluble, surface-associated glycoprotein, designated as Dssd1, was found to induce microfilaria clearance in Mastomys coucha implanted with Setaria digitata. Intraperitoneal implantation of adult female worms of S. digitata in M. coucha could induce microfilaraemia lasting about 165 days in circulation. Immunization of M. coucha with Dssd1 antigen either before or after implantation of worms resulted in a significant reduction in microfilaria density. Complete clearance of circulating microfilaria was achieved by immunization (before and after implantation) in animals by 95 and 105 days post implantation, respectively, indicating the efficacy of Dssd1 antigen in the clearance of microfilaraemia in infected M. coucha. PMID- 18922207 TI - Mean Length of Utterance before words and grammar: longitudinal trends and developmental implications of infant vocalizations. AB - This study measured longitudinal change in six parameters of infant utterances (i.e. number of sounds, CV syllables, supraglottal consonants, and repetitions per utterance, temporal duration, and seconds per sound), investigated previously unexplored characteristics of repetition (i.e. number of vowel and CV syllable repetitions per utterance) and analyzed change in vocalizations in relation to age and developmental milestones using multilevel models. Infants (N=18) were videotaped bimonthly during naturalistic and semi-structured activities between 0 ; 3 and the onset of word use (M=11.8 months). Results showed that infant utterances changed in predictable ways both in relation to age and in relation to language milestones (i.e. reduplicated babble onset, word comprehension and word production). Looking at change in relation to the milestones of language development led to new views of babbling, the transition from babbling to first words, and processes that may underlie these transitions. PMID- 18922208 TI - Being outperformed in an intergroup context: the relationship between group status and self-protective strategies. AB - The present study examines the effects of group status on self-esteem when individuals are outperformed by an in-group target (Experiments 1 and 2) or an out-group (Experiment 2). The main aim was to examine different self-protective mechanisms when the current standing of the in-group vis-a-vis another group is either unfavourable (low status) or favourable (high status). Experiment 1 showed that when outperformed by an in-group target, the members of a low status group reported higher self-esteem than members of a high status group. Moreover, this effect was mediated by group identification. Experiment 2 replicated the previous results and gave rise to similar effects on investment in the group. The perceived relevance of the comparison group appeared to protect the self-esteem of high status group members. This research demonstrates the mediating role of self-protection mechanisms such as group identification and the perceived relevance of a comparison group. PMID- 18922209 TI - Is there utility in the transtheoretical model? AB - OBJECTIVES: The transtheoretical model is arguably the dominant model of health behaviour change, having received unprecedented research attention, yet it has simultaneously attracted exceptional criticism. However, the criticisms have been directed almost exclusively at the stages of change, just one of fourteen components of the transtheoretical model, which may have diverted attention away from more fruitful avenues of research based on the model. DESIGN AND METHODS: Narrative review. RESULTS: The evidence would suggest some flaws in the concept of stages of change as currently articulated in the transtheoretical model. On a conceptual level, even studies incorporating the five stages of change point to a model that better fits Gollwitzer (1993) and Heckhausen's (1991) idea of a motivational phase followed by a volitional phase. Potentially the processes of change components of the transtheoretical model may actually prove the most useful, yet have been under-researched, at least experimentally. Three studies that successfully utilise the processes of change to reduce alcohol consumption, encourage smoking cessation and increase physical activity are described. CONCLUSIONS: Elements of the transtheoretical model offer promise in developing effective health behaviour change interventions, but the question arises as to whether extracting these elements undermines completely the idea of a transtheoretical model. PMID- 18922210 TI - Lay perceptions of current and future health, the causes of illness, and the nature of recovery: explaining health and illness in Malaysia. AB - This study examined beliefs about the causes and determinants of health, illness, and recovery in an opportunistic sample from Malaysia. In all, 371 women and 350 men completed the Health and Illness Scale, a 124-item scale that examined beliefs about current and future health, and beliefs about the causes of illness and recovery. Each of the four subscales of the Health Illness Scale were factor analysed to reveal the underlying structure. Results showed the emergence of a number of distinct factors in the case of each subscale, of which environmental, life-style, psychological, religious, and fate-related factors were fairly stable across subscales. Results also showed a number of differences in beliefs between religious groups, and that religiosity and sex were the strongest predictors of beliefs across the four subscales. The results are discussed in terms of the available cross-cultural literature on lay beliefs about health. PMID- 18922211 TI - The computerized object and abstract designs test (COAD): a pilot study of a new test of visual working memory. AB - OBJECTIVES: To investigate the clinical and theoretical validity of a new computerized test of visual working memory; the computerized object and abstract designs (COAD) test. The COAD test was designed to be consistent with Baddeley's inclusion of the 'episodic buffer' in the 'multicomponent model' of working memory. DESIGN AND METHOD: A cross-sectional design was used with two brain lesion groups (left N=9 and right hemisphere N=12) and a control group N=18. The participants had to complete the new test, along with standardized tests of visual working memory in current clinical use (visual patterns test and spatial span test). Differences between groups, as well as between tests were investigated. Correlations were performed across tests. Regression models were used to further evaluate the COAD clinical sensitivity in comparison with the other tests of visual working memory. RESULTS: Significant differences were observed, as predicted, between groups and between design types. The COAD test was significantly correlated with both the visual patterns Test and the spatial span test. The COAD test also proved to be more sensitive in detecting brain injury resulting in visual working memory deficits, than the standardized tests. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The results are discussed in relation to the COAD test's potential utility in the early detection of specific degenerative neurological disorders as well as the potential to be used in identifying deficits in visual working memory and in neurorehabilitation. It is concluded that the COAD test is a clinically valid psychometric test and is a more sensitive instrument than current standardized tests of visual working memory in clinical use. PMID- 18922212 TI - Overgeneral autobiographical memory and age of onset of childhood sexual abuse in patients with recurrent suicidal behaviour. AB - OBJECTIVE: To explore the association between age of onset of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and overgeneral memory (OGM) in a clinical sample. METHOD: Presence and age of onset of CSA and levels of OGM were assessed in 49 patients attending hospital following a recurrence of suicidal behaviour. RESULTS: Twenty six participants reported CSA. Earlier age of onset of CSA was associated with greater OGM, indexed by fewer specific and more categoric memories. The association was not accounted for either by elevated levels of depression in those reporting earlier abuse, nor by levels of general verbal fluency. CONCLUSIONS: The findings are consistent with previous work and support the hypothesis that abuse occurring earlier in development results in more pronounced OGM. PMID- 18922213 TI - Further testing of the reliability and validity of the ASK-20 adherence barrier questionnaire in a medical center outpatient population . AB - OBJECTIVE: This study examined the psychometric properties of the ASK-20 questionnaire, which was developed to assess barriers to medication adherence. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Patients with asthma, diabetes, and congestive heart failure were recruited from a university medical center. Participants in this convenience sample completed the ASK-20 questionnaire and other questionnaires. Approximately one-third of participants were randomized to a 2-week retest administration. Analyses examined the reliability and validity of the ASK-20. RESULTS: A total of 112 patients participated (75.9% female; mean age = 46.7 years). The ASK-20 had good internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.76) and test-retest reliability (0.80). Concurrent validity was demonstrated through significant correlations with the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (r = -0.61, p < 0.001), condition-specific measures, and the SF-12 Mental Component Summary score (r = -0.40, p < 0.001). The correlation of the ASK-20 with proportion of days covered by filled medication prescriptions in the past 6 months (based on pharmacy claims) was relatively weak (r = -0.13), but in the expected direction. The ASK-20 total score significantly discriminated among groups of patients who differed in self-reported indicators including the Morisky score; missing a medication dose in the past week; number of days medication was not taken as directed; and treatment satisfaction. CONCLUSION: The ASK-20 demonstrated adequate reliability and validity, and it may be a useful measure of barriers to treatment adherence across a spectrum of chronic diseases. Limitations related to scale construction, lack of longitudinal data, and item characteristics are discussed. PMID- 18922214 TI - Naturalistic evaluation of entacapone in patients with signs and symptoms of L dopa wearing-off . AB - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of entacapone in the management of levodopa wearing-off in Parkinson's disease (PD) in a naturalistic, real-life setting. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This prospective, open-label, observational study included patients with idiopathic PD. Patients were eligible for inclusion if they had been taking 3-5 doses of levodopa per day for >=2 months and had shown signs of levodopa wearing-off for >=1 month. Subjects received entacapone (recommended dose: 1 * 200 mg tablet with each levodopa dose) for 28 days. Patients were asked to complete a wearing-off questionnaire and the eight question Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire Quality of Life assessment (PDQ-8). Activities of daily living (both in the on and off states) were assessed using the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) part II. Clinical Global Impression (CGI) of severity of PD-related symptoms was assessed using a modified CGI tool. Patient global assessment of severity of PD symptoms was also obtained. RESULTS: A total of 341 patients were enrolled by 68 physicians across Canada. At Day 28, 56.9% of the subjects indicated improvement compared to baseline on the modified CGI of change (CGI-C); 21.4% reported no change. Improvements were also observed on the UPDRS II and the PDQ-8. Benefit from entacapone appeared to be relatively uniform across subgroups (e.g., number of daily levodopa doses, use of other anti-PD medications). STUDY LIMITATIONS: The results of this study may be biased due to factors inherent in open-label, community-based trials (e.g., compliance). This is, however, reflective of everyday clinical practice. CONCLUSIONS: In this naturalistic, real-life study, the addition of entacapone to levodopa therapy provided benefits in quality of life and activities of daily living for a substantial proportion of PD patients experiencing wearing-off. PMID- 18922215 TI - Relationship between duration of compliant bisphosphonate use and the risk of osteoporotic fractures . AB - OBJECTIVES: To investigate the relationship between duration of compliant bisphosphonate use and the risk of osteoporotic fractures. METHODS: The PHARMO database was used to identify new female bisphosphonate users, aged >= 45 years or with diagnosed post-menopausal osteoporosis in the period of January 1996 - June 2004. Within this cohort a matched case-control study was performed. Cases were defined as patients who were hospitalized for an osteoporotic fracture and were matched to ten controls without a fracture by duration of follow-up. The duration of compliant bisphosphonate use (i.e., medication possession ratio >= 80%) preceding the outcome date was determined. RESULTS: Of 14 760 new female bisphosphonate users, 387 fracture patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. These cases were matched to 3950 controls. Increasing duration of compliant bisphosphonate use was associated with a decreased risk of fracture (trend p < 0.01). Adjusted for several cofactors, 1-2 years of compliant bisphosphonate use and 3-4 years of compliant bisphosphonate use decreased fracture risk by 12% and 46%, respectively, compared to < 1 year of compliant bisphosphonate use (OR 0.88; 95% CI 0.66-1.18 and OR 0.54; 95% CI 0.35-0.84, respectively). Unexpectedly, 5-6 years of compliant bisphosphonate use was no longer associated with a decreased risk of fractures compared to < 1 year of compliant bisphosphonate use (OR 1.12, 95% CI 0.66-1.88). CONCLUSIONS: These results show a direct link between duration of compliant bisphosphonate use and fracture risk, and confirm the importance of continuing the use of bisphosphonates to maintain optimal bone protection. However, this link is inconclusive for bisphosphonate use for more than 4 years. PMID- 18922216 TI - [Physical and motor development of preschool children in aspect of short stature]. AB - INTRODUCTION: Anthropometric research of morphological traits and motor ability are recommended in many environmental areas, inter alia among children. AIM OF STUDY: 1. To determine morphological diversification of preschools children aged 3-6 years with proper body height and with short stature. 2. Physical developmental assessment of children in relation to physical fitness. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The investigation was carried out in one of Poznan preschool, in 2007. It included 165 children, therein 93 girls and 72 boys, aged 3-6 years. To short stature group of children entered the ones with body height below 10 percentiles. In connection with it, there were 9% of short girls and 14 % of short boys. The analysis was performed for 2 group of children--with proper body height and with short stature girls and boys. CONCLUSION: 1. There was significant diversification within all morphological characteristic in girls and only in body height in boys. 2. It was found that body height has an influence on motor abilities. Children with proper body height have higher motor fitness level in relation to short stature children (both girls and boys). Short stature girls have worse motor fitness in all trials. Short stature boys are much better in one speed trial. PMID- 18922217 TI - [Evaluation of expected body mass in girls with Turner's Syndrome using Body Mass Index]. AB - AIM OF STUDY: To verify the usefulness of Body Mass Index (BMI) in the evaluation of expected body mass in girls with Turner's Syndrome (TS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: 36 girls with Turner's Syndrome aged 10-14 years took part in the study. Body height, body mass, sitting height and body fat content were measured, the latter by bioelectrical impedance method (Bodystat 5,000). Relative body fat content of TS girls was related to "normal" limits for healthy girls, determined for the purpose of this study. RESULTS: Compared to healthy girls, 50% of TS girls exhibited evaluated levels of body fat. Using BMI, only 14% of these girls were classified as overweight, 33% as "normal-weight" and 3% as undernourished. Similar misclassification was observed in case of TS girls with reduced body fat (8%), all of them being classified by BMI as having normal body mass. Significant correlation (r = -0,707) was found between body fat content and sitting height. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS: It seems unjustified to use BMI in the evaluation of normal body mass in girls with TS as it does not reflect the relative body fat content. The observed misclassification of the BMI and bioelectrical impedance method may be also due to abnormal body proportions of TS girls. PMID- 18922218 TI - [The alterations of body composition in children with growth hormone deficiency during first two years of growth hormone treatment]. AB - INTRODUCTION: In children the most significant effect of growth hormone (GH) treatment is an increase of growth velocity, but improved body composition seems to be also an important element of normal metabolic status in childhood. AIM OF STUDY: To evaluate the alterations of body composition and their association with growth promoting effect during 2 years of GH treatment in children. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 50 pre-pubertal children with GH deficiency were evaluated: 11 girls and 39 boys. Mean age at the start of therapy was: 10.1+/-2.83 years. Dose of GH was 0.17 mg/kg/week. Body composition was evaluated by body mass index (BMI), skinfold thicknesses, body circumferences (waist, hip). Lean body mass (LBM) and fat mass (FM) were calculated by Slaughter's equation. Measurements were performed at the start, after 3, 6 and next each 6 months during 2 years of GH treatment. RESULTS: In the majority of patients LBM increased during the therapy and reached the highest values after 6 months (85.55%, p < 0.05). In next measurements LBM slightly decreased, but did not differ significantly in comparison with 6 month of therapy. Complementary tendencies were observed in FM: it decreased significantly after 6 months (DeltaFM = 4.49%) and maintained after 12 and 24 months without any significant changes. No differences were found in BMI. WHR changed significantly after 24 months. No correlation was found between the grade of changes of LBM, FM and the strength of the growth promoting effect. CONCLUSIONS: 1. The alterations of the body composition in GH deficient children treated with GH are occur during the first 6 moths of therapy, and next maintains a new balance of LBM and FM. 2. The anthropometric evaluation of body composition based on skinfolds measurement is the useful method for the assessment of LBM and FM changes during GH therapy in children. PMID- 18922219 TI - [The influence of parental height on diagnosis of Turner syndrome in newborns and very young girls]. AB - INTRODUCTION: The high efficacy of treatment in Turner's patients (TS) is possible only when the therapy has been initiated early. Thus, in order to prevent short stature, an early detection of TS is indispensable, i.e. prenatally or at very early childhood. AIM OF STUDY: To compare mother's and father's stature to length and body mass of newborn with Turner's syndrome. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cohort of 355 female newborns with Turner's syndrome from single pregnancies were retrospectively studied. Data on GA, birth weight and birth length were taken from the medical records. Body height of both parents was recorded and related to norms for 18-year old subjects recorded in 1983. RESULTS: Mean body height of mothers amounted to -0.3+/-1.0 SDS. and that of fathers 0.2+/-1.0 SDS. Mean parental height was -0,2+/-0,8 SDS; 70% of parental stature is appropriate to normal range (-1,0 to +1,0 SDS). CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of short parents, especially of fathers, is in the Turner population higher than of the tall ones. It may be presumed that short fathers pass their Turner daughters a deficient growth potential which may be one of the sources of deficient body height in that syndrome. Thus, only a short father may be considered a risk factor pointing to detailed search for Turner's syndrome, provided father's body height has been properly determined and assessed. PMID- 18922220 TI - [Functional assessment in girls with Turner syndrome--preliminary results]. AB - INTRODUCTION: About 10% of Turner's syndrome (TS) patients complain on persistent knee pain, and seek the orthopaedic help because of it. AIM OF STUDY: To evaluate the gait pattern of girls with TS. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Gait analysis was performed using VICON 460 system in 15 patients aged 7 to 20 years. The maximal isometric flexion and extension moments of the knee joints were measured. The knees were examined with X-ray and USG for possible anatomical or degenerative changes. RESULTS: All spatio-temporal parameters of the gait were within normal values. Only 3 patients had proper pelvic tilt, all the others had decreased tilt (from 2 to 9). Only 40% had proper knee flexion at initial contact, 1 patient had knee hyperextension, all the others increased knee flexion. In 50% of the patients the decreased knee range of motion together with decreased maximum knee flexion in swing phase was observed. In 30% there was a decreased hip range of motion. Clinical evaluation of body posture revealed that nearly all patients had trunk asymmetry, and various deformities of knees and feet. DISCUSSION: Nearly all TS patients had decreased pelvic tilt, which could be sign of the weakness of the muscles responsible for the pelvis orientation. The abnormalities of upper and lower body found during clinical evaluation of body posture also suggested decreased muscular strength. It is known that girls with TS have poorer motor development, which could result in decreased muscular strength and our findings support this thesis. Decreased muscular strength could also negatively influence the locomotor abilities. PMID- 18922221 TI - [Physical development in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis]. AB - INTRODUCTION: Juvenile chronic arthritis (JIA) is a major paediatric rheumatic disease. AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of this study was to determine how physical development in children with JIA was affected by the subtype of the disease and by the type of therapy used. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data were collected at the Sunbeam Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Childhood Illnesses in Wroclaw, Poland. The study group included 82 children from 4 to 18 years old that were diagnosed with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. The duration of the disease ranged from 3 months to 15 years, with a mean of 2.9+/-2,8 years. At the time the subjects were examined, the disease was either very mild, inactive or in remission. Because the subjects varied in terms of age, all data were standardized and recorded in terms of numbers of standard deviations away from the age-specific and sex-specific means for the reference group, which consisted of healthy children and adolescents from Warsaw, Poland. RESULTS: In the subjects in this study, height and weight were insignificantly lower than in their healthy peers. Body height and body weight were negatively affected only in children treated with corticosteroids for more than one year. Serious growth disorders were observed in 5 subjects (6%). Chest depth and chest width were significantly lower. CONCLUSIONS: Strong relationship between the growth retardation and long term steroid therapy has been pointed out. PMID- 18922222 TI - [Sense of differentiation in child-mother relationship of obese persons in adolescence]. AB - INTRODUCTION: There are specific relation properties of mother to obese child. Sense of self-differentiation is the experience of one's own limitations. Sense of self-differentiation is based on a sense of identity and mental representation of mother. The sense of identity involves the contents of mental self experiencing, sense of differentiation and sense of continuity. The mother's representation in child is understood as the way of one's experiencing. The aim of this article is a trial of answering what is a sense of differentiation experienced by obese girls and boys in adolescence. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 21 obese persons (12 girls, 9 boys) and 23 persons of normal body mass (15 girls, 8 boys) have been investigated. The mean age of the investigated obese persons was 14,53, and for a persons of normal body mass was 15,31 years. All persons were investigated by clinical interview. RESULTS: It enable obese person to experience distinction of theirselves and mothers. The obese persons are often in depending relation with their mothers, what is manifested in difficulties of their own distinction and stabilization of the mother relation limits. CONCLUSION: 1. Obesity seems to fulfill the fundamental role in relation of obese person to parents. 2. The necessary condition to effective weight loose is to take up by adolescent an independent decision regarding a treatment, which is a manifestation of autonomy in his mental function, what in the case of dependence upon from the others comes out to be impossible. PMID- 18922223 TI - [Short athletes in view of anthropometric research]. AB - The aim of this work, which is just a part research introduced in sport environment undertaking morphologic and motoric problems of development conditions, is the description of somatic structure of short growth sportsmen. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Research material consists of measurement results of 254 boys at the age of 15-17, who were at the stage of directed sport training process, Junior Team of Wielkopolska Voivodship. RESULTS: From 254 examined sportsmen about 12% were short body height people. They are characterized by similar body build proportions. Moreover, those competitors got similar values of analyzed quotient indices and placed similar position on self-note (the same as had sportsmen whose body height is localized above 10 centiles). CONCLUSIONS: Shorter body height, similar body build to the characteristic one of practicing sport discipline and very good results may suggest, that in case of the analyzed material, the subjects with motor predispositions revealed themselves in a natural way. PMID- 18922224 TI - [The relationship between physical activity and plasma homocysteine level in young men]. AB - INTRODUCTION: There is a wealth of studies indicating that elevated concentration of plasma homocysteine (hyperhomocystemia) is one of the risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Additionally, it is documented that plasma homocysteine levels are affected by gender, fat free mass, dietary habits and physical activity. However, data concerning of the physical activity effect on plasma homocysteine concentration are equivocal since both decrease or increase in plasma homocysteine has been noted in response to physical stress. It is worthy to note that in the above mentioned studies different types of physical activity have been implemented and the effect of energy expenditure during physical activity on plasma homocysteine has not been analyzed. AIM OF THE STUDY: The present study aimed at the evaluation of the relationship between activity energy expenditure and plasma homocysteine level in young, healthy men. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 83 men--university and physical education students volunteered to participate in the study. In all subjects body mass and height were measured. Their physical activity was briefly assessed using Seven-Day Physical Activity Recall (SDPAR) questionnaire. From the mean level of physical activity for all subjects (expressed in kcal/day) two groups were selected--with high (mean + SD) and low (mean - SD) physical activity. Plasma homocysteine concentrations were determined using fluorescent polarization immunologic analysis (FPIA) and Abbott commercial kits. RESULTS: It was found that in young man with high physical activity plasma homocysteine was significantly lower in comparison with their counterparts characterized by low physical activity (8,7+/ 1,8 vs. 11,0+/-3,5 micromol/L, p < 0,02). Moreover, in collected data plasma homocysteine was significantly and inversely correlated with physical activity (r = -0,38, p < 0,05). CONCLUSIONS: It has been demonstrated that in young, healthy men characterized by high activity energy expenditure circulating homocysteine is lower than in their less active counterparts. PMID- 18922225 TI - [Perception manner of self obese, preadolescent child]. AB - INTRODUCTION: The sense of identity involves the contents of mental self experiencing, sense of differentiation and sense of continuity. AIM OF STUDY: This presentation is a trial of an answer what is a sense of identity experienced by obese, preadolescent child. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 142 children have been examined (71 obese and 71 slim) at the age from 5 to 10 years. Children Apperception Test, the version with animal figures (CAT-A ) has been used to children examination. The CAT-A consists of 10 black-white pictures presenting animals in different situations, significant in a view of the child's development and functioning. RESULTS: The specific difficulties in an experience of sense of identity (sense of self-contact; sense of differentiation; sense of time continuity) by obese child were pointed out. The obese children have often limited self-contact. Seldom than slim, experience their own mental differentiation. Seldom refer to the future, often refer to actual experience. CONCLUSION: There is a relation between somatic symptom--obesity and emotional disturbance of obese child. The child is obesity can make more difficult his experience in the adolescent period and also realize developmental tasks combine with it. PMID- 18922226 TI - [Nutritional habits of young chess players]. AB - INTRODUCTION: Proper nutrition plays significant role in children's development and health protection in adults, as well. Therefore such a study is extremely important particularly among youth population. It is well known that adequate nutrition also helps to achieve high sport results. The aim of the study was the nutritional habits evaluation of young chess players. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 75 chess players aged 8-19 years took part in the study. Among them there were 36 girls (48%) and 39 boys (52%). Subjects belonged to the Polish Chess Academy, medalists of the Polish, European and world youth championships and members of the Polish national team. Used questionnaire allowed to collect data about regular diet of young athletes. RESULTS: Recommended number of 4-5 meals per day was consumed only by 55% persons. Another observed disadvantageous nutritional habit among responders was missing first breakfasts (75%), especially during competitions. Less than half of subjects declared regular meals intake during the day (from 25 to 43%). Moreover, it was noticed, that 13,3% chess players ate vegetables and fruits only one time per day. Sweets were taken at least one time per day by 22 to 50% participants. CONCLUSIONS: Due to numerous nutritional mistakes in studied population it is compulsory to conduct nutritional education among athletes and among their parents and coaches as well. PMID- 18922227 TI - [Health school readiness of overweight and obese children against a background of peers]. AB - The aim of this work is to estimate the frequency of overweight and obesity phenomena among 6-7 y. o. rural and urban children and to assess physical fitness and body posture of these girls and boys against a background of peers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The researches were conducted on 524 children: 279 boys and 245 girls from village and city. The used methods were: anthropometric measurements (body height and mass), simple physical fitness tests, the examination of body posture, poll technique and basic statistical methods. RESULTS: Altogether 9,9% of children from examined group are burdened with overweight or obesity. The analysis shows that this phenomenon is more typical for boys than for girls and that the frequency of overweight and obesity is similar in rural and urban environment. Generally socio-economic and educational status of their families is an average or moderately profitable, in most. The physical fitness level of these children is lower as against a group of peers. Crooked knees, deeper lordosis curve, emphasized stomach and buttocks, platypodia and flat-crooked feet occur more often than among the rest 6-7 y.o. examined girls and boys. CONCLUSIONS: Negative consequences of somatic disturbances were noticed in health school readiness of overweight and obese children. These effects manifest themselves in lower physical fitness and worse quality of body posture, against a group of peers. Family and school environment should make an effort to counteract overweight and obesity and to support posture genesis of children with this health problem. PMID- 18922228 TI - [Genetic syndrome, most likely vascular type of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, in a 14 years old boy with extrapyramindal symptoms dominating the early childhood and growth failure]. AB - INTRODUCTION: The Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS) is a heterogeneous group of rare genetic disorders with various clinical features, which result from faulty collagen structure or disturbances in collagen synthesis. THE CASE STUDY: The Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome was diagnosed in patient at the age of 7 as easy bruising and tearing of the skin with scars being left afterwards and spontaneous ruptures of skin's blood vessels were observed. In earlier years extrapyramidal symptoms, which were dominating the clinical picture, perinatal complications and delayed psychomotor development led to a suggestion of the infantile cerebral palsy. Growth failure and low bone mass are also observed in this patient. CONCLUSION: Diverse symptoms can occur in patients with EDS, so all of them must be included into diagnostics and treatment. In the vascular type of EDS the biggest fear is about some rupture of a major blood vessel or an internal organ (bowels etc.), so educating the patient and his/hers family, especially about everyday physical activity, plays a very important role. PMID- 18922229 TI - Early immune response following Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium infection in porcine jejunal gut loops. AB - Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium, commonly called S. Typhimurium, can cause intestinal infections in humans and various animal species such as swine. To analyze the host response to Salmonella infection in the pig we used an in vivo gut loop model, which allows the analysis of multiple immune responses within the same animal. Four jejunal gut-loops were each inoculated with 3 x 10(8) cfu of S. Typhimurium in 3 one-month-old piglets and mRNA expressions of various cytokines, chemokines, transcription factors, antimicrobial peptides, toll like and chemokine receptors were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR in the Peyer's patch and the gut wall after 24 h. Several genes such as the newly cloned CCRL1/CCX-CKR were assessed for the first time in the pig at the mRNA level. Pro-inflammatory and T-helper type-1 (Th1) cytokine mRNA were expressed at higher levels in infected compared to non infected control loops. Similarly, some B cell activation genes, NOD2 and toll like receptor 2 and 4 transcripts were more expressed in both tissues while TLR5 mRNA was down-regulated. Interestingly, CCL25 mRNA expression as well as the mRNA expressions of its receptors CCR9 and CCRL1 were decreased both in the Peyer's patch and gut wall suggesting a potential Salmonella strategy to reduce lymphocyte homing to the intestine. In conclusion, these results provide insight into the porcine innate mucosal immune response to infection with entero-invasive microorganisms such as S. Typhimurium. In the future, this knowledge should help in the development of improved prophylactic and therapeutic approaches against porcine intestinal S. Typhimurium infections. PMID- 18922230 TI - Evaluation of functional gene enrichment in a soil metagenomic clone library. AB - We evaluated the use of mixed oligonucleotide probes hybridized to metagenomic clones spotted on high density membranes. The pooled probes included oligonucleotides designed for genes associated with denitrification, antibiotic resistance, and dehalogenation among others. Pyrosequence comparison between the clones and the original DNA demonstrated the utility of clone screening with pooled probes. PMID- 18922231 TI - [Cadet Rousslell syndrome, the rule of three according to Akiskal in the shadow of bipolar depression]. PMID- 18922232 TI - [Homicide and psychosis: criminological particularities of schizophrenics, paranoiacs and melancholic. A review of 27 expertises]. AB - INTRODUCTION: During the night of the 11 to 12 of December 2002, Mathieu X. 21 years old, convinced he was defending himself from evil human beings decapitated a nurse and an auxiliary nurse of the psychiatrist hospital. This crime, which received saturated media coverage, obviously raises questions about the dangerous and violent nature of the mentally ill, which can sometimes culminate in homicide. Firmly rooted in the collective consciousness is the popular idea that someone who kills an unknown person in the street is mentally ill. Conversely, the epidemiological data are reassuring; only 15% of such crimes are committed by the seriously mentally ill (schizophrenia, paranoia, melancholia). AIM: Typing and comparison of homicides committed by schizophrenic, paranoiac and melancholic persons. METHOD: Several murders committed by psychotic persons are presented in this article. This retrospective study shows several types of pathological murder (schizophrenia, paranoiac delirious disorder, affective disorder: melancholia and hypomania). Twenty-seven cases have been selected and analysed from 268 cases prepared over 30 years by two psychiatrists, whose diagnoses were schizophrenia, paranoia, melancholia or hypomania. RESULTS: From these 268 cases of homicide examined, 27 murderers were psychotic. Ten of these were young, single, jobless, male schizophrenics: they drank little alcohol. Most of them had a criminal history. They were paranoid schizophrenics whose hallucinatory mechanisms fed mostly persecuted, sexual and metaphysical themes. Forty percent of them were disorganised, and half of them showed negative features. They knew their victim (family, friends). Nine others were paranoiac, for the most part male, older, married, family men, without psychiatric or criminal record. Intuitions with delirious fed persecuted (77%), jealous (40%) or prejudicial themes. They murdered their wife or husband or neighbour. Alcohol consumption was often involved. Schizophrenic and paranoiac murderers often have an emotional temper. Conversely, melancholic murderers are mostly female aged around 30, married, family women, drinking little alcohol. Two-thirds of them have psychiatric records of depression, bipolar disorders and attempted suicide. Altruism is the most frequent delirious theme. Their murders are more often premeditated. They know the victim: child or partner. Suicide often follows the murder. PMID- 18922233 TI - [Paradoxical aggressive reactions to benzodiazepine use: a review]. AB - INTRODUCTION: With growing prescription and availability, benzodiazepine usage in France is on the increase among the general population. Although its anxiolytic action has long been proven, many side effects can be observed. TYPOLOGY AND PREVALENCE: Paradoxical reactions of aggressiveness under benzodiazepines have been discussed in the scientific literature since the 1960s. This term was introduced to describe reactions of agitation and disinhibition occurring during anxiolytic or hypnotic treatment. Physical aggression, rape, impulsive decision making and violence have been reported, as well as autoaggressiveness and suicide. General population studies indicate a prevalence of these reactions of less than 1%, and meta-analysis has shown that use of benzodiazepines generates aggressiveness more frequently than it reduces it. It has also been shown that long-term memory (anterograde amnesia) can be impaired following the ingestion of a benzodiazepine. RISK FACTORS: Benzodiazepine-linked disinhibition, auto and heteroaggressiveness, anxiety and criminal acts have been associated with various vulnerability factors. Although the risk of these paradoxical reactions depends on the number of such factors present in a single patient, the effects of the type and dose of benzodiazepine on the frequency and the intensity of paradoxical symptoms are not clear. In terms of personality, several studies have demonstrated the role of low-stress control (specifically high-trait anxiety) on aggressiveness under benzodiazepines. Other authors underline the role of borderline personality disorder as a major risk factor predicting paradoxical reactions. Results of a study on borderline patients show a prevalence of benzodiazepine-linked disinhibition of 58%. On a neuropharmacological level, the influence of the GABA system on the serotonin control and the impact of alcohol seem to be established. Benzodiazepines, specifically when associated with alcohol, seem to facilitate GABAergic transmission, which can be at the origin of the disinhibited behaviours that have been reported. DISCUSSION: In 2000, France was the first country in terms of benzodiazepine use 17.4% of the adult population had been prescribed an anxiolytic. Implications for medicolegal and clinical practice are discussed. PMID- 18922234 TI - [Clinical particularism of bipolar disorder: unipolar mania. About a patient's study in Tunesia]. AB - INTRODUCTION: Although present classifications (CIM, DSM) have not included the notion of a unipolar disorder to characterise the recurrence of the same type of episode, this concept conserves its pertinence for many people. Unipolar mania, in particular, is a clinical reality in our daily practice, and a predominant form of bipolarity expression. These assertions have led us to question this notion and its nosographical place: is it a subtype, distinguished by certain characteristics, or a particular category in the bipolar disorder? METHODOLOGY: We conducted a retrospective, descriptive and comparative study on medical briefs of patients with type I bipolar disorder (DSM-IV criteria), who were interned for the first time between 1997 and 2001 in the Psychiatry "E" service of the Razi hospital of Tunis, and were followed up for at least five years. Two groups were identified: Group 1 or "unipolar mania": patients who presented at least two manic episodes without depression, and Group 2: the rest of the sample; and then were compared based on their sociodemographical profile, familial psychiatric antecedents, premorbid temperament, comorbidity and clinical and progressive characteristics. RESULTS: Seventy-two patients were included. The average age was 36. The sex ratio was three men to two women. The first episode was a manic episode in 56.9% of the cases. The average duration of illness progression was 11.6 years. Unipolar mania represented 65.3% of the sample. Between 1997 and 2001, 92% of bipolar patients interned were hospitalised for mania. Concerning recurrences, we observed nine times as many cases of manic episodes as depression. Depressive episodes of light to medium intensity had probably not been well assessed due to the families' tolerance. The high rates of both manic episodes and unipolar mania observed in this study were also found by other authors, showing the differences of bipolarity expression between the West and the other parts of the world, and in particular Africa. There was no significant difference concerning the sociodemographical features. We noticed similar results in the literature. The two groups were comparable in familial psychiatric past history and premorbid temperament. Substance abuse or dependence was observed in 5.6% of the patients. This rate was less than others found in the literature, due to the fact that it is considered as an offence in our country. We found twice as many cases of toxic consumption in bipolar as in unipolar manic patients. A recent Tunisian study has shown the absence of substance abuse in unipolar manic patients. This is probably because of the fact that substance abuse is more related to depressive manifestations. The sample starting age was 24.6 years and was significantly more precocious in the unipolar manic group (27.6 years versus 23 years, p=0.001). A significant difference in both groups was found concerning the first episode season: two extremities were observed: "summer-autumn" in Group 1 (63.6% G1 versus 29.4% G2) and "winter-spring" in Group 2 (73.6% G2 versus 36.4% G1), p=0.03. The seasonal influence on mood disorders is dealt with by other authors. Unipolar manic patients presented less affective recurrences than the rest of the group (0.37 versus 0.49 on average per year), p=0.056. CONCLUSION: Unipolar mania is still considered as a clinical variety of bipolar disorder, which is distinguished by certain features. It is a debated notion because it is based on retrospective studies that may be insufficient, although it appears as a clinical evidence and a predominant progressive variety of bipolar disorder in Tunisia. PMID- 18922236 TI - [Some reflexions about double blind]. AB - LITERATURE FINDINGS: Randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials are currently the best means of demonstrating the clinical effectiveness of drugs. The double blind procedure, when ethically and technically feasible, is a necessary condition for validating results and for causal attribution of the observed difference between the two groups to the tested drug's pharmacological effect. COMMENTS: In practice, however, it appears that patients and independent investigators can guess who receives the drug and who receives a placebo through side effects, which are usually more frequent in patients receiving the drug. This phenomenon effectively "breaks the blind" and represents as such a major methodological bias, which cannot be avoided as it is inseparable of the drug's effect. CONCLUSION: The impact of this "unavoidable" double blind breach nevertheless remains unclear. While it can reasonably be assumed that it may modify subjective symptoms such as anxiety or pain through suggestion, its influence on objective criteria remains to be demonstrated. PMID- 18922235 TI - [Psychiatric autopsy: its uses and limits in France]. AB - RATIONALE: Within the framework of an evaluation program for the prevention of suicide in Brittany conducted by the academic department of psychiatry (University of Rennes, Brittany, France), we have addressed the issue of the potential usefulness of psychological autopsy as a tool for the better comprehension of suicide risk factors. METHOD: We reviewed the appropriate literature in 30 articles found amongst those obtained from the "Medline" database. These articles were selected according to the quality of their methodology. For the Medline data retrieval search, the following keywords were used: "psychological autopsy", "psychiatric autopsy", "psychological autopsy and methodology", "psychiatric autopsy and methodology". This review's objective was to determine, firstly the nature and the content of psychological autopsies, secondly to evaluate their use as a methodological tool to assist the comprehension and prevention of suicide. Finally, it was also to assess its feasibility for use in France. RESULTS: The majority of the published studies using psychological autopsy for the evaluation of suicide expertise came from Scandinavian or Anglo-Saxon countries. Schneidman [Schneidman ES. The psychological autopsy. Suicide Life Threat Behav 1981;11:325-40], whose aim was to clarify the causes of sudden death related to psychological circumstances, focused on suicidal intentions and the symptoms exhibited. He coined the term: "psychological autopsy". Gradually, the definition of psychological autopsy has evolved and is now being used for the evaluation of death by suicide with a single goal in mind: to retrospectively identify any suicidal predictive and risk factors available at the time of the event. At present, no unequivocal definition of "psychological autopsy" has been put forth. However, this formerly only descriptive procedure is now becoming more analytical in nature (comparison of psychiatric profiles between pre- and postmortem assessments, research on precipitating factors, comorbidity studies...). Presently, it corresponds to a methodological tool to be used essentially for case reports that vary a great deal and do not permit cross-comparisons with other case-studies. For the past fifteen years, case-control studies in this field have become more frequent with various choices of control groups: healthy subjects with no psychiatric history, as well as attempted suicides, with or without a psychiatric history. Partial standardization of autopsy procedures is now possible with some data extracted from police inquiries, medical charts, or data gathered following interviews with the deceased patient's relatives. CONCLUSION: In the aggregate, the literature review showed that the aims of psychological autopsy include understanding and prevention of suicide in a population-based sample. It seems difficult to generalize with results from other population references. In France, the use of psychological autopsy as a standardized tool for the assessment of suicidal behaviors would be difficult, due to the complexity of the procedures involved: data coming from external sources, such as medical sources, is nearly impossible to obtain. Practitioners would be required to overcome administrative rules and regulations, plus incurring the high costs of such procedures. They must also take into account ethical considerations that make such interviews with the deceased patient's relatives difficult to obtain. Be this as it may, the French Ministry of Health is presently attempting to find a solution in order to alleviate the all too frequent problem of suicide in the population at large and to promote suicide prevention in France. PMID- 18922237 TI - [Psychotropic drug use and correspondence with psychiatric diagnoses in the mental health in the general population survey]. AB - OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to assess the lifetime prevalence rate of psychotropic drugs use in the French general population and the correspondence between psychotropic drug use and psychiatric diagnoses. METHODS: Data were derived from the multicentric survey mental health in the general population, carried out in 47 French public sites between 1999 and 2003. A face-to-face questionnaire was used to interview a representative sample of French metropolitan subjects, aged 18 and over, noninstitutionalized or homeless. These subjects were recruited using quota sampling for age, sex, socioprofessional and education levels, according to data from the 1999 national French population census. Lifetime use of psychotropic drugs was explored by an open question. Psychiatric diagnoses were identified using the mini international neuropsychiatric interview (MINI). A national database was then constituted by pooling data from all sites, weighted for age, sex, level of education, socioprofessional level and work status, to be representative of the French general population. RESULTS: Of the 36785 individuals included in this study, more than one out of three subjects reported having used at least one psychotropic drug during their life. Anxiolytics were the most commonly used drugs, reported by 19.4% of the sample. The other frequently used psychotropic drugs were antidepressants (11.6%) and hypnotics (9.2%). Nearly half of the subjects with a MINI diagnosis reported no lifetime psychotropic drug use. Among the subjects meeting criteria for a diagnosis of mood disorder, 66.3% used psychotropic drugs. However, less than one out of three subjects with a diagnosis of major depressive disorder used antidepressants while 37.2% reported having used anxiolytics. Less than one out of four subjects with a diagnosis of anxiety disorder used antidepressants while 34.3% used anxiolytics. Among subjects with a diagnosis of anxiety disorder, antidepressants and anxiolytics were the most commonly used drugs for subjects with a diagnosis of panic disorder with agoraphobia (46.4 and 58.1%, respectively). Conversely, these were the treatments used the least by subjects with a diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder (21.9 and 31.5%, respectively). Only 14.9% of subjects with a psychotic syndrome reported having used neuroleptics. Lastly, the highest proportion of subjects with at least one psychiatric diagnosis was found in mood stabilizer and neuroleptic users. However, one third of mood stabilizer users, a quarter of neuroleptic users and less than half of antidepressant and anxiolytic users presented no psychiatric disorder identified by the MINI. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the high frequency of exposure to psychotropic drugs in the general French population, and the marked inadequacy between the presence or absence of a psychiatric diagnosis and the lifetime presence or absence of a psychotropic drug treatment. PMID- 18922238 TI - [Cognitive predictors of the community functioning dimensions in schizophrenia: state of the art and future directions]. AB - INTRODUCTION: Despite progress in antipsychotic medication, psychosocial functioning limitations remain a major source of disability in schizophrenia. For this purpose, rehabilitation programs, aimed at enhancing community functioning, are currently developed. An important question raised by rehabilitation programs is to identify clinical predictors of psychosocial functioning which could in turn be targets of intervention. LITERATURE FINDINGS: It has been suggested that a greater part of the variance in community functioning may be explained by cognitive functioning rather than by symptoms. Moreover, cognitive factors predict community functioning improvement over time. However, community functioning is a multidimensional construct and little is known about the specificity of associations between community functioning dimensions and cognitive factors. Recent studies suggest that functions like memory and executive processes are particularly associated with instrumental and social dimensions of community functioning. Memory processes are associated with both dimensions, whereas executive processes are more related to instrumental aspects of functioning. They could be specifically targeted in interventions aimed at enhancing functioning in those particular dimensions. However, these associations need to be further explored. DISCUSSION: A lot of methodological and theoretical difficulties limit the possibility to compare studies and to draw clinically useful information. Theoretical models of disability could help in better defining particular community abilities, their level of complexity and the way they could be related to specific cognitive factors. Future results will provide relevant information for enhancing the usefulness of cognitive evaluation, as well as improving the efficiency of rehabilitation programs. PMID- 18922239 TI - [Perturbed consciousness in schizophrenia: an evaluation of C.D. Frith's model]. AB - INTRODUCTION: While many neurocognitive models of schizophrenia coexist, a lot of attention has been centered on C.D. Frith's model over the past few years, especially in regard to its parsimony. BACKGROUND: The aim of this paper is to examine its validity. The model relies on the assumption that there are two main components: self-monitoring and monitoring. The first permits one to keep consciousness of personal goals and intentions with metarepresentations. Losing consciousness of personal goals would be the source of schizophrenics' avolition and losing consciousness of personal intentions would generate reference ideas. The second component refers to the so-called "theory of mind", which is the monitoring of others' mental content (knowledge and intentions). Disturbing monitoring would cause schizophrenics persecution disillusions, third order persecutions or speech content disorders. LITERATURE FINDINGS: After reviewing the empirical and theoretical bases of Frith's model, strengths and weaknesses are highlighted, in particular by contrasting Hardy-Bayle's and Abu-Akel's theoretical proposals. For explaining the monitoring impairments of schizophrenics, Hardy-Bayle's model emphasizes the executive functioning defect, while Abu-Akel's model proposes a "hyper theory of mind" where too many hypotheses would lead to misattributions. In addition, several criticisms of Frith's model are examined, particularly those voiced by phenomenologists who underline its reductionism presupposition and argue that the underlying cognitive conception of the "theory of mind" neglects the fundamental intersubjectivity issue. In addition, Gallagher points out that monitoring is a tautological concept and that intention is not like thinking inherent to behaviour. CONCLUSION: Frith's model validity is finally discussed at large in the light of these criticisms and competing models, and it is concluded that the self monitoring part of the model needs to be redefined and that the measurement of the "theory of mind" has to be standardized. PMID- 18922240 TI - [Mechanisms of indeterminacy between the imaginary and the rational worlds in schizophrenic subjects]. AB - INTRODUCTION: Our investigation into dream and delirium in schizophrenic subjects was based on the notion of magical thought developed by Sami-Ali. Starting from this notion, we attempted to determine whether they somehow differentiate the psychic space of dream from that of delirium, whether either of these two spaces, or both, are caught in a relational deadlock, and eventually to analyse the quality of the relationship to others. HYPOTHESIS: The underlying assumption is that magical thought is foregrounded in the psychic life of schizophrenic subjects, and that these subjects do not distinguish between the psychic spaces of dream and delirium, nor between the world, others, and themselves. RESULTS: Results show first that the prevalence of magical thought has the following consequences: (a) features characterizing space are those of an imaginary space, i.e. internal and external realities are blurred, what is outside is reflected inside, and vice versa, the subject-object distinction is cancelled to leave one single reality that ignores contradiction; (b) the time of discourse is an imaginary time: their discourses express past and future as belonging to an absolute "perpetual" present. Events they mention are experienced as contemporary. Causal relations, being imaginary, can be reversed. However, some socially sanctioned landmarks in time are often maintained. These are rarely related to any event in their own emotional lives. Second, our results provide evidence for some permeability between the space of dream and the space of delirium. Yet, this permeability can vary from one subject to another. Third, they show that relational deadlocks recur regularly, though not systematically, in the lives of our subjects. Relational deadlocks in dreams are not easy to detect. DISCUSSION: Finally, the kind of relationship those people have to others is quite paradoxical: physical closeness results in emotional distance, and conversely emotional closeness is only possible in physical distance. The others cannot really exist in the relationship; they are a horizon towards which those people yearn without ever being able to reach it. This kind of paradox, of relational deadlock, may be the ground on which psychosis thrives: it is impossible to be close to the nonself, while it is also deeply wished for. Even the logic of imaginary space - in which everything should be possible - cannot help overcome this paradox. And - a paradox within the paradox - this logic still comes upon a deadline in the potentially infinite and indefinite space it produces. This boundary could be the deadlock that cannot and yet must be overcome, a deadlock that would endlessly fuel the patients' delirium. PMID- 18922241 TI - [Anhedonia and depressive symptomatology among HIV-infected patients with highly active antiretroviral therapies (ANRS-EN12-VESPA)]. AB - INTRODUCTION: Anhedonia is defined as the loss of the capacity to feel pleasure and there is no consensus with its relationship with depressive symptomatology. Furthermore, no study has investigated the problematic of anhedonia in the context of HIV-infection, which concern a lot of patients with depressive symptoms. Depressive symptomatology presents a major challenge in the management of HIV-infection due to its central role in clinical progression. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to disentangle relationship between determinants of anhedonia, depression and anxiety in order to optimise mental management of HIV infection. METHOD: In 2003, a face-to-face survey (ANRS-EN12-VESPA) was conducted among patients selected in a random stratified sample of 102 French hospital departments delivering HIV care. Eligible respondents were HIV-infected outpatients, aged 18 or older living in France and diagnosed for at least six months. Among solicited patients, 2932 agreed to participate (response rate: 59%) and data about anhedonia, anxiety and depression are available for 1427 patients. The face-to-face gathered information on sociodemographic characteristics, such as education level, gender, partner, children, financial situation or housing and also psychosocial and sociobehavioural characteristics, such as drug use. Self reported side effects of treatment were also available. ASSESSMENT TOOLS: Anxiety and depression were assessed using the hospital anxiety and depression (HAD) scale. Physical anhedonia was assessed using the French version of the Chapman scale. Three regression models were used to identify factors associated with anhedonia, anxiety and depression among demographic, psychosocial and clinical characteristics. RESULTS: Factors independently associated with anhedonia were older age (>50), lower education level, unemployment and men HIV contaminated by heterosexual relation or injecting drug use. Women, with lower education level, unemployment, without steady partner, with a detectable viral load and who reported side effect of HAART presented more frequently anxiety. Unemployment, uncomfortable housing, no social support from friends, self-reported side effect and lipodystrophy were independently associated with depression. CONCLUSION: Our results underline the multiplicity of factors associated with mental disorders related to depression. These results can be explained by the fact that the anxiety and anhedonia are two cardinal symptoms of depression. Determinants of anhedonia and anxiety reported in this study may provide the key to a more exact delineation of depressive disorders in the context of HIV infection in order to optimize long-term psychological follow up of concerned patients. PMID- 18922242 TI - [Predictors of prophylactic response to lithium]. AB - INTRODUCTION: Since their first utilization in psychiatry as mood stabilizers in the 1940s, lithium salts have been widely studied in the medical literature. The considerable amount of data available to date, supports the use of lithium salts as first-line mood stabilizing agents, with acute antimanic and antidepressant properties and proven efficacy in the long term prevention of manic and depressive relapses. LITERATURE FINDINGS: Several predictors were reported by different authors in early articles and were confirmed later on by the medical literature. All the psychopathological, environmental, biological, neurophysiologic and genetic predictors known to date are reviewed here. PSYCHOLOGICAL PREDICTORS: Psychopathological predictors of a good response to lithium prophylaxis include: the initial good response to lithium during the first 6-12 months of treatment, considered to date to be the most reliable predictor of a favourable response to lithium; the classical pattern of elated manic episodes; a positive familial history of bipolar disorders, especially those known to be responsive to lithium; the absence of comorbid personality disorders; bipolar type I disorders; melancholic features during depressive episodes; MDI pattern in the illness course and early onset of lithium treatment. In contrast, the following have been confirmed as psychopathological predictors of poor prophylactic lithium response: mixed episodes, considered to be one of the most reliable predictors of poor response to lithium since Kraeplin's description; rapid cycling bipolar disorders; comorbid alcohol and/or drug abuse; mood disorders with incongruent psychotic features; early onset bipolar disorder before the age of 18; discontinuation of lithium treatment; high number of previous affective episodes in the illness course before lithium initiation and DMI pattern. ENVIRONMENTAL PREDICTORS: Among environmental factors, being single was found to be the only predictor of a poor response to lithium treatment in prophylaxis. BIOLOGICAL PREDICTORS: Biological predictors of a good prophylactic response to lithium include a high RBC/plasma-lithium ratio, one of the most controversial predictors of a favourable response to lithium in the literature, a higher platelet serotonin-induced calcium mobilization, and a high rate of red blood cell membrane phospholipids, especially of phosphatidylcholine, and a phospholipid implicated in lithium intracellular transport. Among neurophysiologic predictors of a favourable response to lithium, the following have been reported: brain lithium concentrations above 0.2 mEq/L when measured by 7Li-MRS; decreased cerebral intracellular pH and white matter hyper intensity at (31)P-MRS and a high intensity of loudness dependence auditory-evoked potentials (LDAEP), the latter being one of the best indicators of human cerebral serotoninergic functioning. In contrast, the following have been reported as neurophysiological predictors of a poor lithium response in prophylaxis: epileptiform anomalies with diffuse theta waves on electroencephalography, a predictor of poor response to lithium known since the descriptions of Dalen in 1965 and decreased cerebral phosphocreatine levels at (31)P-MRS, the latter being an indicator of cerebral mitochondrial dysfunction. GENETIC PREDICTORS: Genetic predictors of good response to lithium in prophylaxis include a lower-inositol monophosphatase (IMPase-2) mRNA expression, IMPase-2 being a key enzyme of the calcium-intracellular-signalling pathway and IMPase-2 gene being studied recently as a candidate gene in bipolar disorder. A higher frequency of phospholipase C isoenzyme gamma1 (PLCG1)-5 repeat allele genes has also been associated with a good response to lithium, PLCG1 being a major enzyme of the phosphatidylinositol second messenger system. Genetic predictors of negative prophylactic lithium response include the homozygotic forms of the short allele of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTT), the presence of the A/A subtype of tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) gene and a high frequency of human leukocyte antigens type A3 (HLA-A3), this genotype being associated with cellular membrane anomalies implicated in alteration of lithium intracellular transport. DISCUSSION: The search for new predictors of lithium prophylactic response is currently facing several methodological problems: lack of representativity of the samples of bipolar patients enrolled in research studies, poor reliability of retrospective reconstructions of the course of the bipolar disorder before initiation of lithium treatment, absence of consensus on tools used to assess response to lithium prophylaxis in study designs, difficult access and high costs of most of the laboratory and neuroimaging techniques used in recent studies such as magnetic resonance spectroscopy and LDAEP measures, and problematic evaluation of the impact of treatment on a disorder whose natural intrinsic course is often irregular. PMID- 18922243 TI - [Efficacy and tolerability of escitalopram in anxiety disorders: a review]. AB - INTRODUCTION: Anxiety disorders are highly prevalent and disabling disorders, for which selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants are an effective treatment. Escitalopram is the most selective SSRI available. Beyond its well-established efficacy in depression with or without anxiety, preclinical studies have demonstrated that escitalopram has a broad spectrum of anxiolytic activity. AIM OF THE REVIEW: This review focuses on the therapeutic use and the tolerability issues of escitalopram in the treatment of adult patients with panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), on the basis of numerous recent short-term and long-term controlled studies in these disorders. In a 10-week randomised, double-blind trial in patients with panic disorder, escitalopram (flexible doses 5-10 mg/d) was significantly more effective than placebo in reducing the panic attack frequency, with a faster onset of action than citalopram. Fifty percent of escitalopram recipients and 38% of placebo recipients experienced no panic attacks, with a similar incidence of the most common adverse events for both groups. LITERATURE FINDINGS IN PD: In an open-label study in elderly (>65 years) patients with panic disorder, improvement in panic attack frequency and secondary efficacy variables occurred more rapidly in escitalopram than citalopram recipients. LITERATURE FINDINGS IN GAD: In four double-blind, comparative, eight- to 12-week studies in patients with GAD, escitalopram was more effective than placebo and at least as effective as paroxetine in reducing the mean Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety total score. Escitalopram 10-20 mg/d demonstrated continued efficacy in a 24-week extension study of short double-blind trials and in a placebo-controlled, double-blind, 24/76-week relapse-prevention study. In this trial, escitalopram recipients showed a significantly longer time to relapse and reduced risk of relapse than placebo recipients, and the risk of relapse was 4.04 times higher in the placebo group than in the escitalopram group. Escitalopram was well tolerated and only 7% patients withdrew, due to adverse events in the escitalopram group, versus 8% in the placebo group. LITERATURE FINDINGS IN SOCIAL PHOBIA: In two randomised, double-blind, 12- and 24-week studies in patients with social anxiety disorder (social phobia), escitalopram 10 20 mg/d was generally more effective than placebo and at least as effective as paroxetine in reducing the mean Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale total scores. In a 24-week double-blind, placebo-controlled relapse-prevention study, escitalopram recipients had a longer time to relapse and reduced risk of relapse compared with placebo recipients, and significantly fewer escitalopram than placebo recipients relapsed (22% versus 50%). In these studies, the treatment effects of escitalopram were independent of gender, symptom severity and chronicity, and comorbid depressive symptoms, and the drug was tolerated well. LITERATURE FINDINGS IN OCD: Finally, in patients with OCD, escitalopram 20mg/d for 12 weeks was more effective than placebo, and at least as effective as paroxetine 40 mg/day, with respect to a mean reduction from baseline in the Yale-Brown Obsessive Scale total score. In a 24-week, randomised, placebo-controlled relapse prevention study, the proportion of patients who relapsed in the escitalopram group (23%) was 2.74 times lower than in the placebo group (52%). In both groups, the majority of adverse events reported were mild to moderate. CONCLUSION: On the whole, numerous clinical data indicate that escitalopram, 10-20 mg/d, is an effective and well-tolerated first-line treatment option for the management of panic disorder, GAD, social anxiety and OCD. Beyond short-term demonstrations of efficacy in these disorders, several controlled relapse-prevention studies showed the necessity and utility of maintaining the treatment six months or more after the remission has been obtained. PMID- 18922244 TI - [Anticonvulsant mood stabilizers in the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD)]. AB - INTRODUCTION: Dementia, besides the dominant cognitive disorders that define it, is associated with behavioral disturbances, the consequences of which are, on various levels, a determining factor for the handling of these patients. The treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms is essential and although, to date, no therapeutic solution is satisfactory, it is necessary to look for an alternative to the neuroleptics usually employed, which raise real problems of tolerance in this geriatric population. BACKGROUND: For several years, anticonvulsants, among which some have shown mood stabilizing activity, have been the object of research in this indication. The purpose of this review of the literature is to assess the interest and the limits of anticonvulsant mood stabilizers (carbamazepine, valproic acid, gabapentin, lamotrigine, topiramate, oxcarbazepine) in the treatment of the so-called "noncognitive" symptoms of dementia. Their mechanism of action in mood disorders is not well known, but it would appear to be via the modulation of glutamate-mediated excitatory synaptic transmission and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated inhibitory synaptic transmission that anticonvulsants might reduce behavioral symptoms in demented patients. METHODS: The method employed in this work was a systematic bibliographic review, in which only the double-blind placebo-controlled studies or the clinically detailed enough open-labelled studies using validated scales were retained. RESULTS: Among these medications, only carbamazepine demonstrated its efficacy in behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) in controlled studies, notably that of Tariot et al. [J Am Geriatr Soc 42 (1994) 1160-1166 and Am J Psychiatry 155 (1998) 54-61] and Olin et al. [Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 9 (2001) 400-405], but with significant adverse events (sedation, hyponatremia, cardiac toxicity), particularly in the elderly and, being a strong enzymatic inducer, with a high likelihood of drug-drug interactions. Valproic acid showed some interesting results in BPSD within a large number of open studies and case reports. However, among the five controlled studies that have been published [Curr Ther Res 62 (2001) 51-67; Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 9 (2001) 58-66; Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 17 (2002) 579-585; Curr Alzheimer Res 2 (2005) 553-558 and Am J Geraitr Psychiatry 13 (2005) 942-945], none confirmed its efficacy on these symptoms. Regarding its tolerability in the geriatric population, no notable major side effect was reported (haematologic and hepatic effects are not more frequent than in the general population), except possible excessive sedation. Moreover, it appears that valproic acid could have neuroprotective effects, even if the contrary has been observed in a recent study. More studies need to be (and are being) conducted, notably on the interest of valproic acid in prophylaxis of BPSD. Gabapentin seems to be worthwhile and well tolerated in this indication, but no controlled study has been conducted to prove its efficacy, even if a quite important number of case reports and open studies have shown encouraging results. Concerning lamotrigine, which may potentially induce severe cutaneous side effects when administered with valproic acid, this drug has shown its efficacy in bipolar disorders and two recent case reports seem to indicate some interest in BPSD. Furthermore, lamotrigine appears to have neuroprotective effects. Although topiramate has shown interesting results in one open study in BPSD, its use in demented patients cannot be recommended because of its deleterious effect on cognitive functions. Oxcarbazepine, theoretically, could be an alternative to carbamazepine, which is, as aforesaid, the only anticonvulsant that proved its interest in BPSD. However, no clinical study has yet been published to support this hypothesis. This drug is better tolerated than carbamazepine, but induces severe and more frequent hyponatremia. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Finally, although we all know that antipsychotics should no longer be prescribed in the elderly, the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia remains a difficult problem, considering the lack of a real alternative to these medications. Anticonvulsant mood stabilizers are an interesting solution but none of them, other than carbamazepine, which did, but which is not better tolerated than the usual drugs in this population - was able to prove its efficacy in this indication. Among these medications, valproic acid, gabapentin and lamotrigine should be studied further, and the neuroprotective effect of some of them is an interesting route for research. PMID- 18922245 TI - [Recurrent pseudocyesis with polydipsia: a case report]. AB - INTRODUCTION: Pseudocyesis is an imaginary pregnancy resulting from a strong desire or need for motherhood. Pseudocyesis has become increasingly rare in many parts of the world in which accurate pregnancy tests have become widely available. Cultures that place high value on pregnancy, or that make close associations between fertility and a person's worth, still have high rates of the disorder. A woman may believe in her pregnancy to the point of delusion and show acute depression when no baby is born. CASE-REPORT: This report describes a case of recurrent pseudocyesis and polydipsia in a 49-year-old woman. She was an illiterate housewife who had been married since she was 21 years old. Four years later, she divorced because of a problem of sterility. She got remarried, five years later, and the couple had no child. The patient was admitted into the Obstetric Unit thinking that she was about to give birth. She presented all the symptoms of true pregnancy. She had abdominal distension, amenorrhea, mammary tension, nausea and vomiting, and weight gain. She claimed to have felt foetal movements. Other than this, she exhibited a polydipsia syndrome. These symptoms had evolved over 20 months. The patient had previously presented six similar episodes. All these episodes were identical. The length of these episodes varied between three and five months, after which all the signs disappeared progressively. The patient had never consulted for these symptoms before the present episode. During her stay in the Obstetric Unit, she benefited from a complete gynaecological examination, including pelvic ultrasound examinations, and laboratory tests, notably hormone assays (FSH, LH, prolactin, ss-HCG) and serum electrolyte levels. A primary sterility and menopause were confirmed. Otherwise, the psychiatric assessment confirmed the delusion of pregnancy and the presence of a depressive syndrome. The patient reported that she was possessed. She explained the normality of the imagery and laboratory tests by the intervention of the demons that hid the foetus and modified the results. DISCUSSION: The contribution of psychological and physiological factors in the development of the delusion of pregnancy, possession and polydipsia, and the possible interactions between the two phenomena are discussed. PMID- 18922246 TI - [Clarifying the definition of bullying]. AB - INTRODUCTION: Bullying is a much discussed and studied concept and yet there is a huge amount of terms and definitions that describe it. The lack of unity and precision around bullying raises several questions, notably in the judicial field. Indeed, how can judges determine if a given situation comes close to bullying or not if they do not have a precise definition of what bullying consists in? The French law attempts to clarify this concept, but it still remains vague on several points, highlighting the effects of bullying without explaining its causes and nature. OBJECTIVE: This study aims at providing further precisions on the definition and bases itself on the analysis of law cases. These show which criteria the judges use to determine if the victim has been bullied or not. METHOD: In this study, we used the judgments published on the website of the French ministry of justice in which a situation of bullying had been proven. Seventy-two percent of the victims were women whereas 75% of the perpetrators were men. RESULTS: The great majority (91%) of the persons convicted of bullying had a higher hierarchical position than their victims. No case from a subordinate to a superior could be found. Nine percent of the cases were bullying between colleagues. The average seniority was 15 years. The facts that influence the judges' decisions are always dignity-undermining facts, which are frequently combined with an alteration in the victim's health, an endangering of the victim's career and, less often, with the non-respect of the worker's rights. Dignity-undermining consists in humiliations (in 61% of the cases), insults or discourteous comments (27%), disrepute of the victim's work (24%), unjustified sanctions or reproaches, attacks on private life (15%), isolation (15%) and overload of work (12%). In half of the cases, alteration in health is held as the consequence of bullying. The judges mention some anxiodepressive syndroms or psychological problems without providing any supplementary details. No PTSD-like symptomatology has, for now, been mentioned although since the end of the 1990s, the relationship between bullying and clinical symptoms of PTSD has been proven by many researchers. In 31% of the cases, the judges mention some facts that endanger the victim's career and in 20%, the worker's rights have not been respected (wages not paid...). DISCUSSION: Very often, the judges use some other criteria related to the conditions which caused the appearance of bullying, to the kind of bullying the victim had to face and to the circumstances that enabled the situation to continue. Moreover, the judges try to determine if the negative acts described above have been repeated in time. The average number of the facts that influence the judges to determine if a situation is or is not a bullying situation is seven. The criterion related to the conjunction of different kinds of consequences (dignity undermining, non-respect of rights, alteration in health and endangering the professional future) is found in 90% of the cases. The duration of bullying does not seem to be a determining factor. The shortest length we found was six months and the average was three years. The judges nearly always refer to written documents (medical certificates, affidavits by colleagues or former employees, contracts of employment, internal documents, etc.) that must be detailed and in agreement. PMID- 18922247 TI - [Encephale congress--Paris--January 2008--minor anxiety and anxious paroxysm]. PMID- 18922248 TI - [Workplace and depression]. PMID- 18922249 TI - [Lithium-induced chronic renal failure. A multidisciplinary approach of nephrologists, psychiatrists and...patients]. PMID- 18922250 TI - [Relation between the parental imposition of restrictive nutrition and the following of the regime by the adolescent]. PMID- 18922251 TI - Readers' roundtable. PMID- 18922252 TI - Anterior maxillary restoration using distraction osteogenesis and implants: a clinical report. AB - Distraction osteogenesis is a biologic process of new bone formation between the surfaces of bone segments that are gradually separated by incremental traction. This method of providing additional bone and soft tissue for implant placement is becoming more common. This clinical report describes the use of distraction osteogenesis and a fixed implant-supported prosthesis to treat a premaxillary defect. A major esthetic concern with alveolar distraction osteogenesis is obtaining a predictable position of the transosteal portion of the implant in relation to the newly generated bone ridge crest. Additional clinical and experimental studies are needed to provide guidelines for predictable esthetic outcomes. PMID- 18922253 TI - Replacement of a maxillary central incisor using a polyethylene fiber-reinforced composite resin fixed partial denture: a clinical report. AB - Fiber-reinforced composite resin (FRC) restorations generally consist of a composite resin veneer supported by a fiber-reinforced composite resin substructure and prepared chairside to be used when the patient needs a short term solution. It is an esthetic, conservative treatment alternative and allows for future options. This article describes the use of a polyethylene fiber reinforced composite resin fixed partial denture (PFRCFPD) with a ceramic pontic for the replacement of a missing central incisor due to trauma. PMID- 18922254 TI - Managing the maxillary partially edentulous patient with extensive anterior tooth loss and advanced periodontal disease using a removable partial denture: a clinical report. AB - The treatment modality, a continuous occlusal rest removable partial denture, not only restored missing teeth but also stabilized the remaining dentition in a patient with advanced periodontal attachment loss. By engaging the guiding planes at the mesial surfaces of the abutments anteriorly and also the distal surfaces of the abutments posteriorly, the remaining teeth, with varying amounts of mobility, were splinted together by the framework. This conservative treatment option allows flexibility for easy repair during the life span of the prosthesis. PMID- 18922255 TI - Influence of the type of post and core on in vitro marginal continuity, fracture resistance, and fracture mode of lithia disilicate-based all-ceramic crowns. AB - STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: The influence of different crown foundations on marginal seal and fracture resistance of ceramic crowns placed on endodontically treated teeth has not been clearly established. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the marginal continuity and fracture behavior of high-strength all ceramic crowns with different substructures in endodontically treated premolars. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-eight human mandibular premolars were assigned to 6 groups, including a no-treatment group (UNTREATED) and a group for which the access cavity was restored with composite resin (Tetric Ceram) (COMP). In the remaining 4 groups, teeth were prepared to receive all-ceramic crowns with 0.8-mm wide shoulders and axial dentin heights of 2 mm. No posts were used in the ENDOCROWN group. Glass fiber posts (FRC Postec) were used in group FRC-POST. Group ZRO-POST received zirconia ceramic posts (CosmoPost), and group GOLD-POST received cast gold posts (CM). Experimental lithia disilicate ceramic crowns were made and adhesively cemented (Variolink). All teeth were subjected to thermal cycling and mechanical loading (TCML) in a masticatory simulator (1,200,000 loads, 49 N, 1.7 Hz, 3000 temperature cycles of 5 degrees C-50 degrees C-5 degrees C). Marginal continuity was evaluated with scanning electron microscopy at x200. All specimens were loaded to failure in a universal testing machine at 0.5 mm/min after TCML. Data were analyzed using 1-way ANOVA and post hoc t tests with Bonferroni correction (alpha=.05). RESULTS: Initially, mean values (SD) between 72.4 (15.8)% (ENDOCROWN) and 94.8 (3)% (FRC-POST) for continuous margins were found. With TCML, marginal continuity decreased significantly only in FRC POST, to 75.5 (8.4)%, and in ENDOCROWN, to 44.7 (14.5)%. Mechanical load testing measured mean loads to failure between 1092.4 (307.8) N (FRC-POST) and 1253.7 (226.5) N (ZRO-POST) without significant differences between groups. Deep root fractures were observed in half of the specimens, irrespective of their groups. CONCLUSIONS: Marginal continuity of the crowns studied was better and more stress resistant when posts and cores were included in the restoration of endodontically treated teeth with complete ceramic crowns. The placement of a post-and-core foundation did not influence the pattern of failure. PMID- 18922256 TI - Flexural and shear strengths of ZrO2 and a high-noble alloy bonded to their corresponding porcelains. AB - STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Flexural and shear strength between ZrO(2) cores and veneering porcelains require investigation to facilitate clinical use. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess the strength of ZrO(2) and a high-noble alloy with corresponding porcelains. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty rectanglar (12 x 10 x 3 mm) and 20 cylindrical (5 x 5 mm) specimens of ZrO(2) (Lava) and high noble alloy (Olympia) were fabricated for 4-point flexural testing and shear testing. IPS d.SIGN veneering porcelain for high-noble alloy and Lava Ceram, 2 mm thick, were fired, joining the 2 corresponding rectangles of high-noble alloy and ZrO(2) to create flexural test specimens. The same types of veneering porcelains, 3 mm in thickness, were fired on 1 side of the corresponding high-noble alloy and ZrO(2) cylinders to produce shear specimens. The flexural and shear specimens were divided into 4 groups (n=10); metal ceramic and ZrO(2) with and without thermal cycling. Thermal cycling was performed at 5 degrees C and 55 degrees C for 5000 cycles with a 20-second dwell time. Flexural and shear tests were performed using a universal testing machine. Fractures were characterized using a stereomicroscope and SEM. Data were analyzed with a 1-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD post hoc test (alpha=.05). RESULTS: The ANOVA revealed a significant difference among flexural groups (P=.008) and among shear groups (P<.001). In flexure, the Tukey HSD post hoc test revealed a significant difference (P=.005) between metal ceramic thermal cycled and ZrO(2) thermal cycled groups, with a higher value of 91.01 (22.33) MPa for the metal ceramic group. In shear, the Tukey HSD post hoc test revealed a significant difference between metal ceramic and ZrO(2) groups, with a higher value of 82.00 (22.49) MPa for the metal ceramic group. Thermal cycling did not have a significant effect on flexure or shear strength. ZrO(2) specimens failed cohesively within the veneering porcelain. CONCLUSIONS: There were no significant differences among the groups in flexure, except between thermal cycled metal ceramic and ZrO(2) groups. There was a significant difference between the metal ceramic and ZrO(2) groups in shear. Thermal cycling did not have a clear effect among different groups in both tests. PMID- 18922257 TI - The accuracy of implant impressions: a systematic review. AB - STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Various implant impression techniques, such as the splint, pick-up, and transfer techniques, have been introduced, and some techniques may be more accurate than others. Also, clinically, some factors, including the angulation or depth of implants, may affect the accuracy of the implant impressions. PURPOSE: The purposes of this review were to: (1) investigate the accuracy of published implant impression techniques, and (2) examine the clinical factors affecting implant impression accuracy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An electronic search was performed in June 2008 of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases with the key words implant, implants, impression, and impressions. To be included, the study had to investigate the accuracy of implant impressions and be published in an English peer-reviewed journal. In addition, a hand search was performed to enrich the results for the time period from January 1980 to May 2008. After executing the search strategies, 41 articles were selected to be included in the review process. RESULTS: All of the selected articles were in vitro studies. Of the 17 studies that compared the accuracy between the splint and nonsplint techniques, 7 advocated the splint technique, 3 advocated the nonsplint technique, and 7 reported no difference. Fourteen studies compared the accuracy of pick-up and transfer impression techniques, and 5 showed more accurate impression with the pick-up techniques, 2 with the transfer technique, and 7 showed no difference. The number of implants affected the comparison of the pick-up and splint techniques. Eleven studies compared the accuracy of polyether and vinyl polysiloxane (VPS), and 10 of 11 reported no difference between the 2 materials. Four studies examined the effect of implant angulation on the accuracy of impressions. Two studies reported higher accuracy with straight implants, while the other 2 reported there was no angulation effect. CONCLUSIONS: The review of abutment level or implant level internal connection implants indicated that more studies reported greater accuracy with the splint technique than with the nonsplint technique. For situations in which there were 3 or fewer implants, most studies showed no difference between the pick-up and transfer techniques, whereas for 4 or more implants, more studies showed higher accuracy with the pick-up technique. Polyether and VPS were the recommended materials for the implant impressions. PMID- 18922258 TI - Repair strength of hypoallergenic denture base materials. AB - STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Hypoallergenic denture base materials are commonly used for patients with allergic reactions to polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) denture base materials. The goal for repaired fractured dentures fabricated from hypoallergenic denture base materials is to restore the dentures to their original strength. PURPOSE: The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate the flexural properties of 7 hypoallergenic denture base materials after repair compared with a conventional PMMA-based heat-polymerizing resin. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Specimens (n=5) of the following hypoallergenic denture base materials with differing polymerization modes: Eclipse base material, Luxene, Microbase, Polyan, Puran HC, Alldent Sinomer, and The.r.mo.Free, were repaired with Versyo.com as well as the respective repair systems for 4 of the tested materials. A heat-polymerized acrylic resin (Paladon 65) was repaired using autopolymerizing acrylic resin (Palapress), which served as the control. Flexural strengths (MPa) and flexural moduli (MPa) were assessed before and after repair of each material, according to ISO 1567. The data were analyzed with repeated measures 2-way and 3-way ANOVA, 1-way ANOVA, and Bonferroni-Dunn's multiple comparisons post hoc analysis, or with the paired t test (alpha=.05). RESULTS: Flexural strengths and flexural moduli of both repair methods (repair according to manufacturer's instructions or repair with Versyo.com) for all materials were significantly lower than those of the intact specimens (P<.001). Alldent Sinomer and The.r.mo.Free repaired with Versyo.com showed flexural strengths comparable to the intact material. The flexural modulus of Puran HC, Alldent Sinomer, and The.r.mo.Free repaired with Versyo.com did not differ significantly from the original, nonrepaired material. No significant differences were noted between the flexural strength (P=.616) and the flexural modulus (P=.138) values regarding the 2 repair methods of the respective materials. None of the repaired hypoallergenic denture base materials demonstrated significantly higher flexural strengths than repaired Paladon 65. Flexural strengths of repaired Puran HC and Alldent Sinomer were significantly lower than those of repaired Paladon 65 specimens (P<.001). Flexural moduli of repaired Puran HC, Alldent Sinomer, and The.r.mo.Free showed a significant decrease compared to the repaired Paladon 65 specimens (P<.001). Eclipse and Luxene passed the flexural property requirements of ISO 1567 before and after repair. CONCLUSIONS: No significant influence of the repair systems was found, but the flexural properties of the repaired materials differed significantly with respect to the tested acrylic resins. PMID- 18922259 TI - Effect of phosphate group addition on the properties of denture base resins. AB - STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Acrylic resins are prone to microbial adherence, especially by Candida albicans. Surface-charged resins alter the ionic interaction between the denture resin and Candida hyphae, and these resins are being developed as a means to reduce microbial colonization on the denture surface. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the physical and mechanical properties of phosphate-containing polymethyl methacrylate resins for their suitability as a denture material. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Using PMMA with cross-linker (Lucitone 199) as a control, 4 experimental groups containing various levels of phosphate with and without cross-linker were generated. The properties examined were impact strength, fracture toughness, wettability (contact angle), and resin bonding ability to denture teeth. Impact strength was tested in the Izod configuration (n=16), and fracture toughness (n=13) was measured using the single-edge notched bend test. Wettability was determined by calculating the contact angle of water on the material surface (n=12), while ISO 1567 was used for bonding ability (n=12). The data were analyzed by 1- and 2-way ANOVA (alpha=.05). RESULTS: A trend of increased hydrophilicity, as indicated by lower contact angle, was observed with increased concentrations of phosphate. With regard to the other properties, no significant differences were found when compared with the control acrylic resin. CONCLUSIONS: No adverse physical effect due to the addition of a phosphate-containing monomer was found in the acrylic denture resins. Additional mechanical and physical properties, biocompatibility, and clinical efficacy studies are needed to confirm the in vivo anti-Candida activity of these novel resins. PMID- 18922260 TI - Adhesion of Streptococcus mutans NCTC 10449 to artificial teeth: an in vitro study. AB - STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Plaque on dentures may foster the occurrence of denture stomatitis and periodontal diseases in gingival tissues adjacent to partial dentures. Thus, it is beneficial for dental materials to have a low susceptibility to plaque adhesion. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of commonly used artificial teeth to adhesion of the oral bacterium Streptococcus mutans. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifteen specimens each of 12 different artificial teeth were prepared by cutting standardized slabs from the buccal tooth surfaces. After normalizing size (round specimens, diameter of 5 mm, 2 mm thick), polishing (grinding paper, grain 1000 and 4000; universal polishing paste), and assessing surface roughness with a profilometric contact surface measurement device, specimens were incubated with Streptococcus mutans NCTC 10449 suspension for 2.5 hours at 37 degrees C. A veneering composite resin (Sinfony) was used as a control. Adherent bacteria were quantified using a fluorometric assay (Resazurin reduction); relative fluorescence intensity correlates linearly with the number of adherent bacteria. Medians and 25%/75% percentiles were calculated, and statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Bonferroni-adjusted Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: The highest values, indicating high adhesion of streptococci, were observed for filler-supplemented teeth with median relative fluorescence values ranging from 6356 to 18,770. Similar values were recorded for a double cross-linked resin tooth (6444). Significantly lowest values, ranging from 1173 to 3974, were found for unfilled PMMA acrylic resin teeth and acrylic resin teeth with an interpenetrating network (1436). CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that the adhesion of Streptococcus mutans to unfilled PMMA teeth and teeth with an interpenetrating network is lower than adhesion to artificial teeth supplemented with fillers or double cross-linked acrylic resin teeth. PMID- 18922261 TI - A technique for duplicating a fixed complete denture. AB - The fixed implant prosthesis often requires repair due to fracture and/or wear of acrylic resin teeth. Repair of such a prosthesis, although simple, requires retaining the prosthesis to be revised in the laboratory. In order to reveneer the implant prosthesis, a provisional restoration should be fabricated for the patient that provides similar function and esthetics. This article presents a technique for duplicating the existing fixed implant-supported prosthesis prior to repair/reveneer, thus providing a smooth transition from the provisional to the definitive prosthesis. PMID- 18922262 TI - Simple technique to transfer occlusal vertical dimension and articulate a definitive implant cast for a full arch implant prosthesis. PMID- 18922263 TI - A surgical guide for dental implant placement in an edentulous jaw. PMID- 18922264 TI - Use of a thermoplastic vacuum-formed matrix for secure engagement of an implant surgical template. PMID- 18922265 TI - A modified direct technique for the fabrication of fixed interim restorations. PMID- 18922266 TI - Using informatics to go beyond technologic thinking. PMID- 18922267 TI - Patient-centered care--a new focus on a time-honored concept. PMID- 18922268 TI - A brief history of nursing informatics in the United States of America. AB - From the beginning of modern nursing, data from standardized patient records were seen as a potentially powerful resource for assessing and improving the quality of care. As nursing informatics began to evolve in the second half of the 20th century, the lack of standards for language and data limited the functionality and usefulness of early applications. In response, nurses developed standardized languages, but until the turn of the century, neither they nor anyone else understood the attributes required to achieve computability and semantic interoperability. Collaboration across disciplines and national boundaries has led to the development of standards that meet these requirements, opening the way for powerful information tools. Many challenges remain, however. Realizing the potential of nurses to transform and improve health care and outcomes through informatics will require fundamental changes in individuals, organizations, and systems. Nurses are developing and applying informatics methods and tools to discover knowledge and improve health from the molecular to the global level and are seeking the collective wisdom of interdisciplinary and interorganizational collaboration to effect the necessary changes. NOTE: Although this article focuses on nursing informatics in the United States, nurses around the world have made substantial contributions to the field. This article alludes to a few of those advances, but a comprehensive description is beyond the scope of the present work. PMID- 18922270 TI - Commentary: a nursing informatics research agenda. PMID- 18922269 TI - A nursing informatics research agenda for 2008-18: contextual influences and key components. AB - The context for nursing informatics research has changed significantly since the National Institute of Nursing Research-funded Nursing Informatics Research Agenda was published in 1993 and the Delphi study of nursing informatics research priorities reported a decade ago. The authors focus on 3 specific aspects of context--genomic health care, shifting research paradigms, and social (Web 2.0) technologies--that must be considered in formulating a nursing informatics research agenda. These influences are illustrated using the significant issue of healthcare associated infections (HAI). A nursing informatics research agenda for 2008-18 must expand users of interest to include interdisciplinary researchers; build upon the knowledge gained in nursing concept representation to address genomic and environmental data; guide the reengineering of nursing practice; harness new technologies to empower patients and their caregivers for collaborative knowledge development; develop user-configurable software approaches that support complex data visualization, analysis, and predictive modeling; facilitate the development of middle-range nursing informatics theories; and encourage innovative evaluation methodologies that attend to human computer interface factors and organizational context. PMID- 18922271 TI - Consumer health informatics: from genomics to population health. AB - Innovations in health information technology have ushered in a new era of health care. The use of emerging information and communication technology to improve or enable health and health care is the central focus of consumer health informatics (CHI). Traditionally, CHI interventions to promote health and well-being have targeted the individual or family. Advances in genomic health and the emergence of public health informatics call for broadening the scope of CHI. The authors discuss CHI from the point-of-view of the consumer (e.g., from individuals to policy makers) and the level of health data from the subcellular (e.g., genetic or protein structures) to population (e.g., geographically-referenced information). PMID- 18922272 TI - Commentary: consumer health informatics. PMID- 18922273 TI - Information technologies and the transformation of nursing education. AB - Higher education is facing new challenges with the emergence of the Internet and other information and communication technologies. The call for the transformation of higher education is imperative. This article describes the transformation of higher education and its impact on nursing education. Nursing education, considered by many a pioneer in the use of educational technologies, still faces 3 major challenges. The first challenge is incorporation of the Institute of Medicine's recommendation of 5 core competencies for all health professionals. The second challenge focuses on the preparation of nurses to practice in informatics-intensive healthcare environments. The last challenge is the use of emerging technologies, such as Web 2.0 tools, that will help to bridge the gap between the next generation and faculty in nursing schools. Nurse educators need to understand and use the power of technologies to prepare the next generation of nurses. PMID- 18922274 TI - Commentary: information technologies and the transformation of nursing education. PMID- 18922275 TI - The promise of simultaneous transformation of practice and research with the use of clinical information systems. AB - The author builds a case that the design and use of intelligent information systems in real-time practice holds the promise of simultaneously transforming practice and research. Requirements include the identification of actionable knowledge that can be embedded in clinical decision support and electronic documentation systems, the creation of clinical data repositories, and a data warehouse from which analyses can be conducted across multiple settings. An innovative project, the Knowledge-Based Nursing Initiative, is briefly described as illustrative of these requirements. PMID- 18922276 TI - Commentary: nursing and health information technology. PMID- 18922277 TI - Globalization and advances in information and communication technologies: the impact on nursing and health. AB - Globalization and information and communication technology (ICT) continue to change us and the world we live in. Nursing stands at an opportunity intersection where challenging global health issues, an international workforce shortage, and massive growth of ICT combine to create a very unique space for nursing leadership and nursing intervention. Learning from prior successes in the field can assist nurse leaders in planning and advancing strategies for global health using ICT. Attention to lessons learned will assist in combating the technological apartheid that is already present in many areas of the globe and will highlight opportunities for innovative applications in health. ICT has opened new channels of communication, creating the beginnings of a global information society that will facilitate access to isolated areas where health needs are extreme and where nursing can contribute significantly to the achievement of "Health for All." The purpose of this article is to discuss the relationships between globalization, health, and ICT, and to illuminate opportunities for nursing in this flattening and increasingly interconnected world. PMID- 18922278 TI - Commentary: globalization, information, and communication technologies. PMID- 18922279 TI - Applications of complex systems theory in nursing education, research, and practice. AB - The clinical and administrative processes in today's healthcare environment are becoming increasingly complex. Multiple providers, new technology, competition, and the growing ubiquity of information all contribute to the notion of health care as a complex system. A complex system (CS) is characterized by a highly connected network of entities (e.g., physical objects, people or groups of people) from which higher order behavior emerges. Research in the transdisciplinary field of CS has focused on the use of computational modeling and simulation as a methodology for analyzing CS behavior. The creation of virtual worlds through computer simulation allows researchers to analyze multiple variables simultaneously and begin to understand behaviors that are common regardless of the discipline. The application of CS principles, mediated through computer simulation, informs nursing practice of the benefits and drawbacks of new procedures, protocols and practices before having to actually implement them. The inclusion of new computational tools and their applications in nursing education is also gaining attention. For example, education in CSs and applied computational applications has been endorsed by The Institute of Medicine, the American Organization of Nurse Executives and the American Association of Colleges of Nursing as essential training of nurse leaders. The purpose of this article is to review current research literature regarding CS science within the context of expert practice and implications for the education of nurse leadership roles. The article focuses on 3 broad areas: CS defined, literature review and exemplars from CS research and applications of CS theory in nursing leadership education. The article also highlights the key role nursing informaticists play in integrating emerging computational tools in the analysis of complex nursing systems. PMID- 18922280 TI - Commentary: applications of complex systems theory in nursing education, research, and practice. PMID- 18922282 TI - Commentary: nursing practice content standards. PMID- 18922281 TI - Nursing standards to support the electronic health record. AB - Quality and low cost health care that is free of medical mistakes requires continuity of person-centric healthcare information across the life span and healthcare settings. Interoperable clinical information systems that rely on the use of multiple standards to support health information exchange and, in particular, nurse sensitive data, information, and knowledge are key components to support high quality, safe care. A 2004 Executive Order called for a National Health Information Network and the widespread adoption of electronic health records (EHRs) by 2014. While there are numerous standards influencing the exchange of health data, the primary focus of this article is to synthesize the state-of-the-art in nursing standardized terminologies to support the development, exchange, and communication of nursing data. Research exemplars are described for information systems to support nursing practice using standardized terminologies and secondary use of standardized nursing data from EHRs for knowledge development. PMID- 18922283 TI - Nanotechnology: the coming revolution and its implications for consumers, clinicians, and informatics. AB - Nanotechnology promises to revolutionize manufactured materials as we know them, creating a vast array of new products, drug delivery devices, and monitoring mechanisms. The promise of these products and devices is tremendous. Likewise, the implications of this technology are immense, ranging across consumers, clinicians, and the practice of informatics. Specific implications include opportunities for education of health care consumers and clinicians about the safe and ethical use of nanomaterials, a requirement for new policies and regulations, potential radical role changes for both consumers and clinicians, and new demands in the practice of informatics. The most pressing concern for health applications is the safe use of nanomaterials. Given the promise of nanomaterials and the implications across at least these 3 areas, nurses need to understand the capabilities and limitations of nanomaterials, proceed with reasoned caution, and plan now for its wide-ranging impacts. PMID- 18922285 TI - Epidemiology of aging. AB - Over the past century, truly remarkable changes have been observed in the health of older persons throughout the world, and these changes have strongly impacted society. The growth of the older population has resulted mostly from a general increase in the overall population size but is also strongly influenced by major declines in leading causes of mortality. These demographic transformations reverberate in society, increasing medical care and social needs, which are expected to increase steeply in the years to come. Based on demographic and epidemiologic perspectives, these changes were already detectable decades before and should have prompted radical changes in the structure and function of our system of health and social protection at that time. We come to this enormous challenge unprepared. PMID- 18922286 TI - Physiopathology of the aging heart. AB - Coronary heart disease remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in older adults, despite improved survival and declining mortality. Prevalence in and impact of heart disease on elderly people, increasing risk factors, and the underlying physiologic changes of aging are briefly reviewed. High prevalence of clinical and subclinical heart disease provides a basis for considering opportunities for prevention and follow-up. This article focuses on recently developed noninvasive techniques, such as cardiac multislice CT and cardiac MR imaging. PMID- 18922287 TI - Vascular imaging in the elderly. AB - Though a myriad of vascular conditions affect the elderly, atherosclerosis remains the most common vascular disorder, followed by venous thromboembolism and varicose veins. In this article, the authors discuss the imaging of atherosclerosis affecting various vascular territories and pay special attention to the elderly population. The authors also discuss imaging findings of segmental arterial mediolysis, giant cell arteritis, and venous thromboembolism. PMID- 18922288 TI - Aging and the respiratory system. AB - In the elderly, the chest without evident pathology is characterized by findings that occupy a sort of "no man's land" between the normal and the pathologic. Aging results in physiologic modifications that must be recognized so as not to be interpreted erroneously as pathologies. On the other hand, the elderly tend to become ill more frequently and multipathologies are more frequent. Image diagnostics is a key element in the clarification of often blurry clinical pictures, which may make early diagnosis possible, a great advantage to timely treatment. In this sense, knowledge of heart/lung interactions makes it possible to obtain, from the onset, radiologic and clinical signs of the two physiopathologic models prevalent in the elderly, the "cardiac lung" and the "pulmonary heart." PMID- 18922289 TI - Imaging of diseases of the axial and peripheral skeleton. AB - Musculoskeletal complaints are common in the elderly population. The main concerns in geriatric orthopedics are the increased incidence of trauma, degeneration, and malignancy, commonly compounded by comorbidities and the effects of ageing. Imaging of common and important diseases of the axial and peripheral skeleton in the elderly is reviewed in this article. PMID- 18922290 TI - Imaging of metabolic bone diseases. AB - Osteoporosis is a serious public health problem. The incidence of osteoporotic fractures increases with age. As life expectancy increases, social costs associated with osteoporotic fractures will multiply exponentially. The early diagnosis of osteoporosis, thanks to evermore precise devices, becomes, therefore, fundamental to prevent complications of disease and unnecessary suffering. PMID- 18922291 TI - Gastrointestinal disorders in elderly patients. AB - Gastrointestinal disorders are common in elderly patients, and the clinical presentation, complications, and management may differ from those in younger patient. Most impairment occurs in the proximal and distal tract of the gastrointestinal system. Swallowing abnormalities with a wide span of symptoms and pelvic floor pathologies involving all the pelvic compartments are common. Acute abdomen, often from small bowel obstruction or mesenteric ischemia, can pose a diagnostic challenge, because a mild clinical presentation may hide serious visceral involvement. In this setting, the radiologist often is asked to suggest the appropriate management options and to guide the management. PMID- 18922292 TI - Imaging findings of genitourinary tumors in the elderly. AB - Aging-correlated pathologies are atherosclerosis, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, bacterial infections, and malnutrition. The progressive impairment of renal function is the cause of the drug-induced renal pathologies: direct damage induced by nephrotoxic drugs or indirect damage induced by decreased renal excretion of serum molecules. In the elderly, an increase in different pathologies occurs in the genitourinary tract. Among these pathologies, an increase in neoplastic disorders is present; at the same time, several non neoplastic pathologies are more frequent in old patients. This article considers first the neoplastic genitourinary pathologies and second the non-neoplastic genitourinary pathologies. PMID- 18922293 TI - Oncohaematologic disorders affecting the skeleton in the elderly. AB - Multiple myeloma is a hemato-oncologic disease in the elderly population, with a peak incidence in the eighth decade, and represents a malignant bone marrow neoplasia in which a monoclonal strain of atypical plasma cells proliferates and may result in bone destruction. Skeletal metastases represent the most common malignant bone tumor and are the third most common location for distant metastases. They occur predominantly in adults, especially in the elderly population. Chronic lymphatic leukemia is a typical malignancy of the elderly patient and aplastic anemia is a hematologic disorder characterized by pancytopenia, bone marrow hypoplasia, and lack of extramedullary hematopoiesis. Osteomyelofibrosis and sclerosis are chronic myeloproliferative diseases of the elderly, with a peak incidence in the sixth and seventh decade of life. This article addresses these oncohaematologic disorders affecting the skeleton in the elderly, examining the radiographic scanning methods, staging, and prognosis for each. PMID- 18922294 TI - Neurodegenerative diseases. AB - This article outlines the changes seen using various imaging modalities in the normally aging brain and then discusses in detail the changes seen with various pathologic conditions. Entities discussed include primary degenerative dementias, extrapyramidal system diseases, and vascular dementias. PMID- 18922295 TI - Neurovascular emergencies in the elderly. AB - Neurovascular diseases are major causes of disability and death in the elderly; many present as medical emergencies. With the continuing growth of the geriatric population, there has been increasing interest in the impact of aging on the cerebrovascular system. Recent advances in the clinical neurosciences have demonstrated that neurovascular emergencies in the elderly often are amenable to treatment; neuroimaging plays a critical role in diagnosis and neurointerventional techniques are becoming increasingly important therapeutic options. This article provides an overview of some of the common neurovascular disorders in the elderly that require urgent evaluation and treatment, with an emphasis on the expanding role for interventional neuroradiology in their management. PMID- 18922297 TI - Facelifts. Part II. Preface. PMID- 18922296 TI - Human papillomavirus vaccine efficacy: aligning expectations with reality. PMID- 18922299 TI - Safely navigating around the facial nerve in three dimensions. AB - Although much literature discusses the anatomy and injury of the facial nerve branches, the fascial plane of the nerves, particularly where they transition from one plane to another, is rarely emphasized and information is often contradictory. This article describes in three-dimensional, accurate surgical terms where the facial nerve branches are located and how they can be protected during dissection above and below the superficial musculoaponeurotic system platysma plane. PMID- 18922301 TI - Silhouette sutures for treatment of facial aging: facial rejuvenation, remodeling, and facial tissue support. AB - During facial aging, a series of physical and biochemical changes leading to tissue hypotrophy, sagging, and wrinkles takes place not only at the level of the skin but also in the fatty tissue, muscle, and other structures. One of these changes is the decrease in volume and elasticity of the tissue because of alteration of collagen fiber formation. The intermittent use of silhouette sutures (partially reabsorbable) is aimed at preventing and treating the tissue sagginess and reinforcing the soft tissue of the face. PMID- 18922303 TI - Mag-5: a magnificent approach to upper and midfacial "magic". AB - MAG-5 is an operation with five surgical components: (1) a lateral emphasis frontal lift with (2) corrugator resection, (3) lower blepharoplasty, (4) extended two-layered canthopexy, and (5) a full (or partial) subperiosteal malar release and midcheek lift assisted by an absorbable suture securing the malar tuft periosteum and fibrous tissue to the orbital rim. The procedure rejuvenates and restores the face or transforms it when, and if, transformation is the desire. PMID- 18922305 TI - Less invasive face-lifting: platysma anchoring techniques. AB - An analysis of anatomic changes during aging of the face and neck has led to fundamental changes in surgical technique. As a result, the cutaneoplatysmal complex and submuscular aponeurotic system are now anchored to fixed and solid structures: the malar periosteum, parotid fascia, and prelobar fibrous tissue. This technique, which is called skin and platysma muscle anchoring, limits cervical cutaneous undermining and avoids a submental approach. A repositioning of the anatomic elements in their initial sites explains the natural aspect of the results. PMID- 18922307 TI - Lateral SMASectomy, plication and short scar facelifts: indications and techniques. AB - This article discusses removing a portion of the superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) in the region directly overlying the anterior edge of the parotid gland, called a lateral SMASectomy. Excision of the superficial fascia in this region secures mobile anterior SMAS to the fixed portion of the superficial fascia overlying the parotid. It is a rapid, safe, and reproducible operation, providing the versatility of traditional SMAS flap undermining and the safety and rapidity of SMAS plication in carefully selected patients. PMID- 18922309 TI - Pushing the clock back 15 to 20 years with facial rejuvenation. AB - The goal of rejuvenation is to restore the good looks present 15 to 18 years before without having signs of surgical improvement. Patients should look like themselves at a younger age with specific improvement not present when younger, such as nose or neck contour. PMID- 18922311 TI - High SMAS facelift: combined single flap lifting of the jawline, cheek, and midface. AB - The traditional low cheek SMAS flap elevated below the zygomatic arch suffers the drawback that it cannot, by design, exert an effect on tissues of the midface and infraorbital region. Low designs target the lower cheek and jaw only and produce little if any improvement in the upper anterior cheek and midface area. Planning the flap higher, along the superior border of the zygomatic arch, and extending the dissection medially to mobilize midface tissue overcomes this problem and allows a combined, simultaneous lift of the jawline, cheek, and midface with a single unified flap. An improved outcome is obtained, and no separate midface lift procedure is needed. PMID- 18922313 TI - Extended superficial musculaponeurotic system dissection and composite rhytidectomy. AB - The composite facelift represents a comprehensive technique for facial rejuvenation with tissue repositioning of essentially every deep structure of the aging face, addressing the neck, lower face, mid face/lower eyelid junction, and forehead. The superior lateral vector of the lower face is "balanced" with a superior medial vector of the cheek and lower eyelid region. Patients who have stigmata of a previous facelift, such as the lateral sweep and hollow eyes, may be corrected with the composite facelift. The composite facelift is distinguished from all other facelift procedures in the unique "balance" of facelift vectors, yielding a natural and complete facial rejuvenation. PMID- 18922315 TI - Anatomy of the neck and procedure selection. AB - The surgical procedures to correct neck deformities require anatomic knowledge of the region and a thorough diagnosis of the deformities so that the appropriate technique for each patient can be chosen. This article describes the steps that lead to good results. PMID- 18922317 TI - Lower third of the face: indications and limitations of the minimal access cranial suspension lift. AB - The MACS-lift technique, in the simple or extended variation, delivers a reproducible and natural rejuvenation of the face and neck with minimal morbidity and a swift recovery. Retro-auricular extension of the surgery is avoided by pure vertical redraping of the facial skin. In patients with an exceptionally bad skin quality, any vertical pleats below the lobule that may appear can easily be corrected with a limited posterior cervicoplasty. PMID- 18922319 TI - Evolution of technique: face and neck lifting and fat injections. AB - Plastic surgeons try to restore the youthful and beautiful appearance of their patients when performing facial and cervical surgical rejuvenation operations. Rhytidoplasty combined with pursing plication suspension sutures and lipoinjection offers us the opportunity to produce a stable, effective, and long lasting tissular lifting of the face and neck, including jowls, malar fat pad, and cheeks, and correction of the melolabial sulcus. This combination of procedures also provides a three-dimensional aesthetic improvement in contour and volume and a short time of convalescence and recovery, and offers less risk for complications, especially in the facial nerves. PMID- 18922321 TI - Advanced considerations determining procedure selection in cervicoplasty. Part one: anatomy and aesthetics. AB - This article presents a detailed anatomic description of the neck as it applies to most cervicoplasty surgical techniques and describes the surgical aesthetics of the beautiful and young neck compared with the aging neck. The anatomy and aesthetics of the aging neck are also outlined, and the anatomic reasons and foundations for each technical maneuver are described. Technical tips to avoid trouble are mentioned throughout the anatomic and relevant technical description. Surgeons embarking on simple or complex techniques should be totally familiar with the anatomy of the neck, because even simple liposuction can produce a disabling complication, such as injury to the marginal mandibular nerve. Deep approach to the neck to correct difficult aesthetic problems requires in-depth (figuratively and practically speaking) knowledge of the deep compartments of the neck and a level of expertise that only the anatomy laboratory and frequent surgical workshops can provide. PMID- 18922322 TI - Advanced considerations determining procedure selection in cervicoplasty. Part two: surgery. AB - This article describes the routine steps to evaluate a patient's aesthetic, anatomic, and aging characteristics in consideration of cervicoplasty. The procedure selection based on the findings of this evaluation is presented. The anatomic and aesthetic reasons and foundations for each technical maneuver are described. Technical tips to stay out of trouble are mentioned throughout the anatomic and technical description. The author further describes the relevant aesthetics of the neck and the aesthetic goals to be attained, with emphasis on the different surgical techniques indicated by these analyses. PMID- 18922331 TI - Disclosure. PMID- 18922332 TI - Extracts from The Cochrane Library: Antibiotics for acute maxillary sinusitis. AB - The "Cochrane Corner" is a quarterly section in the Journal that highlights systematic reviews relevant to otolaryngology-head and neck surgery, with invited commentary to highlight implications for clinical decision making. This installment features a Cochrane Review entitled "Antibiotics for acute maxillary sinusitis," which concludes a small treatment effect in patients with uncomplicated acute sinusitis in a primary care setting with symptoms for more than seven days. PMID- 18922333 TI - Assessment of acute otitis externa and otitis media with effusion performance measures in otolaryngology practices. AB - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the acute otitis externa and otitis media with effusion performance measure sets in a clinical setting and provide preliminary data on measure compliance. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: Quality improvement study. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Convenience sampling (N = 84) was performed at five sites of ENT and Allergy Associates, LLC. RESULTS: Physicians reported prescribing topical antibiotic preparations and assessing for auricular or periauricular pain in 98% of acute otitis externa cases (N = 55). In addition, 87% did not prescribe systemic antimicrobials. Pneumatic otoscopy was used by 76% of physicians as a method for otitis media with effusion diagnosis and 10% administered a hearing test within 6 months before tympanostomy tube placement (N = 29). Furthermore, as recommended, 86% did not prescribe decongestants or antihistamines whereas 93% and 90% did not prescribe antimicrobials or systemic steroids, respectively. CONCLUSION: Although compliance in this study was generally high across both measure sets, actual use of the face sheet forms for appropriate patients was lower than the 80% reporting mandate by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services that allows physicians to receive the monetary bonus. Incentive-based reporting should be continuously investigated to assess challenges for evaluating current measures. PMID- 18922334 TI - Research priorities in spasmodic dysphonia. AB - OBJECTIVE: To identify research priorities to increase understanding of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and improved treatment of spasmodic dysphonia. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: A multidisciplinary working group was formed that included both scientists and clinicians from multiple disciplines (otolaryngology, neurology, speech pathology, genetics, and neuroscience) to review currently available information on spasmodic dysphonia and to identify research priorities. RESULTS: Operational definitions for spasmodic dysphonia at different levels of certainty were recommended for diagnosis and recommendations made for a multicenter multidisciplinary validation study. CONCLUSIONS: The highest priority is to characterize the disorder and identify risk factors that may contribute to its onset. Future research should compare and contrast spasmodic dysphonia with other forms of focal dystonia. Development of animal models is recommended to explore hypotheses related to pathogenesis. Improved understanding of the pathophysiology of spasmodic dysphonia should provide the basis for developing new treatment options and exploratory clinical trials. SIGNIFICANCE: This document should foster future research to improve the care of patients with this chronic debilitating voice and speech disorder by otolaryngology, neurology, and speech pathology. PMID- 18922335 TI - Palate implants for obstructive sleep apnea: multi-institution, randomized, placebo-controlled study. AB - OBJECTIVE: To determine efficacy of Pillar palate implants for mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome. DESIGN: Multi-institution, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. METHODS: One hundred patients with mild to moderate OSA and suspected retropalatal obstruction were randomly assigned treatment with three palatal implants or sham placebo. RESULTS: Final apnea hypopnea index (AHI) increased for both groups at 3 months, correlating with increased percentage of supine sleep but was less in the implant group (P = 0.05). A clinically meaningful reduction in AHI (> or =50% reduction to <20) was more common in the implant group (26% vs 10%, P = 0.05). Significant differences were noted for changes in lowest oxyhemoglobin saturation (P = 0.007) and Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (P = 0.05). Improvement in Epworth Sleepiness Score did not differ from that of sham (P = 0.62). Partial implant extrusion occurred in two patients (4%). CONCLUSION: Palate implants for mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea demonstrated efficacy over placebo for several important outcomes measures with minimal morbidity, but overall effectiveness remains limited. Further study is needed. PMID- 18922337 TI - Cutaneous angiosarcoma of the head and neck: report of 23 cases from a single institution. AB - BACKGROUND: To report a single-institution experience in the treatment of cutaneous head and neck angiosarcoma. STUDY DESIGN: Case series. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-three patients were evaluated: 12 females and 11 males. The primary site of the lesion was the neck in 9 patients, the scalp in 9, and the face in 5. No patient had been submitted to previous treatment but 10 were submitted to incisional biopsy. The lesions' size ranged from 2.5 to 12 cm (median 4 cm). RESULTS: All but one patient were submitted to surgical resection as primary treatment. Twenty-two patients received adjuvant treatment: 8 cases of local recurrence and 12 cases of distant metastasis. Two patients presented synchronous local and distant relapses. The 5-year survival rate was 21.7 percent. In our series, the only factor affecting survival was histological grade (odds ratio = 6.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.6-28.9). CONCLUSION: Our results for 5-year survival are comparable to those in the literature with a treatment based on complete surgical resection. The only significant prognostic factor was tumor histological grade. PMID- 18922336 TI - The effect of neck dissection on quality of life after chemoradiation. AB - OBJECTIVE: To determine differences in quality of life (QOL) between patients with head and neck cancer who receive chemoradiation versus chemoradiation and neck dissection. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was conducted at two tertiary otolaryngology clinics and a Veterans Administration hospital. SAMPLE: 103 oropharyngeal patients with Stage IV squamous cell carcinoma treated via chemoradiation +/- neck dissection. INTERVENTION: self-administered health survey to collect health, demographic, and QOL information pretreatment and 1 year later. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: QOL via SF-36 and HNQoL. Descriptive statistics were calculated for health/clinical characteristics, demographics, and QOL scores. t tests evaluated changes in QOL over time. RESULTS: Sixty-five patients underwent chemoradiation and 38 patients underwent chemoradiation and neck dissection. Only the pain index of the SF-36 showed a significant difference between groups (P < 0.05) with the neck dissection group reporting greater pain. CONCLUSIONS: After post-treatment neck dissection, patients experience statistically significant decrement in bodily pain domain scores, but other QOL scores are similar to those of patients who underwent chemoradiation alone. PMID- 18922338 TI - Second free tissue transfers in head and neck reconstruction. AB - OBJECTIVE: As the era of free tissue transfer for head and neck reconstruction matures, more patients are requiring second resections and reconstructions. Our objective was to evaluate: patient characteristics, reconstructive options, flap survival, perioperative morbidity, and mortality. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Sixty-five patients underwent a second free tissue transfer separate from the time of the primary flap. RESULTS: The most common (53%) reason for a second flap was tumor recurrence. The most common flaps used were radial forearm and fibula in both the first and second reconstructions. Larger flaps were used in the second reconstruction. In-hospital mortality was 4.6 percent; medical complications occurred in 5 percent of patients. Flap survival was 97 percent; 13 percent of second flaps returned to the operating room for complications. Eight patients had a third free flap. CONCLUSION: A second free tissue transfer is a viable resource in head and neck reconstruction. Acceptable rates of flap survival and complications are encountered. PMID- 18922339 TI - Surgical results of the intraoral removal of the submandibular gland. AB - OBJECTIVES: Most patients with benign submandibular disorders have been treated surgically without difficulty via the transcervical approach. An alternative to the standard transcervical approach has been reported such as an intraoral approach. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Retrospective chart review of the 77 patients with benign submandibular disorders. All patients underwent an excision of the submandibular gland via intraoral approach. RESULTS: Early postoperative complications developed in 74.0% of the temporary lingual sensory paresis followed by 70.1% of temporary limitation of tongue movement. However, these complications soon resolved in all patients spontaneously. Two cases of postoperative bleeding and 1 case of abscess formation were developed. Whereas late complications developed in 4 cases of residual salivary gland and abnormal sense of mouth floor and 1 case of gustatory sweating (Frey's) syndrome. CONCLUSION: The major advantages of this approach are no external scar, no injury to the marginal mandibular nerve. The disadvantage is a more difficult dissection to transcervical approach before proper expert, especially in the severe adhesion of salivary gland to surrounding tissue. PMID- 18922341 TI - Saccular damage in patients with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss without vertigo. AB - OBJECTIVE: Saccule could be damaged in patients with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSHL) with vertigo and with high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss. Thus, the saccule might be deteriorated subclinically in ISSHL cases without vertigo. Therefore, we investigated saccular damage in ISSHL patients without vertigo through vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMP). STUDY DESIGN: A prospective study. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Fifty-two patients with ISSHL without vertigo were enrolled in the study. We identified VEMP in patients with ISSHL and analyzed the association of VEMP with initial hearing threshold, each threshold according to frequency, the type of audiogram, and hearing recovery. RESULTS: For cases with absent VEMP, we found significant differences between patients with 90 dB or more hearing loss and those with a hearing loss less than 55 dB with frequencies over 1000 Hz. Patients with profound hearing loss presented significantly high abnormal and absent VEMP than patients with audiograms of other types. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the subclinical deterioration of the saccular neuroepithelium is associated with patients with ISSHL having profound hearing loss at the high frequency. PMID- 18922340 TI - The evaluation of physiologic decannulation readiness according to upper airway resistance measurement. AB - OBJECTIVE: To measure the upper-airway resistance in patients with tracheostomies and determine the value representing decannulation readiness. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Fifty-six patients with tracheostomies resultant to laryngeal disease participated in this study. Forty patients met clinical criteria for decannulation; 16 did not. Subglottal pressure was measured with a tube connected to the tracheostomy tube, and airflow was monitored simultaneously using a facemask. Upper-airway resistance measurements were recorded during shallow and deep breathing. RESULTS: During both shallow and deep breathing, the inspiratory and expiratory resistances were significantly higher for the group unsuitable for decannulation (P < .0001). The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves were 0.938 or greater for the four curves, indicating a high sensitivity and specificity of resistance measures for diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Objective measurement of upper-airway resistance during shallow and deep breathing may be a useful parameter in determining decannulation readiness of tracheostomized patients. PMID- 18922342 TI - Use of a preoperative bleeding questionnaire in pediatric patients who undergo adenotonsillectomy. AB - OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of a preoperative bleeding questionnaire (POBQ) and coagulation screening in predicting hemorrhage associated with adenotonsillectomy. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Between January 1998 and December 2003, 7730 tonsillectomy and adenotonsillectomy patients were administered the POBQ preoperatively. Further coagulation screening was based on POBQ responses. RESULTS: A total of 232 (3.0%) of 7730 had postoperative bleeding; 184 (3.2%) of 5782 patients who had negative questionnaires bled postoperatively compared with 48 (2.5%) of 1948 patients with positive questionnaires (P = 0.126). Of 1948 patients with positive questionnaires, 141 (7.2%) had abnormal preoperative coagulation screens and 9 (6.4%) of 141 bled; of the 1807 (92.8%) with negative coagulation screens, 39 (2.2%) bled (P = 0.005). CONCLUSION: The POBQ is an effective tool for identifying patients who are at potential risk for post-tonsillectomy bleeding. Patients with both a positive POBQ and coagulation screen had a statistically higher likelihood of postoperative bleeding than other patients. The POBQ allowed the identification of individuals with bleeding disorders to be treated before surgery, likely decreasing the risk of bleeding in these patients. PMID- 18922343 TI - Endoscopic management of subglottic stenosis. AB - OBJECTIVES: Determine the effectiveness of endoscopic surgical treatment of subglottic stenosis (SGS) in children as a primary surgical modality to prevent laryngotracheal reconstruction (LTR) and as treatment for restenosis following primary LTR to prevent revision LTR. PATIENTS: Children undergoing various endoscopic surgical treatments from 1989 to 2006 for SGS. RESULTS: The number of children and success rates per grade of SGS and the number of procedures required to produce a successful result in 29 children initially managed endoscopically included grade I, three of three (100%), 1.3 procedures; grade II, eight of nine (88%), 2.6 procedures; and grade III, 13 of 17 (76%), 3.5 procedures. Of 102 patients undergoing open LTR, 56 of 102 required endoscopic interventions and 41 of 56 (73%) children were treated successfully. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic intervention can be used to manage SGS either as a primary intervention or to treat reobstruction and restenosis following an open reconstructive procedure. Success rates decline as the severity of stenosis increases. PMID- 18922344 TI - The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors in port wine stains. AB - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor (VEGF-R2) in port-wine stains (PWSs). DESIGN: An immunohistochemistry (IHC) study on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens. METHODS: Representative sections from surgical resection specimens of 12 PWS patients and 12 control specimens stained with routine IHC by using polyclonal anti-VEGF and anti-VEGF-R2 antibodies. Slides were evaluated semiquantitatively for the intensity of staining for VEGF and VEGF-R2 by using a scoring system varying from 0 to 3+. RESULTS: PWS specimens showed statistically significant overexpression of both VEGF and VEGF-R2 molecules when compared with control specimens (P < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: VEGF and its receptor may play an important role in the pathogenesis of PWS. It is possible that PWS may progress by hyperplasia in addition to hypertrophy. VEGF-R blockade may have a potential role as a targeted approach in the treatment of this disfiguring condition in the future. PMID- 18922345 TI - Dose-related effect of intranasal corticosteroids on treatment outcome of persistent allergic rhinitis. AB - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy of the self-adjustable dosing regimen and explore potential dose-response relationships of intranasal corticosteroids in persistent allergic rhinitis. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Sixty-nine persistent allergic rhinitis patients were treated with 220 mcg of intranasal triamcinolone acetonide for 28 days. Patients with mild, intermittent symptoms were instructed to use the medication only after symptoms occurred once a day. Patients with symptoms that lasted more than 1 day and/or interrupted daily activities/sleep were instructed to continue the morning daily dose until they were symptom-free for 24 hours before stopping usage. RESULTS: All nasal symptom scores and peak expiratory flow index (PEFI) showed statistically significant improvements after treatment. At 28 days after treatment, the number of puffs and weight of steroids used were positively correlated with percentages of improvement in total symptoms score (TSS) and PEFI (rho = 0.529, r = 0.571 and rho = 0.350, r = 0.509 respectively). When at least 1400 mcg or 44 puffs were used, 60% TSS and 10% PEFI improvement were achieved. CONCLUSION: A self-adjustable dosing approach proved to be an efficacious approach to controlling allergic rhinitis. PMID- 18922346 TI - Paranasal sinus mucoceles with skull-base and/or orbital erosion: is the endoscopic approach sufficient? AB - OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to review the management of paranasal sinus mucoceles with skull-base and/or orbital erosion in the endoscopic era. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective data analysis. METHODS: A chart review was performed on 57 patients treated from January 2001 to March 2007. RESULTS: The average age at the time of presentation was 50.6 years with a 1:1 male: female ratio. The most common site was the frontal sinus (54.4%), followed by frontoethmoid (29.8%) and sphenoid (8.8%). Areas of erosion included skull base (40.4%), orbit (50.9%), and both orbit and skull base (8.8%). Endoscopic drainage using image guidance was used in all 57 patients without complications. Fifty-six cases (98.2%) had a functionally patent mucocele opening with a median follow-up of 15 months. CONCLUSIONS: The endoscopic approach can be safely used for the management of mucoceles with skull-base and/or orbital erosion. Open adjunct approaches can be avoided in most cases. PMID- 18922347 TI - Effect of endoscopic sinus surgery on irradiation-induced rhinosinusitis in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. AB - OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the effect of endoscopic sinus surgery on irradiation induced rhinosinusitis of the maxillary-sinus mucosa among patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). DESIGN: Surgical outcomes were evaluated by changes to the ultrastructure of the antral mucosa and nasomucociliary clearance. METHODS: Twenty-one NPC patients with irradiation-induced chronic sinusitis were enrolled in the study, along with five controls. Specimens were taken from 42 maxillary sinuses during surgery and 1 year after surgery. Saccharin transit time was measured before the initial surgery and 1 year after surgery. RESULTS: In the postoperative cases, we found a decrease in the number of the submucosal gland openings (P < 0.05), the cilia in the antral mucosa regenerated (P < 0.05), and the saccharin transit time reduced (P < 0.05); the number of goblet cells did not change. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic sinus surgery is an effective treatment for irradiation-induced rhinosinusitis in NPC patients, improving ventilation and drainage of the paranasal sinuses, and facilitating regeneration of the sinus mucosa. PMID- 18922348 TI - Evaluation of HLA-A, -B, -Cw, and -DRB1 alleles frequency in Turkish patients with nasal polyposis. AB - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether there is a relationship between HLA-A, -B, -Cw, and -DRB1 alleles and developing nasal polyposis (NP). STUDY DESIGN: Data from 66 patients with NP were compared with data from 100 healthy randomly selected controls. Asthma, ASA (acetylsalicylic acid) triad, polyp score, and previous sinonasal surgery were also recorded. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Genotyping of the HLA A, -B, -Cw, and -DRB1 alleles were performed with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the sequence-specific primer (SSP) method. Data were analyzed by using a Pearson chi(2) test. RESULTS: The HLA-B*07 and -Cw*12 alleles were found to be significantly higher in the NP patients compared with the control group, whereas the HLA-B*57 and HLA-Cw*04 alleles were significantly lower (P < 0.05). The HLA A*24, HLA-Cw*12, and HLA-DRB1*04 alleles were determined to be significantly higher in the NP patients with asthma and ASA triad (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that some of the HLA alleles seem to be associated with the genetic susceptibility to develop NP in the Turkish population. PMID- 18922349 TI - Application of ultrasonic aspirators to endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy. PMID- 18922350 TI - An ocular surface prosthesis as an innovative adjunct in patients with head and neck malignancy. PMID- 18922351 TI - Primary clear cell carcinoma of the nasopharynx. PMID- 18922352 TI - Thyroid chondroma as a differential for thyroglossal cyst. PMID- 18922353 TI - Bilateral external auditory canal pyogenic granuloma. PMID- 18922354 TI - Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma in the external auditory canal. PMID- 18922355 TI - A woman with biliary reflux into her middle ear. PMID- 18922356 TI - Acute hydrocephalus after endoscopic repair of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea. PMID- 18922357 TI - Dentinogenic ghost cell tumor of the maxilla. PMID- 18922358 TI - Treatment of exudative tracheitis with acute airway obstruction under jet ventilation. PMID- 18922360 TI - The quality of life after tonsillectomy in children with recurrent tonsillitis. PMID- 18922361 TI - Picture archive and communication system (PACS) in the detection of fish bone: an animal study. PMID- 18922363 TI - References in history of tympanoplasty. PMID- 18922366 TI - Proceedings of the international workshop on Ribosomal RNA technology, April 7-9, 2008, Bremen, Germany. AB - Thirty years have passed since Carl Woese proposed three primary domains of life based on the phylogenetic analysis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. Adopted by researchers worldwide, rRNA has become the "gold-standard" for molecular taxonomy, biodiversity analysis and the identification of microorganisms. The more than 700,000 rRNA sequences in public databases constitute an unprecedented hallmark of the richness of microbial biodiversity on earth. The International Workshop on Ribosomal RNA Technology convened on April 7-9, 2008 in Bremen, Germany (http://www.arb-silva.de/rrna-workshop) to summarize the current status of the field and strategize on the best ways of proceeding on both biological and technological fronts. In five sessions, 26 leading international speakers and approximately 120 participants representing diverse disciplines discussed new technological approaches to address three basic ecological questions: "Who is out there?" "How many are there?" and "What are they doing?". PMID- 18922365 TI - Molecular profiling reveals similarities and differences between primitive subsets of hematopoietic cells generated in vitro from human embryonic stem cells and in vivo during embryogenesis. AB - OBJECTIVE: Cellular and molecular changes that occur during the genesis of the hematopoietic system and hematopoietic stem cells in the human embryo are mostly inaccessible to study and remain poorly understood. To address this gap we have exploited the human embryonic stem cell (hESC) system to molecularly characterize the global transcriptomes of the two functionally discreet and phenotypically separable populations of multipotent hematopoietic cells that first appear when hESCs are induced to differentiate on OP9 cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We prepared long serial analysis of gene expression libraries from lin CD34+CD43+CD45- and lin-CD34+CD43+CD45+ subsets of primitive hematopoietic cells derived in vitro from hESCs, sequenced them to a depth of 200,000 tags and compared their content with similar libraries prepared from highly purified populations of very primitive human fetal liver and cord blood hematopoietic cells. RESULTS: Comparison of libraries obtained from hESC-derived lin CD34+CD43+CD45- and lin-CD34+CD43+CD45+ revealed differences in their expression of genes associated with myeloid development, cellular biosynthetic processes, and cell-cycle regulation. Further comparisons with analogous data for primitive hematopoietic cells isolated from first-trimester human fetal liver and newborn cord blood showed an apparent similarity between the transcriptomes of the most primitive hESC- and in vivo-derived populations, with the main differences involving genes that regulate HSC self-renewal and homing, chromatin remodeling, AP1 transcription complex genes, and noncoding RNAs. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that primitive hematopoietic cells are generated from hESCs in vitro by processes similar to those operative during human embryogenesis in vivo, although some differences were also detected. PMID- 18922367 TI - Introduction: Advances in surgical technology supplement. PMID- 18922368 TI - Deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis for total joint arthroplasty: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons guidelines. AB - The orthopedic community continues to face a challenge with regard to the prevention of thromboembolism after total joint arthroplasty. The first and foremost issue facing surgeons is how to select the best agent or modality that is effective in preventing the untoward consequences of thromboembolism without causing other complications that can have dire consequences. Other challenges include the uncertainty regarding the dose and duration of various agents, the value of mechanical prophylaxis alone, and the exact end points that should be used to measure the efficacy of prophylaxis. This article discusses some of the recent developments in prevention and management of thromboembolism after total joint arthroplasty, in particular highlighting the guidelines that were developed by American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons. PMID- 18922369 TI - High-flexion total knee arthroplasty. AB - High-flexion total knee arthroplasty is considered flexion beyond 125 degrees . Certain activities and a number of workplace demands benefit from this greater range of motion. Some cultures and religions place more emphasis on deep knee flexion. Important patient factors include preoperative motion, body mass index, and previous knee surgery. Component design modifications focus on lengthening the radius of curvature through the posterior condyles, increasing the posterior condylar offset, recessing the tibial insert, lengthening the trochlear groove, and altering the cam-post design. These changes allow increased femoral rollback, translation, and thus clearance in deep flexion. Surgical techniques focus on soft tissue balancing, component sizing and position, removal of impinging osteophytes, and reestablishment of the flexion gap. A number of outcome studies have demonstrated benefits for high flexion after standard total knee and high flexion designs. PMID- 18922370 TI - Contemporary unicompartmental knee arthroplasty: fixed vs mobile bearing. AB - Contemporary unicompartmental knee arthroplasty has shown resurgence in use partly because of studies reporting excellent long-term survivorship. Both fixed bearing as well as mobile-bearing designs have shown comparable results. Fixed bearing designs, in particular, implants with metal-backed tibial components have shown more consistent long-term survival, whereas fixed bearings with an all polyethylene tibial component have had mixed results. Similar to the all polyethylene tibial component designs, mobile-bearing designs have demonstrated mixed results. One concern with mobile bearings is the high rate of complete tibial radiolucent lines. The keys to long-term survival of both fixed and mobile bearing designs in unicompartmental knee arthroplasty are patient selection, surgical technique, and surgical experience. PMID- 18922371 TI - Cross-linked polyethylene in total knee arthroplasty: in opposition. AB - Highly cross-linked polyethylene has been used with success in total hip arthroplasty. The reduction of femoral head penetration has been a uniform finding among researchers at 5 to 7 years of follow-up. However, there have also been newly highlighted modes of failure, as increased brittleness of the material can adversely affect the integrity of the acetabular locking mechanism; and some materials can oxidize in vivo, with additional alterations in mechanical properties and early delamination. The mechanics of articulation in a knee arthroplasty are markedly different and will impose more severe stresses on the polyethylene material than hip arthroplasties. Each change that is made to improve polyethylene wear comes with mechanical trade-offs. It is not clear that the gains in wear that have been shown in hips will translate to knees without adverse ramifications from the altered mechanical properties. PMID- 18922372 TI - Extensor mechanism allograft reconstruction after total knee arthroplasty. AB - Disruption of the extensor mechanism is an infrequent but catastrophic complication after total knee arthroplasty. Treatment is technically challenging. For patellar tendon ruptures, multiple treatment options having been described with inconsistent results. Allograft tissue may provide the best means to adequately reconstruct the disrupted patellar tendon. Options for allograft reconstruction include an Achilles tendon bone block allograft or a whole extensor mechanism allograft. Important surgical principals include rigid fixation of the host allograft junction, coverage of the allograft tissue with as much autogenous tissue as possible to reduce the risk of infection, tensioning the graft in full extension, and not testing the completed repair is crucial. Current results with proper surgical technique show acceptable functional outcome for this devastating complication. PMID- 18922373 TI - Ceramic-on-ceramic total hip arthroplasty: update. AB - This prospective, randomized, multicenter study of alumina ceramic-on-alumina ceramic bearing couples includes 452 patients (475 hips). Their average age was 53 years with approximately two thirds men and 82% with osteoarthritis. At an average 8-year follow-up, clinical results were excellent and cortical erosions significantly less than in the conventional polyethylene-on-metal bearing group. Nine hips have undergone revision of one or both components for any reason. Of the 380 ceramic liners, 2 (0.5%) have fractured requiring reoperation, and 3 (0.8%) ceramic patients reported a transient squeaking sound, one of which had a head and liner change due to groin pain secondary to psoas tendinitis at 5 years. With no revisions for aseptic loosening and minimal cortical erosions, alumina ceramic bearing couples are performing in a manner superior to the polyethylene on-metal bearing in this young, active patient population. PMID- 18922374 TI - Analysis of published evidence on minimally invasive total hip arthroplasty. AB - Minimally invasive surgery has become a popular method of total hip arthroplasty. This study reviewed the literature to determine the number and quality of scientific publications analyzing different types of minimally invasive surgery approaches. The miniposterior approach has been studied the most and to our knowledge is the only approach with good quality randomized control study evidence. The overall length of follow-up and quality of reports for minimally invasive total hip arthroplasty is low. PMID- 18922375 TI - Instability after total hip arthroplasty: treatment with large femoral heads vs constrained liners. AB - One of the most common complications after total hip arthroplasty is instability. This study reviewed the recent literature concerning the indications, contraindications, and results of recent studies using both constrained liners and large femoral heads to treat instability after total hip arthroplasty. We also report on the results of a series of 41 patients (52 hips) considered being at high risk for dislocation who were treated with large-diameter metal-on-metal bearings and who were compared with a matched group of hips treated with standard size metal-on-polyethylene bearings. The large-diameter femoral head group had no dislocations at a minimum follow-up of 24 months, whereas the standard-size group had 2 dislocations. We support the use of large femoral heads to treat instability in a wide variety of patients because of the increased stability, decreased wear of modern metal-on-metal designs, increased range of motion, and variety of revision options. PMID- 18922376 TI - Single-incision direct anterior approach for total hip arthroplasty using a standard operating table. AB - Minimally invasive joint arthroplasties have gained in popularity this decade for multiple reasons. Many different authors have described markedly different approaches to minimally invasive hip arthroplasties, and there is no consensus for a single definition of what is minimally invasive. The basic premise of minimizing soft tissue disruption would be best met by going through intermuscular and internervous planes to do the procedure. In hip arthroplasty, the direct anterior approach to the hip is the only such approach. This article will describe this technique using a standard operating room table rather than using a specialized fracture table. PMID- 18922377 TI - Metal-on-metal hip resurfacing: advantages and disadvantages. AB - Modern metal-on-metal resurfacing has recently gained popularity as an alternative to standard stemmed total hip arthroplasty. This study analyzed, from a literature review, the purported advantages and disadvantages of resurfacing with a comparison to standard hip arthroplasty. Advantages may include bone conservation on the femoral side with possible lower dislocation rates, more range-of-motion, more normal gait pattern, increased activity levels, increased ease of insertion with proximal femoral deformities or retained hardware, and straightforward revision. Possible disadvantages of resurfacing are increased difficulty to perform the procedure, increased acetabular bone stock loss, femoral neck fractures, and concerns about the effects of metal ions. Many of these issues will need further clarification by well-planned prospective studies and evaluation of longer-term outcomes. PMID- 18922378 TI - Spinal myoclonus in advanced cancer. PMID- 18922379 TI - Re: relief of incident dyspnea in palliative cancer patients. PMID- 18922380 TI - Myocardial ischemia: current concepts and future perspectives. AB - Ischemic heart disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in a worldwide epidemic. Myocardial ischemia is characterized by an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand, causing cardiac dysfunction, arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, and sudden death. Various clinical ischemic manifestations are caused by obstruction of coronary blood flow by coronary plaques, thrombosis, and/or hyperconstriction/vasospasm of epicardial and microvascular coronary arteries, in which gender difference also is involved due in part to estrogen hormonal state. The coronary circulation matches blood flow with oxygen requirements by coordinating the resistances within microvasculature, where the endothelium plays an important role by liberating several vasodilator substances. The impaired endothelial regulation is involved in the pathogenesis of a wide variety of cardiovascular diseases and therefore is an important therapeutic target. Activation of Rho-kinase pathway is involved in the pathogenesis of both endothelial dysfunction and vascular smooth muscle hypercontraction and also should be an important therapeutic target. PMID- 18922381 TI - Beneficial effects of Waon therapy on patients with chronic heart failure: results of a prospective multicenter study. AB - BACKGROUND: We conducted a prospective multicenter case-control study to confirm the clinical efficacy and safety of Waon therapy on chronic heart failure (CHF). METHODS: Patients (n=188) with CHF were treated with standard therapy for at least 1 week, and then were randomized to Waon therapy (n=112) or a control group (n=76). All patients continued conventional treatment for an additional 2 weeks. The Waon therapy group was treated daily with a far infrared-ray dry sauna at 60 degrees C for 15 min and then kept on bed rest with a blanket for 30 min for 2 weeks. Chest radiography, echocardiography, and plasma levels of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) were measured before and 2 weeks after treatment. RESULTS: NYHA functional class significantly decreased after 2 weeks of treatment in both groups. Chest radiography also showed a significant decrease of the cardiothoracic ratio in both groups (Waon therapy: 57.2+/-8.0% to 55.2+/-8.0%, p<0.0001; control: 57.0+/-7.7% to 56.0+/-7.1%, p<0.05). Echocardiography demonstrated that left ventricular diastolic dimension (LVDd), left atrial dimension (LAD), and ejection fraction (EF) significantly improved in the Waon therapy group (LVDd: 60.6+/-7.6 to 59.1+/-8.4 mm, p<0.0001; LAD: 45.4+/-9.3 mm to 44.1+/-9.4 mm, p<0.05; EF: 31.6+/-10.4% to 34.6+/-10.6%, p<0.0001), but not in the control group (LVDd: 58.4+/-10.3 mm to 57.9+/-10.4 mm; LAD: 46.3+/-9.7 mm to 46.2+/-10.1 mm; EF: 36.6+/-14.1% to 37.3+/-14.0%). The plasma concentration of BNP significantly decreased with Waon therapy, but not in the control group (Waon: 542+/-508 pg/ml to 394+/-410 pg/ml, p<0.001; control: 440+/-377 pg/ml to 358+/-382 pg/ml). CONCLUSION: Waon therapy is safe, improves clinical symptoms and cardiac function, and decreases cardiac size in CHF patients. Waon therapy is an innovative and promising therapy for patients with CHF. PMID- 18922382 TI - Blood flow structure and dynamics, and ejection mechanism in the left ventricle: analysis using echo-dynamography. AB - Using our "echo-dynamography", blood flow structure and flow dynamics during ventricular systole were investigated in 10 normal volunteers. The velocity vector distribution demonstrated blood flow during ejection was laminar along the ventricular septum. The characteristic flow structure was observed in each cardiac phases, early, mid- and late systole and was generated depending on the wall dynamic events such as peristaltic squeezing, hinge-like movement of the mitral ring plane, bellows action of the ventricle and dimensional changes in the funnel shape of the basal part of the ventricle, which were disclosed macroscopically by using the new technology of high speed scanning echo tomography and microscopically by the strain rate distribution measured by phase tracking method. The pump function was reflected on the changes in the flow structure represented by the flow axis line distribution and the acceleration along the flow axis line. The acceleration of the ejection had three modes, "A", "B" and "C", and generated by the wall dynamic events. "A" appeared from the apical to the outflow area along the main flow axis line, "B" along the anterior mitral leaflet and the branched flow axis line, and "C" generated by the high speed vortex behind the mitral valve. The magnitude of the acceleration was estimated quantitatively from the velocity gradient along the flow axis line. Macroscopic and microscopic asynchrony in the myocardial contraction and extension appeared systematically in the local part of the ventricular wall, which was helpful for making the flow structure and for performing the smooth pump function. PMID- 18922383 TI - Relationship between subjective symptoms and trans-telephonic ECG findings in patients with symptomatic paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and flutter. AB - BACKGROUND: In patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation or flutter (PAF/PAFL), subjective symptoms are not concordant with real arrhythmic events. It is important to elucidate the incidence of asymptomatic PAF/PAFL in symptomatic patients in a clinical setting. METHODS AND RESULTS: To identify a possible relationship with subjective symptoms, we reviewed 6319 trans-telephonic electrocardiographic strips (ECGs) recorded from 123 patients in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial examining dose-response effects of flecainide. During a 4-week observation, 2848 ECGs, comprising 894 (31.4%) symptomatic and 1954 (68.6%) asymptomatic tracings, and, during 31 days of treatment, 3471 ECGs, comprising 874 (25.2%) symptomatic and 2587 (74.8%) asymptomatic tracings, were transmitted. There were significantly fewer symptomatic ECGs during the treatment period (Fisher's exact test, P<0.01). Asymptomatic episodes accounted for 23.5% of the total in the observation period and 22.4% of that in the treatment period (Fisher's exact test, P=0.561). But the frequency of asymptomatic PAF/PAFL dropped significantly, from 11.1% to 3.9% (P<0.01), in the group receiving flecainide 200 mg/day. In the observation period, the positive predictive value of subjective symptoms was about 50%, and the sensitivity in predicting PAF/PAFL, around 80%. During treatment, these values did not change significantly, but negative predictive value (NPV) and specificity increased in the 200 mg flecainide group. In the analysis of each case, significant dose-response profiles were found in NPV (P=0.019) and specificity (P=0.041). CONCLUSIONS: Asymptomatic PAF/PAFL was not rare in symptomatic patients, and flecainide reduced both symptomatic and asymptomatic episodes. PMID- 18922384 TI - Improvement in prognosis of dilated cardiomyopathy in the elderly over the past 20 years. AB - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Although dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) had a poor prognosis in the past, recent studies have shown better survival. However, little is known about the improvement of prognosis in the elderly. This study sought to clarify the changes in prognosis in elderly patients with DCM over the past 20 years. METHODS AND SUBJECTS: We studied 54 consecutive patients with DCM (38 men and 16 women, aged 65-83 years) who were diagnosed at over 65 years of age. The patients were divided into two groups (group A: 12 patients diagnosed before 1990; group B: 42 patients diagnosed after 1990) because after 1990, based on growing evidence from large-scale, randomized clinical studies, we intentionally increased the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and then beta-blockers at our hospital. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in age, gender, NYHA functional class, and the prevalence of atrial fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia between the two groups. Left ventricular (LV) size assessed by echocardiography was larger (LV end-diastolic diameter, 67+/-5.9 versus 62+/-6.6 mm; p=0.039) and LV ejection fraction measured by left ventriculography was lower (ejection fraction, 24+/-9 versus 35+/-10%; p=0.004) in group A. ACEI/angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers (ARB) (0% versus 88%) or beta-blockers (0% versus 52%) were more frequently used in group B. Antiarrhythmics (class Ia or Ib) (75% versus 14%) were less often used in group B. The 5- and 10-year event-free survival rates for cardiac death were 75.4% and 22.0% in group A versus 81.2% and 71.3% in group B (log-rank test, p=0.014). CONCLUSIONS: The prognosis of DCM patients in the elderly has significantly improved over the past 20 years. The advances in the pharmacologic treatment and earlier diagnosis may have contributed to the better survival. PMID- 18922385 TI - Association of low-density lipoprotein particle size and ratio of different lipoproteins and apolipoproteins with coronary heart disease. AB - BACKGROUND: Worldwide coronary heart disease (CHD) is estimated to be the leading cause of death. Current knowledge about prevention of CHD is mainly derived from developed countries. Therefore, this study aimed to find out the association of CHD with ratios of different lipoproteins and apolipoproteins, LDL particle size, as well as different traditional risk factors in Asian Indian population in Eastern part of India. METHODS: Case-control study of 100 patients with CHD and 98 healthy controls were age and sex matched. After clinical evaluation, blood samples were collected for biochemical assays. RESULTS: Multivariate logistic regression analysis found apoB (OR 2.96; 95% CI 1.02-8.54), apoB/HDL-c (OR 4.14; 95% CI 1.33-12.83), nonHDL-c (OR 5.41; 95% CI 2.08-14.10), apoB/apoAI (OR 6.64; 95% CI 2.37-18.57), and LDL particle size (9.59; 95% CI 2.92-31.54) were independently associated with CHD. Area under the ROC curves derived from the model (AUROC 0.947; 95% CI 0.916-0.977) are significantly higher than any other variables. CONCLUSIONS: Findings from the multivariate analysis, apoB, apoB/HDL c, nonHDL-c, apoB/apoAI, and LDL particle size are potent indicators and useful for diagnosis of predisposed CHD. PMID- 18922386 TI - Tropical fruit camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia) has anti-oxidative and anti inflammatory properties. AB - BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress as well as inflammation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Although, various anti-oxidative dietary supplements have been evaluated for their ability to prevent atherosclerosis, no effective ones have been determined at present. "Camu-camu" (Myrciaria dubia) is an Amazonian fruit that offers high vitamin C content. However, its anti oxidative property has not been evaluated in vivo in humans. METHODS: To assess the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties of camu-camu in humans, 20 male smoking volunteers, considered to have an accelerated oxidative stress state, were recruited and randomly assigned to take daily 70 ml of 100% camu-camu juice, corresponding to 1050 mg of vitamin C (camu-camu group; n=10) or 1050 mg of vitamin C tablets (vitamin C group; n=10) for 7 days. RESULTS: After 7 days, oxidative stress markers such as the levels of urinary 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (P<0.05) and total reactive oxygen species (P<0.01) and inflammatory markers such as serum levels of high sensitivity C reactive protein (P<0.05), interleukin (IL) 6 (P<0.05), and IL-8 (P<0.01) decreased significantly in the camu-camu group, while there was no change in the vitamin C group. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that camu-camu juice may have powerful anti-oxidative and anti inflammatory properties, compared to vitamin C tablets containing equivalent vitamin C content. These effects may be due to the existence of unknown anti oxidant substances besides vitamin C or unknown substances modulating in vivo vitamin C kinetics in camu-camu. PMID- 18922387 TI - Comparison of 64-slice multi-detector computed tomography coronary angiography between asymptomatic, type 2 diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance patients. AB - BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease is the most frequent cause of death and disability for diabetic patients, and patients with diabetes are more likely to have silent ischemia. Multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) allows non invasive assessment of coronary artery stenosis and plaque properties. In this study, we investigated whether 64-slice MDCT can non-invasively identify significant coronary artery stenosis in asymptomatic, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: The study population consisted of 154 consecutive asymptomatic patients [IGT (n=93), T2DM (n=61)]. All patients underwent contrast-enhanced 64-slice MDCT. The number of diseased coronary segments was classified as showing obstructive (> or = 50% luminal narrowing) disease or not. Significant coronary stenosis was detected in 43 (27.9%) of 154 enrolled patients. Patients with T2DM showed significantly more coronary stenosis than patients with IGT (41% vs. 19.4%; p<0.01). Twenty-three patients [14.9%; IGT (n=9), T2DM (n=14)] underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for severe stenosis. Patients with T2DM showed significantly more calcified plaque than IGT (47.5% vs. 29%; p<0.05), but not significantly more soft plaque (19.7% vs. 15.1%; ns), or significantly different remodeling index (1.05+/-0.18 vs. 1.04+/-0.21; ns), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: 64-Slice MDCT can non-invasively identify significant coronary artery stenosis in asymptomatic, T2DM and IGT patients. PMID- 18922388 TI - Chlamydia pneumoniae IgA and elevated level of IL-6 may synergize to accelerate coronary artery disease. AB - OBJECTIVES: A strong association of cytokines [interleukin (IL)-6, IL-2 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha] with atherosclerosis is well documented. However, their role in Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cp)-associated progression of coronary artery disease (CAD) is not well studied. Hence we evaluated the presence of these cytokines in CAD patients positive for Cp immunoglobulin (Ig) A (low, medium, and high levels) CAD and compared with controls. Also the physiological and baseline characteristics in IL-6 positive CAD patients were studied. METHODS: During the period from March 2005 to June 2007, 192 CAD patients and controls attending the cardiology clinic of Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India were enrolled. ELISA was performed for the estimation of Cp IgA, high sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), and cytokines IL-6, IL-2, and TNF-alpha in CAD patients and controls. RESULTS: IL-6 was significantly higher in CAD patents with medium and higher Cp IgA levels (35 vs. 10 and 32 vs. 4) compared to controls. Physiological features and baseline characteristics of CAD were significantly higher in IL-6 positive CAD patients. Additionally, in CAD patients IL-6 was significantly correlated with hsCRP (p<0.001, r=0.42). CONCLUSIONS: Our results lead us to hypothesize the role of IL-6 in the pathogenesis of CAD, which may subsequently get accelerated through Cp infection. PMID- 18922389 TI - Symptomatic ventricular tachyarrhythmia is associated with delayed gadolinium enhancement in cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and with elevated plasma brain natriuretic peptide level in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. AB - BACKGROUND: Delayed gadolinium enhancement (DGE) in cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging indicates the areas with myocardial fibrosis, which are suggested to be arrhythmogenic substrate in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Elevated brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is associated with cardiovascular events in HCM. We investigated the grade of DGE in CMR and plasma BNP levels in HCM patients with or without symptomatic ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF). METHODS AND RESULTS: We recruited 26 consecutive untreated HCM patients without any symptoms of heart failure. They were divided into 2 groups: (1) patients with symptomatic VT/VF [VT/VF(+) group, n=6]; (2) patients without symptomatic VT/VF [VT/VF(-) group, n=20]. CMR was performed to evaluate left ventricular geometry and the grade of DGE. Plasma BNP levels, left ventricular mass index, and the number of segments with positive DGE were greater in the VT/VF(+) group than in the VT/VF(-) group (698.1+/-387.6 vs. 226.9+/-256.8 pg/ml, p=0.006; 152.3+/-49.5 vs. 89.5+/-24.1 g/m(2), p=0.003; 9.7+/-5.7 vs. 3.5+/-3.3, p=0.013). On logistic regression, adjusted odds ratio for symptomatic VT/VF was 214 for logBNP (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2-37,043, p=0.04) and 1.54 for DGE score (95% CI 1.01-2.34, p=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: High plasma BNP levels and the enlarged area of DGE in CMR were associated with symptomatic ventricular tachyarrhythmia. These factors may be useful markers for detecting high-risk patients of sudden cardiac death in HCM. PMID- 18922390 TI - The importance of serial cardiac troponin measurement for evaluating the response to immunosuppressive therapy for myocarditis. AB - A 71-year-old woman was admitted to our department because of acute myocarditis. She was ameliorated with conventional heart failure treatment, however she developed left ventricular dilatation and cardiac troponin T (cTnT) was elevated again to >1.0 ng/ml 6 month after the first admission. She was re-admitted because of recurrent decompensated heart failure in spite of conventional treatment. Right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy revealed active myocarditis. Immunosuppressive therapy with prednisolone and azathioprine improved her symptoms and left ventricular function accompanied by a striking decrease of cTnT levels. The decreased cTnT level indicated an effective response to immunosuppression early after the beginning of treatment. These findings suggested that it is possible to evaluate the response to immunosuppressive therapy by serial measurement of cardiac troponin. PMID- 18922391 TI - Mitral regurgitation resulting from the consecutive multiple perforations by infective endocarditis mimicking the isolated anterior mitral cleft. AB - A 60-year-old man, suffering from sustained cough and dyspnea on effort, was diagnosed as congestive heart failure. He did not yield the history of having fever or other inflammatory events. His physical examination disclosed a pan systolic murmur at the apex. Transthoracic color Doppler echocardiography showed moderate to severe mitral regurgitation originated from the linear tear of the anterior mitral leaflet. The tear reached to the mid-portion of the leaflet just within the postero-medial commissure and the regurgitant flow convergence was not hemispheric, but box-like shaped, suggesting that the linear tear was the isolated mitral cleft. Transesophageal echocardiography showed the almost same findings and we found no other anomalies. Surgical treatment was selected to repair the mitral regurgitation. Under operation, we found three consecutive perforations located linearly in the anterior mitral leaflet. The mitral valve replaced with the prosthetic one. The pathological examination of the resected valve showed mucinous degeneration of the chordae tendineae and fibrinoid change without inflammatory cellular infiltration. These findings were compatible with the healed infective endocarditis. Here we experienced a curious case of mitral regurgitation, caused by consecutive three mitral perforations mimicking the isolated anterior mitral cleft. PMID- 18922392 TI - A large dissecting sub-epicardial hematoma and cardiac tamponade following elective percutaneous coronary intervention. AB - A 70-year-old woman was performed percutaneous coronary intervention at the stenotic lesion of the 1st diagonal branch. Soon after stenting, cardiac tamponade occurred and emergent cardiac surgery was performed. A large epicardial hematoma was observed in the antero-lateral wall that was compressing the distal diagonal branch. The patient died of multi-organ failure 3 days after surgery. An autopsy of her heart revealed an extensive intramural hematoma in the left ventricular wall. There was no evidence of perforation of the stented lesion. The suspected cause was neither coronary perforation nor coronary rupture of target lesion. PMID- 18922393 TI - Papillary muscle dysfunction and ischemic mitral regurgitation. PMID- 18922394 TI - Association of cytochrome P450 1B1 gene expression in peripheral leukocytes with blood lipid levels in waste incinerator workers. AB - PURPOSE: This study investigated whether CYP1B1 gene expression was associated with blood lipids levels. METHODS: Workers from a municipal waste incineration plant in Taiwan participated in a questionnaire survey and physical examination and provided fasting blood samples for blood lipid analysis. CYP1B1 gene expression in workers' leukocytes was determined with the real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction method, and 112 workers were categorized into three groups (low-, medium-, and high-expression) by their relative CYP1B1 gene expression levels. Multiple regression analyses were used to assess the association between blood lipid parameter and CYP1B1 expression. RESULTS: High density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was significantly lower in the high CYP1B1 expression group than in the low- and medium-expression groups (parameter estimate [standard error]=-7.16 [2.42] and -7.02 [2.46] mg/dL, respectively), after controlling for age, sex, CYP1B1 genotype, duration of employment, current number of cigarettes smoked per day, current alcohol drinking status, and body mass index. Triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and total cholesterol were not significantly different among the CYP1B1 expression groups. Furthermore, workers carrying the CYP1B1 *3 allele had significantly higher mean HDL, LDL, and total cholesterol, respectively, than those with CYP1B1 *1/ *1. CONCLUSIONS: CYP1B1 expression was associated with decreased HDL cholesterol levels in incinerator workers. PMID- 18922395 TI - Statistical analysis of air pollution panel studies: an illustration. AB - PURPOSE: The panel study design is commonly used to evaluate the short-term health effects of air pollution. Standard statistical methods are available for analyzing longitudinal data, but the literature reveals that these methods are poorly understood by practitioners. METHODS: We review standard statistical methods for modeling longitudinal data. Marginal, conditional, and transitional approaches are reviewed and contrasted with respect to their parameter interpretation and methods for accounting for correlation and dealing with missing data. We also discuss techniques for controlling for time-dependent and time-independent confounding and for exploring and summarizing panel study data. Notes on available software are provided. RESULTS: These methods are illustrated by using data from the 1999 to 2002 Seattle Panel Study. CONCLUSIONS: The quality of statistical analyses and presentation of results of panel studies could be improved if the methods we present were followed. PMID- 18922396 TI - Disparities in self-reported hypertension in Hispanic subgroups, non-Hispanic black and non-Hispanic white adults: the national health interview survey. AB - PURPOSE: To investigate the prevalence of self-reported hypertension in Hispanic subgroups and non-Hispanic adults in the National Health Interview Survey for years 1997 to 2005, we examined 279,387 records, including 48,630 records for Hispanic adults. METHODS: Self-reported hypertension was ascertained through the question, "Have you ever been told by a doctor or health professional that you have hypertension, also called high blood pressure?" Logistic regression was used to assess the strength of the association between race/ethnicity (Puerto Rican, Mexican, Mexican American, Cuban, Dominican, Central and South American, other Hispanic, and non-Hispanic black versus non-Hispanic white adults) and self reported hypertension before and after adjusting for selected characteristics. RESULTS: After adjusting for selected sociodemographic and health-related characteristics, Dominican and non-Hispanic black adults had 67% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.23-2.27) and 48% (95% CI, 1.41-1.56) greater odds of reporting hypertension than non-Hispanic white adults. In contrast, Mexican (odds ratio [OR], 0.73; 95% CI, 0.65-0.82), Mexican-American (OR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.72-0.88), and Central and South American adults (OR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.69-0.93) had lower odds of reporting hypertension than non-Hispanic white adults. The association between race/ethnicity and self-reported hypertension differs with sex, nativity status/length of stay in the United States, and education. CONCLUSIONS: This study underscores the need for data disaggregation beyond the existing racial/ethnic categories in the United States to reflect the heterogeneity and health disparities masked not only for the population under the Hispanic category but also for populations under other categories considered homogenous. PMID- 18922397 TI - Birth-cohort patterns of mortality from ulcerative colitis and peptic ulcer. AB - PURPOSE: The aim was to follow the time trends of mortality from ulcerative colitis and compare them with those of gastric and duodenal ulcer. METHODS: Mortality data from 21 different countries between 1941 and 2004 were analyzed. The age-specific death rates of each individual country, as well as the average age-specific rates of all countries, were plotted against the periods of birth and death. RESULTS: The average trends of mortality from ulcerative colitis, gastric and duodenal ulcer reveal distinctive and unique birth-cohort patterns of all three diseases. Similar to both types of peptic ulcer, the risk of developing ulcerative colitis started to rise in successive generations born during the second half of the 19(th) century. It peaked shortly before the turn of the century and has continued to decline since then. The rise and fall in the occurrence of ulcerative colitis preceded those of both ulcer types. CONCLUSION: The birth-cohort pattern indicates that exposure to the relevant risk factors of ulcerative colitis occurs during early life. As the model of H. pylori and its associated birth-cohort patterns of gastric and duodenal ulcer suggest, an enteric infection provides a possible explanation for such temporal trends of ulcerative colitis as well. PMID- 18922398 TI - Comments on Boone et al., "Validation of a GIS facilities database: quantification and implications of error". PMID- 18922400 TI - Comparison of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha expression before and after transcatheter arterial embolization in rabbit VX2 liver tumors. AB - PURPOSE: To test the hypothesis that transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) induces expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) within the same rabbit VX2 liver tumor. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seven VX2 tumors were grown in the livers of five New Zealand white rabbits. Ultrasonography-guided biopsy was performed before and 10 minutes after TAE in all tumors. Pre- and post-TAE tumor biopsy specimens along with post-TAE whole liver tumor sections were stained with HIF-1alpha antibody and analyzed for percentage of HIF-1alpha positive nuclei by using a spectral unmixing system mounted on a high-powered microscope. Statistical data comparisons were performed with the Wilcoxon signed rank test (alpha = 0.05). RESULTS: TAE of liver tumors resulted in a statistically significant increase in the mean percentage of HIF-1alpha expression. The mean percentage of HIF-1alpha-positive stained nuclei increased from 23% +/- 3.5 in pre-TAE biopsy specimens to 41% +/- 8.7 in post-TAE biopsy specimens (P < .02). The increase was even more significant when the mean percentage of HIF-1alpha-positive stained nuclei from the same pre-TAE biopsy specimens was compared with sections from post-TAE whole tumor specimens (60% +/- 8.9, P < .02). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study revealed that hypoxia caused by TAE of VX2 liver tumors activates HIF-1alpha, a transcription factor that in turn regulates other pro-angiogenic factors. PMID- 18922402 TI - Endoscopic sedation: preparing for the future. Proceedings of a meeting. November 2007. New York City, New York, USA. PMID- 18922403 TI - The pre- and postprocedure assessment of patients undergoing sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy. AB - A thorough and efficient pre-procedure evaluation of the patient's readiness to undergo sedation for endoscopy is essential. This evaluation will allow the formulation of an appropriate sedation plan for the patient, resulting in a safe and effective examination. The post procedure assessment of the patient confirms readiness for discharge and allows for appropriate patient education and follow up planning. PMID- 18922404 TI - Endoscopic sedation: equipment and personnel. AB - Endoscopic sedation is changing, in response to economic pressures, regulatory requirements, and new technology. Each endoscopy unit must tailor its personnel and equipment practices to its particular case mix, sedation preferences, and to its external environment. This article discusses sedation-related considerations regarding procedure room design, equipment for drug administration, equipment for patient monitoring, equipment for managing emergencies, and staff selection, training, and responsibilities. PMID- 18922405 TI - Patient monitoring during gastrointestinal endoscopy: why, when, and how? AB - Patient monitoring is intended to reduce the risk of sedation-related cardiopulmonary complications. Physiological monitoring and visual assessment by a qualified individual should be routine during endoscopic procedures. Additionally, ventilatory monitoring should be considered for high-risk patients and those receiving sedation with propofol. PMID- 18922406 TI - Endoscopic sedation: legislative update and implications for reimbursement. AB - Endoscopic sedation has traditionally been considered to be an element of the endoscopic examination. Endoscopists, together with endoscopy nurses, administered benzodiazepines and opioids with acceptable safety and efficiency. Today, sedation practices for endoscopy have become more diversified due to the entry of anesthesia specialists into the endoscopy unit, gastroenterologist directed propofol administration, and prolonged diagnostic and therapeutic procedures that require deeper sedation. The economic implications of these changes in sedation are examined in this article. PMID- 18922407 TI - The difficult-to-sedate patient in the endoscopy suite. AB - More than 20 million endoscopic procedures are performed in the United States annually. More than 98% of these endoscopies are performed with sedation. This includes both diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Sedation reduces a patient's anxiety and discomfort, often improving their satisfaction with the procedure. Sedation creates a relaxed patient and a relaxed procedure environment allowing for a successful endoscopic examination. PMID- 18922408 TI - The role of the endoscopy nurse or assistant in endoscopic sedation. AB - Properly trained nursing personnel and allied staff are essential to the safe and effective practice of endoscopic sedation. Such individuals should possess a thorough understanding of the pharmacology of sedation agents, as well as the ability to monitor patients under sedation, recognize potential complications, and initiate appropriate and timely interventions. The endoscopy nurse or assistant must also understand their institutional policies and procedures pertaining to procedural sedation. PMID- 18922409 TI - Providing safe sedation/analgesia: an anesthesiologist's perspective. AB - Over the past several years office-based procedures with sedation have become increasingly more common. It must be appreciated that not all procedures are well suited for this type of environment. Unacceptable ones would include those associated with significant fluid shifts, post-operative pain, bleeding or procedures of long duration. Since esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) and colonoscopy are relatively non-invasive, of short duration, and not associated with either fluid shifts or significant post-procedure discomfort. In appropriate patients, these procedures are well-suited to office-based practice. PMID- 18922410 TI - Gastroenterologist-directed propofol: an update. AB - Gastroenterologist directed propofol has been proven safe in more than 220,000 published cases. Administration of low doses of opioid and/or benzodiazepine ("balanced propofol sedation") is the safest format for gastroenterologist directed propofol. Specific training is needed to undertake gastroenterologist directed propofol administration. PMID- 18922411 TI - Propofol use by gastroenterologists-the European experience. AB - The administration of propofol as a sedative in gastrointestinal endoscopies became very popular in many European countries during the last years. Nevertheless there are huge regional differences in the way that the drug is used. Switzerland, the country with highest propagation of gastroenterologist guided propofol sedation, serves as a case study of its safe use in daily practice. The experiences of this spread are summarized in this article. PMID- 18922412 TI - Endoscopic sedation in pediatric practice. AB - Best sedation practices for pediatric endoscopy involve the consideration of many patient factors, including age, medical history, clinical status, and anxiety level, as well as physician access to anesthesia support. A recent survey of pediatric gastroenterologists suggests that endoscopist-administered intravenous (iv) sedation and anesthesiologist-administered propofol represent common sedation regimens in children. Technical advances in ventilatory monitoring are contributing to increased patient safety for all children undergoing gastrointestinal procedures, regardless of sedation type. PMID- 18922413 TI - A performance improvement program for community-based gastroenterology. AB - A robust performance improvement program based in a community gastrointestinal (GI) practice is described. The need for continual improvement and attention to both quality and the bottom line is now essential for independent GI practices. This article provides both a roadmap for developing a program and benchmarks derived from a large integrated single specialty GI practice. PMID- 18922414 TI - Airway management for the uninitiated. AB - The 21(st) century has witnessed burgeoning interest in airway management. Pertinent basic sciences are covered in numerous texts and lectures. This article presents clinical information required to perform airway management. It serves as a primer for those interested in learning airway management skills. It does not replace extensive practice under the tutelage of expert airway managers. PMID- 18922415 TI - Endoscopic sedation: medicolegal considerations. AB - The availability of endoscopy as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool has caused the number of procedures performed in the United States to greatly increase; additionally, the volume and complexity of endoscopic procedures performed under sedation, including difficult procedures performed on frail and severely ill patients, has increased. The goals of endoscopic sedation are to provide patients with a successful procedure and to ensure that they remain safe and are relieved from anxiety and discomfort; agents should provide efficient, appropriate sedation and allow patients to recover rapidly. Sedation is usually both safe and effective; however, complications may ensue. This article will explore medicolegal aspects of sedation, such as the importance of informed consent for sedation, the difficulties of assessing withdrawal of consent in a sedated patient, and the need for sedation monitoring which meets accepted standard of care. Controversies involving GI directed propofol and the use of anesthesia personnel to deliver sedation for endoscopy are also discussed. PMID- 18922416 TI - Future directions in endoscopic sedation. AB - The role of sedation in endoscopic procedures has increased and so has the demand for advances in its administration. The pursuit of new agents or administration techniques and their study specific to endoscopic nonsurgical procedures is necessary to improve patient comfort and safety.The science of moderate and deep sedation specific to endoscopy is fledgling but approaching new horizons. PMID- 18922417 TI - Human patient simulation and its role in endoscopic sedation training. AB - Patient simulation is now considered to be a valid method for the education and evaluation of providers of sedation. Using full-scale human simulators to provide a realistic setting, participants can acquire skills for patient monitoring, administration of sedation medications, and the recognition and management of critical events. Although obstacles to its implementation exist, it appears likely that simulation training will become an integral part of training for providers of procedural sedation. PMID- 18922418 TI - If nothing goes wrong, is everything all right? PMID- 18922419 TI - Can ROTEM thromboelastometry predict postoperative bleeding after cardiac surgery? AB - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the predictive ability of ROTEM thromboelastometry (Pentapharm, Basel, Switzerland) to identify patients bleeding more than 200 mL/h in the early postoperative period after cardiac surgery. DESIGN: A prospective observational study. SETTING: A single university hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty eight adult male and female patients undergoing primary coronary artery revascularization. INTERVENTIONS: Blood samples taken preoperatively and at 1, 2, and 3 hours after surgery. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Eight patients bled at least 200 mL/h in the study period. All (100%) had at least 1 abnormal ROTEM result in the study period. Of the 49 patients not found to be bleeding more than 200 mL/h in any of the first 4 postoperative hours, 46 (94%) had at least 1 abnormal ROTEM result. The positive and negative predictive values were 14.8% and 100%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: ROTEM thromboelastometry has poor predictive utility to identify patients who bleed more than 200 mL/h in the early postoperative period after cardiac surgery. However, its negative predictive value was good. PMID- 18922420 TI - Perioperative coagulation management and blood conservation in cardiac surgery: a Canadian Survey. AB - OBJECTIVE: To determine which strategies are currently used for (anti)coagulation management and blood conservation during cardiac surgery in Canada. DESIGN: Institutional survey. SETTING: University hospital. PARTICIPANTS: All sites performing cardiac surgery in Canada. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The response rate was 85%. Anticoagulation with heparin is monitored routinely through the activated coagulation time (ACT). Less than 10% of centers use heparin concentrations (Hepcon HMS, Medtronic), thromboelastography, or other point-of-care tests perioperatively. Eighty percent of centers routinely use tranexamic acid as the primary antifibrinolytic agent; however aprotinin until recently, was used more commonly for patients at increased risk for bleeding. Retrograde autologous prime is commonly used (62%); however, cell savers are uncommon for routine patients undergoing cardiac surgery (29%). Although most hospitals use a hematocrit of 20% to 21% for transfusing red blood cells, more than 50% of intensive care units do not have written guidelines for the administration of protamine, fresh frozen plasma, platelets, or factor VIIa. At least one third of centers do not audit their transfusion practices regularly. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of Canadian institutions do not use point-of-care tests other than ACT. Most institutions do not have algorithms for management of bleeding following cardiac surgery and at least 30% do not monitor their transfusion practice perioperatively. Cardiac surgery patients in Canada may benefit from a standardized approach to blood conservation in the perioperative period. PMID- 18922421 TI - Sonoclot analysis in coronary artery surgery: a comparison between patients with unstable coronary artery disease treated with enoxaparin before surgery and patients with stable coronary artery disease not treated with enoxaparin. AB - OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether perioperative Sonoclot analyses could identify differences in hemostatic function between a group of patients with unstable coronary artery disease treated with low-molecular-weight heparin until the evening before surgery and a group of patients with stable coronary artery disease not treated with low-molecular-weight heparin. DESIGN: Prospective and observational investigation. SETTING: A university hospital, single institution. PARTICIPANTS: Patients scheduled for coronary artery bypass surgery. INTERVENTIONS: Blood samples for Sonoclot analysis were drawn preoperatively, 5 minutes after the administration of heparin, immediately after and 20 minutes after cardiopulmonary bypass was established, and 30 minutes and 3 and 20 hours after the end of surgery in a group of patients with unstable coronary artery disease and a group of patients with stable coronary artery disease. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The Sonoclot variables sonACT, coagulation rate, time to peak, amplitude of the peak, and R3 were recorded. The sonACT was significantly lower in the enoxaparin group compared with the control group, whereas the coagulation rate was significantly higher in the enoxaparin group. There were no statistically significant differences in time to peak, amplitude of the peak, and R3 between the 2 study groups. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of a hypercoagulable state in patients with unstable coronary artery disease is indicated by the significantly higher coagulation rate observed in this group compared with the control group. Further larger studies are needed for evaluation of the usefulness of Sonoclot analysis in the monitoring of hemostatic function in patients with unstable coronary artery disease. PMID- 18922422 TI - Monitoring recombinant factor VIIa treatment: efficacy depends on high levels of fibrinogen in a model of severe dilutional coagulopathy. AB - OBJECTIVES: Recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) is increasingly being given to treat massive bleeding. However, there is no clear guidance on which patients are suitable for treatment and how the effects of treatment should be monitored. The aim of this in vitro study was to assess the coagulation status of severely hemodiluted blood samples before and after treatment with therapeutic doses of rFVIIa and/or fibrinogen with 2 viscoelastic point-of-care coagulation analyzers: ROTEM (Pentapharm GmbH, Munich, Germany) and Sonoclot (Sienco Inc, Arvada, CO). DESIGN: Laboratory study. SETTING: Research coagulation laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Ten healthy male volunteers without hereditary or acquired coagulation disorders. INTERVENTIONS: Blood samples were obtained. After severe hemodilution with albumin 5%, therapeutic doses of rFVIIa and/or fibrinogen were added, and the coagulation status was assessed with new 1:1,000 diluted tissue factor-activated tests from ROTEM and Sonoclot. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The administration of therapeutic doses of rFVIIa to hemodiluted samples shortened the initiation phase of coagulation only. Isolated fibrinogen administration to physiologic levels improved both the initiation of coagulation as well as clot formation and strength. Combined fibrinogen and rFVIIa administration further improved both effects. CONCLUSIONS: ROTEM and Sonoclot were able to monitor the effects of rFVIIa and fibrinogen administration with 1:1,000 diluted tissue factor-activated tests. The efficacy of rFVIIa was largely dependent on the presence of high levels of fibrinogen in reversing this severe dilutional coagulopathy. PMID- 18922423 TI - Arterial pulse cardiac output agreement with thermodilution in patients in hyperdynamic conditions. AB - OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare continuous cardiac output (CCO) obtained using the arterial pulse wave (APCO) measurement with a simultaneous measurement of the intermittent cardiac output (ICO) and CCO obtained with a pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) in liver transplant patients. DESIGN: A prospective, single-center evaluation. SETTING: A university hospital intensive care unit. PATIENTS: Eighteen patients after liver transplantation. INTERVENTIONS: Pulmonary artery catheters were placed in all patients, and ICO and CCO were determined using thermodilution. APCO measurements were made with the Vigileo System (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The authors obtained 126 data pairs of ICO and APCO and 864 pairs of CCO and APCO. ICO data were collected after intensive care unit admission and every 8 hours until the 48th postoperative hour. CCO and APCO data were collected every hour from admission until the 48th postoperative hour. Bias and precision were 0.95 +/- 1.41 L/min for ICO versus APCO and 1.29 +/- 1.28 L/min for CCO and APCO. Bias and precision for cardiac output (CO) data pairs less than 8 L/min were 0.32 +/- 1.14 L/min between ICO and APCO and 0.71 +/- 0.98 L/min between CCO and APCO. For CO data pairs higher than 8 L/min, bias and precision were 1.79 +/- 1.54 L/min between ICO and APCO and 2.25 +/- 1.14 L/min between CCO and APCO. CONCLUSIONS: APCO enables the assessment of CO with clinically acceptable bias and precision. At higher CO levels, APCO underestimates PAC measurements and it is not as reliable as thermodilution in hyperdynamic liver transplant patients. PMID- 18922424 TI - The effects of vasodilation on cardiac output measured by PiCCO. AB - OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of vasodilation on cardiac output (CO) measured by pulse contour method using PiCCO (Pulsion Medical Systems AG, Munich, Germany) in comparison with CO by the thermodilution method. DESIGN: A prospective observational study. SETTINGS: An operating room in a university hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty patients scheduled for off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. INTERVENTIONS: After anesthesia induction with midazolam, fentanyl, and vecuronium, the PiCCO catheter and pulmonary artery catheter were inserted. Before the initiation of surgery, progressively higher infusions of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) were administered for vasodilation. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: CO was measured before PGE1 (control); at PGE1 0.01, 0.02, and 0.04 microg/kg/min; and 15 minutes after stopping PGE1 infusion. Systemic vascular resistances (SVRs) at PGE1 0.02 and 0.04 microg/kg/min were significantly lower than the control value. The correlation coefficient (R(2)) at each point, percentage error, and limits of agreement (bias +/- 2 standard deviation of bias) were 0.89, 17, -0.21 +/- 0.53 before PGE1; 0.72, 27, -0.31 +/- 0.93 at 0.01 microg/kg/min; 0.53, 40, -0.62 +/- 1.41 at 0.02 microg/kg/min; 0.57, 34, -0.61 +/- 1.26 at 0.04 microg/kg/min; and 0.97, 21, -0.14 +/- 0.69 L/min 15 minutes after the end of infusion, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: PiCCO may not be an alternative to thermodilution measurement without recalibration when SVR decreases by infusion of PGE1 > or = 0.02 microg/kg/min. PMID- 18922425 TI - Levosimendan in aortic valve surgery: cardiac performance and recovery. AB - OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that levosimendan has beneficial effects on cardiac performance and that the need for other vasoactive medications during and after cardiac surgery would be reduced by levosimendan in patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) and left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy. DESIGN: A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled clinical study. SETTING: A university hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty four patients scheduled for aortic valve surgery with or without coronary artery bypass graft surgery were enrolled in the study. INTERVENTIONS: Twelve patients received a 24-hour levosimendan infusion (0.2 microg/kg/min) beginning after the induction of anesthesia, and 12 patients received a placebo infusion. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Left ventricular ejection fraction, measured before study drug infusion, was lower in the treatment group than in the control group (42% v 54%, p = 0.015). After sternum closure, the ejection fraction dropped in the control group but was maintained at the same level in the treatment group (45% v 48%, not significant). Mixed venous and central venous saturations were significantly lower in the treatment group than in the control group at the baseline, but after the beginning of the study drug infusion, the groups were similar throughout the rest of the follow-up period. The treatment group required more norepinephrine during the operation and less nitroprusside postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: Low output is a result of myocardial stunning and is common after cardiopulmonary bypass. According to the present results, levosimendan may be useful in patients with severe AS and LV hypertrophy because it may prevent LV function from dropping to a critically low level postoperatively. Levosimendan causes vasodilation and thereby decreases mean arterial pressure, but this can be controlled with the use of norepinephrine. PMID- 18922426 TI - A randomized trial evaluating different modalities of levosimendan administration in cardiac surgery patients with myocardial dysfunction. AB - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of 2 different administration modalities of levosimendan (start before cardiopulmonary bypass [CPB] and at the end of CPB) compared with a standard treatment with milrinone started at the end of CPB in cardiac surgery patients with a preoperative ejection fraction <30%. DESIGN: A prospective study. SETTING: A university hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Sixty patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery with CPB. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomly assigned to 3 different treatment options for weaning from CPB after cardiac surgery. Group A received milrinone, 0.5 microg/kg/min, after the release of the aortic cross-clamp; group B received levosimendan, 0.1 microg/kg/min, after the induction of anesthesia; and in group C, levosimendan, 0.1 microg/kg/min, was started immediately after the release of the aortic cross clamp. In all patients, additional dobutamine, 5 microg/kg/min, was initiated after the release of the aortic cross-clamp. Norepinephrine maintained mean arterial pressure constant. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Stroke volume after surgery was initially higher than at baseline in all groups and highest in group B. Stroke volume declined 12 hours after surgery in group A but not in groups B and C (p < 0.05 between groups), despite similar filling pressures. Four patients in group A, none in group B, and 1 in group C died within 30 days of surgery. Postoperative atrial fibrillation was observed in 10 patients in group A, 7 patients in group C, and only 1 in group B (p < 0.01). No differences were observed in postoperative troponin I release among groups. CONCLUSION: In the conditions of the present study, starting the levosimendan treatment before CPB was associated with a higher initial postoperative stroke volume and a lower incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation, but had no effect on the extent of postoperative troponin I release. PMID- 18922427 TI - Myocardial performance index is a predictor of outcome after abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. AB - OBJECTIVE: Perioperative measurement of the myocardial performance index (MPI) with transesophageal echocardiography in patients undergoing elective abdominal aortic aneurysm repair and its association with outcome. DESIGN: A prospective observational study. SETTING: A tertiary care university hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Patients undergoing elective abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. INTERVENTION: Perioperative transesophageal echocardiography. MEASUREMENTS: Fifty-one consecutive patients undergoing elective abdominal aortic aneurysm repair were enrolled in the study. The MPI was calculated by using pulse-wave Doppler from the midesophageal window and the deep transgastric position of the probe. In addition, diastolic function was measured as the slope of the transmitral flow propagation velocity, and ejection fraction was calculated as a measure of ventricular systolic function. Comparisons between subjects with uncomplicated versus adverse outcomes were made by using a Mann-Whitney U test. Comparison of the incidence of adverse outcome among subjects with normal and elevated MPIs was made by using a Fisher exact test. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: It was possible to calculate MPI in all patients with transesophageal echocardiography perioperatively. Patients with adverse postoperative outcomes had an elevated MPI as compared with those without any adverse outcome (0.50 v 0.30, p < 0.001). Also, an MPI of > or = 0.36 was associated with a statistically significant higher incidence of complications (congestive heart failure/prolonged intubation) (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The MPI is an easily obtained echocardiographic measure of global ventricular performance, which can be measured perioperatively and may be useful as a prospective risk stratification index for patients undergoing elective abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery. PMID- 18922428 TI - Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) III outcome prediction after major vascular surgery. AB - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the performance of the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) III scoring system in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) after major vascular surgery. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: A tertiary referral center. PARTICIPANTS: Three thousand one hundred forty-eight patients who underwent major vascular surgery between October 1994 and March 2006. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Data were abstracted from an institutional APACHE III database. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) (with 95% confidence intervals) were calculated. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and Hosmer-Lemeshow C statistic were used to assess discrimination and calibration, respectively. The mean age of 3,148 patients studied was 70.5 years (+/- standard deviation 9.6). The mean Acute Physiology Score and the APACHE III score on the day of ICU admission were 31.0 (+/- 17.5) and 45.1 (+/- 18.8), respectively. The mean predicted ICU and hospital mortality rates were 3.2% (+/- 7.8%) and 5.0% (+/- 9.5%), respectively. The median (and interquartile range) ICU and hospital lengths of stay were 4.3 (3.6-5.1) and 14 days (11.9-16.8 days), respectively. The observed ICU mortality rate was 2.4% (75/3, 148 patients) and hospital mortality rate was 3.7% (116/3,148). The ICU and hospital SMRs were 0.74 (0.58 0.91) and 0.74 (0.61-0.88), respectively. The AUC of APACHE III-derived prediction of hospital mortality was 0.840 (95% confidence interval, 0.799 0.880), indicating excellent discrimination. The Hosmer-Lemeshow C statistic was 28.492, with a p value <0.01, indicating poor calibration. CONCLUSIONS: The APACHE III scoring system discriminates well between survivors and nonsurvivors after major vascular surgery, but calibration of the model is poor. PMID- 18922429 TI - Acquired von Willebrand syndrome in cardiac patients. PMID- 18922430 TI - An unusual cause of a prolonged activated coagulation time during cardiac surgery: congenital hypofibrinogenemia. PMID- 18922431 TI - A case of catastrophic pulmonary vasoconstriction after protamine administration in cardiac surgery: role of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography. PMID- 18922432 TI - Fatal heparin-induced thrombocytopenia 8 months after prior exposure to heparin. PMID- 18922433 TI - Antiphospholipid syndrome: intraoperative and postoperative anticoagulation in cardiac surgery. PMID- 18922434 TI - Severe intraoperative anaphylactic reaction: aprotinin and rocuronium. PMID- 18922435 TI - Is sevoflurane and remifentanil induction of anesthesia safe in children with severe dilated cardiomyopathy? PMID- 18922436 TI - Vasodilatory shock during cardiopulmonary bypass in Bartter syndrome. PMID- 18922437 TI - The perioperative management of a patient with Fontan physiology for pheochromocytoma resection. PMID- 18922438 TI - Obstruction of pulmonary artery catheterization because of lipomatous hypertrophy of the interatrial septum. PMID- 18922439 TI - Postconditioning by volatile anesthetics: salvaging ischemic myocardium at reperfusion by activation of prosurvival signaling. PMID- 18922440 TI - Visualization of the distal ascending aorta with A-Mode transesophageal echocardiography. PMID- 18922441 TI - CASE 5 - 2008: Epidural Hematoma: when is it safe to heparinize after the removal of an epidural catheter? PMID- 18922442 TI - Pro: The role of recombinant factor VIIa in cardiac surgery. PMID- 18922443 TI - Con: The role of recombinant factor VIIa in the control of bleeding after cardiac surgery. PMID- 18922444 TI - New cardiac mass during cardiopulmonary bypass. PMID- 18922445 TI - To flow or not to flow: that is the question in this chronic aortic dissection. PMID- 18922446 TI - Interactive TEE Review. PMID- 18922447 TI - Intraoperative echocardiographic detection of an anomalous left main coronary artery. PMID- 18922448 TI - Intraoperative thrombosis from a heparin-containing irrigation solution in a patient with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. PMID- 18922449 TI - Mild nonpara-/nontransvalvular leakage of a stented porcine valve implanted in the mitral position decreased after the administration of protamine and disappeared after surgery. PMID- 18922450 TI - Regarding epidural catheters and drug-eluting stents. PMID- 18922451 TI - Clot formation in a blood-collection bag used for acute normovolemic hemodilution. PMID- 18922452 TI - Biliary interventions--Part 2. Introduction. PMID- 18922453 TI - Computed tomography and magnetic resonance cholangiography. AB - In patients with biliary obstruction, determining the level and the cause of the obstruction is essential because it can be a key factor for the next step in diagnostic or therapeutic intervention. Noninvasive cholangiography, such as computed tomography (CT) cholangiography or magnetic resonance (MR) cholangiography, allows the diagnosis of cause and level of biliary disease with minimal risk. Traditional magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is an established and effective noninvasive diagnostic modality particularly for extrahepatic biliary tract evaluation. Intrahepatic biliary duct evaluation and functional MR, including evaluating for leaks and gallbladder dyskinesia and outlet obstruction, are evolving diagnostic techniques that show promising results. CT cholangiography techniques are especially useful when MRI is not available or contraindicated or when the quality of MRCP images is suboptimal. CT cholangiography is particularly useful as an adjunct to surgery or postsurgical cases. The primary limitation of cholangiographic contrast-enhanced CT cholangiography (the most prevalent type of CT cholangiography) is its hindrance by poor liver function and/or high-grade biliary obstruction. In this setting MRCP is clearly superior. There are different types of CT cholangiography and MRCP. This article discusses the types of CT cholangiography and MRCP techniques and their clinical applications. PMID- 18922454 TI - Unconventional cholangiography. AB - Conventional imaging of the biliary tract includes fluoroscopic cholangiography, oral contrast computed tomography (CT) cholangiography, and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography. The latter two are discussed in the prior article of noninvasive cholangiography. Fluoroscopic cholangiography can be divided into endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (see pages 74-89, this issue). This article discussed a varying group of imaging techniques that can be added as modifiers to some of the above imaging modalities to obtain different, if not clearer, images of the biliary tract in particular clinical scenarios. These techniques, which are collectively called by the author, "unconventional cholangiography," include (1) distal occlusive cholangiography, (2) digital subtraction cholangiography, and (3) transhepatic CT cholangiography. These techniques are well described in other medical disciplines or in other parts of the body by radiologists. The current author implements these concepts to the biliary tract. In the author's opinion, they offer additional delineation and characterization of biliary disease in particular clinical, anatomical, and pathological situations that are described in the article. PMID- 18922455 TI - Iatrogenic bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. AB - Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has largely replaced open cholecystectomy as the standard of care for gallbladder excision. A major disadvantage of this trend has been the increased incidence of bile duct injuries, which, while uncommon, are significantly higher with laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Most injuries are not recognized at the time of surgery and present in a delayed fashion, leading to significant patient morbidity and a negative impact on the quality of life of patients. Treatment is governed by the time of presentation and the nature of the bile duct injury incurred and requires a multidisciplinary approach. Radiologists play a key role in management, with diagnosis of complications, accurate depiction of the biliary injury, and facilitating or providing definitive therapy depending on the type of injury. PMID- 18922456 TI - Percutaneous management of biliary leaks: biliary embosclerosis and ablation. AB - Biliary leaks after hepatobiliary surgery are not uncommon. In certain situations minimal invasive percutaneous techniques may result in avoidance or reduction of the extent of surgery. Minimal invasive percutaneous techniques include (1) percutaneous bile collection (biloma) drainage, (2) percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage, (3) biliary leak site embolization/sclerosis, and (4) leaking biliary segment ablation. There are two clinical applications for biliary ablation. The first is actual bile leak site ablation or embosclerosis to reduce an aperture or ablate a fistula (block a hole). The second is ablating an entire biliary segment to cease bile production and induce hepatic segmental atrophy (cease bile production). This article discusses the techniques used for biliary leak site embosclerosis/ablation (including biliary-cutaneous tract ablation) and biliary segmental ablation. PMID- 18922457 TI - Percutaneous transhepatic techniques for removal of endoscopically placed biliary plastic endoprostheses. AB - Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography-placed plastic biliary endoprostheses can migrate proximally and become impacted (4.9%). Endoscopy is resorted to first and percutaneous transhepatic techniques are resorted to second. Percutaneous transhepatic techniques are resorted to in probably less that 0.5% of all endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography-placed plastic biliary endoprostheses and are rarely reported. The current article reviews the results, various techniques, and potential complications during the percutaneous transhepatic removal of these endoprostheses. PMID- 18922458 TI - Cholangioscopy. AB - Direct visualization of the bile ducts and gall bladder via cholangioscopy is very useful both in treatment of complex stone cases and the assessment of indeterminate strictures or masses. It allows use of instruments that cannot be used safely with fluoroscopic guidance alone. It also increases procedural efficiency and decreases radiation doses. Careful selection of access routes is critical to ensuring successful cholangioscopy. Tract dilation to accommodate the access sheath should be deferred for several weeks after the initial drainage procedure. This allows clearance of infected material plus allows the tract to mature. Allowing time for tract maturation decreases the chances of bleeding complications. Overall complications occur in about 20% of cases, with major complications occurring in around 8%. Most complications are bleeding or infectious and the majority relate to tract dilation, with a minority being due to the cholangioscopy itself. Successful stone removal can be achieved in about 90 to 95% of cases. Successful diagnosis of indeterminate stricture can be accomplished through a combination of visual inspection and endoscopic-guided biopsy. For intraluminal masses the accuracy of endoscopic biopsy is close to 100% but for periductal metastatic lesions or mural strictures (as with primary sclerosing cholangitis) diagnostic accuracy is significantly lower. PMID- 18922459 TI - Percutaneous management of postoperative anastomotic biliary strictures. AB - Postoperative anastomotic biliary strictures can occur after surgery in bile ducts belonging to transplanted or native (nontransplanted) livers. The majority of postoperative anastomotic strictures encountered by interventional radiologists are most likely in liver transplant recipients due to the large and growing liver transplant recipient population worldwide compared with patients with native livers and biliary enteric anastomoses. They occur after 2.5 to 13% of liver transplantations and they represent at least one-half of biliary strictures encountered after liver transplantation. Anastomotic biliary strictures are considered technical in nature, accentuated by fibrosis and scarring that may be secondary to, if not exacerbated by, graft ischemia. There are numerous variables in the percutaneous transhepatic balloon dilation protocols applied to treat anastomotic biliary strictures. These include (1) types of balloons, (2) how long balloons are inflated, (3) how frequently patients return for additional dilation sessions, and (4) the interval(s) at which they return. No alteration in these variables has proven to improve long term patency. In addition, new technology such as cutting balloons and stents has not been fully evaluated to determine their effect on long-term patency. The current article describes the overall theme of balloon dilation protocols for the management of anastomotic biliary strictures and discusses possible future management of such strictures. PMID- 18922460 TI - Hit and run: transient deubiquitylase activity in a chromatin-remodeling complex. AB - In this issue of Molecular Cell, Conaway and colleagues (Yao et al., 2008) provide a glimpse into an interesting mechanism to control a deubiquitylating enzyme via interaction of two complexes-the 19S proteasome regulatory particle and an ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling complex. PMID- 18922461 TI - Cell growth control: mTOR takes on fat. AB - In a recent issue of Cell Metabolism, Porstmann et al. (2008) demonstrate that fatty acid biosynthesis, under the transcriptional control of SREBP1, is regulated by the rapamycin-sensitive mTOR signaling network, thus expanding the scope of biosynthetic processes integrated by mTOR. PMID- 18922462 TI - Phosphoproteomics: unraveling the signaling web. AB - In recent years, phosphoproteomic technologies have increased our understanding of cellular signaling networks. Here, we frame recent phosphoproteomics-based advances in the context of the DNA damage response and ErbB receptor family signaling and offer a perspective on how the molecular insights arising from the integration of such proteomic approaches might be used for clinical applications. PMID- 18922463 TI - A piRNA pathway primed by individual transposons is linked to de novo DNA methylation in mice. AB - piRNAs and Piwi proteins have been implicated in transposon control and are linked to transposon methylation in mammals. Here we examined the construction of the piRNA system in the restricted developmental window in which methylation patterns are set during mammalian embryogenesis. We find robust expression of two Piwi family proteins, MIWI2 and MILI. Their associated piRNA profiles reveal differences from Drosophila wherein large piRNA clusters act as master regulators of silencing. Instead, in mammals, dispersed transposon copies initiate the pathway, producing primary piRNAs, which predominantly join MILI in the cytoplasm. MIWI2, whose nuclear localization and association with piRNAs depend upon MILI, is enriched for secondary piRNAs antisense to the elements that it controls. The Piwi pathway lies upstream of known mediators of DNA methylation, since piRNAs are still produced in dnmt3L mutants, which fail to methylate transposons. This implicates piRNAs as specificity determinants of DNA methylation in germ cells. PMID- 18922464 TI - Mus81-dependent double-strand DNA breaks at in vivo-generated cruciform structures in S. cerevisiae. AB - Long DNA palindromes are implicated in chromosomal rearrangement, but their roles in the underlying molecular events remain a matter of conjecture. One notion is that palindromes induce DNA breaks after assuming a cruciform structure, the four way DNA junction providing a target for cleavage by Holliday junction (HJ) specific enzymes. Though compelling, few components of the "cruciform resolution" proposal are established. Here we address fundamental properties and genetic dependencies of palindromic DNA metabolism in eukaryotes. Plasmid-borne palindromes introduced into S. cerevisiae are site-specifically broken in vivo, and the breaks exhibit unique hallmarks of an HJ resolvase mechanism. In vivo resolution requires Mus81, for which the bacterial HJ resolvase RusA will substitute. These results provide confirmation of cruciform extrusion and resolution in the context of eukaryotic chromatin. Related observations are that, unchecked by a nuclease function provided by Mre11, episomal palindromes launch a self-perpetuating breakage-fusion-bridge-independent copy number increase termed "escape." PMID- 18922465 TI - Diversity-generating retroelement homing regenerates target sequences for repeated rounds of codon rewriting and protein diversification. AB - Diversity-generating retroelements (DGRs) introduce vast amounts of sequence diversity into target genes. During mutagenic homing, adenine residues are converted to random nucleotides in a unidirectional, reverse transcriptase dependent transposition process from a donor template repeat (TR) to a recipient variable repeat (VR). Using a Bordetella bacteriophage DGR as a model, we demonstrate that homing occurs through a TR-containing RNA intermediate and is RecA independent. Marker transfer studies show that cDNA integration at the 3' end of VR occurs within a (G/C)(14) element, and deletion analysis demonstrates that the reaction is independent of 5' end cDNA integration. cDNA integration at the 5' end of VR requires only short stretches of sequence homology. We propose that homing occurs through a unique target DNA-primed reverse transcription mechanism that precisely regenerates target sequences. This nonproliferative "copy and replace" mechanism enables repeated rounds of protein diversification and optimization of ligand-receptor interactions. PMID- 18922466 TI - A solution to limited genomic capacity: using adaptable binding surfaces to assemble the functional HIV Rev oligomer on RNA. AB - Many ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes assemble into large, organized structures in which protein subunits are positioned by interactions with RNA and other proteins. Here we demonstrate that HIV Rev, constrained in size by a limited viral genome, also forms an organized RNP by assembling a homo-oligomer on the Rev response element (RRE) RNA. Rev subunits bind cooperatively to discrete RNA sites using an oligomerization domain and an adaptable protein-RNA interface, forming a complex with 500-fold higher affinity than the tightest single interaction. High-affinity binding correlates strongly with RNA export activity. Rev utilizes different surfaces of its alpha-helical RNA-binding domain to recognize several low-affinity binding sites, including the well-characterized stem IIB site and an additional site in stem IA. We propose that adaptable RNA binding surfaces allow the Rev oligomer to assemble economically into a discrete, stable RNP and provide a mechanistic role for Rev oligomerization during the HIV life cycle. PMID- 18922467 TI - Essential phosphatases and a phospho-degron are critical for regulation of SRC 3/AIB1 coactivator function and turnover. AB - SRC-3/AIB1 is a master growth coactivator and oncogene, and phosphorylation activates it into a powerful coregulator. Dephosphorylation is a potential regulatory mechanism for SRC-3 function, but the identity of such phosphatases remains unexplored. Herein, we report that, using functional genomic screening of human Ser/Thr phosphatases targeting SRC-3's known phosphorylation sites, the phosphatases PDXP, PP1, and PP2A were identified to be key negative regulators of SRC-3 transcriptional coregulatory activity in steroid receptor signalings. PDXP and PP2A dephosphorylate SRC-3 and inhibit its ligand-dependent association with estrogen receptor. PP1 stabilizes SRC-3 protein by blocking its proteasome dependent turnover through dephosphorylation of two previously unidentified phosphorylation sites (Ser101 and S102) required for activity. These two sites are located within a degron of SRC-3 and are primary determinants of SRC-3 turnover. Moreover, PP1 regulates the oncogenic cell proliferation and invasion functions of SRC-3 in breast cancer cells. PMID- 18922468 TI - CRAF autophosphorylation of serine 621 is required to prevent its proteasome mediated degradation. AB - The CRAF protein kinase regulates proliferative, differentiation, and survival signals from activated RAS proteins to downstream effectors, most often by inducing MEK/ERK activation. A well-established model of CRAF regulation involves RAS-mediated translocation of CRAF to the plasma membrane, where it is activated by a series of events including phosphorylation. Here we have discovered a new mode of regulation that occurs prior to this step. By creating a kinase-defective version of CRAF in mice or by use of the RAF inhibitor sorafenib, we show that CRAF must first undergo autophosphorylation of serine 621 (S621). Autophosphorylation occurs in cis, does not involve MEK/ERK activation, and is essential to ensure the correct folding and stability of the protein. In the absence of S621 phosphorylation, CRAF is degraded by the proteasome by mechanisms that do not uniquely rely on the E3 ubiquitin ligase CHIP. PMID- 18922469 TI - Structure of a protein phosphatase 2A holoenzyme: insights into B55-mediated Tau dephosphorylation. AB - Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) regulates many essential aspects of cellular physiology. Members of the regulatory B/B55/PR55 family are thought to play a key role in the dephosphorylation of Tau, whose hyperphosphorylation contributes to Alzheimer's disease. The underlying mechanisms of the PP2A-Tau connection remain largely enigmatic. Here, we report the complete reconstitution of a Tau dephosphorylation assay and the crystal structure of a heterotrimeric PP2A holoenzyme involving the regulatory subunit Balpha. We show that Balpha specifically and markedly facilitates dephosphorylation of the phosphorylated Tau in our reconstituted assay. The Balpha subunit comprises a seven-bladed beta propeller, with an acidic, substrate-binding groove located in the center of the propeller. The beta propeller latches onto the ridge of the PP2A scaffold subunit with the help of a protruding beta hairpin arm. Structure-guided mutagenesis studies revealed the underpinnings of PP2A-mediated dephosphorylation of Tau. PMID- 18922470 TI - Hsp90-dependent activation of protein kinases is regulated by chaperone-targeted dephosphorylation of Cdc37. AB - Activation of protein kinase clients by the Hsp90 system is mediated by the cochaperone protein Cdc37. Cdc37 requires phosphorylation at Ser13, but little is known about the regulation of this essential posttranslational modification. We show that Ser13 of uncomplexed Cdc37 is phosphorylated in vivo, as well as in binary complex with a kinase (C-K), or in ternary complex with Hsp90 and kinase (H-C-K). Whereas pSer13-Cdc37 in the H-C-K complex is resistant to nonspecific phosphatases, it is efficiently dephosphorylated by the chaperone-targeted protein phosphatase 5 (PP5/Ppt1), which does not affect isolated Cdc37. We show that Cdc37 and PP5/Ppt1 associate in Hsp90 complexes in yeast and in human tumor cells, and that PP5/Ppt1 regulates phosphorylation of Ser13-Cdc37 in vivo, directly affecting activation of protein kinase clients by Hsp90-Cdc37. These data reveal a cyclic regulatory mechanism for Cdc37, in which its constitutive phosphorylation is reversed by targeted dephosphorylation in Hsp90 complexes. PMID- 18922471 TI - NMR solution structure of the integral membrane enzyme DsbB: functional insights into DsbB-catalyzed disulfide bond formation. AB - We describe the NMR structure of DsbB, a polytopic helical membrane protein. DsbB, a bacterial cytoplasmic membrane protein, plays a key role in disulfide bond formation. It reoxidizes DsbA, the periplasmic protein disulfide oxidant, using the oxidizing power of membrane-embedded quinones. We determined the structure of an interloop disulfide bond form of DsbB, an intermediate in catalysis. Analysis of the structure and interactions with substrates DsbA and quinone reveals functionally relevant changes induced by these substrates. Analysis of the structure, dynamics measurements, and NMR chemical shifts around the interloop disulfide bond suggest how electron movement from DsbA to quinone through DsbB is regulated and facilitated. Our results demonstrate the extraordinary utility of NMR for functional characterization of polytopic integral membrane proteins and provide insights into the mechanism of DsbB catalysis. PMID- 18922472 TI - Distinct modes of regulation of the Uch37 deubiquitinating enzyme in the proteasome and in the Ino80 chromatin-remodeling complex. AB - Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) are proteases that can antagonize ubiquitin mediated signaling by disassembling ubiquitin-protein conjugates. How DUBs are regulated in vivo and how their substrate specificities are achieved are largely unknown. The conserved DUB Uch37 is found on proteasomes in organisms ranging from fission yeast to humans. Deubiquitination by Uch37 is activated by proteasomal binding, which enables Uch37 to process polyubiquitin chains. Here we show that in the nucleus Uch37 is also associated with the human Ino80 chromatin remodeling complex (hINO80). In hINO80, Uch37 is held in an inactive state; however, it can be activated by transient interaction of the Ino80 complex with the proteasome. Thus, DUB activities can be modulated both positively and negatively via dynamic interactions with partner proteins. In addition, our findings suggest that the proteasome and the hINO80 chromatin-remodeling complex may cooperate to regulate transcription or DNA repair, processes in which both complexes have been implicated. PMID- 18922473 TI - TRAF6 mediates Smad-independent activation of JNK and p38 by TGF-beta. AB - In many physiological and disease processes, TGF-beta usurps branches of MAP kinase pathways in conjunction with Smads to induce apoptosis and epithelial-to mesenchymal transition, but the detailed mechanism of how a MAP kinase cascade is activated by TGF-beta receptors is not clear. We report here that TRAF6 is specifically required for the Smad-independent activation of JNK and p38, and its carboxyl TRAF homology domain physically interacts with TGF-beta receptors. TGF beta induces K63-linked ubiquitination of TRAF6 and promotes association between TRAF6 and TAK1. Our results indicate that TGF-beta activates JNK and p38 through a mechanism similar to that operating in the interleukin-1beta/Toll-like receptor pathway. PMID- 18922475 TI - Laying down the law on healthcare-associated infections. PMID- 18922474 TI - The anchor-away technique: rapid, conditional establishment of yeast mutant phenotypes. AB - The anchor-away (AA) technique depletes the nucleus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae of a protein of interest (the target) by conditional tethering to an abundant cytoplasmic protein (the anchor) by appropriate gene tagging and rapamycin dependent heterodimerization. Taking advantage of the massive flow of ribosomal proteins through the nucleus during maturation, a protein of the large subunit was chosen as the anchor. Addition of rapamycin, due to formation of the ternary complex, composed of the anchor, rapamycin, and the target, then results in the rapid depletion of the target from the nucleus. All 43 tested genes displayed on rapamycin plates the expected defective growth phenotype. In addition, when examined functionally, specific mutant phenotypes were obtained within minutes. These are genes involved in protein import, RNA export, transcription, sister chromatid cohesion, and gene silencing. The AA technique is a powerful tool for nuclear biology to dissect the function of individual or gene pairs in synthetic, lethal situations. PMID- 18922476 TI - Alcohol-based rubs for hand antisepsis. PMID- 18922477 TI - Alcohol-based rubs for hand antisepsis. PMID- 18922478 TI - Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection with incomplete Stevens-Johnson syndrome. PMID- 18922479 TI - Rocky Mountain spotted fever in the USA: a benign disease or a common diagnostic error? PMID- 18922480 TI - Human papillomavirus vaccines: a complex decision focused on cancer prevention and cost-effectiveness. PMID- 18922481 TI - Bottled water and bacteria. PMID- 18922482 TI - Tumour necrosis factor antagonists: structure, function, and tuberculosis risks. AB - Our understanding of the infection risks presented by tumour necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists has continued to evolve in the 10 years since these drugs were first introduced. Several recent studies have confirmed the increased risk of tuberculosis posed by TNF antibodies compared with soluble TNF receptor, particularly with regard to reactivation of latent infection. Structural and functional differences seem to account for this finding. This Review examines the potential relations between target specificity, stoichiometry, and binding kinetics of TNF blockers and their associated risk of infection. Clinical strategies for prevention and management of tuberculosis in patients treated with TNF blockers may be improved based on our evolving understanding of these differences. PMID- 18922483 TI - Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of antibacterial drugs in the management of febrile neutropenia. AB - We review experimental and clinical data on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antibacterial drugs in febrile neutropenic hosts. Since major pharmacokinetic changes have been reported for various classes of antibiotics in these patients, we advocate the need for adequate initial dosing regimens in all cases. Monitoring drug serum concentrations is mandatory for aminoglycosides and glycopeptides, and special attention should be paid to the dosing frequency of the short half-life beta-lactams to optimise the management of febrile neutropenia, especially in patients with severe sepsis. PMID- 18922484 TI - Human angiostrongyliasis. AB - Human angiostrongyliasis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis, a rat lungworm, has been reported globally. Human infections are acquired by ingestion of raw or undercooked snails or slugs, paratenic hosts such as prawns, or contaminated vegetables that contain the infective larvae of the worm. So far, at least 2827 cases of the disease have been documented worldwide. During the past few years, several outbreaks of human angiostrongyliasis have been reported in mainland China, Taiwan, and the USA. Additionally, sporadic cases in travellers who have returned from endemic areas have been reported. We review the clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of human angiostrongyliasis, and describe the geographical distribution and prevalence of A cantonensis. Educating the public about the dangers of eating raw or undercooked intermediate and paratenic hosts in endemic areas is essential for the prevention and control of this foodborne zoonotic disease. PMID- 18922485 TI - Cardiac involvement in African and American trypanosomiasis. AB - American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease) and human African trypanosomiasis (HAT; sleeping sickness) are both caused by single-celled flagellates that are transmitted by arthropods. Cardiac problems are the main cause of morbidity in chronic Chagas disease, but neurological problems dominate in HAT. Physicians need to be aware of Chagas disease and HAT in patients living in or returning from endemic regions, even if they left those regions long ago. Chagas heart disease has to be taken into account in the differential diagnosis of cardiomyopathy, primarily in patients with pathological electrocardiographic (ECG) findings, such as right bundle branch block or left anterior hemiblock, with segmental wall motion abnormalities or aneurysms on echocardiography, and in young patients with stroke in the absence of arterial hypertension. In HAT patients, cardiac involvement as seen by ECG alterations, such as repolarisation changes and low voltage, is frequent. HAT cardiopathy in general is benign and does not cause relevant congestive heart failure and subsides with treatment. We review the differences between the American and African trypanosomiasis with the main focus on the heart. PMID- 18922486 TI - Rotavirus vaccines: viral shedding and risk of transmission. AB - Rotavirus causes gastroenteritis in almost all children by 5 years of age. Immunity to rotavirus is incomplete, with potential for recurrent infections occurring throughout life. Live rotavirus vaccines have been developed for the protection of children from severe wildtype rotavirus infections. Transmission of vaccine virus strains from vaccinated children to unvaccinated contacts harbours the potential for herd immunity, but also the risk of vaccine-derived disease in immunocompromised contacts. A review of rotavirus vaccine prelicensure studies shows that viral shedding and transmission were higher with the old tetravalent rhesus rotavirus vaccine than with the current human attenuated monovalent rotavirus vaccine and the pentavalent bovine-human reassortant vaccine. Immunocompromised contacts should be advised to avoid contact with stool from the immunised child if possible, particularly after the first vaccine dose for at least 14 days. Since the risk of vaccine transmission and subsequent vaccine derived disease with the current vaccines is much less than the risk of wildtype rotavirus disease in immunocompromised contacts, vaccination should be encouraged. PMID- 18922487 TI - Stockpiling prepandemic influenza vaccines: a new cornerstone of pandemic preparedness plans. AB - The history of pandemic influenza, along with the evolving epizootic of the highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus and the severity of associated human infections, serve as a warning to the world of the threat of another influenza pandemic. Conservative estimates suggest that up to 350 million people could die and many more would be affected, causing disruption to health-care systems, society, and the world's economy. WHO has encouraged countries to prepare in advance by developing influenza pandemic preparedness plans that involve public-health and pharmaceutical interventions. Vaccination is a cornerstone of these plans; however, a pandemic vaccine cannot be manufactured in advance because the next pandemic virus cannot be predicted. The concepts of vaccine stockpiling and prepandemic vaccination have thus become attractive. Human H5N1 vaccines are currently available and can induce heterotypic immunity. WHO and governments should give urgent consideration to the use of these vaccines for the priming of individuals or communities who would be at greatest risk of infection if an H5N1 influenza pandemic were to emerge. PMID- 18922488 TI - Vision screenings versus comprehensive eye examinations for children. PMID- 18922490 TI - Background and history of autism in relation to vision care. PMID- 18922491 TI - Detection of glaucoma-like optic discs in a diabetes teleretinal program. PMID- 18922492 TI - The role of community health centers in responding to disparities in visual health. AB - BACKGROUND: Community health centers (CHCs) are nonprofit community-based providers of primary and preventive health care for medically underserved populations. At the same time, nationally, racial/ethnic minorities and low income populations are disproportionately affected by poor access to comprehensive eye and vision care and are more likely to experience adverse outcomes. OVERVIEW: This report describes the fundamentals of CHCs, including mission, their patients, the types of health care and enabling services that they provide, the quality and cost-effectiveness of their care, and how they are funded. This report also reviews the demographics of vision disparities among at risk populations, the economic impact of undiagnosed and untreated vision problems, and the similarities between those at risk for vision problems and the patients targeted by CHCs. CONCLUSIONS: Aimed at responding to disparities in access to health care services and health status outcomes, CHCs are optimally positioned to contribute to improved access to comprehensive eye and vision care as well as to the reduction of disparities in visual health status. There is need for extensive research in further defining and addressing disparities in access to optometric care in medically underserved populations and the potential role that CHCs can play in meeting those needs. PMID- 18922493 TI - Superior segmental optic nerve hypoplasia: The topless disc syndrome. AB - BACKGROUND: Optic nerve hypoplasia is a well-known congenital maldevelopment presenting with an abnormally small optic nerve head occupying the central aspect of a normally sized chorioscleral canal. Characteristically, the optic nerve head is surrounded by scleral anlage with a "double ring sign." Less commonly appreciated, however, is the fact that optic nerve hypoplasia may be sectorial rather than total and involving only the superior aspect of the optic disc with corresponding inferior visual field loss. CASE REPORT: A 51-year-old woman presented with a previous diagnosis of idiopathic optic atrophy superiorly in the left eye. Detailed observation revealed that the disc was not atrophic superiorly but actually hypoplastic, and the patient received a conclusive diagnosis of superior segmental optic nerve hypoplasia. CONCLUSIONS: It must be appreciated that optic nerve hypoplasia can also affect solely the superior aspect of the disc with subsequent functional deficits. It is important to differentiate this syndrome from true optic atrophy to ensure proper management. PMID- 18922494 TI - Affiliations of community health centers with the accredited schools and colleges of optometry in the states and territories of the United States. AB - BACKGROUND: In 2006, the American Optometric Association Community Health Center Committee surveyed schools/colleges of optometry in the United States and its territories to assess collaborations between community health centers and optometric institutions. METHODS: The survey investigated the number and structure of affiliations that existed between Federally Qualified Health Centers and schools/colleges of optometry in the United States. The survey reached the schools through the American Optometric Association Faculty Relations Committee or personal contact (Inter-American University of Puerto Rico). RESULTS: The survey showed wide variation in affiliations of community health centers with optometry programs. Six schools had no affiliations, whereas the remaining 11 ranged from 1 to 14. Information relating to 37 community health centers was reported. Results showed that schools utilized community health centers for fourth-year students in 5 schools, and both third- and fourth-year students in the remaining 6 schools. Schools vary regarding how precepting is managed with either full-time faculty (64.9%) or adjunct faculty. Business models also vary between schools. CONCLUSION: Affiliations between school/colleges of optometry and community health centers differ considerably. Optometric affiliations with community health centers can result in increased access to eye care for underserved populations and increased clinical experience for optometry students and residents. Opportunities exist to establish additional affiliations. Educational benefits and costs associated with affiliations should be explored before entering into a collaborative model of eye care delivery. PMID- 18922495 TI - Microbial contamination associated with mascara use. AB - BACKGROUND: Microbial organisms are normally present on human eyelashes. Application of mascara to lashes has the potential to inoculate the mascara tube with microbes. This pilot study of a real-world situation investigated the microbial contamination of 2 brands of mascara used daily for 3 months. METHODS: Forty women between the ages of 18 and 39 were randomly assigned to use 1 of 2 brands of nonwaterproof mascara. All mascara tubes were unexpired and purchased on the same day. Subjects were instructed to use the mascara on both the upper and lower lids every day for 3 months. After 3 months, the mascara tubes were collected, cultured, and examined for microbial growth. RESULTS: Mascara tubes were collected from 33 of 40 (82.5%) subjects who began the study. Microbial growth was found in 36.4% of the subject tubes. Based on growth on selective media, most of the organisms were determined to be Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus species, or fungi. We did not attempt to quantify the numbers of bacteria or fungi present within the tubes. CONCLUSIONS: Because microbial presence was found in 36.4% of the mascara tubes cultured after 3 months of use, we recommend a maximum 3-month use of a mascara tube used on a daily basis. More frequent replacement may be warranted with further study. PMID- 18922496 TI - History of community health center affiliations with The New England College of Optometry. AB - BACKGROUND: Since the 1970s, The New England College of Optometry (NECO) has been a leader in community-based educational programming. This was accomplished through the development of affiliation agreements with health care facilities that care for the underserved, notably community health centers (CHCs). The college's clinical system, the New England Eye Institute (NEEI), develops CHC programs, manages professional services agreements, initiates teaching affiliation agreements, and leads staff recruitment and retention efforts. OVERVIEW: CHC collaborations, which effectively address disparities in access to health care and visual health status, represent a significant component of the college's primary care clinical training venues. Since their inception in 1972, these CHC academic-community partnerships have provided more than 650,000 eye examinations to the underserved and have trained more than 3,200 graduates in community-based eye care, interdisciplinary care management environment, clinical prevention strategies, and population health. CONCLUSIONS: This report describes NECO's longstanding success with CHCs, explains the scope of practice at CHCs, explains how students are involved in the CHCs' eye care services, and discusses the various management and business arrangements. The benefits and challenges of CHC affiliations with optometry schools and colleges are also discussed. PMID- 18922497 TI - Prevention and chronic health conditions among children and adolescents. PMID- 18922498 TI - Academic Pediatric Association (APA) presidential address: changing the world for children. PMID- 18922499 TI - I had a gun in my purse. PMID- 18922500 TI - Risk factors for repeat adverse asthma events in children after visiting an emergency department. AB - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for long-term adverse outcomes in children with asthma after visiting the emergency department (ED). METHODS: A prospective observational study was conducted at the ED of a pediatric tertiary hospital in Ontario, Canada. Patient outcomes (ie, acute asthma episodes and ED visits) were measured at baseline and at 1- and 6-months post-ED discharge. Time trends in outcomes were assessed using the generalized estimating equations method. Multiple conditional logistic regressions were used to model outcomes at 6 months and examine the impact of drug insurance coverage while adjusting for confounders. RESULTS: Of the 269 children recruited, 81.8% completed both follow-ups. ED use significantly reduced from 39.4% at baseline to 26.8% at 6 months (P < .001), whereas the level of acute asthma episodes remained unchanged. Children with drug insurance coverage were less likely to have acute asthma episodes (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.36; 95% CI, 0.15-0.85; P < .02) or repeat ED visits (AOR = 0.45; 95% CI, 0.20-0.99; P < .05) at 6 months. Other risk factors for adverse outcomes included previous adverse asthma events and certain asthma triggers (eg, cold/sinus infection). Washing bed linens in hot water weekly was protective against subsequent acute asthma episodes. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated significant improvements in long-term outcomes in children seeking acute care for asthma in the ED. Future efforts remain in targeting the sustainability of improved outcomes beyond 6 months. Risk factors identified can help target vulnerable populations for proper interventions, which may include efforts to maximize insurance coverage for asthma medications and strategies to improve asthma self-management through patient and provider education. PMID- 18922502 TI - Physician perspectives regarding annual influenza vaccination among children with asthma. AB - OBJECTIVE: National guidelines have historically varied for influenza vaccination of children with asthma, depending on asthma severity. This study aims to explore perspectives of primary care physicians regarding influenza vaccination practices for children with persistent versus intermittent asthma. METHODS: A cross sectional survey was mailed to general pediatricians (n = 300) and family physicians (n = 300) in primary care offices in Michigan in 2006. The main outcome measures included physicians' influenza vaccination recommendations and reasons for nonadministration of influenza vaccine to children with asthma for the 2005-2006 influenza season. RESULTS: Ninety-six percent of respondents (N = 320) reported routinely recommending influenza vaccination for children with persistent asthma; fewer (82%) reported routinely recommending influenza vaccination for those with intermittent asthma. The adjusted odds of recommending influenza vaccination for intermittent asthma patients was significantly higher among pediatricians versus family physicians (adjusted odds ratio 3.49, 95% confidence interval, 1.68-7.22), controlling for other practice characteristics. Regardless of specialty, physicians with more than 25 asthma patients were more likely than those with fewer asthma patients to routinely recommend influenza vaccination. Physicians who do not routinely recommend influenza vaccination to children with intermittent asthma were more likely to cite overlooking discussion of influenza vaccine during the visit (50% vs 13%, respectively; P < .0001) as a reason for lack of vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: Influenza vaccination practices of primary care physicians reflect the inconsistencies historically found in national recommendations. Further research is warranted to determine whether the recent clarification of recommendations of the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program (NAEPP) to remove distinctions by asthma severity is associated with a reduction in missed opportunities to vaccinate. PMID- 18922501 TI - Environmental tobacco smoke and behaviors of inner-city children with asthma. AB - OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure and behavior among inner-city children with significant asthma. METHODS: We analyzed baseline data for 200 children 4 to 10 years old who were enrolled in an asthma program. Environmental tobacco smoke exposure was measured by the child's salivary cotinine level. Caregivers completed the 28-item Behavior Problem Index (BPI). Positive responses were summed for a total BPI score, and children with scores >14 were considered to have significant behavior problems. We conducted Student t tests and multivariate regression analyses to determine the association of children's cotinine levels with BPI scores. RESULTS: Overall, 56% of children were male, 65% were black, and 72% had Medicaid. Mean cotinine level was 1.47 ng/mL. Overall, 30% of children had total BPI scores >14. Children with cotinine values >1.47 ng/mL had significantly higher scores compared with children with lower cotinine values on total BPI (12.5 vs 10.2), as well as externalizing (9.0 vs 7.2), antisocial (2.3 vs 1.7), and immature (2.1 vs 1.6) subscales. In a multivariate model, log cotinine remained independently associated with externalizing (P = .04), headstrong (P = .04), and antisocial behavior (P = .04). CONCLUSIONS: Cotinine levels are independently associated with problem behaviors among this sample of urban children with asthma. PMID- 18922503 TI - Effect of WHO newborn care training on neonatal mortality by education. AB - BACKGROUND: Ninety-nine percent of the 4 million neonatal deaths per year occur in developing countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) Essential Newborn Care (ENC) course sets the minimum accepted standard for training midwives on aspects of infant care (neonatal resuscitation, breastfeeding, kangaroo care, small baby care, and thermoregulation), many of which are provided by the mother. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the association of ENC with all cause 7-day (early) neonatal mortality among infants of less educated mothers compared with those of mothers with more education. METHODS: Protocol- and ENC certified research nurses trained all 123 college-educated midwives from 18 low risk, first-level urban community health centers (Zambia) in data collection (1 week) and ENC (1 week) as part of a controlled study to test the clinical impact of ENC implementation. The mothers were categorized into 2 groups, those who had completed 7 years of school education (primary education) and those with 8 or more years of education. RESULTS: ENC training is associated with decreases in early neonatal mortality; rates decreased from 11.2 per 1000 live births pre-ENC to 6.2 per 1000 following ENC implementation (P < .001). Prenatal care, birth weight, race, and gender did not differ between the groups. Mortality for infants of mothers with 7 years of education decreased from 12.4 to 6.0 per 1000 (P < .0001) but did not change significantly for those with 8 or more years of education (8.7 to 6.3 per 1000, P = .14). CONCLUSIONS: ENC training decreases early neonatal mortality, and the impact is larger in infants of mothers without secondary education. The impact of ENC may be optimized by training health care workers who treat women with less formal education. PMID- 18922504 TI - Preventive care utilization among children with and without special health care needs: associations with unmet need. AB - OBJECTIVE: To compare attendance at preventive medical and dental visits for children with special health care needs (CSHCN) and children without special health care needs, and associations between attending visits and unmet need. METHODS: We analyzed data on 102 353 children aged 0 to 17 years from the National Survey of Children's Health. We examined associations between attending preventive medical or dental visits and CSHCN status, and unmet need for medical or preventive dental care and attending preventive medical or dental visits. RESULTS: Medical care-CSHCN were more likely than other children to attend a well child visit (odds ratio [95% confidence interval], 1.45 [1.12-1.93] for 0 to 5 years, 1.99 [1.74-2.28] for 6 to 11 years, 1.84 [1.64-2.06] for 12 to 17 years). CSHCN aged 12 to 17 years attending a well-child visit had lower odds of unmet medical need (0.48 [0.27-0.85]) than CSHCN not attending visits; well-child visits and unmet need were not associated for younger age groups. Dental care CSHCN aged 3 to 5 years were more likely than other children of similar ages to attend a preventive dental visit (1.26 [1.04-1.52]). CSHCN attending a preventive dental visit had lower odds of unmet preventive dental needs than CSHCN not attending visits (0.52 [0.28-0.93] for 3 to 5 years, 0.18 [0.12-0.28] for 6 to 11 years, 0.12 [0.08-0.17] for 12 to 17 years). CONCLUSIONS: CSHCN attend preventive medical and dental visits at similar or higher rates than other children. CSHCN who attend visits are less likely to have unmet needs. Further research should examine differences in visit content for CSHCN and mechanisms whereby preventive care may reduce unmet need. PMID- 18922505 TI - Parental perceptions of dental/oral health among children with and without special health care needs. AB - OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of parent reported preventive dental care and better dental health in children with special health care needs (CSHCN) and to identify parent-reported dental problems, reasons for lack of preventive dental care, and factors associated with receiving preventive care and having better perceived dental health in CSHCN. A comparison group of children without special needs (CWOSN) was included. METHODS: We analyzed the 2003 National Survey of Children's Health by using a sample of 17,001 CSHCN and a comparison group of CWOSN. Descriptive and between-group chi square statistics were used to analyze child characteristics, parent-perceived dental problems, and reasons for lack of preventive dental care. Factors associated with receipt of preventive dental care and better reported dental health were examined using logistic regression. RESULTS: Approximately 80% of CSHCN and 72% of CWOSN received preventive dental care. CSHCN parents reported more dental problems and fewer described their children as having good to excellent dental health compared to CWOSN, despite greater odds of having dental coverage and receiving preventive dental care. Disparities were evident in preventive dental care and dental health based on income, education, and insurance coverage. CONCLUSIONS: Most parents of CSHCN and CWOSN report that their children receive preventive dental care and have good to excellent dental health; however, disparities in dental health and receipt of preventive dental care exist. Accessing care coordination by using the medical/dental home model, particularly for CSHCN, may alleviate the situation in which some of the most vulnerable children are experiencing the worst dental health. PMID- 18922506 TI - The impact of insurance instability on children's access, utilization, and satisfaction with health care. AB - OBJECTIVES: We describe instability of health insurance coverage for children aged 2 to 17 years and relate insurance instability to access, utilization and satisfaction. METHODS: Three 2-year panels of the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey were used to measure insurance instability and its relationship to access, utilization, and problems with medical care. RESULTS: Over a 2-year period, 53% of children were continuously insured with private coverage, 19% had continuous public insurance, 20% had a single gap in coverage, 2% had multiple gaps, and 6% were continuously uninsured. Compared with children continuously insured through private coverage, children with single or multiple gaps or who were continuously uninsured were significantly more likely to lack a usual source of care (adjusted odds ratios [AORs] = 2.3, 3.5, and 4.5, respectively), to have no well-child visits (AORs = 1.2, 2.2 and 2.4, respectively), and to have unmet medical or prescription drug needs (AORs = 4.5, 4.2 and 3.4, respectively). There were no significant differences between children continuously insured through private coverage and children with single or multiple gaps or continuously uninsured and having at least 1 problem with medical care (AORs = 0.8, 1.3, and 1.4, respectively). While there were no differences between children continuously insured through private coverage and children with multiple gaps or continuously uninsured, children with single gap in coverage were significantly more likely to report having at least one problem with medical care (AOR = 1.5). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with those with continuous coverage, children with gaps in coverage- especially those with multiple gaps--are less likely to have a usual source of care and receive well-child care. The national debate should incorporate discussions of policies to promote not only expansions of coverage, but also initiatives to eliminate gaps in coverage. PMID- 18922507 TI - Impact of a patient-centered technology on medication errors during pediatric emergency care. AB - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the impact of a patient centered health information technology (HIT) on the error rate for ordering and prescribing of medications during emergency pediatric care. METHODS: We conducted a quasi-experimental intervention study by using control and intervention periods to evaluate the effect on medication ordering and prescribing from a patient centered HIT designed to enhance communication between parents and emergency clinicians during emergency care. Parent-child dyads presenting to 2 emergency department (ED) sites with complaints of fever, asthma, head trauma, otalgia, and dysuria were eligible. During intervention periods, parents used the HIT to enter data on symptoms and medication-related history; a printout provided recommendations to clinicians. Data on errors/adverse drug events were collected via record reviews and phone interviews with parents. The primary outcome was the number of medication errors in orders or prescriptions for drugs targeted by the HIT. RESULTS: Of 2002 parent-child dyads screened, 1810 (90%) were eligible, 1411 of 1810 (78%) were enrolled, and 1410 analyzed; 1097 subjects had a total of 2234 orders or prescriptions written. Of these events, 1289 of 2234 (58%) were associated with at least 1 error. Of the 1755 errors discovered, 232 errors were serious and preventable. Among 654 patients exposed to medications targeted by the HIT, the number of errors per 100 patients during control versus intervention periods was not significantly different (173 vs 134 with both sites combined; P = .35.) CONCLUSION: The patient-centered HIT demonstrated minimal impact on medication errors during ED care. PMID- 18922508 TI - Economic evaluation of a primary care trial to reduce weight gain in overweight/obese children: the LEAP trial. AB - BACKGROUND: A common policy response to the childhood obesity epidemic is to recommend that primary care physicians screen for and offer counseling to the overweight/obese. As the literature suggests, this approach may be ineffective; it is important to document the opportunity costs incurred by brief primary care obesity interventions that ultimately may not alter body mass index (BMI) trajectory. METHODS: Live, Eat and Play (LEAP) was a randomized controlled trial of a brief secondary prevention intervention delivered by family physicians in 2002-2003 that targeted overweight/mildly obese children aged 5 to 9 years. Primary care utilization was prospectively audited via medical records, and parents reported family resource use by written questionnaire. Outcome measures were BMI (primary) and parent-reported physical activity and dietary habits (secondary) in intervention compared with control children. RESULTS: The cost of LEAP per intervention family was AU $4094 greater than for control families, mainly due to increased family resources devoted to child physical activity. Total health sector costs were AU $873 per intervention family and AU $64 per control, a difference of AU $809 (P < .001). At 15 months, intervention children did not differ significantly in adjusted BMI or daily physical activity scores compared with the control group, but dietary habits had improved. CONCLUSIONS: This brief intervention resulted in higher costs to families and the health care sector, which could have been devoted to other uses that do create benefits to health and/or family well-being. This has implications for countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia, whose current guidelines recommend routine surveillance and counseling for high child BMI in the primary care sector. PMID- 18922510 TI - Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of viral infections. PMID- 18922512 TI - [An historical case of malignant hyperparathyroidism with unusual metastatic sites]. AB - We report a historical case of hyperparathyroidism in a young patient hospitalized for an array of osteolytic foci and incomplete fracture associated with a swollen neck, revealing a very special form of a metastatic parathyroid carcinoma with unusual multiple locations and exceptional medullary flooding. Carcinoma of the parathyroid gland produces a malignant hypersecreting tumor particularly difficult to diagnose. Treatment of this rare tumor is primarily surgical. The preoperative syndrome is unusually severe primary hyperparathyroidism. Intraoperatively, the size of the tumor and its local extension to surrounding tissue are highly suggestive. Confirmation requires pathological analysis of the operative specimens and can be further supported by the clinical course of local recurrence or metastasic spread. Specific immunohistochemical techniques have recently been shown to be contributive. The diagnosis is strengthened in the presence of associated Schantz and Castelman criteria. Foci of local extension can be identified preoperatively with ultrasound, (99m)Tc-sestamibi scintigraphy and MRI of the neck and mediastinum. The prognosis depends mainly on the possibility of achieving complete resection at the initial surgery. In some cases, very aggressive complementary postoperative radiotherapy is likely to improve locoregional control of the tumor. Chemotherapy alone or in combination with radiation has not demonstrated its effectiveness. The disease course and control can be monitored by regular assay of serum calcium and the parathormone. PMID- 18922513 TI - Feeling of dry mouth in relation to whole and minor gland saliva secretion rate. AB - Previous reports indicate an association between whole saliva secretion rate and xerostomia, but the association is not always found in individuals complaining of dry mouth. In the present study, we hypothesised that the minor salivary gland secretions could affect subjective feelings of oral dryness in individuals with normal or low whole saliva secretion rate. 142 individuals, aged 18-82 years, participated in the study. Feelings of oral dryness were assessed separately for day- and nighttime by visual analogue scales. Resting and stimulated whole saliva flow rates were measured by conventional methods, and minor palatal, buccal and labial saliva secretion rates by the Periotron method. Twenty-three percent of the women and 15% of the men reported feelings of dry mouth during day and night. The results showed statistically significant lower resting and stimulated whole and minor labial gland saliva secretion rates in subjects reporting oral dryness during both day and night compared with non-complainers. In groups of individuals with normal simulated whole saliva secretion, those who complained from dry mouth both day and night had statistically significant lower labial secretion rate compared with those who had no complaints. Although not statistically significant, this difference was seen also in the groups with fewer individuals who had low whole saliva flow. In summary, our findings suggested that the labial gland saliva might affect subjective feelings of dry mouth both in individuals with normal and subnormal whole saliva flow. PMID- 18922514 TI - Structure-function relationship in cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase from Bacillus circulans DF 9R. AB - Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferases (CGTases E.C.2.4.1.19) catalyze cyclomaltooligosaccharides (cyclodextrins) production, an important industrial process. We herein report structural features of Bacillus circulans DF 9R cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase including its sequence and several aspects of enzyme structure-function relationship. Protein ethoxyformylation, under our experimental conditions, indicated that only one out of the 13 enzyme histidines was modified leading to a drastic drop in cyclizing and hydrolytic activity. Besides, tryptic digestion of the (14)C ethoxyformylated protein and studies of the peptide mixture showed that histidine 233 is the most reactive histidine residue. This is the first cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase with a known primary structure and a glutamine instead of glycine residue at position 179 in the highly conserved -6 subsite, shown to be involved in substrate binding. The presence of glycine at that position was considered as a requirement for such binding following the induced-fit mechanism already proposed. Moreover, the enzyme has all the features previously described for an alpha- or alpha/beta cyclodextrin producer. PMID- 18922515 TI - Dextransucrase and the mechanism for dextran biosynthesis. AB - Remaud-Simeon and co-workers [Moulis, C.; Joucla, G.; Harrison, D.; Fabre, E.; Potocki-Veronese, G.; Monsan, P.; Remaud-Simeon, M. J. Biol. Chem., 2006, 281, 31254-31267] have recently proposed that a truncated Escherichia coli recombinant B-512F dextransucrase uses sucrose and the hydrolysis product of sucrose, D glucose, as initiator primers for the nonreducing-end synthesis of dextran. Using (14)C-labeled D-glucose in a dextransucrase-sucrose digest, it was found that <0.02% of the D-glucose appears in a dextran of M(n) 84,420, showing that D glucose is not an initiator primer, and when the dextran was treated with 0.01 M HCl at 80 degrees C for 90 min and a separate sample with invertase at 50 degrees C for 24h, no D-fructose was formed, indicating that sucrose is not present at the reducing-end of dextran, showing that sucrose also was not an initiator primer. It is further shown that both d-glucose and dextran are covalently attached to B-512FMC dextransucrase at the active site during polymerization. A pulse reaction with [(14)C]-sucrose and a chase reaction with nonlabeled sucrose, followed by dextran isolation, reduction, and acid hydrolysis, gave (14)C glucitol in the pulsed dextran, which was significantly decreased in the chased dextran, showing that the D-glucose moieties of sucrose are added to the reducing ends of the covalently linked growing dextran chains. The molecular size of dextran is shown to be inversely proportional to the concentration of the enzyme, indicating a highly processive mechanism in which D-glucose is rapidly added to the reducing-ends of the growing chains, which are extruded from the active site of dextransucrase. It is also shown how the three conserved amino acids (Asp551, Glu589, and Asp 622) at the active sites of glucansucrases participate in the polymerization of dextran and related glucans from a single active site by the addition of the D-glucose moiety of sucrose to the reducing-ends of the covalently linked glucan chains in a two catalytic-site, insertion mechanism. PMID- 18922517 TI - Amygdalar enlargement associated with unique perception. AB - Interference by amygdalar activity in perceptual processes has been reported in many previous studies. Consistent with these reports, previous clinical studies have shown amygdalar volume change in multiple types of psychotic disease presenting with unusual perception. However, the relationship between variation in amygdalar volume in the normal population and the tendency toward unusual or unique perception has never been investigated. To address this issue, we defined an index to represent the tendency toward unique perception using ambiguous stimuli: subjects were instructed to state what the figures looked like to them, and "unique responses" were defined depending on the appearance frequency of the same responses in an age- and gender-matched control group. The index was defined as the ratio of unique responses to total responses per subject. We obtained structural brain images and values of the index from sixty-eight normal subjects. Voxel-based morphometry analyses revealed a positive correlation between amygdalar volume and the index. Since previous reports have indicated that unique responses were observed at higher frequency in the artistic population than in the nonartistic normal population, this positive correlation suggests that amygdalar enlargement in the normal population might be related to creative mental activity. PMID- 18922516 TI - Experience and sentence processing: statistical learning and relative clause comprehension. AB - Many explanations of the difficulties associated with interpreting object relative clauses appeal to the demands that object relatives make on working memory. MacDonald and Christiansen [MacDonald, M. C., & Christiansen, M. H. (2002). Reassessing working memory: Comment on Just and Carpenter (1992) and Waters and Caplan (1996). Psychological Review, 109, 35-54] pointed to variations in reading experience as a source of differences, arguing that the unique word order of object relatives makes their processing more difficult and more sensitive to the effects of previous experience than the processing of subject relatives. This hypothesis was tested in a large-scale study manipulating reading experiences of adults over several weeks. The group receiving relative clause experience increased reading speeds for object relatives more than for subject relatives, whereas a control experience group did not. The reading time data were compared to performance of a computational model given different amounts of experience. The results support claims for experience-based individual differences and an important role for statistical learning in sentence comprehension processes. PMID- 18922518 TI - Tolerability, side effects, and complications of hysterosalpingocontrast sonography (HyCoSy). AB - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the tolerability, side effects and complications of hysterosalpingocontrast sonography (HyCoSy). DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: University hospital. PATIENT(S): 669 infertile women. INTERVENTION(S): All patients were examined with HyCoSy and monitored for 30 minutes after the procedure. A telephone interview was subsequently carried out to record possible late side effects and postprocedural complications. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Tolerability to the procedure was evaluated by means of an 11-point (0 to 10) numeric rating scale of the pain experienced. Postprocedural fever, pelvic infections, peritonitis, hemorrhage were recorded. RESULT(S): Of 660 patients who completed the examination, 483 (73.2%) completed the telephone follow-up after a period of 14.7 +/- 9.9 months from the procedure. The mean patient age was 34.5 +/- 4.3 years, and mean infertility duration was 28.1 +/- 23.2 months. The mean numeric rating scale was 2.7 +/- 2.5, and 10 patients (2.0%) required postprocedural drug treatment for pain relief. Mild vasovagal reactions were experienced in 20 cases (4.1%), and four patients (0.8%) had a severe vasovagal reaction. No late complications were reported. No patients required hospital admission after the procedure. CONCLUSION(S): In our series, HyCoSy was a well tolerated examination with a very low rate of side effects and no late complications that required no atropine or anti-inflammatory drugs. These data support the safety of HyCoSy when performed as described, but further work is needed to estimate the rate of late complications and side effects in other settings. PMID- 18922519 TI - Onset of late posttraumatic seizure after dehydroepiandrosterone treatment. AB - OBJECTIVE: To describe the first reported case of a seizure in a patient using the dietary supplement DHEA in an attempt to improve ovarian oocyte production. DESIGN: Case report. SETTING: University-affiliated teaching hospital, neurologic department. PATIENT(S): A 30-year-old woman with fragile X syndrome and no history of any convulsive disorder who was receiving IVF treatment. INTERVENTION(S): Daily treatment with the dietary supplement DHEA. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Generalized seizure. RESULT(S): After 1 month of DHEA treatment, the patient was admitted with a generalized seizure. CONCLUSION(S): A generalized seizure, associated with concurrent intake of DHEA. PMID- 18922520 TI - Parasitic myomas after laparoscopic myomectomy: case report. AB - OBJECTIVE: To report a case of a woman who presented with parasitic myomas 27 months after laparoscopic myomectomy. DESIGN: Case report. SETTING: University medical center. PATIENT(S): A 31-year-old G0 woman who had a previous history significant for laparoscopic myomectomy with morcellation 27 months before. INTERVENTION(S): Repeat laparoscopic myomectomy and review of video footage from previous myomectomy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Pathology report. RESULT(S): Repeat laparoscopic examination revealed two pedunculated and two parasitic myomas. Review of video footage from initial surgery revealed pieces of myoma dispersed within pelvis during morcellation. CONCLUSION(S): Pieces of initial myoma dispersed within the pelvis during morcellation may have developed into parasitic myomas. PMID- 18922521 TI - Intrapartum stillbirth in a Nigerian tertiary hospital setting. AB - OBJECTIVE: To examine the nonmedical events contributing to intrapartum stillbirths in an African setting. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of the records of women who had intrapartum stillbirths at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, from January 1999 to December 2007. The events surrounding the delivery of these women were critically analyzed and statistically compared with those who had live births to determine the nonmedical factors contributing to the stillbirths. RESULTS: The overall stillbirth rate was 89 per 1000 births. The intrapartum stillbirth rate was 52.1 per 1000 births. Nonmedical factors contributing to stillbirths included delays in receiving appropriate management, inadequate intrapartum monitoring, inappropriate interventions, and wrong diagnosis. All 3 types of delay were significantly associated with intrapartum stillbirth (P=0.0001). CONCLUSION: Intrapartum stillbirth accounts for the majority of stillbirths in this setting. Avoidable delays, suboptimal intrapartum monitoring, and inappropriate interventions contribute to the majority of intrapartum stillbirths in Nigeria. PMID- 18922522 TI - Global issues in women's health. AB - World population growth in the past century has taxed the ability of healthcare systems in low-income countries to provide reproductive health care. Maternal mortality and morbidity, sexually transmitted diseases, and cervical cancer are major problems. Expansion of reproductive health services, training of appropriate medical personnel, and elevating the status of women in society are all necessary and appropriate solutions to improve the health of women in low income countries. PMID- 18922523 TI - Lactiferous duct reconstruction for obstructive engorgement following traumatic nipple damage. PMID- 18922524 TI - Distension versus traction in laparoscopically assisted balloon vaginoplasty for management of vaginal aplasia. PMID- 18922525 TI - Intravenous salbutamol for external cephalic version. AB - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the success of external cephalic version (ECV) using an adjusted bolus dose of intravenous salbutamol compared with no tocolysis. METHODS: An open-label randomized study of 114 women with a term breech fetus randomized to receive either an intravenous bolus dose of 0.1 mg salbutamol with further boluses every 5 minutes, as required, before commencing ECV, or no tocolysis. Primary outcomes were successful ECV and rate of cesarean delivery. RESULTS: Salbutamol tocolysis resulted in a higher rate of successful ECV compared with no tocolysis (70.2% [40/57] vs 36.8% [21/57]; RR 1.9, 95% CI 1.3 2.8; P<0.001). Cesarean delivery rate was lower in the salbutamol group compared with the control group (31.6% [18/57] vs 63.2% [36/57]; RR 0.5, 95% CI 0.3-0.8; P=0.001). Salbutamol dose ranged from 0.1-0.4 mg and outcome was not related to dose. CONCLUSION: Adjusted dose intravenous salbutamol tocolysis prior to ECV increases its success rate and reduces the cesarean delivery rate. PMID- 18922526 TI - Two safe motherhood papers: editor's comment. PMID- 18922527 TI - Functional LCAT is not required for macrophage cholesterol efflux to human serum. AB - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the capacity of serum from carriers of LCAT gene mutations to promote cell cholesterol efflux through the ABCA1, ABCG1, and SR-BI pathways. METHODS: Serum was obtained from 41 carriers of mutant LCAT alleles (14 carriers of two mutant LCAT alleles and 27 heterozygotes) and 10 non-carrier relatives (controls). The capacity of serum to promote cholesterol efflux was tested in pathway-specific cell models. RESULTS: LCAT deficient sera were significantly more efficient than control sera in promoting cell cholesterol efflux via ABCA1 (3.1+/-0.3% for carriers of two mutant LCAT alleles and 2.6+/ 0.2% for heterozygotes vs. 1.5+/-0.4% for controls), and less efficient in promoting ABCG1- and SR-BI-mediated cholesterol efflux. The enhanced capacity of LCAT deficient serum for ABCA1 efflux is explained by the increased content of prebeta-HDL, as indicated by the significant positive correlation between ABCA1 efflux and serum prebeta-HDL content (R=0.468, P<0.001). Moreover, chymase treatment of LCAT deficient serum selectively degraded prebeta-HDL and completely abolished ABCA1 efflux. Despite the remarkable reductions in serum HDL levels, LCAT deficient sera were as effective as control sera in removing mass cholesterol from cholesterol-loaded macrophages. CONCLUSIONS: Serum from carriers of LCAT gene mutations has the same capacity of control serum to decrease the cholesterol content of cholesterol-loaded macrophages due to a greater cholesterol efflux capacity via ABCA1. PMID- 18922528 TI - Atherosclerosis progression affects the relationship between endothelial function and aortic stiffness. AB - Aortic stiffening is the most important determinant of elevated systolic blood pressure which in turn is the main contributor to the burden of disease attributable to hypertension. Endothelial function may affect arterial stiffening as has been shown for carotid-aorto-femoral segments in healthy humans or subjects with cardiovascular risk factors. We investigated whether this association is present selectively for aorta and whether it extends to patients with advanced atherosclerosis. Direct measurements of aortic pulse wave velocity (aPWV) to assess aortic stiffness and brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation (bFMD) tests to assess endothelial function were performed in 111 consecutive patients suspected of coronary artery disease. Progression of atherosclerosis was determined on the basis of the presence or absence of significant coronary artery stenosis, CAS (>or=50%) in angiography. bFMD was lower (P<0.001) and aPWV was higher (P<0.001) in a group of 72 patients with advanced atherosclerosis when compared with a group of 39 patients without significant CAS. bFMD was inversely associated with aPWV but only in patients without advanced atherosclerosis (r= 0.37, P=0.02), even after adjustment of confounding factors in a multivariate analysis model (R(2)=0.37, P<0.001). We concluded that endothelial function may influence aortic stiffness which is limited however by the progression of atherosclerosis. PMID- 18922529 TI - Higher IL-6 levels but not IL6 -174G>C or -572G>C genotype are associated with post-operative complication following coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. AB - Large increases in inflammatory markers, particularly IL-6, occur after cardiac surgery. However, despite interventions to reduce the inflammatory response, great variability still remains which could in part be attributable to genetic predisposition. Since increased IL-6 levels following surgery are also associated with poorer outcome we sought to determine whether baseline and post-operative levels of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and functional common variants of the Interleukin 6 (IL6) gene are associated with post-operative outcome following coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Caucasian patients undergoing first-time elective CABG were studied. IL-6 levels were measured pre-, 6h and 24h following surgery and genotypes for IL6 gene variants -174G>C and -572G>C were obtained. Clinical data was collected daily until patient discharge. Patient outcome was categorised as with (ICUC, n=177) and without (NICUC, n=189) a post-operative complication during the ICU period and with (POC, n=215) and without (NC, n=151) a post operative complication during hospitalisation. IL-6 levels pre- and at 24h were greater in POC and ICUC than NC and NICUC, respectively. Pre- IL-6 levels independently predicted (for 1 standard deviation increase in log IL-6) POC (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.1-1.7, p=0.008) and ICUC (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.0-1.6, p=0.02) outcomes. Overall, the IL6-572G>C had an effect over time on IL-6 levels (p=0.04) and on IL 6 levels in NC (P=0.008) and NICUC (p=0.006). However, no associations were found with the IL6 -572G>C or -174G>C variants on IL-6 levels at individual time-points or by outcome group. Thus, in conclusion, elevated pre-operative IL-6 levels, but not IL6 gene variants predict poor patient outcome following CABG. PMID- 18922530 TI - Morphologic adaptation of arterial endothelial cells to longitudinal stretch in organ culture. AB - Arteries in vivo are subjected to large longitudinal stretch, which changes significantly due to vascular disease and surgery. However, little is known about the effect of longitudinal stretch on arterial endothelium. The aim of this study was to determine the morphologic adaptation of arterial endothelial cells (ECs) to elevated axial stretch. Porcine carotid arteries were stretched 20% more than their in vivo length while being maintained at physiological pressure and flow rate in an organ culture system. The ECs were elongated with the application of the axial stretch (aspect ratio 2.81+/-0.25 versus 3.65+/-0.38, n=8, p<0.001). The elongation was slightly decreased after three days and the ECs recovered their normal shape after seven days, as measured by the shape index and aspect ratio (0.55+/-0.03 versus 0.56+/-0.04, and 2.93+/-0.28 versus 2.88+/-0.20, respectively, n=5). Cell proliferation was increased in the intima of stretched arteries in three days as compared to control arteries but showed no difference after seven days in organ culture. These results demonstrate that the ECs adapt to axial stretch and maintain their normal shape. PMID- 18922531 TI - Dynamic loading of deformable porous media can induce active solute transport. AB - Active solute transport mediated by molecular motors across porous membranes is a well-recognized mechanism for transport across the cell membrane. In contrast, active transport mediated by mechanical loading of porous media is a non intuitive mechanism that has only been predicted recently from theory, but not yet observed experimentally. This study uses agarose hydrogel and dextran molecules as a model experimental system to explore this mechanism. Results show that dynamic loading can enhance the uptake of dextran by a factor greater than 15 over passive diffusion, for certain combinations of gel concentration and dextran molecular weight. Upon cessation of loading, the concentration reverts back to that achieved under passive diffusion. Thus, active solute transport in porous media can indeed be mediated by cyclical mechanical loading. PMID- 18922532 TI - The effect of the density-modulus relationship selected to apply material properties in a finite element model of long bone. AB - Material property assignment is a critical step in developing subject-specific finite element models of bone. Inhomogeneous material properties are often applied using an equation relating density and elastic modulus, with the density information coming from CT scans of the bone. Very few previous studies have investigated which density-elastic modulus relationships from the literature are most suitable for application in long bone. No such studies have been completed for the ulna. The purpose of this study was to investigate six such density modulus relationships and compare the results to experimental strains from eight cadaveric ulnae. Subject-specific finite element models were developed for each bone using micro-CT scans. Six density-modulus equations were trialed in each bone, resulting in a total of 48 models. Data from a previously completed experimental study in which each bone was instrumented with twelve strain gauges were used for comparison. Although the relationship that best matched experimental strains was somewhat specimen and location dependent, there were two relations which consistently matched the experimental strains most closely. One of these under-estimated and one over-estimated the experimental strain values, by averages of 15% and 31%, respectively. The results of this study suggest that the ideal relationship for the ulna may lie somewhere in between these two relations. PMID- 18922533 TI - Towards an analytical model of soft biological tissues. AB - In the past years, soft-tissue modelling research has seen substantial developments, a significant part of which can be ascribed to the refinement of numerical techniques, such as Finite Element analysis. A large class of physico mechanical properties can be effectively simulated and predictions can be made for a variety of phenomena. However, there is still much that can be conceptually explored by means of fundamental theoretical analysis. In the past few years, driven by our interest in articular cartilage mechanics, we have developed theoretical microstructural models for linear elasticity and permeability that accounted for the presence and arrangement of collagen fibres in cartilage. In this paper, we investigate analytically the non-linear elasticity of soft tissues with collagen fibres arranged according to a given distribution of orientation, a problem that, aside from the case of fibres aligned in a finite number of distinct directions, has been treated exclusively numerically in the literature. We show that, for the case of a tissue with complex fibre arrangement, such as articular cartilage, the theoretical framework commonly used leads to an integral expression of the elastic strain energy potential. The present model is a first attempt in the development of a unified analytical microstructural model for non linear elasticity and permeability of hydrated, fibre-reinforced soft tissues. PMID- 18922534 TI - Probing mechanical properties of fully hydrated gels and biological tissues. AB - A longstanding challenge in accurate mechanical characterization of engineered and biological tissues is maintenance of both stable sample hydration and high instrument signal resolution. Here, we describe the modification of an instrumented indenter to accommodate nanomechanical characterization of biological and synthetic tissues in liquid media, and demonstrate accurate acquisition of force-displacement data that can be used to extract viscoelastoplastic properties of hydrated gels and tissues. We demonstrate the validity of this approach via elastoplastic analysis of relatively stiff, water insensitive materials of elastic moduli E>1000 kPa (borosilicate glass and polypropylene), and then consider the viscoelastic response and representative mechanical properties of compliant, synthetic polymer hydrogels (polyacrylamide based hydrogels of varying mol%-bis crosslinker) and biological tissues (porcine skin and liver) of E<500 kPa. Indentation responses obtained via loading/unloading hystereses and contact creep loading were highly repeatable, and the inferred E were in good agreement with available macroscopic data for all samples. As expected, increased chemical crosslinking of polyacrylamide increased stiffness (E40 kPa) and decreased creep compliance. E of porcine liver (760 kPa) and skin (222 kPa) were also within the range of macroscopic measurements reported for a limited subset of species and disease states. These data show that instrumented indentation of fully immersed samples can be reliably applied for materials spanning several orders of magnitude in stiffness (E=kPa-GPa). These capabilities are particularly important to materials design and characterization of macromolecules, cells, explanted tissues, and synthetic extracellular matrices as a function of spatial position, degree of hydration, or hydrolytic/enzymatic/corrosion reaction times. PMID- 18922535 TI - Electrochemically modulated liquid chromatography using a boron-doped diamond particle stationary phase. AB - This paper reports on preliminary tests of the performance of boron-doped diamond powder (BDDP) as a stationary phase in electrochemically modulated liquid chromatography (EMLC). EMLC manipulates retention through changes in the potential applied (E(appl)) to a conductive packing. Porous graphitic carbon (PGC) has routinely been utilized as a material in EMLC separations. Herein the utility of BDDP as a stationary phase in EMLC was investigated and its stability, both compositionally and microstructurally, relative to PGC was compared. The results show that BDDP is stable over a wide range of E(appl) values (i.e., -1.2 to +1.2V vs. Ag/AgCl, sat'd NaCl). The data also reveal that electrostatics play a key role in the adsorption of the aromatic sulfonates on the BDDP stationary phase, and that these analytes are more weakly retained in comparison to the PGC support. The potential for this methodology to provide a means to advance the understanding of molecular adsorption and retention mechanisms on carbonaceous materials is briefly discussed. PMID- 18922536 TI - Use of thermal desorption gas chromatography-olfactometry/mass spectrometry for the comparison of identified and unidentified odor active compounds emitted from building products containing linseed oil. AB - The emission of odor active volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from a floor oil based on linseed oil, the linseed oil itself and a low-odor linseed oil was investigated by thermal desorption gas chromatography combined with olfactometry and mass spectrometry (TD-GC-O/MS). The oils were applied to filters and conditioned in the micro emission cell, FLEC, for 1-3days at ambient temperature, an air exchange rate of 26.9h(-1) and a 30% relative humidity. These conditions resulted in dynamic headspace concentrations and composition of the odor active VOCs that may be similar to real indoor setting. Emission samples for TD-GC-O/MS analysis from the FLEC were on Tenax TA. Although many volatile VOCs were detected by MS, only the odor active VOCs are reported here. In total, 142 odor active VOCs were detected in the emissions from the oils. About 50 of the odor active VOCs were identified or tentatively identified by GC-MS. While 92 VOCs were detected from the oil used in the floor oil, only 13 were detected in the low-odor linseed oil. The major odor active VOCs were aldehydes and carboxylic acids. Spearmen rank correlation of the GC-O profiles showed that the odor profile of the linseed oil likely influenced the odor profile of the floor oil based on this linseed oil. PMID- 18922537 TI - Use of absorbent materials in on-line coupled reversed-phase liquid chromatography-gas chromatography via the through oven transfer adsorption desorption interface. AB - The use of absorbents as retaining materials in the through oven transfer adsorption desorption interface (TOTAD) of an on-line coupled reversed-phase liquid chromatography-gas chromatography system (RPLC-GC) is proposed for the first time. A comparative study of an adsorbent (Tenax TA) and two absorbents, namely polydimethylsiloxane and poly(50% phenyl/50% methylsiloxane) is performed to establish the best experimental conditions for the automated and simultaneous determination of 15 organophosphorus and organochlorine pesticide residues in olive oil. The proposed method provides satisfactory repeatability (RSDs lower, in general, than 8.5%) and sensitivity (limits of detection ranging from 0.6 to 81.9 microg/L) for the investigated compounds. PMID- 18922538 TI - Identification and structural characterization of biodegradation products of atenolol and glibenclamide by liquid chromatography coupled to hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight and quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry. AB - In this paper we report about the biodegradation of the beta-blocker atenolol and the hypoglycaemic agent glibenclamide. The biodegradation tests were performed in batch reactors under aerobic conditions, using as inocculums sewage sludge from a conventional activated sludge treatment and a laboratory-scale membrane bioreactor. Pharmaceuticals were used as sole carbon sources, spiked at 50ng/L and 10mg/L concentrations. Quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry coupled to ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatograph was used for the screening and the structural elucidation of biodegradation products. A microbial metabolite of atenolol with [M+H](+) at 268 was detected in the positive electrospray ionization mode. This new compound was determined to be a product of microbial hydrolysis of the amide of the parent compound. Biodegradation of glibenclamide by activated sludge proceeded via bacterial hydroxylation of the cyclohexyl ring, which resulted in formation of metabolite with a protonated molecule, [M+H](+)=510. MS(3) experiments performed by hybrid quadrupole linear ion trap (QqLIT) mass spectrometry coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography enabled further structural elucidation of the identified metabolites. Moreover, the highly sensitive QqLIT instrument in the MRM mode enabled the detection of parent compounds and one of the microbial metabolites identified in real wastewater samples. The methodology used in this study permitted for the first time the identification and detection of biodegradation product of beta-blocker atenolol in real wastewater samples. PMID- 18922539 TI - Speciation of butyltin compounds in environmental and biological samples using headspace single drop microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. AB - A method based on headspace single drop microextraction (HS-SDME) in combination with gas chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (GC-ICP-MS) was proposed for the speciation analysis of butyltin compounds in environmental and biological samples. The sodium tetraethylborate (NaBEt4) and sodium tetrahydroborate (NaBH4) were used as the derivatizing reagent for in situ derivatization of the butyltins. For the two derivatizations, the HS-SDME parameters such as organic solvent, drop volume, sample pH, stirring rate, temperature, extraction time and the ionic strength were examined systematically. The analytical performance including the linearity ranges, limits of detection (LODs) and reproducibilities of the two derivatizations were compared under the respective optimized conditions. Derivatization with NaBEt(4) proved to be more sensitive and robust than that with NaBH4, leading to the LODs of 1.4 ng/L for MBT, 1.8 ng/L for DBT and 0.8 ng/L for TBT. The reproducibilities, expressed as relative standard deviations (RSDs), were in the range of 1.1-5.3% (c=1 microg/L, n=3). With tripropyltin (TPrT) as internal standard, HS-SDME-GC-ICP-MS with NaBEt(4) derivatization was applied for the speciation analysis of butyltins in real seawater and shellfish samples. The butyltins found in the real-world samples are 31ng/L MBT, 79 ng/L DBT and 32 ng/L TBT for seawater, and 11.6-30.4 ng/g MBT, 11.8-8.9 ng/g DBT and 12.8-52.6 ng/g TBT for different shellfish samples. For validation, the developed method was also employed for the speciation analysis of butyltins in certified reference material (CRM) of PACS-2 sediment, and the determined values are in a good agreement with the certified values. The developed method is simple, rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective and provides an attractive alternative for butyltins speciation in biological and environmental samples with complex matrix. PMID- 18922540 TI - Thermal extraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as a tool for analysing dioxin surrogates and precursors in fly ash. AB - Thermal extraction-GC-MS (TE-GC-MS) is a relatively new analytical technique which demonstrates a large potential for the analysis of various solid matrices. This technique provides a rapid quantitative and simultaneous determination of a wide range of volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds without laborious sample preparation or any chemical pre-treatment. Its amenability to automation and coupling with on-line detection methods makes TE-GC-MS a promising technique, not only in laboratory analysis, but also for in situ emission monitoring. However, the number of studies dedicated to the application of TE-GC-MS to fly ashes, which are an unavoidable by-product of any thermal industrial process and also the sink of many environmental pollutants, is limited. The ability of TE-GC MS to analyse a wide range of trace semi-volatile dioxin surrogate compounds in fly ash samples is investigated as an alternative to the well-established solvent extraction-GC-MS analysis (SE-GC-MS). Reproducibility, the effect of TE temperature, time, flow, and the influence of the analysed matrix are studied. Dedicated experiments demonstrate that the conversion (dechlorination and in situ formation) of target analytes and the decomposition of the fly ash matrix can take place at elevated TE temperatures and during prolonged TE times. Moreover, these effects are matrix-specific and vary from sample to sample. After optimizing the TE parameters, two fly ash samples of different origins are analysed and more than 50 individual analytes representing different classes of aromatic compounds are quantified and compared with those available from the SE GC-MS analysis. PMID- 18922541 TI - Direct removal of trace ionic iodide from acetic acid via porous carbon spheres. AB - The main purpose of this paper is to report the direct removal of trace ionic iodide (I(-)) from acetic acid through porous carbon spheres (PCS) derived from the carbonization of poly(vinylidene chloride). The surface morphology and pore size distribution of the PCS are distinct from activated carbon (AC); thus they possess the peculiar performance of removing ionic iodide from acetic acid. The easy reach of micropores in the PCS was different from that of AC, but similar to that of activated carbon fiber (ACF). The iodide removal process has a strong relation with temperature, which is a typical feature of physical adsorption. The ionic iodide content in acetic acid used in the adsorption experiment was at the parts per billion level, and the factors influencing the adsorption are discussed in detail. PMID- 18922542 TI - Templating multiple length scales by combining phase separation, self-assembly and photopatterning in porous films. AB - Patternable nanoporous silica thin films with pore sizes on multiple length scales are fabricated using preformed block copolymer/homopolymer blend films as templates. Previous work by Tirumala et al. [V.R. Tirumala, R.A. Pai, S. Agarwal, J.J. Testa, G. Bhatnagar, A.H. Romang, C. Chandler, B.P. Gorman, R.L. Jones, E.K. Lin, J.J. Watkins, Adv. Mater. 18 (8) (2008) 1603] has demonstrated that hydrogen bonding between an amphiphilic copolymer and a homopolymer leads to significant enhancements in the long range order of the template self assembly. However if the copolymer template is simply changed from Pluronic F127 to Brij78, a well ordered template is no longer always obtained; the blend phase separates with apparent selective partitioning of the photoacid generator (PAG) at the interface of the polymer phases. UV exposure selectively generates a photoacid, which is utilized to catalyze tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) condensation. The large disparity in diffusivity of the photoacid between the glassy poly(hydroxystyrene) (PHOSt) and rubbery Brij78 phases results in selective templating of the Brij mesostructure and limited reaction into the PHOSt. Calcination yields relatively monodisperse mesopores from the Brij phase and macropores from the PHOSt phase. Simple variations in processing parameters allow the macropore morphology to be tuned to create high surface area materials with structures on the order of 1 nm, 100 nm and microms from self assembly, phase separation and lithographic patterning respectively. PMID- 18922543 TI - Property changes of powdery polyacrylonitrile synthesized by aqueous suspension polymerization during heat-treatment process under air atmosphere. AB - High molecular weight powdery polyacrylonitrile (PAN) polymers were prepared by aqueous suspension polymerization employing itaconic acid (IA) as comonomer and alpha,alpha(')-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as initiator at 60 degrees C. PAN polymers obtained with different monomer ratios were characterized by EA, DSC, FTIR and XRD. It is investigated that the oxygen element content in PAN polymers increased with the increase of required IA amounts in the feed and heat-treatment temperatures. DSC curves of PAN copolymers exhibited the triplet character, owing to the exothermic cyclization and oxidative reactions during heat-treatment process. Introduction of IA in the feed relaxed exothermic reactions of PAN polymers under air atmosphere. Structure and crystallinity changes were affected by required IA amounts in the feed and enhancement of heat-treatment temperatures. The characteristic functional groups (including C[triple bond]N, C=O, CH(2)) presented in FTIR spectra of PAN polymers indicated copolymerization reaction of AN and IA. Existence of some organic groups (C-O, C=C and/or C=N) indicated formation of ladderlike structure during heat-treatment process. PAN homopolymer had the better crystallinity (mainly peak intensity and peak area around 2theta = 17 degrees) than most RT-PAN copolymers. When heat-treatment temperature is around 210 degrees C, peak intensity, peak area, L(c) and CI of HT PAN polymers corresponding to samples 1# and 2# got maxima, while crystallinity became weak at higher heat-treatment temperatures. PMID- 18922544 TI - One-step synthesis of highly monodisperse hybrid silica spheres in aqueous solution. AB - An effective and reproducible method of preparing highly monodisperse organic inorganic hybrid silica spheres was studied. One process, one precursor (organosilane) and one solvent (water) were used in our experiments. The size of hybrid silica spheres could be adjusted from 360 to 770 nm with relative standard deviation below 2% by controlling the concentration of the organosilane precursor and the ammonia catalyst. The increasing of the precursor concentration increases the particle size while the catalyst concentration has a reverse effect on the particle size. The concept of homogeneous nucleation and growth processes are introduced to explain the formation mechanism and the effect of reaction conditions. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images illustrate the copiousness in quantity and the uniformity in size/shape of the particles that could be routinely accomplished in this synthesis. Fourier transform infrared (FT IR) and (29)Si nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra confirm the structure of vinyl hybrid silica spheres, where the vinyl group (-CH=CH(2)) exists and connects to the silicon atom. This method has also been extended to design and prepare other organic-inorganic hybrid materials especially in monodisperse surface-modified silica spheres. PMID- 18922545 TI - Cholesterol and phytosterols effect on sphingomyelin/phosphatidylcholine model membranes--thermodynamic analysis of the interactions in ternary monolayers. AB - In this work thermodynamic analysis of the interactions between lipids in ternary sphingomyelin/DPPC/sterol Langmuir films were performed to compare the effect of cholesterol, beta-sitosterol and stigmasterol on a model membrane. The condensing effect of the respective sterols and the interactions between molecules in ternary mixtures were analyzed on the basis of the excess area per molecule and the excess free energy of mixing values. The stability of the mixed monolayers was verified with the free energy of mixing values. The conclusions on the ordering effect of sterols were drawn from the analysis of the compression modulus values. It was found that the stoichiometry of the mixed films of the highest thermodynamic stability and of the strongest interactions is the same for all the sterols investigated. The results obtained prove that the mammalian sterol induces the strongest contraction of the area and reveals the strongest stabilizing and ordering effect among the investigated sterol. Stigmasterol was found to condense a model membrane in a weaker extent as compared to beta sitosterol, however, the differences in ordering properties of both phytosterols are less pronounced. The magnitude of the influence of the investigated sterols on a model membrane was thoroughly discussed from the point of view of the structure of their side chain, which determines the geometry of a sterol molecule. PMID- 18922546 TI - Maedi-visna: the meningoencephalitis in naturally occurring cases. AB - Lesions were examined at different levels of the central nervous system (CNS) in 64 sheep with natural maedi-visna (MV) meningoencephalitis. All animals showed lesions in more than one of the CNS locations examined; the lesions in the cranial regions were periventricular, while those in the spinal cord affected the white matter funicles. Lesions were found particularly in the cerebellar peduncles (non-suppurative meningoencephalitis), followed by the corpus callosum, hippocampus and thoracic spinal cord. Vascular, infiltrative and malacic histopathological patterns were recognized. One pattern predominated in each section examined, although mixed forms occurred. Vascular lesions occurred with similar frequency at all CNS levels, but infiltrative and malacic lesions predominated at rostral and caudal levels, respectively. Cells consistent with macrophages and shown immunohistochemically to be associated with MV virus were seen in malacic and infiltrative lesions, at the periphery of damaged areas. PMID- 18922548 TI - Tackling the old familiar problems of pollution, habitat alteration and overfishing will help with adapting to climate change. PMID- 18922549 TI - Effects of changing land use on the microbial water quality of tidal creeks. AB - Population growth along the southeastern United States coast has precipitated the conversion of forested watersheds to suburban and urban ones. This study sampled creeks representing forested, suburban, and urban watersheds along a longitudinal gradient for indicators of water quality, including traditional indicator bacteria (fecal coliforms and enterococci) and alternative viral indicators (male specific and somatic coliphages). Tested microorganisms were generally distributed with highest concentrations in creek headwaters and in more developed watersheds. The headwaters also showed the strongest predictive relationship between indicator concentrations and urbanization as measured by impervious cover. A seasonal pattern was observed for indicator bacteria but not for indicator viruses. Coliphage typing indicated the likely source of contamination was nonhuman. Results suggest that headwater creeks can serve as sentinel habitat, signaling early warning of public health concerns from land-based anthropogenic activities. This study also implies the potential to eventually forecast indicator concentrations under land use change scenarios. PMID- 18922547 TI - The antitermination activity of bacteriophage lambda N protein is controlled by the kinetics of an RNA-looping-facilitated interaction with the transcription complex. AB - Protein N of bacteriophage lambda activates the lytic phase of phage development in infected Escherichia coli cells by suppressing the activity of transcriptional terminators that prevent the synthesis of essential phage proteins. N binds tightly to the boxB RNA hairpin located near the 5' end of the nascent pL and pR transcripts and induces an antitermination response in the RNA polymerase (RNAP) of elongation complexes located at terminators far downstream. Here we test an RNA looping model for this N-dependent "action at a distance" by cleaving the nascent transcript between boxB and RNAP during transcript elongation. Cleavage decreases antitermination, showing that an intact RNA transcript is required to stabilize the interaction of boxB-bound N with RNAP during transcription. In contrast, an antitermination complex that also contains Nus factors retains N dependent activity after transcript cleavage, suggesting that these host factors further stabilize the N-RNAP interaction. Thus, the binding of N alone to RNAP is controlled by an RNA looping equilibrium, but after formation of the initial RNA loop and in the presence of Nus factors the system no longer equilibrates on the transcription time scale, meaning that the "range" of antitermination activity along the template in the full antitermination system is kinetically controlled by the dissociation rate of the stabilized N-RNAP complex. Theoretical calculations of nucleic acid end-to-end contact probabilities are used to estimate the local concentrations of boxB-bound N at elongation complexes poised at terminators, and are combined with N activity measurements at various boxB-to terminator distances to obtain an intrinsic affinity (K(d)) of approximately 2 x 10(-5) M for the N-RNAP interaction. This RNA looping approach is extended to include the effects of N binding at nonspecific RNA sites on the transcript and the implications for transcription control in other regulatory systems are discussed. PMID- 18922550 TI - Phenolic glycosides from Kaempferia parviflora. AB - Three phenolic glycosides were isolated together with two known flavonol glycosides from the H2O-soluble fraction of rhizomes of Kaempferia parviflora. Their structures were determined to be rel-(5aS,10bS)-5a,10b-dihydro-1,3,5a,9 tetrahydroxy-8-methoxy-6H-benz[b]indeno[1,2-d]furan-6-one 5a-O-[alpha-L rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-d-glucopyranoside] (1), its rel-5aS,10bR isomer (2), and (2R,3S,4S)-3-O-[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-d-glucopyranosyl]-3'-O methyl-ent-epicatechin-(2alpha-->O-->3,4alpha-->4)-(5aS,10bS)-5a,10b-dihydro 1,3,5a,9-tetrahydroxy-8-methoxy-6H-benz[b]indeno[1,2-d]furan-6-one 5a-O-[alpha-L rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside] (3). The structures were elucidated on the basis of analyses of chemical and spectroscopic evidence. PMID- 18922551 TI - Putting plant hexokinases in their proper place. AB - Hexokinases (HXKs), catalysts of the first essential step in glucose metabolism, have emerged as important enzymes that mediate sugar sensing in many organisms, including plants. The presence of several types of plant HXK isozymes, located in different intracellular locations, has been suggested. However, recent studies have indicated that most plants have only two types of HXKs, a plastidic stromal isozyme and membrane-associated isozymes located mainly adjacent to the mitochondria, but also in the nucleus. The membrane-associated isozymes are involved in sugar sensing and regulate gene expression. The central role of HXKs in plant development and the increasing interest in their role necessitate the correction of inaccuracies that have spread concerning the substrate specificity and intracellular localization of HXK isozymes, as these inaccuracies are affecting the hypothesized roles presented for these isozymes and shaping future research in this active field. PMID- 18922552 TI - A Clostridium perfringens food poisoning outbreak associated with consumption of chicken curry supplied by a home caterer. PMID- 18922555 TI - [Ocular manifestations of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]. AB - We report a case of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) in a 47-year-old woman, who presented fluctuating visual disturbances which had developed over the last six months. An antiphospholipid syndrome was suspected and intravenous heparin treatment was started. One week later, hemolytic anemia and renal insufficiency occurred. Severe deficiency of von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease was found and a diagnostic of TTP was made. The clinical outcome was favorable after treatment with plasmapheresis and fresh frozen plasma. Diagnosis, etiology and treatment of this life-threatening disease are discussed. PMID- 18922553 TI - Attitudes and knowledge of third year medical students in Croatia about tobacco control strategies: results of the Global Health Professionals Pilot Survey in Croatia, 2005. PMID- 18922556 TI - [Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia: a channelopathy? Study of 19 cases]. AB - INTRODUCTION: Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) is characterized by brief episodes of dystonia and choreoathetosis triggered by sudden voluntary movements. Disease onset is seen in the first or second decade. The attacks typically last less than one minute. Three autosomal dominant PKD loci are identified: EKD1, EKD2 and EKD3. EKD1 has an overlap with the locus of the "Infantile Convulsion and Choreoathetosis (ICCA) syndrome". The favorable natural history, the episodic nature of the symptoms and their sensitivity to anticonvulsant therapy suggest channelopathy as a mechanism of PKD. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed the clinical features, the family history, the treatment response, the evolution and the technical investigations in 19 affected individuals. RESULTS: All cases were idiopathic. Ten patients had a positive familial history. Three patients suffered from ICCA syndrome. Some atypical features were seen, such as the association of kinesigenic and nonkinesigenic attacks and the presence of migraine, ataxia, seizures and myoclonus. Acetazolamide responsiveness was seen in two patients. CONCLUSION: The coexistence of PKD and nonkinesigenic dyskinesia in several patients confirms the earlier described presence of intermediary forms, nonrepresented in the current classification of paroxysmal dyskinesias. Our study results suggest channel dysfunction and basal ganglia involvement in the pathophysiology of PKD. PMID- 18922557 TI - SH surface acoustic wave propagation in a cylindrically layered piezomagnetic/piezoelectric structure. AB - SH surface acoustic wave (SH-SAW) propagation in a cylindrically layered magneto electro-elastic structure is investigated analytically, where a piezomagnetic (or piezoelectric) material layer is bonded to a piezoelectric (or piezomagnetic) substrate. By means of transformation, the governing equations of the coupled waves are reduced to Bessel equation and Laplace equation. The boundary conditions imply that the displacements, shear stresses, electric potential, and electric displacements are continuous across the interface between the layer and the substrate together with the traction free at the surface of the layer. The magneto-electrically open and shorted conditions at cylindrical surface are taken to solve the problem. The phase velocity is numerically calculated for different thickness of the layer and wavenumber for piezomagnetic ceramics CoFe(2)O(4) and piezoelectric ceramics BaTiO(3). The effects of magnetic permeability on propagation properties of SH-SAW are discussed in detail. The distributions of displacement, magnetic potential and magneto-electromechanical coupling factor are also figured and discussed. PMID- 18922558 TI - Urinary biomarkers and low-level environmental benzene concentration: assessing occupational and general exposure. AB - The categories of urban workers undergoing prolonged exposure to gasoline due to vehicle emissions, evaporation and traffic fumes are considered occupationally exposed to benzene, even if at low concentrations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the specificity of unmetabolized benzene excreted in urine (UBz) and S phenylmercapturic acid (SPMA) as biomarkers of exposure to very low levels of benzene, and to study the impact of putative individual confounders like smoking and alcohol habits, co-exposure to other toxicants and body mass index on the exposure assessment. Environmental and biological monitoring of exposure to benzene were performed in 114 Urban Policemen. The mean value of UBz in non smokers was significantly lower than in either groups of light to moderate smokers and heavy smokers (0.24, 1.82 and 2.82 microg L(-1), respectively). On the contrary, SPMA values did not discriminate exposure resulting from smoking habits. Moreover, the concentration of UBz in non-smokers appears to be correlated with environmental benzene concentration (BenzA) (R(2)=0.13, beta=0.37, p=0.002). On the other hand, no significant correlation was found between SPMA concentration (corrected for creatinine excretion and log transformed, LogSPMA) and LogBenzA (R(2)=0.003, beta=0.05, p=0.6). Our findings reinforce previous research on the use of unmetabolized urinary benzene as a specific and sensitive biomarker of low-level exposure to benzene and confirm that smoking habits strongly influence the excretion of UBz. PMID- 18922559 TI - An international survey of decabromodiphenyl ethane (deBDethane) and decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE) in sewage sludge samples. AB - Decabromodiphenyl ethane (deBDethane) is an additive flame retardant marketed as a replacement for decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE). The structures of the two chemicals are similar, and hence deBDethane may also become an environmental contaminant of concern. Environmental data on deBDethane are scarce. Since sewage sludge is an early indicator of leakage of these chemicals into the environment, an international survey of deBDethane and decaBDE levels in sludge was conducted. Samples were collected from 42 WWTPs in 12 different countries and analyzed with GC/LRMS. DeBDethane was present in sludge from all countries and may therefore be a worldwide concern. The levels of deBDethane in sludge samples from the Ruhr area of Germany were the highest so far reported in the literature (216 ng g( 1)d.wt.). The [deBDethane]/[decaBDE] quotient for the whole data set ranged from 0.0018 to 0.83. High ratios were found in and around Germany where deBDethane imports are known to have been high and substitution of decaBDE with deBDethane is likely to have occurred. Low ratios were found in the USA and the UK, countries that have traditionally been large users of decaBDE. An estimate of the flux of deBDEthane from the technosphere via WWTPs to the environment within the European Union gave 1.7+/-0.34 mg annually per person. The corresponding value for decaBDE was 41+/-22 mg annually per person. PMID- 18922560 TI - A rapid spectrophotometric determination of persulfate anion in ISCO. AB - Due to a gradual increase in the use of persulfate as an in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) oxidant, a simple measurement of persulfate concentration is desirable to analyze persulfate distribution at designated time intervals on/off a site. Such a distribution helps evaluate efficacy of ISCO treatment at a site. This work proposes a spectrophotometric determination of persulfate based on modification of the iodometric titration method. The analysis of absorption spectra of a yellow color solution resulting from the reaction of persulfate and iodide in the presence of sodium bicarbonate reveals an absorbance at 352 nm, without significant interferences from the reagent matrix. The calibration graph was linear in the range of persulfate solution concentration of 0-70 mM at 352 nm. The proposed method is validated by the iodometric titration method. The solution pH was at near neutral and the presence of iron activator does not interfere with the absorption measurement. Also, analysis of persulfate in a groundwater sample using the proposed method indicates a good agreement with measurements by the titration method. This proposed spectrophotometric quantification of persulfate provides a simple and rapid method for evaluation of ISCO effectiveness at a remediation site. PMID- 18922561 TI - Timescales and cultural process at 40,000 BP in the light of the Campanian Ignimbrite eruption, Western Eurasia. AB - Significant new information shows that the Campanian Ignimbrite (CI) eruption from the Phlegrean Fields, southern Italy, was much larger than hitherto supposed and in fact one of the largest late Quaternary explosive events. The eruption can be dated to 40,000 calendar years ago, within the interval of the so-called Middle to Upper Paleolithic 'transition'. Its position can be precisely correlated with a number of other environmental events, including Heinrich Event 4 (HE4), the Laschamp excursion, and a particular cosmogenic nuclide peak. In view of this unique combination of factors, we studied the CI volcanic catastrophe with particular attention to its impact on climate and human ecosystems, including potential interference with ongoing processes of cultural evolution (biological evolution is best left aside for the moment). The contribution of this research is chronological and ecological. The CI volcanic event provides an unequalled means of correlating stratigraphic sequences across Western Eurasia, either directly or indirectly, and affords a unique opportunity to establish the age and climatic context of important archaeological sequences. Ecologically, the CI eruption inevitably interacted with the beginning of HE4 in terms of atmospheric feedback systems. Their combined forcing produced a sudden and at least hemispheric climatic deterioration; a 'volcanic winter' scenario cannot be ruled out. Paleolithic occupation was severely altered throughout the direct-impact zone of the eruption and likely along fringe areas in southern and southeastern Europe. The above observations call for a reconsideration of the processes and rhythms involved in the Middle to Upper Paleolithic 'transition'. A tentative model is suggested that links the exceptional environmental stress at 40,000 BP with processes already active in Paleolithic societies, leading to a period of accelerated change in cultural configurations. These eventually evolved into an Upper Paleolithic proper at a later date. The evidence to invoke allochthonous cultural input or invasionist scenarios is not considered compelling. PMID- 18922562 TI - Setting the record straight: toward a systematic chronological understanding of the Middle to Upper Paleolithic boundary in Eurasia. Preface. PMID- 18922563 TI - A 14C age calibration curve for the last 60 ka: the Greenland-Hulu U/Th timescale and its impact on understanding the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition in Western Eurasia. AB - This paper combines the data sets available today for 14C-age calibration of the last 60 ka. By stepwise synchronization of paleoclimate signatures, each of these sets of 14C-ages is compared with the U/Th-dated Chinese Hulu Cave speleothem records, which shows global paleoclimate change in high temporal resolution. By this synchronization we have established an absolute-dated Greenland-Hulu chronological framework, against which global paleoclimate data can be referenced, extending the 14C-age calibration curve back to the limits of the radiocarbon method. Based on this new, U/Th-based Greenland(Hulu) chronology, we confirm that the radiocarbon timescale underestimates calendar ages by several thousand years during most of Oxygen Isotope Stage 3. Major atmospheric 14C variations are observed for the period of the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition, which has significant implications for dating the demise of the last Neandertals. The early part of "the transition" (with 14C ages > 35.0 ka 14C BP) coincides with the Laschamp geomagnetic excursion. This period is characterized by highly-elevated atmospheric 14C levels. The following period ca. 35.0-32.5 ka 14C BP shows a series of distinct large-scale 14C age inversions and extended plateaus. In consequence, individual archaeological 14C dates older than 35.0 ka 14C BP can be age-calibrated with relatively high precision, while individual dates in the interval 35.0-32.5 ka 14C BP are subject to large systematic age 'distortions,' and chronologies based on large data sets will show apparent age overlaps of up to ca. 5,000 cal years. Nevertheless, the observed variations in past 14C levels are not as extreme as previously proposed ("Middle to Upper Paleolithic dating anomaly"), and the new chronological framework leaves ample room for application of radiocarbon dating in the age-range 45.0-25.0 ka 14C BP at high temporal resolution. PMID- 18922564 TI - Urbanization and subsurface environmental issues: an attempt at DPSIR model application in Asian cities. AB - This paper synthesizes existing information and knowledge on subsurface environments to understand the major cause and effect relationships of subsurface environmental issues by using the DPSIR (Driving force-Pressure-Status-Impact Response) approach as the framework of analysis. Description is given to the major subsurface environmental issues common among the selected Asian cities (Bangkok, Jakarta, Manila, Osaka, Seoul, Taipei and Tokyo), such as excessive groundwater abstraction, land subsidence and groundwater contamination. The DPSIR framework is used to analyze the issues and problems of subsurface in key stages and suggestions are made for additional indicators to improve our description of the stages of urban development for the future. PMID- 18922565 TI - Re: "External validation of a laparoscopic-based score to evaluate resectability of advanced ovarian cancers: clues for a simplified score". PMID- 18922566 TI - Manifestations and long-term outcome of food allergy in children after solid organ transplantation. PMID- 18922568 TI - Artificial insemination for the propagation of CANDES: the reality! AB - Conservation is about protecting and nurturing species so that they can survive, not only now, but also into the future. Ideally this means protecting genetically diverse populations and not simply breeding a few individuals. Unfortunately, this point is often overlooked by reproductive technologists, especially if they are more accustomed to working with humans, companion animals or agricultural species, where the goals are more usually directed towards obtaining offspring from particular individuals. This approach has tended to antagonise the conservation community, who are quick to develop an unreasonable suspicion of technological solutions, partly because they are unfamiliar with the scientific principles that underpin the reproductive technology. Unfortunately, this mutual failure to recognise that all parties are actually well meaning, has led to separate cultures that barely communicate with each other and thus fail to capitalise on the potential benefits that would come from a good working relationship. Notable successes with reproductive technology have only emerged where such relationships have been forged. In this review, we highlight, mainly for the benefit of the technologist community, the need to foster good working relationships with conservation managers and to recognise that the latest hi-tech approach to animal breeding is more likely to engender suspicion than enthusiasm. PMID- 18922569 TI - Artificial insemination in South American camelids and wild equids. AB - An overview of the present status of the use of artificial insemination (AI) in South American camelids and wild equids is offered. Technical aspects of semen collection, dilution and cryopreservation have limited the development and use of AI in camelid and equid species. To-date, efficiency is low but progress has been made and viable offspring have been produced through the use of AI in domestic South American camelids using both fresh and frozen semen. The origin, composition, and function of the viscous component of camelid seminal plasma remain a mystery and an obvious area for future research. A better understanding of the normal constituents of seminal plasma will enable the rational design of semen extenders suitable for camelids. Post-thaw sperm viability is very low, and studies are needed to address questions of optimal freezing and thawing procedures as well as the insemination dose. The basis for differences in reported pregnancy rates with sexed and frozen semen in domestic equids, and the ultimate success of AI in wild equids will require continued research into the "stallion effect", extenders and cryoprotectants, optimal volume and number of spermatozoa, temperatures during handling, processing an transport, and insemination techniques. In both camelids and equids, research on domestic species under controlled conditions provides and excellent opportunity to develop effective semen handling techniques for application in wild and endangered species of the respective families. PMID- 18922571 TI - Selective COX-2 inhibitors: where do we go from here? PMID- 18922570 TI - Cardiovascular events associated with rofecoxib: final analysis of the APPROVe trial. AB - BACKGROUND: Selective inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase-2 has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events in several clinical trials. The Adenomatous Polyp Prevention on Vioxx (APPROVe) study assessed the effect of 3 year treatment with a cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitor, rofecoxib (25 mg), on recurrence of neoplastic polyps of the large bowel. We report the cardiovascular outcomes of a long-term follow-up of participants in the trial. METHODS: The APPROVe study is a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. 2587 patients with a history of colorectal adenomas were recruited at 108 centres worldwide during 2000 and 2001. Participants were followed for adverse events while on treatment and during the following 14 days. However, after early termination of treatment because of cardiovascular toxicity, we attempted to follow up all randomised patients for at least 1 year after stopping study treatment. External committees blindly assessed potential serious cardiovascular events. The focus of the analysis was the combined incidence of non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, and death from cardiovascular, haemorrhagic, and unknown causes (Antiplatelet Trialists' Collaboration [APTC] combined endpoint). We used Cox proportional hazards regression to calculate endpoint hazard ratios. The study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT0282386. FINDINGS: We obtained extended post-treatment cardiovascular follow up data from 84% of participants, and extended mortality follow-up from 95%. In total, 59 individuals had an APTC endpoint in the rofecoxib group and 34 in the placebo group (hazard ratio 1.79, 95% CI 1.17-2.73; p=0.006). In the first year after cessation of treatment, there was a non-significant increase in the risks of APTC endpoints. The APTC hazard ratio did not substantially change over time. INTERPRETATION: Use of rofecoxib is associated with increased rates of APTC events. Study data are compatible with an early increase in risk that persists for one year after stopping treatment. PMID- 18922572 TI - From Alma-Ata to Almaty: a new start for primary health care. PMID- 18922573 TI - Hydrogel based on interpenetrating polymer networks of dextran and gelatin for vascular tissue engineering. AB - Hydrogel networks are highly desirable as three-dimensional (3-D) tissue engineering scaffolds for cell encapsulation due to the high water content and ability to mimick the native extracellular matrix. However, their application is limited by their nanometer-scale mesh size, which restricts the spreading and proliferation of encapsulated cells, and their poor mechanical properties. This study seeks to address both limitations through application of a novel cell encapsulating hydrogel family based on the interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) of gelatin and dextran bifunctionalized with methacrylate (MA) and aldehyde (AD) (Dex-MA-AD). The chemical structure of the synthesized Dex-MA-AD was verified by (1)H-NMR and the degrees of substitution of MA and AD were found to be 14 and 13.9+/-1.3 respectively. The water contents in all these hydrogels were approximately 80%. Addition of 40 mg/ml to 60 mg/ml gelatin to neat Dex-MA-AD increased the compressive modulus from 15.4+/-3.0 kPa to around 51.9+/-0.1 kPa (about 3.4-fold). Further, our IPN hydrogels have higher dynamic storage moduli (i.e. on the order of 10(4)Pa) than polyethylene glycol-based hydrogels (around 10(2)-10(3)Pa) commonly used for smooth muscle cells (SMCs) encapsulation. Our dextran-based IPN hydrogels not only supported endothelial cells (ECs) adhesion and spreading on the surface, but also allowed encapsulated SMCs to proliferate and spread in the bulk interior of the hydrogel. These IPN hydrogels appear promising as 3-D scaffolds for vascular tissue engineering. PMID- 18922574 TI - Mechanisms of cytotoxicity of nickel ions based on gene expression profiles. AB - This study investigated cytotoxic effects of Ni(II) to mouse fibroblast cells (L 929) on the level of gene expression profiles with cDNA microarray. The gene expression profiles of L-929 were detected after the cells were cultured in the medium with 200 microm Ni(II) for 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively, and the cytotoxicity of Ni(II) was evaluated with methylthiazoltetrazolium (MTT) assay. 20 up-regulated genes and 19 down-regulated genes were differentially expressed in all three-culture periods. Gene ontology analysis showed that the L-929 cells which responded to Ni(II) covered a broad range of functional gene groups including cellular biological process, molecular function, and cellular component. Ni(II) has extensive effects on cells by inhibiting cell proliferation and differentiation through inducing cell apoptosis, affecting cell development and influencing cholesterol metabolism. PMID- 18922575 TI - In vitro cell alignment obtained with a Schwann cell enriched microstructured nerve guide with longitudinal guidance channels. AB - Therapeutic benefits of autologous nerve grafting in repair of peripheral nerve lesions have not been reached using any alternative nerve guide. Nevertheless, issues of co-morbidity and limited availability of donor nerves urgently ask for a need of bioartificial nerve guides which could either replace or complement autologous nerve grafts. It is increasingly appreciated that optimal nerve guides comprise both physical and molecular cues in support of peripheral axon regeneration. Now, we present a collagen-based microstructured 3D nerve guide containing numerous longitudinal guidance channels with dimensions resembling natural endoneurial tubes. Moreover, these nerve guides could be functionalized by Schwann cell (SC) seeding. Viable SCs did not only adhere to the nerve guide, but also migrated throughout the guidance channels. Of particular importance was the observation that SCs within the guidance channels formed cellular columns reminiscent of "Bands of Bungner", which are crucial structures in the natural process of peripheral nerve regeneration during the Wallerian degeneration. We, therefore, conclude that our orientated 3D nerve guides (decorated with SCs) with their physical and molecular properties may hold great promise in the repair of peripheral nerve lesion and serve as a basis for future experimental regeneration studies. PMID- 18922576 TI - Effects of Staphylococcus aureus-hemolysin A on calcium signalling in immortalized human airway epithelial cells. AB - Part of the innate defence of bronchial epithelia against bacterial colonization is secretion of salt and water which generally depends on coordinated actions of receptor-mediated cAMP- and calcium signalling. The hypothesis that Staphylococcus aureus-virulence factors interfere with endogenous signals in host cells was tested by measuring agonist-mediated changes in [Ca(2+)](i) in S9 cells upon pre-incubation with bacterial secretory products. S9 cells responded to mAChR-activation with calcium release from intracellular stores and capacitative calcium influx. Treatment of cells with culture supernatants of S. aureus (COL) or with recombinant alpha-hemolysin (Hla) resulted in time- and concentration dependent changes in [Ca(2+)](i). High concentrations of Hla (2000 ng/ml) resulted in elevations in [Ca(2+)](i) elicited by accelerated calcium influx. A general Hla-mediated permeabilization of S9 cell membranes to small molecules, however, did not occur. Lower concentrations of Hla (200 ng/ml) induced a reduction in [Ca(2+)](i)-levels during the sustained plateau phase of receptor mediated calcium signalling which was abolished by pre-incubation of cells with carboxyeosin, an inhibitor of the plasma membrane calcium-ATPase. This indicates that low concentrations of Hla change calcium signalling by accelerating pump driven extrusion of Ca(2+) ions. In vivo, such a mechanism may result in attenuation of calcium-mediated cellular defence functions and facilitation of bacterial adherence to the bronchial epithelium. PMID- 18922578 TI - Expression levels of CD38 on leukemic B cells but not on non-leukemic T cells are comparably stable over time and predict the course of disease in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. AB - Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by a number of T-cell abnormalities, which may play a causative role in disease progression and immune dysfunction. Recently, expression levels of CD38 in T cells have been suggested as a novel adverse prognostic factor in male CLL patients. In the current study, CD38 expression on CLL T cells was examined by flow cytometry in 126 patients with B-CLL and correlated with clinical parameters and established molecular risk factors. In line with previous results we observed a positive correlation of CD38 expression on leukemic B and non-leukemic T cells with clinical stage. CD38 expression on B-CLL cells, cytogenetic aberrations and mutations of IgVH genes were found to significantly influence treatment-free survival. By contrast, CD38 expression on T cells was not significantly associated with an adverse clinical outcome. PMID- 18922577 TI - The dysfunction and abnormal signaling pathway of dendritic cells loaded by tumor antigen can be overcome by neutralizing VEGF in multiple myeloma. AB - We investigated whether dendritic cells (DCs) from multiple myeloma (MM) patients were affected by loading tumor antigens and whether the defective DC function associated with MM could be overcome by the neutralization of VEGF. MM-specific DCs were generated by loading tumor lysates from myeloma cells at diagnosis or relapsed/progressive state, respectively. DCs loaded with tumor lysates showed lower phenotypic maturation, less T cell stimulatory capacity, less cytotoxic T lymphocyte activities, and highly abnormal cytokine secretions of IL-6 and IL-12, compared to myeloma lysate-unloaded DCs. The levels of VEGF, phospho-STAT3 and phospho-ERK1/2 in DCs were significantly higher with loading myeloma lysates. After the neutralization of VEGF activity, the DC function, signal transduction and cytokine production returned to normal. The defective function of DC in patients with MM is significantly affected by loading tumor antigens, correlating with abnormal STAT3 and the NF-kappaB signaling pathway, and neutralization of VEGF can overcome this DC dysfunction through the elimination of abnormal signal transduction. PMID- 18922579 TI - Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: two cases in young adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. PMID- 18922580 TI - Mannan-binding lectin (MBL) in two chicken breeds and the correlation with experimental Pasteurella multocida infection. AB - The present study is the first demonstration of an association of the genetic serum Mannan-binding lectin (MBL) concentration with bacterial infections in chickens. The genetic serum MBL concentration was determined in two chicken breeds, and the association with the specific Pasteurella multocida humoral immune response during an experimental infection was examined. Furthermore, we examined the association of the genetic serum MBL concentration with systemic infection. The chickens with systemic infection had a statistically significant lower mean serum MBL concentration than the rest of the chickens, suggesting that MBL plays an important role against P. multocida. A statistically significant negative correlation was found between the specific antibody response and the genetic serum MBL concentration for both breeds. This indicates that MBL in chickens is capable of acting as the first line of defence against P. multocida by diminishing the infection before the adaptive immune response takes over. PMID- 18922582 TI - Collaboration in outpatient antipsychotic drug treatment: analysis of potentially influencing factors. AB - Knowledge of factors relevant for medication adherence and patient collaboration is still limited. Our study aims at exploring the contribution of a variety of factors to collaboration in outpatients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. We obtained self-rated and observer-rated data from 108 outpatients during an interview 6 months after hospital discharge. The compliance rating scale (CRS) classified 76% of the patients as collaborative. Factors related to the patient, illness, treatment, and social environment were analysed in two-step explorative correlation and regression analyses in order to determine their relative contribution to collaboration. Only trust in medication and lack of insight were associated with collaboration, and they accounted for 38% of the variance. Neither medication side effects nor neuropsychological functioning correlated with collaboration. The conceptualisation of medication adherence is complex, and there are a number of unresolved methodological problems. The data indicate that illness and treatment-related subjective attitudes may be more relevant than side effects, cognitive functioning or any sociodemographic variable. PMID- 18922581 TI - Mutational analysis of amino acid residues involved in IgE-binding to the Malassezia sympodialis allergen Mala s 11. AB - The yeast Malassezia sympodialis, which is an integral part of the normal cutaneous flora, has been shown to elicit specific IgE- and T-cell reactivity in atopic eczema (AE) patients. The M. sympodialis allergen Mala s 11 has a high degree of amino acid sequence homology to manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) from Homo sapiens (50%) and Aspergillus fumigatus (56%). Humoral and cell mediated cross-reactivity between MnSOD from H. sapiens and A. fumigatus has been demonstrated. Taken together with the recent finding that human MnSOD (hMnSOD) can act as an autoallergen in AE patients sensitised to M. sympodialis, we hypothesized that cross-reactivity could also occur between hMnSOD and Mala s 11, endogenous hMnSOD thus being capable of stimulating an immune response through molecular mimicry. Herein we demonstrate that recombinant Mala s 11 (rMala s 11) is able to inhibit IgE-binding to recombinant hMnSOD and vice versa, indicating that these two homologues share common IgE-binding epitopes and providing an explanation at a molecular level for the autoreactivity to hMnSOD observed in AE patients sensitised to Mala s 11. Using molecular modelling and mapping of identical amino acids exposed on the surface of both Mala s 11 and hMnSOD we identified four regions each composed of 4-5 residues which are potentially involved in IgE-mediated cross-reactivity. Mutated rMala s 11 molecules were produced in which these residues were altered. Native-like folding was verified by enzymatic activity tests and circular dichroism. The rMala s 11 mutants displayed lower IgE-binding in comparison to wild-type rMala s 11 using plasma from AE patients. In particular, mutation of the residues E29, P30, E122 and K125 lowered the IgE-binding to Mala s 11. The results of this study provide new insights in the molecular basis underlying the cross-reactivity between Mala s 11 and hMnSOD. PMID- 18922583 TI - Polymorphism of dopamine D2 receptor (TaqIA, TaqIB, and-141C Ins/Del) and dopamine degradation enzyme (COMT G158A, A-278G) genes and extrapyramidal symptoms in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorders. AB - OBJECTIVE: The relationship is examined of the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) polymorphism (TaqIA, TaqIB, -141 C Ins/Del) and the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) polymorphism (A-278G, G158A) to the risk of antipsychotic-induced extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) in schizophrenia and bipolar disorders. Participants comprised 80 cases presenting with EPS (Simpson-Angus Scale score >3) and 188 controls presenting without EPS (Simpson-Angus Scale score or =90 cm for male or > or =80 cm for female) whom were matched by several cardiovascular risk factors, were included in the study. Lipid profile and plasma levels of glucose, insulin, leptin, adiponectin and inflammatory markers were measured. Internal mammary artery segments were used for ex-vivo vascular reactivity experiments and morphometry. RESULTS: Leptin concentrations were higher and adiponectin concentrations were lower in subjects with AO. No differences were observed in other biochemical or clinical parameters between the groups. No correlation between waist circumference, HOMA index and inflammatory markers were observed. Endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine was lower, and contractile responses to angiotensin-II were higher in subjects with AO. These changes were not related to differences in vascular morphometry. CONCLUSION: In subjects with severe coronary disease, the presence of AO was associated with leptin/adiponectin imbalance, decreased endothelium-dependent relaxation and an enhanced response to angiotensin-II. These changes occurred independently of other cardiovascular risk factors including insulin resistance and levels of inflammatory markers. PMID- 18922592 TI - Brachytherapy for carcinoma of the cervix: a Canadian survey of practice patterns in a changing era. AB - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: This survey aimed to document practices of Canadian radiation oncologists performing gynecologic brachytherapy for carcinoma of the cervix and to determine what the effect of the phasing-out of LDR after-loading systems from the commercial market is having on practice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 26-item questionnaire was developed to survey various aspects of brachytherapy practice to include: number of patients treated, prescription points/volume, dose and fractionation, timing, critical structure delineation, expected changes due to the phasing-out of support for low dose rate systems, and support for the development of national guidelines. A link to a web-based survey collection instrument was emailed to each radiation oncologist in Canada practicing gynecologic brachytherapy. RESULTS: A 67% response rate was achieved in this web based survey. Radiation oncologists currently using HDR brachytherapy are most commonly delivering 5 fractions of 6 Gy in addition to an EBRT dose of 45 Gy in 25 fractions. The median total dose equivalents to Point A was 82.9 Gy for both early and advanced disease. In response to the announcement by a major vendor that they would be phasing-out service for a popular LDR after-loader, 49% of Canadian radiation oncologists who practice brachytherapy for cervix cancer are changing to an HDR technique with a further 9% changing to a PDR technique. Eighty-six percent of respondents would support the development of national guidelines for cervix brachytherapy in Canada. CONCLUSIONS: Variation in practice exists in Canada in brachytherapy for cervix cancer. Many centers are in the process of phasing-out LDR techniques in response to the withdrawal of commercial support for these systems. Support for the development of Canadian national guidelines is high. PMID- 18922593 TI - Can the relationship between tangential velocity and radius of curvature explain motor constancy? AB - To address contributions of speed, efficiency, radius of curvature and joint complexity to the strength of the lawful relationship between tangential velocity and radius of curvature (power law), an experiment considered the strength of the power law when participants were instructed to perform circling movements using the elbow, finger, shoulder, or wrist. Five participants performed circling motions in a vertical plane upon a Smartboard that sampled finger tip position at 200Hz. Page's L tested whether the strength of the power law could be predicted by: (1) speed; (2) submovements; (3) joint complexity; (4) radius of curvature. A second experiment considered the strength of the power law when six participants were instructed to perform circling movements of different sizes (large, medium, and small) using their shoulders. Movement speed or efficiency could not explain the strength of the power law, instead the power law was stronger for movements with a smaller radius of curvature or fewer joints. The strength of the power law varied with effector, questioning the role of the power law in motor constancy. PMID- 18922594 TI - Effects of low intensity exercise therapy on early phase insulin secretion in overweight subjects with impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. AB - This study was designed to evaluate effects of exercise therapy on early phase insulin secretion in overweight subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). The subjects consisted of overweight subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT, n=10), IGT (n=10) and DM (n=10) (age: 51.1+/ 8.2, 56.3+/-8.8 and 58.5+/-6.2 years, respectively). All of these patients performed exercise therapy at lactate threshold intensity for 12 weeks. Before intervention, area under the glucose curve (AUC(PG)) was higher in DM, IGT and NGT groups, and area under the insulin curve (AUC(IRI)) and the early phase insulin secretion as calculated by insulinogenic index was higher in the NGT group than in either the IGT or DM groups (p<0.05). After exercise therapy, the insulin sensitivity, AUC(PG) and AUC(IRI) improved in three groups (p<0.05, respectively). The insulinogenic index increased in IGT and DM groups (p<0.05, respectively), but the changes in the insulinogenic index showed no significant differences between IGT and DM groups. These results suggest that the ss-cell function in subjects with IGT and DM could therefore improve after exercise therapy. Moreover, AUC(PG), AUC(IRI) and insulin sensitivity were also improved no relation to NGT, IGT and DM. PMID- 18922595 TI - The association of plasma fibrinogen concentration with diabetic microvascular complications in young adults with early-onset of type 2 diabetes. AB - AIMS: Diabetic nephropathy is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The underlying etiology is not fully understood but may be related to changes in inflammatory and hemostatic markers with kidney disease. We investigated the associations of the markers with microvascular complications in Pima Indians (PI) with early-onset type 2 diabetes (T2DM). METHODS: C-reactive protein, interleukine-6, fibrinogen, D-dimer, plasmin-antiplasmin complex and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 were measured in 104 PI (age: 32+/-4 y) with diabetes and 59 (32+/-4 y) with fasting glucose <110 mg/dl and 2-h glucose <140 mg/dl. Urine albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) was used as marker of nephropathy. Severity of retinopathy was classified in the worse eye by direct ophthalmoscopy as none, background and proliferative. RESULTS: Of these markers, only fibrinogen was associated with ACR (r=0.25, p<0.01). After adjustment for age, sex, percentage Pima heritage, smoking status, diabetes duration, blood pressure and use of aspirin, antihypertensive and antihyperglycemic agents, general linear models (with natural log-transformed values of fibrinogen and ACR as dependent and independent variables, respectively) revealed that a one percent increase in ACR would yield a 0.02% increase in the fibrinogen (beta=0.02, p<0.05). Plasma fibrinogen was also significantly increased with severity of diabetic retinopathy (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Increased plasma fibrinogen concentration was associated with diabetic microvascular disease, in particular with nephropathy. This may help to explain the etiologic link between nephropathy and CVD. PMID- 18922597 TI - Activated prorenin as a therapeutic target for diabetic nephropathy. AB - High plasma prorenin levels in diabetic patients predict microvascular complications, but the mechanism of the connection between these factors has remained unclear. (Pro)renin receptors were recently found in the human kidney, and their distribution in the kidneys include the mesangium and podocytes. The binding of prorenin to the (pro)renin receptor triggers two major pathways: the angiotensin II-dependent pathway as a result of the conversion of prorenin to the active form of prorenin through a conformational change, and the angiotensin II independent, (pro)renin-receptor-dependent intracellular mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. To investigate whether the (pro)renin-receptor-dependent pathways contribute to the pathophysiology of the end-organ damage that occurs in diabetes, the handle region peptide, which binds to the receptor and competitively inhibits prorenin from binding to the receptor, was administered to rats with streptozotocin-induced type I diabetes and to a model of type II diabetes, db/db mice. The handle region peptide significantly inhibited the development of end-organ damage in these diabetic animals, and had a greater benefit than angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in diabetic angiotensin II type 1a-receptor-deficient mice. In addition, the infusion of the handle region peptide in animals with streptozotocin-induced type I diabetes significantly regressed the nephropathy that had already occurred. These results suggest that prorenin and the (pro)renin receptor play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of diabetic nephropathy. Receptor-bound prorenin may prove useful as an important therapeutic target for the prevention and regression of end-organ damage in patients with diabetes. PMID- 18922596 TI - Blood lipid levels in relation to glucose status in European men and women without a prior history of diabetes: the DECODE Study. AB - OBJECTIVE: Dyslipidaemia is present not only in diabetic but also in prediabetic subjects. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between lipid and glucose levels in a large European population without a prior history of diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Data from the population-based studies of 8960 men and 10,516 women aged 35-74 years representing 15 cohorts in 8 European countries were jointly analyzed. Multivariate adjusted linear regression analyses with standardized coefficients (beta) were performed to estimate the relationship between lipid and plasma glucose. RESULTS: In subjects without a prior history of diabetes, positive relationships were shown between fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and total cholesterol (TC) (beta=0.06 and 0.03, respectively for men and women, p<0.01), triglycerides (TG) (beta=0.14 and 0.12, p<0.001), non high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) (beta=0.06 and 0.03, p<0.01) and TC to HDL ratio (beta=0.06 and 0.05, p<0.001) but a negative trend between FPG and HDL-C (beta=-0.02, p>0.05 in men and beta=-0.03, p<0.05 in women). The relationship between lipid and 2-h plasma glucose (2hPG) followed a similar pattern as that for FPG, except that TC was not increased and HDL-C was reduced in both sexes in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). CONCLUSIONS: For cardiovascular prevention, the different lipid patterns between impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and IGT may deserve further attention to evaluate the combined risks of dyslipidaemia and elevated glucose levels below the diagnostic threshold of diabetes. PMID- 18922598 TI - MaZda--a software package for image texture analysis. AB - MaZda, a software package for 2D and 3D image texture analysis is presented. It provides a complete path for quantitative analysis of image textures, including computation of texture features, procedures for feature selection and extraction, algorithms for data classification, various data visualization and image segmentation tools. Initially, MaZda was aimed at analysis of magnetic resonance image textures. However, it revealed its effectiveness in analysis of other types of textured images, including X-ray and camera images. The software was utilized by numerous researchers in diverse applications. It was proven to be an efficient and reliable tool for quantitative image analysis, even in more accurate and objective medical diagnosis. MaZda was also successfully used in food industry to assess food product quality. MaZda can be downloaded for public use from the Institute of Electronics, Technical University of Lodz webpage. PMID- 18922599 TI - Sirt1 increases skeletal muscle precursor cell proliferation. AB - It is important to understand the mechanisms that control muscle precursor cell (MPC) proliferation for the development of countermeasures to offset the deleterious effects of the aging-related loss of skeletal muscle mass (and myonuclei) and the impaired ability of old muscle to regrow and regenerate. Over expression of the NAD+-dependent histone deacetylase Sirt1 increased MPC proliferation and cell cycle progression as evidenced by increased 5-bromo-2' deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation, an increase in cell number, proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression, and the phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein. Associated with the Sirt1-mediated increase in MPC cycle progression were the bidirectional decreases and increases in the expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21(Waf/Cip1) and p27(Kip1), respectively. Based upon our recent observation that lowering oxygen (O2) in culture from ambient (20%) to estimated physiological levels (5%) increased MPC proliferation, we next measured Sirt1 protein at 5% and 20% O2. Interestingly, in addition to increased proliferation in MPCs cultured at 5% O2, Sirt1 expression increased, compared to 20% O2. Using O2 levels as a platform to modulate basal Sirt1 protein, activation of Sirt1 activity with resveratrol in 20% O2 increased MPC proliferation while inhibition of Sirt1 with nicotinamide in 5% O2 lowered proliferation. For the first time, Sirt1 has been shown to increase MPC proliferation. These findings could have clinical significance since MPC proliferation has important implications in regulating skeletal muscle growth, maintenance, and repair, and the aging-related loss of skeletal muscle mass. PMID- 18922600 TI - Spermine signaling plays a significant role in the defense response of Arabidopsis thaliana to cucumber mosaic virus. AB - We have proposed that the polyamine spermine (Spm) functions as a signaling molecule to evoke defense reactions/cell death in avirulent pathogen-attacked tobacco plants. To understand its molecular basis in depth, Spm-responsive genes in Arabidopsis thaliana were identified by SuperSAGE analysis. Close to 90% of the Spm-responsive genes also responded during cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) elicited hypersensitive response. Spm modulated the expression of genes of redox components, and genes involved in protein folding and secretion, protein degradation and defense. Two other prominent changes, the coordinately enhanced expression of members of the photorespiration pathway and a diversion in electron flow from the primary electron transfer chain of respiration to an alternative oxidase pathway, occurred in response to Spm. Spm activated the expression of 6 transcription factor genes including ZAT7, ZAT12, AtWRKY40 and AtbZIP60, of which the former three genes' products are currently assigned as components of H(2)O(2) signaling pathway, suggesting the involvement of H(2)O(2) in Spm-triggered responses. Since AtbZIP60 plays a proven master role in the unfolded protein response in Arabidopsis thaliana, it may function to control the expression of genes participating in protein folding and secretion, which were mentioned above. Spm induction and CMV-triggered up-regulation of the genes described mainly coincided and their induction was suppressed by inhibitors of Spm oxidation. Furthermore, treatment with those inhibitors prior to CMV inoculation allowed higher viral multiplication in Arabidopsis thaliana plants. These results support the existence of a Spm-signaling pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana and its significant role in defense against CMV. PMID- 18922601 TI - Precautions with gentian violet: skin marking made sterile, effective, and economical. AB - BACKGROUND: Surgical site infections have been caused by gentian violet (GV) marking solutions that were contaminated with Mycobaterium chelonae. GV solution is also used in surgery to mark surgical sites. It is commercially available as a solution that may not have been prepared under sterile conditions. OBJECTIVE: Our objective is to describe a skin marking method that is sterile, effective, and economical. METHODS: GV solution; microcentrifuge tubes; and round, wood toothpicks are used as an alternative to the standard surgical marker. GV (4 drops) is dispensed into a microcentrifuge tube. After capping, the tube is autoclaved. The toothpick is used as the writing instrument and dipped into the GV as needed for intraoperative skin marking. Unlike commercially available skin markers, skin moisture will not cause the writing implement (toothpick) to become ineffective; merely dry the skin before skin marking. RESULTS: Autoclaving the commercially available shelved GV solution ensures sterility. The cost of the GV, toothpicks, and microcentrifuge tubes is approximately $0.10 per operation. In contrast, commercially available surgical markers range in cost from $0.79 to $3.89 per pen (manufactured suggested retail price), a 8- to 39- fold difference. CONCLUSION: Infectious precautions should be taken with surgical site marking. Marking solutions should be prepared under sterile conditions in a pharmacy. Alternatively, commercially available nonsterile solutions can be autoclaved to ensure sterility. PMID- 18922602 TI - The influence of inhaled corticosteroids and spacer devices on the growth of respiratory pathogenic microorganisms. AB - BACKGROUND: Guidelines advise weekly cleansing of spacers, with one of the reasons being to prevent the spacers from becoming colonized with respiratory pathogens. Earlier work in clinical settings showed conflicting results. METHODS: Common respiratory pathogens and Candida albicans were applied on Petri dishes with and without inhaled corticosteroids and in 3 brands of spacer devices, with and without inhaled corticosteroids. Growth was measured. RESULTS: After 24 hours, Staphylococcus aureus grew in 7 of 18 spacers (39%); Pseudomonas aeruginosa grew in 12 out of 18 spacers (67%); and C albicans survived in 5 of 18 spacers (28%). Microorganisms survived on Petri dishes with fluticasone and beclomethasone but not when budesonide was applied. One out of 30 metal Nebuhalers (3%) was colonized after 24 hours, whereas of 30 Volumatics 8 (27%) and Aerochambers, 17 (57%) still had viable microorganisms. Application of inhaled steroids did not affect growth in the spacers. CONCLUSION: The colonization of metal spacers is lower than of spacers made of polycarbonate or polyethylene. C albicans can survive in spacers. The survival of microorganisms in spacers is not influenced by inhaled corticosteroids. PMID- 18922604 TI - Synthesis and antinociceptive activities of some pyrazoline derivatives. AB - In the present study, some pyrazoline derivatives were synthesized to investigate their potential antinociceptive activities. 1-[(Benzoxazole/benzimidazole-2 yl)thioacetyl]pyrazoline derivatives were obtained by reacting 3,5-diaryl-1-(2 chloroacetyl)pyrazolines with 2-marcaptobenzoxazole/benzimidazole. The chemical structures of the compounds were elucidated by IR, (1)H NMR and FAB(+)-MS spectral data and Elemental Analyses. All of the compounds (100 mg/kg) exhibited significant antinociceptive activities in both hot plate and acetic acid-induced writhing tests. Naloxone (5 mg/kg) pre-treatment reversed the antinociceptive activities suggesting the involvement of opioid system in the analgesic actions. None of the compounds impaired motor coordination of animals when assessed in the Rota-Rod model. These results support the previous papers reporting the opioid sensitive antinociceptive activities of various benzoxazole/benzimidazole pyrazoline derivative compounds. PMID- 18922603 TI - Decreased SIRT1 deacetylase activity in sporadic inclusion-body myositis muscle fibers. AB - SIRT1 belongs to the sirtuin family of NAD(+)-dependent histone/protein deacetylases. Experimentally, increased activity of SIRT1 facilitates calorie restricted longevity, and decreases NF-kappaB activation and the amount of the amyloid-beta (Abeta). We studied SIRT1 in an aging-associated muscle disease, sporadic inclusion-body myositis (s-IBM), whose muscle fibers contain increased NF-kappaB activation and abnormal accumulation of Abeta. We show that, as compared to the age-matched controls, in s-IBM muscle fibers: (1) SIRT1 activity and deacetylation of SIRT1 targets, H4, NF-kappaB and p53 were decreased; (2) SIRT1 mRNA and protein were significantly increased; (3) in the cytoplasm, SIRT1 protein was accumulated in the form of cytoplasmic aggregates; (4) in the nuclei, SIRT1 protein was decreased. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of SIRT1 abnormalities, including decreased SIRT1 deacetylase activity, in human disease associated with aging. We propose that in s-IBM muscle fibers, inadequate activity of SIRT1 may be detrimental by increasing NF-kappaB activation and contributing to abnormal Abeta accumulation. Improving SIRT1 action by treatment with known SIRT1 activators might benefit s-IBM patients. PMID- 18922605 TI - Expanding the scope of practice for enrolled nurses working in an Australian rural health service - implications for job satisfaction. AB - Career opportunities have been limited for enrolled nurses (ENs) working in small, rural health services. Medication endorsement offers ENs expanded scope of practice which may lead to improved job satisfaction. This small study compared job satisfaction between a group of ENs with recent medication endorsement and a group who elected not to undertake the course in a small, isolated health service. A questionnaire was designed to measure job satisfaction containing the measure of job satisfaction (MJS) scale and other information regarding the course in medication administration. Interviews were also conducted with medication endorsed nurses to gain a greater understanding about the course and their expanded scope of practice. Medication endorsed nurses were newer to nursing and their current job, and reported higher job satisfaction on all five factors. Non-medication endorsed nurses cited lack of confidence and ability as key reasons for not undertaking the course while medication endorsed nurses reported professional and personal reasons for expanding their scope of practice. Most enjoyed the responsibility and reported satisfaction from distributing medications and responding to pain while one viewed it as added work. The findings from this small study suggest that providing local education will improve job satisfaction of ENs. PMID- 18922606 TI - A survey of oral and maxillofacial surgery teaching in UK medical schools. PMID- 18922607 TI - Simple technique to identify Wharton's duct during endoscopically-assisted submandibular sialoadenectomy. PMID- 18922608 TI - Gaseous mercury fluxes from the forest floor of the Adirondacks. AB - The flux of gaseous elemental mercury (Hg(0)) from the forest floor of the Adirondack Mountains in New York (USA) was measured numerous times throughout 2005 and 2006 using a polycarbonate dynamic flux chamber (DFC). The Hg flux ranged between -2.5 and 27.2 ng m(-2) h(-1) and was positively correlated with temperature and solar radiation. The measured Hg emission flux was highest in spring, and summer, and lowest in winter. During leaf-off periods, the Hg emission flux was highly dependent on solar radiation and less dependent on temperature. During leaf-on periods, the Hg emission flux was fairly constant because the forest canopy was shading the forest floor. Two empirical models were developed to estimate yearly Hg(0) emissions, one for the leaf-off period and one for the leaf-on period. Using the U.S. EPA's CASTNET meteorological data, the cumulative estimated emission flux was approx. 7.0 microg Hg(0) m(-2) year(-1). PMID- 18922609 TI - Situated/being situated: Client and co-worker roles of family caregivers in hospice palliative care. AB - Since the inception of the modern hospice movement, the patient and family caregiver (FCG) have been considered the unit of care; family members are identified as 'clients' within palliative care philosophy. Little research has focused on how FCGs define their roles within the hospice palliative care (HPC) system. The aim of this study was to describe how FCGs of dying cancer patients view their roles in relation to the HPC system. Secondary analysis of interviews with 36 bereaved FCGs in Western Canada, guided by interpretive descriptive methods, found that FCGs perceived themselves as having two roles: client and co worker. FCGs situated themselves as clients, where they actively sought help from the health care system. FCGs at times also perceived they had been situated as clients by health care providers, and were more resistant to accepting help. In other comments FCGs situated themselves as co-workers, seeking out an active role within the HPC team, whereas in other instances, felt they were situated as co workers by a health care system with limited financial and human resources. Findings suggest that greater emphasis be placed on helping family members identify suitable interventions depending on how they view their roles within the HPC system. How we define family members in relation to the HPC system may also require reconsideration to reflect a more current conceptualization of realities in end-of-life care. PMID- 18922610 TI - Claiming power through hardship: Initiation narratives of Palestinian traditional women healers in Israel. AB - This article offers a new perspective regarding the initiation of traditional healers through an analysis of the initiation narratives of ten Muslim Palestinian traditional women healers in Israel. The analysis points to three shared themes within these narratives: they begin with a description of the initiation's source (inheritance or revelation); they focus primarily on a later stage of the woman healer's life; and they include an in-depth description of the suffering and hardships that she has endured. These findings describe the initiation of Palestinian traditional women healers in Israel as a process rather than an event; as a derivative of the woman healer's life rather than its driving force. PMID- 18922611 TI - Representativeness, legitimacy and power in public involvement in health-service management. AB - Public participation in health-service management is an increasingly prominent policy internationally. Frequently, though, academic studies have found it marginalized by health professionals who, keen to retain control over decision making, undermine the legitimacy of involved members of the public, in particular by questioning their representativeness. This paper examines this negotiation of representative legitimacy between staff and involved users by drawing on a qualitative study of service-user involvement in pilot cancer-genetics services recently introduced in England, using interviews, participant observation and documentary analysis. In contrast to the findings of much of the literature, health professionals identified some degree of representative legitimacy in the contributions made by users. However, the ways in which staff and users constructed representativeness diverged significantly. Where staff valued the identities of users as biomedical and lay subjects, users themselves described the legitimacy of their contribution in more expansive terms of knowledge and citizenship. My analysis seeks to show how disputes over representativeness relate not just to a struggle for power according to contrasting group interests, but also to a substantive divergence in understanding of the nature of representativeness in the context of state-orchestrated efforts to increase public participation. This divergence might suggest problems with the enactment of such aspirations in practice; alternatively, however, contestation of representative legitimacy might be understood as reflecting ambiguities in policy level objectives for participation, which secure implementation by accommodating the divergent constructions of those charged with putting initiatives into practice. PMID- 18922612 TI - Dentin treatment with MMPs inhibitors does not alter bond strengths to caries affected dentin. AB - OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate if the use of protease inhibitors (EDTA and chlorhexidine) may influence microtensile bond strength (MTBS) of an etch-and-rinse adhesive system to caries-affected human dentin. METHODS: Flat middle coronal dentin surfaces with a central region of caries-affected dentin surrounded by sound dentin were bonded with Adper Scotchbond 1 after: (1) etching with 35% H3PO4; (2) etching with 0.1M EDTA and (3) 35% H3PO4-etching followed by 5% chlorhexidine application. Resin composite build-ups were constructed incrementally and trimmed to yield hourglass specimens (0.8mm2 bonded area) that contained sound or caries-affected dentin (confirmed after debonding by microhardness measurements - KHN). Bonded specimens were tensioned at 0.5mm/min. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and multiple comparisons tests (p<0.05). Failure mode analysis was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). RESULTS: H(3)PO(4), EDTA and chlorhexidine pre-treatments yielded similar MTBS values, in both dentin substrates. Bond strength to sound dentin was significantly higher than that to caries-affected dentin after H3PO4-etching. Caries-affected dentin exhibited lower KHN than sound dentin. CONCLUSIONS: Conditioning of caries-affected dentin with EDTA or a combined use with H3PO4 and chlorhexidine may be proposed as these protease inhibitors do not reduce MTBS to caries-affected dentin if compared to conventional H3PO4 treatment. PMID- 18922613 TI - Dentine bonding after CPP-ACP paste treatment with and without conditioning. AB - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate microshear bond strength (MSBS) to dentine following application of a casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate paste (Tooth Mousse (TM)), and the effect of smear layer removal before paste application and preconditioning. METHODS: Specimens of polished human dentine were divided into two groups: 1, smear layer retained; 2, smear layer removed using 15% EDTA for 90 s. In each group, half the specimens were left untreated and half treated with TM for 60 min daily x 7 days. Each subgroup was divided into three further subgroups for conditioning (Primer only; 30-40% phosphoric acid (PA)+primer; 20% polyacrylic acid (CC)+primer). Two self-etching/priming adhesives (Clearfil SE Bond (CSE) and G-Bond (GB)) were used for bonding resin composite to superficial/deep dentine and after 24h, stressed in shear until failure. Maximum loads at failure and bond failure modes were recorded. Group means were compared using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test at alpha=0.05. RESULTS: TM did not significantly affect MSBS in group 1. In group 2, there was a statistically significant increase in MSBS for CSE on deep dentine (P=0.002) and a reduction for GB (P=0.013) on superficial dentine. PA conditioning did not significantly affect MSBS for CSE and GB while CC significantly reduced MSBS for GB. CONCLUSIONS: TM application did not reduce MSBS for CSE but significantly reduced MSBS for GB when the smear layer was removed before paste treatment. Preconditioning did not improve or worsen dentine MSBS for CSE or GB with/without TM, except when CC was used with GB. PMID- 18922615 TI - Erythropoietins: a common mechanism of action. AB - Clinical development of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) revolutionized the management of anemia. The major clinical benefits of ESAs are effective treatment of anemia and avoidance of blood transfusion risks. Erythropoietin (EPO) interacts directly with the EPO receptor on the red blood cell (RBC) surface, triggering activation of several signal transduction pathways, resulting in the proliferation and terminal differentiation of erythroid precursor cells and providing protection from RBC precursor apoptosis. The magnitude of increase in RBC concentration in response to administration of recombinant human EPO products (rhEPO) is primarily controlled by the length of time EPO concentrations are maintained, not by the EPO concentration level. Subcutaneous (SC) EPO administration results in slower absorption than intravenous (IV) administration, leading to lower peak plasma levels and an apparent extended terminal half-life. However, SC administration requires additional needle-sticks and is associated with an increased risk of immunogenicity compared with IV administration. Multiple pathways may play a role in EPO clearance from the body. Epoetin alfa was the first rhEPO produced and approved for pharmaceutical use, followed by several related products and by newer ESAs with the same mechanism but more prolonged action. Darbepoetin alfa is a hyperglycosylated EPO analog with an extended terminal half-life and a greater relative potency compared with rhEPO at extended dosing intervals. PEGylation of EPO (addition of polyethylene glycol) has been used to further extend the terminal half-life. Also, new strategies are under investigation for stimulating erythropoiesis through activation of the EPO receptor. PMID- 18922614 TI - 4-arylcoumarin analogues of combretastatins stimulate apoptosis of leukemic cells from chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients. AB - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the proapoptotic capacities of four arylcoumarin analogues of combretastatins on leukemic cells from B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), a malignancy characterized by apoptosis deficiency. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The effects of the four compounds on several nuclear, membrane, and mitochondrial events of apoptosis and on expression of proteins controlling the apoptosis were analyzed after treatment of cultured CLL patients' cells. RESULTS: Treatment with all four compounds resulted in a dose-dependent internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, in stimulation of phosphatidylserine externalization, disruption of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential and caspase-3 activation. DNA fragmentation was prevented in the presence of the pan-caspase inhibitor z VAD-fmk. Two of the compounds downregulated the expression of Mcl-1, a protein thought to be crucial for the antiapoptotic state in CLL, while Bcl-2 expression was unaffected. No effects were observed on the expression of p27kip1 or the inducible nitric oxide synthase, two proteins, which are constitutively overexpressed by CLL cells and downregulated during the apoptosis induced by other plant-derived molecules (flavopiridol, polyphenols, or hyperforin). This suggests different mechanisms of action for the compounds studied here. Furthermore, normal B lymphocytes from healthy donors appeared less sensitive than CLL cells to the proapoptotic activity of the four compounds. CONCLUSION: The four arylcoumarin analogues were able to promote the apoptosis of CLL cells ex vivo through the caspase-dependent mitochondrial pathway. Therefore, these compounds may be of interest to develop new therapies of CLL based on apoptosis restoration. PMID- 18922616 TI - Triptolide cooperates with chemotherapy to induce apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemia cells. AB - OBJECTIVE: Triptolide has shown antitumor activity in a broad range of solid tumors and on leukemic cells in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The THP1 cell line and primary acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells were cultured with triptolide alone or in association with AraC or idarubicin in increasing concentrations. Apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry using DiOC6(3) for the cell line and fluorescein isothiocyanateAnnexin-V and CD45 labeling for fresh blast cells. Protein expression was measured by Western blot. Cell cycle distribution of apoptotic cells was measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS: A synergistic effect was observed when triptolide was added to idarubicin or to AraC to induce apoptosis of THP-1 leukemic cells. The triptolide/AraC association was also investigated in vitro on primary blast cells from 25 AML patients. This combination induced significantly higher percentages of apoptosis vs treatment with each drug separately (p<0.005). The IkappaB and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein contents, which were altered by triptolide in idarubicin-treated cells, were not modified in AraC-treated cells. The association of AraC with triptolide increased the number of cells blocked in the S phase and most underwent apoptosis. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that, by modifying the cell cycle kinetics, AraC sensitizes AML cells to apoptosis induced by low concentration triptolide. The in vitro proapoptotic effect of triptolide associated with the antiproliferative activity of AraC warrants further clinical investigation for treatment of AML patients, especially elderly patients for whom low-dose AraC treatment could be improved by the addition of triptolide. PMID- 18922617 TI - Epigenetic silencing of the interferon regulatory factor ICSBP/IRF8 in human multiple myeloma. AB - OBJECTIVE: Multiple myeloma (MM) is presently an incurable malignant plasma cell tumor. The objective of this study was to investigate expression of the interferon regulatory factor family (IRF1-9) and the potential role of DNA methylation in silencing IRF genes in MM cell lines and purified MM cells from patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using a panel of 13 human MM cell lines and purified CD138+ cells from nine MM patients, expression of IRF genes was investigated by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. DNA methylation of the interferon consensus sequence-binding protein (ICSBP/IRF8) gene was measured using pyrosequencing, and the effect of promoter methylation on expression was analyzed by in vitro methylation of a cloned ICSBP/IRF8 promoter, and treatment of MM cells with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (DAC). RESULTS: Eight of thirteen of the MM cell lines were found to lack ICSBP/IRF8 expression, associated with hypermethylation of the CpG island in the ICSBP/IRF8 promoter. We also found that ICSBP/IRF8 was significantly underexpressed in primary MM cells, whereas the ICSBP/IRF8 promoter was methylated in only one of nine of primary purified CD138+ MM samples. DAC mediated demethylation restored endogenous ICSBP/IRF8 expression, whereas in vitro methylation silenced the promoter. CONCLUSION: Expression of the ICSBP/IRF8 gene is silenced in a majority of MM cell lines and primary CD138+ MM cells. DNA methylation of the ICSBP/IRF8 gene is a frequent event in MM cell lines, but silencing is also observed in the absence of methylation. These results suggest that silencing of ICSBP/IRF8 expression, by DNA methylation or other epigenetic mechanisms, may be associated with the malignant phenotype of MM. PMID- 18922619 TI - The impacts of knowledge of the past on preferences for future landscape change. AB - In this paper, we investigate whether people's knowledge of the past influences their preferences and values towards future landscape change. "Knowledge of the past" is one aspect of the information set held by individuals, and a well established finding in economics is that changes in information can change preferences and values. The particular aspects of knowledge of the past we work with here are: (i) awareness of past landuse, as represented by woodland cover and (ii) awareness of differing and sometimes contradictory literary impressions of this past landscape. The case studies used here relate to prospective changes in woodland cover in two UK national parks, the Lake District and the Trossachs. We find that people who are made aware that the landscape has changed over time, or that perceptions of the landscape have changed over time, are more likely to favour changes to the current landscape (are less likely to favour the status quo). Knowledge of the past therefore seems to have an impact on preferences for future landscapes. We also investigate the impacts on preferences of how "special", how "wild" and how "worked in" people perceive the landscapes of these two national parks to be. PMID- 18922618 TI - Erythropoietin effects on dendritic cells: potential mediators in its function as an immunomodulator? AB - OBJECTIVE: Modulatory effects of erythropoietin (EPO) on the cellular and humoral compartments of the immune system have been described; however, the mechanism of action by which EPO affects the lymphocyte number and functions has yet to be elucidated. Because no EPO receptors (EPO-R) could be detected on lymphocytes, we searched for cells that might express the EPO-R and thereby mediate these immunomodulatory effects. We thus focused on dendritic cells (DCs), the most potent antigen-presenting and T-cell-priming cells, as possible mediators of the immunomodulatory actions of EPO. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined the in vitro effects of EPO on human DCs. Expression of EPO-R, expression of costimulatory molecules, antigen uptake, secretion of cytokines, and DC maturation were investigated. RESULTS: We demonstrate that the EPO-R is expressed in human DCs and that EPO directly affects their phenotype and function. When applied in vitro, EPO increased the percentage of peripheral blood DCs and monocyte-derived DCs (MoDCs) expressing the costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86. EPO treatment of MoDCs was also associated with an increase in surface expression of CD80 and CD86 as well as that of HLA-DR. EPO enhanced MoDC function, as manifested in increased antigen uptake and secretion of interleukin 12. When applied to immature MoDCs, EPO in itself induced their maturation. CONCLUSION: Our finding that DCs are directly affected by EPO renders them as potential candidates that mediate the immunomodulatory actions of EPO. PMID- 18922621 TI - Editorial comment on: Apoptosis and effects of intracavernous bone marrow cell injection in a rat model of postprostatectomy erectile dysfunction. PMID- 18922622 TI - Re: Roman Ganzer, Andreas Blana, Andreas Gaumann, et al. Topographical anatomy of periprostatic and capsular nerves: quantification and computerised planimetry. Eur Urol 2008;54:353-61. PMID- 18922623 TI - Editorial comment on: Assessment of laparoscopic suturing skills of urology residents: a pan-European study. PMID- 18922624 TI - Editorial comment on: Assessment of laparoscopic suturing skills of urology residents: a pan-European study. PMID- 18922625 TI - Apoptosis and effects of intracavernous bone marrow cell injection in a rat model of postprostatectomy erectile dysfunction. AB - OBJECTIVES: To investigate the pathophysiology of postprostatectomy erectile dysfunction (pPED) in a rat model of bilateral cavernous nerve ablation (BCNA) and to assess the effects of local bone marrow mononuclear cell (BMMNC) injection on erectile dysfunction (ED) and cavernosal cellular abnormalities caused by BCNA. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This was an experimental study in Fisher rats with BCNA. INTERVENTION: Intervention included BNCA, electrical stimulation of the pelvic ganglion, and local BMMNC injection. MEASUREMENTS: Erectile responses to electric pelvic ganglion stimulation were studied. Cavernous tissue was examined to determine the cell types undergoing apoptosis and to detect changes in protein and gene expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RTQ-PCR) and Western blotting. The effects of local BMMNC injection on these parameters were studied. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: Diffuse apoptosis was noted in the connective tissue mesenchymal cells and vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells. Compared with sham-operated controls, nNOS and eNOS levels were decreased after 3 wk and were normal (eNOS) or increased (nNOS) after 5 wk, suggesting spontaneous nerve regeneration. Despite nNOS recovery, erectile responses to electrical stimulation remained impaired after 5 wk, when mesenchymal cell apoptosis was the main persistent biologic abnormality. BMMNC injection decreased apoptotic cell numbers, accelerated the normalisation of nNOS and eNOS, and partially restored erectile responses at week 5. CONCLUSIONS: Massive cell apoptosis may play a key role in the pathophysiology of pPED. In this animal model, apoptosis persisted despite spontaneous nerve regeneration, suggesting that the course of BCNA-induced cell dysfunction was independent of reinnervation. BMMNC improved erectile function by inhibiting apoptosis and may hold promise for repairing penile cell damage caused by radical prostatectomy (RP). PMID- 18922626 TI - Editorial comment on: Apoptosis and effects of intracavernous bone marrow cell injection in a rat model of postprostatectomy erectile dysfunction. PMID- 18922627 TI - Assessment of laparoscopic suturing skills of urology residents: a pan-European study. AB - BACKGROUND: It has been acknowledged that standardised training programmes are needed to improve laparoscopic training of urologic trainees. Previous studies have suggested that simulator-based laparoscopic training can improve performance during real laparoscopic procedures. OBJECTIVE: To determine if there are performance differences for the completion of a simulated laparoscopic suturing task among urology residents based on their postgraduate year of training (PGY). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Using a validated scoring checklist, two independent observers objectively scored the completion of a standardised laparoscopic suturing task in a bench-top laparoscopic box trainer. PGY and previous exposure to laparoscopic surgery and laparoscopic simulated training was obtained from self-administered questionnaires. Data acquisition was undertaken at the European Urological Residents Education Programme (EUREP) 2007, run by the European School of Urology, and included a pan-European cohort of 201 urology residents. MEASUREMENTS: Reliability among those rating the suturing tasks was excellent (Cronbach's alpha=0.83). Each resident was scored for the suturing task. Residents were categorised into three groups based on their PGY status (junior [n=8]; intermediate [n=37]; senior [n=156]). The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to measure trend across the PGY; the Mann-Whitney U test was used to determine variation among categorised PGY groups. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: Laparoscopic suturing skill was significantly different across PGY levels (p=0.032), and between junior residents and both intermediate and senior residents (p=0.008 and p=0.012, respectively). There was no significant difference between intermediate and senior residents (p=0.697). Only 12% of participants rated their existing volume of laparoscopic operative cases as sufficient, while 55% of participants had no regular opportunities, and 32% of participants had not performed laparoscopic procedures as primary surgeon. Most residents (96%) reported the use of laparoscopic simulators to be beneficial in training, although current European training programmes appear to provide <50% of residents with the opportunity to train with them. CONCLUSIONS: A discernable relationship existed between the score obtained for a laparoscopic suturing task and year of resident training. Modular simulator training as part of a formal training programme may help to overcome some of the shortfall in residents' exposure to laparoscopic procedures as primary surgeon. PMID- 18922628 TI - Assessment of verbal memory by fMRI: lateralization and functional neuroanatomy. AB - OBJECTIVES: The medial temporal lobe (MTL) is essential for declarative memory formation, but also a frequent source of seizures. To decrease the risk of amnestic impairments after temporal lobectomy, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is increasingly used to establish pre-operative measures for a prognosis of postoperative memory performance. The present study addresses one of the major challenges in clinical fMRI, the interpretation of activation pattern in single subjects. Before investigating patients however, it must be first assessed to which extent the verbal memory paradigm can be used to determine the lateralization and the functional neuroanatomy of MTL-activity. Therefore, this study took a "step backwards" by first examining healthy subjects without known MTL pathology. PATIENTS AND METHODS: An implicit verbal encoding task was applied to a group of ten healthy volunteers using fMRI. RESULTS: At the group level the MTL activation was strongly left-lateralized and separated into three distinct clusters. At the individual level, the lateralization of MTL-activity could be determined in 9 of 10 subjects. In contrast, its localization was inter individually highly variable. In each case, only one of the three group activation clusters was detected. CONCLUSIONS: The present study shows that fMRI can be used to assess the lateralization of brain activity related to verbal encoding even in individual subjects. For the routine use in a clinical setting however, the results of verbal memory paradigms must at present be treated with care if they are used to support decisions as to how far the resection of one MTL can be extended. PMID- 18922629 TI - A reevaluation of the primary diagnosis of hemangiopericytoma and the clinical importance of differential diagnosis from solitary fibrous tumor of the central nervous system. AB - OBJECTIVES: Hemangiopericytomas (HPCs) are rare neoplasms with relatively high rates of recurrence and extracranial metastasis. Though the differential diagnoses from angiomatous meningiomas and from solitary fibrous tumors (SFTs) are both important, the latter diagnosis is somewhat more important in light of the benign prognosis of SFTs and the difficulties in distinguishing SFTs from HPCs. Newly developed immunohistochemical methods reveal differences in the specific immunohistochemical features of HPCs and SFTs. To elucidate whether SFTs have been misdiagnosed as HPCs in the past, our group used recent immunohistochemical methods to re-evaluate tissues that had been originally diagnosed as HPCs. We also compared the clinical features of these cases. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirteen sequential cases of HPC diagnosed in Kanazawa University Hospital and Kumamoto University Hospital between 1970 and 2006 were retrospectively analyzed by immunohistochemical staining for CD34, Bcl-2, epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), vimentin, and S100 protein, and by measurement of the MIB-1 labeling index (LI). The cases were then re-evaluated and newly diagnosed based on the results of the immunohistochemical stainings. The clinical course of each case was also evaluated. RESULTS: Four of the 13 cases were newly diagnosed as SFTs and eight were reconfirmed as HPCs, based on the immunohistochemical studies for CD34, Bcl-2, and reticulin staining. One case was newly diagnosed as meningioma on the basis of a strong EMA positivity. The MIB-1 LI was less than 1% in 12 of the cases. In two cases, one case of HPC and the other of meningioma, the MIB-1 LI was relatively high, 8% and 4% respectively. All eight of the HPCs recurred, and 5 of the HPC patients died of the disease. Only one case of the SFTs recurred. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that a relatively high percentage of the tumors diagnosed as HPCs in the past may have in fact been intracranial SFTs. Immunohistochemical examinations of CD34, Bcl-2, and reticulin stains are keys for the differential diagnosis. Given that SFTs have a considerably better prognosis than HPCs, it is important to carry out meticulous immunohistochemical examinations for the primary diagnosis. PMID- 18922630 TI - Traumatic aneurysm of the occipital artery secondary to paintball injury. AB - Paintball is an "extreme sport" that has been steadily growing in popularity since the early 1980s. Although this activity is considered recreational, there are a number of inherent dangers associated. Most notably, the number of head and neck injuries due to paintball participation has been increasing in recent years. In this paper we present the first reported case of occipital artery traumatic pseudoaneurysm resulting from a paintball accident. The presentation, diagnosis and intraoperative findings are detailed. A discussion including a review of the literature is also presented. The authors recommend a re-evaluation of guidelines within the paintball sporting industry, including improvements in protective equipment. PMID- 18922631 TI - Magnetic resonance imaging of melanoma metastases in a clinical relevant human melanoma xenograft scid mouse model. AB - This study aimed to analyse (i) the metastatic behaviour of human melanoma FEMX-1 cells in scid mice after surgical excision of the PT and (ii) to evaluate the feasibility of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the detection of melanoma metastases. Histology proved both high specificity (95%), and high sensitivity of MRI detection of melanoma metastasis. CEACAM1, L1, and HPA-binding site expression, all markers predicting metastasis in clinical studies, were preserved in the metastatic nodules. Thus, our xenograft model closely resembles the clinical situation of post-operative development of distant organ metastasis and demonstrates that MRI is a sensitive and highly qualified technology for intra vital monitoring of melanoma progression. PMID- 18922632 TI - Cancer stem cells: beyond Koch's postulates. AB - Until the last century, infectious diseases were the leading cause of human mortality. Therefore, our current medical reasoning is profoundly influenced by views that originated from medical microbiology. The notion that cancer growth is sustained by a sub-population of particular cells, the cancer stem cells, is highly reminiscent of the germ theory of disease as exemplified by Koch's postulates in the XIXth century. However, accumulating data underscore the importance of cell-cell interactions and tumor environment. Hence it is essential to critically review the basic tenets of the cancer stem cell concept on the light of their relationships with Koch's postulates. Shifting the pathogenic element from a special cellular entity (cancer stem cell or microorganism) to a "pathogenic field" could be critical for curing both cancer and drug-resistant infectious diseases. PMID- 18922633 TI - Explosion protection for vehicles intended for the transport of flammable gases and liquids--an investigation into technical and operational basics. AB - In Europe, the transport of flammable gases and liquids in tanks has been impacted by new developments: for example, the introduction of the vapour balancing technique on a broad scale and the steady increase in the application of electronic components with their own power sources; furthermore, new regulatory policies like the ATEX Directives are being enforced in the European Union. With this background in mind, the present investigation aims to provide a basis for future developments of the relevant explosion protection regulations in the safety codes for the transport of dangerous goods (RID/ADR). Specifically, the concentration of gas in the air was measured under various practical conditions while tank vehicles were being loaded with flammable gases or liquids. These spot-test data were supplemented by systematic investigations at a road tanker placed in our test field. With respect to non-electrical ignition sources, a closer investigation of the effect of hot surfaces was carried out. With regard to improving the current regulations, the results of our investigation show that it would be reasonable to implement a stronger differentiation of the characteristics of the dangerous goods (gaseous/liquid, flashpoint) on the one hand and of the techniques applied (loading with and without vapour-balancing system) on the other hand. Conclusions for the further development of the current international regulations are proposed. PMID- 18922634 TI - Dirofilaria immitis and Wolbachia-derived antigens: its effect on endothelial mammal cells. AB - Antigens of both Dirofilaria immitis and Wolbachia symbiont bacteria are implicated in the inflammatory pathology of heartworm infection. The aim of the present study was to compare the stimulatory capacity of in vitro cultures of vascular endothelial cells by the adult somatic antigens of D. immitis (DiSA) and the recombinant form of the Wolbachia surface protein (rWSP), during the first 24h of stimulation. Our results indicate a different stimulatory activity of the two antigens. Both the DiSA and rWSP stimulate the production of the enzymes responsible of the arachidonic acid metabolism, cyclooxygenase-2, 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), and leukotriene B4. Only DiSA stimulates the production of prostaglandin E2. Related to the adhesion molecules, the DiSA stimulates the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1), whereas rWSP stimulates ICAM-1, PECAM-1, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). Expression of E-cadherin and vascular endothelial growth factor also were stimulated by rWSP. Neither of the two antigens altered the basic physiological mechanisms of endothelial cells, such as cell proliferation, cell cycle, or apoptosis. The biological and pathological significance of these finding are discussed. PMID- 18922635 TI - Immunological characteristics of experimental murine infection with Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. AB - The murine models of Leishmania infection are well-studied and suitable models for studying this disease, which, despite its incidence of nearly 2 million new cases worldwide per year and its prevalence of 12 million cases, has been a somewhat neglected disease. Data obtained using such models are important for a better understanding of the disease in humans due to similarities in physiology and the advantage provided by the uniform infection profile within each mouse strain. In this review, we focus on studies of experimental murine infection with Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis, a species that has been associated with infections exhibiting various clinical features in humans. Mainly, we point out and discuss reports on: the effects of variations of the inoculum (such as strain, site, and size) in the establishment and development of the infection; characteristics of the infection in distinct mouse strains; and, the effects and subversions of the infection on components of the host innate and adaptive immune responses. The results obtained in these studies show that L. (L.) amazonensis infection in mice presents some unique features and immunoregulatory mechanisms, making it an interesting model for obtaining further knowledge of potential drugs targets and immunotherapy in Leishmania infection. PMID- 18922636 TI - Acute death in heartworm-infected cats: unraveling the puzzle. AB - Although the acute death syndrome in feline heartworm disease is widely recognized, its pathogenesis remains a mystery. The most widely held hypothesis is that an acute anaphylactic reaction, perhaps precipitated by the death of the parasite, is the underlying cause. This study investigated the role of the physical form of antigen (Ag) in the ensuing reaction when Dirofilaria immitis sensitized cats are challenged by intravenous (IV) administration of heartworm Ag. Healthy D. immitis-naive cats (n = 23) were sensitized using subcutaneous injections of adjuvanted D. immitis Ag administered weekly for 6 weeks. After sensitization, cats (n = 20) were anaesthetized and challenged with IV D. immitis Ag in various forms or with IV sterile 0.9% saline (n = 3). Systolic blood pressure, respiratory rate, degree of dyspnea, blood oxygen saturation, and heart rate were measured immediately before and at 10-15 min intervals after challenge until terminal apnea occurred or until euthanasia at 140 min after challenge. Blood samples were collected for complete blood count and measurements of serum serotonin immediately before and at 10, 20, and 35 min after challenge. Clinical observations were recorded as they occurred, or at 10-15 minute intervals, whichever was the more frequent. The most severe post-challenge reactions occurred in cats challenged with Ag from dead worms, live worms, and 20 ng/mL Ag. Dyspnea increased significantly after challenge in all three groups (p < 0.001; p = 0.04, and p = 0.002, respectively), and blood oxygen saturation dropped post challenge in the Dead Worm (p < 0.001) and the 20 ng/mL Ag (p = 0.002) groups. In the 20 ng/mL Ag group, systolic blood pressure decreased (p <0.05) and respiratory rate increased (p < 0.05) post-challenge. Clinical observations included dyspnea, gastrointestinal signs (retching, defecation, or flatulence), urination, and less commonly, hemorrhage from the nostrils or anus, or cutaneous swelling (general or specifically facial). The 20 ng/mL Ag group had the highest rate of clinical signs, followed by the Dead Worm group. The most common and reliable hematologic change associated with severe clinical effects of D. immitis Ag challenge was increased hematocrit, which was statistically higher after challenge than at baseline in the Dead Worm group (p = 0.012). The model demonstrated that the physical form of heartworm Ag used for IV challenge in D. immitis-sensitized cats is an important factor for determining the characteristics of the post-challenge reaction, and the amount of exposed internal filarial Ag presented to the feline immune system may influence the severity of the response to challenge. PMID- 18922637 TI - Canine ABCB1 and macrocyclic lactones: heartworm prevention and pharmacogenetics. AB - The impact of drug transporters on drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics has been increasingly recognized in recent years. P-glycoprotein (P-gp), the product of the ABCB1 (formerly MDR1) gene, is among the most well-characterized drug transporters, particularly in veterinary medicine. P-gp is expressed by a variety of normal tissues, including the intestines, brain capillary endothelial cells, renal tubular cells, and biliary canalicular cells, where it functions to actively extrude substrate drugs. In this capacity, P-gp limits oral absorption and central nervous system entry of many substrate drugs and enhances their excretion from the body. Many drugs used in veterinary medicine are substrates for P-gp, including many chemotherapeutic agents and macrocyclic lactones (avermectins and milbemycin). A 4-base pair deletion mutation in the ABCB1 gene occurs in many herding breed dogs, including collies, Australian shepherds, and Shetland sheepdogs. The mutation (ABCB1-1Delta) renders affected animals extremely susceptible to toxicosis induced by substrate drugs, such as the macrocyclic lactones at doses well below those tolerated by dogs with the wild type ABCB1 gene. However, at the manufacturer's recommended dose, all FDA approved heartworm preventive products marketed in the United States are safe, even for dogs with the ABCB1 mutant/mutant genotype. PMID- 18922638 TI - Feline heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection: a statistical elaboration of the duration of the infection and life expectancy in asymptomatic cats. AB - A study was conducted to assess the duration and the outcome (self-cure or death) of feline heartworm infection and the life expectancy of infected cats. To be included in the study, cats had to be positive for heartworm antibody (Ab) and heartworm antigen (Ag) and had to demonstrate the presence of worms by echocardiography. Self-cure was defined as (1) negative for heartworm Ag and (2) no further visualization of worms by echocardiography. Of the 1962 eligible cats, 364 (18.5%) were positive for heartworm Ag and 131 were positive for heartworm Ag and for echocardiography diagnosis (prevalence 6.7%). None of the cats was microfilaremic. Of 43 asymptomatic cats included into the follow-up study with owners' consent, 34 (79%) self-cured and nine (21%) died. Eleven (26%) cats remained asymptomatic and self cured within 21-48 months, 23 (53%) showed symptoms but self-cured within 18-49 months, 6 (14%) died within 8-41 months of follow-up and 3 (7%) suddenly died after 38-40 months, which was related to heartworm infection. The probability for death or sudden death increased significantly with age at diagnosis, but no difference was detected by gender, survival time after diagnosis, or the presence or absence of symptoms. The presence/absence of symptoms showed significant interaction with the age at diagnosis (i.e., symptomatic cats showed increasing duration of heartworm infection along with age at diagnosis compared to that for asymptomatic cats. Heartworm-infected cats survived significantly longer than heartworm-negative cats affected by hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, chronic renal failure, or neoplastic diseases. PMID- 18922639 TI - Incidence of positive heartworm antibody and antigen tests at IDEXX Laboratories: trends and potential impact on feline heartworm awareness and prevention. AB - Data from the IDEXX Laboratories Reference Laboratory Network were retrospectively examined for feline heartworm testing trends in testing frequency, geographic bias, and prevalence for the years 2000--2006. Examination of the data supports the commonly held view that veterinarians do not embrace heartworm disease testing or prevention in cats to the same degree they do in dogs. Despite significant awareness and adoption of heartworm testing and prevention in dogs, we hypothesized that heartworm testing rates are lower for cats than for dogs despite a significant prevalence of feline infection. This is important because a perceived low rate of infection in cats is likely to manifest in a low adoption of testing and prevention. In reality, the overall feline heartworm antigen-positive rate is significant--on average 0.9% over the period studied--and in some regions was estimated to be as high as 4.6%. This compares with an average canine heartworm prevalence rate of 1.2%, a feline leukemia virus prevalence of 1.9%, and a feline immunodeficiency prevalence of 1.0%. Based on the low rate of testing and these prevalence rates, practitioners are routinely missing cases of adult feline heartworm infections and the recently defined heartworm-associated respiratory disease (H.A.R.D). Increased antigen testing would result in detection of a significant number of positive cases. In addition, this population of infected cats would represent the "tip of the iceberg" relative to the greater number of cats that have early infection or are at risk for infection. PMID- 18922640 TI - Genetical survey of novel type of Cryptosporidium andersoni in cattle in Japan. AB - Previously, we reported that an isolate of novel type of Cryptosporidium andersoni detected in cattle in Japan contained Type A (identical to C. andersoni reported previously) and Type B (having a thymine nucleotide insertion unlike the Type A) genotypes in the 18S rRNA gene. Here, we conducted an extensive investigation of Cryptosporidium infections in adult cattle in Japan from 2004 to 2007. Consequently, Cryptosporidium sp. were detected in 12 of the 205 cattle examined (5.9%), and partial sequences of the Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein (COWP) gene in all isolates were identical to those of the previously reported data for C. andersoni whereas two signals were observed in the sequence of the partial 18S rRNA gene in all the isolates. In transmission studies using five of the isolates, they all infected SCID mice. Modified multiplex PCR using DNA of a single oocyst isolated from the infected SCID mice revealed that the partial sequences in the 18S rRNA gene of 40-80% of 10 isolates were identical to the Type A genotype of C. andersoni and those of other samples were identical to the Type B genotype. These results suggested that the C. andersoni novel type is widespread in cattle throughout Japan, and have multiple copies (Types A and B) in the 18S rRNA gene. PMID- 18922641 TI - Balantidium coli-infection in a Finnish horse. AB - Balantidium coli is a ciliated protozoan that inhabits the large intestine of swine, man, rodents, and nonhuman primates. Frequently this organism is associated with enteric diseases in man and nonhuman primates, with rare manifestations of disease in swine and other mammalian species. This report describes a case of B. coli-induced enteric disease in a 15-yr-old, mare, Finnish Horse after an acute onset of colic. Severe hemorrhagic and eosinophilic colitis with intense infiltration of intralesional B. coli-like ciliated protozoan were found histologically. PMID- 18922642 TI - Direct high-resolution genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii in arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus) in the remote arctic Svalbard archipelago reveals widespread clonal Type II lineage. AB - Characterization of Toxoplasma gondii genotypes in hosts living in remote, isolated regions is important for elucidating the population structure and transmission mode of this parasite. Herein, we report the results of direct genotyping of T. gondii in brain tissue of arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus) from the remote, virtually cat-free, high arctic islands of Svalbard. DNA extracts from brains of 167 seropositive arctic foxes (including four cases of fatal toxoplasmosis) and 11 seronegative arctic foxes were genotyped at 10 loci (SAG1, SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, L358, c22-8, c29-2, PK1, and Apico) using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Of the 167 samples from seropositive foxes (including toxoplasmosis cases), 31 were genotyped at all 10 loci and 24 were genotyped at four to nine loci. To ensure confidence in T. gondii strain genotyping, samples for which less than four loci were genotyped were not considered positive. None of the 11 samples from seronegative foxes was positive for the 10 markers. Of the 55 samples that genotyped positively, 46 were of the Type II strain, 7 were of the Type III strain, and 2 were of atypical T. gondii strains. Five representative samples of the three genotypes were sequenced at loci SAG2, SAG3, GRA6, PK1, and UPRT-1. The DNA sequences confirmed the genotyping results. This study shows that the archetype Type II T. gondii strain, which is most widely distributed in North America and Europe, also predominates in arctic foxes on the Svalbard archipelago. This suggests that the T. gondii at this location originate from continental Europe and that transmission may be mediated by migrating birds. This study highlights the significance of long-distance transport of T. gondii and demonstrates that high-resolution genotyping protocols are useful for direct genetic studies of T. gondii when isolation of live parasites is infeasible. PMID- 18922643 TI - Dosing chemotherapy in obese patients: actual versus assigned body surface area (BSA). AB - Obesity is a chronic disease that has increased dramatically in the past few decades worldwide. More concerning, obesity is linked to many other disease states including cancer and has been shown to increase mortality. Unfortunately, oncology drug development and most clinical trials fail to address the problem of appropriate chemotherapy dosing in obese patients. This can potentially lead to either increased toxicity or decreased efficacy. Although dosing schemas may vary among practices and institutions, many oncologists tend to remain conservative and empirically dose-reduce obese patients despite data suggesting otherwise. The goals of this review were to consider the various aspects of pharmacokinetics in obese patients, to examine the existing literature regarding chemotherapy dosing in obese patients, and to determine the most appropriate weight estimation for body surface area (BSA) dose calculations. Based upon the current clinical data of obesity and chemotherapy dosing it can be concluded there is very limited if any data to support the perception that capping the doses of obese patients is beneficial and more likely this practice may have negative implications on survival outcomes. Under dosing patients with treatable or even curable disease to prevent toxicities could be costing the obese oncology patient population months to years of overall survival. PMID- 18922644 TI - Evaluation of international treatment guidelines and prognostic tests for the treatment of early breast cancer. AB - The clinical decision to treat early-stage breast cancer with adjuvant chemotherapy is sometimes a difficult one because 70-80% of patients who receive chemotherapy would probably have survived without it. To help clinicians in this decision-making process, different tools or 'decision aids' have been developed for the treatment of early breast cancer over the years. Some of these tools include clinical treatment guidelines and computer-based programs as well as different prognostic and/or predictive tests such as those based on gene expression profiles or the presence minimum invasive disease. All of these tools try to individualize as much as possible the estimation of the risk of breast cancer relapse and death and to facilitate the clinical decision about giving additional treatment, and ultimately the most appropriate treatment to be given. Thus, it is important for clinicians to be aware of not only the existence of these tools or 'decision aids', but also to know how they have been developed, how frequently there are revised and if they have been validated. In order to address all these concerns, we have carried out a critical review of the most important prognostic tests and clinical guidelines for the treatment of early breast cancer. Information regarding their development process as well as frequency of revision, validations that have been performed and main limitations of each tool were gathered and critically analyzed. PMID- 18922645 TI - The level of physical activity affects adrenal and cardiovascular reactivity to psychosocial stress. AB - Physical activity plays a key role in the control of neuroendocrine, autonomic, and behavioral responses to physical and psychosocial stress. However, little is known about how the level of physical activity modulates stress responsiveness. Here, we test whether different levels of physical activity are associated with different adrenal, cardiovascular, and psychological responses to psychosocial stress. In addition, competitiveness is assessed as a personality trait that possibly modulates the relationship between physical activity and stress reactivity. Eighteen elite sportsmen, 50 amateur sportsmen, and 24 untrained men were exposed to a standardized psychosocial laboratory stressor (Trier Social Stress Test). Repeated measures of salivary free cortisol, heart rate, and psychological responses to psychosocial stress were compared among the 3 study groups. Elite sportsmen exhibited significantly lower cortisol, heart rate, and state anxiety responses compared with untrained subjects. Amateur sportsmen showed a dissociation between sympathetic and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responsiveness to stress, with significantly reduced heart rate responses but no difference in cortisol responses compared with untrained men. Different levels of competitiveness among groups did not mediate stress reactivity. Our results are in line with previous studies indicating reduced reactivity of the autonomic nervous system to psychosocial stress in trained individuals. More importantly, these findings imply a differential effect of the level of physical activity on different stress-related neurophysiological systems in response to psychosocial stress. PMID- 18922646 TI - Five years' experience treating locally advanced cervical cancer with concurrent chemoradiotherapy and high-dose-rate brachytherapy: results from a single institution. AB - PURPOSE: To assess the clinical outcomes after concurrent cisplatin chemotherapy and radiotherapy (RT) followed by high-dose-rate brachytherapy for locally advanced carcinoma of the cervix and perform a multivariate analysis of the prognostic factors. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The outcomes were analyzed for all women treated between 1999 and 2004 with concurrent cisplatin chemotherapy and RT followed by high-dose-rate brachytherapy. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used for overall survival (OS), local control (LC), and distant control (DC). The Cox proportional hazards model was used to perform multivariate analysis of the prognostic variables. RESULTS: The standard regimen comprised whole pelvic external RT 45 Gy in 25 fractions with concurrent weekly cisplatin 40 mg/m(2), followed by four high-dose-rate brachytherapy insertions of 6 Gy. Patients with radiologically enlarged para-aortic lymph nodes underwent extended-field RT. Of 92 patients, the OS rate was 72% at 2 years and 55% at 5 years. The LC rate was 76% at 2 years and 67% at 5 years. The DC rate was 68% at 2 years and 48% at 5 years. The most important prognostic factor for OS, LC, and DC was the pretreatment hemoglobin. For OS, the tumor size and the presence of enlarged lymph nodes were also important. For LC, the number of brachytherapy insertions was important; and for DC, the number of chemotherapy treatments was important. Of the patients, 4% experienced late Grade 3 or 4 toxicity. CONCLUSION: The results of our study have shown that the regimen is effective, with acceptable long-term side effects. In this cohort, the most important prognostic factor was the pretreatment hemoglobin level, a disease-related factor. However, more effective systemic treatments are needed. PMID- 18922647 TI - Gamma knife radiosurgery for skull base meningiomas: long-term radiologic and clinical outcome. AB - PURPOSE: To analyze the long-term outcomes in patients with skull base meningiomas (SBMNGs) treated with Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS). METHODS AND MATERIALS: Of the 98 consecutive patients with SBMNGs treated with GKRS between 1998 and 2002, 63 were followed up for more than 48 months. The mean (+/-SD) age of the patients was 50 +/- 12 years, the mean tumor volume was 6.5 cm(3) (range, 0.5-18.4 cm(3)), the mean marginal dose was 12.6 Gy (range, 7.0-20.0 Gy), and the mean follow-up duration was 77 +/- 18 months. The mean number of shots was 13.7 +/- 3.8. The tumor volume was decreased at the last follow-up in 28 patients (44.4%) and increased in 6 (9.6%). The actuarial tumor control rate was 90.2% at 5 years. No notable prognostic factor related to tumor control was identified. Ten patients (15.9%) with a cranial neuropathy showed unfavorable outcomes. The rate of improvement in patients with a cranial neuropathy was 45.1%. Age >70 years was likely correlated with an unfavorable outcome in patients with cranial neuropathy (odds ratio = 0.027; p = 0.025; 95% confidence interval 0.001-0.632). Cavernous sinus location was significantly associated with improvement of a cranial neuropathy (odds ratio = 7.314; p = 0.007; 95% confidence interval 1.707 31.34). CONCLUSIONS: Gamma Knife radiosurgery is an effective modality for the treatment of SBMNGs and provides favorable outcomes in patients with cranial neuropathy, even in the long-term follow-up period. However, radiosurgery for patients with no or only mild symptoms should be performed cautiously because neither complication rate is low enough to be negligible, especially in elderly patients. A cranial neuropathy by MNGs involving the cavernous sinus seems to have a higher chance of improvement after radiosurgery than other SBMNGs. PMID- 18922648 TI - Sensorineural hearing loss after treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a longitudinal analysis. AB - PURPOSE: To analyze the effects of radiotherapy (RT) and chemotherapy in relation to sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) after contemporary treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A total of 87 nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients were treated with RT or chemoradiotherapy using either three dimensional conformal RT or intensity-modulated RT between 2004 and 2005. Tympanometry and pure-tone audiogram assessments were performed before treatment and then serially at 6-month intervals. The dose-volume data of the cochlea were analyzed. The effects of cisplatin administered in concurrent and nonconcurrent phases was explored. RESULTS: Of the 170 eligible ears, RT (n = 30) and chemoradiotherapy (n = 140) resulted in 40% (n = 12) and 56.4% (n = 79) persistent SNHL (> or = 15 dB loss), respectively, after a median follow-up of 2 years. SNHL at a high frequency was more frequent statistically in the chemoradiotherapy group than in the RT-alone group (55% vs. 33.3%, p < 0.01), but not at a low frequency (7.9% vs. 16.7%, p = 0.14). Within the chemoradiotherapy group, the mean cochlea dose and concurrent cisplatin dose were important determinants of high-frequency SNHL, with an odds ratio of 1.07/Gy increase (p = 0.01) and an odds ratio of 1.008/mg/m(2) increase (p < 0.01), respectively. Age, gender, and nonconcurrent cisplatin dose were not statistically significant factors. A mean radiation dose to the cochlea of <47 Gy would result in <15% of patients developing severe (> or = 30 dB) high-frequency SNHL. CONCLUSION: The results of our study have shown that high-frequency SNHL is significantly related to the mean cochlea dose and the concurrent cisplatin dose. A mean dose constraint of 47 Gy to the cochlea is recommended to minimize SNHL after chemoradiotherapy. PMID- 18922649 TI - Radiation changes do not interfere with postchemoradiation restaging of patients with rectal cancer by FDG PET/CT before curative surgical therapy. AB - PURPOSE: Changes in F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake in normal tissues after chemoradiation therapy (CRT) potentially limit the ability of positron emission tomography (PET) to provide early assessment of therapeutic response. This study evaluated whether such changes negatively impact interpretation of posttherapy PET performed within 6 weeks of CRT completion and before definitive surgery in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer. The positive predictive value (PPV) and specificity of post-CRT PET, read clinically, was determined in 63 consecutive rectal cancer patients who had undergone preoperative CRT. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A schema for identifying and scoring postradiation effects on PET was prospectively defined and applied in a blinded manner. This was compared with initial clinical reporting of response. Histologic assessment of the operative specimens was used as the reference standard. Correlation between clinical proctitis during CRT and radiation changes on subsequent PET was also assessed. RESULTS: Clinical reporting of post-CRT PET yielded a high PPV (94%; 95% confidence interval, 89--100%) but may have been exaggerated by the low prevalence of complete tumor clearance (16%). The specificity was 80% with only two false-positive results. On blinded reading, significant post-CRT effects on PET were recorded in 4 of 63 patients (6% 95% confidence interval, 0-13%), but pattern recognition converted both false-positive PET results to a complete metabolic response. Clinical CRT proctitis was not correlated with PET findings. CONCLUSION: Postradiation effects do not appear to significantly compromise the interpretation of PET for therapeutic response assessment. The proposed PET pattern of response may further improve the specificity of PET. PMID- 18922650 TI - Resection followed by stereotactic radiosurgery to resection cavity for intracranial metastases. AB - PURPOSE: In patients who undergo resection of central nervous system metastases, whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) is added to reduce the rates of recurrence and neurologic death. However, the risk of late neurotoxicity has led many patients to decline WBRT. We offered adjuvant stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) or stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) as an alternative to select patients with resected brain metastases. METHODS AND MATERIALS: We performed a retrospective review of patients who underwent brain metastasis resection followed by SRS/SRT. WBRT was administered only as salvage treatment. Patients had one to four brain metastases. The dose was 15-18 Gy for SRS and 22-27.5 Gy in four to six fractions for SRT. Target margins were typically expanded by 1 mm for rigid immobilization and 3 mm for mask immobilization. SRS/SRT involved the use of linear accelerator radiosurgery using the IMRT 21EX or Helical Tomotherapy unit. RESULTS: Between December 1999 and January 2007, 30 patients diagnosed with intracranial metastases were treated with resection followed by SRS or SRT to the resection cavity. Of the 30 patients, 4 (13.3%) developed recurrence in the resection cavity, and 19 (63%) developed recurrences in new intracranial sites. The actuarial 12-month survival rate was 82% for local recurrence-free survival, 31% for freedom from new brain metastases, 67% for neurologic deficit-free survival, and 51% for overall survival. Salvage WBRT was performed in 14 (47%) of the 30 patients. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that for patients with newly diagnosed brain metastases treated with surgical resection, postoperative SRS/SRT to the resection cavity is a feasible option. WBRT can be reserved as salvage treatment with acceptable neurologic deficit-free survival. PMID- 18922651 TI - Aichi cancer center initial experience of intensity modulated radiation therapy for nasopharyngeal cancer using helical tomotherapy. AB - PURPOSE: To assess the feasibility of helical tomotherapy (HT) for patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. METHODS AND MATERIALS: From June 2006 to June 2007, 20 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma were treated with HT with (n = 18) or without (n = 2) systemic chemotherapy. The primary tumor and involved lymph node (PTV1) were prescribed 70 Gy and the prophylactic region 54 Gy at D95, respectively. The majority of patients received 2 Gy per fraction for PTV1 in 35 fractions. Parotid function was evaluated using quantitative scintigraphy at pretreatment, and posttreatment at 3 months and 1 year later. RESULTS: The median patient age was 53 years, ranging from 15 to 83. Our cohort included 5, 8, 4, 2, and 1 patients with disease Stages IIB, III, IVA, IVB, and IVC, respectively. Histopathological record revealed two for World Health Organization Type I and 18 for Type 2 or 3. The median duration time for treatment preparation was 9.5 days, and all plans were thought to be acceptable regarding dose constraints of both the planning target volume and organ at risk. All patients completed their treatment procedure of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). All patients achieved clinical remission after IMRT. The majority of patients had Grade 3 or higher toxicity of skin, mucosa, and neutropenia. At the median follow-up of 10.9 months, two patients recurred, and one patient died from cardiac disease. Parotid gland function at 1 year after completion of IMRT was significantly improved compared with that at 3 months. CONCLUSION: HT was clinically effective in terms of IMRT planning and utility for patients with nasopharyngeal cancer. PMID- 18922652 TI - There is no correlation between erectile dysfunction and dose to penile bulb and neurovascular bundles following real-time low-dose-rate prostate brachytherapy. AB - PURPOSE: We evaluated the relationship between the onset of erectile dysfunction and dose to the penile bulb and neurovascular bundles (NVBs) after real-time ultrasound-guided prostate brachytherapy. METHODS AND MATERIALS: One hundred forty-seven patients who underwent prostate brachytherapy met the following eligibility criteria: (1) treatment with 125I brachytherapy to a prescribed dose of 160 Gy with or without hormones without supplemental external beam radiation therapy, (2) identification as potent before the time of implantation based on a score of 2 or higher on the physician-assigned Mount Sinai Erectile Function Score and a score of 16 or higher on the abbreviated International Index of Erectile Function patient assessment, and (3) minimum follow-up of 12 months. Median follow-up was 25.7 months (range, 12-47 months). RESULTS: The 3-year actuarial rate of impotence was 23% (34 of 147 patients). An additional 43% of potent patients (49 of 113 patients) were using a potency aid at last follow-up. The penile bulb volume receiving 100% of the prescription dose (V(100)) ranged from 0-0.05 cc (median, 0 cc), with a dose to the hottest 5% (D(5)) range of 12.5 97.9 Gy (median, 40.8 Gy). There was no correlation between penile bulb D(5) or V(100) and postimplantation impotency on actuarial analysis. For the combined right and left NVB structures, V(100) range was 0.3-5.1 cc (median, 1.8 cc), and V(150) range was 0-1.5 cc (median, 0.31 cc). There was no association between NVB V(100) or V(150) and postimplantation impotency on actuarial analysis. CONCLUSION: Penile bulb doses are low after real-time ultrasound-guided prostate brachytherapy. We found no correlation between dose to either the penile bulb or NVBs and the development of postimplantation impotency. PMID- 18922653 TI - [Prospective evaluation of our protocol for screening gestational diabetes by O'Sullivan's test]. AB - OBJECTIVES: We evaluated prospectively our protocol for screening diabetes during pregnancy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We applied recommendations of the French National College for Obstetricians and Gynecologists with screening by O'Sullivan's test and HGPO with 100g when the result was greater than 1.40 g/l. This protocol was discussed and approved by our team including a neonatalogist. RESULTS: We included 780 patients delivered between the 1(st) January and the 1(st) October 2005. Between them, 628 were screened (80.5%) and 39 presented gestational diabetes (39/628=6.2%). Fetal ultrasound at 38 weeks of amenorrhea was included in our protocol but applied only for 25.8% of our patients. In the subgroup with gestational diabetes, the rate of induction of labor was 38.4% (15/39), with a cesarean delivery for 23% (9/39) and macrosomia for 20.5% (8/39) of the newborn. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed us that we have to improve the application of our protocol and to try to obtain a shorter time between the two test, O'Sullivan and HGPO, when performed. PMID- 18922654 TI - Effects of a short-term exposure to alcohol in rats on FAAH enzyme and CB1 receptor in different brain areas. AB - Acute alcohol exposure in rats (8% ethanol in the liquid diet for a period of 24 h) is associated with a decrease in the levels of endocannabinoids (anandamide and 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol) as well as in various N-acylethanolamines, in different brain regions. In the present study, we wanted to further explore: (i) whether these decreases might be caused by an increase in fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the enzyme involved in the degradation of N-acylethanolamines including anandamide, and (ii) whether the changes in endocannabinoid levels are accompanied by parallel changes in the major cannabinoid receptor type, the CB(1) receptor, activated by these ligands in the brain. Our data proved that FAAH activity did not increase in any of the four regions analyzed, even it was reduced in the hypothalamus and the prefrontal cortex. Paradoxically, FAAH levels increased in the hypothalamus and, to a lesser extent, in the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala, but not in the caudate-putamen. By contrast, the levels of CB(1) receptors were markedly reduced in the amygdala and prefrontal cortex of these rats, although no changes were seen in the hypothalamus and the caudate putamen. These results suggest that reductions in the levels of endocannabinoids and related N-acylethanolamines caused by acute alcohol exposure are not originated by an enhanced degradation by FAAH enzyme, but they are associated with low levels of the receptors activated by these ligands, although this parallelism did not occur in all brain regions analyzed. In any case, these observations would support the notion of a general reduction in the activity of the cannabinoid signaling system by acute alcohol exposure. PMID- 18922655 TI - Metabolism and toxicological detection of the designer drug N-(1 phenylcyclohexyl)-3-methoxypropanamine (PCMPA) in rat urine using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. AB - Studies on the metabolism and the toxicological detection of the phencyclidine derived designer drug N-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)-3-methoxypropanamine (PCMPA) in rat urine are described using gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) techniques. Based on the identified metabolites, the following metabolic pathways could be postulated: N-dealkylation, O-demethylation partially followed by oxidation of the resulting alcohol to the corresponding carboxylic acid, hydroxylation of the cyclohexyl ring at different positions, and aromatic hydroxylation. The formed metabolites were identical to those of the homologue N (1-phenylcyclohexyl)-3-ethoxypropanamine (PCEPA) with exception of the mono hydroxyl metabolites of PCEPA. All PCMPA metabolites were partially excreted in conjugated form. An intake of a common drug users' dose of PCMPA could be detected in rat urine by the authors' systematic toxicological analysis (STA) procedure using full-scan GC-MS after acid hydrolysis, liquid-liquid extraction and microwave-assisted acetylation. The STA should be suitable for proof of an intake of PCMPA also in human urine assuming similar metabolism. PMID- 18922656 TI - Occurrence of ethanol and other drugs in blood and urine specimens from female victims of alleged sexual assault. AB - Results of toxicological analysis of blood and urine specimens from 1806 female victims of alleged non-consensual sexual activity are reported. After making contact with the police authorities, the victims were examined by a physician for injuries and biological specimens were taken for forensic toxicology and other purposes (e.g. DNA). Urine if available or otherwise on an aliquot of blood after protein precipitation was screened for the presence of drugs by enzyme immunoassay methods (EMIT/CEDIA). All positive results from screening were verified by more specific methods, involving isotope dilution gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for illicit drugs. A large number of prescription drugs were analyzed in blood by capillary column gas chromatography with a nitrogen phosphorous (N-P) detector. Ethanol was determined in blood and urine by headspace gas chromatography and concentrations less than 0.1g/L were reported as negative. The number of reported cases of alleged sexual assault was highest during the warmer summer months and the mean age of victims was 24 years (median 20 years), with approximately 60% being between 15 and 25 years. In 559 cases (31%) ethanol and drugs were negative. In 772 cases (43% of total) ethanol was the only drug identified in blood or urine. In 215 cases (12%) ethanol occurred together with at least one other drug. The mean, median and highest concentrations of ethanol in blood (N=806) were 1.24 g/L, 1.19 g/L and 3.7 g/L, respectively. The age of victims and their blood-alcohol concentration (BAC) were positively correlated (r=0.365, p<0.001). Because BAC decreases at a rate of 0.10 0.25 g/(Lh), owing to metabolism the concentration in blood at time of sampling is often appreciably less than when the crime was committed several hours earlier. Licit or illicit drugs were identified in blood or urine in N=262 cases (15%). Amphetamine and tetrahydrocannabinol were the most common illicit drugs at mean (median) concentrations in blood of 0.22 mg/L (0.1mg/L) and 0.0012 mg/L (0.0006 mg/L), respectively. Among prescription drugs, sedative-hypnotics such as diazepam and zopiclone were common findings along with SSRI antidepressants and various opiate analgesics. Interpreting the analytical results in terms of voluntary vs. surreptitious administration of drugs and the degree of incapacitation in the victim as well as ability to give informed consent for sexual activity is fraught with difficulties. PMID- 18922657 TI - Separation of maxi-K channel opening 3-substituted-4-arylquinolinone atropisomers by enantioselective supercritical fluid chromatography. AB - Many 3-substituted-4-arylquinolinones containing an ortho substituent on the aryl ring were known as a class of compounds with maxi-K opening activity. These quinolinones, which contained a stereogenic axis in their structures due to their bulky ortho substituents on the two aryl rings, exhibited atropisomerism. The rotationally hindered atropisomers could have differential biological and pharmacological activity, and it was highly desirable to separate them and test the individual atropisomers in biological assays. To explore the potential of supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) to separate the atropisomers of this class of compounds, six 3-substituted-4-arylquinolinones with various hydrophilic and hydrophobic substituents in various positions were screened using three alcoholic modifiers (methanol, ethanol and 2-propanol) with four polysaccharide based chiral stationary phases (Chiralpak AD-H and AS-H, Chiralcel OD-H and OJ H). Our results showed that all six compounds studied were successfully resolved under multiple SFC conditions regardless of their structural differences and polarity. The majority of the separations were completed within 10 min. The Chiralpak AD-H column appeared to be superior to the other three chiral columns, and methanol and ethanol showed higher successful rate than 2-propanol in separating atropisomers of this class of compounds. These SFC methods were efficient and easily scalable for preparative separation. Thus, SFC was found to be the methodology of choice for resolving the atropisomers of this class of compounds. PMID- 18922658 TI - Characterization and drug release investigation of amorphous drug-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose composites made via supercritical carbon dioxide assisted impregnation. AB - Hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC)-indomethacin (4:1, w/w) drug composites (DCs) were prepared via supercritical carbon dioxide (sc-CO(2)) assisted impregnation. The effect of processing temperature (at fixed pressures) on the physical and other properties of the resulting HPMC-indomethacin DCs was investigated using a range of analytical techniques, including differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods. The data suggest that for a 4:1 (w/w) HPMC-indomethacin ratio prepared at 130 degrees C (17.2 MPa), the indomethacin exists entirely in an amorphous dispersion within the polymer matrix. The primary interaction between HPMC and indomethacin appears to be hydrogen bonding between the carboxylic acid carbonyl group of indomethacin and hydroxyl group of HPMC. The initial (first 15 min) and overall drug release behavior within a 5h timeframe for the HPMC-indomethacin DCs, was analyzed. For the HPMC-indomethacin drug composite processed at 130 degrees C/17.2 MPa, drug release behavior obeyed a n-power law (n=0.54). PMID- 18922659 TI - Validated stability-indicating HPLC method for the determination of pridinol mesylate. Kinetics study of its degradation in acid medium. AB - The stability of pridinol mesylate (PRI) was investigated under different stress conditions, including hydrolytic, oxidative, photolytic and thermal, as recommended by the ICH guidelines. Relevant degradation was found to take place under acidic (0.1N HCl) and photolytic (visible and long-wavelength UV-light) conditions, both yielding the product resulting from water elimination (ELI), while submission to an oxidizing environment gave the N-oxidation derivative (NOX). The standards of these degradation products were synthesized and characterized by IR, (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy. A simple, sensitive and specific HPLC method was developed for the quantification of PRI, ELI and NOX in bulk drug, and the conditions were optimized by means of a statistical design strategy. The separation employs a C(18) column and a 51:9:40 (v/v/v) mixture of MeOH, 2-propanol and potassium phosphate solution (50mM, pH 6.0), as mobile phase, delivered at 1.0 ml min(-1); the analytes were detected and quantified at 220 nm. The method was validated, demonstrating to be accurate and precise (repeatability and intermediate precision levels) within the corresponding linear ranges of PRI (0.1-1.5 mg ml(-1); r=0.9983, n=18) and both impurities (0.1-1.3% relative to PRI, r=0.9996 and 0.9995 for ELI and NOX, respectively, n=18). Robustness against small modifications of pH and percentage of the aqueous mobile phase was ascertained and the limits of quantification of the analytes were also determined (0.4 and 0.5 microg ml(-1); 0.04% and 0.05% relative to PRI for ELI and NOX, respectively). Peak purity indices (>0.9997), obtained with the aid of diode-array detection, and satisfactory resolution (R(s)>2.0) between PRI and its impurities established the specificity of the determination, all these results proving the stability-indicating capability of the method. The kinetics of the degradation of PRI in acid medium was also studied, determining that this is a first-order process with regards to drug concentration, with an activation energy of 25.5 Kcal mol(-1) and a t(1/2)=10,830 h, in 0.1N HCl at 38 degrees C. PMID- 18922660 TI - Spontaneous extraperitoneal lumbar artery hemorrhage. AB - BACKGROUND: Spontaneous extraperitoneal hemorrhage (SEH) is an uncommon complication of anticoagulation therapy. Cases of SEH that are unresponsive to management through correction of coagulopathy, fluid resuscitation, blood transfusion, and other supportive measures are typically treated with surgery. Nevertheless, treatment of SEH with the use of angiography and arterial embolization may provide a safe, efficacious alternative to surgery. OBJECTIVES: This case is presented to increase awareness among Emergency Physicians of the management options for patients with SEH. CASE REPORT: A 67-year-old man presented to the Emergency Department with hemodynamic collapse due to retroperitoneal bleeding secondary to spontaneous rupture of a lumbar artery. An emergency abdominal angiogram revealed an actively bleeding left lumbar vessel. The localized bleeding was treated with catheter embolization and detachable microcoil embolization. This resulted in stabilization of the patient's condition without surgical intervention. CONCLUSION: Overall, the improvement in hemodynamic stability and the decreased percentage of transfusion requirements can be achieved safely without surgical intervention through the prompt use of coil or catheter embolization. PMID- 18922661 TI - Emergency department-based tobacco interventions improve patient satisfaction. AB - OBJECTIVES: To determine whether receipt of smoking cessation counseling affects satisfaction scores in adult emergency department (ED) smokers. METHODS: Secondary analysis of data collected at eight US EDs in 2006. Eligible patients were age 18 years or older, every- or some-day smokers, English or Spanish speaking, able to provide written informed consent, and not actively psychotic. RESULTS: There were 1168 patients interviewed, median age 41 years (interquartile range 29-50), 48.5% female. Receiving a tobacco control intervention was strongly and consistently associated with higher satisfaction scores. Satisfaction scores improved as the number of tobacco control interventions recalled by the patient increased. In multivariate analysis, the number of tobacco control interventions recalled was the only variable associated with higher patient satisfaction (odds ratio 1.24, 95% confidence interval 1.04-1.49). CONCLUSION: ED patients who report having received a tobacco control intervention are more likely to be satisfied with their care. There is a dose-response relationship between the number of patient-reported tobacco interventions received and the global satisfaction score. Of all providers, only physicians' performance of tobacco control was associated with improved satisfaction scores. Routine screening, intervention, and referral of ED patients for smoking will not harm, and may improve, satisfaction scores. The mechanism underlying this effect is unknown. PMID- 18922662 TI - Intravenous ketamine in a dissociating dose as a temporizing measure to avoid mechanical ventilation in adult patient with severe asthma exacerbation. AB - BACKGROUND: Patients experiencing severe asthma exacerbations occasionally deteriorate to respiratory failure requiring endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation. Mechanical ventilation in this setting exposes the patients to substantial iatrogenic risk and should be avoided if at all possible. OBJECTIVES: To describe the use of intravenous ketamine in acute asthma exacerbation. CASE REPORT: We present a case of severe asthma exacerbation in an adult female patient who failed to improve with standard therapies, but promptly improved with the administration of intravenous ketamine (0.75 mg/kg i.v. bolus followed by continuous drip of 0.15 mg/kg/h). SUMMARY: This case suggests that intravenous ketamine given in a dissociative dose may be an effective temporizing measure to avoid mechanical ventilation in adult patients with severe asthma exacerbations. PMID- 18922663 TI - Delayed recognition of Guillain-Barre syndrome in a child: a misleading respiratory distress. AB - BACKGROUND: Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is the most common cause of acute flaccid paralysis in childhood. Respiratory symptoms can mask neurologic signs, leading to a delay in diagnosis. OBJECTIVES: We report this case to highlight the diagnostic difficulty in children suffering from GBS who have respiratory involvement as the main clinical findings on presentation. CASE REPORT: This case report describes a 9-year-old girl presenting with respiratory distress, weakness, limb pain, and hypertension. The severe respiratory involvement due to a Mycoplasma pneumoniae lung infection led to a delay in diagnosing GBS in this child. CONCLUSION: Unexplained weakness, together with respiratory involvement and associated dysautonomia, should support the possibility of GBS. PMID- 18922664 TI - Advances in the treatment of peanut allergy: a case report. AB - BACKGROUND: Peanut allergies affect 1.5% of children. The majority of reactions to peanuts are mild, but peanut allergy is also the most common cause of fatal anaphylactic reactions to food. CASE REPORT: The purpose of this case report was to describe a 1-year old boy who developed difficulty breathing after eating a peanut food product. The boy was taken immediately by his mother to an Emergency Department, exhibiting severe respiratory distress. After speaking to the child's mother, the emergency physician (EP) realized that the wheezing was due to a peanut food allergy. The child's respiratory symptoms responded within 10 min to bronchodilatator inhalation. The EP gave the mother educational information regarding the management of asthma and the proper use of metered dose inhalers with spacer devices. The EP referred the child to a clinical allergist who specializes in the management of food allergies. The diagnosis was made by skin prick testing as well as in vitro measurement of peanut-specific immunoglobulin E. CONCLUSION: The allergist explained that the mainstay of management of peanut allergy is avoidance of the allergenic food. Patient education involved teaching the mother to avoid high-risk situations such as dinner with family members who are not informed about the child's allergy to peanuts, encouraging the child to wear a Medic Alert Bracelet, and teaching the family and child to recognize early symptoms of allergic reactions and to manage an anaphylactic reaction, including the use of self-injectable epinephrine, as well as activating emergency services. PMID- 18922665 TI - Social interaction and partner familiarity differentially alter voluntary ethanol intake in adolescent male and female rats. AB - Alcohol readily facilitates social interactions and this effect plays an important role in adolescent drinking behaviors. The ability of social interaction to alter behaviors in response to alcohol in adolescent animals has been assessed using the demonstrator-observer paradigm. The demonstrator is exposed to ethanol and the observer is tested for changes in behaviors in response to ethanol after social interaction between the dyad. The present experiment expanded on previous work to investigate the effects of different types of social interaction on subsequent voluntary ethanol consumption in adolescent male and female rats. Specifically, voluntary ethanol intake was assessed in adolescent observers after social interaction with an alcohol-free or -intoxicated same-sex familiar cage-mate or an age-matched unfamiliar conspecific. Demonstrators were intragastrically administered water or 1.5 g/kg ethanol and allowed to socially interact with observers for 30 min after a 1-h social isolation period. Subsequently, observers were allowed voluntary access to ethanol using a two-bottle choice paradigm overnight for 13 h. Male and female observers that interacted with an alcohol-intoxicated familiar cagemate consumed significantly more ethanol relative to their alcohol-free counterparts. However, adolescent male observers that socially interacted with an alcohol-intoxicated, age-matched unfamiliar conspecific consumed significantly less ethanol than controls. The opposite effect was observed in adolescent female observers. The present results are consistent and extend previous work in support of the idea that exposure to the demonstrator-observer paradigm alters voluntary ethanol intake in a sex- and familiarity-dependent manner. Partner familiarity can induce elevated or reduced ethanol consumption in males. However, females appear to be more sensitive to the elevating effects of social interaction on voluntary ethanol consumption, regardless of familiarity of the partner. PMID- 18922666 TI - Effects of adolescent ethanol exposure on sleep in adult rats. AB - Although adolescent ethanol (EtOH) exposure has been associated with long-lasting changes in brain function, little is known as to whether EtOH exposure during adolescence alters sleep and cortical arousal. This study examined protracted alterations in sleep in adult rats exposed to EtOH during adolescence. Adolescent male Wistar rats were exposed to EtOH vapor for 12 h/day for 5 weeks. Cortical electroencephalograms were obtained during 4-h recording sessions after 5 weeks of withdrawal from EtOH. Adolescent EtOH exposure significantly reduced the mean duration of slow-wave sleep (SWS) episodes and the total amount of time spent in SWS in EtOH-exposed rats, compared to controls. Spectral analysis revealed that adolescent EtOH exposure significantly increased cortical peak frequencies during SWS in the 2-4, 4-6, and 6-8 Hz bands. Taken together, our findings suggest that chronic EtOH exposure in adolescent rats reduces measures of SWS, an effect also seen as part of normal aging. Although the cellular and molecular mechanisms mediating the consequences of EtOH exposure on the aging process are not known, the similarities between adolescent EtOH exposure and aging merits further investigation. PMID- 18922667 TI - Primary malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the thyroid. AB - AIMS AND METHODS: To study the clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of primary malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the thyroid (MFH-T). Treatment and outcome were analyzed retrospectively in a consecutive series of 12 patients with primary MFH-T treated at the Cancer Hospital of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences from 1987 to 2007. RESULTS: All 12 patients underwent surgery; surgery alone was used in four patients. Five patients were given post-operative radiotherapy, and one patient was given pre-operative radiotherapy. Two patients were given post-operative chemotherapy. Five patients had locoregional recurrence, and five had distant metastases in follow-up. Median survival was 9 months. One patient is alive, and has no evidence of disease. Six patients died six months after treatment, and the other four patients died in 10, 14, 18, and 24 months after treatment, respectively. Nine patients died of the disease, and one patient died of cerebral hemorrhage after treatment. CONCLUSION: Primary MFH T is very rare and has a poor prognosis. Although surgical resection of MFH-T is the treatment of choice in MFH-T, the results are unsatisfactory. PMID- 18922668 TI - Peritonectomy with high voltage electrocautery generates higher levels of ultrafine smoke particles. AB - BACKGROUND: To adequately perform peritonectomy, the use of an electrocautery device at a high voltage is recommended. The aim of this study was to analyse the amount of airborne and ultrafine particles (UFP) generated during peritonectomy and to compare this with standard colon and rectal cancer surgery (CRC). METHOD: UFP was measured approximately 2-3 cm from the breathing area of the surgeon (personal sampling) and 3 m from where the electrocautery smoke was generated (stationary sampling) from 14 consecutive peritonectomy procedures and 11 standard CRC resections. The sampling was by P-Trak UFP counter that has the capacity to detect particle size ranging from 0.02 to 1 microm. RESULTS: The cumulative level of UFP of personal sampling in the peritonectomy group was higher (9.3 x 10(6) particle/ml/h (pt/ml/h)) than in the control group (4.8 x 10(5) pt/ml/h). A higher cumulative level of UFP in stationary sampling was observed in the PC group (2.6 x 10(6) pt/ml/h) than in the control group (3.9 x 10(4)pt/ml/h). CONCLUSION: Peritonectomy procedure with high voltage electrocautery generates elevated levels of UFP than standard CRC surgery does. The level of UFP produced by a peritonectomy is comparable to cigarette smoking. More efficient smoke evacuator systems are needed in order to reduce the levels of UFP generated during electrocautery surgery. PMID- 18922669 TI - [Electrical nerve localization: non-linear relationship between intensity and pulse duration to stimulate a nerve]. AB - OBJECTIVE: When performing a peripheral nerve block, the current allowing local anaesthetic injection is between 0.3 and 0.5 mA. It has never been assessed if such a threshold remains the same whatever be the pulse duration. The aim of this study was to determine the minimal current required to stimulate a nerve while different pulse durations were applied, and to evaluate the importance of the placement of the cutaneous electrode. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred and twenty posterior popliteal sciatic (S), femoral (F), or median (M) nerve blocks performed with a nerve stimulator were included. The minimal current for a clearly visible motor response of the corresponding muscle was recorded with a pulse duration set at 50, 150 and 300 micros. The same procedure was repeated with the electrode sited on the controlateral side, before injection of local anaesthetic. RESULTS: The mean lowest charge of current required to stimulate a nerve was 24+/-8 nC at 50 micros. At 150 and 300 micros, it has to be increased by 175 % (42+/-14 nC) and 280 % (67+/-23 nC), respectively. No significant difference in the charge required was noted either among S, F, or M, or by changing the cutaneous electrode position. Adequate anaesthesia was noted in all cases. CONCLUSION: The relationship between intensity and pulse duration is not linear. Moreover, a low charge of current does not seem to be appropriate with pulse duration equal or superior to 300 micros. The location of the cutaneous electrode does not seem to be important. PMID- 18922670 TI - [Diagnosis of senile cardiac amyloidosis by (99m)Tc-DPD scintigraphy]. PMID- 18922671 TI - [Purple urine bag syndrome]. PMID- 18922672 TI - [Dupuytren's contracture: surgery is no longer necessary]. AB - Dupuytren contracture or disease of the hand is the retraction of the palmar aponeurosis. Its course is progressive and leads to an irreducible flexion deformity of one or more fingers. Early diagnosis is necessary for the table test, which determines the need for treatment. Needle aponeurotomy should be the first option treatment. This minimally invasive outpatient procedure minimizes sick leave and does not require immobilization or physical therapy. Several studies confirmed the short- and intermediate-term effectiveness of this treatment and the minimal side effects when performed by experienced operators. Multiple procedures for extensive disease (several knots) can be performed in the hospital. Close medical and surgical collaboration is necessary for treatment of severe forms, treatment failures, and multiple recurrences. PMID- 18922673 TI - [<< Puffy hands >> syndrome]. PMID- 18922674 TI - An empirical test of the metacognitive model of obsessive-compulsive symptoms: fusion beliefs, beliefs about rituals, and stop signals. AB - The metacognitive model of obsessive-compulsive symptoms [Wells, A. (1997). Cognitive therapy of anxiety disorders: a practice manual and conceptual guide. Chichester, UK: Wiley] emphasizes three types of metacognitive knowledge in the etiology and maintenance of symptoms: thought fusion beliefs, beliefs about the need to perform rituals, and criteria that signal rituals can be stopped. We tested the model using a series of hierarchical regression analyses. Results showed that each metacognitive domain when entered in their hypothesized causal sequence explained incremental variance in two different measures of obsessive compulsive symptoms, with worry controlled. These incremental relationships remained when non-metacognitive beliefs (e.g., responsibility and perfectionism) which have been linked to obsessive-compulsive symptoms in other theories were controlled. Results provide further support for the metacognitive model. PMID- 18922675 TI - Early outcomes of thoracic endovascular stent-graft repair for acute complicated type B dissection using the Gore TAG endoprosthesis. AB - We assessed the technical success and early outcome of thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) for complicated acute type B thoracic aortic dissection treated at a single institution using a commercially available device. All patients with symptomatic complicated acute type B thoracic aortic dissection treated with TEVAR since Food and Drug Administration approval of the Gore (Flagstaff, AZ) TAG endoprosthesis were identified from a prospectively maintained vascular registry. Clinical indications, operative technique, perioperative complications, follow-up imaging, and mortality were analyzed. Between March 2005 and November 2007, 127 TEVARs using the TAG endoprosthesis were performed, of which 15 (11.8%) were for complicated acute type B thoracic aortic dissection. Indications for repair were malperfusion (53%), persistent pain (27%), and primary aortic failure (33%). Technical feasibility and success with deployment proximal to the entry tear was 93.3%, requiring at least partial coverage of the left subclavian artery in seven (46.7%). Adjunctive procedures required at the time of TEVAR included renal stent (n = 2), iliac stent (n = 3), and access-artery open repair (n = 2). Twelve patients (80%) had immediate resolution of the malperfusion deficit. Major perioperative complications included paraplegia (13.3%), renal failure requiring hemodialysis (13.3%), and stroke (6.7%). Perioperative mortality was 13.3%, occurring in one patient presenting with rupture and one with profound heart failure on admission. For complicated acute type B thoracic aortic dissection, TEVAR using commercially available stent grafts showed high technical success, excellent results at resolving malperfusion, and acceptably low complications and perioperative mortality. PMID- 18922676 TI - Balloon-expandable covered stent therapy of complex endovascular pathology. AB - The current study was designed to investigate our hypotheses that balloon expandable covered stents display acceptable function over longitudinal follow-up in patients with complex vascular pathology and provide a suitable alternative for the treatment of recurrent in-stent restenosis. All stents were Atrium iCast, which is a balloon-mounted, polytetrafluoroethylene-covered stent with a 6F/7F delivery system. A retrospective review was performed of 49 patients with 66 stented lesions. Data were analyzed with life tables and t-tests. The most commonly treated vessels were the iliac (61%) and renal (24%) arteries. Indications for covered stent placement were unstable atheromatous lesions (50%), recurrent in-stent restenosis (24%), aneurysm (8%), aortic bifurcation reconstruction (7.5%), dissection (4.5%), endovascular aneurysm repair-related (4.5%), and stent fracture (1.5%). Patency was assessed by angiogram or duplex ultrasonography. The primary end point was patency and secondary end points were technical success and access-site complications. Mean follow-up was 13 months (range 1.5-25). The technical success rate was 97%. Unsuccessful outcomes were due to deployment error (n=1) and stent malpositioning (n=1). The cohort (n=64) 6 and 12-month primary patency rates were 96% and 84%, respectively. Twelve-month assisted primary patency was 98%. Iliac artery stents (n=38) had a primary patency of 97% at 6 months and 84% at 12 months with an assisted primary patency of 100% at 12 months. Renal artery stents (n=16) had a primary patency of 92% at 6 months and 72% at 12 months with an assisted primary patency of 92% at 6 and 12 months. Stents placed for recurrent in-stent restenosis (n=16) had a primary patency of 85%, assisted primary patency of 93%, and a 15% restenosis rate at 12 months. Specifically, stents placed for renal artery recurrent in-stent restenosis (n=10) had a primary patency of 73%, assisted primary patency of 82%, and a restenosis rate of 27%. The restenosis rate included two renal artery occlusions in patients noncompliant with clopidogrel use and resulted in ipsilateral kidney loss in both patients. In-stent peak systolic velocities decreased significantly (p<0.05) from preoperation to 12 months in iliac stents and to 18 months in renal stents. Ankle-brachial index increased significantly in iliac stents from preoperation (0.62+/-0.18) to 18 months (0.86+/-0.16). Successful exclusion of atheromatous lesions and aneurysm/dissection/endoleak was 100%. Access-site complications occurred in 6%: pseudoaneurysm (n=2), dissection (n=1), and bleeding (n=1). Balloon-expandable covered stents have an acceptable primary patency with an excellent assisted patency after salvage angioplasty. The clinical utility of this technology is broad for the treatment of aneurysms, extravasation, unstable atheromatous lesions, and recurrent in-stent restenosis. PMID- 18922677 TI - An uncommon cause for carotid artery stenosis after carotid stenting. AB - Carotid artery stenting (CAS) has evolved as a minimally invasive alternative to carotid endarterectomy, particularly among patients with prior neck surgery or external beam radiation for malignancy. Restenosis after CAS remains low yet is typically due to neointimal hyperplasia and manifests within the first 2 years after stent placement. We present an unusual case of carotid artery stenosis 18 months after angioplasty and stenting as a result of recurrent malignancy, which was treated with repeat stent placement. PMID- 18922678 TI - Aortic stent-graft explantation in a kidney transplant recipient. AB - AAA repair in renal transplant recipients has generated a variety of methods of managing the allograft. Endovascular techniques have been successfully employed in this patient population. Due to inherent limitations of present endovascular methods, occasional stent-graft excision must be performed. We present a case of aortic stent-graft excision in a renal transplant recipient using a pump oxygenator to maintain allograft perfusion. PMID- 18922679 TI - Parent stress, parenting competence and family-centered support to young children with an intellectual or developmental disability. AB - A family-centered approach to the support of families with a young child with an intellectual or developmental disability has been widely adopted in the last decade. While some of the foundational assumptions of family-centered theory have been tested, there remain considerable gaps in the research evidence for this approach. While parenting stress and competence have been examined in the general family support literature, these variables have received little attention in the family-centered support literature. This pilot study examined the relationship between parent stress and parenting competence and family-centered support. The results suggest that important components of family-centered practice are significantly associated with parent stress, but that a meaningful association between parenting competence and family-centered practice is yet to be demonstrated. PMID- 18922680 TI - Subepidermal blistering induced by human autoantibodies to BP180 requires innate immune players in a humanized bullous pemphigoid mouse model. AB - Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is a cutaneous autoimmune inflammatory disease associated with subepidermal blistering and autoantibodies against BP180, a transmembrane collagen and major component of the hemidesmosome. Numerous inflammatory cells infiltrate the upper dermis in BP. IgG autoantibodies in BP fix complement and target multiple BP180 epitopes that are highly clustered within a non-collagen linker domain, termed NC16A. Anti-BP180 antibodies induce BP in mice. In this study, we generated a humanized mouse strain, in which the murine BP180NC14A is replaced with the homologous human BP180NC16A epitope cluster region. We show that the humanized NC16A (NC16A+/+) mice injected with anti-BP180NC16A autoantibodies develop BP-like subepidermal blisters. The F(ab')(2) fragments of pathogenic IgG fail to activate the complement cascade and are no longer pathogenic. The NC16A+/+ mice pretreated with mast cell activation blocker or depleted of complement or neutrophils become resistant to BP. These findings suggest that the humoral response in BP critically depends on innate immune system players. PMID- 18922681 TI - Platelets as versatile regulators of cutaneous inflammation. AB - It is generally accepted that the main roles of platelets are to maintain hemostasis and perform thrombosis at sites of injury. However, more recently it has become apparent that platelets also play prominent roles in immune and/or inflammatory processes. Platelets release various kinds and considerable amounts of secretory molecules such as chemokines, monoamines, and cytokine-like factors upon stimulation. They also express a wide variety of immune-related receptors, such as P-selectin and CD40L. Additionally, the hyperaggregability of platelets has been demonstrated in several inflammatory skin diseases. In the last decade, more specific and versatile roles for platelets in the pathophysiology of skin inflammation, such as in atopic dermatitis, have been disclosed, e.g. stimulating keratinocytes, leukocytes, endothelial cells, and other platelets; trafficking leukocytes to skin tissue; inhibiting monocytic apoptosis; inducing fibrosis; provoking itchiness; and regulating inflammation. New anti-platelet strategies directed against the platelet activation process may create new possibilities for the treatment of cutaneous inflammatory diseases such as atopic dermatitis. PMID- 18922682 TI - Possible role of nerve growth factor and interleukin-18 in pathogenesis of eczematous lesions of atopic dermatitis. PMID- 18922683 TI - Quantitative analysis of nerve growth factor (NGF) in the atopic dermatitis and psoriasis horny layer and effect of treatment on NGF in atopic dermatitis. AB - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The expression of nerve growth factor (NGF) is known to increase in the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) and is related to disease aggravation. In the present study, we measured skin NGF levels in AD patients and determined whether they correlate to AD severity as well as treatment effects. METHODS: NGF in the horny layer (horn NGF) of skin lesions found on the cubital fossa of AD patients was collected via tape stripping and measured using ELISA before and after 2 and 4 weeks following initiation of treatments. Itching and eruptions on the lesions were also evaluated. Peripheral blood eosinophil count, serum LDH level and total serum IgE level were also examined. RESULTS: The level of NGF was significantly higher in AD patients than in healthy controls, and correlated with the severity of itch, erythema, scale/xerosis, eosinophil count, and LDH level. The NGF level decreased significantly at 2 and 4 weeks of treatment with olopatadine, a histamine H(1) receptor antagonist, and/or topical steroid. The reduction in NGF correlated with the decrease in the severity of itching and erythema, papule, scale/xerosis and lichenification of the lesion, eosinophil count, and LDH level. In psoriatic lesional skin with itch, the horn NGF was significantly higher than in non lesional skin of psoriasis, but the value was lower than NGF in atopic skin. CONCLUSIONS: The level of horn NGF was found to reflect the severity of itching and eruptions in AD. Therefore, quantification of NGF in the samples collected directly from the horny layer appears to be useful in assessing severity and therapeutic effects in AD. PMID- 18922684 TI - The effect of change in clinical state on eye movement dysfunction in schizophrenia. AB - Measures of eye movement dysfunction have been considered as candidate endophenotypes for the study of genetic liability in schizophrenia. In this respect it is crucial to confirm a clinical state independentce of these measures. Twenty people with DSM-IV schizophrenia were assessed using a battery of oculomotor tasks in the acute phase of their disorder without being treated with antipsychotic medication and then again in the remission phase under treatment with antipsychotic medication. The saccade latency in the saccade task, the error rate and antisaccade latency in the antisaccade task, and the frequency of unwanted saccades in the active fixation task were stable in time both at the group level and within each individual, showing no relation to the significant improvement in different psychopathological dimensions of these patients. The root mean square error, gain and saccade frequency in the pursuit task were not stable over time, although again this instability was not related to the changes in psychopathological status of these patients. Finally, the saccade frequency in the active fixation task with distracters was not stable in time and was correlated with changes in specific dimensions of psychopathology. These results provide further evidence that saccade and smooth eye pursuit dysfunction measures are not affected by the substantial change in the clinical state of schizophrenia from the acute phase to remission, and strengthen the current view that they can be used as endophenotypes. On the other hand, active fixation might be state dependent adding to the evidence against its use as a candidate endophenotype in schizophrenia. PMID- 18922685 TI - Formation and characterization of surfactant stabilized silver nanoparticles: a kinetic study. AB - Kinetic data for the silver nitrate-ascorbic acid redox system in presence of three surfactants (cationic, anionic and nonionic) are reported. Conventional spectrophotometric method was used to monitor the formation of surfactant stabilized nanosize silver particles during the reduction of silver nitrate by ascorbic acid. The size of the particles was determined with the help of transmission electron microscope. It was found that formation of stable perfect transparent silver sol and size of the particles depend upon the nature of the head group of the surfactants, i.e., cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and Triton X-100. The silver nanoparticles are spherical and of uniform particle size, and the average particle size is about 10 and 50 nm, respectively, for SDS and CTAB. For a certain reaction time, i.e., 30 min, the absorbance of reaction mixture first increased until it reached a maximum, then decreased with [ascorbic acid]. The reaction follows a fractional order kinetics with respect to [ascorbic acid] in presence of CTAB. On the basis of various observations, the most plausible mechanism is proposed for the formation of silver nanoparticles. PMID- 18922686 TI - [Would cows' milk be harmful for child health?]. PMID- 18922687 TI - Axioms, properties and criteria: roles for synthesis in the science of consciousness. AB - Synthetic methods in science can aim at either instantiating a target phenomenon or simulating key mechanisms underlying that phenomenon; 'strong' and 'weak' approaches, respectively. While the former assumes a mature theory, the latter find its value in helping specify such theories. Here, we argue that artificial consciousness is best pursued as a (weak) means of theory development in consciousness science, and not as a (strong) axiom-driven project to build a conscious artefact. As with the other sciences of the artificial (intelligence, life), artificial consciousness can contribute by elaborating the possibilities and limitations of candidate mechanisms, transforming properties into mechanism based criteria, and as a result potentially unifying apparently distinct properties via new mechanism-based concepts. We illustrate our arguments by discussing both axiom-driven and neurobiologically grounded approaches to artificial consciousness. PMID- 18922688 TI - Petrogenetic characteristics of molten slag from the pyrolysis/melting treatment of MSW. AB - MSW slag materials derived from four pyrolysis melting plants in Japan were studied from the viewpoint of petrology in order to discriminate the glass and mineral phases and to propose a petrogenetic model for the formation process of molten slag. Slag material is composed of two major components: melt and refractory products. The melt products that formed during the melting process comprise silicate glass, and a suite of minerals as major constituents. The silicate glass is essentially composed of low and high silica glass members (typically 30% and 50% of SiO(2), respectively), from which minerals such as spinels, melilite, pseudowollastonite, and metallic inclusions have been precipitated. The refractory products consist mainly of pieces of metals, minerals and lithic fragments that survived through the melting process. Investigations demonstrated that the low silica melts (higher Ca and Al contents) were produced at upper levels of high temperature combustion chamber HTCC, at narrower temperature ranges (1250-1350 degrees C), while the high silica melts formed at broader temperature ranges (1250-1450 degrees C), at the lower levels of HTCC. The recent temperature ranges were estimated by using CaOAl(2)O(3)SiO(2) (CAS) ternary liquidus diagram that are reasonably consistent with those reported for a typical combustor. It was also understood that the samples with a higher CaO/SiO(2) ratio (>0.74-0.75) have undergone improved melting, incipient crystallization of minerals, and extensive homogenization. The combined mineralogical and geochemical examinations provided evidence to accept the concept of stepwise generation of different melt phases within the HTCC. The petrogenesis of the melt products may therefore be described as a two-phase melt system with immiscible characteristics that have been successively generated during the melting process of MSW. PMID- 18922689 TI - Laparoscopic assisted distal gastrectomy for early gastric cancer: is it an alternative to the open approach? AB - OBJECTIVE: This study aims to compare short term outcomes and oncological value of laparoscopy assisted (LADG) and open distal gastrectomy (ODG) in the treatment of early gastric cancer. METHODS: Meta-analysis of 12 studies, including three randomized controlled trials, published between 2000 and 2007, comparing laparoscopy assisted and open distal gastrectomy in 951 patients with early gastric cancer, was done. Outcomes of interest were operative data, lymph node clearance, postoperative recovery complications. RESULTS: Overall morbidity rate was significantly less with LADG (10.5% versus 20.1%, P=0.003, OR 0.52, CI 0.34 0.8). A mean of 4.61 less number of lymph nodes dissected than ODG (CI -5.96, 3.26 P<0.001) when all studies are included. There was no difference between the two groups in number of lymph nodes dissected when less than D2 lymphadenectomy was done (2.44 nodes less in LADG group, CI -5.52, 0.63; P=0.12). LADG patients had less operative blood loss (mean of 151ml, P<0.001), less time to walking, oral intake and flatus. LADG patients had less length of hospital stay (5.7days, P<0.001), postoperative fever and pain. ODG group showed significantly less operative time. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the incidence of anastomotic complications and wound infection. CONCLUSION: LADG is a safe technical alternative to ODG for early gastric cancer with a lower overall complication rate and enhanced postoperative recovery. Endorsing LADG as a better alternative to ODG requires data on long term survival, quality of life and cost effectiveness. PMID- 18922690 TI - Assessing the efficiency of urban waste biocomposting by analytical pyrolysis (Py GC/MS). AB - Analytical pyrolysis (Py-GC/MS) was used to study complex composting processes. The technique was first validated for reproducibility and finally applied to assess the efficiency of a microbial bio-accelerator product (CBB) in composting organic residues with different composition. Fresh lignocellulosic and urban wastes were treated with CBB and the composting kinetics studied to investigate the transformations undergone in the course of biocomposting. Our findings demonstrate that these changes, as well as the efficiency of CBB, can be monitored through the molecular characterization of the released pyrolysis products. The CBB bacterial product effectively seems to favour composting accelerating the process and shorten composting time. Analytical pyrolysis was informative in assessing to which extent compost transformation reached an acceptable stabilization point. The technique could be also developed into a semi quantitative tool to monitor changes of main organic matter components (polysaccharides, proteins, lignin, lipids, etc.) as composting proceeds. PMID- 18922691 TI - Characterization of thin layer drying of Spirulina platensis utilizing perpendicular air flow. AB - Spirulina is the most extensively used microalgae for animal and human nutrition mostly because of its high protein content, 60-65% on a dry weight basis. The drying is the most expensive operation. The aim of the study was to characterize drying of Spirulina platensis in thin layer. A Statistical model was applied to analyze the effects of independent variables (air temperature and loads of solids in the tray) on the response of solubility in acid medium. The analysis of phycocyanin content was determined at the best drying condition. The Spirulina isotherm data were adjusted through Guggenheim, Anderson and de Boer (GAB) and Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) correlations. The nonlinear regression analysis of isotherms data showed that the GAB equation more effective adjusted the experimental data (R(2)>99% and E%<10%). Drying curves of Spirulina showed only a decreasing rate-drying period. The material load and the interaction between the air temperature and material load were significant effects (P0.05), and the best results of solubility in acid medium ( approximately 79%) occurred at 60 degrees C and 4 kg/m(2). In under these conditions the phycocyanin content was determined to be 12.6% of dried Spirulina. PMID- 18922692 TI - Application of a trifunctional reactive linker for the construction of antibody drug hybrid conjugates. AB - A flexible, trifunctional poly(ethylene glycol)-succinamide-Lysine-Lysine maleimide (PEG-SU-Lys-Lys-mal) linker was employed to simultaneously allow biotin tagging and cell-surface targeting through an integrin alpha(4)beta(1)-binding peptidomimetic that was regiospecifically conjugated to an IgG1-derived Fc fragment with an engineered C-terminal selenocysteine residue. The resulting antibody derivative mediates Fc receptor binding by virtue of the Fc protein and selectively targets cancer cells expressing human integrin alpha(4)beta(1). The PEG-SU-Lys-Lys-mal linker may have general utility as an organic tether for the construction of antibody-drug conjugates. PMID- 18922693 TI - 2-Aryloxymethylmorpholine histamine H(3) antagonists. AB - The synthesis and biological activity of a new series of 2 aryloxymethylmorpholine histamine H(3) antagonists is described. The new compounds are high affinity histamine H(3) ligands that penetrate the CNS and occupy the histamine H(3) receptor in rat brain. PMID- 18922694 TI - Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of benzetimide derivatives as human CXCR3 antagonists. AB - The synthesis and evaluation of benzetimide derivatives showing potent CXCR3 antagonism are described. Optimization of the screening hits led to the identification of more potent CXCR3 antagonists devoid of anti-cholinergic activity and identification of the key pharmacophore moieties of the series. PMID- 18922695 TI - Lower recurrence risk through mammographic screening reduces breast cancer treatment costs. AB - Mammographic screening is associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer recurrence. The objective of the study was to evaluate treatment costs due to breast cancer recurrence in relation to patients' use of mammographic screening, consecutively collected in a defined population. The study included 418 women exposed to screening and 109 women unexposed to screening diagnosed with stage I III breast cancer. During the first eight years after primary diagnosis, 19% (N=80) of the exposed women and 33% (N=36) of the unexposed women developed recurrent disease, P=0.002. In the exposed group, 41% of the 8-year treatment costs were for the treatment of patients who developed recurrent disease, compared with 52% in the unexposed group, P=0.039. Among the relapsed patients, the mean post-recurrence costs were EUR14,950, accounting for 65% of their total 8-year costs. The mean post-recurrence costs were comparable for both exposure groups irrespective of the detection method. PMID- 18922696 TI - Effect of foot posture, foot orthoses and footwear on lower limb muscle activity during walking and running: a systematic review. AB - The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the literature pertaining to the effect of foot posture, foot orthoses and footwear on lower limb muscle activity during walking and running. A database search of Medline, CINAHL, Embase and SPORTDiscus without language restrictions revealed 504 citations for title and abstract review. Three articles were translated to English and a final 46 articles underwent a two-tiered quality assessment. First, all articles were scored for their reporting of electromyographic methodology using a set of standards adopted by the International Society of Electrophysiology and Kinesiology. Thirty-eight articles displayed adequate reporting of electromyographic methodology and qualified for detailed review including a second quality assessment using a modified version of the Quality Index. These included six studies investigating the effect of foot posture, 12 the effect of foot orthoses and 20 the effect of footwear on lower limb muscle activity during walking or running. Meta-analysis was not conducted due to heterogeneity between studies. Some evidence exists that: (i) pronated feet demonstrate greater electromyographic activation of invertor musculature and decreased activation of evertor musculature; (ii) foot orthoses increase activation of tibialis anterior and peroneus longus, and may alter low back muscle activity; and (iii) shoes with elevated heels alter lower limb and back muscle activation. Most studies reported statistically significant changes in electromyographic activation, although these findings were often not well supported when confidence intervals were calculated. Most important, however, is that there is a need for further research of more rigorous methodological quality, including greater consensus regarding standards for reporting of electromyographic parameters. PMID- 18922697 TI - Synthesis of triazole-linked beta-C-glycosyl dimers as inhibitors of PTP1B. AB - Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) has emerged as a promising target for type 2 diabetes. We have successfully synthesized dimeric acetylated and benzoylated beta-C-d-glucosyl and beta-C-D-galactosyl 1,4-dimethoxy benzenes or naphthalenes by click chemistry. These compounds were further transformed into the corresponding beta-C-D-glycosyl-1,4-quinone derivatives by CAN oxidation. The in vitro inhibition test showed that dimeric benzoylated beta-C-D-glycosyl 1,4 dimethoxybenzenes or 1,4-benzoquinones were good inhibitors of PTP1B (IC(50): 0.62-0.88 miroM), with no significant difference between gluco and galacto derivatives. PMID- 18922698 TI - RNA binding to antioxidant flavonoids. AB - Flavonoids are an interesting group of natural polyphenolic compounds that exhibit extensive bioactivities such as scavenging free radical, antitumor and antiproliferative effects. The anticancer and antiviral effects of these natural products are attributed to their potential biomedical applications. While flavonoids complexation with DNA is known, their bindings to RNA are not fully investigated. This study was designed to examine the interactions of three flavonoids; morin (Mor), apigenin (Api) and naringin (Nar) with yeast RNA in aqueous solution at physiological conditions, using constant RNA concentration (6.25 mM) and various pigment/RNA (phosphate) ratios of 1/120 to 1/1. FTIR, UV visible spectroscopic methods were used to determine the ligand binding modes, the binding constant and the stability of RNA in flavonoid-RNA complexes in aqueous solution. Spectroscopic evidence showed major binding of flavonoids to RNA with overall binding constants of K(morin) = 9.150 x 10(3) M(-1), K(apigenin)=4.967 x 10(4) M(-1), and K(naringin)=1.144 x 10(4) M(-1). The affinity of flavonoid-RNA binding is in the order of apigenin>naringin>morin. No biopolymer secondary structural changes were observed upon flavonoid interaction and RNA remains in the A-family structure in these pigment complexes. PMID- 18922699 TI - Using consensus methods to develop clinical practice guidelines for intensive care: the intensive care collaborative project. AB - BACKGROUND: Clinical practices or procedures based on the best available evidence are an essential resource within an intensive care unit (ICU). Maintaining the currency of a local clinical practice manual is challenging however, particularly in relation to the time required, other workload pressures and the availability of staff with relevant skills to interrogate the literature. The aim of the Intensive Care Collaborative (ICC) project was to use the synergism of group processes to develop state-based clinical guidelines for six common intensive care practices - eye care, oral care, endotracheal tube management, suctioning, arterial line management, and central venous catheter (CVC) management. METHODS: Participants were 55 senior nurse clinicians from all nine area health services in NSW, seven academic facilitators, and staff from the Intensive Care Coordination and Monitoring Unit (ICCMU). A range of approaches were used to develop the six clinical practice guidelines (CPG) and related systematic literature reviews, including a preparatory educational seminar for participants, formation of working groups of clinicians, with subsequent teleconferences, e mail and online forums to identify the scope of each guideline and review the literature. A consensus development conference (CDC) was conducted to finalise the reviews with a nominal group technique (NGT) used to develop recommendations for practice. External Validation Panels (EVP) verified the recommendations in each clinical practice guideline. Group voting was undertaken using a Likert scale (1-3 disagree, 4-6 neutral, 7-9 agree) with consensus agreement set as a median of at least seven. RESULTS: Eighty-three recommendations for practice were developed for the six Clinical Practice Guidelines; 50% were based on research literature evidence (23% with high levels of evidence). The balance were based on consensus opinion of the panel members. Only five recommendations were not validated by external validation. CONCLUSION: This project has demonstrated a method for guideline development that is robust, incorporating evidence from research and clinical expertise utilising an objective egalitarian framework. PMID- 18922700 TI - Optimal timing for adjuvant radiation therapy in breast cancer: a comprehensive review and perspectives. AB - PURPOSE: The optimal sequence of modalities involved in breast cancer treatment with respect to radiotherapy and the maximum acceptable interval between radiotherapy and surgery need to be determined. DESIGN: This review attempts a critical reading of the literature. RESULTS: A delay of radiotherapy more than 8 12 weeks after surgery adversely affects local recurrence. Radiotherapy should be administered within 7 months after surgery, when chemotherapy is administered first. Several chemotherapy regimens can be safely administered concurrently with radiotherapy. The concurrent use of tamoxifen with chemotherapy should be avoided, but not with radiotherapy. Data is insufficient with regard to concurrent use of aromatase inhibitors with radiotherapy. The use of trastuzumab concomitantly with radiotherapy may enhance toxicities but may also improve its efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: Although the issue of radiotherapy delay and that of sequence with chemotherapy or tamoxifen are clarified, the sequence of radiotherapy with aromatase inhibitors and trastuzumab needs to be defined. Individual radiosensitivity may influence toxicity. New biologic markers have to be determined in the future for tailoring radiotherapy in breast cancer. PMID- 18922701 TI - Serum fetuin--a concentrations are inversely related to cytokine concentrations in patients with chronic renal failure. AB - BACKGROUND/AIMS: A close relationship exists between inflammation and vascular calcification. Although fetuin-A is known to be an inhibitor of calcification, studies correlating levels of this glycoprotein to markers of inflammation are limited. To understand these relationships, we investigated the relationship between serum fetuin-A and proinflammatory cytokine levels in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF). METHODS: Thirty-two patients on haemodialysis (HD), 32 conservatively managed chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and a control group of 25 subjects with normal renal function were enrolled in this study. Serum fetuin-A, IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels were measured by ELISA. Correlations between serum fetuin-A and IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha concentrations were investigated by the Spearman correlation test. RESULTS: In 64 CRF patients (on HD and with CKD), serum fetuin-A was significantly and inversely related to IL-1beta (P<0.001), IL-6 (P=0.025) and TNF-alpha levels (P=0.007), respectively. The serum fetuin-A levels of the control subjects were not significantly correlated to levels of the inflammatory markers IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha (P=0.551, 0.985 and 0.984, respectively). CONCLUSION: The negative correlation between serum fetuin-A and cytokine concentrations in CRF patients supports the hypothesis of inflammation-dependent down-regulation of fetuin-A expression. PMID- 18922702 TI - Rapid discrimination of archaeal tetraether lipid cores by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. AB - Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (APCI LC-MS/MS) of tetraether lipid cores of archaeal origin reveals distinct dissociation pathways for three classes of core lipid extracted from Methanobacter thermautotrophicus. Within these classes, two isobaric tetraether lipids, one a scarcely reported lipid constituent of M. thermautotrophicus and the other an artefact formed during extraction from cultured cells, were identified and distinguished via their MS(2) spectra. APCI LC-MS/MS discriminates different tetraether core lipid types and isobaric species and reveals the mass of the constituent biphytanyl chains within the tetraether cores, albeit without full elucidation of their structures. Furthermore, the method allows direct estimation of the relative proportions of tetraether core lipids from chromatographic peak area measurement, allowing rapid profiling of these compounds in microbiological and environmental extracts. PMID- 18922703 TI - The effect of age at migration on cardiovascular mortality among elderly Mexican immigrants. AB - PURPOSE: In this study, we evaluated the influence of age at migration on cardiovascular mortality among older Mexican Americans immigrants. METHODS: A population-based cohort of Mexican-origin (N = 907) participants ages 60+ was followed up to 8 years. The association between migration before age 20 compared with after age 20 and mortality was analyzed with the use of multivariate Cox proportional models. RESULTS: Compared with those who migrated later, those who migrated before the age of 20 years had higher income and education, were more likely to speak English, were culturally more Anglo, and more likely to be men. Immigration before 20 years of age was associated with greater rates of cardiovascular mortality (hazard ratio, 2.39; 95% confidence interval, 1.16 - 4.94) compared with those migrating at older ages, even after adjustment for age, sex, education, income, and baseline cardiovascular health. No age at migration differences were observed for noncardiovascular deaths. CONCLUSIONS: Mexican Americans who migrated in early life experienced greater cardiovascular disease death rates than later migrants. Early experiences related to migration may have consequences for late-life disease that are not mitigated by the higher socioeconomic status achieved by early migrants. Health or economic selection related to migration may play a role although accounting for health and socioeconomic status actually increased differences between early and later migrants. PMID- 18922704 TI - PGE2 signal via EP2 receptors evoked by a selective agonist enhances regeneration of injured articular cartilage. AB - OBJECTIVE: The effect of the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) signal through prostaglandin E receptor 2 (EP2) receptors on the repair of injured articular cartilage was investigated using a selective agonist for EP2. METHODS: Chondral and osteochondral defects were prepared on the rabbit femoral concave in both knee joints, and gelatin containing polylactic-co-glycolic acid microspheres conjugated with or without the EP2 agonist was placed nearby. Animals were sacrificed at 4 or 12 weeks post-operation, and regenerated cartilage tissues and subchondral structure remodeling were evaluated by histological scoring. The quality of regenerated tissues was also evaluated by the immunohistochemical staining of EP2, type II collagen, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). As an evaluation of side effects, the inflammatory reaction of the synovial membrane was analyzed based on histology and the mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinase3 (MMP3), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 (TIMP3), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta). Also, the activity of MMP3 and the amount of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and C-reactive protein in joint fluid were measured. RESULTS: In both models, the EP2 agonist enhanced the regeneration of the type II collagen-positive tissues containing EP2- and PCNA-positive chondrocytes, and the histological scale of regenerated tissue and subchondral bone was better than that of on the control side, particularly at 12 weeks post operation. No inflammatory reaction in the synovial membrane was observed, and no induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines was found in joint fluid. CONCLUSION: Selective stimulation of the PGE2 signal through EP2 receptors by a specific agonist promoted regeneration of cartilage tissues with a physiological osteochondral boundary, suggesting the potential usefulness of this small molecule for the treatment of injured articular cartilages. PMID- 18922705 TI - Very rapid clearance after a joint bleed in the canine knee cannot prevent adverse effects on cartilage and synovial tissue. AB - OBJECTIVE: Joint bleeding leads to joint destruction. In vitro exposure of human and canine cartilage to blood results in long-lasting severe adverse changes in cartilage. An in vivo joint haemorrhage in the canine knee joint demonstrates similar adverse effects although significantly less outspoken. As a possible explanation for this discrepancy, we studied the clearance rate of blood from the canine knee joints. METHODS: Blood was injected into the knee joint of Beagle dogs either 48 h, 24h or 15 min before termination. The amount of red blood cells (RBC) and white blood cells (WBCs) present in the joint cavity was determined. Chondrocyte activity and cartilage matrix integrity as well as cartilage destructive activity of synovial tissue were determined biochemically. Additionally, synovial tissue was analyzed by use of histochemistry. RESULTS: The amount of blood was decreased to <5% within 48 h. Within this time period the cartilage was negatively affected and the synovial tissue showed cartilage destructive activity. Evaluation of the synovial tissue 15 min post-injection revealed countless numbers of intact RBC that were almost completely disappeared after 48 h without significant recruitment of macrophages. CONCLUSIONS: Blood is cleared very rapidly from the canine knee joint, but already has adverse effects on both cartilage and synovial tissue within that short time span. This rapid clearance can play a role in the discrepancy between long-term in vitro and in vivo effects of blood-induced joint damage since more than 10% v/v blood present for at least 48 h is needed to induce long-term adverse effects in vitro. PMID- 18922706 TI - A novel endovascular technique for exclusion of inner curve aortic arch aneurysm. AB - We present a case of a 78-year-old gentleman who was found to have a large saccular aneurysm of the inner aortic arch after complaining of change in the character of his voice. This lesion was successfully excluded using purely fenestrated endovascular techniques without compromising the origins of supra aortic vessels. A novel technique with modification of fenestrated design was used to ensure accurate placement of the custom-made endograft. This technique has not been published before. PMID- 18922708 TI - The haemodynamics of the distal arterial Y-shaped autograft bypass-flap in a porcine experimental model. AB - BACKGROUND: The haemodynamic effects of revascularisation with combined bypass and free-muscle flap remain controversial. In a porcine experimental model, we investigated the transplantation-induced changes in the haemodynamics of a Y shaped combined arterial autograft bypass-muscle flap (AABF). METHODS: Anatomy of AABF was identified in eight dissections in four porcine cadavers. In five animals, AABF served as a superficial femoral artery (SFA) defect replacement. Modelled, triggered pulsatile pressure (P) and flow (Q) waves delivered mean haemodynamics and PQ hysteresis loops before and after transplantation at days 0 and 10. RESULTS: Anatomically, AABF combined subscapular and circumflex-scapular arteries, and thoracodorsal artery as latissimus dorsi flap pedicle. Surgical feasibility and AABF patency were confirmed in each case. At day 0, the proximal flow was increased in the grafted Y-shaped AABF, which also adopted the specific SFA pulsatile haemodynamics. Regulatory mechanisms of AABF vasomotricity were preserved and AABF-flow-dependence amplified the flow in the distal segment, which otherwise preserved its own flow dependence. At 10 days, the AABF flow was unchanged in the distal segment, and remained elevated in the proximal and pedicle segments. CONCLUSIONS: Combined AABF, as a single one-piece arterial autograft, was shown highly adaptive to the receiving arteries. The transplantation-induced changes in AABF pulsatile flow profile and vascular reactivity improve the overall graft flow, and strongly advocate for beneficial effects on the blood propelling capacity of the grafted circulation. PMID- 18922709 TI - Predicting risk in elective abdominal aortic aneurysm repair: a systematic review of current evidence. AB - OBJECTIVE: To examine and compare existing pre-operative risk prediction methods for elective abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair. DESIGN: Systematic review. METHODS: Medline, EMBASE and the Cochrane library were searched for articles that related to risk prediction models used for elective AAA repair. RESULTS: 680 abstracts were reviewed and after exclusions 28 articles encompassing 10 risk models were identified. The most frequently studied of these were the Glasgow Aneurysm Score (GAS), the Physiological and Operative Severity Score for enUmeration of Mortality (POSSUM) predictor equation and the Vascular Biochemistry and Haematology Outcome Model (VBHOM). All models had strengths and weaknesses and some had unique features which were identified and discussed. CONCLUSION: The GAS appeared to be the most useful and consistently validated score at present for open repair. Other systems were either not validated fully or were not consistently accurate. Some had significant drawbacks which appeared to severely limit their clinical application. Recent work has shown that no scores consistently predicted the risk associated with endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). Pre-operative risk stratification is a vital component of modern surgical practice, and we propose the need for a comprehensive new risk scoring method for AAA repair incorporating anatomical and physiological data. PMID- 18922710 TI - Presence of lower limb deep vein thrombosis and prognosis in patients with symptomatic pulmonary embolism: preliminary report. AB - OBJECTIVES: To investigate the presence of lower limb deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and prognosis in patients with symptomatic pulmonary embolism (PE). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 203 consecutive referral patients with PE were included. The distribution of DVT was evaluated with compression ultrasound (CUS), and all patients were then followed for 12 months for investigation of recurrence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and fatal events as adverse outcome. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 62.8 years, and 78 (38.4%) were males. DVT was found in 118 (58.1%) patients. Of these patients, 61 (30.0%) had proximal DVT. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that active cancer, inadequate anticoagulation, leg symptoms, male gender, presence of DVT, presence of proximal DVT, and previous DVT were independent risk factors for adverse outcome. A clinical risk score ranging from 0 to 10 points was generated on the basis of multivariate regression coefficients. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that an appropriate cut-off point for discriminating between the presence and the absence of an adverse event was 4. Using this category, 166 (81.8%) patients were classified as low risk and 37 (18.2%) as high risk for adverse outcome. The adverse event rates were 6.0% for the low-risk group and 59.5% for the high-risk group. CONCLUSIONS: This study has confirmed the clinical significance of surveillance CUS in patients with a first episode of PE. Furthermore, a simple risk score on the basis of available variables can identify patients at risk of an adverse outcome in patients with PE. PMID- 18922711 TI - Long-term cardiac outcome in high-risk patients undergoing elective endovascular or open infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. AB - OBJECTIVES: To assess long-term outcome of patients at high cardiac risk undergoing endovascular or open AAA repair. METHODS: Patients undergoing open or endovascular infrarenal AAA repair with >or=3 cardiac risk factors and preoperative cardiac stress testing (DSE) at 2 university hospitals were studied. Main outcome was cardiac event free and overall survival. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to evaluate the influence of type of AAA repair on long-term outcome. RESULTS: In 124 patients (55 endovascular, 69 open) the number and type of cardiac risk factors, medication use and DSE results were similar in both groups. In multivariable analysis, adjusting for cardiac risk factors, stress test results, medication use, and propensity score endovascular repair was associated with improved cardiac event free survival (HR 0.54; 95% CI 0.30-0.98) but not with an overall survival benefit (HR 0.73; 95% CI 0.37-1.46). Importantly, statin therapy was associated with both improved overall survival (HR 0.42; 95% CI 0.21-0.83) and cardiac event free survival (HR 0.45; 95% CI 0.23 0.86). CONCLUSIONS: The perioperative cardiac benefit of endovascular AAA repair in high cardiac risk patients is sustained during long-term follow-up provided patients are on optimal medical therapy but it is not associated with improved overall long-term survival. PMID- 18922712 TI - Multiple small-dose injections can reduce the passage of sclerosant foam into deep veins during foam sclerotherapy for varicose veins. AB - OBJECTIVE: To compare the proportion of foam sclerosant that enters deep veins between multiple injections of <0.5 ml foam per injection and a few injections of >0.5 ml foam per injection. DESIGN & METHODS: One hundred and seven patients with superficial venous incompetence were randomised to receive either multiple injections of <0.5 ml 1% polidocanol (POL) -foam (multiple injections) or a few injections of >0.5 ml 1% POL-foam per injection (few injections) for the treatment of varicose tributaries. All patients then received ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy for refluxing great saphenous vein (GSV) using 3% POL-foam. Only a single session was allowed per patient in order to standardise treatment. Qualitative ultrasonographic inspection of the foam was carried out during a 5 min period before compression was applied. Post-sclerotherapy surveillance was done at day 3, 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months. RESULTS: Fifty-six limbs in 53 patients were treated with multiple injections and the remaining 56 limbs in 54 patients were treated with a few injections. There were no significant differences in age or male:female ratio between the groups. The mean volume of 1% POL-foam was 2.2 S.D. 0.6 ml (range: 0.7-4.0 ml) in the multiple injections group and 2.5 S.D. 0.6 ml (range: 1.0-4.0 ml) in the few injections group (p=0.003). The mean volume of 3% POL was 1.5 ml (range: 0.7-3.0 ml) and 1.4 ml (range: 0.7 3.0 ml), respectively (p=0.137). Ultrasonographic inspection immediately after sclerotherapy demonstrated that foam was distributed significantly more commonly in the deep veins of patients treated with a few injections (p=0.0003). Two (4%) of the patients treated with a few injections developed migraine during the procedure, but recovered quickly with no further complications. There was no significant difference in the success rate between the groups at 6 months (p=0.257). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that multiple small-dose injections can reduce the amount of foam sclerosant and the risk of foam sclerosant entering the deep veins in patients with superficial venous insufficiency. PMID- 18922713 TI - Correlation of quantified contrast-enhanced power Doppler ultrasonography with immunofluorescent analysis of microvessel density in spontaneous canine tumours. AB - Conventionally, tumour vascularity is assessed invasively by immunofluorescent analysis. Quantified contrast-enhanced power Doppler ultrasound has been used to measure tumour angiogenesis non-invasively in humans and experimental animals. The purpose of this study was to correlate quantified contrast-enhanced power Doppler ultrasound with immunofluorescent results in 45 spontaneous canine tumours. With power Doppler, mean vascularity was high in squamous cell carcinomas, moderate in malignant oral melanomas and low in sarcomas. There was high mean vascularity in squamous cell carcinomas and low mean vascularity in sarcomas and malignant oral melanomas. Although Doppler parameters correlated moderately with microvascular density for all tumours (P=0.004, r=0.4), they did not correlate within histology groups. These analyses show that vascularity differs among canine tumour histology groups. However, dependent on the method used, measurement of tumour vascularity can provide different biological information. PMID- 18922714 TI - The influence of valproic acid treatment on hair and serum zinc levels and serum biotinidase activity. AB - Some of the side effects that develop during long-term valproic acid (VPA) treatment are similar to symptoms of zinc and partial biotinidase deficiencies. This situation suggests an association between these side effects and biotinidase and/or zinc deficiencies. In 32 pediatric patients (22 females, 10 males) receiving VPA treatment, hair and serum zinc levels and serum biotinidase activity (BA) were measured prior to and in the 3rd and 6th months of treatment. Also, serum VPA levels were measured in the 3rd and 6th months of treatment. The mean serum and hair zinc levels were found to be reduced in the 3rd and 6th months of treatment as compared with the pre-treatment values, while the mean serum BA was lower than the pre-treatment values in the 3rd month of treatment, but returned to initial values in the 6th month of treatment. In the 3rd and 6th months of treatment, patients complaining about hair loss had lower hair and serum zinc levels and serum BA but greater mean serum VPA than those who did not. However, the differences between parameters were not statistically significant. Our findings suggest that hair loss in patients can be attributed to zinc and BA depletion within the first 3 months, and to zinc depletion only by the 6th month. PMID- 18922715 TI - Biomolecular solid state NMR with magic-angle spinning at 25K. AB - A magic-angle spinning (MAS) probe has been constructed which allows the sample to be cooled with helium, while the MAS bearing and drive gases are nitrogen. The sample can be cooled to 25K using roughly 3 L/h of liquid helium, while the 4-mm diameter rotor spins at 6.7 kHz with good stability (+/-5 Hz) for many hours. Proton decoupling fields up to at least 130 kHz can be applied. This helium cooled MAS probe enables a variety of one-dimensional and two-dimensional NMR experiments on biomolecular solids and other materials at low temperatures, with signal-to-noise proportional to 1/T. We show examples of low-temperature (13)C NMR data for two biomolecular samples, namely the peptide Abeta(14-23) in the form of amyloid fibrils and the protein HP35 in frozen glycerol/water solution. Issues related to temperature calibration, spin-lattice relaxation at low temperatures, paramagnetic doping of frozen solutions, and (13)C MAS NMR linewidths are discussed. PMID- 18922716 TI - Unusual infections due to Listeria monocytogenes in the Southern California Desert. AB - BACKGROUND: During the past 22 years, 14 patients have been hospitalized with infection due to Listeria monocytogenes at the Eisenhower Medical Center, a regional 300-bed hospital in the desert southwest of Southern California. A large number of patients are retired, elderly, and have underlying and often systemic disease. METHODS: Blood agar and routine media were inoculated with liquid from a sterile site such as blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or joint fluid and observed daily for growth. Appropriate biochemical studies were used to speciate the organism. RESULTS: While bacteremia and meningitis constitute 75% of infections in most studies, they made up only 36% of patients in the current study. Listeriosis occurred mostly in patients with infected aortic aneurysms and brain abscesses, and in prosthetic joint infections. While mortality is generally stated to be around 45% in patients with listeriosis, it was 35% in this study. However, there were no deaths in five patients with bacteremia or meningitis inferring that organ involvement poses a greater hazard for survival. CONCLUSIONS: Listeriosis usually presents as a bacteremia or meningitis due to a food-borne invasive infection. In the desert of Southern California most cases are seen in older patients with underlying disease and present with infected aortic aneurysms, prosthetic joints, and brain abscesses. They represent a greater threat to survival due to organ involvement. PMID- 18922717 TI - Life histories of pathogen populations. AB - The populations of pathogens in individual hosts have many of the characteristics of multicellular organisms, or individuals. These populations go through a life cycle within a host and they reproduce by founding daughter populations in new hosts. Natural selection shapes the life history characteristics of pathogen populations--life expectancy, trade-offs in the allocation of resources between growth, survival, and fecundity, and aging--in ways that maximize the reproductive fitness of the pathogens. In turn, these life history characteristics shape the natural histories of infectious diseases. Transmissibility and virulence may be thought of as properties of pathogen populations rather than as properties of the constituent microorganisms within these populations. The poor correlation of virulence with pathogen fitness is a major obstacle to the development of a theory of virulence. Consideration of the life histories of pathogen populations complements the traditional epidemiological focus on host populations and provides a valuable perspective for understanding human infectious diseases. PMID- 18922718 TI - Adherence with oseltamivir chemoprophylaxis among workers exposed to poultry during avian influenza outbreaks in southern Israel. AB - OBJECTIVES: To determine adherence with recommended pre- and post-exposure oseltamivir prophylaxis (OP) among workers exposed to poultry during five simultaneous avian influenza (AI) H5N1 outbreaks in poultry farms in southern Israel in March 2006, as well as the efficiency of the distribution system of oseltamivir in the community. DESIGN: Epidemiological investigation identified 201 workers exposed to poultry during AI outbreaks. They were interviewed by a public health nurse regarding adherence with recommended OP, symptoms, and possible side effects. Data were collected on type of exposure, age, sex, rate of adherence with OP, and reasons for non-adherence. For eight workers, paired sera were drawn for the determination of antibodies to H5. Data were collected on the efficiency of the distribution of oseltamivir tablets to workers in the community. RESULTS: High adherence with OP (87.6%) was found among poultry workers during outbreaks of AI, with no difference by type of exposure, age, or sex. There was a low rate of side effects of OP (1.5%). No exposed workers developed AI and none of the eight who had paired sera drawn showed seroconversion. The distribution of OP in the community was inefficient, with 27.7% of the tablets 'lost' or returned unusable. CONCLUSIONS: These data emphasize the importance of developing efficient targeted distribution systems in the community for OP, in order to prevent human infection during AI outbreaks. PMID- 18922719 TI - Necrotizing fasciitis in southeast Taiwan: clinical features, microbiology, and prognosis. AB - OBJECTIVES: To determine the spectrum of microorganisms, clinical features, and risk factors of necrotizing fasciitis in southeast Taiwan. METHODS: We retrospectively studied patients diagnosed with necrotizing fasciitis and fully treated in our hospital for the period January 1995 to December 2006. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 58.2+/-14.2 years. The affected anatomical sites were primarily peripheral (91 patients, 85.8%). Sixty patients (56.6%) had a type 1 infection, 17 patients (16.0%) had type 2, and eight patients (7.5%) had type 3. Diabetes mellitus was the most common comorbidity. A single pathogen was identified as the infectious agent in 64 patients (60.4%), multiple pathogens were identified in 21 patients (19.8%), and no organism was identified in 21 patients (19.8%). Streptococcus pyogenes was the most common pathogen. The average hospital stay was 28.0+/-23.1 days. Patients received a mean of 2.3+/-1.2 debridements, and five patients (4.7%) eventually underwent an amputation. The overall mortality was 17.0%. Predictors of mortality included advanced age, class C liver cirrhosis, ascites, higher serum creatinine, and lower hemoglobin and platelet levels. CONCLUSIONS: Monobacterial infections are more common in our patients. Accurate early diagnosis and extensive surgical debridement are essential for a favorable outcome. PMID- 18922720 TI - Association between Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis DNA in blood and cellular and humoral immune response in inflammatory bowel disease patients and controls. AB - BACKGROUND: Similarities between human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and ruminant paratuberculosis have fueled a heated discussion on the role of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in the etiology of IBD. METHODS: In order to determine microbiological and immunological evidence of an association between MAP and IBD, blood from 222 inflammatory bowel disease patients and 80 healthy donors from the Basque Country (Spain) were subjected to nested PCR for MAP-specific insertion sequence IS900, interferon-gamma (IFN gamma) release test with PPA-3 MAP antigen (IFNMAP) or phosphate-buffered saline (IFNPBS), and antibody ELISA with PPA-3 MAP antigen (ABMAP). RESULTS: Highly significant differences in the proportion of PCR-positive IBD patients (17%) and healthy controls (43%) as well as lower IFNMAP and higher ABMAP and IFNPBS responses were observed. Treatment was associated with decreases in IFNMAP and PCR-positive frequency. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate the existence of immune responses and treatment interactions with MAP that strongly support an etiological role of this agent in IBD. PMID- 18922721 TI - [The White Book]. AB - It is necessary for European countries to have references and guidelines to cope with the wide field of blood transfusion. It is the institutions and professionals' role to provide for technical specifications linked to the collection, qualification, preparation, storage and distribution of labile blood products. In this context, EuroNet-TMS publishes every five year (2005, 2010...) a White Book meant to issue statements on the current situation, activities in progress in Europe and future developments. PMID- 18922722 TI - [Lessons learned from a distribution incident at the Alps-Mediterranean Division of the French Blood Establishment]. AB - The Alps-Mediterranean division of the French blood establishment (EFS Alpes Mediterranee) has implemented a risk management program. Within this framework, the labile blood product distribution process was assessed to identify critical steps. Subsequently, safety measures were instituted including computer-assisted decision support, detailed written instructions and control checks at each step. Failure of these measures to prevent an incident underlines the vulnerability of the process to the human factor. Indeed root cause analysis showed that the incident was due to underestimation of the danger by one individual. Elimination of this type of risk will require continuous training, testing and updating of personnel. Identification and reporting of nonconformities will allow personnel at all levels (local, regional, and national) to share lessons and implement appropriate risk mitigation strategies. PMID- 18922723 TI - [Blood transfusion in children]. PMID- 18922724 TI - No relationship between mean plasma glucose and glycated haemoglobin in patients with cystic fibrosis-related diabetes. AB - AIM: Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD) prevalence has increased dramatically with the improved life expectancy of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Glycated haemoglobin (HbA(1c)) is an important tool for monitoring blood glucose control but, unlike in type 1 and type 2 diabetes, a correlation between HbA(1c), fructosamine and mean plasma glucose has not been clearly established in CF. This study aimed to examine the relationship between mean plasma glucose and HbA(1c) or fructosamine in stable patients with CFRD. METHODS: Fifteen type 1 diabetes and 13 CFRD patients (HbA(1c)<9.0%; no anaemia), matched for age and body mass index (BMI), provided 72 capillary blood glucose profiles taken 3days/month for three months. At the end of this time, HbA(1c) and fructosamine were measured. Mean plasma glucose was estimated using the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) conversion formula, and linear regressions carried out to establish its relationship with HbA(1c) and fructosamine. RESULTS: In type 1 diabetes patients, mean plasma glucose correlated significantly with HbA(1c) (r=0.68; P=0.005). In CFRD patients, no correlation was found between mean plasma glucose and HbA(1c) (r=0.24; P=0.460). Also, no association was found between mean plasma glucose, representing the month before blood sampling, and fructosamine in either group. CONCLUSION: Unlike in type 1 diabetes, HbA(1c) did not correlate with mean plasma glucose in CFRD subjects. Thus, having a normal HbA(1c) may not be sufficient to indicate a low risk of diabetes complications in CFRD. Further studies are required to explain such a discrepancy. PMID- 18922725 TI - A lipid-parameter-based index for estimating insulin sensitivity and identifying insulin resistance in a healthy population. AB - AIM: Insulin resistance needs to be identified as early as possible in its development to allow targeted prevention programmes. Therefore, we compared various fasting surrogate indices for insulin sensitivity using the euglycaemic insulin clamp in an attempt to develop the most appropriate method for assessing insulin resistance in a healthy population. METHODS: Glucose, insulin, proinsulin, glucagon, glucose tolerance, fasting lipids, liver enzymes, blood pressure, anthropometric parameters and insulin sensitivity (Mffm/I) using the euglycaemic insulin clamp were obtained for 70 normoglycaemic non-obese individuals. Spearman's rank correlations were used to examine the association between Mffm/I and various fasting surrogate indices of insulin sensitivity. A regression model was used to determine the weighting for each variable and to derive a formula for estimating insulin resistance. The clinical value of the surrogate indices and the new formula for identifying insulin-resistant individuals was evaluated by the use of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. RESULTS: The variables that best predicted insulin sensitivity were the HDL-to-total cholesterol ratio, the fasting NEFA and fasting insulin. The use of the lipid-parameter-based formula Mffm/I=12x[2.5x(HDL-c/total cholesterol)-NEFA] fasting insulin appeared to have high clinical value in predicting insulin resistance. The correlation coefficient between Mffm/I and the new fasting index was higher than those with the most commonly used fasting surrogate indices for insulin sensitivity. CONCLUSION: A lipid-parameter-based index using fasting samples provides a simple means of screening for insulin resistance in the healthy population. PMID- 18922726 TI - The prevalence of abnormal eating behaviour in a representative sample of the French diabetic population. AB - AIM: To assess the relationship between abnormal eating behaviour (AEB) and diabetes in a sample of French adult patients with type 1 (T1D) and type 2 (T2D) diabetes. METHODS: Ninety-four consecutively recruited patients self-completed a series of validated questionnaires. RESULTS: Over one-fourth of men with T1D (26%) or T2D (27%) and 11% of female T2D patients reported consistent and pathological overeating or binge-eating during the previous six months. Glycaemic control in these T1D patients was poorer than in T1D patients defined as normal eaters (NORM) (11.9% versus 9.6%), but did not reach statistical significance (P=0.08), and no significant difference was observed in the T2D group (P=0.61) either. T2D patients reported being markedly more restrained when eating than did the T1D patients (P=0.002), and their restraint increased along with their BMI (P<0.001). Patients who overate or binged also reported greater general hunger (P=0.02) and disinhibition (P=0.003) than did the NORM patients. CONCLUSION: AEB is present in French diabetic patients at levels that are probably higher than among the general population. These results highlight the need for: (1) greater awareness among diabetes clinicians of the problem; (2) regular screening of diabetic patients for AEB; and (3) adaptation of therapeutic and dietary recommendations for this patient subgroup. PMID- 18922727 TI - [Imaging of gliomas]. AB - The imaging of gliomas, as well as diffuse infiltrative gliomas or as more recently individualized entities, has been profoundly modified these last years. Correlated with the classic morphological MRI, numerous new sequences have appeared that allowed a more metabolic approach of the tumors, such as diffusion, perfusion--related to angiogenesis--and spectroscopy--reflecting metabolic data. Their development in daily practice allows to precise the diagnostic, to definite the more active areas (correlated with the hyperperfused or more metabolic active areas in relation with the Ki67 index) and so optimize the biopsy and/or evaluate the evolution of the lesion. When associated, they allow also and perhaps especially to precise the diagnostic, particularly with other tumoral masses such as lymphomas or metastases that can present misleading patterns, but also with other more benign lesions such as abcesses. Always critically analysed, and reevaluated along the time if necessary, they can sometimes help the histological diagnosis, but never can be used in place of it. PMID- 18922728 TI - [Radio-scapho-lunate arthrodesis with distal scaphoid excision]. AB - Painful dysfunction of the radio-scapho-lunate joint may occur secondary to a number of post-traumatic, inflammatory and non-inflammatory conditions. When symptomatic, this problem may necessitate fusing the radio-scapho-lunate joint. The goal of this study is to describe precisely the technical steps of radio scapho-lunate fusion with distal scaphoidectomy and to present the results in a clinical series. Sixteen patients presented with degeneration of the radio-scapho lunate joint combined with a normal midcarpal joint. Radio-scapho-lunate fusion with distal scaphoidectomy was performed in all patients. At an average follow-up of 37 months, complete relief of pain was obtained in 10 patients, three had slight pain with strenuous loading, and three had occasional pain with regular activities. The average range of passive motion at follow-up was 32 degrees of flexion and 35 degrees of extension. The average postoperative grip strength was 76%. In all cases a solid fusion was obtained. In two patients who had originally suffered a perilunate dislocation, midcarpal degenerative arthritis was noted. We suggest that in cases of radio-scapho-lunate osteoarthritis without degenerative change in the midcarpal joint, radio-scapho-lunate fusion is a possible solution. However, it is necessary to perform distal scaphoidectomy in order to avoid scapho-trapezo-trapezoid impingement. Provided all the technical principles are respected, complications such as ulnocarpal impingement or nonunion, are rare. PMID- 18922729 TI - [Parental imprinting related to Assisted Reproductive Technologies]. AB - Until the introduction of Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART), many studies were conducted in order to evaluate their impact upon the children's health born in such a way. The epigenetic-risk notion was invoked and a link between ART and diseases associated with imprinting alterations was suggested with different examples, such as Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS), Angelman syndrome (AS) and Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS). The epigenetic "life cycle" of imprinting (germline erasure, germline establishment, and somatic maintenance) concerns all the phases from gametogenesis, gamete maturation, fertilization, to early embryo development and appears particularly vulnerable to perturbations induced by superovulation, in vitro fertilization, embryo culture and embryo transfer. The studies, performed in model animal, provide a basis of the understanding of imprinting alterations induced by the ART and clinically useful information in order to improve the ART. PMID- 18922730 TI - [Cervical cerclage in 2008]. AB - Cervical cerclage is a common surgical technique that has been used for more than 50 years to prevent preterm deliveries and in the management of a threatened second trimester loss. However, it remains one of the most controversial interventions in obstetrics and this is probably due to difficulties in diagnosing cervical insufficiency, which is based on a history of recurrent second trimester loss or early preterm delivery following painless cervical dilatation in the absence of contractions or bleeding. This article reviews in 2008 the current literature regarding the efficacy of elective cerclage, ultrasound-indicated cerclage, emergency cerclage, and cervico-isthmic cerclage for singletons and multiple pregnancies. PMID- 18922731 TI - [Compaction and lineage divergence during mouse preimplantation embryo development]. AB - The preimplantation embryo development leads to the formation of a blastocyst made of two cell lineages: an outer layer of epithelial cells, the trophectoderm, that will give rise to some embryonic annexes, and a mass of undifferentiated cells, the inner cell mass, that will form the foetus and the remaining embryonic annexes. The trophectoderm encloses the inner cell mass and protects it from the external medium. Moreover, after hatching, the trophectoderm invades the uterine tissue, a crucial step for the implantation of the embryo. Therefore, the divergence between these two lineages is of crucial importance for the emergence of the foetus itself and for the postimplantation development to take place correctly. The setting up of cell polarity during compaction at the eight-cell stage allows asymmetric divisions to take place, thereby leading to lineage divergence. Phenotypic properties of these two cell populations are progressively reinforced through cell-cell interactions, outer cells undergoing epithelial differentiation while inner cells remain undifferentiated. Although cellular mechanisms controlling the divergence of the first two lineages are quite well known, important efforts have been carried out this last decade to identify the molecular machinery involved in this process and will be presented in this review. PMID- 18922732 TI - [Single embryo transfer: is Scandinavian model valuable in France?]. AB - The aim of infertility treatment is clearly to obtain one healthy baby. If the transfer of a top quality single embryo could provide a baby to all the patients, there would be no more discussion. The problem is that, nowadays, French pregnancy rates after fresh embryo or frozen embryo transfer are not the same as in Nordic countries. All studies show that in unselected patients, single embryo transfer decreases twin pregnancy rate but decreases pregnancy rate too. Pregnancy rate is dependent on embryo quality, women's age, rank of IVF attempt (clear data) but also on body mass index, ovarian reserve, smoking habits. All these data cannot be taken into account in a law. That is the reason why a flexible policy of transfer adapted to each couple is preferable. Each couple and each IVF team are unique and must keep the freedom to choose how many embryos must be transferred to obtain healthy babies, and to avoid twin pregnancies but without demonizing them. PMID- 18922733 TI - [Embryonic genome activation]. AB - After fertilization in mammals, the genome of the newly formed embryo is first transcriptionally inactive. Development is then strictly dependent on the maternally inherited RNA and proteins present in the oocyte that were accumulated before ovulation during oocyte growth and maturation. The onset of transcription specific to the embryo, referred to as "embryonic genome activation (EGA)", is initiated later during development at various preimplantation stages according to species. Transcriptional activity can be underlined thanks to several approaches such as precursors incorporation in newly synthesized RNA and expression of reporter genes. These studies show that EGA is established in two phases: a "minor" one, first with reduced transcriptional activity and that does not require any specific transcription factor; second, a "major" phase with rapidly increasing transcription. Upon major activation, newly synthesized RNA/proteins are essential for further embryonic development. EGA is dependent on the availability and activity of the basal transcriptional machinery components but also on the structural modifications of the nuclei after fertilization. Indeed, during the first embryonic cycles, the maternal and paternal genome undergo intense chromatin remodeling that could be a key regulator of embryonic transcription. PMID- 18922735 TI - A strategy for enhancing the quantitative determination ability of the diffuse reflectance near-infrared spectroscopy. AB - Near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (NIRDRS) has been proved to be a convenient and fast quantitative method for complex samples. The high detection limit or the low sensitivity of the method, however, is a big problem obstructing its application in the analysis of low concentration samples. A strategy for quantitative determination of low concentration samples was developed by using NIRDRS. The method takes an adsorbent as a substrate for gathering the analytes from a solution, and uses the multivariate calibration technique for quantitative calculation. So, the detection limit can be improved and the interferences can be eliminated when complex samples are analyzed. Taking benzoic and sorbic acids as the analyzing targets and the alumina as the adsorbent, partial least squares (PLS) model is built from the NIRDRS of the adsorbates. The results show that the concentrations that can be quantitatively detected are as low as 0.011 and 0.013 mg mL(-1) for benzoic and sorbic acids, respectively, and the co-adsorbates do not interfere each other. PMID- 18922734 TI - The role of activins and follistatins in skin and hair follicle development and function. AB - Investigations of the signalling between epithelial and mesenchymal compartments of skin during hair follicle initiation in utero and hair cycling have revealed the importance of the TGFbeta superfamily in ectodermal organogenesis and morphogenesis. In particular the activins, their receptors and binding proteins such as follistatin, have been shown to be important regulators of cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis in hair follicle initiation, hair cycling, normal skin homeostasis and wound healing. Transgenic mice lacking various components of the activin signalling pathways display varying ectodermal pathologies including altered pelage hair follicle initiation. This review summarises the activin signal transduction pathways and the interactions between activins and other TGFbeta signalling systems during hair follicle formation, hair growth cycling, skin function and wound healing. PMID- 18922736 TI - Ionically self-assembled terephthalylidene-bis-4-n-alkylanilines/n-decanesulfonic acid supramolecules: synthesis, mesomorphic behaviour and optical properties. AB - This paper describes the preparation, mesomorphic and photophysical studies of a two type of calamitic molecules derived from azomethines, N,N'-(1,4 phenylenebis(methan-1-yl-1-ylidene)bis(4-pentylbenzenamine) (LCBAZ1) and N,N' (1,4-phenylenebis(methan-1-yl-1-ylidene)bis(4-decylbenzenamine) (LCBAZ2) before and after protonation with the n-decyl sulfonic acid (DSA). The lengths of the outer spacers are four or nine methylene units connected with the imine group by phenyl ring in the para position. Liquid crystal properties of the undoped and doped azomethines are studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarizing optical microscopy (POM). Wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) technique is used to probe the structural properties of the azomethines as well as its complexes. The lengths of the outer flexible spacers have an effect on the mesomorphic properties of the azomethines. The compound LCBAZ2 with nine methylene units exhibit smectic phases (Sm C and Sm X), while the LCBAZ1 with four methylene units exhibit nematic and smectic phases (N and Sm C). The effects of protonation on the phase transitions of the azomethines are investigated. The structure formation of (LCBAZx)(1)(DSA)(2) complexes are discussed on the basis of FTIR spectroscopy. Additionally, the azomethines before and after protonation with DSA are investigated by UV-vis and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. With the exception of LCBAZ1 in its undoped state, the chloroform solution of the doped or undoped azomethines exhibit greenish fluorescence when the solutions are subjected to 400 nm excitation wavelength. It are concluded that the combination of the molecular and supramolecular engineering concepts stabilized the smectic phase. PMID- 18922737 TI - Spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric methods for the determination of pregabalin in bulk and pharmaceutical preparation. AB - Two new, sensitive and selective spectrofluorimetric and spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the determination of the gamma-amino-n-butyric acid derivative pregabalin (PGB) in bulk drug and capsule. Pregabalin, as a primary amine compound, reacts with 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzofurazon (NBD-Cl) which is a highly sensitive fluorogenic and chromogenic reagent used in many investigations. According to this fact, spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric methods for the determination of pregabalin in capsules were developed for the first time. The relation between the absorbance at 460 nm and the concentration is rectilinear over the range 0.5-7.0 microg mL(-1). The reaction product was also measured spectrofluorimetrically at 558 nm after excitation at 460 nm. The fluorescence intensity was directly proportional to the concentration over the range 40-400 ng mL(-1). The method was applied successfully to the determination of this drug in pharmaceutical dosage form. The mean recovery for the commercial capsules was 99.93% and 99.96% for spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric study, respectively. The suggested procedures could be used for the determination of PGB in pure and capsules being sensitive, simple and selective. PMID- 18922738 TI - The Health Archetype Language (HAL-42): interface considerations. AB - In this manuscript we report an evaluation of the reliability of clinical research rules creation by multiple clinicians using the Health Archetype Language (HAL-42) and user interface. HAL-42 is a language which allows real time epidemiological inquiry using automatically derived clinical encodings with any health Ontology. This evaluation used SNOMED CT as the underlying Ontology. The inquiries were performed on a population of 17,731 patients whose 50,000 clinical records have all been fully encoded in SNOMED CT. Four subject matter experts (SMEs) were asked independently to encode and run 10 rules/studies. The inter rater agreement was 74.8% (p=0.6526) with a Kappa statistic of 0.49217 (p=0.5722). The ten rules were divided into three easy rules, four moderate and three complex rules. There was no significant difference in the SME's agreement when representing easy and complex rules (p=0.6243). We conclude that although the usability of the HAL-42 language is usable enough to achieve reasonable inter rater reliability, some training will be necessary to reach high levels of reliability for ad hoc queries. We also conclude that SMEs are just as competent to perform complex queries as easy queries of ontologically indexed clinical data. PMID- 18922739 TI - Hepatitis B virus genotype E variability in Africa. AB - BACKGROUND: In sub-Saharan Africa, genotype E is the predominant genotype throughout a vast region spanning from Senegal to Namibia and extending to the Central African Republic in the East. Despite its wide geographic distribution and the high prevalence throughout this genotype E crescent, this genotype has a very low genetic diversity. OBJECTIVES: Here we review our current understanding of genotype E reanalysing all currently available sequences of the S gene and the complete genome. RESULTS: Phylogenetic analysis of the complete genome sequences confirmed a previously suggested South-West/Central African cluster and several lineages of West African sequences. The overall mean genetic distance was 1.71%, with the more Southern countries of the genotype E crescent exhibiting lower distances than the Northern countries. CONCLUSIONS: Genotype E seems to have a longer natural history in the Northern part of the genotype E crescent than in the Southern countries. As genotype E is essentially absent from the Americas despite the Afro-American slave trade until at least the beginning of the 19th century, genotype E strains may have been introduced into the general African population only within the past 200 years. How the virus may have spread throughout the genotype E crescent warrants further investigation. PMID- 18922740 TI - Using counselling skills to enhance the confidence of mentors' decision making when assessing pre-registration nursing students on the borderline of achievement in clinical practice. AB - The concept of counselling as a helping process, focusing attention on the interrelatedness of individuals and their world, is a critical aspect of contemporary nursing. Counselling skills also have implications for nurses involved in mentoring pre-registration nursing students, particularly where accurate, credible and accountable assessment hinges on how well students and mentors have invested in a learning dialogue. Such concerns become especially relevant to those students on the borderline of achieving clinical learning outcomes. This paper highlights a reconstructed narrative between a mentor and this author concerning a student on the borderline of achievement in clinical practice. The use of counselling skills in helping mentors to focus on complex assessment issues relating to pre-registration nursing students are subjected to a detailed critical analysis. The fragility of such encounters is underlined, as well as a need for mentors to engage in reflexive practice. PMID- 18922741 TI - Ureterocalyceal anastomosis in children: is it still indicated? AB - OBJECTIVE: We report our experience with ureterocalyceal anastomosis in children regarding indications and outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review was performed of all cases that underwent open ureterocalyceal anastomosis at our center between 2000 and 2006. Records were reviewed for patient age, history, affected side, indication of surgery and operative details. Clinical and radiological outcome was assessed. Success was defined as both symptomatic relief and radiographic resolution of obstruction at last follow up. RESULTS: There were 10 cases (six males, four females) with a mean age of 6.5 years (range 3-13 years). Follow up ranged from 6 to 46 months (mean 18). The indications for surgery were failed pyeloplasty in six patients and iatrogenic injury of the ureteropelvic junction or the upper ureter in four. No significant perioperative complications were encountered in the study group. Overall success rate was 80%. Relief of obstruction was evident in eight patients as documented by intravenous urography or nuclear renography, while secondary nephrectomy was necessitated in two patients with severely impaired ipsilateral renal function and normal contralateral kidney. In patients with preserved renal units, the differential function on the involved side was stable on comparing the preoperative and postoperative renographic clearance (26 vs 24 ml/min). CONCLUSION: Ureterocalyceal anastomosis in children is still indicated in some difficult situations. Excellent functional results can be achieved in properly selected cases. Nephrectomy may be indicated in cases with impaired renal function and inability to perform salvage procedure. PMID- 18922743 TI - Intrasyrinx hemorrhage associated with hemangioblastoma in epiconus. AB - BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Hemangioblastomas in the central nervous system are highly vascular lesions, but have low risk of hemorrhage. In spinal lesions, there are a few rare cases of intramedullary hemorrhages associated with hemangioblastoma, and their prognoses were very severe. PURPOSE: This is the first case of an intrasyrinx hemorrhage associated with hemangioblastoma in epiconus. We report this rare case and discuss the clinical manifestations of intrasyrinx hemorrhage caused by hemangioblastoma in epiconus. STUDY DESIGN: A case report. METHODS: This case report presents a 45-year-old woman with intrasyrinx hemorrhage caused by hemangioblastoma in epiconus. The patient presented with a sudden onset of burning bilateral leg pain and rectal/bladder dysfunction, indicating conus medullaris syndrome. Initial magnetic resonance imaging revealed an intramedullary nodular lesion in the epiconus and holocord syringomyelia. However, follow-up magnetic resonance imaging showed intramedullary hemorrhage. RESULTS: The patient underwent surgery, and an intrasyrinx hematoma was evacuated and the tumor was completely removed. Histological diagnosis was hemangioblastoma. Three months after surgery, the patient recovered from neurological deficits. CONCLUSIONS: We present this rare case, and emphasize hemangioblastoma as the differential diagnosis in hemorrhagic spinal lesion. PMID- 18922742 TI - The innate immune response in ischemic acute kidney injury. AB - Kidney ischemia reperfusion injury is a major cause of morbidity in both allograft and native kidneys. Ischemia reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury is characterized by early, alloantigen-independent inflammation. Major components of the innate immune system are activated and participate in the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury, plus prime the allograft kidney for rejection. Soluble members of innate immunity implicated in acute kidney injury include the complement system, cytokines, and chemokines. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are also important contributors. Effector cells that participate in acute kidney injury include the classic innate immune cells, neutrophils and macrophages. Recent data has unexpectedly identified lymphocytes as participants of early acute kidney injury responses. In this review, we will focus on immune mediators that participate in the pathogenesis of ischemic acute kidney injury. PMID- 18922744 TI - Development and validation of an LC-MS method with electrospray ionization for quantitation of digoxin in human plasma and urine: application to a pharmacokinetic study. AB - A highly sensitive and specific LC-MS method was developed and validated for the quantification of digoxin in human plasma and urine using d5-dihydrodigoxin as internal standard (IS). The assay procedure involved extraction of digoxin and IS from human plasma with chloroform-isopropanol (95:5, v/v). Chromatogrphic separation was achieved on a Spherisorb ODS2 column using a gradient mobile phase with 5 mmol/L ammonium acetate in water with 1% acetic acid and acetonitrile. The mass spectrometer was operated in the selected ion monitoring mode using the respective [M+K](+) ions, m/z 819.4 for digoxin and m/z 826.4 for IS. The method was proved to be accurate and precise at linearity range of 0.12-19.60 ng/mL in plasma with a correlation coefficient (r(2)) of >or=0.9968 and 1.2-196.0 ng/mL in urine. The limit of quantification achieved with this method was 0.12 ng/mL in plasma and 1.2 ng/mL in urine. The intra- and inter-assay precision and accuracy values were found to be within the assay variability limits as per the FDA guidelines. The developed assay method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study in human volunteers following intravenous administration of digoxin. PMID- 18922745 TI - Simultaneous determination of five toxic alkaloids in body fluids by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. AB - A novel analytical method was developed and validated for the rapid and simultaneous analysis of five toxic alkaloids: Brucine, Strychnine, Ephedrine, Aconitine and Colchicine, in blood and urine using high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry in the multiple reaction monitoring (HPLC-ESI-MRM) mode. The linear range was 0.05-50.0 ng mL(-1) for Brucine, 0.1-50.0 ng mL(-1) for Strychnine and Ephedrine, 0.01-10.0 ng mL(-1) for Aconitine and Colchicine. The limits of quantification for Brucine, Strychnine, Ephedrine, Aconitine and Colchicine were found to be 0.03, 0.05, 0.20, 0.05, 0.01 ng mL(-1), respectively. The average extraction recoveries in urine ranged from 96.0 to 114.0% and in whole blood were 94.0 to 113.0%. The intra-day and inter-day RSDs were less than 8.3 and 10.6%, respectively. The five alkaloids could be well separated within 7 min in a single run. The established method should be suitable for the determination of trace alkaloids in body fluids. PMID- 18922746 TI - Simultaneous determination of the major active components of tea polyphenols in rat plasma by a simple and specific HPLC assay. AB - A simple and specific HPLC assay for simultaneous determination of two major active components (-) epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), and (-) epicatechin-3 gallate (ECG) of tea polyphenols (TP) in rat plasma was developed and validated. Following addition of resorcinol as internal standard (IS) the analytes were isolated from rat plasma by liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a reversed-phase C18 column using an isocratic mobile phase consisting of 0.1% citric acid+CH(3)CN (86:14, v/v) running at flow rate of 1.5 mL/min. The effluent was monitored at a wavelength of 280 nm. EGCG, ECG and IS were well separated from each other and free from interference from blank plasma and other components in TP as well as metabolites post-dosing. The calibration curve was constructed by plotting peak area ratio of analytes to IS vs. concentration. The method showed good linearity over range of 0.5-300 microg/mL for EGCG and 0.1-60 microg/mL for ECG (r>0.999). The intra- and inter-day precision (R.S.D.) was better than 6 and 12%, respectively. Assay accuracy was better than 94.78% for both compounds. Extraction recovery at QC samples was between 85.73 and 91.93% for EGCG and 79.08 and 86.51% for ECG. The developed method was successfully used to simultaneously measure plasma concentrations of EGCG and ECG after intravenous administration of TP to rats and yielded two typical biexponential decay concentration-time curves. PMID- 18922747 TI - Simultaneous analysis of THC and its metabolites in blood using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. AB - Cannabis is considered to be the most widely abused illicit drug in Europe. Consequently, sensitive and specific analytical methods are needed for forensic purposes and for cannabinoid pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies. A simple, rapid and highly sensitive and specific method for the extraction and quantification of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-hydroxy- Delta(9) tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-THC) and 11-nor-9-carboxy- Delta(9) tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH) in blood is presented. The method was fully validated according to international guidelines and comprises simultaneous liquid liquid extraction (LLE) of the three analytes with hexane:ethyl acetate (90:10, v/v) into a single eluant followed by separation and quantification using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Chromatographic separation was achieved using a XBridge C(18) column eluted isocratically with methanol:0.1% formic acid (80:20, v/v). Selectivity of the method was achieved by a combination of retention time, and two precursor-product ion transitions. The use of the LLE was demonstrated to be highly effective and led to significant decreases in the interferences present in the matrix. Validation of the method was performed using 250 microL of blood. The method was linear over the range investigated (0.5-40 microg/L for THC, 1-40 microg/L for 11-OH-THC, and 2-160 microg/L for THC-COOH) with excellent intra-assay and inter-assay precision; relative standard deviations (RSDs) were <12% for THC and 11-OH-THC and <8% for THC-COOH for certified quality control samples. The lower limit of quantification was fixed at the lowest calibrator in the linearity experiments. No instability was observed after repeated freezing and thawing or in processed samples. The method was subsequently applied to 63 authentic blood samples obtained from toxicology cases. The validation and actual sample analysis results show that this method is rugged, precise, accurate, and well suited for routine analysis. PMID- 18922748 TI - Giant hepatic artery aneurysm causing portal hypertension. PMID- 18922749 TI - A rare cause of gastrointestinal bleeding in paediatric age. PMID- 18922750 TI - MicroRNA expression pattern in different stages of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. AB - BACKGROUND/AIMS: To explore the unique microRNA expression pattern of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in a rat model, and search for targets of certain dysregulated microRNAs. METHODS: Microarray and stem-loop RT-PCR were utilized to detect dysregulated microRNAs in a rat model. Significance Analysis of Microarray, Prediction Analysis of Microarray and clustering analysis were implemented to calculate significantly aberrantly expressed microRNAs. TargetScan, miRanda and PicTar were jointly used to predict targets of microRNAs. RESULTS: Confirmed by Significance Analysis of Microarray and predicted by Prediction Analysis of Microarray, portfolios of 27 and 21 microRNAs were selected as an accurate molecular signature in distinguishing steatosis and steatohepatitis from normal rat liver. Besides, a panel of microRNA-target pairs that may be involved in lipid and glucose metabolism and inflammation process was delineated. CONCLUSION: This is by far the first report on the dysregulated microRNAs expression pattern in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. The successful differentiation of steatosis and steatohepatitis from normal liver hints to the potential of using lists of dysregulated microRNAs for diagnosis, though many problems need to be solved. Besides, these data will guide further studies of the contribution of microRNAs to the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease while disease-specific microRNAs might become potential targets for therapeutic intervention. PMID- 18922751 TI - Sir Charles Alfred Ballance (1856-1936) and the introduction of facial nerve crossover anastomosis in 1895. AB - Sir Charles Ballance (1856-1936) was the first surgeon in history to perform a facial nerve crossover anastomosis in 1895. Although, recently, several papers on the history of facial nerve surgery have been published, little is known about this historically important operation, the theoretical reasoning behind the operation or the surgical perspective in which Ballance developed this method. An original document on the operation, dated in 1895, is not known. The earliest report of the operation is a paper by Ballance, published in 1903. Study of this 1903 paper reveals that Ballance stopped performing the operation after his first attempt in 1895 until he resumed in December 1901. What was the reason for this interruption? Why did Ballance start doing it again in 1901? Between 1895 and Ballance's 1903 paper, several other surgeons had published the results of their facial nerve crossovers. Were they inspired by Ballance's operation from 1895 to do the same or did they invent the method independently? To enhance our knowledge about the early history of facial nerve surgery, the original manuscripts by Ballance and his contemporaries have been studied. Ballance's first facial nerve crossover from 1895 is described in the surgical perspective of the end of the 19th century. The theoretical reasoning for the operation is discussed. It was discovered that Ballance's operation was first recorded in St. Thomas's Hospital Report of 1895, which was published in 1897. However, this report was probably hardly known by Ballance's contemporaries and consequently could not have stimulated them to perform the operation themselves. Jean Louis Faure (1863 1944), from France, appears to have been the first to have performed the operation until Ballance's 1903 paper was published. In 1903, after Ballance's paper had been published, many other accounts of this method were reported in the literature. At that moment facial nerve crossover seems to have been widely regarded as a potential successful technique, a technique which, a century later, is still part of our repertoire. PMID- 18922752 TI - Including quality, access, and efficiency in healthcare cost models. AB - The authors investigated cost models that incorporate quality, access, and efficiency to provide decision support for resource forecasting in the multi billion-dollar U.S. Army health system. As the Army relocates thousands of troops, the medical system must plan for changes in demand; this study supports that effort. Loglinear cost models that include data envelopment analysis (DEA) efficiency scores were evaluated through ordinary least squares estimation, ridge regression, and robust regression, and serve as the analytical framework. Parsimonious models that incorporate a simple volume-complexity metric, a DEA metric, a quality metric, and medical center status variable provide superior forecasting capability. PMID- 18922753 TI - Reaching a better management model for military medicine. AB - Despite the attempt by some to condemn it because of the unfortunate experience of some service members at Walter Reed Army Medical Center, military medicine has long provided healthcare coverage to legions of soldiers during both war and peace. Since 1884, the U.S. Congress has also required that military medicine provide healthcare treatment free of charge to the families of officers and soldiers. The unforeseen consequence of this Congressional action is that today, military medicine provides medical care to a population of families and retirees that is 4 times larger than the active duty force that it supports. Unable to do so on its own, the Department of Defense hired managed-care support contractors to help create the TRICARE health plan to improve access to healthcare for these families and retirees and to take advantage of capabilities of the managed-care industry. By most accounts, TRICARE has been successful. It is, however, anchored by the military treatment facilities, Walter Reed among them, which need a revolution in management. This article explores these aspects of military medicine. PMID- 18922754 TI - Healthcare quality in the department of defense. PMID- 18922755 TI - Lt. Gen. Eric Schoomaker: Army Surgeon General, United States Military, Office of the Army Surgeon General: Falls Church, VA. PMID- 18922756 TI - Inova health system and U.S. Army Reserve partnership: J. Knox Singleton and Brig. Gen. Lie-Ping Chang. PMID- 18922759 TI - Exact and efficient inference procedure for meta-analysis and its application to the analysis of independent 2 x 2 tables with all available data but without artificial continuity correction. AB - Recently, meta-analysis has been widely utilized to combine information across comparative clinical studies for evaluating drug efficacy or safety profile. When dealing with rather rare events, a substantial proportion of studies may not have any events of interest. Conventional methods either exclude such studies or add an arbitrary positive value to each cell of the corresponding 2 x 2 tables in the analysis. In this article, we present a simple, effective procedure to make valid inferences about the parameter of interest with all available data without artificial continuity corrections. We then use the procedure to analyze the data from 48 comparative trials involving rosiglitazone with respect to its possible cardiovascular toxicity. PMID- 18922760 TI - Hantavirus evolution in relation to its rodent and insectivore hosts: no evidence for codivergence. AB - Hantaviruses are considered one of the best examples of a long-term association between RNA viruses and their hosts. Based on the appearance of strong host specificity, it has been suggested that hantaviruses cospeciated with the rodents and insectivores they infect since these mammals last shared a common ancestor, approximately 100 million years ago. We tested this hypothesis of host-virus codivergence in two ways: 1) we used cophylogenetic reconciliation analysis to assess the fit of the virus tree onto that of the host and 2) we estimated the evolutionary rates and divergence times for the Hantavirus genus using a Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo method and similarly compared these with those of their hosts. Our reconciliation analysis provided no evidence for a history of codivergence between hantaviruses and their hosts. Further, the divergence times for the Hantavirus genus were many orders of magnitude too recent to correspond with the timescale of their hosts' speciation. We therefore propose that apparent similarities between the phylogenies of hantaviruses and their mammalian hosts are the result of a more recent history of preferential host switching and local adaptation. Based on the presence of clade-defining amino acids in all genomic segments, we propose that the patterns of amino acid replacement in these viruses are also compatible with a history of host-specific adaptation. PMID- 18922761 TI - Investigating protein-coding sequence evolution with probabilistic codon substitution models. AB - This review is motivated by the true explosion in the number of recent studies both developing and ameliorating probabilistic models of codon evolution. Traditionally parametric, the first codon models focused on estimating the effects of selective pressure on the protein via an explicit parameter in the maximum likelihood framework. Likelihood ratio tests of nested codon models armed the biologists with powerful tools, which provided unambiguous evidence for positive selection in real data. This, in turn, triggered a new wave of methodological developments. The new generation of models views the codon evolution process in a more sophisticated way, relaxing several mathematical assumptions. These models make a greater use of physicochemical amino acid properties, genetic code machinery, and the large amounts of data from the public domain. The overview of the most recent advances on modeling codon evolution is presented here, and a wide range of their applications to real data is discussed. On the downside, availability of a large variety of models, each accounting for various biological factors, increases the margin for misinterpretation; the biological meaning of certain parameters may vary among models, and model selection procedures also deserve greater attention. Solid understanding of the modeling assumptions and their applicability is essential for successful statistical data analysis. PMID- 18922762 TI - An investigation of the statistical power of neutrality tests based on comparative and population genetic data. AB - In this report, we investigate the statistical power of several tests of selective neutrality based on patterns of genetic diversity within and between species. The goal is to compare tests based solely on population genetic data with tests using comparative data or a combination of comparative and population genetic data. We show that in the presence of repeated selective sweeps on relatively neutral background, tests based on the d(N)/d(S) ratios in comparative data almost always have more power to detect selection than tests based on population genetic data, even if the overall level of divergence is low. Tests based solely on the distribution of allele frequencies or the site frequency spectrum, such as the Ewens-Watterson test or Tajima's D, have less power in detecting both positive and negative selection because of the transient nature of positive selection and the weak signal left by negative selection. The Hudson Kreitman-Aguade test is the most powerful test for detecting positive selection among the population genetic tests investigated, whereas McDonald-Kreitman test typically has more power to detect negative selection. We discuss our findings in the light of the discordant results obtained in several recently published genomic scans. PMID- 18922763 TI - Nucleotide and copy-number polymorphism at the odorant receptor genes Or22a and Or22b in Drosophila melanogaster. AB - In Drosophila, odorant receptors are encoded by an old and moderately sized multigene family. Or22a and Or22b are two tandemly arranged genes of this family that have proved to be the result of a rather young duplication. Nucleotide variation in the region spanning both duplicates was surveyed in four natural populations (two African and two non-African) of Drosophila melanogaster and also analyzed in species of the melanogaster subgroup. The intraspecific survey revealed a particular copy-number polymorphism in some of the studied populations, with the two genes (Or22a and Or22b) present in the long variant and a single chimeric gene (Or22ab) present in the short variant. Estimated nucleotide diversity was higher in the short than in the long variant, despite the ancestral character of the latter variant in D. melanogaster. The general skew toward low-frequency variants detected in the non-African long variant and its reduced level of silent polymorphism relative to divergence is consistent with the recent fixation of an advantageous mutation at, or nearby, the Or22 long variant region. The nonnegligible frequency of the short variant and the presence of a highly divergent haplotype in the East African sample would point to direct or indirect selection for its maintenance in the species. There was evidence for a generally more rapid evolution of the Or22b copy at both synonymous and nonsynonymous sites. However, an excess of nonsynonymous substitutions was only detected in the early history of this copy. PMID- 18922764 TI - Mitochondrial DNA of Vitis vinifera and the issue of rampant horizontal gene transfer. AB - The mitochondrial genome of grape (Vitis vinifera), the largest organelle genome sequenced so far, is presented. The genome is 773,279 nt long and has the highest coding capacity among known angiosperm mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs). The proportion of promiscuous DNA of plastid origin in the genome is also the largest ever reported for an angiosperm mtDNA, both in absolute and relative terms. In all, 42.4% of chloroplast genome of Vitis has been incorporated into its mitochondrial genome. In order to test if horizontal gene transfer (HGT) has also contributed to the gene content of the grape mtDNA, we built phylogenetic trees with the coding sequences of mitochondrial genes of grape and their homologs from plant mitochondrial genomes. Many incongruent gene tree topologies were obtained. However, the extent of incongruence between these gene trees is not significantly greater than that observed among optimal trees for chloroplast genes, the common ancestry of which has never been in doubt. In both cases, we attribute this incongruence to artifacts of tree reconstruction, insufficient numbers of characters, and gene paralogy. This finding leads us to question the recent phylogenetic interpretation of Bergthorsson et al. (2003, 2004) and Richardson and Palmer (2007) that rampant HGT into the mtDNA of Amborella best explains phylogenetic incongruence between mitochondrial gene trees for angiosperms. The only evidence for HGT into the Vitis mtDNA found involves fragments of two coding sequences stemming from two closteroviruses that cause the leaf roll disease of this plant. We also report that analysis of sequences shared by both chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes provides evidence for a previously unknown gene transfer route from the mitochondrion to the chloroplast. PMID- 18922765 TI - Phylogenomic analyses support the monophyly of Taphrinomycotina, including Schizosaccharomyces fission yeasts. AB - Several morphologically dissimilar ascomycete fungi including Schizosaccharomyces, Taphrina, Saitoella, Pneumocystis, and Neolecta have been grouped into the taxon Taphrinomycotina (Archiascomycota or Archiascomycotina), originally based on rRNA phylogeny. These analyses lack statistically significant support for the monophyly of this grouping, and although confirmed by more recent multigene analyses, this topology is contradicted by mitochondrial phylogenies. To resolve this inconsistency, we have assembled phylogenomic mitochondrial and nuclear data sets from four distantly related taphrinomycotina taxa: Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Pneumocystis carinii, Saitoella complicata, and Taphrina deformans. Our phylogenomic analyses based on nuclear data (113 proteins) conclusively support the monophyly of Taphrinomycotina, diverging as a sister group to Saccharomycotina + Pezizomycotina. However, despite the improved taxon sampling, Taphrinomycotina continue to be paraphyletic with the mitochondrial data set (13 proteins): Schizosaccharomyces species associate with budding yeasts (Saccharomycotina) and the other Taphrinomycotina group as a sister group to Saccharomycotina + Pezizomycotina. Yet, as Schizosaccharomyces and Saccharomycotina species are fast evolving, the mitochondrial phylogeny may be influenced by a long-branch attraction (LBA) artifact. After removal of fast evolving sequence positions from the mitochondrial data set, we recover the monophyly of Taphrinomycotina. Our combined results suggest that Taphrinomycotina is a legitimate taxon, that this group of species diverges as a sister group to Saccharomycotina + Pezizomycotina, and that phylogenetic positioning of yeasts and fission yeasts with mitochondrial data is plagued by a strong LBA artifact. PMID- 18922766 TI - Positive selection, not negative selection, in the pseudogenization of rcsA in Yersinia pestis. PMID- 18922768 TI - Why Earth became so hot 50 million years ago and why it then cooled. PMID- 18922767 TI - Mesothelium contributes to vascular smooth muscle and mesenchyme during lung development. AB - During mouse development, the sophisticated vascular network of the lung is established from embryonic day (E) approximately 10.5 and continues to develop postnatally. This network is composed of endothelial cells enclosed by vascular smooth muscle, pericytes, and other mesenchymal cells. Recent in vivo lineage labeling studies in the developing heart and intestine suggest that some of the vascular smooth muscle cells arise from the surface mesothelium. In the developing lung, the Wilm's tumor 1 gene (Wt1) is expressed only in the mesothelial cells. Therefore, we lineage-labeled the mesothelium in vivo by using a Wt1-Cre transgene in combination with either Rosa26R(lacZ), Rosa26R(CAG-hPLAP), or Rosa26R(EYFP) reporter alleles. In all three cases, cells derived from lineage labeled mesothelium are found inside the lung and as smooth muscle actin (SMA) and PDGF receptor-beta positive cells in the walls of pulmonary blood vessels. To corroborate this finding, we used 5-(and-6)-carboxy-2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate, succinimidyl ester "mixed isomers" (CCFSE) dye to label mesothelial cells on the surface of the embryonic lung. Over the course of 72-h culture, dye labeled cells also appear within the lung mesenchyme. Together, our data provide evidence that mesothelial cells serve as a source of vascular smooth muscle cells in the developing lung and suggest that a conserved mechanism applies to the development of blood vessels in all coelomic organs. PMID- 18922769 TI - Vulnerability of white matter towards antenatal hypoxia is linked to a species dependent regulation of glutamate receptor subunits. AB - White-matter damage is a leading cause of neurological handicap. Although hypoxia ischemia and excitotoxicity are major pathogenic factors, a role for genetic influences was suggested recently. Thus, protracted gestational hypoxia was associated with white-matter damage (WMD) in rat pups but not in mouse pups. Indeed, microglial activation and vessel-wall density on postnatal days (P)1 and P10 were found increased in both mouse and rat pups, but cell death, astrogliosis, and myelination were only significantly altered in hypoxic rat pups. We investigated whether this species-related difference was ascribable to effects of antenatal hypoxia on the expression of glutamate receptor subunits by using immunocytochemistry, PCR, and excitotoxic double hit insult. Quantitative PCR in hypoxic mouse pups on P1 showed 2- to 4-fold down-regulation of the AMPA receptor subunits -1, 2, and -4; of the kainate-receptor subunit GluR7; and of the metabotropic receptor subunits mGluR1, -2, -3, -5, and -7. None of the glutamate-receptor subunits was down-regulated in the hypoxic rat pups. NR2B was the only NMDA-receptor subunit that was down-regulated in hypoxic mice but not in hypoxic rat on P1. Ifenprodil administration to induce functional inhibition of NMDA containing NR2B-subunit receptors prevented hypoxia-induced myelination delay in rat pups. Intracerebral injection of a glutamate agonist produced a larger decrease in ibotenate-induced excitotoxic lesions in hypoxic mouse pups than in normoxic mouse pups. Gestational hypoxia may regulate the expression of specific glutamate-receptor subunits in fetal mice but not in fetal rats. Therefore, genetic factors may influence the susceptibility of rodents to WMD. PMID- 18922770 TI - A specific signature of Merkel cell polyomavirus persistence in human cancer cells. PMID- 18922771 TI - Mass spectrometry across the sciences. PMID- 18922772 TI - Crystallographic structure of xanthorhodopsin, the light-driven proton pump with a dual chromophore. AB - Homologous to bacteriorhodopsin and even more to proteorhodopsin, xanthorhodopsin is a light-driven proton pump that, in addition to retinal, contains a noncovalently bound carotenoid with a function of a light-harvesting antenna. We determined the structure of this eubacterial membrane protein-carotenoid complex by X-ray diffraction, to 1.9-A resolution. Although it contains 7 transmembrane helices like bacteriorhodopsin and archaerhodopsin, the structure of xanthorhodopsin is considerably different from the 2 archaeal proteins. The crystallographic model for this rhodopsin introduces structural motifs for proton transfer during the reaction cycle, particularly for proton release, that are dramatically different from those in other retinal-based transmembrane pumps. Further, it contains a histidine-aspartate complex for regulating the pK(a) of the primary proton acceptor not present in archaeal pumps but apparently conserved in eubacterial pumps. In addition to aiding elucidation of a more general proton transfer mechanism for light-driven energy transducers, the structure defines also the geometry of the carotenoid and the retinal. The close approach of the 2 polyenes at their ring ends explains why the efficiency of the excited-state energy transfer is as high as approximately 45%, and the 46 degrees angle between them suggests that the chromophore location is a compromise between optimal capture of light of all polarization angles and excited-state energy transfer. PMID- 18922773 TI - A specialized NMDA receptor function in layer 5 recurrent microcircuitry of the adult rat prefrontal cortex. AB - In the prefrontal cortex, NMDA receptors are important for normal prefrontal functions such as working memory, and their dysfunction plays a key role in the pathological processes of psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. Little is known, however, about the synaptic properties of NMDA receptors in the local circuits of recurrent excitation, a leading candidate mechanism underlying working memory. We investigated the NMDA receptor-mediated currents at monosynaptic connections between pairs of layer 5 pyramidal neurons. We found that NMDA receptor-mediated currents at prefrontal synapses in the adult, but not young, rats exhibit a twofold longer decay time-constant and temporally summate a train of stimuli more effectively, compared to those in the primary visual cortex. Experiments with pharmacological, immunocytochemical, and biochemical approaches further suggest that, in the adult animals, neurons express significantly more NR2B subunits in the prefrontal cortex than the visual cortex. The NR2B-rich synapses in the prefrontal circuitry may be critically implicated in online cognitive computations and plasticity in learning, as well as psychiatric disorders. PMID- 18922774 TI - Molecular phylogeny of choanoflagellates, the sister group to Metazoa. AB - Choanoflagellates are single-celled aquatic flagellates with a unique morphology consisting of a cell with a single flagellum surrounded by a "collar" of microvilli. They have long interested evolutionary biologists because of their striking resemblance to the collared cells (choanocytes) of sponges. Molecular phylogeny has confirmed a close relationship between choanoflagellates and Metazoa, and the first choanoflagellate genome sequence has recently been published. However, molecular phylogenetic studies within choanoflagellates are still extremely limited. Thus, little is known about choanoflagellate evolution or the exact nature of the relationship between choanoflagellates and Metazoa. We have sequenced four genes from a broad sampling of the morphological diversity of choanoflagellates including most species currently available in culture. Phylogenetic analyses of these sequences, alone and in combination, reject much of the traditional taxonomy of the group. The molecular data also strongly support choanoflagellate monophyly rejecting proposals that Metazoa were derived from a true choanoflagellate ancestor. Mapping of a complementary matrix of morphological and ecological traits onto the phylogeny allows a reinterpretation of choanoflagellate character evolution and predicts the nature of their last common ancestor. PMID- 18922775 TI - Striatal progenitors derived from human ES cells mature into DARPP32 neurons in vitro and in quinolinic acid-lesioned rats. AB - Substitutive cell therapy using fetal striatal grafts has demonstrated preliminary clinical success in patients with Huntington's disease, but the logistics required for accessing fetal cells preclude its extension to the relevant population of patients. Human embryonic stem (hES) cells theoretically meet this challenge, because they can be expanded indefinitely and differentiated into any cell type. We have designed an in vitro protocol combining substrates, media, and cytokines to push hES cells along the neural lineage, up to postmitotic neurons expressing striatal markers. The therapeutic potential of such hES-derived cells was further substantiated by their in vivo differentiation into striatal neurons following xenotransplantation into adult rats. Our results open the way toward hES cell therapy for Huntington's disease. Long-term proliferation of human neural progenitors leads, however, to xenograft overgrowth in the rat brain, suggesting that the path to the clinic requires a way to switch them off after grafting. PMID- 18922776 TI - Crystal structure of the pressure-induced metallic phase of SiH4 from ab initio theory. AB - Metallization of pure solid hydrogen is of great interest, not least because it could lead to high-temperature superconductivity, but it continues to be an elusive goal because of great experimental challenges. Hydrogen-rich materials, in particular, CH(4), SiH(4), and GeH(4), provide an opportunity to study related phenomena at experimentally achievable pressures, and they too are expected to be high-temperature superconductors. Recently, the emergence of a metallic phase has been observed in silane for pressures just above 60 GPa. However, some uncertainty exists about the crystal structure of the discovered metallic phase. Here, we show by way of elimination, that a single structure that possesses all of the required characteristics of the experimentally observed metallic phase of silane from a pool of plausible candidates can be identified. Our density functional theory and GW calculations show that a structure with space group P4/nbm is metallic at pressures >60 GPa. Based on phonon calculations, we furthermore demonstrate that the P4/nbm structure is dynamically stable at >43 GPa and becomes the ground state at 97 GPa when zero-point energy contributions are considered. These findings could lead the way for further theoretical analysis of metallic phases of hydrogen-rich materials and stimulate experimental studies. PMID- 18922777 TI - Chromosome replication dynamics in the archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. AB - The "baby machine" provides a means of generating synchronized cultures of minimally perturbed cells. We describe the use of this technique to establish the key cell-cycle parameters of hyperthermophilic archaea of the genus Sulfolobus. The 3 DNA replication origins of Sulfolobus acidocaldarius were mapped by 2D gel analysis to near 0 (oriC2), 579 (oriC1), and 1,197 kb (oriC3) on the 2,226-kb circular genome, and we present a direct demonstration of their activity within the first few minutes of a synchronous cell cycle. We also detected X-shaped DNA molecules at the origins in log-phase cells, but these were not directly associated with replication initiation or ongoing chromosome replication in synchronized cells. Whole-genome marker frequency analyses of both synchronous and log-phase cultures showed that origin utilization was close to 100% for all 3 origins per round of replication. However, oriC2 was activated slightly later on average compared with oriC1 and oriC3. The DNA replication forks moved bidirectionally away from each origin at approximately 88 bp per second in synchronous culture. Analysis of the 3 Orc1/Cdc6 initiator proteins showed a uniformity of cellular abundance and origin binding throughout the cell cycle. In contrast, although levels of the MCM helicase were constant across the cell cycle, its origin localization was regulated, because it was strongly enriched at all 3 origins in early S phase. PMID- 18922778 TI - Temporal dynamics of neuronal modulation during exogenous and endogenous shifts of visual attention in macaque area MT. AB - Dynamically shifting attention between behaviorally relevant stimuli in the environment is a key condition for successful adaptive behavior. Here, we investigated how exogenous (reflexive) and endogenous (voluntary) shifts of visual spatial attention interact to modulate activity of single neurons in extrastriate area MT. We used a double-cueing paradigm, in which the first cue instructed two macaque monkeys to covertly attend to one of three moving random dot patterns until a second cue, whose unpredictable onset exogenously captured attention, either signaled to shift or maintain the current focus of attention. The neuronal activity revealed correlates of both exogenous and endogenous attention, which could be well distinguished by their characteristic temporal dynamics. The earliest effect was a transient interruption of the focus of endogenous attention by the onset of the second cue. The neuronal signature of this exogenous capture of attention was a short-latency decrease of responses to the stimulus attended so far. About 70 ms later, the influence of exogenous attention leveled off, which was reflected in two concurrent processes: responses to the newly cued stimulus continuously increased because of allocation of endogenous attention, while, surprisingly, there was also a gradual rebound of attentional enhancement of the previously relevant stimulus. Only after an additional 110 ms did endogenous disengagement of attention from this previously relevant stimulus become evident. These patterns of attentional modulation can be most parsimoniously explained by assuming two distinct attentional mechanisms drawing on the same capacity-limited system, with exogenous attention having a much faster time course than endogenous attention. PMID- 18922779 TI - Identification of a new JNK inhibitor targeting the JNK-JIP interaction site. AB - JNK is a stress-activated protein kinase that modulates pathways implicated in a variety of disease states. JNK-interacting protein-1 (JIP1) is a scaffolding protein that enhances JNK signaling by creating a proximity effect between JNK and upstream kinases. A minimal peptide region derived from JIP1 is able to inhibit JNK activity both in vitro and in cell. We report here a series of small molecules JIP1 mimics that function as substrate competitive inhibitors of JNK. One such compound, BI-78D3, dose-dependently inhibits the phosphorylation of JNK substrates both in vitro and in cell. In animal studies, BI-78D3 not only blocks JNK dependent Con A-induced liver damage but also restores insulin sensitivity in mouse models of type 2 diabetes. Our findings open the way for the development of protein kinase inhibitors targeting substrate specific docking sites, rather than the highly conserved ATP binding sites. In view of its favorable inhibition profile, selectivity, and ability to function in the cellular milieu and in vivo, BI-78D3 represents not only a JNK inhibitor, but also a promising stepping stone toward the development of an innovative class of therapeutics. PMID- 18922780 TI - Dynamics of shear-induced ATP release from red blood cells. AB - Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a regulatory molecule for many cell functions, both for intracellular and, perhaps less well known, extracellular functions. An important example of the latter involves red blood cells (RBCs), which help regulate blood pressure by releasing ATP as a vasodilatory signaling molecule in response to the increased shear stress inside arterial constrictions. Although shear-induced ATP release has been observed widely and is believed to be triggered by deformation of the cell membrane, the underlying mechanosensing mechanism inside RBCs is still controversial. Here, we use an in vitro microfluidic approach to investigate the dynamics of shear-induced ATP release from human RBCs with millisecond resolution. We demonstrate that there is a sizable delay time between the onset of increased shear stress and the release of ATP. This response time decreases with shear stress, but surprisingly does not depend significantly on membrane rigidity. Furthermore, we show that even though the RBCs deform significantly in short constrictions (duration of increased stress <3 ms), no measurable ATP is released. This critical timescale is commensurate with a characteristic membrane relaxation time determined from observations of the cell deformation by using high-speed video. Taken together our results suggest a model wherein the retraction of the spectrin-actin cytoskeleton network triggers the mechanosensitive ATP release and a shear dependent membrane viscosity controls the rate of release. PMID- 18922781 TI - A loss of function allele for murine Staufen1 leads to impairment of dendritic Staufen1-RNP delivery and dendritic spine morphogenesis. AB - The dsRNA-binding protein Staufen was the first RNA-binding protein proven to play a role in RNA localization in Drosophila. A mammalian homolog, Staufen1 (Stau1), has been implicated in dendritic RNA localization in neurons, translational control, and mRNA decay. However, the precise mechanisms by which it fulfills these specific roles are only partially understood. To determine its physiological functions, the murine Stau1 gene was disrupted by homologous recombination. Homozygous stau1(tm1Apa) mutant mice express a truncated Stau1 protein lacking the functional RNA-binding domain 3. The level of the truncated protein is significantly reduced. Cultured hippocampal neurons derived from stau1(tm1Apa) homozygous mice display deficits in dendritic delivery of Stau1 EYFP and beta-actin mRNA-containing ribonucleoprotein particles (RNPs). Furthermore, these neurons have a significantly reduced dendritic tree and develop fewer synapses. Homozygous stau1(tm1Apa) mutant mice are viable and show no obvious deficits in development, fertility, health, overall brain morphology, and a variety of behavioral assays, e.g., hippocampus-dependent learning. However, we did detect deficits in locomotor activity. Our data suggest that Stau1 is crucial for synapse development in vitro but not critical for normal behavioral function. PMID- 18922782 TI - A host dicer is required for defective viral RNA production and recombinant virus vector RNA instability for a positive sense RNA virus. AB - Defective interfering (DI) RNAs, helper virus-dependent deletion mutant RNAs derived from the parental viral genomic RNA during replication, have been described for most RNA virus taxonomic groups. We now report that DI RNA production in the chestnut blight fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica, persistently infected by virulence-attenuating positive sense RNA hypoviruses, depends on one of two host dicer genes, dcl-2. We further report that nonviral sequences that are rapidly deleted from recombinant hypovirus RNA virus vectors in wild-type and dicer gene dcl-1 deletion mutant strains are stably maintained and expressed in the Deltadcl-2 mutant strain. These results establish a requirement for dcl-2, the C. parasitica dicer gene responsible for antiviral defense and generation of virus-derived small interfering RNAs, in DI RNA production and recombinant virus vector RNA instability. PMID- 18922783 TI - Sequential development of synapses in dendritic domains during adult neurogenesis. AB - During the process of integration into brain circuits, new neurons develop both input and output synapses with their appropriate targets. The vast majority of neurons in the mammalian brain are generated before birth and integrate into immature circuits while these are being assembled. In contrast, adult-generated neurons face an additional challenge as they integrate into a mature, fully functional circuit. Here, we examined how synapses of a single neuronal type, the granule cell in the olfactory bulb, develop during their integration into the immature circuit of the newborn and the fully mature circuit of the adult rat. We used a genetic method to label pre and postsynaptic sites in granule neurons and observed a stereotypical development of synapses in specific dendritic domains. In adult-generated neurons, synapses appeared sequentially in different dendritic domains with glutamatergic input synapses that developed first at the proximal dendritic domain, followed several days later by the development of input-output synapses in the distal domain and additional input synapses in the basal domain. In contrast, for neurons generated in neonatal animals, input and input-output synapses appeared simultaneously in the proximal and distal domains, respectively, followed by the later appearance of input synapses to the basal domain. The sequential formation of synapses in adult-born neurons, with input synapses appearing before output synapses, may represent a cellular mechanism to minimize the disruption caused by the integration of new neurons into a mature circuit in the adult brain. PMID- 18922784 TI - Sustained delivery of siRNAs targeting viral infection by cell-degradable multilayered polyelectrolyte films. AB - Gene silencing by RNA interference (RNAi) has been shown to represent a recently discovered approach for the treatment of human diseases, including viral infection. A major limitation for the success of therapeutic strategies based on RNAi has been the delivery and shortlasting action of synthetic RNA. Multilayered polyelectrolyte films (MPFs), consisting of alternate layer-by-layer deposition of polycations and polyanions, have been shown to represent an original approach for the efficient delivery of DNA and proteins to target cells. Using hepatitis C virus infection (HCV) as a model, we demonstrate that siRNAs targeting the viral genome are efficiently delivered by MPFs. This delivery method resulted in a marked, dose-dependent, specific, and sustained inhibition of HCV replication and infection in hepatocyte-derived cells. Comparative analysis demonstrated that delivery of siRNAs by MPFs was more sustained and durable than siRNA delivery by standard methods, including electroporation or liposomes. The antiviral effect of siRNA-MPFs was reversed by a hyaluronidase inhibitor, suggesting that active degradation of MPFs by cellular enzymes is required for siRNA delivery. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that cell-degradable MPFs represent an efficient and simple approach for sustained siRNA delivery targeting viral infection. Moreover, this MPF-based delivery system may represent a promising previously undescribed perspective for the use of RNAi as a therapeutic strategy for human diseases. PMID- 18922786 TI - Acetylation of MKP-1 and the control of inflammation. AB - Innate immune responses mediated by Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a class of pattern-recognition receptors, play a critical role in the defense against microbial pathogens. However, excessive TLR-mediated responses result in sepsis, autoimmunity, and chronic inflammation. To prevent deleterious activation of TLRs, cells have evolved multiple mechanisms that inhibit innate immune reactions. Stimulation of TLRs induces the expression of the gene encoding the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatase-1 (MKP-1), a nuclear localized dual-specificity phosphatase that preferentially dephosphorylates p38 MAPK and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), resulting in the attenuation of TLR triggered production of proinflammatory cytokines. MKP-1 is posttranslationally modified by multiple mechanisms, including phosphorylation. A study now demonstrates that MKP-1 is also acetylated on a key lysine residue following stimulation of TLRs. Acetylation of MKP-1 promotes the interaction of MKP-1 with its substrate p38 MAPK, which results in dephosphorylation of p38 MAPK and the inhibition of innate immunity. PMID- 18922787 TI - Regulation of P2X2 receptors by the neuronal calcium sensor VILIP1. AB - Extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) activates P2X receptors, which are involved in diverse physiological functions. Using a proteomic approach, we identified the neuronal calcium sensor VILIP1 as interacting with P2X2 receptors. We found that VILIP1 forms a signaling complex in vitro and in vivo with P2X2 receptors and regulates P2X2 receptor sensitivity to ATP, peak response, surface expression, and diffusion. VILIP1 constitutively binds to P2X2 receptors and displays enhanced interactions in an activation- and calcium-dependent manner owing to exposure of its binding segment in P2X2 receptors. VILIP1-P2X2 interactions are also enhanced in hippocampal neurons during conditions of action potential firing known to trigger P2X2 receptor activation. Our data thus reveal a previously unrecognized function for the neuronal calcium sensor protein VILIP1 and a mechanism for regulation of ATP-dependent P2X receptor signaling by neuronal calcium sensors. PMID- 18922788 TI - BDNF selectively regulates GABAA receptor transcription by activation of the JAK/STAT pathway. AB - The gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type A receptor (GABA(A)R) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter receptor in the brain. Its multiple subunits show regional, developmental, and disease-related plasticity of expression; however, the regulatory networks controlling GABA(A)R subunit expression remain poorly understood. We report that the seizure-induced decrease in GABA(A)R alpha1 subunit expression associated with epilepsy is mediated by the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway regulated by brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). BDNF- and seizure-dependent phosphorylation of STAT3 cause the adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) response element-binding protein (CREB) family member ICER (inducible cAMP early repressor) to bind with phosphorylated CREB at the Gabra1:CRE site. JAK/STAT pathway inhibition prevents the seizure-induced decrease in GABA(A)R alpha1 abundance in vivo and, given that BDNF is known to increase the abundance of GABA(A)R alpha4 in a JAK/STAT-independent manner, indicates that BDNF acts through at least two distinct pathways to influence GABA(A)R-dependent synaptic inhibition. PMID- 18922789 TI - Yeast DNA replication protein Dpb11 activates the Mec1/ATR checkpoint kinase. AB - The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mec1-Ddc2 protein kinase (human ATR-ATRIP) initiates a signal transduction pathway in response to DNA damage and replication stress to mediate cell cycle arrest. The yeast DNA damage checkpoint clamp Ddc1-Mec3-Rad17 (human Rad9-Hus1-Rad1: 9-1-1) is loaded around effector DNA and thereby activates Mec1 kinase. Dpb11 (Schizosaccharomyces pombe Cut5/Rad4 or human TopBP1) is an essential protein required for the initiation of DNA replication and has a role in checkpoint activation. In this study, we demonstrate that Dpb11 directly activates the Mec1 kinase in phosphorylating the downstream effector kinase Rad53 (human Chk1/2) and DNA bound RPA. However, DNA was not required for Dpb11 to function as an activator. Dpb11 and yeast 9-1-1 independently activate Mec1, but substantial synergism in activation was observed when both activators were present. Our studies suggest that Dpb11 and 9-1-1 may partially compensate for each other during yeast checkpoint function. PMID- 18922790 TI - Locally generated methylseleninic acid induces specific inactivation of protein kinase C isoenzymes: relevance to selenium-induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. AB - In this study, we show that methylselenol, a selenometabolite implicated in cancer prevention, did not directly inactivate protein kinase C (PKC). Nonetheless, its oxidation product, methylseleninic acid (MSA), inactivated PKC at low micromolar concentrations through a redox modification of vicinal cysteine sulfhydryls in the catalytic domain of PKC. This modification of PKC that occurred in both isolated form and in intact cells was reversed by a reductase system involving thioredoxin reductase, a selenoprotein. PKC isoenzymes exhibited variable sensitivity to MSA with Ca(2+)-dependent PKC isoenzymes (alpha, beta, and gamma) being the most susceptible, followed by isoenzymes delta and epsilon. Other enzymes tested were inactivated only with severalfold higher concentrations of MSA than those required for PKC inactivation. This specificity for PKC was further enhanced when MSA was generated within close proximity to PKC through a reaction of methylselenol with PKC-bound lipid peroxides in the membrane. The MSA methylselenol redox cycle resulted in the catalytic oxidation of sulfhydryls even with nanomolar concentrations of selenium. MSA inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis in DU145 prostate cancer cells at a concentration that was higher than that needed to inhibit purified PKC alpha but in a range comparable with that required for the inhibition of PKC epsilon. This MSA-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis decreased with a conditional overexpression of PKC epsilon and increased with its knock-out by small interfering RNA. Conceivably, when MSA is generated within the vicinity of PKC, it specifically inactivates PKC isoenzymes, particularly the promitogenic and prosurvival epsilon isoenzyme, and this inactivation causes growth inhibition and apoptosis. PMID- 18922791 TI - Modulation of angiogenesis by a tetrameric tripeptide that antagonizes vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1. AB - Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (VEGFR-1, also known as Flt-1) is involved in complex biological processes often associated to severe pathological conditions like cancer, inflammation, and metastasis formation. Consequently, the search for antagonists of Flt-1 has recently gained a growing interest. Here we report the identification of a tetrameric tripeptide from a combinatorial peptide library built using non-natural amino acids, which binds Flt-1 and inhibits in vitro its interaction with placental growth factor (PlGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) A and B (IC(50) approximately 10 microm). The peptide is stable in serum for 7 days and prevents both Flt-1 phosphorylation and the capillary-like tube formation of human primary endothelial cells stimulated by PlGF or VEGF-A. Conversely, the identified peptide does not interfere in VEGF induced VEGFR-2 activation. In vivo, this peptide inhibits VEGF-A- and PlGF induced neoangiogenesis in the chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane assay. In contrast, in the cornea, where avascularity is maintained by high levels of expression of the soluble form of Flt-1 receptor (sFlt-1) that prevents the VEGF A activity, the peptide is able to stimulate corneal mouse neovascularization in physiological condition, as reported previously for others neutralizing anti-Flt 1 molecules. This tetrameric tripeptide represents a new, promising compound for therapeutic approaches in pathologies where Flt-1 activation plays a crucial role. PMID- 18922792 TI - Formation of dopamine adducts derived from brain polyunsaturated fatty acids: mechanism for Parkinson disease. AB - Oxidative stress appears to be directly involved in the pathogenesis of the neurodegeneration of dopaminergic systems in Parkinson disease. In this study, we formed four dopamine modification adducts derived from docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6/omega-3) and arachidonic acid (C18:4/omega-6), which are known as the major polyunsaturated fatty acids in the brain. Upon incubation of dopamine with fatty acid hydroperoxides and an in vivo experiment using rat brain tissue, all four dopamine adducts were detected. Furthermore, hexanoyl dopamine (HED), an arachidonic acid-derived adduct, caused severe cytotoxicity in human dopaminergic neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, whereas the other adducts were only slightly affected. The HED-induced cell death was found to include apoptosis, which also seems to be mediated by reactive oxygen species generation and mitochondrial abnormality. Additionally, the experiments using monoamine transporter inhibitor and mouse embryonic fibroblast NIH-3T3 cells that lack the monoamine transporter indicate that the HED-induced cytotoxicity might specially occur in the neuronal cells. These data suggest that the formation of the docosahexaenoic acid- and arachidonic acid-derived dopamine adducts in vitro and in vivo, and HED, the arachidonic acid-derived dopamine modification adduct, which caused selective cytotoxicity of neuronal cells, may indicate a novel mechanism responsible for the pathogenesis in Parkinson disease. PMID- 18922793 TI - UV radiation regulates Mi-2 through protein translation and stability. AB - Dermatomyositis (DM) is an autoimmune disease, which is often accompanied by the development of disease-specific autoantibodies directed against the SNF2 superfamily helicase, Mi-2. Recent evidence suggests that ultraviolet radiation exposure may be an important risk factor for the development of not only the disease but also specific autoimmunity against Mi-2. Consequently, we investigated the effects of ultraviolet radiation on Mi-2 protein expression. We observed an increase in protein levels upon ultraviolet radiation exposure in cell culture systems. These changes in expression occur quite rapidly, are maximized just 1 h following exposure, and are unique to Mi-2 when compared with other members of the NuRD complex. Changes in protein levels are not mediated through transcriptional mechanisms. Treatment results in a more efficiently translated message through regulatory elements in the 5'-UTR region of the transcript. Investigation into protein half-life further demonstrated increased stability of Mi-2 following UV exposure. Taken together, we describe a system by which Mi-2 protein expression can be quickly increased following UV exposure and then maintained up to 16 h later. These data provide a novel regulation of an important transcriptional regulator and provide insight into the possible mechanisms of the development of DM and associated autoantibodies. PMID- 18922794 TI - Regulation of the xylan-degrading apparatus of Cellvibrio japonicus by a novel two-component system. AB - The microbial degradation of lignocellulose biomass is not only an important biological process but is of increasing industrial significance in the bioenergy sector. The mechanism by which the plant cell wall, an insoluble composite structure, activates the extensive repertoire of microbial hydrolytic enzymes required to catalyze its degradation is poorly understood. Here we have used a transposon mutagenesis strategy to identify a genetic locus, consisting of two genes that modulate the expression of xylan side chain-degrading enzymes in the saprophytic bacterium Cellvibrio japonicus. Significantly, the locus encodes a two-component signaling system, designated AbfS (sensor histidine kinase) and AbfR (response regulator). The AbfR/S two-component system is required to activate the expression of the suite of enzymes that remove the numerous side chains from xylan, but not the xylanases that hydrolyze the beta1,4-linked xylose polymeric backbone of this polysaccharide. Studies on the recombinant sensor domain of AbfS (AbfS(SD)) showed that it bound to decorated xylans and arabinoxylo-oligosaccharides, but not to undecorated xylo-oligosaccharides or other plant structural polysaccharides/oligosaccharides. The crystal structure of AbfS(SD) was determined to a resolution of 2.6A(.) The overall fold of AbfS(SD) is that of a classical Per Arndt Sim domain with a central antiparallel four stranded beta-sheet flanked by alpha-helices. Our data expand the number of molecules known to bind to the sensor domain of two-component histidine kinases to include complex carbohydrates. The biological rationale for a regulatory system that induces enzymes that remove the side chains of xylan, but not the hydrolases that cleave the backbone of the polysaccharide, is discussed. PMID- 18922795 TI - Huntingtin regulates RE1-silencing transcription factor/neuron-restrictive silencer factor (REST/NRSF) nuclear trafficking indirectly through a complex with REST/NRSF-interacting LIM domain protein (RILP) and dynactin p150 Glued. AB - Huntingtin has been reported to regulate the nuclear translocation of the transcriptional repressor RE1-silencing transcription factor/neuron-restrictive silencer factor (REST/NRSF). The REST/NRSF-interacting LIM domain protein (RILP) has also been shown to regulate REST/NRSF nuclear translocation. Therefore, we were prompted to address the question of how two distinct proteins could have the same function. We initially used a yeast two-hybrid screen to look for an interaction between huntingtin and RILP. This screen identified dynactin p150(Glued) as an interacting protein. Coimmunoprecipitation of proteins in vitro expressed in a reticulocyte lysate system showed an interaction between REST/NRSF and RILP as well as between RILP and dynactin p150(Glued). Coimmunoprecipitation analysis further showed a complex containing RILP, dynactin p150(Glued), and huntingtin. Huntingtin did not interact directly with either REST/NRSF or RILP, but did interact with dynactin p150(Glued). The N-terminal fragment of wild-type huntingtin did not affect the interaction between dynactin p150(Glued) and RILP; however, mutant huntingtin weakened this interaction. We further show that HAP1 (huntingtin-associated protein-1) prevents this complex from translocating REST/NRSF to the nucleus. Thus, this study suggests that REST/NRSF, dynactin p150(Glued), huntingtin, HAP1, and RILP form a complex involved in the translocation of REST/NRSF into the nucleus and that HAP1 controls REST/NRSF cellular localization in neurons. PMID- 18922796 TI - Stimulatory effects of insulin-like growth factor-I on growth plate chondrogenesis are mediated by nuclear factor-kappaB p65. AB - Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is an important regulator of endochondral ossification. However, little is known about the signaling pathways activated by IGF-I in growth plate chondrocytes. We have previously shown that NF-kappaB-p65 facilitates growth plate chondrogenesis. In this study, we first cultured rat metatarsal bones with IGF-I and/or pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), a known NF kappaB inhibitor. The IGF-I-mediated stimulation of metatarsal growth and growth plate chondrogenesis was neutralized by PDTC. In rat growth plate chondrocytes, IGF-I induced NF-kappaB-p65 nuclear translocation. The inhibition of NF-kappaB p65 expression and activity (by p65 short interfering RNA and PDTC, respectively) in chondrocytes reversed the IGF-I-mediated induction of cell proliferation and differentiation and the IGF-I-mediated prevention of cell apoptosis. Moreover, the inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Akt abolished the effects of IGF-I on NF-kappaB activation. In conclusion, our findings indicate that IGF-I stimulates growth plate chondrogenesis by activating NF-kappaB-p65 in chondrocytes. PMID- 18922797 TI - Oct25 represses transcription of nodal/activin target genes by interaction with signal transducers during Xenopus gastrulation. AB - The balance between differentiation signals and signals maintaining the undifferentiated state of embryonic cells ensures proper formation of germ layers. The nodal/activin pathway represents one of the major signaling chains responsible for the differentiation of embryonic cells into mesodermal and endodermal germ layers, while Oct4 is one of the major players in the maintenance of an undifferentiated state. Here we show that Oct25, an Oct4 homologue in Xenopus, antagonizes the activity of nodal/activin signaling by inhibiting the transcription of its target genes, Gsc and Mix2. The inhibitory effect is achieved by forming repression complexes on the promoters of Gsc and Mix2 between Oct25 and the signal transducers of the nodal/activin pathway, WBSCR11, FAST1, and Smad2. We have analyzed the significance of the Oct binding site for its inhibitory effect within the Gsc promoter. Albeit VP16-Oct25 fusion protein demonstrated a stimulating effect and EVE-Oct25 revealed a repression effect on an artificial reporter that is composed of eight repeats of Oct binding motifs, both fusions, like wild-type Oct25, inhibited mesendoderm formation and the activity of Gsc and Mix2 promoters. These results suggest that the regulatory effect of Oct25 on the expression of Gsc and Mix2 is mediated by specific protein/protein interactions. Furthermore, we demonstrate that histone deacetylase activities are not required for the inhibitory effect of Oct25. Our results provide a novel view in that Oct25 controls the nodal/activin pathway and thus maintains the undifferentiated state of embryonic cells in preventing them from premature differentiation. PMID- 18922798 TI - Dexras1 interacts with FE65 to regulate FE65-amyloid precursor protein-dependent transcription. AB - FE65 is an adaptor protein that binds to and forms a transcriptionally active complex with the gamma-secretase-derived amyloid precursor protein (APP) intracellular domain. The regulatory mechanisms of FE65-APP-mediated transcription are still not clear. In this report, we demonstrate that Dexras1, a Ras family small G protein, binds to FE65 PTB2 domain and potently suppresses the FE65-APP-mediated transcription. The suppression is not via competition for binding of FE65 between Dexras1 and APP because the two proteins can simultaneously bind to the FE65 PTB2 domain. Phosphorylation of FE65 tyrosine 547 within the PTB2 domain has been shown to enhance FE65-APP-mediated transcription but not to influence binding to APP. Here we find that this phosphorylation event reduces the binding between Dexras1 and FE65. We also demonstrate that Dexras1 inhibits the FE65-APP-mediated transcription of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3 beta). Moreover, small interfering RNA knockdown of Dexras1 enhances GSK3 beta expression and increases phosphorylation of Tau, a GSK3 beta substrate. Thus, Dexras1 functions as a suppressor of FE65-APP-mediated transcription, and FE65 tyrosine 547 phosphorylation enhances FE65-APP-mediated transcription, at least in part, by modulating the interaction between FE65 and Dexras1. These findings reveal a novel regulatory mechanism for FE65-APP-mediated signaling. PMID- 18922799 TI - Interaction of the RAGE cytoplasmic domain with diaphanous-1 is required for ligand-stimulated cellular migration through activation of Rac1 and Cdc42. AB - Cellular migration is a fundamental process linked to diverse pathological states such as diabetes and its complications, atherosclerosis, inflammation, and cancer. The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a multiligand cell surface macromolecule which binds distinct ligands that accumulate in these settings. RAGE-ligand interaction evokes central changes in key biological properties of cells, including proliferation, generation of inflammatory mediators, and migration. Although RAGE-dependent signal transduction is critically dependent on its short cytoplasmic domain, to date the proximate mechanism by which this RAGE domain engages and stimulates cytoplasmic signaling pathways has yet to be identified. Here we show that the RAGE cytoplasmic domain interacts with Diaphanous-1 (Dia-1) both in vitro and in vivo. We employed the human RAGE cytoplasmic domain as "bait" in the yeast two-hybrid assay and identified the formin homology (FH1) domain of Dia-1 as a potential binding partner of this RAGE domain. Immunoprecipitation studies revealed that the RAGE cytoplasmic domain interacts with the FH1 domain of Dia-1. Down-regulation of Dia 1 expression by RNA interference blocks RAGE-mediated activation of Rac-1 and Cdc42 and, in parallel, RAGE ligand-stimulated cellular migration. Taken together, these findings indicate that the interaction of the RAGE cytoplasmic domain with Dia-1 is required to transduce extracellular environmental cues evoked by binding of RAGE ligands to their cell surface receptor, a chief consequence of which is Rac-1 and Cdc42 activation and cellular migration. Because RAGE and Dia-1 are implicated in the regulation of inflammatory, vascular, and transformed cell migration, these findings highlight this interaction as a novel target for therapeutic intervention in inflammation, atherosclerosis, diabetes, and cancer. PMID- 18922800 TI - Requirements for protein phosphorylation and the kinase activity of polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) for the kinetochore function of mitotic arrest deficiency protein 1 (Mad1). AB - Mitotic arrest deficiency protein 1 (Mad1) is associated with microtubule unattached kinetochores in mitotic cells and is a component of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). Here, we have studied the phosphorylation of Mad1 and mapped using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry several phosphorylated amino acids in this protein. One phosphorylated residue, Thr680, was characterized to be important for the kinetochore localization of Mad1 and its SAC function. We also found that in mitotic cells Mad1 co-immunoprecipitated with Plk1. Depletion of cellular Plk1 using small interfering RNAs and inhibition of the kinase activity of Plk1 using a kinase-dead mutant or a small molecule inhibitor attenuated Mad1 phosphorylation and its association with kinetochores. Collectively, these findings indicate mechanistic roles contributed by protein phosphorylation and Plk1 to the SAC activity of Mad1. PMID- 18922801 TI - Ischemic injury to kidney induces glomerular podocyte effacement and dissociation of slit diaphragm proteins Neph1 and ZO-1. AB - Glomerular injury is often characterized by the effacement of podocytes, loss of slit diaphragms, and proteinuria. Renal ischemia or the loss of blood flow to the kidneys has been widely associated with tubular and endothelial injury but rarely has been shown to induce podocyte damage and disruption of the slit diaphragm. In this study, we have used an in vivo rat ischemic model to demonstrate that renal ischemia induces podocyte effacement with loss of slit diaphragm and proteinuria. Biochemical analysis of the ischemic glomerulus shows that ischemia induces rapid loss of interaction between slit diaphragm junctional proteins Neph1 and ZO-1. To further understand the effect of ischemia on molecular interactions between slit diaphragm proteins, a cell culture model was employed to study the binding between Neph1 and ZO-1. Under physiologic conditions, Neph1 co-localized with ZO 1 at cell-cell contacts in cultured human podocytes. Induction of injury by ATP depletion resulted in rapid loss of Neph1 and ZO-1 binding and redistribution of Neph1 and ZO-1 proteins from cell membrane to the cytoplasm. Recovery resulted in increased Neph1 tyrosine phosphorylation, restoring Neph1 and ZO-1 binding and their localization at the cell membrane. We further demonstrate that tyrosine phosphorylation of Neph1 mediated by Fyn results in significantly increased Neph1 and ZO-1 binding, suggesting a critical role for Neph1 tyrosine phosphorylation in reorganizing the Neph1-ZO-1 complex. This study documents that renal ischemia induces dynamic changes in the molecular interactions between slit diaphragm proteins, leading to podocyte damage and proteinuria. PMID- 18922802 TI - Structure of human prostasin, a target for the regulation of hypertension. AB - Prostasin (also called channel activating protease-1 (CAP1)) is an extracellular serine protease implicated in the modulation of fluid and electrolyte regulation via proteolysis of the epithelial sodium channel. Several disease states, particularly hypertension, can be affected by modulation of epithelial sodium channel activity. Thus, understanding the biochemical function of prostasin and developing specific agents to inhibit its activity could have a significant impact on a widespread disease. We report the expression of the prostasin proenzyme in Escherichia coli as insoluble inclusion bodies, refolding and activating via proteolytic removal of the N-terminal propeptide. The refolded and activated enzyme was shown to be pure and monomeric, with kinetic characteristics very similar to prostasin expressed from eukaryotic systems. Active prostasin was crystallized, and the structure was determined to 1.45 A resolution. These apoprotein crystals were soaked with nafamostat, allowing the structure of the inhibited acyl-enzyme intermediate structure to be determined to 2.0 A resolution. Comparison of the inhibited and apoprotein forms of prostasin suggest a mechanism of regulation through stabilization of a loop which interferes with substrate recognition. PMID- 18922804 TI - Estimates of HIV prevalence in a highly endemic area of China: Dehong Prefecture, Yunnan Province. AB - BACKGROUND: Dehong Prefecture in Yunnan Province, China, borders Myanmar. Its proximity to the 'Golden Triangle', one of the world's largest illicit drug production and distribution centre, contributes to drug trafficking and ready availability of heroin. Dehong's 1.1 million people confront a serious HIV problem fuelled by injection drug use. The aim of this study is to improve the 2005 estimates of the true status of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Dehong Prefecture. METHODS: We estimated the HIV prevalence by synthesizing the results from several data sources (HIV/AIDS case reports, surveys, surveillance activities and epidemiological studies). We applied three different statistical procedures for estimations: (i) The Workbook method, adapted to meet the estimation needs in Dehong Prefecture; (ii) An estimate based on antenatal clinical data; and (iii) a dynamic model based on the local epidemic pattern. RESULTS: We estimated that the population prevalence for HIV infections in Dehong Prefecture is 1.3% (likely range from low/high of three estimates: 0.9-1.7%) such that 13 500 people were living with HIV/AIDS in Dehong Prefecture (likely range: 8,200-18,300) in 2005. Infections remain concentrated among injection drug users, female sex workers and their clients with an uneven geographical distribution of estimated cases. CONCLUSION: More reliable estimates of HIV prevalence can be made by synthesizing multiple data sources using several procedures. Current HIV prevention, care and treatment challenges are judged substantial in Dehong Prefecture, regardless of what modelling strategy is used. PMID- 18922803 TI - Crystal structure of filamentous aggregates of human DJ-1 formed in an inorganic phosphate-dependent manner. AB - Mutations in the DJ-1 gene have been implicated in the autosomal recessive early onset parkinsonism. DJ-1 is a soluble dimeric protein with critical roles in response to oxidative stress and in neuronal maintenance. However, several lines of evidence suggest the existence of a nonfunctional aggregated form of DJ-1 in the brain of patients with some neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we show that inorganic phosphate, an important anion that exhibits elevated levels in patients with Parkinson disease, transforms DJ-1 into filamentous aggregates. According to the 2.4-A crystal structure, DJ-1 dimers are linearly stacked through P(i) mediated interactions to form protofilaments, which are then bundled into a filamentous assembly. PMID- 18922805 TI - Osiris: an integrated promoter database for Oryza sativa L. AB - SUMMARY: Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important model monocot and cereal crop. While the rice genome sequence has been published and annotated, relatively little is known about the transcriptional networks that regulate rice gene expression. For this reason, we have developed Osiris, a database containing promoter sequences, predicted transcription factor (TF) binding sites, gene ontology annotation and microarray expression data for 24 209 genes in the rice genome. These tools are seamlessly integrated in the Osiris web site, allowing the user to visualize TF binding sites in multiple promoters; analyze the statistical significance of enriched TF binding sites; query for genes containing similar promoter regulatory logic or gene function and visualize the microarray expression patterns of queried or selected gene sets. AVAILABILITY: http://www.bioinformatics2.wsu.edu/Osiris PMID- 18922806 TI - BioCaster: detecting public health rumors with a Web-based text mining system. AB - SUMMARY: BioCaster is an ontology-based text mining system for detecting and tracking the distribution of infectious disease outbreaks from linguistic signals on the Web. The system continuously analyzes documents reported from over 1700 RSS feeds, classifies them for topical relevance and plots them onto a Google map using geocoded information. The background knowledge for bridging the gap between Layman's terms and formal-coding systems is contained in the freely available BioCaster ontology which includes information in eight languages focused on the epidemiological role of pathogens as well as geographical locations with their latitudes/longitudes. The system consists of four main stages: topic classification, named entity recognition (NER), disease/location detection and event recognition. Higher order event analysis is used to detect more precisely specified warning signals that can then be notified to registered users via email alerts. Evaluation of the system for topic recognition and entity identification is conducted on a gold standard corpus of annotated news articles. AVAILABILITY: The BioCaster map and ontology are freely available via a web portal at http://www.biocaster.org. PMID- 18922807 TI - Comment on 'A congruence index for testing topological similarity between trees'. PMID- 18922808 TI - Reconstructing tumor-wise protein expression in tissue microarray studies using a Bayesian cell mixture model. AB - MOTIVATION: Tissue microarrays (TMAs) quantify tissue-specific protein expression of cancer biomarkers via high-density immuno-histochemical staining assays. Standard analysis approach estimates a sample mean expression in the tumor, ignoring the complex tissue-specific staining patterns observed on tissue arrays. METHODS: In this article, a cell mixture model (CMM) is proposed to reconstruct tumor expression patterns in TMA experiments. The concept is to assemble the whole-tumor expression pattern by aggregating over the subpopulation of tissue specimens sampled by needle biopsies. The expression pattern in each individual tissue element is assumed to be a zero-augmented Gamma distribution to assimilate the non-staining areas and the staining areas. A hierarchical Bayes model is imposed to borrow strength across tissue specimens and across tumors. A joint model is presented to link the CMM expression model with a survival model for censored failure time observations. The implementation involves imputation steps within each Markov chain Monte Carlo iteration and Monte Carlo integration technique. RESULTS: The model-based approach provides estimates for various tumor expression characteristics including the percentage of staining, mean intensity of staining and a composite meanstaining to associate with patient survival outcome. AVAILABILITY: R package to fit CMM model is available at http://www.mskcc.org/mskcc/html/85130.cfm PMID- 18922814 TI - Retraction of: TWIK-related two-pore domain potassium channel TREK-1 in carotid endothelium of normotensive and hypertensive mice. PMID- 18922815 TI - In vitro pharmacodynamics of colistin against multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. AB - BACKGROUND: Resistance to colistin is emerging in multidrug-resistant Gram negative bacteria and no solid pharmacodynamic data are available for colistin against Klebsiella pneumoniae. METHODS: Twenty-one multidrug-resistant clinical K. pneumoniae isolates from 16 different clinical sites worldwide were employed. The genetic relatedness of these isolates was examined with PFGE. In vitro pharmacodynamic properties of colistin (sulphate) were investigated by studying the MICs, mutation prevention concentrations, time-kill kinetics, population analysis profiles and the post-antibiotic effect (PAE). Time-kill was studied with three clinical isolates plus ATCC 13883 at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 64x MIC. The PAE was examined after 20 min of exposure of these isolates. RESULTS: The 22 isolates belonged to 18 different PFGE groups. For susceptible isolates, colistin MICs ranged from 0.125 to 1 mg/L. Six isolates were colistin resistant with MICs of >/=32 mg/L. Colistin heteroresistance was observed in 15 of 16 isolates considered colistin-susceptible based on MICs. For susceptible isolates, colistin showed extremely rapid killing; however, regrowth was observed as early as 2 h after treatment and substantial regrowth at 24 h even at concentrations up to 64x MIC for some isolates. Colistin exhibited no or very modest PAE against the isolates tested. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that monotherapy with colistin methanesulfonate, the parenteral form of colistin, and long dosage intervals may be problematic for the treatment of infections caused by multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae, particularly for colistin-heteroresistant strains. Further investigation on combination therapy of colistin with other antibiotics is warranted. PMID- 18922816 TI - An unusual distal abdominal migration of a pacemaker pulse generator with a complete epicardial lead fracture. PMID- 18922817 TI - The inaugurator of transmitted echocardiography: Prof. Dr Wolf-Dieter Keidel. PMID- 18922818 TI - Aetiology of childhood acute leukaemias: current status of knowledge. AB - Acute leukaemia is a consequence of malignant transformation of a haematopoetic progenitor cell. Molecular studies have revealed a prenatal origin of many childhood leukaemias. According to current models, a preleukaemic stem cell clone is generated by a first mutation in utero which, in a minority of children, progresses to leukaemia after receiving further postnatal genetic hits. The nature of pre- and postnatal events involved in leukaemogenesis in children is not well understood. Although genetic predisposition and specific environmental exposures may account for individual cases, the bulk of childhood leukaemia cannot be explained by any of these factors. The higher incidence of the most common leukaemia subtype in affluent societies, as well as the age peak between 2 5 y, suggest a contributory role of socioeconomic factors. An abnormal immune response during delayed exposure to common infections provides a plausible mechanism for malignant progression of preleukaemic clones in a subgroup of children. As highlighted in this review, a common cause for all types and subtypes of childhood leukaemia is highly unlikely. Deeper insights into the pathogenesis of childhood leukaemia will rely on large-scale and combined epidemiological and biomolecular studies. PMID- 18922819 TI - Exposure assessment: implications for epidemiological studies of ionizing radiation. AB - Quantitative estimates of ionizing radiation exposure are often available for use in epidemiological studies. However, depending on the context, the quality of the exposure estimates can vary. For example, the estimates may be specific to individuals in the study or generic values averaged over populations; unavailable for some of the potential study subjects or vary in their form between individuals; based on contemporary measurements or assessed retrospectively; based on measurements alone, on surrogate measures of exposure, or on an exposure assessment model; or, as is often the case, cover one source of radiation exposure rather than all of them. Various ways in which ionizing radiation exposures have been assessed are illustrated through reference to some studies of childhood leukaemia, concerning environmental, medical, natural and parental occupational exposures. Based on this, implications for the interpretation of radiation epidemiological studies are discussed. PMID- 18922820 TI - The UK Childhood Cancer Study: maternal occupational exposures and childhood leukaemia and lymphoma. AB - Risks of childhood leukaemia and lymphoma were investigated for specific work related exposures of mothers in the UK Childhood Cancer Study. Interviews with parents of 1881 leukaemia and lymphoma cases (0-14 years) and 3742 controls collected job histories recording exposure to eight specific agents. Exposure was (1) self-reported and (2) reviewed, based mainly on exposure probability and exposure level. Completeness, consistency and sufficiency evaluated data quality. Of all job exposures which were self-reported as exposed, 33% cases and 34% controls remained classified as exposed after review, with the remainder designated as partially exposed or unexposed. No review of underreporting of exposure was made. Data quality was 'good' for 26% of cases and 24% of controls. For self-reported exposure, significant risks of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) were observed for solvents and petrol in all time windows. For reviewed exposure, solvents remained significant for ALL during pregnancy and postnatally. Restricting analyses to good-quality information removed all significant results. Refinement of exposure assessment revealed misclassification of self-reported exposures and data quality influenced risk assessment. Maternal exposure to solvents should further be investigated. These findings must invoke caution in the interpretation of risks reliant on self-reported occupational data. PMID- 18922821 TI - Long-term monitoring of soil gas radon and permeability at two reference sites. AB - The long-term monitoring of soil radon variations was conducted at two reference sites in Ottawa. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a single soil radon survey could provide a representative soil radon characteristic of the site. Results showed that during the normal field survey period from June to September in Canada, a single field survey with multiple measurements of soil gas radon concentrations at a depth of 80 cm can characterise the soil radon level of a site within a deviation of +/-30%. Direct in situ soil permeability measurements exhibited, however, large variations even within an area of only 10 x 10 m(2). Considering such large variations and the weight of the equipment, soil permeability can be determined by direct measurements whenever possible or by other qualitative evaluation methods for sites that are hard to access with heavy equipment. PMID- 18922822 TI - Childhood leukaemia following medical diagnostic exposure to ionizing radiation in utero or after birth. AB - A statistical association between childhood leukaemia and an abdominal X-ray examination of the pregnant mother was first reported in 1956 from a case-control study of childhood cancer mortality conducted in Great Britain. This study, later called the Oxford Survey of Childhood Cancers (OSCC), was continued and eventually showed a highly statistically significant approximately 50% proportional increase in the risk of childhood leukaemia associated with antenatal diagnostic radiography. The association has been confirmed by many case control studies carried out around the world, the appropriately combined results of which show a highly statistically significant increase in risk that is compatible with the OSCC finding. There is no doubt about the reality of the statistical association, but a causal interpretation has been questioned. On balance, however, the evidence points to low-level irradiation of the fetus increasing the risk of leukaemia in childhood, with an excess relative risk coefficient of around 50 Gy(-1) (equivalent to an excess absolute risk coefficient of about 3% Gy(-1)), although the uncertainty associated with these coefficients is considerable and they are likely to be overestimates. In contrast to exposure in utero, the evidence from case-control studies for an association between childhood leukaemia and postnatal exposure to medical diagnostic irradiation is equivocal and sometimes conflicting. Since standard radiation risk models predict that low-level exposure in the early years of life should produce an increased risk of childhood leukaemia that is roughly similar to that arising from fetal exposure, this absence of persuasive evidence is likely to be due to various problems with the studies. This is unfortunate given the rise in relatively high dose diagnostic procedures (e.g. paediatric CT scans) that would be predicted to materially increase the relative risk of childhood leukaemia. PMID- 18922823 TI - Epidemiological studies of leukaemia in children and young adults around nuclear facilities: a critical review. AB - The existence of an increased risk of childhood leukaemia near nuclear installations is a recurrent issue. A review of the related epidemiological literature is presented here. Results for 198 nuclear sites throughout 10 countries were included in the review. In addition to local studies, 25 multi site studies have been published for eight countries. A large variability was noticed in the quality of the data as well as in the definition of the study population and in the methods of analysis. Many studies present important limits that make the results difficult to interpret. The review confirms that some clusters of childhood leukaemia cases exist locally. However, results based on multi-site studies around nuclear installations do not indicate an increased risk globally. Many studies were launched to investigate possible origins of the observed clusters around specific sites, but up to now, none of the proposed hypotheses have explained them. PMID- 18922825 TI - Characterisation of MCP-600D and MCP-700D thermoluminescence detectors and their applicability for photoneutron detection. AB - This paper presents the characteristics of two high-sensitive LiF:Mg,Cu,P thermoluminescence detectors (TLDs) named MCP-600D and MCP-700D [thermoluminescence detector (TLD) Poland]. Furthermore, the applicability of both detectors used as a paired system for photoneutron detection in a high energy photon field at a linear accelerator is shown. For MCP-600D and MCP-700D, the batch homogeneity is within 22 and 14%, respectively (2 SD). Correction for the individual response of each TLD leads to a reproducibility of 5 and 4%, respectively Both TLD types reveal a linear detector response to dose up to 4 Gy. The energy dependence for both is within 2% for 4 and 6 MV photons. For a 15 MV photon beam, the MCP-600D shows a higher response (10%); compared with the MCP 700D (2%). The MCP-600D is capable of detecting extra doses due to photoneutrons in a 15 MV photon exposure; however, the signal for an open field of the used linear accelerator is in the order of the reproducibility. Using a kind of albedo technique allows detection of photoneutrons in the open photon field anyhow. The neutron detection limit is 10 microGy neutron dose per 1 Gy photon dose. Reproducibility of the TLDs, however, requires more than 10 detectors to determine results with an uncertainty of <5%. PMID- 18922824 TI - Genetic susceptibility to childhood leukaemia. AB - The aetiology of leukaemias among children is believed to be distinct from that of adults, mainly due to the clearer role for early life exposures, including those in utero. However, few risk factors have been established, because of the challenge of studying a disease with relatively low incidence. Identified risk factors, including ionizing radiation, chemotherapeutic agents and specific genetic abnormalities, explain < 10% of incidence. Although the causes for the remaining 90% are unknown, it is possible that genetic susceptibility factors, either alone or in conjunction with environmental factors, may be involved. In this paper, the authors (a) review the evidence surrounding genetic susceptibility factors, with emphasis on the genes' main effects; (b) review some recent developments in the Northern California Childhood Leukaemia Study (NCCLS) as a case study of design and practical considerations in genetic epidemiology research and (c) highlight both challenges and future directions in this exciting research area. PMID- 18922826 TI - Examining the stress response and recovery among children with migraine. AB - OBJECTIVE: This study compared physiological differences between children diagnosed with migraine and their healthy peers. METHOD: Physiological measures were obtained at baseline, after discussing an emotional stressor, and after a 5 min recovery period in 21 children with pediatric migraine and 32 healthy peers. Comparisons were also made on psychological measures investigating anxiety. RESULTS: Children with migraine exhibited a significantly higher pulse rate compared to comparison children at rest, and higher diastolic blood pressure and higher low-frequency/high-frequency ratio after a 5-min recovery from an emotional stressor. Additionally, when anxiety was entered as a covariate, group differences after the 5-min recovery period were no longer significant. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that relative to comparison children, children with migraine exhibit some physiological elevation at rest, as well as a prolonged physiological recovery period after an emotional stressor. Group differences after the 5-min recovery period suggest that children with migraine experience delayed sympathetic hyperarousal and prolonged sympathovagal imbalance. The treatment implications of these findings are discussed. PMID- 18922827 TI - A recognition tool for transient ischaemic attack. AB - BACKGROUND: Scoring systems exist to assist rapid identification of acute stroke but not for the more challenging diagnosis of transient ischaemic attack (TIA). AIM: To develop a clinical scoring system to assist with diagnosis of TIA. METHODS: We developed and validated a clinical scoring system for identification of TIA patients. Logistic regression analysis was employed. RESULTS: Our development cohort comprised 3216 patients. The scoring system included nine clinically useful predictive variables. After adjustment to reflect the greater seriousness of missing true TIA patients (a 2:1 cost ratio), 97% of TIA and 24% of non-TIA patients were accurately identified. Our results were confirmed during prospective validation. CONCLUSION: This simple scoring system performs well and could be used to facilitate accurate detection of TIA. PMID- 18922828 TI - Innovations in chemotherapy for metastatic colorectal cancer: an update of recent clinical trials. AB - It has been estimated that cancer of the colon and rectum (CRC) would be diagnosed in 153,760 men and women in the U.S. alone in 2007. Approximately one in five patients has metastatic CRC (mCRC) at diagnosis, which, at best, is associated with a 5-year survival rate of just 10.3%. Oxaliplatin- and irinotecan based combination regimens are standard first-line therapies for mCRC. Recent studies suggest that survival outcomes can possibly be further improved by adding biologic agents to chemotherapy. Novel treatment strategies are being investigated to optimize the opportunity for patients to receive and benefit from the increasing number of available active agents and to further improve the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of multiagent therapy. These include switching therapy before progression, maintenance therapy, and chemotherapy-free intervals. Recent innovations in chemotherapy for mCRC are reviewed, with a focus on emerging data that may significantly improve both survival and quality of life for patients with CRC in the future. PMID- 18922829 TI - Lenalidomide in combination with dexamethasone for the treatment of multiple myeloma after one prior therapy. AB - PURPOSE: Lenalidomide (CC-5013, Revlimid; Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ), a thalidomide analogue, was granted approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on June 29, 2006, for use in combination with dexamethasone in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) who have received at least one prior therapy. The FDA approved lenalidomide with a restricted distribution program, RevAssist. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: In two randomized, double-blind, multicenter studies, the combination of lenalidomide and dexamethasone (LD) was compared with placebo and dexamethasone (PD) in patients with MM who had received at least one prior therapy. The primary endpoint was time to progression (TTP). RESULTS: Following a prespecified interim analysis of TTP, an independent data-monitoring committee advised the sponsor to halt the two studies. For both studies, the interim analysis for efficacy revealed a statistically significant longer TTP with LD than with PD. The most clinically relevant grade 3 and 4 adverse events that occurred more frequently in the LD arm were neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation. Thrombotic or thromboembolic events, including deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, thrombosis, and intracranial venous sinus thrombosis were reported more frequently in patients treated with LD than with PD. CONCLUSIONS: The FDA approved lenalidomide based on interim results from two multicenter, placebo controlled, randomized trials comparing the combination of LD with PD that revealed a longer TTP with LD than with PD. The major toxicity observed during these trials was myelosuppression. The serious toxicities included thromboembolic events. Lenalidomide is only available under the RevAssist Program. PMID- 18922830 TI - Current and emerging strategies for the management of acute myeloid leukemia in the elderly. AB - Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) accounts for approximately 80% of acute leukemias diagnosed in adults. The elderly are disproportionately affected by AML, as 35% of newly diagnosed patients are aged >or=75 and the median age at diagnosis is 67. Elderly individuals also respond less well to standard chemotherapy than do younger individuals, as reflected by lower complete remission and relapse-free survival rates in major clinical trials. A higher prevalence of comorbid conditions as well as the unique biological features of elderly AML patients account for the relatively poor response to therapy observed in this population. Compared with AML in younger individuals, for example, AML in the elderly more often emerges from a preceding myelodysplastic syndrome and is more frequently associated with poor-prognosis karyotypes such as 5q- or 7q-. The introduction of novel therapies over the past decade has already altered the treatment paradigm of elderly individuals with AML. The first of these to emerge was gemtuzumab ozogamicin. Other agents are currently under evaluation in clinical trials, including inhibitors of multidrug resistance, farnesyltransferase inhibitors, novel nucleoside analogues, and inhibitors of the FMS-like tyrosine kinase-3. This review describes the biological features of AML in the elderly and summarizes both the current and emerging strategies for the treatment of this disease in older individuals. PMID- 18922831 TI - Switching first-line disease-modifying therapy after failure: impact on the course of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. AB - BACKGROUND: Options for non-responders to relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) first-line disease-modifying therapies (DMT) are limited. We explored whether switching first-line DMT is effective. METHODS: Patients with RRMS who first received interferon-beta (IFNB) or glatiramer acetate (GA) were classified in three categories: DMT change because of suboptimal response, DMT change because of other reasons, and no DMT change during follow-up. Outcomes included annualized relapse rate (ARR) and relapse-free proportions. RESULTS: We identified 597 patients who initiated first-line DMT. For patients who did not change DMT (n = 240), pre-DMT and on-DMT median ARR were 0.50 and 0 (P < 0.0001). At 24 months, 76% (95%CI = 69-81%) of patients who did not change DMT were relapse-free. Of the 155 who switched because of suboptimal response, 101 switched to another first-line DMT. Median ARR pre-DMT, on first DMT and second DMT were: 0.50, 0.55, and 0.25 for switchers from IFNB to GA (IFNB/GA, n = 12) (pre-DMT versus first DMT: P = 0.92; first versus second DMT: P = 0.31); 0.90, 0.50, and 0 for switchers from GA to IFNB (GA/IFNB, n = 18; P = 0.19; P = 0.01); 0.50, 0.68, and 0 for switchers from an IFNB to another IFNB (IFNB/IFNB', n = 71; P = 0.34; P = 0.02). Estimated relapse-free proportion after 24 months of treatment was 42% (95%CI=15-66%) during the period on IFNB versus 53% (95%CI = 17 80%) on GA for IFNB/GA (P = 0.21); 12% (95%CI = 0-40%) on GA versus 87% (95%CI = 59-97%) on IFNB for GA/IFNB (P = 0.001); and 41% (95%CI = 29-52%) on initial IFNB versus 67% (95%CI = 53-79%) on subsequent IFNB for IFNB/IFNB' (P = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Switching first-line DMT in patients with RRMS failing initial therapy may be effective in many cases. PMID- 18922832 TI - Neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis in sisters. AB - INTRODUCTION: The association of neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and multiple sclerosis (MS) has been reported, but details of the cases were not described. We report two Venezuelan Caucasian sisters with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing. RESULTS: Patient 1 fulfilled McDonald, et al. criteria with HLA A*24; B*07,*15; DRB1*01,*16 (DR2 positive). Patient 2 fulfilled the NMO revised criteria of Wingerchuck, et al. with HLA A*02,*24; B*07,*40; DRB1*04,*08, similar to Canadian aboriginal NMO cases and the Yukpa population from Venezuela. CONCLUSION: These cases confirmed the coexistence of NMO and MS in sisters, and further studies are needed to understand the genetic linkage between these diseases. PMID- 18922833 TI - Cognitive functioning in children with multiple sclerosis. AB - OBJECTIVE: To examine the cognitive functioning of children with multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS: Six children with a diagnosis of clinically definite MS were evaluated using a neuropsychological test battery. RESULTS: The majority of the children showed deficits in at least two of the administered subtests, with IQ scores within the deficient classification. CONCLUSIONS: Verbal and non-verbal skills were equally impaired, and patients who were older at the moment of the onset of the disease had a better cognitive performance. Cognitive deficits should be regarded as a common occurrence in the course of MS in children. PMID- 18922834 TI - Late onset dopa-responsive dystonia with tremor, gait freezing and behavioural disturbance and a normal dopamine transporter scan. AB - A 79-year-old woman presented with dystonic posturing of the right leg while walking and an action tremor of her hands, both of which were levodopa responsive. She subsequently developed gait freezing. However, there was neither generalised bradykinesia nor rigidity. Structural imaging showed no significant changes, and a dopamine transporter scan was normal. She subsequently required rapidly escalating doses of levodopa in order to achieve symptom control, raising concerns over the possible development of a dopamine dysregulation syndrome. Issues raised included the difficulties of managing patients with a rare diagnosis and the role of dopaminergic medication with the potential for abuse. PMID- 18922835 TI - Obesity in children. Part 1: Epidemiology, measurement, risk factors, and screening. PMID- 18922838 TI - Mental health services in England among best in Europe, says WHO. PMID- 18922839 TI - Half of patients given exercise prescriptions are more active a year later. PMID- 18922840 TI - German heart specialist received research grant from tobacco industry foundation. PMID- 18922841 TI - WHO launches programme to extend treatment of mental and neurological disorders. PMID- 18922845 TI - WHO calls for return to primary care to help ailing health systems. PMID- 18922847 TI - Different secretion patterns of matrix metalloproteinases and IL-8 and effect of corticotropin-releasing hormone in preterm and term cervical fibroblasts. AB - The aims of the present study were to compare the levels of mRNA and protein expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, -3, -8 and -9 in human cervical tissue in preterm and term labor as well as not in labor and to determine if corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) has an effect on MMP-1, -3 and interleukin (IL)-8 secretion in both preterm and term cervical fibroblasts. Cervical biopsies were taken from 60 women: 18 at preterm labor, 7 at preterm not in labor, 18 at term labor and 17 at term not in labor. ELISA and Immulite were used for protein and real-time RT-PCR for mRNA analysis. Cervical fibroblast cultures were incubated for 18 h with different CRH concentrations (10(-13)-10(-6) M). The mRNA expression of MMP-1, -3 and -9 was higher in laboring groups compared with term not in labor. Protein levels of MMP-8 and -9 were higher in term in labor group compared with non-laboring groups. There were no significant differences in mRNA and protein expression between the preterm and respective term control groups. CRH significantly increased secretion of IL-8 in preterm and term cervical fibroblasts compared with controls. The secretion of IL-8 and MMP-1 was significantly higher and MMP-3 secretion lower in preterm cervical fibroblasts. In conclusion, cervical ripening at preterm seems to be a similar inflammatory process as at term with CRH involved. However, preterm and term cervical fibroblasts might have different phenotypes based on different secretion patterns of IL-8, MMP-1 and MMP-3. PMID- 18922848 TI - Chemically defined sequential culture media for TH+ cell derivation from human embryonic stem cells. AB - During the past few years several differentiation protocols to derive midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons from human embryonic stem (hES) cells have been developed, but the production of sufficient amounts of the 'right' therapeutic DA cells has not yet been accomplished. The aim of this study was to efficiently generate tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive cells in vitro from our hES cells using a chemically defined culture system. At the end of differentiation, the vast majority of cells (>90%) were positive for both TH and beta-tubulin isotype III (TuJ1). Other markers of dopaminergic cells, like dopamine transporter (DAT) and Nurr1 were also detected by immunofluorescence or RT-PCR. The functions of these cells were confirmed by measurements of DA release in vitro and by transplantation of derived cells into Parkinson's disease (PD) rats in vivo. We found these cells were able to release DA when depolarized by high K(+). Moreover, 4 weeks after transplantation, the hES-derived cells could survive and reduce the apomorphine-induced rotation behaviour of the rats. In conclusion, the experimental system presented here provided a reliable protocol to produce a large number of hES-derived TH(+) cells which may be used in cell therapy for PD in future. PMID- 18922849 TI - Limitations to reproductive output and genetic rescue in populations of the rare shrub Grevillea repens (Proteaceae). AB - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: When conserving rare plant species, managers are often faced with small and/or isolated populations displaying low levels of sexual reproduction and genetic variation. One option for reinvigorating these populations is the introduction of genetic material from other sites, but in some cases fitness may be reduced as a result of outbreeding depression. Here the pollination biology of the rare shrub Grevillea repens is studied across its natural range and reproductive responses following cross-pollination among populations are examined to determine factors that may be limiting sexual reproduction and the potential for genetic rescue. METHODS: Pollen manipulation treatments (self-, autogamous self-, cross- and open pollination) were applied to flowers to examine the breeding system and fruit and seed production in five populations of G. repens. Pollen production, presentation and viability were investigated and interpopulation crosses of increasing genetic distance performed among the populations. KEY RESULTS: The study species is self-incompatible and displayed very low natural seed set over two seasons, due partly to low pollen viability in one of the populations. Within-population crossing increased fruit and seed production at some sites, indicating pollinator limitation. Interpopulation crosses further increased reproductive output in one population, suggesting mate limitation, and for this site there was a positive relationship between genetic distance among populations and the size of genetic rescue benefits. However, in other populations there was a decrease in fruit and seed set with increasing genetic distance. CONCLUSIONS: The results highlight that management strategies involving interpopulation crosses can improve reproductive output in small, isolated populations of rare plants, but guidelines need to be developed on a population by population basis. PMID- 18922850 TI - Comparison of hyperbaric and plain articaine in spinal anaesthesia for open inguinal hernia repair. AB - BACKGROUND: Fast onset and short duration are prominent properties of the amide type local anaesthetic articaine. Similar to bupivacaine, a hyperbaric solution of articaine may produce faster onset and shorter duration of spinal anaesthesia than a plain solution. METHODS: Patients undergoing open inguinal hernia repair received in random order articaine 84 mg in either hyperbaric (HyperA, n=49) or plain solution (PlainA, n=48) intrathecally. A blinded observer tested the dermatomal spread (pinprick) and motor block (Bromage scale). RESULTS: Median (range) onset time to the T(10) dermatome was 2 (2-8) (n=46) and 6 (2-30) min (n=39) (P<0.001), and the duration of the sensory block at (or above) the T(10) dermatome was 86 (39-148) and 69 (15-118) min (P=0.007), in Groups HyperA and PlainA, respectively. Peak sensory block was greater in Group HyperA T(4) (L(2) C(2)) than in Group PlainA T(8)-T(7) (L(3)-T(3)) dermatome, median (range), P<0.001. Spread of the block to the cervical dermatomes associated with hypotension occurred in three patients of Group HyperA (one patient C(2) and two C(4)). The sensory block resolved to the S(2) dermatome significantly faster in Group HyperA, 2.5 (1.5-4.5) h, than in Group PlainA, 3.5 (2.0-4.5) h (P<0.001). Median duration of the motor block was significantly shorter in Group HyperA, 2.0 (1.3-3.5) vs 3.0 (1.5-4.0) h (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Hyperbaric articaine 84 mg had a faster onset and shorter duration of spinal anaesthesia than the plain solution. PMID- 18922851 TI - Intraoperative thoracic epidural anaesthesia attenuates stress-induced immunosuppression in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. AB - BACKGROUND: Intraoperative stress may suppress the adaptive immune system. Abolished proinflammatory lymphocyte function is associated with higher risk of infection and postoperative complications. We hypothesized that thoracic epidural anaesthesia (TEA) reduces intraoperative stress and thus attenuates lymphocyte decrease and impairment of proinflammatory lymphocyte function. METHODS: Fifty four patients undergoing major abdominal surgery who had a thoracic epidural catheter inserted were studied. In the TEA-I group, this catheter was used for intraoperative analgesia, whereas the TEA-P group received systemic opioids during surgery. In both groups, patient-controlled epidural analgesia was used for postoperative pain management. Blood samples for immune analyses were obtained before induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after skin incision, and at days 1 and 4 after surgery. Lymphocyte subpopulations, expression of human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-DR on monocytes, plasma concentrations of interleukin (IL)-10, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and IL-12, and concanavalin-A-stimulated concentrations of IFN-gamma and IL-10 were measured. Intraoperative data including bispectral index and plasma concentrations of epinephrine/cortisol were analysed; APACHE-II, SAPS II, and additional postoperative data were documented. RESULTS: Plasma concentrations of epinephrine and cortisol were significantly lower in the TEA-I patients during surgery. IFN-gamma/IL-10 ratio was significantly higher in the TEA-I group from 2 h after skin incision until day 1. Lymphocyte numbers and T-helper cells were significantly higher in the TEA-I group at day 1, whereas no significant differences were detected among IL-12, HLA DR, and postoperative clinical course. CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative use of thoracic epidural catheter reduced stress response and prevented stress-induced perioperative impairment of proinflammatory lymphocyte function. PMID- 18922852 TI - Anti-CD3 preconditioning separates GVL from GVHD via modulating host dendritic cell and donor T-cell migration in recipients conditioned with TBI. AB - Host dendritic cells (DCs) play a critical role in initiating graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and graft-versus-leukemia (GVL), and separation of GVL from GVHD remains a major challenge in the treatment of hematologic malignancies by allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Here, we show that preconditioning with anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody before conditioning with total body irradiation (TBI) prevents GVHD but retains GVL in a HCT model of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-mismatched C57BL/6 donor to BALB/c host. Prevention of GVHD is associated with inhibition of donor T-cell expression of homing and chemokine receptors, and inhibition of GVHD target tissue expression of chemokines. Furthermore, inhibition of donor T-cell expression of gut homing alpha4beta7 and chemokine receptor (CCR)9 by anti-CD3 preconditioning results from a reduction of CD103(+) DCs in draining mesenteric lymph nodes (LNs), which is associated with down-regulation of DC expression of CCR7, a receptor required for tissue DC migration to draining LNs. These results indicate that anti-CD3 preconditioning reduces not only tissue release of chemokines but also prevents tissue DC migration to draining LNs and subsequently reduces the capacity of DCs of draining LNs to imprint donor T-cell tissue tropism. Therefore, modulation of host DCs by anti-CD3 preconditioning before HCT represents a new approach for separating GVL from GVHD. PMID- 18922853 TI - Primitive quiescent CD34+ cells in chronic myeloid leukemia are targeted by in vitro expanded natural killer cells, which are functionally enhanced by bortezomib. AB - Primitive quiescent CD34(+) chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells are more biologically resistant to tyrosine kinase inhibitors than their cycling counterparts; however, graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effects after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) probably eliminate even these quiescent cells in long term surviving CML transplant recipients. We studied the progeny of CD34(+) cells from CML patients before SCT, which were cultured 4 days in serum-free media with hematopoietic growth factors. BCR-ABL expression was similar in both cycling and quiescent noncycling CD34(+) populations. Quiescent CD34(+) cells from CML patients were less susceptible than their cycling CD34(+) and CD34(-) counterparts to lysis by natural killer (NK) cells from their HLA-identical sibling donors. Compared with cycling populations, quiescent CD34(+) CML cells had higher surface expression of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) receptors DR4 and DR5. Bortezomib up-regulated TRAIL receptor expression on quiescent CD34(+) CML cells, and further enhanced their susceptibility to cytotoxicity by in vitro expanded donor NK cells. These results suggest that donor-derived NK cell-mediated GVL effects may be improved by sensitizing residual quiescent CML cells to NK-cell cytotoxicity after SCT. Such treatment, as an adjunct to donor lymphocyte infusions and pharmacologic therapy, may reduce the risk of relapse in CML patients who require treatment by SCT. PMID- 18922854 TI - Human protein S inhibits the uptake of AcLDL and expression of SR-A through Mer receptor tyrosine kinase in human macrophages. AB - Human protein S is an anticoagulation protein. However, it is unknown whether protein S could regulate the expression and function of macrophage scavenger receptor A (SR-A) in macrophages. Human THP-1 monocytes and peripheral blood monocytes were differentiated into macrophages and then treated with physiological concentrations of human protein S. We found that protein S significantly reduced acetylated low-density lipoprotein (AcLDL) uptake and binding by macrophages and decreased the intracellular cholesteryl ester content. Protein S suppressed the expression of the SR-A at both mRNA and protein levels. Protein S reduced the SR-A promoter activity primarily through inhibition in the binding of transcription factors to the AP-1 promoter element in macrophages. Furthermore, human protein S could bind and induce phosphorylation of Mer receptor tyrosine kinase (Mer RTK). Soluble Mer protein or tyrosine kinase inhibitor herbimycin A effectively blocked the effects of protein S on AcLDL uptake. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the level of protein S was substantially increased in human atherosclerotic arteries. Thus, human protein S can inhibit the expression and activity of SR-A through Mer RTK in macrophages, suggesting that human protein S is a modulator for macrophage functions in uptaking of modified lipoproteins. PMID- 18922855 TI - NKp80 defines and stimulates a reactive subset of CD8 T cells. AB - NKp80, an activating homodimeric C-type lectin-like receptor (CTLR), is expressed on essentially all human natural killer (NK) cells and stimulates their cytotoxicity and cytokine release. Recently, we demonstrated that the ligand for NKp80 is the myeloid-specific CTLR activation-induced C-type lectin (AICL), which is encoded in the natural killer gene complex (NKC) adjacent to NKp80. Here, we show that NKp80 also is expressed on a minor fraction of human CD8 T cells that exhibit a high responsiveness and an effector memory phenotype. Gene expression profiling and flow cytometric analyses revealed that this NKp80(+) T-cell subset is characterized by the coexpression of other NK receptors and increased levels of cytotoxic effector molecules and adhesion molecules mediating access to sites of inflammation. NKp80 ligation augmented CD3-stimulated degranulation and interferon (IFN)gamma secretion by effector memory T cells. Furthermore, engagement of NKp80 by AICL-expressing transfectants or macrophages markedly enhanced CD8 T-cell responses in alloreactive settings. Collectively, our data demonstrate that NKp80 is expressed on a highly responsive subset of effector memory CD8 T cells with an inflammatory NK-like phenotype and promotes T-cell responses toward AICL-expressing cells. Hence, NKp80 may enable effector memory CD8 T cells to interact functionally with cells of myeloid origin at sites of inflammation. PMID- 18922856 TI - Unique secretory dynamics of tissue plasminogen activator and its modulation by plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in vascular endothelial cells. AB - We analyzed the secretory dynamics of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) in EA.hy926 cells, an established vascular endothelial cell (VEC) line producing GFP tagged tPA, using total internal reflection-fluorescence (TIR-F) microscopy. tPA GFP was detected in small granules in EA.hy926 cells, the distribution of which was indistinguishable from intrinsically expressed tPA. Its secretory dynamics were unique, with prolonged (> 5 minutes) retention of the tPA-GFP on the cell surface, appearing as fluorescent spots in two-thirds of the exocytosis events. The rapid disappearance (mostly by 250 ms) of a domain-deletion mutant of tPA-GFP possessing only the signal peptide and catalytic domain indicates that the amino terminal heavy chain of tPA-GFP is essential for binding to the membrane surface. The addition of PAI-1 dose-dependently facilitated the dissociation of membrane retained tPA and increased the amounts of tPA-PAI-1 high-molecular-weight complexes in the medium. Accordingly, suppression of PAI-1 synthesis in EA.hy926 cells by siRNA prolonged the dissociation of tPA-GFP, whereas a catalytically inactive mutant of tPA-GFP not forming complexes with PAI-1 remained on the membrane even after PAI-1 treatment. Our results provide new insights into the relationship between exocytosed, membrane-retained tPA and PAI-1, which would modulate cell surface-associated fibrinolytic potential. PMID- 18922857 TI - Novel genomic alterations and clonal evolution in chronic lymphocytic leukemia revealed by representational oligonucleotide microarray analysis (ROMA). AB - We examined copy number changes in the genomes of B cells from 58 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) by using representational oligonucleotide microarray analysis (ROMA), a form of comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), at a resolution exceeding previously published studies. We observed at least 1 genomic lesion in each CLL sample and considerable variation in the number of abnormalities from case to case. Virtually all abnormalities previously reported also were observed here, most of which were indeed highly recurrent. We observed the boundaries of known events with greater clarity and identified previously undescribed lesions, some of which were recurrent. We profiled the genomes of CLL cells separated by the surface marker CD38 and found evidence of distinct subclones of CLL within the same patient. We discuss the potential applications of high-resolution CGH analysis in a clinical setting. PMID- 18922858 TI - Cell-autonomous and systemic context-dependent functions of iron regulatory protein 2 in mammalian iron metabolism. AB - Mice with total and constitutive iron regulatory protein 2 (IRP2) deficiency exhibit microcytosis and altered body iron distribution with duodenal and hepatic iron loading and decreased iron levels in splenic macrophages. To explore cell autonomous and systemic context-dependent functions of IRP2 and to assess the systemic consequences of local IRP2 deficiency, we applied Cre/Lox technology to specifically ablate IRP2 in enterocytes, hepatocytes, or macrophages, respectively. This study reveals that the hepatic and duodenal manifestations of systemic IRP2 deficiency are largely explained by cell-autonomous functions of IRP2. By contrast, IRP2-deficient macrophages from otherwise IRP2-sufficient mice do not display the abnormalities of macrophages from systemically IRP2-deficient animals, suggesting that these result from IRP2 disruption in other cell type(s). Mice with enterocyte-, hepatocyte-, or macrophage-specific IRP2 deficiency display normal red blood cell and plasma iron parameters, supporting the notion that the microcytosis in IRP2-deficient mice likely reflects an intrinsic defect in hematopoiesis. This work defines the respective roles of IRP2 in the determination of critical body iron parameters such as organ iron loading and erythropoiesis. PMID- 18922859 TI - Changes in the glomerular density and size in serial renal biopsies during the progression of IgA nephropathy. AB - BACKGROUND: Although there have been many reports on clinicopathological studies of IgAN, information is limited regarding the long-term evolution of a renal histology by analysing samples obtained not only during normal renal function but also after the establishment of an impaired renal function in individual patients. METHODS: We analysed 18 pairs of serial biopsy specimens from 18 patients with IgA nephropathy (IgAN) in whom the first renal biopsies were performed while normal renal function was still present and the second biopsies were performed after impaired renal function was established. The glomerular density (GD, number of non-sclerotic glomeruli per renal cortical area) and mean glomerular area (MGA) were compared between the specimens. RESULTS: The GD at the first biopsy of each patient showed a striking variation (1.3-5.2/mm(2)). As a whole, the GD decreased (2.7 +/- 1.2 versus 1.4 +/- 0.7/mm(2)) and the MGA increased (19.7 +/- 4.2 x 10(3) versus 23.5 +/- 4.5 x 10(3) mm(2)) between the biopsies, respectively. The degrees of change in the GD and the MGA between the biopsies differed remarkably among the individuals. The patients with a high GD in the first biopsy progressed slowly, but showed a large decrease in the GD and a large increase in the MGA between the biopsies, respectively. The patients with a low GD, who already had enlarged glomeruli in the first biopsy, tended to progress rapidly. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that both the nephron number and glomerular enlargement play a crucial role as compensatory mechanisms against renal functional deterioration in progressive IgAN. The GD during normal renal function may determine these compensatory changes and thereby make it possible to predict the renal prognosis in IgAN. PMID- 18922861 TI - The Declaration of Istanbul on Organ Trafficking and Transplant Tourism. Istanbul Summit April 30-May 2, 2008. PMID- 18922862 TI - The development of the Declaration of Istanbul on Organ Trafficking and Transplant Tourism. PMID- 18922863 TI - BALB/Mtv-null mice responding to strong mouse mammary tumor virus superantigens restrict mammary tumorigenesis. AB - The absence of endogenous mouse mammary tumor viruses (MMTVs) in the congenic mouse strain, BALB/Mtv-null, restricts the early steps of exogenous C3H MMTV infection, preventing the superantigen (Sag) response and mammary tumorigenesis. Here we demonstrate that BALB/Mtv-null mice also resist tumor induction by FM MMTV, which encodes a stronger Sag compared to C3H MMTV. In contrast to infections with C3H MMTV, Mtv-null mice show FM-MMTV Sag-specific responses comparable to those observed in susceptible BALB/c mice. Neither virus shows significant replication in the spleen or mammary gland. Thus, Mtv-null mice restrict MMTV replication and mammary tumorigenesis even after a robust Sag response. PMID- 18922864 TI - Full-length genome characterization of a novel simian immunodeficiency virus lineage (SIVolc) from olive Colobus (Procolobus verus) and new SIVwrcPbb strains from Western Red Colobus (Piliocolobus badius badius) from the Tai Forest in Ivory Coast. AB - Simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) are found in an extensive number of African primates and humans continue to be exposed to these viruses by hunting and handling of primate bushmeat. Full-length genome sequences were obtained from SIVs derived from two Colobinae species inhabiting the Tai forest, Ivory Coast, each belonging to a different genus: SIVwrc from western red colobus (Piliocolobus badius badius) (SIVwrcPbb-98CI04 and SIVwrcPbb-97CI14) and SIVolc (SIVolc-97CI12) from olive colobus (Procolobus verus). Phylogenetic analysis showed that western red colobus are the natural hosts of SIVwrc, and SIVolc is also a distinct species-specific lineage, although distantly related to the SIVwrc lineage across the entire length of its genome. Overall, both SIVwrc and SIVolc, are also distantly related to the SIVlho/sun lineage across the whole genome. Similar to the group of SIVs (SIVsyk, SIVdeb, SIVden, SIVgsn, SIVmus, and SIVmon) infecting members of the Cercopithecus genus, SIVs derived from western red and olive colobus, L'Hoest and suntailed monkeys, and SIVmnd-1 from mandrills form a second group of viruses that cluster consistently together in phylogenetic trees. Interestingly, the divergent SIVcol lineage, from mantled guerezas (Colobus guereza) in Cameroon, is also closely related to SIVwrc, SIVolc, and the SIVlho/sun lineage in the 5' part of Pol. Overall, these results suggest an ancestral link between these different lentiviruses and highlight once more the complexity of the natural history and evolution of primate lentiviruses. PMID- 18922865 TI - Frequency and phenotype of human immunodeficiency virus envelope-specific B cells from patients with broadly cross-neutralizing antibodies. AB - Induction of broadly cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies (NAb) is an important goal for a prophylactic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine. Some HIV-infected patients make a NAb response that reacts with diverse strains of HIV 1, but most candidate vaccines have induced NAb only against a subset of highly sensitive isolates. To better understand the nature of broad NAb responses that arise during natural infection, we screened patients for sera able to neutralize diverse HIV strains and explored the frequency and phenotype of their peripheral Envelope-specific B cells. We screened 113 HIV-infected patients of various clinical statuses for the prevalence of broad NAb. Sera able to neutralize at least four of five viral isolates were found in over one-third of progressors and slow progressors, but much less frequently in aviremic long-term nonprogressors. Most Env-specific antibody-secreting B cells were CD27(hi) CD38(hi) plasmablasts, and the total plasmablast frequency was higher in HIV-infected patients than in uninfected donors. We found that 0.0031% of B cells and 0.047% of plasmablasts secreted Env-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) in an enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay. We developed a novel staining protocol to label HIV-specific B cells with Env gp140 protein. A total of 0.09% of B cells were found to be Env specific by this method, a frequency far higher than that indicated by ELISPOT assay. gp140-labeled B cells were predominantly CD27(+) and surface IgG(+). These data describe the breadth and titer of serum NAb and the frequency and phenotype of HIV-specific B cells in a cohort of patients with broad cross-neutralizing antibody responses that are potential goals for vaccines for HIV. PMID- 18922866 TI - Optimization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoproteins with V1/V2 deleted, using virus evolution. AB - The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) complex is the principal focus of neutralizing antibody-based vaccines. The functional Env complex is a trimer consisting of six individual subunits: three gp120 molecules and three gp41 molecules. The individual subunits have proven unsuccessful as vaccines presumably because they do not resemble the functional Env complex. Variable domains and carbohydrates shield vulnerable neutralization epitopes on the functional Env complex. The deletion of variable loops has been shown to improve gp120's immunogenicity; however, problems have been encountered when introducing such modifications in stabilized Env trimer constructs. To address these issues, we have created a set of V1/V2 and V3 loop deletion variants in the context of complete virus to allow optimization by forced virus evolution. Compensatory second-site substitutions included the addition and/or removal of specific carbohydrates, changes in the disulfide-bonded architecture of the V1/V2 stem, the replacement of hydrophobic residues by hydrophilic and charged residues, and changes in distal parts of gp120 and gp41. These viruses displayed increased sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies, demonstrating the improved exposure of conserved domains. The results show that we can select for functionally improved Env variants with loop deletions through forced virus evolution. Selected evolved Env variants were transferred to stabilized Env trimer constructs and were shown to improve trimer expression and secretion. Based on these findings, we can make recommendations on how to delete the V1/V2 domain from recombinant Env trimers for vaccine and X-ray crystallography studies. In general, virus evolution may provide a powerful tool to optimize Env vaccine antigens. PMID- 18922867 TI - Role of thiol/disulfide exchange in newcastle disease virus entry. AB - Newcastle disease virus (NDV) entry into host cells is mediated by the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) and fusion (F) glycoproteins. We previously showed that production of free thiols in F protein is required for membrane fusion directed by F protein (S. Jain et al., J. Virol. 81:2328-2339, 2007). In the present study we evaluated the oxidation state of F protein in virions and virus-like particles and its relationship to activation of F protein by HN protein, F protein conformational intermediates, and virus-cell fusion. F protein, in particles, does not have free thiols, but free thiols were produced upon binding of particles to target cells. Free thiols were produced at 16 degrees C in F protein in virions bound to the target cells. They also appeared in different fusion defective mutant F proteins. Free thiols were produced in the presence of mutant HN proteins that are defective in F protein activation but are attachment competent. These results suggest that free thiols appear prior to any of the proposed major conformational changes in F protein which accompany fusion activation. These results also indicate that HN protein binding to its receptor likely facilitates the interaction between F protein and host cell isomerases, leading to reduction of disulfide bonds in F protein. Taken together, these results show that free thiols are produced in F protein at a very early stage during the onset of fusion and that the production of free thiols is required for fusion in addition to activation by HN protein. PMID- 18922868 TI - Exploring the nuclear envelope of herpes simplex virus 1-infected cells by high resolution microscopy. AB - Herpesviruses are composed of capsid, tegument, and envelope. Capsids assemble in the nucleus and exit the nucleus by budding at the inner nuclear membrane, acquiring tegument and the envelope. This study focuses on the changes of the nuclear envelope during herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection in HeLa and Vero cells by employing preparation techniques at ambient and low temperatures for high-resolution scanning and transmission electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Cryo-field emission scanning electron microscopy of freeze fractured cells showed for the first time budding of capsids at the nuclear envelope at the third dimension with high activity at 10 h and low activity at 15 h of incubation. The mean number of pores was significantly lower, and the mean interpore distance and the mean interpore area were significantly larger than those for mock-infected cells 15 h after inoculation. Forty-five percent of nuclear pores in HSV-1-infected cells were dilated to more than 140 nm. Nuclear material containing capsids protrude through them into the cytoplasm. Examination of in situ preparations after dry fracturing revealed significant enlargements of the nuclear pore diameter and of the nuclear pore central channel in HSV-1 infected cells compared to mock-infected cells. The demonstration of nucleoporins by confocal microscopy also revealed fewer pores but focal enhancement of fluorescence signals in HSV-1-infected cells, whereas Western blots showed no loss of nucleoporins from cells. The data suggest that infection with HSV-1 alters the number, size, and architecture of nuclear pores without a loss of nucleoporins from altered nuclear pore complexes. PMID- 18922869 TI - Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus 38K is a novel nucleocapsid protein that interacts with VP1054, VP39, VP80, and itself. AB - It has been shown that the Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) 38K (ac98) is required for nucleocapsid assembly. However, the exact role of 38K in nucleocapsid assembly remains unknown. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between 38K and the nucleocapsid. Western blotting using polyclonal antibodies raised against 38K revealed that 38K was expressed in the late phase of infection in AcMNPV-infected Spodoptera frugiperda cells and copurified with budded virus (BV) and occlusion-derived virus (ODV). Biochemical fractionation of BV and ODV into the nucleocapsid and envelope components followed by Western blotting showed that 38K was associated with the nucleocapsids. Immunoelectron microscopic analysis revealed that 38K was specifically localized to the nucleocapsids in infected cells and appeared to be distributed over the cylindrical capsid sheath of nucleocapsid. Yeast two-hybrid assays were performed to examine potential interactions between 38K and nine known nucleocapsid shell-associated proteins (PP78/83, PCNA, VP1054, FP25, VLF-1, VP39, BV/ODV-C42, VP80, and P24), three non-nucleocapsid shell-associated proteins (P6.9, PP31, and BV/ODV-E26), and itself. The results revealed that 38K interacted with the nucleocapsid proteins VP1054, VP39, VP80, and 38K itself. These interactions were confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation assays in vivo. These data demonstrate that 38K is a novel nucleocapsid protein and provide a rationale for why 38K is essential for nucleocapsid assembly. PMID- 18922870 TI - Human cytomegalovirus protein pp71 displaces the chromatin-associated factor ATRX from nuclear domain 10 at early stages of infection. AB - The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) tegument protein pp71, encoded by gene UL82, stimulates viral immediate-early (IE) transcription. pp71 interacts with the cellular protein hDaxx at nuclear domain 10 (ND10) sites, resulting in the reversal of hDaxx-mediated repression of viral transcription. We demonstrate that pp71 displaces an hDaxx-binding protein, ATRX, from ND10 prior to any detectable effects on hDaxx itself and that this event contributes to the role of pp71 in alleviating repression. Introduction of pp71 into cells by transfection, infection with a pp71-expressing herpes simplex virus type 1 vector, or by generation of transformed cell lines promoted the rapid relocation of ATRX from ND10 to the nucleoplasm without alteration of hDaxx levels or localization. A pp71 mutant protein unable to interact with hDaxx did not affect the intranuclear distribution of ATRX. Infection with HCMV at a high multiplicity of infection resulted in rapid displacement of ATRX from ND10, the effect being observed maximally by 2 h after adsorption, whereas infection with the UL82-null HCMV mutant ADsubUL82 did not affect ATRX localization even at 7 h postinfection. Cell lines depleted of ATRX by transduction with shRNA-expressing lentiviruses supported increased IE gene expression and virus replication after infection with ADsubUL82, demonstrating that ATRX has a role in repressing IE transcription. The results show that ATRX, in addition to hDaxx, is a component of cellular intrinsic defenses that limit HCMV IE transcription and that displacement of ATRX from ND10 by pp71 is important for the efficient initiation of viral gene expression. PMID- 18922871 TI - Mouse hepatitis virus liver pathology is dependent on ADP-ribose-1''-phosphatase, a viral function conserved in the alpha-like supergroup. AB - Viral infection of the liver can lead to severe tissue damage when high levels of viral replication and spread in the organ are coupled with strong induction of inflammatory responses. Here we report an unexpected correlation between the expression of a functional X domain encoded by the hepatotropic mouse hepatitis virus strain A59 (MHV-A59), the high-level production of inflammatory cytokines, and the induction of acute viral hepatitis in mice. X-domain (also called macro domain) proteins possess poly-ADP-ribose binding and/or ADP-ribose-1'' phosphatase (ADRP) activity. They are conserved in coronaviruses and in members of the "alpha-like supergroup" of phylogenetically related positive-strand RNA viruses that includes viruses of medical importance, such as rubella virus and hepatitis E virus. By using reverse genetics, we constructed a recombinant murine coronavirus MHV-A59 mutant encoding a single-amino-acid substitution of a strictly conserved residue that is essential for coronaviral ADRP activity. We found that the mutant virus replicated to slightly reduced titers in livers but, strikingly, did not induce liver disease. In vitro, the mutant virus induced only low levels of the inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 (IL-6). In vivo, we found that IL-6 production, in particular, was reduced in the spleens and livers of mutant virus-infected mice. Collectively, our data demonstrate that the MHV X domain exacerbates MHV-induced liver pathology, most likely through the induction of excessive inflammatory cytokine expression. PMID- 18922872 TI - The CD8 T-cell response against murine gammaherpesvirus 68 is directed toward a broad repertoire of epitopes from both early and late antigens. AB - Infection of mice with murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) robustly activates CD8 T cells, but only six class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted epitopes have been described to date for the widely used H-2(b) haplotype mice. To explore the specificity and kinetics of the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response in MHV-68-infected C57BL/6 mice, we screened for H-2K(b)- and H-2D(b)-restricted epitopes using a set of 384 candidate epitopes in an MHC tetramer-based approach and identified 19 new epitopes in 16 different open reading frames. Of the six known H-2K(b)- and H-2D(b)-restricted epitopes, we confirmed a response against three and did not detect CD8 T-cell-specific responses for the remaining three. The peak of the CD8 T-cell response to most peptides occurs between 6 and 10 days postinfection. The respective MHC tetramer-positive CD8 T cells display an activated/effector phenotype (CD62L(lo) and CD44(hi)) and produce gamma interferon upon peptide stimulation ex vivo. MHV-68 infection in vivo elicits a response to multiple viral epitopes, derived from both early and late viral antigens, illustrating a far broader T-cell repertoire and more-rapid activation than those previously recorded. PMID- 18922873 TI - Simian virus 40 large T antigen disrupts genome integrity and activates a DNA damage response via Bub1 binding. AB - Simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen (LT) is a multifunctional protein that is important for viral replication and oncogenic transformation. Previously, infection of monkey or human cells with SV40 was shown to lead to the induction of DNA damage response signaling, which is required for efficient viral replication. However, it was not clear if LT is sufficient to induce the damage response and, if so, what the genetic requirements and functional consequences might be. Here, we show that the expression of LT alone, without a replication origin, can induce key DNA damage response markers including the accumulation of gamma-H2AX and 53BP1 in nuclear foci. Other DNA damage-signaling components downstream of ATM/ATR kinases were induced, including chk1 and chk2. LT also bound the Claspin mediator protein, which normally facilitates the ATR activation of chk1 and monitors cellular replication origins. Stimulation of the damage response by LT depends mainly on binding to Bub1 rather than to the retinoblastoma protein. LT has long been known to stabilize p53 despite functionally inactivating it. We show that the activation of a DNA damage response by LT via Bub1 appears to play a major role in p53 stabilization by promoting the phosphorylation of p53 at Ser15. Accompanying the DNA damage response, LT induces tetraploidy, which is also dependent on Bub1 binding. Taken together, our data suggest that LT, via Bub1 binding, breaches genome integrity mechanisms, leading to DNA damage responses, p53 stabilization, and tetraploidy. PMID- 18922875 TI - Antiviral activity of the zinc ionophores pyrithione and hinokitiol against picornavirus infections. AB - We have discovered two metal ion binding compounds, pyrithione (PT) and hinokitiol (HK), that efficiently inhibit human rhinovirus, coxsackievirus, and mengovirus multiplication. Early stages of virus infection are unaffected by these compounds. However, the cleavage of the cellular eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4GI by the rhinoviral 2A protease was abolished in the presence of PT and HK. We further show that these compounds inhibit picornavirus replication by interfering with proper processing of the viral polyprotein. In addition, we provide evidence that these structurally unrelated compounds lead to a rapid import of extracellular zinc ions into cells. Imported Zn(2+) was found to be localized in punctate structures, as well as in mitochondria. The observed elevated level of zinc ions was reversible when the compounds were removed. As the antiviral activity of these compounds requires the continuous presence of the zinc ionophore PT, HK, or pyrrolidine-dithiocarbamate, the requirement for zinc ions for the antiviral activity is further substantiated. Therefore, an increase in intracellular zinc levels provides the basis for a new antipicornavirus mechanism. PMID- 18922874 TI - The EBNA1 protein of Epstein-Barr virus functionally interacts with Brd4. AB - The EBNA1 protein of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is essential for EBV latent infection in ensuring the replication and stable segregation of the EBV genomes and in activating the transcription of other EBV latency genes. We have tested the ability of four host proteins (Brd2, Brd4, DEK, and MeCP2) implicated in the segregation of papillomavirus and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus to support EBNA1-mediated segregation of EBV-based plasmids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We found that Brd4 enabled EBNA1-mediated segregation while Brd2 and MeCP2 had a general stimulatory effect on plasmid maintenance. EBNA1 interacted with Brd4 in both yeast and human cells through N-terminal sequences previously shown to mediate transcriptional activation but not segregation. In keeping with this interaction site, silencing of Brd4 in human cells decreased transcriptional activation by EBNA1 but not the mitotic chromosome attachment of EBNA1 that is required for segregation. In addition, Brd4 was found to be preferentially localized to the FR enhancer element regulated by EBNA1, over other EBV sequences, in latently EBV-infected cells. The results indicate that EBNA1 can functionally interact with Brd4 in native and heterologous systems and that this interaction facilitates transcriptional activation by EBNA1 from the FR element. PMID- 18922876 TI - Critical role for TSLC1 expression in the growth and organ infiltration of adult T-cell leukemia cells in vivo. AB - Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is associated with human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 infection. The tumor suppressor lung cancer 1 (TSLC1) gene was previously identified as a novel cell surface marker for ATL, and this study demonstrated the involvement of TSLC1 expression in tumor growth and organ infiltration of ATL cells. In experiments using NOD/SCID/gamma c(null) mice, both leukemia cell lines and primary ATL cells with high TSLC1 expression caused more tumor formation and aggressive infiltration of various organs of mice. Our results suggest that TSLC1 expression in ATL cells plays an important role in the growth and organ infiltration of ATL cells. PMID- 18922877 TI - Measles virus V protein is a decoy substrate for IkappaB kinase alpha and prevents Toll-like receptor 7/9-mediated interferon induction. AB - The central role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) in activating host immune responses stems from their high capacity to express alpha interferon (IFN-alpha) after stimulation of Toll-like receptors 7 and 9 (TLR7 and -9). This involves the adapter MyD88 and the kinases interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1), IRAK4, and IkappaB kinase alpha (IKKalpha), which activates IFN regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) and is independent of the canonical kinases TBK1 and IKKepsilon. We have recently shown that the immunosuppressive measles virus (MV) abolishes TLR7/9/MyD88-dependent IFN induction in human pDC (Schlender et al., J. Virol. 79:5507-5515, 2005), but the molecular mechanisms remained elusive. Here, we have reconstituted the pathway in cell lines and identified IKKalpha and IRF7 as specific targets of the MV V protein (MV-V). Binding of MV-V to IKKalpha resulted in phosphorylation of V on the expense of IRF7 phosphorylation by IKKalpha in vitro and in living cells. This corroborates the role of IKKalpha as the kinase phosphorylating IRF7. MV-V in addition bound to IRF7 and to phosphomimetic IRF7 and inhibited IRF7 transcriptional activity. Binding to both IKKalpha and IRF7 required the 68-amino-acid unique C-terminal domain of V. Inhibition of TLR/MyD88 dependent IFN induction by MV-V is unique among paramyxovirus V proteins and should contribute to the unique immunosuppressive phenotype of measles. The mechanisms employed by MV-V inspire strategies to interfere with immunopathological TLR/MyD88 signaling. PMID- 18922878 TI - Ross River virus envelope glycans contribute to type I interferon production in myeloid dendritic cells. AB - Alphaviruses are mosquito-transmitted viruses that cause significant human disease, and understanding how these pathogens successfully transition from the mosquito vector to the vertebrate host is an important area of research. Previous studies demonstrated that mosquito and mammalian-cell-derived alphaviruses differentially induce type I interferons (alpha/beta interferon [IFN-alpha/beta]) in myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs), where the mosquito cell-derived virus is a poor inducer of IFN-alpha/beta compared to the mammalian-cell-derived virus. Furthermore, the reduced IFN-alpha/beta induction by the mosquito cell-derived virus is attributed to differential N-linked glycosylation. To further evaluate the role of viral envelope glycans in regulating the IFN-alpha/beta response, studies were performed to assess whether the mosquito cell-derived virus actively inhibits IFN-alpha/beta induction or is simply a poor inducer of IFN-alpha/beta. Coinfection studies using mammalian- and mosquito cell-derived Ross River virus (mam-RRV and mos-RRV, respectively) indicated that mos-RRV was unable to suppress IFN-alpha/beta induction by mam-RRV in mDC cultures. Additionally, a panel of mutant viruses lacking either individual or multiple N-linked glycosylation sites was used to demonstrate that N-linked glycans were essential for high-level IFN alpha/beta induction by the mammalian-cell-derived virus. These results suggest that the failure of the mosquito cell-derived virus to induce IFN-alpha/beta is due to a lack of complex carbohydrates on the virion rather than the active suppression of the DC antiviral response. PMID- 18922879 TI - Structural requirements for novel coenzyme-substrate derivatives to inhibit intracellular ornithine decarboxylase and cell proliferation. AB - Creating transition-state mimics has proven to be a powerful strategy in developing inhibitors to treat malignant diseases in several cases. In the present study, structurally diverse coenzyme-substrate derivatives mimicking this type for pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent human ornithine decarboxylase (hODC), a potential anticancer target, were designed, synthesized, and tested to elucidate the structural requirements for optimal inhibition of intracellular ODC as well as of tumor cell proliferation. Of 23 conjugates, phosphopyridoxyl- and pyridoxyl L-tryptophan methyl ester (pPTME, PTME) proved significantly more potent in suppression proliferation (IC(50) up to 25 microM) of glioma cells (LN229) than alpha-DL-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), a medically used irreversible inhibitor of ODC. In agreement with molecular modeling predictions, the inhibitory action of pPTME and PTME toward intracellular ODC of LN229 cells exceeded that of the previous designed lead compound POB. The inhibitory active compounds feature hydrophobic side chain fragments and a kind of polyamine motif (-NH-(CH(X))(4)-NH ). In addition, they induce, as polyamine analogs often do, the activity of the polyamine catabolic enzymes polyamine oxidase and spermine/spermidine N(1) acetyltransferase up to 250 and 780%, respectively. The dual-action mode of these compounds in LN229 cells affects the intracellular polyamine metabolism and might underlie the more favorable cell proliferation inhibition in comparison with DFMO. PMID- 18922880 TI - Lipidomic analysis reveals activation of phospholipid signaling in mechanotransduction of Taxus cuspidata cells in response to shear stress. AB - Lipid signaling involved in mechanotransduction processes in response to shear stress in plants remained elusive. To understand the responses of phospholipids in shear stress-induced mechanotransduction, a lipidomic approach was employed to profile phospholipid species of Taxus cuspidata cells under laminar shear stress. A total of 99 phospholipid species were profiled quantitatively, using the LC/ESI/MS(n) procedure. Potential biomarkers were found by the principal component analysis (PCA) as well as partial least squares (PLS) combined with variable influence in the projection (VIP). Phosphatidic acid (PA) and lysophosphatidylcholine (LysoPC) were two important lipid groups that were responsible for the discrimination between shear stress induced and control cells. Further research revealed that shear stress enhanced the activation of phospholipase D (PLD) and phospholipase C (PLC) compared with control cells and consequently increased PA content in shear stress induced T. cuspidata cells. These results demonstrate that phospholipids and related phospholipases play important roles in mechanotransduction of T. cuspidata cells in response to shear stress. PMID- 18922881 TI - The length of consent documents in oncological trials is doubled in twenty years. AB - BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to investigate whether the length of informed consent documents (ICDs) for oncological trials have increased from 1987 to 2007 and analyze the content of the ICDs. DESIGN: In total, 87 ICDs from oncological trials approved by the Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics (REC) in the central region of Norway from 1987 to 2007 were analyzed. A list of 17 basic (fundamental medical and ethical aspects) and 30 formal (juridical aspects, financing, insurance and storage of data) content components was constructed based upon international and REC guidelines for ICDs. The number of words and presence of components were registered for all ICDs. RESULTS: The mean length of the ICDs increased from 338 (range 276-464) words in 1987-1990 to 1087 words (range 399-2345) in 2005-2007. The number of components increased from nine to 25 during the same period. Basic components increased steadily from seven in 1987-1989 to 14 in 2005-2007 while the components concerning formalities increased substantially from two to 11. CONCLUSIONS: The increased length of the ICDs is explained by an increased complexity of the documents and especially more information about formalities. This development increasingly demands competent readers and might prohibit truly informed consents. PMID- 18922882 TI - Treatment of the elderly colorectal cancer patient: SIOG expert recommendations. AB - Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the commonest malignancies of Western countries, with approximately half the incidence occurring in patients >70 years of age. Elderly CRC patients, however, are understaged, undertreated and underrepresented in clinical trials. The International Society of Geriatric Oncology created a task force with a view to assessing the potential for developing guidelines for the treatment of elderly (geriatric) CRC patients. A review of the evidence presented by the task force members confirmed the paucity of clinical trial data in elderly people and the lack of evidence-based guidelines. However, recommendations have been proposed on the basis of the available data and on the emerging evidence that treatment outcomes for fit, elderly CRC patients can be similar to those of younger patients. It is hoped that these will pave the way for formal treatment guidelines based upon solid scientific evidence in the future. PMID- 18922883 TI - LC-MS/MS analysis of differential centrifugation fractions from native inner medullary collecting duct of rat. AB - We carried out LC-MS/MS-based proteomic profiling of differential centrifugation fractions from rat inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD): 1) to provide baseline knowledge of the IMCD proteome and 2) to evaluate the utility of differential centrifugation in assessing trafficking of the water channel aquaporin-2 (AQP2). IMCD suspensions were freshly prepared from rat kidneys using standard methods. Homogenized samples were subjected to sequential centrifugations at 1,000, 4,000, 17,000, and 200,000 g. These samples, as well as the final supernatant, were subjected to LC-MS/MS analysis. Preliminary immunoblotting confirmed that the ratio of AQP2 in the 17,000-g fraction to the 200,000-g fraction underwent an increase in response to the vasopressin analog dDAVP, largely due to a reduction in the 200,000-g fraction. Immunoblotting for the major phosphorylated forms of AQP2 revealed that phosphorylated AQP2 was present in both the 17,000- and 200,000-g fractions. LC-MS/MS analysis showed that markers of "intracellular vesicles," chiefly endosomal markers, were present in both the 17,000- and the 200,000-g fractions. In contrast, plasma membrane proteins were predominantly present in the 4,000- and 17,000-g fractions. Proteins associated with several multiprotein complexes (e.g., actin-related protein 2/3 complex and proteasome complex) were virtually exclusively present in the 200,000-g fraction. Overall, we identified 656 proteins, including 189 not previously present in the IMCD database. The data show that both the 17,000- and 200,000-g fractions are highly heterogeneous and cannot be equated with "plasma membrane" and "intracellular vesicle" fractions, respectively, leading us to propose an alternative approach for use of differential centrifugation to assess vesicular trafficking to the plasma membrane. PMID- 18922884 TI - Methyl-2-acetamidoacrylate, an ethyl pyruvate analog, decreases sepsis-induced acute kidney injury in mice. AB - We tested the anti-inflammatory agent methyl-2-acetamidoacrylate (M2AA), an ethyl pyruvate analog, in a cecal ligation-and-puncture (CLP) model of sepsis in CD-1 mice. M2AA administration at the time of CLP improved survival, renal function, kidney histology, liver injury, and splenocyte apoptosis, and lowered cytokine levels (TNF-alpha, IL-6, IFN-gamma, and IL-10). When M2AA treatment was delayed 6 h (but not 12 h), M2AA still significantly reduced kidney dysfunction, liver injury, splenocyte apoptosis, and cytokine levels. NF-kappaB, a M2AA target, was transiently activated in spleen, peaking at 6 h; kidney and liver NF-kappaB increased steadily with a plateau at 12-24 h. M2AA reduced NF-kappaB activation in spleen at 6 h and in kidney and liver at 24 h. Splenectomy diminished the ability of M2AA to reduce cytokines, especially IL-6, but M2AA still decreased kidney and liver dysfunction, suggesting that splenic NF-kappaB is not central to M2AA action. In contrast, beneficial effects of chloroquine on cytokines and organ damage were neutralized by splenectomy, demonstrating a spleen-specific chloroquine target. Because M2AA and chloroquine act differently, we tested this combination. Survival at 96 h was highest with combination therapy (57%) vs. chloroquine (38%), M2AA (47.6%), or vehicle (5%). The benefit of combination therapy over chloroquine or M2AA alone did not reach statistical significance, indicating potential mechanistic overlap. We conclude that the transient target(s) for M2AA responsible for the narrow 6-h therapeutic window is not splenic NF-kappaB. Identifying this new target and downstream signaling pathways could lengthen the therapeutic window and improve combination therapy with chloroquine. PMID- 18922885 TI - Renal organic anion transporter 1 is maldistributed and diminishes in proximal tubule cells but increases in vasculature after ischemia and reperfusion. AB - Renal solute clearances are reduced in ischemic acute kidney injury. However, the mechanisms explaining how solute clearance is impaired have not been clarified. Recently, we reported that cadaveric renal allografts exhibit maldistribution of organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1) in proximal tubule cells after ischemia and reperfusion, resulting in impairment of PAH clearance. In the present study, we characterized renal OAT1 in detail after ischemia-reperfusion using a rat model. We analyzed renal OAT1 using confocal microscopy with a three-dimensional reconstruction of serial optical images, Western blot, and quantitative real-time RT-PCR. OAT1 was distributed to basolateral membranes of proximal tubule cells in controls. With ischemia, OAT1 decreased in basolateral membrane, especially in the lateral membrane domain, and appeared diffusely in cytoplasm. After reperfusion following 60-min ischemia, OAT1 often formed cytoplasmic aggregates. The staining for OAT1 started reappearing in lateral membrane domain 1 h after reperfusion. The basolateral membrane staining was relatively well discernable at 240 h of reperfusion. Of note, a distinct increase in OAT1 expression was noted in vasculature early after ischemia and after reperfusion. The total amount of OAT1 protein expression in the kidney diminished after ischemia-reperfusion in a duration-dependent manner until 72 h, when they began to recover. However, even at 240 h, the amount of OAT1 did not reach control levels. The kidney tissues tended to show a remarkable but transient increase in mRNA expression for OAT1 at 5 min of ischemia. Our findings may provide insights of renal OAT1 in its cellular localization and response during ischemic acute kidney injury and recovery from it. PMID- 18922886 TI - Retinoic acid-dependent activation of the polycystic kidney disease-1 (PKD1) promoter. AB - The retinoic acids all-trans retinoic acid (AT-RA) and 9-cis retinoic acid (9C RA) and the retinoic acid receptors RAR and RXR significantly induce transcriptional activity from a 200-bp PKD1 proximal promoter in transfected mammalian cells. This PKD1 promoter region contains Ets, p53, and GC box motifs, but lacks a canonical RAR/RXR motif. Mutagenesis of the Ets sites did not affect RA induction. In contrast, GC box mutations completely blocked stimulation by AT RA and by RXRbeta or RARbeta. Mithramycin A, which prevents Sp1 binding, significantly reduced basal promoter activity and suppressed upregulation by AT RA and RXR. The 200-bp proximal promoter could not be induced by AT-RA in Drosophila SL2 cells, which lack Sp1, but could be activated in these cells transfected with exogenous Sp1. Small interfering RNA knockdown of Sp1 in mammalian cells completely blocked RXRbeta upregulation of the promoter. These data indicate that induction of the PKD1 promoter by retinoic acid is mediated through Sp1 elements. RT-PCR showed that AT-RA treatment of HEK293T cells increased the levels of endogenous PKD1 RNA, and chromatin immunoprecipitation showed the presence of both RXR and Sp1 at the PKD1 proximal promoter. These results suggest that retinoids and their receptors may play a role in PKD1 gene regulation. PMID- 18922887 TI - Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces renal vasoconstriction as well as natriuresis in mice. AB - Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension and renal injury. However, the direct effects of TNF-alpha on renal hemodynamic and excretory function are not yet clearly defined. We examined the renal responses to infusion of TNF-alpha (0.33 ng.g(-1).min(-1)) in anesthetized mice. Renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were determined by PAH and inulin clearance. The urine was collected from a cannula inserted into the bladder. Following the 60-min control clearance period, TNF-alpha infusion was initiated and 15 min were given for stabilization followed by another 60-min clearance period. TNF-alpha alone (n = 7) caused decreases in RBF (7.9 +/- 0.3 to 6.4 +/- 0.3 ml.min(-1).g(-1)) and GFR (1.04 +/- 0.06 to 0.62 +/- 0.08 ml.min(-1).g(-1)) as well as increases in absolute (0.8 +/- 0.3 to 1.4 +/- 0.3 micromol.min(-1).g(-1)) and fractional excretion of sodium (0.5 +/- 0.2 to 1.5 +/- 0.4%) without affecting arterial pressure. TNF-alpha also increased 8 isoprostane excretion (8.10 +/- 1.09 to 11.13 +/- 1.34 pg.min(-1).g(-1)). Pretreatment with TNF-alpha blocker etanercept (5 mg/kg sc; 24 and 3 h before TNF alpha infusion; n = 6) abolished these responses. However, TNF-alpha induced an increase in RBF and caused attenuation of the GFR reduction in mice pretreated with superoxide (O(2)(-)) scavenger tempol (2 microg.g(-1).min(-1); n = 6). Pretreatment with nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (0.1 microg.g(-1).min(-1); n = 6) resulted in further enhancement in vasoconstriction while natriuresis remained unaffected in response to TNF-alpha. These data suggest that TNF-alpha induces renal vasoconstriction and hypofiltration via enhancing the activity of O(2)(-) and thus reducing the activity of NO. The natriuretic response to TNF-alpha is related to its direct effects on tubular sodium reabsorption. PMID- 18922888 TI - Heat shock protein expression in diabetic nephropathy. AB - Heat shock protein (HSP) HSP27, HSP60, HSP70, and HSP90 are induced by cellular stresses and play a key role in cytoprotection. Both hyperglycemia and glomerular hypertension are crucial determinants in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy and impose cellular stresses on renal target cells. We studied both the expression and the phosphorylation state of HSP27, HSP60, HSP70, and HSP90 in vivo in rats made diabetic with streptozotocin and in vitro in mesangial cells and podocytes exposed to either high glucose or mechanical stretch. Diabetic and control animals were studied 4, 12, and 24 wk after the onset of diabetes. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed an overexpression of HSP25, HSP60, and HSP72 in the diabetic outer medulla, whereas no differences were seen in the glomeruli. Similarly, exposure neither to high glucose nor to stretch altered HSP expression in mesangial cells and podocytes. By contrast, the phosphorylated form of HSP27 was enhanced in the glomerular podocytes of diabetic animals, and in vitro exposure of podocytes to stretch induced HSP27 phosphorylation via a P38 dependent mechanism. In conclusion, diabetes and diabetes-related insults differentially modulate HSP27, HSP60, and HSP70 expression/phosphorylation in the glomeruli and in the medulla, and this may affect the ability of renal cells to mount an effective cytoprotective response. PMID- 18922889 TI - Emerging role of miR-106b-25/miR-17-92 clusters in the control of transforming growth factor beta signaling. AB - Inactivation of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) tumor suppressor pathway is a main step in the development of a variety of human tumors. The miR 106b-25 and miR-17-92 clusters are emerging as key modulators of TGFbeta signaling in gastrointestinal and other tumors, interfering with cell cycle arrest and apoptosis when overexpressed in cancer cells. Genetic ablation of these microRNAs (miRNAs) reveals their physiologic role in the control of liver and central nervous system apoptosis, supporting the notion that miRNA-based homeostatic mechanisms can be usurped by cancer cells to resist TGFbeta tumor suppression. PMID- 18922890 TI - MicroRNA-7, a homeobox D10 target, inhibits p21-activated kinase 1 and regulates its functions. AB - MicroRNAs are noncoding RNAs that inhibit the expression of their targets in a sequence-specific manner and play crucial roles during oncogenesis. Here we show that microRNA-7 (miR-7) inhibits p21-activated kinase 1 (Pak1) expression, a widely up-regulated signaling kinase in multiple human cancers, by targeting the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of Pak1 mRNA. We noticed an inverse correlation between the levels of endogenous miR-7 and Pak1 expression in human cancer cells. We discovered that endogenous miR-7 expression is positively regulated by a homeodomain transcription factor, HoxD10, the loss of which leads to an increased invasiveness. HoxD10 directly interacts with the miR-7 chromatin. Accordingly, the levels of Pak1 protein are progressively up-regulated whereas those of miR-7 and its upstream activator HoxD10 are progressively down-regulated in a cellular model of breast cancer progression from low to highly invasive phenotypes. Furthermore, HoxD10 expression in highly invasive breast cancer cells resulted in an increased miR-7 expression but reduced Pak1 3'-UTR-luciferase activity and reduced Pak1 protein. Finally, we show that miR-7 introduction inhibits the motility, invasiveness, anchorage-independent growth, and tumorigenic potential of highly invasive breast cancer cells. Collectively, these findings establish for the first time that Pak1 is a target of miR-7 and that HoxD10 plays a regulatory role in modifying the expression of miR-7 and, consequently, the functions of the miR-7-Pak1 pathway in human cancer cells. PMID- 18922891 TI - The polarity protein Par6 induces cell proliferation and is overexpressed in breast cancer. AB - The polarity protein complex Par6/atypical protein kinase (aPKC)/Cdc42 regulates polarization processes during epithelial morphogenesis, astrocyte migration, and axon specification. We, as well as others, have shown that this complex is also required for disruption of apical-basal polarity during the oncogene ErbB2 induced transformation and transforming growth factor beta-induced epithelial mesenchymal transition of mammary epithelial cells. Here, we report that expression of Par6 by itself in mammary epithelial cells induces epidermal growth factor-independent cell proliferation and development of hyperplastic three dimensional acini without affecting apical-basal polarity. This is dependent on the ability of Par6 to interact with aPKC and Cdc42, but not Lgl and Par3, and its ability to promote sustained activation of MEK/ERK signaling. Down-regulation of Cdc42 or aPKC expression suppresses the ability of Par6 to induce proliferation, demonstrating that Par6 promotes cell proliferation by interacting with aPKC and Cdc42. We also show that Par6 is overexpressed in breast cancer derived cell lines and in both precancerous breast lesions and advanced primary human breast cancers, suggesting that Par6 overexpression regulates tumor initiation and progression. Thus, in addition to regulating cell polarization processes, Par6 is an inducer of cell proliferation in breast epithelial cells. PMID- 18922892 TI - Phosphorylated caveolin-1 regulates Rho/ROCK-dependent focal adhesion dynamics and tumor cell migration and invasion. AB - Rho/ROCK signaling and caveolin-1 (Cav1) are implicated in tumor cell migration and metastasis; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly defined. Cav1 was found here to be an independent predictor of decreased survival in breast and rectal cancer and significantly associated with the presence of distant metastasis for colon cancer patients. Rho/ROCK signaling promotes tumor cell migration by regulating focal adhesion (FA) dynamics through tyrosine (Y14) phosphorylation of Cav1. Phosphorylated Cav1 is localized to protrusive domains of tumor cells and Cav1 tyrosine phosphorylation is dependent on Src kinase and Rho/ROCK signaling. Increased levels of phosphorylated Cav1 were associated with elevated GTP-RhoA levels in metastatic tumor cells of various tissue origins. Stable expression and knockdown studies of Cav1 in tumor cells showed that phosphorylated Cav1 expression stimulates Rho activation, stabilizes FAK association with FAs, and promotes cell migration and invasion in a ROCK dependent and Src-dependent manner. Tyrosine-phosphorylated Cav1, therefore, functions as an effector of Rho/ROCK signaling in the regulation of FA turnover and, thereby, tumor cell migration and invasion. These studies define a feedback loop between Rho/ROCK, Src, and phosphorylated Cav1 in tumor cell protrusions, identifying a novel function for Cav1 in tumor metastasis that may contribute to the poor prognosis of some Cav1-expressing tumors. PMID- 18922893 TI - Activated G(alpha)13 impairs cell invasiveness through p190RhoGAP-mediated inhibition of RhoA activity. AB - The GTPase RhoA is a downstream target of heterotrimeric G(13) proteins and plays key roles in cell migration and invasion. Here, we show that expression in human melanoma cells of a constitutively active, GTPase-deficient Galpha(13) form (G(alpha)(13)QL) or lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC)-promoted signaling through G(alpha)(13)-coupled receptors led to a blockade of chemokine-stimulated RhoA activation and cell invasion that was rescued by active RhoA. Melanoma cells expressing G(alpha)(13)QL or cells stimulated with LPC displayed an increase in p190RhoGAP activation, and defects in RhoA activation and invasion were recovered by knocking down p190RhoGAP expression, thus identifying this GTPase-activating protein (GAP) protein as a downstream G(alpha)(13) target that is responsible for these inhibitory responses. In addition, defective stress fiber assembly and reduced migration speed underlay inefficient invasion of G(alpha)(13)QL melanoma cells. Importantly, G(alpha)(13)QL expression in melanoma cells led to impairment in lung metastasis associated with prolonged survival in SCID mice. The data indicate that G(alpha)(13)-dependent downstream effects on RhoA activation and invasion tightly depend on cell type-specific GAP activities and that G(alpha)(13)-p190RhoGAP signaling might represent a potential target for intervention in melanoma metastasis. PMID- 18922894 TI - Netrin-1 induces apoptosis in human cervical tumor cells via the TAp73alpha tumor suppressor. AB - Netrins and their receptors deleted in colon cancer (DCC), neogenin, UNC5, and integrins are involved in axon guidance, epithelial morphogenesis, vascular pattering, cancer cell survival, invasion, tumor angiogenesis, and metastasis. Here, we considered the possible contribution of the p53-related apoptosis mediators p63 and p73 in the mechanisms underlying the antagonism between netrin 1 and DCC at the cell death control. We have showed that ectopic expression and external addition of netrin-1 in HeLa and HEK-293 cells with inactive p53 lead to impaired cell viability and induction of apoptosis. These responses were associated with up-regulation of the proapoptotic protein TAp73alpha, decreased Bcl-2/Bax ratio, and caspase-3 cleavage, with no change in protein levels of the antiapoptotic NH(2)-terminal-truncated DeltaNp73alpha isoform, p73 adapter Yap-1 and p73 E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch, and p63, as well as the transcripts encoding p63, TAp73alpha, and DeltaNp73alpha. However, the proteasome inhibitor MG132 potentiated, while DCC counteracted, netrin-1-induced TAp73alpha. Consistently, netrin-1 expression correlated with stabilization of the TAp73alpha protein and lower levels of TAp73alpha ubiquitination that was conversely enhanced by DCC, in a netrin-dependent manner. Our data indicate that netrin-1 selectively up regulates TAp73alpha by preventing its ubiquitination and degradation. Targeted repression of p73alpha by shRNA reversed TAp73alpha and the apoptosis induced by netrin-1, and exacerbated the growth of HeLa tumor xenografts. Apoptosis induced by cisplatin was markedly enhanced in netrin-1 or DCC-expressing cells. Collectively, our data reveal that the transcriptionally active TAp73alpha tumor suppressor is implicated in the apoptosis induced by netrin-1 in a p53 independent and DCC/ubiquitin-proteasome dependent manner. PMID- 18922895 TI - Sperm-associated antigen 9 is associated with tumor growth, migration, and invasion in renal cell carcinoma. AB - Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) represents one of the most resistant tumors to radiation and chemotherapy. Current therapies for RCC patients are inefficient due to the lack of diagnostic and therapeutic markers. Our recent studies have suggested an association of sperm-associated antigen 9 (SPAG9) with ovarian carcinomas. In the present study, we investigated the clinical relevance of SPAG9 in RCC patients. RT-PCR analysis showed expression of SPAG9 transcript in RCC tissues and RCC cell lines. In situ RNA hybridization and immunohistochemistry analyses confirmed the expression of SPAG9 in 88% of cancer patients, suggesting that SPAG9 participates in renal cancer. In addition, immunoblotting and ELISA analyses revealed a humoral immune response against SPAG9 in the sera of RCC patients but not in healthy individuals. Consistent with the clinical findings, knockdown of SPAG9 expression in RCC cells with specific siRNA significantly reduced cell growth and colony formation. Using in vitro wound healing and Matrigel invasion assays, we found that cell migration and invasive ability were also significantly inhibited. Furthermore, in vivo xenograft studies in nude mice revealed that administration of a SPAG9 siRNA plasmid significantly inhibited tumor growth. In conclusion, SPAG9 expression is associated with clinicopathologic features of tumors, suggesting that SPAG9 could contribute to the early spread of cancer. These results indicate that SPAG9 may have a role in tumor development and metastasis and thus could serve as a novel target for early detection and treatment of RCC. PMID- 18922896 TI - Characterization of naturally occurring HPV16 integration sites isolated from cervical keratinocytes under noncompetitive conditions. AB - As the high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) integrants seen in anogenital carcinomas represent the end-point of a clonal selection process, we used the W12 model to study the naturally occurring integration events that exist in HPV16 infected cervical keratinocytes before integrant selection. We performed limiting dilution cloning to identify integrants present in cells that also maintain episomes. Such integrants arise in a natural context and exist in a noncompetitive environment, as they are transcriptionally repressed by episome derived E2. We found that integration can occur at any time during episome maintenance, providing biological support for epidemiologic observations that persistent HPV infection is a major risk factor in cervical carcinogenesis. Of 24 different integration sites isolated from a single nonclonal population of W12, 12 (50%) occurred within chromosome bands containing a common fragile site (CFS), similar to observations for selected integrants in vivo. This suggests that such regions represent relatively accessible sites for insertion of foreign DNA, rather than conferring a selective advantage when disrupted. Interestingly, however, integrants and CFSs did not accurately colocalize. We further observed that local DNA rearrangements occur frequently and rapidly after the integration event. The majority of integrants were in chromosome bands containing a cancer associated coding gene or microRNA, indicating that integration occurs commonly in these regions, regardless of selective pressure. The cancer-associated genes were generally a considerable distance from the integration site, and there was no evidence for altered expression of nine strong candidate genes. These latter observations do not support an important role for HPV16 integration in causing insertional mutagenesis. PMID- 18922897 TI - Transient nutlin-3a treatment promotes endoreduplication and the generation of therapy-resistant tetraploid cells. AB - p53 Activity is controlled in large part by MDM2, an E3 ubiquitin ligase that binds p53 and promotes its degradation. The MDM2 antagonist Nutlin-3a stabilizes p53 by blocking its interaction with MDM2. Several studies have supported the potential use of Nutlin-3a in cancer therapy. Two different p53 wild-type cancer cell lines (U2OS and HCT116) treated with Nutlin-3a for 24 hours accumulated 2N and 4N DNA content, suggestive of G(1) and G(2) phase cell cycle arrest. This coincided with increased p53 and p21 expression, hypophosphorylation of pRb, and depletion of Cyclin B1, Cyclin A, and CDC2. Upon removal of Nutlin-3a, 4N cells entered S phase and re-replicated their DNA without an intervening mitotic division, a process known as endoreduplication. p53-p21 pathway activation was required for the depletion of Cyclin B1, Cyclin A, and CDC2 in Nutlin-3a-treated cells and for endoreduplication after Nutlin-3a removal. Stable tetraploid clones could be isolated from Nutlin-3a treated cells, and these tetraploid clones were more resistant to ionizing radiation and cisplatin-induced apoptosis than diploid counterparts. These data indicate that transient Nutlin-3a treatment of p53 wild type cancer cells can promote endoreduplication and the generation of therapy resistant tetraploid cells. These findings have important implications regarding the use of Nutlin-3a in cancer therapy PMID- 18922898 TI - The thioredoxin system mediates redox-induced cell death in human colon cancer cells: implications for the mechanism of action of anticancer agents. AB - Anticancer agents act, at least in part, by inducing reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). We examined the redox effect on SW480 and HT-29 colon cancer cells of four anticancer compounds, arsenic trioxide, phosphoaspirin, phosphosulindac, and nitric oxide-donating aspirin (NO-ASA). All compounds inhibited the growth of both cell lines (IC(50), 10-90 micromol/L) and induced RONS detected by a general RONS molecular probe. NO-ASA, which induced at least four individual RONS (NO, H(2)O(2), superoxide anion, and peroxynitirte), induced apoptotic and necrotic cell death that was RONS-mediated (cell death paralleled RONS levels and was abrogated by N-acetyl cysteine but not by diphenylene iodonium, which displayed prooxidant activity and enhanced cell death). Nuclear factor-kappaB and mitogen-activated protein kinases were modulated by RONS. Thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1), an oxidoreductase involved in redox regulation, was heavily oxidized in response to RONS and mediated the growth inhibitory effect of the anticancer agents; knocking-down trx-1 expression by small interfering RNA abrogated cell death induced by them. These compounds also inhibited the activity of Trx reductase that reduces oxidized Trx-1, whereas the Trx reductase inhibitor aurothiomalate synergized with NO-ASA in the induction of cell death. Our findings indicate that the Trx system mediates to a large extent redox-induced cell death in response to anticancer agents. This mechanism of action may be shared by more anticancer agents and deserves further assessment as a candidate mechanism for the pharmacologic control of cancer. PMID- 18922899 TI - Arsenic exposure in utero exacerbates skin cancer response in adulthood with contemporaneous distortion of tumor stem cell dynamics. AB - Arsenic is a carcinogen with transplacental activity that can affect human skin stem cell population dynamics in vitro by blocking exit into differentiation pathways. Keratinocyte stem cells (KSC) are probably a key target in skin carcinogenesis. Thus, we tested the effects of fetal arsenic exposure in Tg.AC mice, a strain sensitive to skin carcinogenesis via activation of the v-Ha-ras transgene likely in KSCs. After fetal arsenic treatment, offspring received topical 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) through adulthood. Arsenic alone had no effect, whereas TPA alone induced papillomas and squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). However, fetal arsenic treatment before TPA increased SCC multiplicity 3-fold more than TPA alone, and these SCCs were much more aggressive (invasive, etc.). Tumor v-Ha-ras levels were 3-fold higher with arsenic plus TPA than TPA alone, and v-Ha-ras was overexpressed early on in arsenic-treated fetal skin. CD34, considered a marker for both KSCs and skin cancer stem cells, and Rac1, a key gene stimulating KSC self-renewal, were greatly increased in tumors produced by arsenic plus TPA exposure versus TPA alone, and both were elevated in arsenic-treated fetal skin. Greatly increased numbers of CD34-positive probable cancer stem cells and marked overexpression of RAC1 protein occurred in tumors induced by arsenic plus TPA compared with TPA alone. Thus, fetal arsenic exposure, although by itself oncogenically inactive in skin, facilitated cancer response in association with distorted skin tumor stem cell signaling and population dynamics, implicating stem cells as a target of arsenic in the fetal basis of skin cancer in adulthood. PMID- 18922900 TI - Suppression of the negative regulator LRIG1 contributes to ErbB2 overexpression in breast cancer. AB - The ErbB2 receptor tyrosine kinase is overexpressed in approximately 25% of breast tumors and contributes to poor patient prognosis and therapeutic resistance. Here, we examine the role of the recently discovered ErbB negative regulator LRIG1 in ErbB2(+) breast cancer. We observe that LRIG1 protein levels are significantly suppressed in ErbB2-induced mammary tumors in transgenic mice as well as in the majority of ErbB2(+) human breast tumors. These observations raise the possibility that LRIG1 loss could contribute to the initiation or growth of ErbB2(+) breast tumors. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of endogenous LRIG1 in the ErbB2-overexpressing breast tumor cell lines MDA-MB-453 and BT474 further elevates ErbB2 in these cells and augments cellular proliferation. In contrast, ectopic expression of LRIG1 reverses these trends. Interestingly, we observe that LRIG1 protein levels are suppressed in response to ErbB receptor activation in breast tumor cells but are unaffected by ErbB activation in immortalized nontransformed breast epithelial cells. Our observations indicate that the suppression of LRIG1 protein levels is a common feature of breast tumors. Moreover, our observations point to the existence of a feed-forward regulatory loop in breast tumor cells where aberrant ErbB2 signaling suppresses LRIG1 protein levels, which in turn contributes to ErbB2 overexpression. PMID- 18922902 TI - Targeted and nontargeted effects of ionizing radiation that impact genomic instability. AB - Radiation-induced genomic instability, in which the progeny of irradiated cells display a high frequency of nonclonal genomic damage, occurs at a frequency inconsistent with mutation. We investigated the mechanism of this nontargeted effect in human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC) exposed to low doses of radiation. We identified a centrosome-associated expression signature in irradiated HMEC and show here that centrosome deregulation occurs in the first cell cycle after irradiation, is dose dependent, and that viable daughters of these cells are genomically unstable as evidenced by spontaneous DNA damage, tetraploidy, and aneuploidy. Clonal analysis of genomic instability showed a threshold of >10 cGy. Treatment with transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta), which is implicated in regulation of genomic stability and is activated by radiation, reduced both the centrosome expression signature and centrosome aberrations in irradiated HMEC. Furthermore, TGFbeta inhibition significantly increased centrosome aberration frequency, tetraploidy, and aneuploidy in nonirradiated HMEC. Rather than preventing radiation-induced or spontaneous centrosome aberrations, TGFbeta selectively deleted unstable cells via p53 dependent apoptosis. Together, these studies show that radiation deregulates centrosome stability, which underlies genomic instability in normal human epithelial cells, and that this can be opposed by radiation-induced TGFbeta signaling. PMID- 18922901 TI - Semaphorin 3B inhibits the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway through neuropilin-1 in lung and breast cancer cells. AB - Semaphorin 3B (SEMA3B), located at 3p21.3, is a secreted member of the semaphorin family important in axonal guidance. SEMA3B undergoes allele and expression loss in lung and breast cancer and can function as a tumor suppressor. Previously, we found that SEMA3B induces apoptosis in tumor cells either by reexpression or when applied as a soluble ligand. SEMA3B-induced apoptosis was mediated, in part, by blocking vascular endothelial growth factor autocrine activity in tumor cells. In the current study, treatment of lung and breast cancer cells with picomolar concentrations of soluble SEMA3B inhibited their growth; induced apoptosis; and was associated with decreased Akt phosphorylation, increase in cytochrome c release and caspase-3 cleavage, as well as increased phosphorylation of several proapoptotic proteins, including glycogen synthase kinase-3beta, FKHR, and MDM-2. Lung and breast cancer lines resistant to SEMA3B did not show these signaling changes and a tumor-derived missense SEMA3B mutant was inactive in this regard, providing specificity. SEMA3B-mediated inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis in cancer cells were blocked by expressing a constitutively active Akt mutant and are linked to tumor cell expression of neuropilin-1 (Np-1). SEMA3B insensitive Np-1-negative tumor cells acquired sensitivity to SEMA3B after forced expression of Np-1, whereas SEMA3B-sensitive Np-1-positive tumor cells lost sensitivity to SEMA3B after knockdown of Np-1 by small interfering RNA. We conclude that SEMA3B is a potential tumor suppressor that induces apoptosis in SEMA3B-inactivated tumor cells through the Np-1 receptor by inactivating the Akt signaling pathway. CA118384 PMID- 18922903 TI - Src and ADAM-17-mediated shedding of transforming growth factor-alpha is a mechanism of acute resistance to TRAIL. AB - Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL/Apo-2L) has emerged as a promising anticancer agent. However, resistance to TRAIL is likely to be a major problem, and sensitization of cancer cells to TRAIL may therefore be an important anticancer strategy. In this study, we examined the effect of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) gefitinib and a human epidermal receptor 2 (HER2)-TKI (M578440) on the sensitivity of human colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines to recombinant human TRAIL (rhTRAIL). A synergistic interaction between rhTRAIL and gefitinib and rhTRAIL and M578440 was observed in both rhTRAIL-sensitive and resistant CRC cells. This synergy correlated with an increase in EGFR and HER2 activation after rhTRAIL treatment. Furthermore, treatment of CRC cells with rhTRAIL resulted in activation of the Src family kinases (SFK). Importantly, we found that rhTRAIL treatment induced shedding of transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) that was dependent on SFK activity and the protease ADAM-17. Moreover, this shedding of TGF-alpha was critical for rhTRAIL-induced activation of EGFR. In support of this, SFK inhibitors and small interfering RNAs targeting ADAM-17 and TGF-alpha also sensitized CRC cells to rhTRAIL-mediated apoptosis. Taken together, our findings indicate that both rhTRAIL-sensitive and resistant CRC cells respond to rhTRAIL treatment by activating an EGFR/HER2-mediated survival response and that these cells can be sensitized to rhTRAIL using EGFR/HER2-targeted therapies. Furthermore, this acute response to rhTRAIL is regulated by SFK-mediated and ADAM 17-mediated shedding of TGF-alpha, such that targeting SFKs or inhibiting ADAM 17, in combination with rhTRAIL, may enhance the response of CRC tumors to rhTRAIL. PMID- 18922904 TI - Feedback mechanisms promote cooperativity for small molecule inhibitors of epidermal and insulin-like growth factor receptors. AB - Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) can cooperate to regulate tumor growth and survival, and synergistic growth inhibition has been reported for combined blockade of EGFR and IGF-IR. However, in preclinical models, only a subset of tumors exhibit high sensitivity to this combination, highlighting the potential need for patient selection to optimize clinical efficacy. Herein, we have characterized the molecular basis for cooperative growth inhibition upon dual EGFR and IGF-IR blockade and provide biomarkers that seem to differentiate response. We find for epithelial, but not for mesenchymal-like, tumor cells that Akt is controlled cooperatively by EGFR and IGF-IR. This correlates with synergistic apoptosis and growth inhibition in vitro and growth regression in vivo upon combined blockade of both receptors. We identified two molecular aspects contributing to synergy: (a) inhibition of EGFR or IGF-IR individually promotes activation of the reciprocal receptor; (b) inhibition of EGFR-directed mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) shifts regulation of Akt from EGFR toward IGF-IR. Targeting the MAPK pathway through downstream MAPK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase (MEK) antagonism similarly promoted IGF-driven pAkt and synergism with IGF-IR inhibition. Mechanistically, we find that inhibition of the MAPK pathway circumvents a negative feedback loop imposed on the IGF-IR- insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS 1) signaling complex, a molecular scenario that parallels the negative feedback loop between mTOR-p70S6K and IRS-1 that mediates rapamycin-directed IGF-IR signaling. Collectively, these data show that resistance to inhibition of MEK, mTOR, and EGFR is associated with enhanced IGF-IR-directed Akt signaling, where all affect feedback loops converging at the level of IRS-1. PMID- 18922905 TI - Down-regulation of inhibition of differentiation-1 via activation of activating transcription factor 3 and Smad regulates REIC/Dickkopf-3-induced apoptosis. AB - REIC/Dickkopf-3 (Dkk-3), a tumor suppressor gene, has been investigated in gene therapy studies. Our previous study suggested that REIC/Dkk-3-induced apoptosis mainly resulted from phosphorylation of c-Jun-NH(2) kinase (JNK) in prostate cancer cells. However, the precise mechanisms, especially the molecular mechanisms regulating JNK phosphorylation, remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms participating in JNK phosphorylation in the context of a refractory cancer disease, malignant mesothelioma (MM). Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of REIC/Dkk-3 induced apoptosis mainly through JNK activation in immortalized MM cells (211H cells). Interestingly, transcriptional down regulation of inhibition of differentiation-1 (Id-1) was detected in REIC/Dkk-3 overexpressed 211H cells. Moreover, restoration of Id-1 expression antagonized REIC/Dkk-3-induced JNK phosphorylation and apoptosis. Mutagenesis experiments with the 2.1-kb human Id-1 promoter revealed that activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) and Smad interaction, with their respective binding motifs, was essential for REIC/Dkk-3-mediated suppression of Id-1 promoter activity. ATF3 activation was probably induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress. Finally, we showed strong antitumor effects from REIC/Dkk-3 gene transfer into the pleural cavity in an orthotopic MM mouse model. Relative to control tumor tissue, REIC/Dkk-3-treated tumor tissue showed down-regulated expression of Id-1 mRNA, enhanced expression of phosphorylated JNK, and an increased number of apoptotic cells. In summary, we first showed that both ATF3 and Smad were crucially and synergistically involved in down-regulation of Id-1, which regulated JNK phosphorylation in REIC/Dkk-3-induced apoptosis. Thus, gene therapy with REIC/Dkk 3 may be a promising therapeutic tool for MM. PMID- 18922906 TI - Oncolytic Semliki forest virus vector as a novel candidate against unresectable osteosarcoma. AB - Oncolytic viruses are a promising tool for treatment of cancer. We studied an oncolytic Semliki Forest virus (SFV) vector, VA7, carrying the enhanced green fluorescent protein gene (EGFP), as a novel virotherapy candidate against unresectable osteosarcoma. The efficiency and characteristics of the VA7-EGFP treatment were compared with a widely studied oncolytic adenovirus, Ad5Delta24, both in vitro and in vivo. VA7-EGFP resulted in more rapid oncolysis and was more efficient at low multiplicities of infection (MOI) when compared with Ad5Delta24 in vitro. Yet, in MG-63 cells, a subpopulation resistant to the VA7-EGFP vector emerged. In subcutaneous human osteosarcoma xenografts in nude mice treatment with either vector reduced tumor size, whereas tumors in control mice expanded quickly. The VA7-EGFP-treated tumors were either completely abolished or regressed to pinpoint size. The efficacy of VA7-EGFP vector was studied also in an orthotopic osteosarcoma nude mouse model characterized by highly aggressive tumor growth. Treatment with oncolytic SFV extended survival of the animals significantly (P < 0.01), yet none of the animals were finally cured. Sera from SFV-treated mice contained neutralizing antibodies, and as nude mice are not able to establish IgG response, the result points out the role of IgM class antibodies in clearance of virus from peripheral tumors. Furthermore, biodistribution analysis at the survival end point verified the presence of virus in some of the brain samples, which is in line with previous studies demonstrating that IgG is required for clearance of SFV from central nervous system. PMID- 18922907 TI - IFN-alpha and bortezomib overcome Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 overexpression in melanoma cells by stimulating the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis. AB - We hypothesized that IFN-alpha would enhance the apoptotic activity of bortezomib on melanoma cells. Combined treatment with bortezomib and IFN-alpha induced synergistic apoptosis in melanoma and other solid tumor cell lines. Apoptosis was associated with processing of procaspase-3, procaspase-7, procaspase-8, and procaspase-9 and with cleavage of Bid and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Bortezomib plus IFN-alpha was effective at inducing apoptosis in melanoma cells that overexpressed Bcl-2 or Mcl-1, suggesting that this treatment combination can overcome mitochondrial pathways of cell survival and resistance to apoptosis. The proapoptotic effects of this treatment combination were abrogated by a caspase-8 inhibitor, led to increased association of Fas and FADD before the onset of cell death, and were significantly reduced in cells transfected with a dominant negative FADD construct or small interfering RNA targeting Fas. These data suggest that bortezomib and IFN-alpha act through the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis via FADD-induced caspase-8 activation to initiate cell death. Finally, bortezomib and IFN-alpha displayed statistically significant antitumor activity compared with either agent alone in both the B16 murine model of melanoma and in athymic mice bearing human A375 xenografts. These data support the future clinical development of bortezomib and IFN-alpha for malignant melanoma. PMID- 18922908 TI - Dual inhibition of PI3Kalpha and mTOR as an alternative treatment for Kaposi's sarcoma. AB - Rapamycin (or sirolimus), the prototypical inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and an immunosuppressant used for the prevention of renal transplant rejection, has recently emerged as an effective treatment for Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), an enigmatic vascular tumor and a model for pathologic angiogenesis. Indeed, recent work supports a role for mTOR as a central player in the transformation of endothelial cells by the KS-associated herpesvirus-encoded G protein-coupled receptor (vGPCR), the viral oncogene believed to be responsible for causing KS. However, emerging evidence that rapamycin may transiently promote the activation of Akt may limit its use as an anti-KS therapy. Here, we show that activation of Akt in endothelial cells expressing vGPCR is augmented by treatment with rapamycin, resulting in the up-regulation of several Akt proliferative and survival pathways. However, use of a novel dual phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase alpha (PI3Kalpha)/mTOR inhibitor, PI-103, effectively and independently blocked activation of both PI3K and mTOR in vGPCR-expressing endothelial cells. This resulted in more effective inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation and survival in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. Our results suggest that PI-103 may be an effective therapeutic option for the treatment of patients with KS. Moreover, as KS may serve as a model for pathologic angiogenesis, our results further provide the basis for the early assessment of PI-103 as an antiangiogenic chemotherapeutic. PMID- 18922910 TI - Black cohosh increases metastatic mammary cancer in transgenic mice expressing c erbB2. AB - Black cohosh is an herbal extract that is often used as an alternative to estrogen-based replacement therapies to treat hot flushes that frequently accompany the transition to menopause. Although cancer-free women as well as breast cancer patients and survivors use black cohosh to relieve vasomotor symptoms, there is limited information on its potential to influence breast cancer development or progression. Therefore, in this study, the effects of black cohosh on mammary tumorigenesis were investigated in the MMTV-neu mouse model due to its similarities to HER2(+) breast cancer, including stochastic development of mammary tumors, which frequently progress to metastatic disease. Using an adjusted dose for the mice to correlate to the recommended dose in women (40 mg/d), no differences were detected in the incidence or onset of mammary tumors in black cohosh-treated versus control females. The lack of effect on mammary tumor development suggests that black cohosh would not influence breast cancer risk if given to women before tumor formation. In contrast, black cohosh significantly increased the incidence of lung metastases in tumor-bearing animals compared with mice fed the isoflavone-free control diet. Additional studies will be needed to correlate these findings to women taking different black cohosh products at various times during breast cancer development; however, these results suggest caution for women using black cohosh, especially for extended periods of time. As metastatic progression is linked to patient survival, these data stress the importance of investigating how women's therapies influence all stages of mammary tumorigenesis, particularly for assessing their safety. PMID- 18922909 TI - Early therapy evaluation of combined anti-death receptor 5 antibody and gemcitabine in orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts by diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. AB - Early therapeutic efficacy of anti-death receptor 5 antibody (TRA-8) combined with gemcitabine was measured using diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) in an orthotopic pancreatic tumor model. Groups 1 to 4 of severe combined immunodeficient mice (n = 5-7 per group) bearing orthotopically implanted, luciferase-positive human pancreatic tumors (MIA PaCa-2) were subsequently (4-5 weeks thereafter) injected with saline (control), gemcitabine (120 mg/kg), TRA-8 (200 mug), or TRA-8 combined with gemcitabine, respectively, on day 0. DWI, anatomic magnetic resonance imaging, and bioluminescence imaging were done on days 0, 1, 2, and 3 after treatment. Three tumors from each group were collected randomly on day 3 after imaging, and terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling staining was done to quantify apoptotic cellularity. At just 1 day after starting therapy, the changes of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in tumor regions for group 3 (TRA-8) and group 4 (TRA 8/Gem) were 21 +/- 9% (mean +/- SE) and 27 +/- 3%, respectively, significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of group 1 (-1 +/- 5%) and group 2 (-2 +/- 4%). There was no statistical difference in tumor volumes for the groups at this time. The mean ADC values of groups 2 to 4 gradually increased over 3 days, which were concurrent with tumor volume regressions and bioluminescence signal decreases. Apoptotic cell densities of tumors in groups 1 to 4 were 0.7 +/- 0.4%, 0.6 +/- 0.2%, 3.1 +/- 0.9%, and 4.7 +/- 1.0%, respectively, linearly proportional to the ADC changes on day 1. Further, the ADC changes were highly correlated with the previously reported mean survival times of animals treated with the same agents and doses. This study supports the clinical use of DWI for pancreatic tumor patients for early assessment of drug efficacy. PMID- 18922911 TI - Novel designs of multivalent anti-CD20 humanized antibodies as improved lymphoma therapeutics. AB - Multivalent antibodies, either monospecific or bispecific, may improve the efficacy of current therapeutic interventions involving a single monoclonal antibody (mAb). We have applied the Dock-and-Lock (DNL) method, a new platform technology for the site-specific and covalent assembly of modular components into stably tethered complexes of defined composition, to prepare a hexavalent, anti CD20 antibody, designated Hex-hA20, which comprises six Fabs with one Fc. We show that Hex-hA20 retains the binding activity of all six Fabs, associates with CD20 in lipid rafts, affects antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, but not complement-dependent cytotoxicity, and inhibits proliferation of Daudi, Raji, and Ramos cells in vitro at subnanomolar concentrations without the need for a cross linking antibody. In addition, Hex-hA20 induces strong homotypical adhesion and is inefficient in stimulating calcium mobilization. Thus, Hex-hA20 exhibits biological properties attributable to both type I and type II anti-CD20 mAbs, as exemplified by rituximab and tositumomab, respectively. Although Hex-hA20 has a short serum half-life, it shows antitumor efficacy in tumor-bearing mice comparable with veltuzumab at equivalent doses. The versatile DNL method was also applied to generate two other multivalent anti-CD20 antibodies without the Fc region, Tri-hA20 and Tetra-hA20, comprising three and four Fabs of veltuzumab, respectively. Similar to Hex-hA20, these were purified to near homogeneity and shown to have potent antiproliferative activity in vitro, thus indicating the need for clustering three or more CD20 molecules on the cell surface to induce growth inhibition. PMID- 18922912 TI - Small molecule targeting the Hec1/Nek2 mitotic pathway suppresses tumor cell growth in culture and in animal. AB - Hec1 is a conserved mitotic regulator critical for spindle checkpoint control, kinetochore functionality, and cell survival. Overexpression of Hec1 has been detected in a variety of human cancers and is linked to poor prognosis of primary breast cancers. Through a chemical genetic screening, we have identified a small molecule, N-(4-[2,4-dimethyl-phenyl]-thiazol-2-yl)-benzamide (INH1), which specifically disrupts the Hec1/Nek2 interaction via direct Hec1 binding. Treating cells with INH1 triggered reduction of kinetochore-bound Hec1 as well as global Nek2 protein level, consequently leading to metaphase chromosome misalignment, spindle aberrancy, and eventual cell death. INH1 effectively inhibited the proliferation of multiple human breast cancer cell lines in culture (GI(50), 10 21 micromol/L). Furthermore, treatment with INH1 retarded tumor growth in a nude mouse model bearing xenografts derived from the human breast cancer line MDA-MB 468, with no apparent side effects. This study suggests that the Hec1/Nek2 pathway may serve as a novel mitotic target for cancer intervention by small compounds. PMID- 18922914 TI - Direct presentation of a melanocyte-associated antigen in peripheral lymph nodes induces cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. AB - Encounter of self-antigens in the periphery by mature T cells induces tolerance in the steady-state. Hence, it is not understood why the same peripheral antigens are also promiscuously expressed in the thymus to mediate central tolerance. Here, we analyzed CD8(+) T-cell tolerance to such an antigen constituted by ovalbumin under the control of the tyrosinase promoter. As expected, endogenous CD8(+) T-cell responses were altered in the periphery of transgenic mice, resulting from promiscuous expression of the self-antigen in mature medullary epithelial cells and deletion of high-affinity T cells in the thymus. In adoptive T-cell transfer experiments, we observed constitutive presentation of the self antigen in peripheral lymph nodes. Notably, this self-antigen presentation induced persisting cytotoxic cells from high-affinity CD8(+) T-cell precursors. Lymph node resident melanoblasts expressing tyrosinase directly presented the self-antigen to CD8(+) T cells, independently of bone marrow-derived antigen presenting cells. This peripheral priming was independent of the subcellular localization of the self-antigen, indicating that this mechanism may apply to other melanocyte-associated antigens. Hence, central tolerance by promiscuous expression of peripheral antigens is a mandatory, rather than a superfluous, mechanism to counteract the peripheral priming, at least for self-antigens that can be directly presented in lymph nodes. The peripheral priming by lymph node melanoblasts identified here may constitute an advantage for immunotherapies based on adoptive T-cell transfer. PMID- 18922913 TI - Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-2 is a target for the immunomodulation of breast cancer. AB - Breast cancer is immunogenic and well suited to treatment via immunomodulation. The disease is often treated to remission and time to relapse is generally measured in years in many cases. Immune-based therapeutics, such as cancer vaccines, may be able to affect the clinical progression of micrometastatic disease. Immune targets must be identified that have the potential to inhibit tumor growth. Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) has direct effects on breast cancer proliferation via stimulation of critical signaling pathways. We questioned whether IGFBP-2 was an immune target in breast cancer. IGFBP-2-specific IgG antibody immunity was preferentially detected in breast cancer patients compared with controls (P = 0.0008). To evaluate for the presence of T-cell immunity, we identified potential pan-HLA-DR binding epitopes derived from IGFBP-2 and tested the peptides for immunogenicity. The majority of epitopes elicited peptide-specific T cells in both patients and controls and had high sequence homology to bacterial pathogens. IGFBP-2 peptide-specific T cells could respond to naturally processed and presented IGFBP-2 protein, indicating that these peptides were native epitopes of IGFBP-2. Finally, both immunization with IGFBP-2 peptides as well as adoptive transfer of IGFBP-2-competent T cells mediated an antitumor effect in a transgenic mouse model of breast cancer. This is the first report of IGFBP-2 as a human tumor antigen that may be a functional therapeutic target in breast cancer. PMID- 18922915 TI - A subset of host B lymphocytes controls melanoma metastasis through a melanoma cell adhesion molecule/MUC18-dependent interaction: evidence from mice and humans. AB - Host immunity affects tumor metastasis but the corresponding cellular and molecular mechanisms are not entirely clear. Here, we show that a subset of B lymphocytes (termed B-1 population), but not other lymphocytes, has prometastatic effects on melanoma cells in vivo through a direct heterotypic cell-cell interaction. In the classic B16 mouse melanoma model, one mechanism underlying this phenomenon is a specific up-regulation and subsequent homophilic interaction mediated by the cell surface glycoprotein MUC18 (also known as melanoma cell adhesion molecule). Presence of B-1 lymphocytes in a panel of tumor samples from melanoma patients directly correlates with MUC18 expression in melanoma cells, indicating that the same protein interaction exists in humans. These results suggest a new but as yet unrecognized functional role for host B-1 lymphocytes in tumor metastasis and establish a biochemical basis for such observations. Our findings support the counterintuitive central hypothesis in which a primitive layer of the immune system actually contributes to tumor progression and metastasis in a mouse model and in melanoma patients. Given that monoclonal antibodies against MUC18 are in preclinical development but the reason for their antitumor activity is not well understood, these translational results are relevant in the setting of human melanoma and perhaps of other cancers. PMID- 18922916 TI - Cell motility in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: defective Rap1 and alphaLbeta2 activation by chemokine. AB - Chemokine-induced activation of alpha4beta1 and alphaLbeta2 integrins (by conformational change and clustering) is required for lymphocyte transendothelial migration (TEM) and entry into lymph nodes. We have previously reported that chemokine-induced TEM is defective in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and that this defect is a result of failure of the chemokine to induce polar clustering of alphaLbeta2; engagement of alpha4beta1 and autocrine vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) restore clustering and TEM. The aim of the present study was to characterize the nature of this defect in alphaLbeta2 activation and determine how it is corrected. We show here that the alphaLbeta2 of CLL cells is already in variably activated conformations, which are not further altered by chemokine treatment. Importantly, such treatment usually does not cause an increase in the GTP-loading of Rap1, a GTPase central to chemokine-induced activation of integrins. Furthermore, we show that this defect in Rap1 GTP-loading is at the level of the GTPase and is corrected in CLL cells cultured in the absence of exogenous stimuli, suggesting that the defect is the result of in vivo stimulation. Finally, we show that, because Rap1-induced activation of both alpha4beta1 and alphaLbeta2 is defective, autocrine VEGF and chemokine are necessary to activate alpha4beta1 for ligand binding. Subsequently, this binding and both VEGF and chemokine stimulation are all needed for alphaLbeta2 activation for motility and TEM. The present study not only clarifies the nature of the alphaLbeta2 defect of CLL cells but is the first to implicate activation of Rap1 in the pathophysiology of CLL. PMID- 18922917 TI - Natural killer cell accumulation in tumors is dependent on IFN-gamma and CXCR3 ligands. AB - Several studies have correlated high numbers of tumor-infiltrating natural killer (NK) cells with a good prognosis for cancer patients. Our study aimed at identifying factors controlling intratumoral NK cell accumulation in s.c. injected NK cell sensitive tumor models and at studying their effect on survival time of recipient mice. We observed that fewer NK cells infiltrated the tumors in IFN-gamma receptor knockout (IFN-gammaR(-/-)) mice compared with wild-type controls that correlated with decreased survival rate. Exogenous application of IFN-gamma in the tumor augmented levels of ligands of the chemokine receptor CXCR3, increased NK cell accumulation, and prolonged survival. Furthermore, our data show that CD27(high) NK cells, which under steady-state conditions express CXCR3, preferentially accumulated in the tumor tissue. Accordingly, significantly lower numbers of tumor-infiltrating NK cells were detected in CXCR3(-/-) mice, and the capacity of adoptively transferred CXCR3(-/-) NK cells to accumulate in the tumor was severely impaired. Finally, exogenous application of the CXCR3 ligand CXCL10 in the tumor or ectopic expression of CXCL10 by tumor cells increased the numbers of NK cells in the tumors and prolonged NK cell-dependent survival. Our results identify IFN-gamma and the expression of CXCR3 on NK cells as prerequisites for NK cell infiltration into tumors. Exploiting strategies to augment NK cell accumulation in the tumor might lead to the development of effective antitumor therapies. PMID- 18922918 TI - Balancing between antitumor efficacy and autoimmune pathology in T-cell-mediated targeting of carcinoembryonic antigen. AB - Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is intensively studied as a potential target for immunotherapy of colorectal cancers. Although overexpressed by tumors, CEA is also expressed in normal tissues, raising questions about the feasibility and safety of CEA-targeted immunotherapy. We investigated these issues in transgenic mice in which the expression of human CEA in normal tissues closely resembles that in man. Our data show that the T-cell response against CEA in these mice is blunted by both thymic and peripheral tolerance. Consequently, effective tumor targeting is only achieved by adoptive transfer of T cells from nontolerant donors in combination with interventions that eliminate peripheral immune regulatory mechanisms. However, such treatments can result in severe intestinal autoimmune pathology associated with weight loss and mortality. Interestingly, preconditioning of recipient mice by depletion of T-regulatory cells results in immune-mediated tumor control in the absence of toxicity. In this setting, CEA specific T-cell responses are lower than those induced by toxic regimens and accompanied by additional T-cell responses against non-self antigen. These findings illustrate the importance of testing adoptive immunotherapies targeting self antigens such as CEA in preclinical in vivo models and show that the choice of immune intervention regimen critically determines the balance between therapeutic efficacy and toxicity. PMID- 18922919 TI - Roles of idiotype-specific t cells in myeloma cell growth and survival: Th1 and CTL cells are tumoricidal while Th2 cells promote tumor growth. AB - Idiotype (Id) protein, secreted by myeloma cells, is a tumor-specific antigen. Id based immunotherapy has been explored in patients with myeloma, and results were disappointing. Although previous studies have shown that Id-specific CTLs are able to lyse myeloma cells, it is unclear whether other types of Id-specific T cells, such as type-1 T-helper (Th1) and type-2 T-helper (Th2) cells, are also able to suppress or kill myeloma cells. Using a 5T murine myeloma model, we generated T-cell clones of different subsets and examined their function in the context of myeloma cells. Id-specific CTLs specifically lysed myeloma cells via MHC class I, perforin, and Fas ligand (FasL), and Th1, but not Th2, cells lysed the myeloma cells by FasL-Fas interaction. CTL and Th1 cells also suppressed the growth and function of myeloma cells, whereas Th2 cells promoted the proliferation and enhanced the secretion of Id protein and cytokines by myeloma cells. CTL and Th1, but not Th2, cells were able to eradicate established myeloma in vivo after adoptive transfer. These results show that Id-specific CTL and Th1 are promising effector cells, whereas Th2 provide no protection and may even promote tumor progression in vivo. PMID- 18922920 TI - Genetic instability caused by loss of MutS homologue 3 in human colorectal cancer. AB - Microsatellite instability (MSI) is a hallmark of mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency. High levels of MSI at mononucleotide and dinucleotide repeats in colorectal cancer (CRC) are attributed to inactivation of the MMR genes, hMLH1 and hMSH2. CRC with low levels of MSI (MSI-L) exists; however, its molecular basis is unclear. There is another type of MSI--elevated microsatellite alterations at selected tetranucleotide repeats (EMAST)--where loci containing [AAAG](n) or [ATAG](n) repeats are unstable. EMAST is frequent in non-CRCs; however, the incidence of EMAST and its cause in CRC is not known. Here, we report that MutS homologue 3 (MSH3) knockdown or MSH3-deficient cells exhibit the EMAST phenotype and low levels of mutations at dinucleotide repeats. About 60% of 117 sporadic CRC cases exhibit EMAST. All of the cases defined as MSI-H (16 cases) exhibited high levels of EMAST. Among 101 non-MSI-H cases, all 19 cases of MSI-L and 35 of 82 cases of MSS exhibited EMAST. Although non-MSI-H CRC tissues contained MSH3-negative tumor cells ranging from 2% to 50% of the total tumor cell population, the tissues exhibiting EMAST contained more MSH3-negative cells (average, 31.5%) than did the tissues not exhibiting EMAST (8.4%). Taken together, our results support the concept that MSH3 deficiency causes EMAST or EMAST with low levels of MSI at loci with dinucleotide repeats in CRC. PMID- 18922921 TI - Nicotine promotes mammary tumor migration via a signaling cascade involving protein kinase C and CDC42. AB - Nicotine, one of the major components in tobacco, is at high concentrations in the bloodstream of cigarette smokers. However, the mechanisms of how nicotine affects tumor development and whether nicotine is a potential carcinogen for malignancies induced by secondhand smoking are not fully understood yet. Here, we investigate the signaling pathways by which nicotine potentiates tumorigenesis in human mammary epithelial-like MCF10A or cancerous MCF7 cells. We show that human MCF10A and MCF7 cells both express four subunits of nicotine acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). The treatment of these cells with nicotine enhances the activity of protein kinase C (PKC) alpha without altering the expression level of this kinase. Nicotine also stimulates [(3)H]thymidine incorporation into the genome of these cells as well as forces serum-starved cells to enter S phase of the cell cycle, resulting in growth promotion. Importantly, on nicotine treatment, the mobility of MCF10A and MCF7 cells is enhanced, which can be blocked by the addition of nAChR or PKC inhibitor. Experiments using small interfering RNA knockdown or ectopic expression of cdc42 showed that cdc42 functions as a downstream effector of PKC and is crucial in the regulation of nicotine-mediated migratory activity in the cells. Together, our findings suggest that nicotine, through interacting with its receptor, initiates a signaling cascade that involves PKC and cdc42 and consequently promotes migration in mammary epithelial or tumor cells. PMID- 18922922 TI - Fetal cell microchimerism in papillary thyroid cancer: a possible role in tumor damage and tissue repair. AB - Fetal cells enter the maternal circulation during pregnancy and can persist in the maternal blood or tissues for decades, creating a physiologic microchimerism. Because papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is more frequent in women, the role of persisting fetal male cells in this tumor has been investigated. Tumor tissue specimens were obtained from 63 women with PTC who had a male pregnancy before the diagnosis. Male cells, identified by PCR amplification of a male-specific gene, the sex-determining region Y, was detected in 47.5% of women. By fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses, the total number of microchimeric cells was significantly higher in neoplastic tissue than in controlateral normal sections. By combined FISH and immunohistochemistry (immuno FISH), male cells expressing thyroglobulin were found in tumor and normal tissues, whereas male microchimeric cells stained with the CD45 antigen were detected only in tumor sections. Microchimeric cells negative for either marker were detected both in tumor and normal tissues. Moreover, both CD45(+) and Tg(+) fetal cells did not express MHC II antigens. In conclusion, fetal microchimerism has been documented in a high proportion of women with PTC. The immuno-FISH studies indicate that CD45(+)/MHC II(-) male cells found in neoplastic tissues might be committed to destroy tumor cells, whereas Tg(+)/MHC II(-) cells could have a repair function. Finally, microchimeric cells negative for either CD45 or Tg could have "progenitor-like" properties able to transdifferentiate in different cellular types. Although a pathogenetic mechanism cannot be excluded, the whole of the present results indicates a protective role of microchimerism in thyroid cancer. PMID- 18922923 TI - Up-regulation of inflammatory signalings by areca nut extract and role of cyclooxygenase-2 -1195G>a polymorphism reveal risk of oral cancer. AB - Because the mRNA expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is up-regulated by arecoline in human gingival fibroblasts, as shown in our previous study, we further investigated the mRNA expression level of COX-2 and its upstream effectors in three oral epithelial carcinoma cell lines (KB, SAS, and Ca9-22) by using areca nut extract (ANE) and saliva-reacted ANE (sANE). A case-control study of 377 oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients and 442 controls was conducted to evaluate the gene-environment interaction between COX-2 promoter polymorphisms and substance use of alcohol, betel quid, and cigarettes (ABC) in risk of OSCC. The heterogeneous characteristics of the oral site and the COX-2 1195G>A polymorphism in these cell lines showed diverse inflammatory response (KB>>Ca9-22>SAS) after 24-hour ANE/sANE treatments, and the COX-2 up-regulation might be mostly elicited from alternative nuclear factor-kappaB activation. In the case-control study, betel chewing [adjusted odds ratios (aOR), 42.2] posed a much higher risk of OSCC than alcohol drinking and cigarette smoking (aORs, 2.4 and 1.8, respectively), whereas the COX-2 -1195A/A homozygote presented a potential genetic risk (OR, 1.55). The strongest joint effect for OSCC was seen in betel chewers with -1195A/A homozygote (aOR, 79.44). In the non-betel chewing group, the -1195A/G and A/A genotypes together with the combined use of alcohol and cigarettes increased risk to 15.1-fold and 32.1-fold, respectively, compared with the G/G genotype without substance use. Taken together, these findings illustrate a valuable insight into the potential role of the COX-2 promoter region in contributing to the development of betel-related OSCC, including ANE/sANE-induced transcriptional effects and enhanced joint effects of COX-2 1195A allele with substance use of ABC. PMID- 18922924 TI - MicroRNA-mediated inhibition of prostate-derived Ets factor messenger RNA translation affects prostate-derived Ets factor regulatory networks in human breast cancer. AB - Prostate-derived Ets factor (PDEF) is an ETS transcription factor expressed in normal tissues with high epithelial cell content and noninvasive breast cancer cells. A putative tumor suppressor PDEF protein expression is often lost during progression to a more invasive phenotype. Interestingly, PDEF mRNA has been found to be retained or even overexpressed in the absence of protein; however, the mechanisms for this remain to be elucidated. This study identifies two microRNAs (miRNA) that directly act on and repress PDEF mRNA translation, leading to the loss of PDEF protein expression and the gain of phenotypes associated with invasive cells. In addition, we show that these miRNAs are elevated in human breast tumor samples. Together, these data describe a mechanism of regulation that explains, for the first time, the lack of correlation between PDEF mRNA and protein levels, providing insight into the underexplored role of posttranscriptional regulation and how this contributes to dysregulated protein expression in cancer. These observations have critical implications for therapeutically targeting miRNAs that contribute to cancer progression. PMID- 18922925 TI - Spinal glioma: platelet-derived growth factor B-mediated oncogenesis in the spinal cord. AB - Human platelet-derived growth factor B (hPDGFB) has been characterized in vitro and shown to mediate numerous cellular responses including glial proliferation and differentiation. Expression of PDGFB is thought to be important in the pathogenesis of glioma and several animal models of cerebral glioma based on PDGF expression have been described. To examine whether PDGF could contribute to the pathogenesis of spinal cord glioma, we developed transgenic mice that express hPDGFB under the control of a tetracycline-responsive element (TRE/hPDGFB). These TRE/hPDGFB mice were mated with transgenic mice expressing the tetracycline transcriptional activator (tet-off), tTA, regulated by the human glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter and exhibiting uniquely strong promoter activity in the spinal cord. These transgenic mice (GFAP/tTA:TRE/hPDGFB) expressed hPDGFB in GFAP-expressing glia in a manner responsive to doxycycline administration. Without doxycycline, almost all GFAP/tTA:TRE/hPDGFB mice developed spinal cord neoplasms resembling human mixed oligoastrocytoma. Tumorigenesis in these animals was suppressed by doxycycline. To further examine the importance of PDGFB in mouse primary intramedullary spinal cord tumors, we also created transgenic mice expressing hPDGFB under the control of the human GFAP promoter (GFAP/hPDGFB). These GFAP/hPDGFB mice also developed spinal oligoastrocytoma. PDGFB can mediate the development of mouse spinal tumors that are histologically and pathologically indistinguishable from primary intramedullary spinal tumors of humans and may provide opportunities for both novel insights into the pathogenesis of these tumors and the development of new therapeutics. PMID- 18922926 TI - Pleiotropic biological activities of alternatively spliced TMPRSS2/ERG fusion gene transcripts. AB - TMPRSS2/ERG gene fusions are found in the majority of prostate cancers; however, there is significant heterogeneity in the 5' region of the alternatively spliced fusion gene transcripts. We have found that there is also significant heterogeneity within the coding exons as well. There is variable inclusion of a 72-bp exon and other novel alternatively spliced isoforms. To assess the biological significance of these alternatively spliced transcripts, we expressed various transcripts in primary prostatic epithelial cells (PrEC) and in an immortalized PrEC line, PNT1a. The fusion gene transcripts promoted proliferation, invasion, and motility with variable activities that depended on the structure of the 5' region encoding the TMPRSS2/ERG fusion and the presence of the 72-bp exon. Cotransfection of different isoforms further enhanced biological activity, mimicking the situation in vivo, in which multiple isoforms are expressed. Finally, knockdown of the fusion gene in VCaP cells resulted in inhibition of proliferation in vitro and tumor progression in an in vivo orthotopic mice model. Our results indicate that TMPRSS2/ERG fusion isoforms have variable biological activities promoting tumor initiation and progression and are consistent with our previous clinical observations indicating that certain TMPRSS2/ERG fusion isoforms are significantly correlated with more aggressive disease. PMID- 18922927 TI - Utilization of pathway signatures to reveal distinct types of B lymphoma in the Emicro-myc model and human diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. AB - The Emu-myc transgenic mouse has provided a valuable model for the study of B cell lymphoma. Making use of gene expression analysis and, in particular, expression signatures of cell signaling pathway activation, we now show that several forms of B lymphoma can be identified in the Emu-myc mice associated with time of tumor onset. Furthermore, one form of Emu-myc tumor with pre-B character is shown to resemble human Burkitt lymphoma, whereas others exhibit more differentiated B-cell characteristics and show similarity with human diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in the pattern of gene expression, as well as oncogenic pathway activation. Importantly, we show that signatures of oncogenic pathway activity provide further dissection of the spectrum of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, identifying a subset of patients who have very poor prognosis and could benefit from more aggressive or novel therapeutic strategies. Taken together, these studies provide insight into the complexity of the oncogenic process and a novel strategy for dissecting the heterogeneity of B lymphoma. PMID- 18922929 TI - Hypermethylator phenotype in sporadic colon cancer: study on a population-based series of 582 cases. AB - The CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) is a distinct phenotype in colorectal cancer, associated with specific clinical, pathologic, and molecular features. However, most of the studies stratified methylation according to two subgroups (CIMP-High versus No-CIMP/CIMP-Low). In our study, we defined three different subgroups of methylation (No-CIMP, CIMP-Low, and CIMP-High) and evaluated the prognostic significance of methylation status on a population-based series of sporadic colon cancers. A total of 582 colon adenocarcinomas were evaluated using methylation-specific PCR for 5 markers (hMLH1, P16, MINT1, MINT2, and MINT31). No CIMP status was defined as no methylated locus, CIMP-Low status as one to three methylated loci, and CIMP-High status as four or five methylated loci. Clinicopathologic and molecular characteristics were correlated to the methylation status. Crude and relative survival was compared according to methylation status. In the microsatellite-stable (MSS) group, CIMP-High was significantly associated with proximal location (P = 0.011) and BRAF mutation (P < 0.001). KRAS mutations were more associated with CIMP-High and CIMP-Low status (P = 0.008). A shorter 5-year survival was observed in MSS cancer patients with CIMP-Low or CIMP-High status. These results remained significant in multivariate analysis adjusted for age, stage, and BRAF and KRAS mutational status [CIMP-Low: hazard ratio (HR), 1.85; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.37-2.51; CIMP-High, HR, 2.90; 95% CI, 1.53-5.49 compared with No-CIMP]. Within the high-level microsatellite instability group, no difference in survival was observed between the different CIMP groups. Our results show the interest of defining three subgroups of patients according to their methylation status (No-CIMP/CIMP Low/CIMP-High). Methylation is an independent prognostic factor in MSS colon cancer. PMID- 18922928 TI - A SNP in a let-7 microRNA complementary site in the KRAS 3' untranslated region increases non-small cell lung cancer risk. AB - Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide, yet few genetic markers of lung cancer risk useful for screening exist. The let-7 family-of microRNAs (miRNA) are global genetic regulators important in controlling lung cancer oncogene expression by binding to the 3' untranslated regions of their target mRNAs. The purpose of this study was to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) that could modify let-7 binding and to assess the effect of such SNPs on target gene regulation and risk for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). let-7 complementary sites (LCS) were sequenced in the KRAS 3' untranslated region from 74 NSCLC cases to identify mutations and SNPs that correlated with NSCLC. The allele frequency of a previously unidentified SNP at LCS6 was characterized in 2,433 people (representing 46 human populations). The frequency of the variant allele is 18.1% to 20.3% in NSCLC patients and 5.8% in world populations. The association between the SNP and the risk for NSCLC was defined in two independent case-control studies. A case-control study of lung cancer from New Mexico showed a 2.3-fold increased risk (confidence interval, 1.1 4.6; P = 0.02) for NSCLC cancer in patients who smoked <40 pack-years. This association was validated in a second independent case-control study. Functionally, the variant allele results in KRAS overexpression in vitro. The LCS6 variant allele in a KRAS miRANA complementary site is significantly associated with increased risk for NSCLC among moderate smokers and represents a new paradigm for let-7 miRNAs in lung cancer susceptibility. PMID- 18922930 TI - ATP citrate lyase: activation and therapeutic implications in non-small cell lung cancer. AB - Enhanced glucose and lipid metabolism is one of the most common properties of malignant cells. ATP citrate lyase (ACLY) is a key enzyme of de novo fatty acid synthesis responsible for generating cytosolic acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate. To evaluate its role in lung cancer progression, we here analyzed ACLY expression in a subset of human lung adenocarcinoma cell lines and showed a relationship with the phosphatidyl-inositol-3 kinase-Akt pathway. The introduction of constitutively active Akt into cells enhanced the phosphorylation of ACLY, whereas dominant-negative Akt caused attenuation. In human lung adenocarcinoma samples, ACLY activity was found to be significantly higher than in normal lung tissue. Immunohistochemical analysis further showed phosphorylated ACLY overexpression in 162 tumors, well-correlating with stage, differentiation grade, and a poorer prognosis. Finally, to show the therapeutic potential and mechanism of ACLY inhibition for lung cancer treatment, we assessed the effect of RNA interference targeting ACLY on lipogenesis and cell proliferation in A549 cells. ACLY inhibition resulted in growth arrest in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, increased intracellular lipids were found in ACLY knockdown cells, whereas de novo lipogenesis was inhibited. Supplementation of insulin could rescue the proliferative arrest elicited by ACLY inhibition; however, in contrast, fatty acid palmitate induced cell death. Taken together, these findings suggest that ACLY is involved in lung cancer pathogenesis associated with metabolic abnormality and might offer a novel therapeutic target. PMID- 18922931 TI - A novel dietary flavonoid fisetin inhibits androgen receptor signaling and tumor growth in athymic nude mice. AB - Androgen receptor (AR)-mediated signaling plays an important role in the development and progression of prostate cancer (PCa). Hormonal therapies, mainly with combinations of antiandrogens and androgen deprivation, are the mainstay treatment for advanced disease. However, emergence of androgen resistance largely due to inefficient antihormone action limits their therapeutic usefulness. Here, we report that fisetin, a novel dietary flavonoid, acts as a novel AR ligand by competing with the high-affinity androgen to interact with the ligand binding domain of AR. We show that this physical interaction results in substantial decrease in AR stability and decrease in amino-terminal/carboxyl-terminal (N-C) interaction of AR. This results in blunting of AR-mediated transactivation of target genes including prostate-specific antigen (PSA). In addition, treatment of LNCaP cells with fisetin decreased AR protein levels, in part, by decreasing its promoter activity and by accelerating its degradation. Fisetin also synergized with Casodex in inducing apoptosis in LNCaP cells. Treatment with fisetin in athymic nude mice implanted with AR-positive CWR22Rupsilon1 human PCa cells resulted in inhibition of tumor growth and reduction in serum PSA levels. These data identify fisetin as an inhibitor of AR signaling axis and suggest that it could be a useful chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agent to delay progression of PCa. PMID- 18922932 TI - A dietary anthocyanidin delphinidin induces apoptosis of human prostate cancer PC3 cells in vitro and in vivo: involvement of nuclear factor-kappaB signaling. AB - Delphinidin, a major anthocyanidin present in many pigmented fruits and vegetables, possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiangiogenic properties. In this study, we provide evidence that it could be developed as a novel agent against human prostate cancer (PCa). We observed that delphinidin treatment to human PCa LNCaP, C4-2, 22Rnu1, and PC3 cells resulted in a dose dependent inhibition of cell growth without having any substantial effect on normal human prostate epithelial cells. We selected PC3 cells as a test model system because of their highly aggressive proliferative nature. Delphinidin treatment of cells resulted in a dose-dependent induction of apoptosis and arrest of cells in G(2)-M phase. This induction of apoptosis seems to be mediated via activation of caspases because N-benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp(OMe) fluromethylketone significantly reduced apoptosis induced by delphinidin. We also observed that delphinidin treatment of cells resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in (a) phosphorylation of IkappaB kinase gamma (NEMO), (b) phosphorylation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) inhibitory protein IkappaBalpha, (c) phosphorylation of NF-kappaB/p65 at Ser(536) and NF-kappaB/p50 at Ser(529), (d) NF-kappaB/p65 nuclear translocation, and (e) NF-kappaB DNA binding activity. Delphinidin administration (2 mg, i.p. thrice weekly) to athymic nude mice implanted with PC3 cells resulted in a significant inhibition of tumor growth. Analysis of tumors from delphinidin-treated mice showed significant decrease in the expression of NF-kappaB/p65, Bcl2, Ki67, and PCNA. Taken together, our data suggest that delphinidin could be developed as an agent against human PCa. PMID- 18922933 TI - Activation of apoptosis by 1-hydroxy-5,7-dimethoxy-2-naphthalene-carboxaldehyde, a novel compound from Aegle marmelos. AB - We have identified a natural compound that activates apoptosis of epithelial cancer cells through activation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), TNF receptor (TNFR)-associated death domain (TRADD), and caspases. The molecule 1 hydroxy-5,7-dimethoxy-2-naphthalene-carboxaldehyde (HDNC, marmelin) was isolated and characterized from ethyl acetate fraction of extracts of Aegle marmelos. HDNC treatment inhibited the growth of HCT-116 colon cancer tumor xenografts in vivo. Immunostaining for CD31 showed that there was a significant reduction in microvessels in the HDNC-treated animals, coupled with decreased cyclooxygenase 2, interleukin-8, and vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA. Using hexoseaminidase assay, we determined that HDNC inhibits proliferation of HCT-116 colon and HEp-2 alveolar epithelial carcinoma cells. Furthermore, the cancer cells showed increased levels of activated caspase-3 and induced G(1) cell cycle arrest, which was suppressed by caspase-3 inhibitors. HDNC induced TNF-alpha, TNFR1, and TRADD mRNA and protein expression. Moreover, caspase-8 and Bid activation, and cytochrome c release, were observed, suggesting the existence of a cross-talk between death receptor and the mitochondrial pathways. HDNC inhibited AKT and extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation both in cells in culture and in tumor xenografts. In addition, electrophoretic mobility shift assay and luciferase reporter assays showed that HDNC significantly suppressed TNF-alpha-mediated activation and translocation of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB). This was further confirmed by Western blot analysis of nuclear extracts wherein levels of RelA, the p65 component of NF-kappaB, were significantly less in cells treated with HDNC. Together, the data suggest that the novel compound HDNC (marmelin) is a potent anticancer agent that induces apoptosis during G(1) phase of the cell cycle and could be a potential chemotherapeutic candidate. PMID- 18922934 TI - Allergic pulmonary inflammation promotes the recruitment of circulating tumor cells to the lung. AB - Allergen-induced respiratory inflammation facilitates and/or elicits the extravasation of proinflammatory leukocytes by well-understood mechanisms that mediate the movement of multiple cell types. The nonspecific character of these pathways led us to hypothesize that circulating cancer cells use similar mechanisms, promoting secondary tumor formation at distal sites. To test this hypothesis, the frequency of metastasis to the lung as a function of allergic pulmonary inflammation was assessed following the i.v. injection of B16-F10 melanoma cells in mice. These studies showed that allergen-induced pulmonary inflammation resulted in a >3-fold increase in lung metastases. This increase was dependent on CD4(+) T-cell activities; however, it occurred independent of the induced eosinophilia associated with allergen provocation. Interventional strategies showed that existing therapeutic modalities for asthma, such as inhaled corticosteroids, were sufficient to block the enhanced pulmonary recruitment of cancer cells from circulation. Additional mechanistic studies further suggested that the ability of circulating cancer cells to extravasate to surrounding lung tissues was linked to the activation of the vascular endothelium via one or more Galpha(i)-coupled receptors. Interestingly, a survey of a clinical breast cancer surgical database showed that the incidence of asthma was higher among patients with lung metastases. Thus, our data show that allergic respiratory inflammation may represent a risk factor for the development of lung metastases and suggest that amelioration of the pulmonary inflammation associated with asthma will have a direct and immediate benefit to the 7% to 8% of breast cancer patients with this lung disease. PMID- 18922935 TI - Ultrasound imaging of apoptosis in tumor response: novel preclinical monitoring of photodynamic therapy effects. AB - High-frequency ultrasound is a novel method to detect apoptotic cell death based on changes in cell morphology that cause alterations in the viscoelastic and, consequently, the acoustic properties of cell ensembles and tissues. In this study, we evaluated the first preclinical tumor-based use of high-frequency ultrasound spectroscopy to noninvasively monitor tumor treatment by following xenograft malignant melanoma tumor responses to photodynamic therapy (PDT) in vivo. We observed a time-dependant increase in ultrasound backscatter variables after treatment. The observed increases in spectroscopic variables correlated with morphologic findings, indicating increases in apoptotic cell death, which peaked at 24 hours after PDT. We analyzed the changes in spectral slope and backscatter in relation to apoptosis and histologic variations in cell nuclear size. Changes in spectral slope strongly correlated with the changes in mean nuclear size over time, associated with apoptosis, after PDT (P < 0.05). At 48 hours, a decrease in ultrasound backscatter was observed, which could be explained by an increase in cell nuclear degradation. In summary, we show that high-frequency ultrasound spectroscopic variables can be used noninvasively to monitor response after treatment in a preclinical tumor cancer model. These findings provide a foundation for future investigations regarding the use of ultrasound to monitor and aid the customization of treatments noninvasively based on responses to specific interventions. PMID- 18922936 TI - Noninvasive molecular imaging of hypoxia in human xenografts: comparing hypoxia induced gene expression with endogenous and exogenous hypoxia markers. AB - Tumor hypoxia is important in the development and treatment of human cancers. We have developed a novel xenograft model for studying and imaging of hypoxia induced gene expression. A hypoxia-inducible dual reporter herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase and enhanced green fluorescence protein (HSV1-TKeGFP), under the control of hypoxia response element (9HRE), was stably transfected into human colorectal HT29 cancer cells. Selected clones were further enriched by repeated live cell sorting gated for hypoxia-induced eGFP expression. Fluorescent microscopy, fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and radioactive substrate trapping assays showed strong hypoxia-induced expression of eGFP and HSV1-tk enzyme in the HT29-9HRE cells in vitro. Sequential micropositron emission tomography (PET) imaging of tumor-bearing animals, using the hypoxic cell tracer (18)F-FMISO and the reporter substrate (124)I-FIAU, yielded similar tumor hypoxia images for the HT29-9HRE xenograft but not in the parental HT29 tumor. Using autoradiography and IHC, detailed spatial distributions in tumor sections were obtained and compared for the following hypoxia-associated biomarkers in the HT29 9HRE xenograft: (124)I-FIAU, (18)F-FMISO, Hoechst (perfusion), lectin-TRITC (functional blood vessels), eGFP, pimonidazole, EF5, and CA9. Intratumoral distributions of (124)I-FIAU and (18)F-FMISO were similar, and eGFP, pimonidazole, EF5, and CA9 colocalized in the same areas but not in well-perfused regions that were positive for Hoechst and lectin-TRITC. In enabling the detection of hypoxia-induced molecular events and mapping their distribution in vivo with serial noninvasive positron emission tomography imaging, and multiple variable analysis with immunohistochemistry and fluorescence microscopy, this human xenograft model provides a valuable tool for studying tumor hypoxia and in validating existing and future exogenous markers for tumor hypoxia. PMID- 18922937 TI - Hyperpolarized 13C lactate, pyruvate, and alanine: noninvasive biomarkers for prostate cancer detection and grading. AB - An extraordinary new technique using hyperpolarized (13)C-labeled pyruvate and taking advantage of increased glycolysis in cancer has the potential to improve the way magnetic resonance imaging is used for detection and characterization of prostate cancer. The aim of this study was to quantify, for the first time, differences in hyperpolarized [1-(13)C] pyruvate and its metabolic products between the various histologic grades of prostate cancer using the transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) model. Fast spectroscopic imaging techniques were used to image lactate, alanine, and total hyperpolarized carbon (THC = lactate + pyruvate + alanine) from the entire abdomen of normal mice and TRAMP mice with low- and high-grade prostate tumors in 14 s. Within 1 week, the mice were dissected and the tumors were histologically analyzed. Hyperpolarized lactate SNR levels significantly increased (P < 0.05) with cancer development and progression (41 +/- 11, 74 +/- 17, and 154 +/- 24 in normal prostates, low-grade primary tumors, and high-grade primary tumors, respectively) and had a correlation coefficient of 0.95 with the histologic grade. In addition, there was minimal overlap in the lactate levels between the three groups with only one of the seven normal prostates overlapping with the low-grade primary tumors. The amount of THC, a possible measure of substrate uptake, and hyperpolarized alanine also increased with tumor grade but showed more overlap between the groups. In summary, elevated hyperpolarized lactate and potentially THC and alanine are noninvasive biomarkers of prostate cancer presence and histologic grade that could be used in future three-dimensional (13)C spectroscopic imaging studies of prostate cancer patients. PMID- 18922938 TI - Agglomerative epigenetic aberrations are a common event in human breast cancer. AB - Changes in DNA methylation patterns are a common characteristic of cancer cells. Recent studies suggest that DNA methylation affects not only discrete genes, but it can also affect large chromosomal regions, potentially leading to LRES. It is unclear whether such long-range epigenetic events are relatively rare or frequent occurrences in cancer. Here, we use a high-resolution promoter tiling array approach to analyze DNA methylation in breast cancer specimens and normal breast tissue to address this question. We identified 3,506 cancer-specific differentially methylated regions (DMR) in human breast cancer with 2,033 being hypermethylation events and 1,473 hypomethylation events. Most of these DMRs are recurrent in breast cancer; 90% of the identified DMRs occurred in at least 33% of the samples. Interestingly, we found a nonrandom spatial distribution of aberrantly methylated regions across the genome that showed a tendency to concentrate in relatively small genomic regions. Such agglomerates of hypermethylated and hypomethylated DMRs spanned up to several hundred kilobases and were frequently found at gene family clusters. The hypermethylation events usually occurred in the proximity of the transcription start site in CpG island promoters, whereas hypomethylation events were frequently found in regions of segmental duplication. One example of a newly discovered agglomerate of hypermethylated DMRs associated with gene silencing in breast cancer that we examined in greater detail involved the protocadherin gene family clusters on chromosome 5 (PCDHA, PCDHB, and PCDHG). Taken together, our results suggest that agglomerative epigenetic aberrations are frequent events in human breast cancer. PMID- 18922940 TI - Sphingosine kinase 1: a new modulator of hypoxia inducible factor 1alpha during hypoxia in human cancer cells. AB - Here, we provide the first evidence that sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1), an oncogenic lipid kinase balancing the intracellular level of key signaling sphingolipids, modulates the transcription factor hypoxia inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1alpha), master regulator of hypoxia. SphK1 activity is stimulated under low oxygen conditions and regulated by reactive oxygen species. The SphK1-dependent stabilization of HIF-1alpha levels is mediated by the Akt/glycogen synthase kinase-3beta signaling pathway that prevents its von Hippel-Lindau protein mediated degradation by the proteasome. The pharmacologic and RNA silencing inhibition of SphK1 activity prevents the accumulation of HIF-1alpha and its transcriptional activity in several human cancer cell lineages (prostate, brain, breast, kidney, and lung), suggesting a canonical pathway. Therefore, we propose that SphK1 can act as a master regulator for hypoxia, giving support to its inhibition as a valid strategy to control tumor hypoxia and its molecular consequences. PMID- 18922939 TI - Transforming growth factor-beta1 and CD105 promote the migration of hepatocellular carcinoma-derived endothelium. AB - Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of most malignant and aggressive human tumors. Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and its coreceptor CD105 have been shown to contribute to HCC malignant progression. TGF-beta1 and CD105 have also been implicated in angiogenesis, but their role in the vascularization of HCC has not been investigated. To fill this gap, we studied the effect of TGF beta1 and CD105 on HCC-derived endothelium. By using immunomagnetic beads, we isolated and cultured endothelial cells (ECs) from HCC (HCC-EC) and adjacent nonneoplastic tissue (nNL-ECs) obtained from 24 liver biopsies. HCC and nNL biopsies were also analyzed by immunohistochemistry for the expression of CD105, TGF-beta1, Ve-cadherin (Ve-cad), CD44, beta-catenin, and E-cadherin. Compared with nNL-ECs, HCC-ECs had higher expression of CD105, enhanced spontaneous motility, and greater capacity to migrate in response to TGF-beta1 (5 ng/mL), particularly in the presence of a fibronectin matrix. The chemotactic effect of TGF-beta1 was blocked by anti-CD105 antibodies and correlated with the grade of HCC malignancy. Histologic examination of HCC biopsies showed that HCCs with the worse malignant features had the highest expression of TGF-beta1, CD105, and angiogenic markers (Ve-cad and CD44). Because CD105 was highly expressed in microvessels at the tumor periphery and TGF-beta1 staining was only found in neoplastic hepatocytes, we conclude that HCC-derived TGF-beta1 may act as a chemoattractant for CD105-expressing ECs and as a promoter of tumor angiogenesis. Thus, drugs that selectively target the TGF-beta1/CD105 axis may interfere with HCC-related angiogenesis and HCC progression. PMID- 18922941 TI - An increased regional blood flow precedes mesenteric inflammation in rats treated by a phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor. AB - The study was undertaken to assess the hemodynamic effects induced by a single dose of the phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor, CI-1044, which is known to cause mesenteric vascular alterations in rats. In the present study, an administration of 160 mg/kg of CI-1044 caused perivascular and interstitial inflammation, with infiltrates of admixed neutrophils and macrophages but without evidence of vascular necrosis (ileum, 15/20 rats; duodenum + jejunum, 7/20 rats). Four hours after administration, blood pressure was decreased (- 13%). A fluorescent microsphere technique demonstrated that, in these conditions, cardiac output was doubled (+ 100%) and total peripheral resistance was decreased (- 54%). The largest increases in blood flow were measured in the duodenum (+ 101%), in the jejunum (+ 110%), and in the ileum (+ 192%). Therefore, the mesentery was the most sensitive organ affected by the drug and, within this area, parts with the highest incidence of vascular alteration were those which had shown the highest increase in flow. In addition, isolated precontracted mesenteric resistance arteries dissected from untreated animals were fully relaxed when incubated with increasing concentrations of CI-1044 up to 2.5 x 10(-5)M. At this latter concentration, contractile abilities and sensitivities to the physiological agonist noradrenaline (NA) and to the thromboxane analogue U46619 were significantly attenuated (- 28 and - 27%, respectively). This effect could lead to a decreased response to NA and possibly to other agonists in vivo consistent with the vasodilation observed with the microsphere technique. These data provide evidence that the PDE4 inhibitor CI-1044 induces changes of vascular tone that could lead to histological alterations in the mesenteric area. PMID- 18922942 TI - Effects of temperature acclimation on a central neural circuit and its behavioral output. AB - In this study, we address the impact of temperature acclimation on neuronal properties in the Mauthner (M-) system, a brain stem network that initiates the startle-escape behavior in goldfish. The M-cell can be studied at cellular and behavioral levels, since it is uniquely identifiable physiologically within the intact vertebrate brain, and a single action potential in this neuron determines not only whether a startle response will occur but also the direction of the escape. Using animals acclimated to 15 degrees C as a control, 25 degrees C acclimated fish showed a significant increase in escape probability and a decrease in the ability to discriminate escape directionality. Intracellular recordings demonstrated that M-cells in this population possessed decreased input resistance and reduced strength and duration of inhibitory inputs. In contrast, fish acclimated to 5 degrees C were behaviorally similar to 15 degrees C fish and had increased input resistance, increased strength of inhibitory transmission, and reduced excitatory transmission. We show here that alterations in the balance between excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission in the M-cell circuit underlie differences in behavioral responsiveness in acclimated populations. Specifically, during warm acclimation, synaptic inputs are weighted on the side of excitation and fish demonstrate hyperexcitability and reduced left-right discrimination during rapid escapes. In contrast, cold acclimation results in transmission weighted on the side of inhibition and these fish are less excitable and show improved directional discrimination. PMID- 18922943 TI - Electrical synapses between AII amacrine cells: dynamic range and functional consequences of variation in junctional conductance. AB - AII amacrine cells form a network of electrically coupled interneurons in the mammalian retina and tracer coupling studies suggest that the junctional conductance (G(j)) can be modulated. However, the dynamic range of G(j) and the functional consequences of varying G(j) over the dynamic range are unknown. Here we use whole cell recordings from pairs of coupled AII amacrine cells in rat retinal slices to provide direct evidence for physiological modulation of G(j), appearing as a time-dependent increase from about 500 pS to a maximum of about 3,000 pS after 30-90 min of recording. The increase occurred in recordings with low- but not high-resistance pipettes, suggesting that it was related to intracellular washout and perturbation of a modulatory system. Computer simulations of a network of electrically coupled cells verified that our recordings were able to detect and quantify changes in G(j) over a large range. Dynamic-clamp electrophysiology, with insertion of electrical synapses between AII amacrine cells, allowed us to finely and reversibly control G(j) within the same range observed for physiologically coupled cells and to examine the quantitative relationship between G(j) and steady-state coupling coefficient, synchronization of subthreshold membrane potential fluctuations, synchronization and transmission of action potentials, and low-pass filter characteristics. The range of G(j) values over which signal transmission was modulated depended strongly on the specific functional parameter examined, with the largest range observed for action potential transmission and synchronization, suggesting that the full range of G(j) values observed during spontaneous run-up of coupling could represent a physiologically relevant dynamic range. PMID- 18922944 TI - TMS over the intraparietal sulcus induces perceptual fading. AB - During prolonged fixation, visual objects presented in the periphery of the visual field often fade from awareness. This phenomenon, known as the Troxler effect, has been largely attributed to adaptation of neurons responding to peripheral targets. Here, we hypothesized that perceptual disappearance might result from degeneration of feedback from attention-related cortical areas to early visual areas and that visual transients disrupt the feedback loop sustaining low-level signals and thereby trigger perceptual fading. We examined this hypothesis by briefly disrupting the functions of attention-related regions in the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). The hypothesis predicted that temporary disruption of IPS would trigger perceptual disappearances. We measured perceptual disappearance using a task in which participants were asked to discriminate the presence or absence (fading) of a peripheral green target immediately after a TMS pulse. On one half of the trials, the target remained on the screen until the end of a trial, and on the other half of the trials, it gradually faded. The results of this experiment show that brief disruption of the IPS with a single pulse TMS is sufficient to trigger perceptual disappearance. TMS over the IPS resulted in a fewer reports of continuous percepts (i.e., more fading) without changes in the perception of physically fading stimuli. Our control experiment shows the loss of sensitivity is not caused by suppression of microsaccades in response to the sound produced by TMS. This study supports the idea that conscious visual perception requires a coupling between the early visual areas representing sensory data and the parietal areas subserving spatial localization functions. PMID- 18922945 TI - Presynaptic and postsynaptic NMDA receptors mediate distinct effects of brain derived neurotrophic factor on synaptic transmission. AB - In addition to its effects on neuronal survival and differentiation, brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays an important role in modulating synaptic transmission and plasticity in many brain areas, most notably the neocortex and hippocampus. These effects may underlie a role for BDNF in learning and memory as well as developmental plasticity. Consistent with localization of the tropomyosin related kinase B receptor to both sides of the synapse, BDNF appears to have pre- and postsynaptic effects, but the underlying cellular mechanisms are unclear and it is not known whether pre- and postsynaptic modulations by BDNF occur simultaneously. To address these issues, we recorded dual-component (alpha-amino 3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid [AMPA] and N-methyl-D-aspartate [NMDA]) miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) from cortical and hippocampal pyramidal neurons and dentate gyrus granule cells from acute brain slices. BDNF had no effect on the fast component of mEPSC decay or on the peak amplitude, suggesting that BDNF did not modulate postsynaptic AMPA receptors, although BDNF rapidly modulated NMDA receptors, as seen by an enhancement of the slow component of mEPSC decay that was prevented by blocking postsynaptic NMDA receptors. At the same time, BDNF acted presynaptically to enhance mEPSC frequency. Surprisingly, the effect on frequency was also NMDA receptor dependent, but required activation of presynaptic, not postsynaptic, NMDA receptors. BDNF also enhanced action potential-dependent glutamate release via presynaptic NMDA receptors, an effect that was unmasked when voltage-gated calcium channels were partially inhibited. Our results indicate that BDNF acutely modulates presynaptic release and postsynaptic responsiveness through simultaneous effects on pre- and postsynaptic NMDA receptors. PMID- 18922946 TI - Distribution of the olfactory fiber input into the olfactory tubercle of the in vitro isolated guinea pig brain. AB - The olfactory tubercle (OT) is a cortical component of the olfactory system involved in reward mechanisms of drug abuse. This region covers an extensive part of the rostral ventral cerebrum and is relatively poorly studied. The intrinsic network interactions evoked by olfactory input are analyzed in the OT of the in vitro isolated guinea pig brain by means of field potential analysis and optical imaging of voltage-sensitive signals. Stimulation of the lateral olfactory tract induces a monosynaptic response that progressively decreases in amplitude from lateral to medial. The monosynaptic input induces a disynaptic response that is proportionally larger in the medial portion of the OT. Direct stimulation of the piriform cortex and subsequent lesion of this pathway showed the existence of an associative disynaptic projection from the anterior part of the piriform cortex to the lateral part of the OT that integrates with the component mediated by the local intra-OT collaterals. Optical and electrophysiological recordings of the signals evoked by stimulation of the olfactory tract during arterial perfusion with the voltage-sensitive dye di-2-ANEPEQ confirmed the pattern of distribution of the mono and disynaptic responses in the OT. Finally, current source density analysis of laminar profiles recorded with 16-channel silicon probes confirmed that the monosynaptic and disynaptic potentials localize in the most superficial and the deep portions of the plexiform layer I, as suggested by previous reports. This study sets the standard for further analysis of the modulation of network properties in this largely unexplored brain region. PMID- 18922947 TI - Double-pulse magnetic brain stem stimulation: mimicking successive descending volleys. AB - Magnetic stimulation with a double-cone-coil over the back of the head activates the motor tracts at the level of pyramidal decussation (brain stem stimulation [BST]). However, single-pulse BST (single BST) sometimes cannot elicit motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in patients with corticospinal tract involvement. We developed a technique using double-pulse BST (double BST) to elicit MEPs even in patients whose threshold is abnormally elevated. Subjects were 11 healthy volunteers and 12 patients with corticospinal tract involvement in whom single BST evoked no discernible MEP. Double BST was performed at the intensities of resting and active motor threshold for single BST; MEPs were recorded from the first dorsal interosseous muscle. Interstimulus intervals (ISIs) between two pulses were 1.5, 2, 3, 5, and 10 ms in healthy subjects. Double BST enlarged MEPs at ISIs of 1.5-5 ms with a peak at 2 ms in the relaxed condition, but not in the active condition. At an ISI of 2 ms in the relaxed condition, the MEP amplitude was 15 times as large as that to single BST in relaxed muscles. The onset latency of the enlarged MEP from the second pulse in relaxed muscles was the same as that by single BST in active muscles. Double BST at a 2-ms interval elicited MEPs in eight patients. Double BST can enhance MEPs probably by temporal summations of excitatory postsynaptic potentials at the spinal motoneurons. Using this new technique, we can obtain more information about the central motor conduction even when single BST fails to elicit any MEP. PMID- 18922948 TI - Auditory selective attention modulates activation of human inferior colliculus. AB - Selective auditory attention powerfully modulates neural activity in the human auditory cortex (AC). In contrast, the role of attention in subcortical auditory processing is not well established. Here, we used functional MRI (fMRI) to examine activation of the human inferior colliculus (IC) during strictly controlled auditory attention tasks. The IC is an obligatory midbrain nucleus of the ascending auditory pathway with diverse internal and external connections. The IC also receives a massive descending projection from the AC, suggesting that cortical processes affect IC operations. In this study, 21 subjects selectively attended to left-ear or right-ear sounds and ignored sounds delivered to the other ear. IC activations depended on the direction of attention, indicating that auditory processing in the human IC is not only determined by acoustic input but also by the current behavioral goals. PMID- 18922949 TI - Differential Inhibition of Ca2+ channels by alpha2-adrenoceptors in three functional subclasses of rat sympathetic neurons. AB - A comparison of identified sympathetic neurons in the isolated intact superior cervical ganglion revealed that secretomotor, pilomotor, and vasoconstrictor cells differ in their action potential mechanisms and in their postsynaptic alpha(2)-adrenergic responses to 10 microM norepinephrine (NE). In normal saline, the half-width of the spike afterhyperpolarization (AHP) in secretomotor neurons (103.5 +/- 6.2 ms) was twofold that recorded in vasoconstrictor neurons (47.7 +/- 2.9 ms) and 1.5-fold that in pilomotor neurons (71.4 +/- 10.3 ms). Bath-applied NE reversibly inhibited the action potential repolarization shoulder, AHP amplitude, and AHP duration in secretomotor and pilomotor neurons to a similar extent, but had no effect on vasoconstrictor neurons. The insensitivity of vasomotor neurons to NE was not an artifact produced by microelectrode recording because all three cell groups were similar in terms of resting potential and input resistance. Moreover, NE insensitivity was not a natural consequence of briefer AHP duration in vasoconstrictor cells. Adding 10 mM TEA(+) caused marked accentuation of the shoulder and AHP duration in vasoconstrictor neurons and comparable changes in the other two cell types, but did not unmask any sign of NE sensitivity in the vasoconstrictors. However, the spike shoulder and AHP in vasoconstrictors were Cd(2+) sensitive, blocked by omega-conotoxin, an N-type calcium channel antagonist, and inhibited by oxotremorine-M, a muscarinic receptor agonist. These data show that NE can differentially modulate functional subsets of mammalian sympathetic neurons and that NE insensitivity can serve as a practical experimental criterion for identification of vasomotor neurons in the isolated ganglion. PMID- 18922950 TI - Relationship between color discrimination and neural responses in the inferior temporal cortex of the monkey. AB - Earlier studies suggest that the inferior temporal (IT) cortex of the monkey plays a key role in color discrimination. Here, we examined the quantitative relationship between color judgment in monkeys and the responses of color selective neurons in the anterior part of the IT cortex (area TE) by comparing neuronal activity and behavior recorded simultaneously while the monkeys performed a color-judgment task. We first compared the abilities of single neurons and monkeys to discriminate color. To calculate a neuron's ability to discriminate color, we computed a neurometric function using receiver-operating characteristics analysis. We then compared the neural and behavioral thresholds for color discrimination and found that, in general, the neural threshold was higher than the behavioral threshold, although occasionally the reverse was true. Variation in the neural threshold across the color space corresponded well with that of the behavioral threshold. We then calculated the choice probability (CP), which is a measure of the correlation between the trial-to-trial fluctuations in neuronal responses and the monkeys' color judgment. On average, CPs were slightly but significantly greater than 0.5, indicating the activities of these TE neurons correlate positively with the monkeys' color judgment. This suggests that individual color-selective TE neurons only weakly contribute to color discrimination and that a large population of color-selective TE neurons contribute to the performance of color discrimination. PMID- 18922951 TI - Postactivation depression of the soleus H reflex measured using threshold tracking. AB - The interpretation of changes in the soleus H reflex is problematic in the face of reflex gain changes, a nonlinear input/output relationship for the motoneuron pool, and a nonhomogeneous response of different motoneurons to afferent inputs. By altering the stimulus intensity to maintain a constant reflex output, threshold tracking allows a relatively constant population of alpha-motoneurons to be studied. This approach was used to examine postactivation ("homosynaptic") depression of the H reflex (HD) in 23 neurologically healthy subjects. The H reflex was elicited by tibial nerve stimulation at 0.05, 0.1, 0.3, 1, and 2 Hz at rest and during voluntary plantar flexion at 2.5, 5, and 10% of maximum. A computerized threshold tracking procedure was used to set the current needed to generate a target H reflex 10% of M(max). The current needed to produce the target reflex increased with stimulus rate but not significantly beyond 1 Hz. In three subjects, the current needed to produce H reflexes of 5, 10, 15, and 20% M(max) at 0.3, 1, and 2 Hz increased with rate and with the size of the test H reflex. HD was significantly reduced during voluntary contractions. Using threshold tracking, HD was maximal at lower frequencies than previously emphasized, probably because HD is greater the larger the test H reflex. This would reinforce the greater sensitivity of small motoneurons to reflex inputs. PMID- 18922953 TI - Astrocytes as the glucose shunt for glutamatergic neurons at high activity: an in silico study. AB - The question of the preferred substrate of glutamatergic neurons at high neural activity has been vibrantly debated for over a decade since the classical hypothesis (CH) of the primacy of glucose has been challenged by the astrocyte neuron lactate shuttle hypothesis (ANLSH), which replaces the primacy of glucose with astrocyte produced lactate. We perform Bayesian Flux Balance Analysis (BFBA) with a new mathematical model of cellular brain energetics, comprising detailed biochemical pathways in and between astrocytes and glutamatergic neurons and partitioning of each cell type into cytosol and mitochondria. Supported by the results of our in silico studies, which are in remarkable agreement with previously published results, we posit the Glucose Shunt Hypothesis (GSH) that during high activity, the inhibition of the phosphofructokinase (PFK) enzyme in neuron impairs neuronal glycolysis, enabling the process by which lactate effluxed by astrocytes is taken up by glutamatergic neurons, whereas at low activity, glucose remains the preferred substrate for neurons. We postulate that the ANLS is a shunt utilized by glutamatergic neurons to bypass their glycolysis impaired by the inhibition of PFK in connection with increased oxidative phosphorylation at high neuronal activity. PMID- 18922952 TI - Alcohol impairs long-term depression at the cerebellar parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapse. AB - Acute alcohol consumption causes deficits in motor coordination and gait, suggesting an involvement of cerebellar circuits, which play a role in the fine adjustment of movements and in motor learning. It has previously been shown that ethanol modulates inhibitory transmission in the cerebellum and affects synaptic transmission and plasticity at excitatory climbing fiber (CF) to Purkinje cell synapses. However, it has not been examined thus far how acute ethanol application affects long-term depression (LTD) and long-term potentiation (LTP) at excitatory parallel fiber (PF) to Purkinje cell synapses, which are assumed to mediate forms of cerebellar motor learning. To examine ethanol effects on PF synaptic transmission and plasticity, we performed whole cell patch-clamp recordings from Purkinje cells in rat cerebellar slices. We found that ethanol (50 mM) selectively blocked PF-LTD induction, whereas it did not change the amplitude of excitatory postsynaptic currents at PF synapses. In contrast, ethanol application reduced voltage-gated calcium currents and type 1 metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR1)-dependent responses in Purkinje cells, both of which are involved in PF-LTD induction. The selectivity of these effects is emphasized by the observation that ethanol did not impair PF-LTP and that PF LTP could readily be induced in the presence of the group I mGluR antagonist AIDA or the mGluR1a antagonist LY367385. Taken together, these findings identify calcium currents and mGluR1-dependent signaling pathways as potential ethanol targets and suggest that an ethanol-induced blockade of PF-LTD could contribute to the motor coordination deficits resulting from alcohol consumption. PMID- 18922954 TI - Epibatidine application in vitro blocks retinal waves without silencing all retinal ganglion cell action potentials in developing retina of the mouse and ferret. AB - Epibatidine (EPI), a potent cholinergic agonist, disrupts acetylcholine-dependent spontaneous retinal activity. Early patch-clamp recordings in juvenile ferrets suggested that EPI blocks all retinal ganglion cell (RGC) action potentials when applied to the retina. In contrast, recent experiments on the developing mouse that relied on multielectrode array (MEA) recordings reported that EPI application decorrelates the activity of neighboring RGCs and eliminates retinal waves while preserving the spiking activity of many neurons. The different techniques used in previous studies raise the question of whether EPI has different effects on RGC activity in mouse compared with that in ferret. A resolution of this issue is essential for interpreting the results of developmental studies that relied on EPI to manipulate retinal activity. Our goal was to compare the effects of EPI on the spontaneous discharges of RGCs in mouse and ferret using 60-electrode MEA as well as patch-clamp recordings during the developmental stage when retinal waves are driven by acetylcholine in both species. We found that in both mouse and ferret EPI decorrelates RGC activity and eliminates retinal waves. However, EPI does not block all spontaneous activity in either species. Instead, our whole cell recordings reveal that EPI silences more than half of all RGCs while significantly increasing the activity of the remainder. These results have important implications for interpreting the results of previous studies that relied on this cholinergic agonist to perturb retinal activity. PMID- 18922955 TI - Responses of areas 3b and 1 in anesthetized squirrel monkeys to single- and dual site stimulation of the digits. AB - Stimulation of the skin evokes topographically organized activation in somatosensory cortex. This representation is context dependent, however, since a different cortical topography is observed in area 3b when stimulated with complex tactile stimuli that evoke the von Bekesy funneling illusion. Here we report on the population responses, as observed with intrinsic optical imaging, of area 1 and area 3b in the anesthetized squirrel monkey to pressure indentation of distal finger pads. Individual finger pad stimulation revealed that area 1 exhibited a smaller magnification factor than 3b, as evidenced by a smaller area of activation elicited by distal finger pad stimulation. Effects of paired finger pad stimulation produced largely similar effects in area 1 and area 3b. Paired finger pad stimulation produced reductions in the area of digit activation in area 1, suggesting the presence of lateral inhibition and funneling of information in area 1. Suppressive effects were stronger for paired stimulations at adjacent than at nonadjacent sites. Single-unit recordings revealed a mixture of either a summation or a suppression of the response to paired finger stimulation, compared with single finger pad stimulation of the primary digit. However, the average population response showed that paired finger pad stimulation resulted in response suppression. Based on this study and previous studies, we suggest the presence of at least three distinct ranges of lateral inhibition in areas 3b and 1. PMID- 18922956 TI - Intracortical augmenting responses in networks of reduced compartmental models of tufted layer 5 cells. AB - Augmenting responses (ARs) are characteristic recruitment phenomena that can be generated in target neural populations by repetitive intracortical or thalamic stimulation and that may facilitate activity transmission from thalamic nuclei to the cortex or between cortical areas. Experimental evidence suggests a role for cortical layer 5 in initiating at least one form of augmentation. We present a three-compartment model of tufted layer 5 (TL5) cells that faithfully reproduces a wide range of dynamics in these neurons that previously has been achieved only partially and in much more complex models. Using this model, the simplest network exhibiting AR was a single pair of TL5 and inhibitory (IN5) neurons. Intracellularly, AR initiation was controlled by low-threshold Ca2+ current (I(T)), which promoted TL5 rebound firing, whereas AR strength was dictated by inward-rectifying current (I(h)), which regulated TL5 multiple-spike firing and also prevented excessive firing under high-amplitude stimuli. Synaptically, AR was significantly more salient under concurrent stimulus delivery to superficial and deep dendritic zones of TL5 cells than under conventional single-zone stimuli. Moreover, slow GABA-B-mediated inhibition in TL5 cells controlled AR strength and frequency range. Finally, a network model of two cortical populations interacting across functional hierarchy showed that intracortical AR occurred prominently upon exciting superficial cortical layers either directly or via intrinsic connections, with AR frequency dictated by connection strength and background activity. Overall, the investigation supports a central role for a TL5 IN5 skeleton network in low-frequency cortical dynamics in vivo, particularly across functional hierarchies, and presents neuronal models that facilitate accurate large-scale simulations. PMID- 18922957 TI - Differential regulation of AMP-activated kinase and AKT kinase in response to oxygen availability in crucian carp (Carassius carassius). AB - We investigated whether two kinases critical for survival during periods of energy deficiency in anoxia-intolerant mammalian species, AMP-activated kinase (AMPK), and protein kinase B (AKT), are equally important for hypoxic/anoxic survival in the extremely anoxia-tolerant crucian carp (Carassius carassius). We report that phosphorylation of AMPK and AKT in heart and brain showed small changes after 10 days of severe hypoxia (0.3 mg O2/l at 9 degrees C). In contrast, anoxia exposure (0.01 mg O2/l at 8 degrees C) substantially increased AMPK phosphorylation but decreased AKT phosphorylation in carp heart and brain, indicating activation of AMPK and deactivation of AKT. In agreement, blocking the activity of AMPK in anoxic fish in vivo with 20 mg/kg Compound C resulted in an elevated metabolic rate (as indicated by increased ethanol production) and tended to reduce energy charge. This is the first in vivo experiment with Compound C in a nonmammalian vertebrate, and it appears that AMPK plays a role in mediating anoxic metabolic depression in crucian carp. Real-time RT-PCR analysis of the investigated AMPK subunit revealed that the most likely composition of subunits in the carp heart is alpha2, beta1B, gamma2a, whereas a more even expression of subunits was found in the brain. In the heart, expression of the regulatory gamma2-subunit increased in the heart during anoxia. In the brain, expression of the alpha1-, alpha2-, and gamma1-subunits decreased with anoxia exposure, but expression of the gamma2-subunit remained constant. Combined, our findings suggest that AMPK and AKT may play important, but opposing roles for hypoxic/anoxic survival in the anoxia-tolerant crucian carp. PMID- 18922958 TI - Effects of acute acidemia on the fetal cardiovascular defense to acute hypoxemia. AB - In complicated pregnancy, fetal hypoxemia rarely occurs in isolation but is often accompanied by fetal acidemia. There is growing clinical concern about the combined effects of fetal hypoxemia and fetal acidemia on neonatal outcome. However, the effects on the fetal defense responses to acute hypoxemia during fetal acidemia are not well understood. This study tested the hypothesis that fetal acidemia affects the fetal defense responses to acute hypoxemia. The hypothesis was tested by investigating, in the late-gestation sheep fetus surgically prepared for long-term recording, the in vivo effects of acute fetal acidemia on 1) the fetal cardiovascular responses to acute hypoxemia and 2) the neural and endocrine mechanisms mediating these responses. Under general anesthesia, five sheep fetuses at 0.8 gestation were instrumented with catheters and Transonic flow probes around the femoral and umbilical arteries. After 5 days, animals were subjected to an acute hypoxemia protocol during intravenous infusion of saline or treatment with acidified saline. Treatment with acidified saline reduced fetal basal pH from 7.35 +/- 0.01 to 7.29 +/- 0.01 but did not alter basal cardiovascular variables, blood glucose, or plasma concentrations of catecholamines, ACTH, and cortisol. During hypoxemia, treatment with acidified saline increased the magnitude of the fetal bradycardia and femoral vasoconstriction and concomitantly increased chemoreflex function and enhanced the increments in plasma concentrations of catecholamines, ACTH, and cortisol. Acidemia also reversed the increase in umbilical vascular conductance during hypoxemia to vasoconstriction. In conclusion, the data support our hypothesis and show that acute acidemia markedly alters fetal hemodynamic, metabolic, and endocrine responses to acute hypoxemia. PMID- 18922959 TI - Potent osmoregulatory actions of homologous adrenomedullins administered peripherally and centrally in eels. AB - The teleost adrenomedullin (AM) family consists of three groups, AM1/AM4, AM2/AM3, and AM5. In the present study, we examined the effects of homologous AM1, AM2, and AM5 on drinking and renal function after peripheral or central administration in conscious freshwater eels. AM2 and AM5, but not AM1, exhibited dose-dependent (0.01-1 nmol/kg) dipsogenic and antidiuretic effects after intra arterial bolus injection. The antidiuretic effect was significantly correlated with the degree of associated hypotension. To avoid the potential indirect osmoregulatory effects of AM-induced hypotension, infusion of AMs was also performed at nondepressor doses. Drinking was enhanced dose-dependently at 0.1-3 pmol.kg(-1).min(-1) of AM2 and AM5, matching the potency and efficacy of angiotensin II (ANG II), the most potent dipsogenic hormone known thus far. AM2 and AM5 infusion also induced mild antidiuresis, while AM1 caused antinatriuresis. Additionally, AMs were injected into the third and fourth ventricles of conscious eels to assess their site of dipsogenic action. However, none of the AMs at 0.05-0.5 nmol induced drinking, while ANG II was highly dipsogenic. AM2 and ANG II injected into the third ventricle increased arterial pressure while AM5 decreased it in a dose-dependent manner, and both AM2 and AM5 decreased blood pressure when injected into the fourth ventricle. These data suggest that circulating AM2 and AM5 act on a target site in the brain that lacks the blood-brain barrier. Collectively, the present study showed that AM2 and AM5 are potent osmoregulatory hormones in the eel, and their actions imply involvement in seawater adaptation of this euryhaline species. PMID- 18922961 TI - Mice lacking the PACAP type I receptor have impaired photic entrainment and negative masking. AB - The retinohypothalamic tract (RHT) is a retinofugal neuronal pathway which, in mammals, mediates nonimage-forming vision to various areas in the brain involved in circadian timing, masking behavior, and regulation of the pupillary light reflex. The RHT costores the two neurotransmitters glutamate and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP), which in a rather complex interplay are mediators of photic adjustment of the circadian system. To further characterize the role of PACAP/PACAP receptor type 1 (PAC1) receptor signaling in light entrainment of the clock and in negative masking behavior, we extended previous studies in mice lacking the PAC1 receptor (PAC1 KO) by examining their phase response to single light pulses using Aschoff type II regime, their ability to entrain to non-24-h light-dark (LD) cycles and large phase shifts of the LD cycle (jet lag), as well as their negative masking response during different light intensities. A prominent finding in PAC1 KO mice was a significantly decreased phase delay of the endogenous rhythm at early night. In accordance, PAC1 KO mice had a reduced ability to entrain to T cycles longer than 26 h and needed more time to reentrain to large phase delays, which was prominent at low light intensities. The data obtained at late night indicated that PACAP/PAC1 receptor signaling is less important during the phase-advancing part of the phase response curve. Finally, the PAC1 KO mice showed impaired negative masking behavior at low light intensities. Our findings substantiate a role for PACAP/PAC1 receptor signaling in nonimage-forming vision and indicate that the system is particularly important at lower light intensities. PMID- 18922962 TI - Breathing cardiovascular variability and baroreflex in mechanically ventilated patients. AB - Heart rate and blood pressure variations during spontaneous ventilation are related to the negative airway pressure during inspiration. Inspiratory airway pressure is positive during mechanical ventilation, suggesting that reversal of the normal baroreflex-mediated pattern of variability may occur. We investigated heart rate and blood pressure variability and baroreflex sensitivity in 17 mechanically ventilated patients. ECG (RR intervals), invasive systolic blood pressure (SBP), and respiratory flow signals were recorded. High-frequency (HF) amplitude of RR and SBP time series and HF phase differences between RR, SBP, and ventilatory signals were continuously computed by Complex DeModulation (CDM). Cross-spectral analysis was used to assess the coherence and the gain functions between RR and SBP, yielding baroreflex sensitivity indices. The HF phase difference between SBP and ventilatory signals was nearly constant in all patients with inversion of SBP variability during the ventilator cycle compared with cycling with negative inspiratory pressure to replicate spontaneous breathing. In 12 patients (group 1), the phase difference between RR and ventilatory signals changed over time and the HF-RR amplitude varied. In the remaining five patients (group 2), RR-ventilatory signal phase and HF-RR amplitude showed little change; however, only one of these patients exhibited a RR-ventilatory signal phase difference mimicking the normal pattern of respiratory sinus arrhythmia. Spectral coherence between RR and SBP was lower in the group with phase difference changes. Positive pressure ventilation exerts mainly a mechanical effect on SBP, whereas its influence on HR variability seems more complex, suggesting a role for neural influences. PMID- 18922960 TI - NADPH oxidase contributes to renal damage and dysfunction in Dahl salt-sensitive hypertension. AB - The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that NADPH oxidase contributes importantly to renal cortical oxidative stress and inflammation, as well as renal damage and dysfunction, and increases in arterial pressure. Fifty-four 7- to 8-wk old Dahl salt-sensitive (S) or R/Rapp strain rats were maintained for 5 wk on a high sodium (8%) or high sodium + apocynin (1.5 mmol/l in drinking water). Arterial and venous catheters were implanted on day 21. By day 35 in the high-Na S rats, mRNA expression of renal cortical gp91phox, p22phox, p47phox, and p67phox NADPH subunits in S rats increased markedly, and treatment of high-Na S rats with the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin resulted in significant decreases in mRNA expression of these NADPH oxidase subunits. At the same time, in apocynin-treated S rats 1) renal cortical GSH/GSSG ratio increased, 2) renal cortical O2(.-) release and NADPH oxidase activity decreased, and 3) renal glomerular and interstitial damage markedly fell. Apocynin also decreased renal cortical monocyte/macrophage infiltration, and apocynin, but not the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol, attenuated decreases in renal hemodynamics and lowered arterial pressure. These data suggest that NADPH oxidase plays an important role in causing renal cortical oxidative stress and inflammation, which lead to decreases in renal hemodynamics, renal cortical damage, and increases in arterial pressure. PMID- 18922963 TI - Effect of gonadectomy on AgRP-induced weight gain in rats. AB - Agouti-related peptide (AgRP), the endogenous antagonist to the melanocortin 3 and 4 receptors, elicits robust hyperphagia and weight gain in rodents when administered directly into the central nervous system. The relative influence of AgRP to cause weight gain in rodents partially depends on the activity level of the melanocortin agonist-producing proopiomelanocortin neurons. Both proopiomelanocortin and AgRP neurons within the arcuate nucleus receive energy storage information from circulating peripheral signals such as leptin and insulin. Another modulator of AgRP activity includes the cell surface molecule syndecan-3. Because leptin and insulin affect food intake in a sexually dimorphic way in rodents and syndecan-3-deficient mice regulate adiposity levels through distinct physiological mechanisms, we hypothesized that AgRP-induced weight gain would also be sexually dimorphic in rats. In the present study, the behavioral and physiological effects of centrally-administered AgRP in male and female were investigated. In male rats, AgRP (1 nmol) induced 5 days (P < 0.0001) of significantly elevated feeding compared with vehicle-treated controls, while females displayed 3 days of hyperphagia (P < 0.05). However, 1 wk after the injection, both male and female rats gained the same percent body weight (6%). Interestingly, female rats exhibited a greater reduction in energy expenditure (Vo2) following AgRP compared with male rats (P < 0.05). Removal of the gonads did not alter cumulative food intake in male or female rats but did attenuate the dramatic reduction in Vo2 exhibited by females. Both intact and gonadectomized rats demonstrated significantly increased respiratory quotient supporting the anabolic action of AgRP (P < 0.01). These findings are novel in that they reveal sex-specific underlying physiology used to achieve weight gain following central AgRP in rats. PMID- 18922964 TI - Antagonism of specific corticotropin-releasing factor receptor subtypes selectively modifies weight loss in restrained rats. AB - Rats exposed to 3 h of restraint stress on each of 3 days (RRS) lose weight on the days of RRS and gain weight at the same rate as controls after stress ends, but do not return to the weight of controls. RRS rats also show an exaggerated endocrine response to subsequent novel stressors. Studies described here tested the effects of corticotropin-releasing factor receptor (CRFR) antagonism on RRS induced weight loss, hypophagia, and corticosterone release during mild stress in the postrestraint period. Weight loss was not prevented by either peripheral or third-ventricle administration of a CRFR1 antagonist, antalarmin, before each restraint. Antalarmin did, however, allow recovery of body weight in the poststress period. Third-ventricle administration of a CRFR2 antagonist, antisauvagine 30, had no effect in RRS rats but caused sustained weight loss in control animals. Surprisingly, third-ventricle administration of the nonselective CRFR antagonist, astressin, caused hypophagia and reversible weight loss in control rats. It had no effect in RRS rats. None of the antagonists modified the corticosterone response to RRS or to mild stress in the post-RRS period, but antalarmin suppressed corticosterone during the period of restraint in Control rats. These results suggest that CRFR1 activation is required for the initiation of events that lead to a prolonged down-regulation of body weight in RRS rats. The sustained reduction in body weight is independent of the severity of hypophagia on the days of restraint and of RRS-induced corticosterone release. PMID- 18922965 TI - Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase/MAP kinase phosphatase regulation: roles in cell growth, death, and cancer. AB - Mitogen-activated protein kinase dual-specificity phosphatase-1 (also called MKP 1, DUSP1, ERP, CL100, HVH1, PTPN10, and 3CH134) is a member of the threonine tyrosine dual-specificity phosphatases, one of more than 100 protein tyrosine phosphatases. It was first identified approximately 20 years ago, and since that time extensive investigations into both mkp-1 mRNA and protein regulation and function in different cells, tissues, and organs have been conducted. However, no general review on the topic of MKP-1 exists. As the subject matter pertaining to MKP-1 encompasses many branches of the biomedical field, we focus on the role of this protein in cancer development and progression, highlighting the potential role of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family. Section II of this article elucidates the MAPK family cross-talk. Section III reviews the structure of the mkp-1 encoding gene, and the known mechanisms regulating the expression and activity of the protein. Section IV is an overview of the MAPK-specific dual specificity phosphatases and their role in cancer. In sections V and VI, mkp-1 mRNA and protein are examined in relation to cancer biology, therapeutics, and clinical studies, including a discussion of the potential role of the MAPK family. We conclude by proposing an integrated scheme for MKP-1 and MAPK in cancer. PMID- 18922966 TI - Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets in steatosis and steatohepatitis. AB - Steatosis of the liver may arise from a variety of conditions, but the molecular basis for lipid droplet formation is poorly understood. Although a certain amount of lipid storage may even be hepatoprotective, prolonged lipid storage can result in an activation of inflammatory reactions and loss of metabolic competency. Apart from drug-induced steatosis, certain metabolic disorders associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and hyperlipidemia give also rise to nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD). It is noteworthy that advanced stages of nonalcoholic hepatic steatosis and steatohepatitis (NASH) result ultimately in fibrosis and cirrhosis. In this regard, the lipid droplets (LDs) have been discovered to be metabolically highly active structures that play major roles in lipid transport, sorting, and signaling cascades. In particular, LDs maintain a dynamic communication with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the plasma membrane via sphingolipid-enriched domains of the plasma membrane-the lipid rafts. These microdomains frequently harbor receptor tyrosine kinases and other signaling molecules and connect extracellular events with intracellular signaling cascades. Here, we review recent knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of drug and metabolically induced hepatic steatosis and its progression to steatohepatitis (NASH). The contribution of cytokines and other signaling molecules, as well as activity of nuclear receptors, lipids, transcription factors, and endocrine mediators toward cellular dysfunction and progression of steatotic liver disease to NASH is specifically addressed, as is the cross-talk of different cell types in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Furthermore, we provide an overview of recent therapeutic approaches in NASH therapy and discuss new as well as putative targets for pharmacological interventions. PMID- 18922969 TI - Toll-like receptor 9 mediates CpG oligonucleotide-induced cellular invasion. AB - Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) belongs to the innate immune system and recognizes microbial and vertebrate DNA. We showed previously that treatment with the TLR9 agonistic ODN M362 (a CpG sequence containing oligonucleotide) induces matrix metalloproteinase-13-mediated invasion in TLR9-expressing human cancer cell lines. Here, we further characterized the role of the TLR9 pathway in this process. We show that CpG oligonucleotides induce invasion in macrophages from wild-type C57/B6 and MyD88 knockout mice and in human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells lacking MyD88 expression. This effect was significantly inhibited in macrophages from TLR9 knockout mice and in human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells stably expressing TLR9 small interfering RNA or dominant-negative tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6). Sequence modifications to the CpG oligonucleotides that targeted the stem loop and other secondary structures were shown to influence the invasion-inducing effect in MDA-MB-231 cells. In contrast, methylation of the cytosine residues of the parent CpG oligonucleotide did not affect the TLR9-mediated invasion compared with the unmethylated parent CpG oligonucleotide. Finally, expression of TLR9 was studied in clinical breast cancer samples and normal breast epithelium with immunohistochemistry. TLR9 staining localized in epithelial cells in both cancer and normal samples. The mean TLR9 staining intensity was significantly increased in the breast cancer cells compared with normal breast epithelial cells. In conclusion, our results suggest that TLR9 expression is increased in breast cancer and CpG oligonucleotide-induced cellular invasion is mediated via TLR9 and TRAF6, independent of MyD88. Further, our findings suggest that the structure and/or stability of DNA may influence the induction of TLR9-mediated invasion in breast cancer. PMID- 18922968 TI - Transforming growth factor-beta signaling-deficient fibroblasts enhance hepatocyte growth factor signaling in mammary carcinoma cells to promote scattering and invasion. AB - Fibroblasts are major cellular components of the tumor microenvironment, regulating tumor cell behavior in part through secretion of extracellular matrix proteins, growth factors, and angiogenic factors. In previous studies, conditional deletion of the type II transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) receptor in fibroblasts (Tgfbr2FspKO) was shown to promote mammary tumor metastasis in fibroblast-epithelial cell cotransplantation studies in mice, correlating with increased expression of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Here, we advance our findings to show that Tgfbr2(FspKO) fibroblasts enhance HGF/c-Met and HGF/Ron signaling to promote scattering and invasion of mammary carcinoma cells. Blockade of c-Met and Ron by small interfering RNA silencing and pharmacologic inhibitors significantly reduced mammary carcinoma cell scattering and invasion caused by Tgfbr2FspKO fibroblasts. Moreover, neutralizing antibodies to c-Met and Ron significantly inhibited HGF-induced cell scattering and invasion, correlating with reduced Stat3 and p42/44MAPK phosphorylation. Investigation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways by pharmacologic inhibition and small interfering RNA silencing revealed a cooperative interaction between the two pathways to regulate HGF-induced invasion, scattering, and motility of mammary tumor cells. Furthermore, whereas c-Met was found to regulate both the Stat3 and MAPK signaling pathways, Ron was found to regulate Stat3 but not MAPK signaling in mammary carcinoma cells. These studies show a tumor-suppressive role for TGF beta signaling in fibroblasts, in part by suppressing HGF signaling between mammary fibroblasts and epithelial cells. These studies characterize complex functional roles for HGF and TGF-beta signaling in mediating tumor-stromal interactions during mammary tumor cell scattering and invasion, with important implications in the metastatic process. PMID- 18922970 TI - Global gene expression profiling unveils S100A8/A9 as candidate markers in H-ras mediated human breast epithelial cell invasion. AB - The goal of the present study is to unveil the gene expression profile specific to the biological processes of human breast epithelial cell invasion and migration using an MCF10A model genetically engineered to constitutively activate the H-ras or N-ras signaling pathway. We previously showed that H-Ras, but not N Ras, induces MCF10A cell invasion/migration, whereas both H-Ras and N-Ras induce cell proliferation and phenotypic transformation. Thus, these cell lines provide an experimental system to separate the gene expression profile associated with cell invasion apart from cell proliferation/transformation. Analysis of whole human genome microarray revealed that 412 genes were differentially expressed among MCF10A, N-Ras MCF10A, and H-Ras MCF10A cells and hierarchical clustering separated 412 genes into four clusters. We then tested whether S100A8 and S100A9, two of the genes which are most highly up-regulated in an H-Ras-specific manner, play a causative role for H-Ras-mediated MCF10A cell invasion and migration. Importantly, small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of S100A8/A9 expression significantly reduced H-Ras-induced invasion/migration. Conversely, the induction of S100A8/A9 expression conferred the invasive/migratory phenotype to parental MCF10A cells. Furthermore, we provided evidence of signaling cross-talk between S100A8/A9 and the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways essential for H-Ras-mediated cell invasion and migration. Taken together, this study revealed S100A8/A9 genes as candidate markers for metastatic potential of breast epithelial cells. Our gene profile data provide useful information which may lead to the identification of additional potential targets for the prognosis and/or therapy of metastatic breast cancer. PMID- 18922972 TI - Genome-wide analysis in a murine Dnmt1 knockdown model identifies epigenetically silenced genes in primary human pituitary tumors. AB - DNA methylation at promoter CpG islands (CGI) is an epigenetic modification associated with inappropriate gene silencing in multiple tumor types. In the absence of a human pituitary tumor cell line, small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of the maintenance methyltransferase DNA methyltransferase (cytosine 5) 1 (Dnmt1) was used in the murine pituitary adenoma cell line AtT-20. Sustained knockdown induced reexpression of the fully methylated and normally imprinted gene neuronatin (Nnat) in a time-dependent manner. Combined bisulfite restriction analysis (COBRA) revealed that reexpression of Nnat was associated with partial CGI demethylation, which was also observed at the H19 differentially methylated region. Subsequent genome-wide microarray analysis identified 91 genes that were significantly differentially expressed in Dnmt1 knockdown cells (10% false discovery rate). The analysis showed that genes associated with the induction of apoptosis, signal transduction, and developmental processes were significantly overrepresented in this list (P < 0.05). Following validation by reverse transcription-PCR and detection of inappropriate CGI methylation by COBRA, four genes (ICAM1, NNAT, RUNX1, and S100A10) were analyzed in primary human pituitary tumors, each displaying significantly reduced mRNA levels relative to normal pituitary (P < 0.05). For two of these genes, NNAT and S100A10, decreased expression was associated with increased promoter CGI methylation. Induced expression of Nnat in stable transfected AtT-20 cells inhibited cell proliferation. To our knowledge, this is the first report of array-based "epigenetic unmasking" in combination with Dnmt1 knockdown and reveals the potential of this strategy toward identifying genes silenced by epigenetic mechanisms across species boundaries. PMID- 18922971 TI - Angiogenic factor thymidine phosphorylase increases cancer cell invasion activity in patients with gastric adenocarcinoma. AB - We investigated the biological role of thymidine phosphorylase (TP), an angiogenic factor, in gastric cancer cell migration and invasion and explored a therapeutic approach for high TP-expressing tumors using TP enzymatic inhibitor (TPI) and rapamycin. We established TP cDNA overexpressing gastric cancer cell lines (MKN-45/TP and YCC-3/TP) and did invasion and adhesion assays with Matrigel coated transwell membranes. The related signal pathway using recombinant human TP (rhTP), deoxy-d-ribose (D-dRib), and signal pathway inhibitors (wortmannin, LY294002, and rapamycin) was investigated. First, AGS and MKN-1 gastric cancer cell lines showed dose-dependent up-regulation of invasiveness through Matrigel following treatment with rhTP or D-dRib. TP-overexpressing cancer cell lines displayed increased migration and invasion activity, which doubled with rhTP and D-dRib treatment. This activity depended on the enzymatic activity of TP, and TP stimulated the adhesion of cancer cells onto Matrigel and induced actin filament remodeling. Finally, we showed that this activity is related to increased phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity in TP-overexpressing cells and that combination treatment with rapamycin and TP enzymatic inhibitor produces an additive effect to abrogate TP-induced invasion. Taken together, TP increases the migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells, especially in TP-expressing cells. Therapies targeting TP might diminish the propensity for invasion and metastasis in gastric cancer. PMID- 18922973 TI - Association of HDM2 transcript levels with age of onset and prognosis in soft tissue sarcomas. AB - The p53 stress response is crucial for the prevention of tumor formation. The oncogene HDM2 is one of the key negative regulators of p53 and is a central node in the p53 pathway. P53 and HDM2 form an oscillating feedback loop. HDM2 expression is regulated by different promoters. To evaluate its clinical relevance, we determined the levels of HDM2 transcripts originating from the constitutive P1 and p53-sensitive P2 promoter in 133 soft tissue sarcomas and correlated the results with the age of diagnosis and the patients' outcome. We show that only high levels of the HDM2-P1 transcript but not the P2 transcript are associated with an 11-year earlier age of onset (50.5 years) compared with low P1 levels (61.5 years; P < 0.0001, t test). In addition, low P1 and P2 mRNA expression levels were independent predictors of poor outcome for patients with soft tissue sarcomas (low P1: relative risk, 3.7; P < 0.0001; low P2: relative risk, 2.5; P = 0.001). A change in the expression levels of the HDM2 transcripts originating from the two HDM2 promoters could disrupt the oscillating P53-HDM2 feedback loop in a way that elevated levels of HDM2-P1 transcript are associated with an earlier age of tumor onset and that reduced levels of HDM2-P1 or HDM2-P2 transcripts are correlated with poor prognosis of patients with soft tissue sarcomas. PMID- 18922974 TI - Suppression of hPOT1 in diploid human cells results in an hTERT-dependent alteration of telomere length dynamics. AB - POT1 is a 3' telomeric single-stranded overhang binding protein that has been implicated in chromosome end protection, the regulation of telomerase function, and defining the 5' chromosome terminus. In human cancer cells that exhibit constitutive hTERT activity, hPOT1 exerts control over telomere length. Primary human fibroblasts express low levels of catalytically active hTERT in an S-phase restricted manner that fails to counteract telomere attrition with cell division. Here, we show that diploid human fibroblasts in which hPOT1 expression has been suppressed harbor telomeres that are longer than control cells. This difference in telomere length delays the onset of replicative senescence and is dependent on S-phase-restricted hTERT expression. These findings are consistent with the view that hPOT1 promotes a nonextendable telomere state resistant to extension by S phase-restricted telomerase. Manipulating this function of hPOT1 may thus hasten the cytotoxic effects of telomerase inhibition. PMID- 18922975 TI - Bone morphogenetic protein-9 induces apoptosis in prostate cancer cells, the role of prostate apoptosis response-4. AB - Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) have been implicated in the development of bone metastases in prostate cancer. In this study, we investigated the role which BMP 9 played in prostate cancer and found that the expression of BMP-9 was decreased or absent in prostate cancer, particularly in the foci of higher grade disease. We further investigated the influence of BMP-9 on the biological behaviors of prostate cancer cells. The forced overexpression of BMP-9 prevented the in vitro growth, cell-matrix adhesion, invasion, and migration of prostate cancer cells. We also elucidated that BMP-9 induced apoptosis in PC-3 cells through the up regulation of prostate apoptosis response-4. Among the receptors which have been implicated in the signaling of BMP-9, BMPR-IB and BMPR-II have also been implicated in the development and progression of prostate cancer. Knockdown of BMPR-IB or BMPR-II using respective hammerhead ribozyme transgenes could promote cell growth in vitro. We also found that BMPR-II is indispensable for the Smad dependent signal transduction by BMP-9 in PC-3 cells, in which Smad-1 was phosphorylated and translocated from the cytoplasm into the nuclei. Taken together, BMP-9 inhibits the growth of prostate cancer cells due to the induced apoptosis, which is related to an up-regulation of prostate apoptosis response-4 through a Smad-dependent pathway. BMP-9 could also prevent the migration and invasiveness of prostate cancer. This suggests that BMP-9 may function as a tumor suppressor and apoptosis regulator in prostate cancer. PMID- 18922976 TI - RhoA silencing reverts the resistance to doxorubicin in human colon cancer cells. AB - The efficacy of doxorubicin in the treatment of cancer is limited by its side effects and by the onset of drug resistance. Reverting such resistance could allow the decrease of the dose necessary to eradicate the tumor, thus diminishing the toxicity of the drug. We transfected doxorubicin-sensitive (HT29) and doxorubicin-resistant (HT29-dx) human colon cancer cells with RhoA small interfering RNA. The subsequent decrease of RhoA protein was associated with the increased sensitivity to doxorubicin in HT29 cells and the complete reversion of doxorubicin resistance in HT29-dx cells. RhoA silencing increased the activation of the nuclear factor-kappaB pathway, inducing the transcription and the activity of nitric oxide synthase. This led to the tyrosine nitration of the multidrug resistance protein 3 transporter (MRP3) and contributed to a reduced doxorubicin efflux. Moreover, RhoA silencing decreased the ATPase activity of P-glycoprotein (Pgp) in HT29 and HT29-dx cells as a consequence of the reduced expression of Pgp. RhoA silencing, by acting as an upstream controller of both MRP3 nitration and Pgp expression, was effective to revert the toxicity and accumulation of doxorubicin in both HT29 and HT29-dx cells. Therefore, we suggest that inactivating RhoA has potential clinical applications and might in the future become part of a gene therapy protocol. PMID- 18922977 TI - Potentiation of temozolomide cytotoxicity by poly(ADP)ribose polymerase inhibitor ABT-888 requires a conversion of single-stranded DNA damages to double-stranded DNA breaks. AB - Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) senses DNA breaks and facilitates DNA repair via the polyADP-ribosylation of various DNA binding and repair proteins. We explored the mechanism of potentiation of temozolomide cytotoxicity by the PARP inhibitor ABT-888. We showed that cells treated with temozolomide need to be exposed to ABT-888 for at least 17 to 24 hours to achieve maximal cytotoxicity. The extent of cytotoxicity correlates with the level of double-stranded DNA breaks as indicated by gammaH2AX levels. In synchronized cells, damaging DNA with temozolomide in the presence of ABT-888 during the S phase generated high levels of double-stranded breaks, presumably because the single-stranded DNA breaks resulting from the cleavage of the methylated nucleotides were converted into double-stranded breaks through DNA replication. As a result, treatment of temozolomide and ABT-888 during the S phase leads to higher levels of cytotoxicity. ABT-888 inhibits poly(ADP-ribose) formation in vivo and enhances tumor growth inhibition by temozolomide in multiple models. ABT-888 is well tolerated in animal models. ABT-888 is currently in clinical trials in combination with temozolomide. PMID- 18922978 TI - An autocrine VEGF/VEGFR2 and p38 signaling loop confers resistance to 4 hydroxytamoxifen in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. AB - Tamoxifen, a partial estrogen receptor antagonist, is part of the standard treatment of both primary and advanced breast cancers. However, significant proportions of breast cancers are either de novo resistant or develop tamoxifen resistance during the course of treatment through mechanisms which have been only partly characterized. We have previously found that high vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) expression and concomitant high p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activity within breast cancers predict a poor outcome for tamoxifen-treated patients. Here, we have molecularly dissected how VEGF/VEGFR2 and p38 are linked, and contribute to tamoxifen resistance within breast cancer using a MCF-7 BC cell model with different 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4 OHT) responsiveness. We report that MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines with tamoxifen resistance have increased secretion of VEGF and increased signaling through VEGFR2 compared with parental MCF-7 cells. 4-OHT treatment caused the ablation of VEGF secretion in parental MCF-7 cells, whereas in the tamoxifen-resistant subline, a VEGF/VEGFR2 signaling loop was still evident upon treatment. Increased basal levels of total and phosphorylated p38 were observed in tamoxifen-resistant cells. Pharmacologic inhibition of p38 reduced the proliferation of both tamoxifen-responsive and tamoxifen-resistant cells and showed an additive growth inhibitory effect in combination with 4-OHT. A connection between VEGF/VEGFR2 and p38 signaling was identified by VEGF and VEGFR2 knockdown, which equally reduced both the total and the active forms of p38 in tamoxifen-resistant cells. Taken together, our results suggest that decreased sensitivity to 4-OHT is caused by a death-protecting VEGF/VEGFR2 and p38 growth factor loop in breast cancer cells. Inhibition of these signaling pathways may be beneficial to overcome tamoxifen resistance. PMID- 18922979 TI - Focal adhesion kinase controls aggressive phenotype of androgen-independent prostate cancer. AB - Overexpression of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) has been well correlated with tumor development and/or the maintenance of tumor phenotype. In addition, inappropriate activation of the extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway is common to many human cancers. In the present study, we investigated the interplay between FAK and ERK in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells (PC3 and DU145 cells). We observed that suppression of FAK expression using small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown decreased the clonogenic activity, whereas overexpression of FAK increased it. We also observed that detachment of PC3 and DU145 cells from their substrate induced tyrosine phosphorylation of FAK. ERK knockdown diminished FAK protein levels and tyrosine phosphorylation of FAK as well as FAK promoter reporter activity. We also tested the effect of MEK inhibitors and small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of ERK1 and/or ERK2 on cell proliferation, invasiveness, and growth in soft agar of PC3 and DU145 cells. Inhibition of ERK signaling grossly impaired clonogenicity as well as invasion through Matrigel. However, inhibition of ERK signaling resulted in only a modest inhibition of 3H thymidine incorporation and no effect on overall viability of the cells or increased sensitivity to anoikis. Taken together, these data show, for the first time, a requirement for FAK in aggressive phenotype of prostate cancer cells; reveal interdependence of FAK and ERK1/2 for clonogenic and invasive activity of androgen-independent prostate cancer cells; suggest a role for ERK regulation of FAK in substrate-dependent survival; and show for the first time, in any cell type, the regulation of FAK expression by ERK signaling pathway. PMID- 18922967 TI - Antipsychotic drugs: comparison in animal models of efficacy, neurotransmitter regulation, and neuroprotection. AB - Various lines of evidence indicate the presence of progressive pathophysiological processes occurring within the brains of patients with schizophrenia. By modulating chemical neurotransmission, antipsychotic drugs may influence a variety of functions regulating neuronal resilience and viability and have the potential for neuroprotection. This article reviews the current literature describing preclinical and clinical studies that evaluate the efficacy of antipsychotic drugs, their mechanism of action and the potential of first- and second-generation antipsychotic drugs to exert effects on cellular processes that may be neuroprotective in schizophrenia. The evidence to date suggests that although all antipsychotic drugs have the ability to reduce psychotic symptoms via D(2) receptor antagonism, some antipsychotics may differ in other pharmacological properties and their capacities to mitigate and possibly reverse cellular processes that may underlie the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. PMID- 18922980 TI - Induction of antiproliferative connective tissue growth factor expression in Wilms' tumor cells by sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2. AB - Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), a member of the CCN family of secreted matricellular proteins, regulates fibrosis, angiogenesis, cell proliferation, apoptosis, tumor growth, and metastasis. However, the role of CTGF and its regulation mechanism in Wilms' tumor remains largely unknown. We found that the bioactive lipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) induced CTGF expression in a concentration- and time-dependent manner in a Wilms' tumor cell line (WiT49), whereas FTY720-phosphate, an S1P analogue that binds all S1P receptors except S1P2, did not. Further, the specific S1P2 antagonist JTE-013 completely inhibited S1P-induced CTGF expression, whereas the S1P1 antagonist VPC44116 did not, indicating that this effect was mediated by S1P2. This was confirmed by adenoviral transduction of S1P2 in WiT49 cells, which showed that overexpression of S1P2 increased the expression of CTGF. Induction of CTGF by S1P was sensitive to ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase inhibitor SP600125, suggesting the requirement of RhoA/ROCK and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase pathways for S1P-induced CTGF expression. Interestingly, the expression levels of CTGF were decreased in 8 of 10 Wilms' tumor tissues compared with matched normal tissues by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analysis. In vitro, human recombinant CTGF significantly inhibited the proliferation of WiT49 cells. In addition, overexpression of CTGF resulted in significant inhibition of WiT49 cell growth. Taken together, these data suggest that CTGF protein induced by S1P2 might act as a growth inhibitor in Wilms' tumor. PMID- 18922981 TI - Reporting the eGFR and its implication for CKD diagnosis. AB - The process of diagnosing chronic kidney disease using the estimated GFR involves several pitfalls. The estimated GFR laboratory report should be requested only by practitioners who are familiar with how to interpret the result. Until a more reliable method is available to estimate the GFR, the current chronic kidney disease classification should be revised by reducing the central role of the GFR cutoff levels. PMID- 18922982 TI - Introduction: academic nephrology 2008. PMID- 18922984 TI - Acid-base disturbances in gastrointestinal disease. AB - Disruption of normal gastrointestinal function as a result of infection, hereditary or acquired diseases, or complications of surgical procedures uncovers its important role in acid-base homeostasis. Metabolic acidosis or alkalosis may occur, depending on the nature and volume of the unregulated losses that occur. Investigation into the specific pathophysiology of gastrointestinal disorders has provided important new insights into the normal physiology of ion transport along the gut and has also provided new avenues for treatment. This review provides a brief overview of normal ion transport along the gut and then discusses the pathophysiology and treatment of the metabolic acid-base disorders that occur when normal gut function is disrupted. PMID- 18922983 TI - Physical activity and hemodynamic reactivity in chronic kidney disease. AB - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have an elevated cardiovascular risk. This study was designed to understand better the presence and strength of the relationship between physical activity and BP and to explore determinants of hemodynamic reactivity. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS: Twenty-four patients with CKD (mean age 69.5 yr; 3.1 antihypertensive drugs; estimated GFR 47 ml/min per 1.73 m(2), albumin/creatinine ratio 403 mg/g) were studied on three occasions during a 6-wk period with 24-h ambulatory BP monitoring and simultaneous activity monitoring with wrist actigraphy. RESULTS: Nondippers were found have a greater level of sleep activity compared with dippers, although the awake activity level was similar (7.06 versus 6.73) between groups (P = 0.042 for interaction). In 3587 BP activity pairs, hemodynamic reactivity was variable between individuals (systolic BP reactivity 1.06 [SD 10.50]; diastolic BP reactivity 0.89 [SD 7.80] heart rate reactivity 1.18 [SD 11.00]); those who were more sedentary had a greater increment in systolic BP compared with those who were less sedentary. Antihypertensive drugs blunted hemodynamic reactivity. Hemodynamic reactivity was greatest between 12 a.m. and 8 a.m., making this a vulnerable period for cardiovascular events. CONCLUSIONS: Greater hemodynamic reactivity in sedentary people with CKD offers a possible and thus far unrecognized mechanism of cardiovascular damage. Besides reducing BP, antihypertensive drugs reduce hemodynamic reactivity, which offers another plausible mechanism of cardiovascular protection with their use. PMID- 18922985 TI - Association of hemoglobin variability and mortality among contemporary incident hemodialysis patients. AB - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Evidence exists that variability in hemoglobin may be an independent risk factor for mortality among hemodialysis patients. These observations were based on a 1996 cohort, a time when anemia management differed greatly from present. Design, settings, participants and measurements: A retrospective cohort study of patients incident to Fresenius Medical Care units between 2004 and 2005 (n = 6644). Hemoglobin variability (Hgb-Var) was defined for each subject as the residual SD of a linear regression model of time on hemoglobin. RESULTS: The mean (SD) of Hgb-Var was 1.13 (0.55) g/dl. In the primary analysis, each g/dl increase of Hgb-Var was associated with an adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) for all-cause mortality of 1.11 (0.92 to 1.33). No significant interaction with Hgb-Var and mortality was found on the basis of age (P = 0.22), arterial disease (P = 0.45), Hgb slope (P = 0.68), or mean Hgb (P = 0.78). When Hgb-Var was defined by a regression model that included a quadratic term for time (enabling descriptions of curvilinear hemoglobin trajectories), model fit was greatly improved (P for difference <0.001). The corresponding adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) for all-cause mortality was 1.17 (0.93 to 1.49). CONCLUSIONS: Hgb-Var was not found to be associated with all-cause mortality when examined in a contemporary incident hemodialysis population. More research is needed to determine whether differences in these findings compared with prior analyses relate to temporal trends in anemia management or from differences in the relationship between Hgb-Var and outcomes among incident versus prevalent hemodialysis patients. PMID- 18922986 TI - Chronic kidney disease in the United States: a public policy imperative. AB - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In the past decade, a crisis in nephrology has slowly emerged in the areas of both clinical care and public policy. In 2003, the Council of American Kidney Societies (CAKS) identified 19 barriers to improved patient outcomes in chronic kidney disease (CKD). DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS: Site visits and in-depth telephone interviews were conducted with 15 nephrologists focusing on current issues with identifying and treating patients with CKD. The qualitative analyses were considered in the context of CAKS-identified barriers to assess the present state of nephrology care and provide a foundation for a more detailed quantitative CKD project potential implications for advancing nephrology-related health policy. RESULTS: Despite new evidence-based therapies to slow, stop, or reverse the progression of CKD to ESRD as well as premature cardiovascular disease, major systemic barriers continue to limit the implementation of this body of evidence at the level of the nephrology practice. Key factors include under- or uninsurance, unstructured medical care systems, and lack of enabling public policies. CONCLUSIONS: The crisis of nephrology is embedded within the unresolved duress of the ability to provide quality early intervention juxtaposed upon inadequate reimbursement for clinical care and procedures, unfunded mandates for information technology systems, and organizational inconsistencies between nephrology and other specialties. We believe now is the time for the renal community and related stakeholders to unite in an effort to address the clinical, financial, and public policy issues that will enable the delivery of appropriate CKD care to this vulnerable patient population. PMID- 18922987 TI - Transplant tourism in the United States: a single-center experience. AB - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Transplant "tourism" typically refers to the practice of traveling outside the country of residence to obtain organ transplantation. This study describes the characteristics and outcomes of 33 kidney transplant recipients who traveled abroad for transplant and returned to University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) for follow-up. DESIGN, SETTINGS, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS: Posttransplantation outcomes were compared between tourists and a matched cohort of patients who underwent transplantation at UCLA (matched for age, race, transplant year, dialysis time, previous transplantation, and donor type). Median follow-up time was 487 d (range 68 to 3056). RESULTS: Compared with all patients who underwent transplantation at UCLA, tourists included more Asians and had shorter dialysis times. Most patients traveled to their region of ethnicity with the majority undergoing transplantation in China (44%), Iran (16%), and the Philippines (13%). Living unrelated transplants were most common. Tourists presented to UCLA a median of 35 d after transplantation. Four patients required urgent hospitalization, three of whom lost their grafts. Seventeen (52%) patients had infections, with nine requiring hospitalization. One patient lost her graft and subsequently died from complications related to donor-contracted hepatitis B. One-year graft survival was 89% for tourists and 98% for the matched UCLA cohort (P = 0.75). The rate of acute rejection at 1 yr was 30% in tourists and 12% in the matched cohort. CONCLUSIONS: Tourists had a more complex posttransplantation course with a higher incidence of acute rejection and severe infectious complications. PMID- 18922988 TI - Hemoglobin targets and blood transfusions in hemodialysis patients without symptomatic cardiac disease receiving erythropoietin therapy. AB - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Optimal hemoglobin targets for chronic kidney disease patients receiving erythropoiesis-stimulating agents remain controversial. The effects of different hemoglobin targets on blood transfusion requirements have not been well characterized, despite their relevance to clinical decision-making. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS: Five hundred ninety-six incident hemodialysis patients without symptomatic cardiac disease were randomly assigned to hemoglobin targets of 9.5 to 11.5 g/dl or 13.5 to 14.5 g/dl for 96 wk using epoetin alfa as primary therapy and changes in left ventricular structure as the primary outcome (previously reported). Patients were masked to treatment assignment. Blood transfusion data were prospectively collected at 4-wk intervals. RESULTS: The mean age and prior duration of dialysis therapy of the study population were 50.8 and 0.8 yr, respectively. Previously reported mortality was similar in low and high-target subjects, at 4.7 (95% confidence interval 3.0, 7.3) and 3.1 (1.8, 5.4) per hundred patient years, respectively. Transfusion rates were 0.66 (0.59, 0.74) units of blood per year in low and 0.26 (0.22, 0.32) in high-target subjects (P < 0.0001). Hemoglobin level at transfusion (7.7 [7.5, 7.9]) versus 8.1 [7.6, 8.5] g/dl) were similar with both groups. High hemoglobin target was a significant predictor of time to first transfusion independent of baseline associations (hazard ratio = 0.42; 95% confidence interval = 0.26-0.67). CONCLUSIONS: In hemodialysis patients with comparatively low mortality risks, normal hemoglobin targets may reduce the need for transfusions. PMID- 18922989 TI - Regional variation in kidney transplant outcomes: trends over time. AB - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Clinical outcomes after kidney transplant have improved considerably in the United States over the past several decades. However, the degree to which this has occurred uniformly across the country is unknown. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS: Regional variations in graft failure after kidney transplant during three different time periods were examined. These time periods were chosen to coincide with major shifts in immunosuppressant usage: Era 1, cyclosporine usage, 1988 through 1989; Era 2, introduction of tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil, 1994 through 1995; and Era 3, widespread use of tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil, 1998 through 1999. Patient data were obtained from the United States Renal Data System database. For each period, regional differences in time from transplant to graft failure (organ removal, death, or return to dialysis) were examined. For each region, differences in graft failure over time were examined. RESULTS: One-year graft survival rates ranged from 76% to 83% between regions in Era 1 (n = 13,669), from 84% to 89% in Era 2 (n = 17,456), and from 87.5% to 92% in Era 3 (n = 20,375). Three-year graft survival ranged from 65% to 75% between regions in Era 1, from 84% to 89% in Era 2, and from 77% to 86% in Era 3. Adjusted models for donor and recipient characteristics showed improvements in graft survival over time in all United Network for Organ Sharing regions with minimal variation across regions. CONCLUSIONS: Regional differences in graft survival after kidney transplant are minimal, particularly when compared with the dramatic improvements in graft survival that have occurred over time. PMID- 18922990 TI - Screening for kidney diseases: older measures versus novel biomarkers. AB - Biomarkers have been used to screen for kidney disease since creatinine was recognized to be correlated with renal function. The measurement of serum creatinine as a screening test for kidney disease falls short, however, because serum creatinine is not particularly sensitive for the diagnosis of kidney disease. Creatinine reflects renal filtering capacity, which has a lot of reserve and is therefore not sensitive to acute or chronic kidney injury unless the injury is substantial enough to compromise the filtering ability. The sensitivity of serum creatinine is further diminished in certain patient populations that are prone to kidney disease because of the physiology of creatinine. Therefore, researchers are seeking new biomarkers that can aid in the diagnosis of both acute and chronic kidney diseases. The limitations of creatinine in screening for kidney diseases in specific patient populations as well as new potential biomarkers that are actively being researched are discussed in this review. PMID- 18922991 TI - Spirituality, social support, and survival in hemodialysis patients. AB - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: No studies have evaluated the relationship among spirituality, social support, and survival in patients with ESRD. This study assessed whether spirituality was an independent predictor of survival in dialysis patients with ESRD after controlling for age, diabetes, albumin, and social support. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS: A total of 166 patients who had ESRD and were treated with hemodialysis completed questionnaires on psychosocial variables, quality of life, and religious and spiritual beliefs. The religious variables were categorized into three scores on a 0 to 20 scale (low to high levels): Spirituality, religious involvement, and religion as coping. Social support was assessed using the Multidimensional Scale for Perceived Social Support. Analyses were also performed including and excluding patients with HIV infection. Religious variables were categorized on the basis of means, medians, and tertiles. RESULTS: In analyses that used religious variables, only the responses on the spirituality scale split at the mean were associated with survival. The association of other religious variables with survival did not reach significance. Social support correlated with spirituality, religion as coping, and religious involvement measures. Only social support and age were associated with survival when controlling for diabetes, albumin concentration, HIV infection, and spirituality. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that the effects of spirituality may be mediated by social support. Larger, multicenter, prospective studies that use well-validated tools to measure religiosity and spirituality are needed to determine whether there is an independent association of spirituality variables with survival in patients with ESRD. PMID- 18922992 TI - Recovery of hyperphosphatoninism and renal phosphorus wasting one year after successful renal transplantation. AB - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In the first months after successful kidney transplantation, hypophosphatemia and renal phosphorus wasting are common and related to inappropriately high parathyroid hormone (PTH) and fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) levels. Little is known about the long-term natural history of renal phosphorus homeostasis in renal transplant recipients. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS: We prospectively followed parameters of mineral metabolism (including full-length PTH and FGF-23) in 50 renal transplant recipients at the time of transplantation (Tx), at month 3 (M3) and at month 12 (M12). Transplant recipients were (1:1) matched for estimated GFR with chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. RESULTS: FGF-23 levels (Tx: 2816 [641 to 10665] versus M3: 73 [43 to 111] versus M12: 56 [34 to 78] ng/L, median [interquartile range]) and fractional phosphorus excretion (FE(phos); M3: 45 +/- 19% versus M12: 37 +/- 13%) significantly declined over time after renal transplantation. Levels 1 yr after transplantation were similar to those in CKD patients (FGF-23: 47 [34 to 77] ng/L; FE(phos) 35 +/- 16%). Calcium (9.1 +/- 0.5 versus 8.9 +/- 0.3 mg/dl) and PTH (27.2 [17.0 to 46.0] versus 17.5 [11.7 to 24.4] ng/L) levels were significantly higher, whereas phosphorus (3.0 +/- 0.6 versus 3.3 +/- 0.6 mg/dl) levels were significantly lower 1 yr after renal transplantation as compared with CKD patients. CONCLUSIONS: Data indicate that hyperphosphatoninism and renal phosphorus wasting regress by 1 yr after successful renal transplantation. PMID- 18922993 TI - Increased hemodialysis catheter use in Canada and associated mortality risk: data from the Canadian Organ Replacement Registry 2001-2004. AB - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The 1999 Canadian vascular access guidelines recommend the fistula as the access of choice. The study describes the trends in hemodialysis access use, variation among provinces, and the association with mortality from 2001 to 2004. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS AND MEASUREMENTS: An observational study of adult patients registered in Canadian Organ Replacement Registry on hemodialysis. Access trends were examined among incident and prevalent hemodialysis patients adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, late referral, race, smoking status, province, etiology of end-stage renal disease, and comorbidities. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was used to analyze risk for death for patients followed to December 31, 2005. RESULTS: From 2001 to 2004, incident catheter use increased from 76.8% to 79.1%, fistulas decreased from 21.6% to 18.6%, and grafts remained between 2.1% to 2.6%. Prevalent catheter use increased from 41.8% to 51.7%, and fistulas and grafts decreased from 46.8% to 41.6% and 11.4% to 6.7%, respectively. There was significant variation in incident and prevalent fistulae use among the provinces. Adjustment for differences in patient characteristics did not change these trends. Incident catheter use was associated with a 6 times greater risk of death compared with fistula or graft use combined. CONCLUSIONS: In Canada there has been a decrease in fistulae and grafts with a subsequent increase in catheters that is not explained by changes in patient characteristics. Vascular access use varied by province, suggesting differences in practice patterns. Because incident catheter use was associated with increased mortality, urgent measures are needed to develop strategies to decrease catheter use. PMID- 18922994 TI - Combined high serum ferritin and low iron saturation in hemodialysis patients: the role of inflammation. AB - BACKGROUND: Serum ferritin, frequently used as a marker of iron status in individuals with chronic kidney disease, is also an inflammatory marker. The concurrent combination of high serum ferritin and low iron saturation ratio (ISAT) usually poses a diagnostic dilemma. We hypothesized that serum ferritin > or =500 ng/ml, especially in the seemingly paradoxical presence of ISAT level <25%, is more strongly associated with inflammation than with iron in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: In 789 MHD patients in the Los Angeles area, the association of serum ferritin > or =500 ng/ml with inflammatory markers, including IL-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein levels, and malnutrition-inflammation score (MIS) was examined. RESULTS: After multivariate adjustment for case-mix and other measures of malnutrition inflammation complex, MHD patients with serum ferritin > or =500 ng/ml and ISAT <25% had higher odds ratio for serum C-reactive protein > or =10 mg/L. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves for the continuum of ISAT and IL-6 in detecting a serum ferritin > or =500 ng/ml were identical (0.57 versus 0.56, P = 0.7). The combination of IL-6 with ISAT yielded a higher area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (0.61) than either ISAT or IL-6 alone (P = 0.03 and P = 0.02, respectively). CONCLUSION: In MHD patients, ferritin values above 500 ng/ml, especially in paradoxical conjunction with low ISAT, are associated with inflammation. Strategies to dissociate inflammation from iron metabolism to mitigate the confounding impact of inflammation on iron and to improve iron treatment responsiveness may improve anemia management in chronic kidney disease. PMID- 18922996 TI - Re: "An overview of methods for monitoring social disparities in cancer with an example using trends in lung cancer incidence by area-socioeconomic position and race-ethnicity, 1992-2004". PMID- 18922995 TI - Exploration of association of 1,25-OH2D3 with augmentation index, a composite measure of arterial stiffness. AB - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Abnormalities in mineral metabolism [calcium, phosphate, and immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (PTH)] and vitamin D have been linked to increases in central arterial stiffness. Central arterial stiffness can be measured using noninvasive technologies, including augmentation index (AIx), a composite measure of arterial stiffness. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, AND MEASUREMENTS: In 131 outpatients identified from individual cardiac or kidney disease clinics, we examined conventional demographic and laboratory risk factors, vitamin D levels (1,25-OH2D3 and 25-OHD3), and markers of inflammation or endothelial function [C-reactive peptide (hsCRP), matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), and IL-6] in relationship to AIx. RESULTS: The median eGFR was significantly different between clinics (range 25-81 ml/min). Subjects with higher phosphate or MMP-9 levels were found to have a higher AIx (P = 0.02 and 0.07, respectively). Lower 1,25-OH2D3 levels or reduced eGFR were associated with higher AIx (P = 0.002 and 0.005, respectively). The associations between 1,25-OH2D3 and phosphate levels and AIx were observed for values within the normal range. No association was noted for calcium, iPTH, 25 OHD3, or hsCRP and AIx. Adjusting for potential confounders [eGFR, calcium, phosphate, and (log) iPTH] the association of lower 1,25-OH2D3 with AIx remained statistically significant. CONCLUSION: This exploratory study demonstrates a significant association between AIx and 1,25-OH2D3 in a diverse group with cardiac, kidney disease, or both. These increasing understanding of the role of vitamin D in vascular health lends a context to these findings and raises questions as to additional modifiable risk factors in complex patients. Further studies are required. PMID- 18922997 TI - Re: "Conjugated equine estrogens and breast cancer risk in the Women's Health Initiative clinical trial and observational study". PMID- 18922998 TI - Geographic clustering of nonmedical exemptions to school immunization requirements and associations with geographic clustering of pertussis. AB - School immunization requirements are important in controlling vaccine-preventable diseases in the United States. Forty-eight states offer nonmedical exemptions to school immunization requirements. Children with exemptions are at increased risk of contracting and transmitting vaccine-preventable diseases. The clustering of nonmedical exemptions can affect community risk of vaccine-preventable diseases. The authors evaluated spatial clustering of nonmedical exemptions in Michigan and geographic overlap between exemptions clusters and clusters of reported pertussis cases. Kulldorf's scan statistic identified 23 statistically significant census tract clusters for exemption rates and 6 significant census tract clusters for reported pertussis cases between 1993 and 2004. The time frames for significant space-time pertussis clusters were August 1993-September 1993, August 1994 February 1995, May 1998-June 1998, April 2002, May 2003-July 2003, and June 2004 November 2004. Census tracts in exemptions clusters were more likely to be in pertussis clusters (odds ratio = 3.0, 95% confidence interval: 2.5, 3.6). The overlap of exemptions clusters and pertussis clusters remained significant after adjustment for population density, proportion of racial/ethnic minorities, proportion of children aged 5 years or younger, percentage of persons below the poverty level, and average family size (odds ratio = 2.7, 95% confidence interval: 2.2, 3.3). Geographic pockets of vaccine exemptors pose a risk to the whole community. In addition to monitoring state-level exemption rates, health authorities should be mindful of within-state heterogeneity. PMID- 18922999 TI - Seven lipoprotein lipase gene polymorphisms, lipid fractions, and coronary disease: a HuGE association review and meta-analysis. AB - Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is a key enzyme in lipoprotein metabolism and a major candidate gene for coronary heart disease (CHD). The authors assessed associations between 7 LPL polymorphisms and lipid fractions and CHD risk in population-based cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies published by January 2007. Meta-analyses of 22,734 CHD cases and 50,177 controls in 89 association studies focused on the relations of the T-93G (rs1800590), D9N (rs1801177), G188E, N291S (rs268), PvuII (rs285), HindIII (rs320), and S447X (rs328) polymorphisms to high density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, myocardial infarction, or coronary stenosis. Carriers of 9N or 291S had modestly adverse lipid profiles. Carriers of the less common allele of HindIII or of 447X had modestly advantageous profiles. The combined odds ratio for CHD among carriers was 1.33 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.14, 1.56) for 9N, 1.07 (95% CI: 0.96, 1.20) for 291S, 0.89 (95% CI: 0.81, 0.98) for the less common HindIII allele, and 0.84 (95% CI: 0.75, 0.94) for 447X. For T-93G (odds ratio (OR) = 1.22, 95% CI: 0.98, 1.52) and PvuII (OR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.89, 1.04), there were null associations with lipid levels or CHD risk; information on G188E was limited (OR = 2.80, 95% CI: 0.88, 8.87). The study of LPL genotypes confirms the existence of close interrelations between high density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride pathways. The influence of these genotypes on CHD risk warrants further investigation. PMID- 18923000 TI - Androgen receptor knockout and knock-in mouse models. AB - Androgens play an important role in male reproductive development and function. These steroid hormones mediate their actions by binding to the androgen receptor (AR). Diseases such as androgen insensitivity syndrome, prostate cancer, Kennedy's disease, and infertility can be caused by mutations in the AR. To get a better insight into the molecular working mechanisms of the AR, several knockout and knock-in mouse models have been developed. These models are reviewed here and are compared with human diseases. PMID- 18923001 TI - Clinical significance of plasma level of vascular endothelial growth factor-C in patients with colorectal cancer. AB - OBJECTIVE: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C is known to be associated with angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in various cancers. However, little is known about the clinical significance of determining the blood level of VEGF-C in patients with colorectal cancer. METHODS: Plasma levels of VEGF-C in patients with colorectal cancer (n = 127) and normal healthy volunteers (n = 23) were determined by the sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: The plasma VEGF-C concentration did not significantly differ between patients with colorectal cancer and healthy controls (P = 0.53). However, subgroup analysis showed that deeper tumor invasion (P = 0.04), more severe lymphatic invasion (P = 0.03) and venous invasion (P < 0.01) were correlated with an elevated level of plasma VEGF-C. Among the patients (n = 109) who underwent potentially curative surgery, the plasma level of VEGF-C was higher in patients who developed recurrence (n = 35) than in those who did not (n = 74) (P = 0.04). In addition, disease-free (P = 0.02) and overall survival times (P = 0.02) were shorter in patients with a high level (>1840 pg/ml) of plasma VEGF-C than in those with a low level (< or =1840 pg/ml) when the cut-off value was determined on the basis of the median value in colorectal cancer patients. Multivariate analysis with the Cox proportional hazard model demonstrated that the plasma VEGF-C level along with Dukes' stage was an independent factor affecting overall survival (P = 0.03). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that determining the plasma level of VEGF-C would be useful for predicting lymphatic invasion, venous invasion and poor outcome of patients with colorectal cancer. PMID- 18923002 TI - Lack of replication of association between GIGYF2 variants and Parkinson disease. AB - Mutations in GIGYF2 have recently been described as causative of Parkinson's disease in Europeans. In an attempt to replicate these results in independent populations, we sequenced the entire coding region of GIGYF2 in a large series of Portuguese and North American samples. We report the finding of two of the previously published mutations in neurologically normal Control individuals. This suggests that mutations in GIGYF2 are not strongly related to the development of the disease in either of these populations. PMID- 18923003 TI - FGFR3 promotes synchondrosis closure and fusion of ossification centers through the MAPK pathway. AB - Activating mutations in FGFR3 cause achondroplasia and thanatophoric dysplasia, the most common human skeletal dysplasias. In these disorders, spinal canal and foramen magnum stenosis can cause serious neurologic complications. Here, we provide evidence that FGFR3 and MAPK signaling in chondrocytes promote synchondrosis closure and fusion of ossification centers. We observed premature synchondrosis closure in the spine and cranial base in human cases of homozygous achondroplasia and thanatophoric dysplasia as well as in mouse models of achondroplasia. In both species, premature synchondrosis closure was associated with increased bone formation. Chondrocyte-specific activation of Fgfr3 in mice induced premature synchondrosis closure and enhanced osteoblast differentiation around synchondroses. FGF signaling in chondrocytes increases Bmp ligand mRNA expression and decreases Bmp antagonist mRNA expression in a MAPK-dependent manner, suggesting a role for Bmp signaling in the increased bone formation. The enhanced bone formation would accelerate the fusion of ossification centers and limit the endochondral bone growth. Spinal canal and foramen magnum stenosis in heterozygous achondroplasia patients, therefore, may occur through premature synchondrosis closure. If this is the case, then any growth-promoting treatment for these complications of achondroplasia must precede the timing of the synchondrosis closure. PMID- 18923004 TI - Long-term follow-up of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus molecular epidemiology after emergence of clone USA300 in San Francisco jail populations. AB - We performed a longitudinal analysis of 502 unique methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clinical isolates originating from San Francisco jail inmates between 2000 and 2007. Strain USA300, first encountered in 2001, accounted for 82.1% (412/502) of MRSA infections. Non-USA300 MRSA strains were rarely found after 2005 (one isolate in 2006, three in 2007). PMID- 18923005 TI - Simple disk-based method for detection of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase type beta-lactamase by use of a boronic acid compound. AB - A disk potentiation method using carbapenems as substrates and 3-aminophenyl boronic acid as an inhibitor was evaluated for the detection of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)-type beta-lactamases. When combined with nonsusceptibility to ertapenem, the method was easy to perform and reliably differentiated isolates producing KPC-type beta-lactamases from those producing other types of beta-lactamases. PMID- 18923006 TI - Real-time PCR with an internal control for detection of all known human adenovirus serotypes. AB - The "gold standard" for the diagnosis of adenovirus (AV) infection is virus culture, which is rather time-consuming. Especially for immunocompromised patients, in whom severe infections with AV have been described, rapid diagnosis is important. Therefore, an internally controlled AV real-time PCR assay detecting all known human AV serotypes was developed. Primers were chosen from the hexon region, which is the most conserved region, and in order to cover all known serotypes, degenerate primers were used. The internal control (IC) DNA contained the same primer binding sites as the AV DNA control but had a shuffled probe region compared to the conserved 24-nucleotide consensus AV hexon probe region (the target). The IC DNA was added to the clinical sample in order to monitor extraction and PCR efficiency. The sensitivity and the linearity of the AV PCR were determined. For testing the specificity of this PCR assay for human AVs, a selection of 51 AV prototype strains and 66 patient samples positive for other DNA viruses were tested. Moreover, a comparison of the AV PCR method described herein with culture and antigen (Ag) detection was performed with a selection of 151 clinical samples. All 51 AV serotypes were detected in the selection of AV prototype strains. Concordant results from culture or Ag detection and PCR were found for 139 (92.1%) of 151 samples. In 12 cases (7.9%), PCR was positive while the culture was negative. In conclusion, a sensitive, internally controlled nonnested AV real-time PCR assay which is able to detect all known AV serotypes with higher sensitivity than a culture or Ag detection method was developed. PMID- 18923007 TI - Evaluation of a multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis scheme for typing human Brucella isolates in a region of brucellosis endemicity. AB - Brucellosis remains an important anthropozoonosis worldwide. Brucella species are genetically homogeneous, and thus, the typing of Brucella species for epidemiological purposes by conventional molecular typing methods has remained elusive. Although many methods could segregate isolates into the phylogenetically recognized taxa, limited within-species genetic diversity has been identified. Recently, multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) was found to have a high degree of resolution when it was applied to collections of Brucella isolates from geographically widespread locations, and an assay comprising 16 such loci (MLVA-16) was proposed. This scheme includes eight minisatellite loci (panel 1) and eight microsatellites (panel 2, which is subdivided into panels 2A and 2B). The utility of MLVA-16 for the subtyping of human Brucella isolates from geographically restricted regions needs to be further evaluated, and genotyping databases with worldwide coverage must be progressively established. In the present study, MLVA-16 was applied to the typing of 42 human Brucella isolates obtained from 41 patients recovered from 2002 to 2006 at a tertiary-care center in Lebanon. All isolates were identified as Brucella melitensis by MLVA-16 and were found to be closely related to B. melitensis isolates from neighboring countries in the Middle East when their genotypes were queried against those in the web-based Brucella2007 MLVA database (http://mlva.u-psud.fr/). Panel 2B, which comprised the most variable loci, displayed a very high discriminatory power, while panels 1 and 2A showed limited diversity. The most frequent genotype comprised seven isolates obtained over 7 weeks in 2002, demonstrating an outbreak from a common source. Two isolates obtained from one patient 5 months apart comprised another genotype, indicating relapsing disease. These findings confirm that MLVA-16 has a good discriminatory power for species determination, typing of B. melitensis isolates, and inferring their geographical origin. Abbreviated panel 2B could be used as a short-term epidemiological tool in a small region of endemicity. PMID- 18923008 TI - Rapid multiplex PCR and real-time TaqMan PCR assays for detection of Salmonella enterica and the highly virulent serovars Choleraesuis and Paratyphi C. AB - Salmonella enterica is a human pathogen with over 2,500 serovars characterized. S. enterica serovars Choleraesuis and Paratyphi C are two globally distributed serovars. We have developed a rapid molecular-typing method to detect serovars Choleraesuis and Paratyphi C in food samples by using a comparative-genomics approach to identify regions unique to each serovar from the sequenced genomes. A Salmonella-specific primer pair based on oriC was designed as an internal control to establish accuracy, sensitivity, and reproducibility. Serovar-specific primer sets based on regions of difference between serovars Choleraesuis and Paratyphi C were designed for real-time PCR assays. Three primer sets were used to screen a collection of over 100 Salmonella strains, and both serovars Choleraesuis and Paratyphi C gave unique amplification patterns. To develop the technique for practical use, its sensitivity for detection of Salmonella spp. in a food matrix was determined by spiking experiments. The technique was also adapted for a real time PCR rapid-detection assay for both serovars Choleraesuis and Paratyphi C that complements the current procedures for Salmonella sp. isolation and serotyping. PMID- 18923009 TI - Two cases of necrotizing fasciitis due to Acinetobacter baumannii. AB - Necrotizing fasciitis has conventionally been associated with the streptococci, and when it is caused by other organisms, it is most often the result of a polymicrobial infection. We report on two cases of fatal monomicrobial necrotizing fasciitis due to Acinetobacter baumannii, an unusual finding that may be an indication of enhanced virulence of the organism. PMID- 18923010 TI - Tuberculosis drug resistance in an area of low endemicity in 2004 to 2006: semiquantitative drug susceptibility testing and genotyping. AB - We determined the quantitative levels and the genetic mechanisms of resistance in drug-resistant clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis sampled over a period of 3 years (n = 45; 17 of the isolate were multidrug resistant). Our results led us to hypothesize that some strains categorized as resistant to isoniazid, ethambutol, or streptomycin by standard laboratory procedures of in vitro drug susceptibility testing may still respond to a treatment regimen that includes these agents. PMID- 18923011 TI - Detection of bacterial and yeast species with the Bactec 9120 automated system with routine use of aerobic, anaerobic, and fungal media. AB - During the period 2006 and 2007, all blood cultures required by four units at high infective risk and most of those required by other units of the University Hospital of Palermo, Palermo, Italy were performed using a Bactec 9120 automated blood culture system with a complete set of Plus Aerobic/F, Plus Anaerobic/F, and Mycosis IC/F bottles. The aim of the study was to enable the authors to gain firsthand experience of the culture potentialities of the three different media, to obtain information regarding the overall and specific recovery of bacteria and yeasts from blood cultures in the hospital, and to reach a decision as to whether and when to utilize anaerobic and fungal bottles. Although very few bloodstream infections (1.8%) were associated with obligate anaerobes, the traditional routine use of anaerobic bottles was confirmed because of their usefulness, not only in the detection of anaerobes, but also in that of gram-positive cocci and fermentative gram-negative bacilli. In this study, Mycosis IC/F bottles detected 77.4% of all the yeast isolates, 87.0% of yeasts belonging to the species Candida albicans, and 45.7% of nonfermentative gram-negative bacilli resistant to chloramphenicol and tobramycin. In order to improve the diagnosis of fungemia in high-risk patients, the additional routine use of fungal bottles was suggested when, as occurred in the intensive-care unit and in the hematology unit of the University Hospital of Palermo, high percentages of bloodstream infections are associated with yeasts, and/or antibiotic-resistant bacteria and/or multiple bacterial isolates capable of inhibiting yeast growth in aerobic bottles. PMID- 18923012 TI - Escherichia coli O125ac:H6 encompasses atypical enteropathogenic E. coli strains that display the aggregative adherence pattern. AB - O125 is an enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) serogroup, which includes the O125ac:H6 serotype, defined as atypical EPEC. Strains of this serotype displayed the aggregative adherence (AA) pattern with HEp-2, Caco-2, T84, and HT-29 cells, possessed all the LEE region genes, and expressed intimin, Tir, and EspABD, although the attaching-effacing lesion was not detected in vitro. These results confirm that E. coli O125ac:H6 is atypical EPEC that displays the AA pattern and indicate the necessity of testing for EPEC genes combined with the determination of the adherence pattern for atypical EPEC identification. PMID- 18923013 TI - Survival of Acanthamoeba cysts after desiccation for more than 20 years. AB - Acanthamoeba is a free-living ameba that is found throughout the world and that causes encephalitis, keratitis, and cutaneous infections in humans. It has two stages in its life cycle: a trophic stage and a resistant cyst stage. We describe here the ability of Acanthamoeba cysts to survive desiccation for more than 20 years. PMID- 18923014 TI - Evaluation of the disk diffusion method compared to the microdilution method in susceptibility testing of anidulafungin against filamentous fungi. AB - Susceptibility testing of anidulafungin (AFG) against 32 mold isolates showed an excellent correlation between disk diffusion (DD) and broth microdilution methods. Based on our data, a 2-microg disk of AFG and a 24-h reading time might represent the best parameters for AFG DD testing against filamentous fungi. PMID- 18923015 TI - Validation, performance under field conditions, and cost-effectiveness of Capillus HIV-1/HIV-2 and determine HIV-1/2 rapid human immunodeficiency virus antibody assays using sequential and parallel testing algorithms in Tanzania. AB - Rapid human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody tests support the effort to expand access to HIV testing and counseling services in remote, rural, and poor parts of the world. We validated the Capillus HIV-1/HIV-2 (Trinity Biotech PLC, Bray, County Wicklow, Ireland) and Determine HIV-1/2 (Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL) rapid tests in a reference laboratory using patient samples from Tanzania and evaluated the performance of the tests under field conditions in northern Tanzania. We used the resulting data to study sequential and parallel testing algorithms. In the validation study, sensitivity, specificity, the predictive value of a positive test (PV(+)), and the predictive value of a negative test (PV(-)) were all 100% for Capillus and Determine. In the field evaluation among 12,737 clients, sensitivity, specificity, PV(+), and PV(-) were 99.7%, 99.8%, 98.7%, and 99.9%, respectively, for Capillus and 99.6%, 99.9%, 99.5%, and 99.9%, respectively, for Determine. A sequential testing algorithm that did not confirm a negative initial Capillus result with a Determine result cost $7.77 per HIV diagnosis but missed 0.3% of HIV infections. A sequential testing algorithm that did not confirm a negative initial Determine result with a Capillus result cost $7.64 per HIV diagnosis but missed 0.4% of HIV infections. A parallel testing algorithm cost $13.46 per HIV diagnosis but detected more HIV infected clients. PMID- 18923016 TI - Combined multilocus short-sequence-repeat and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable-number tandem-repeat typing of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates. AB - Short-sequence-repeat (SSR) sequencing was applied to 127 Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates typed by mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable-number tandem repeats (MIRU-VNTR) and IS900 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Combined MIRU-VNTR and SSR typing followed by secondary IS900 RFLP typing is an improved approach to high-resolution genotyping of this pathogen. PMID- 18923017 TI - Performance of a novel human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 total nucleic acid-based real-time PCR assay using whole blood and dried blood spots for diagnosis of HIV in infants. AB - The new Cobas AmpliPrep/Cobas TaqMan HIV-1 Qual test offers advanced automation for the detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA and DNA in dried blood spots (DBS) and whole blood. An analytical evaluation using an HIV-1 secondary standard yielded limits of detection of 514, 710, and 1,090 HIV RNA copies/ml for EDTA plasma, whole blood, and DBS, respectively. The precision and reproducibility of HIV-1 detection was equivalent for DBS and whole blood. Inclusivity was demonstrated for a reference panel of HIV-1 subtypes A to N. A clinical evaluation of the Cobas AmpliPrep/Cobas TaqMan HIV-1 Qual test was performed at a center for routine diagnostics in Johannesburg, South Africa, using 1,013 clinical specimens from HIV-1 exposed children. The Amplicor HIV-1 DNA test v1.5 with the MagNApure DNA isolation procedure was used as the reference method. A total of 995 valid results for whole blood with both methods yielded 691 and 303 concordant negative and positive results for the Cobas AmpliPrep/Cobas TaqMan HIV-1 Qual test, respectively. For the 800 valid DBS specimen results, 495 and 300 concordant negative and positive results were obtained, respectively. The resulting clinical specificities and sensitivities of the new test were 100% and 99.7% for whole blood and DBS, respectively. The new test was characterized by its robustness, enhanced automation, and improved sample throughput. The Cobas AmpliPrep/Cobas TaqMan HIV-1 Qual test will support early, reliable diagnosis of HIV in children in routine laboratory settings. PMID- 18923018 TI - Identification and characterization of ADNT1, a novel mitochondrial adenine nucleotide transporter from Arabidopsis. AB - Despite the fundamental importance and high level of compartmentation of mitochondrial nucleotide metabolism in plants, our knowledge concerning the transport of nucleotides across intracellular membranes remains far from complete. Study of a previously uncharacterized Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) gene (At4g01100) revealed it to be a novel adenine nucleotide transporter, designated ADNT1, belonging to the mitochondrial carrier family. The ADNT1 gene shows broad expression at the organ level. Green fluorescent protein based cell biological analysis demonstrated targeting of ADNT1 to mitochondria. While analysis of the expression of beta-glucuronidase fusion proteins suggested that it was expressed across a broad range of tissue types, it was most highly expressed in root tips. Direct transport assays with recombinant and reconstituted ADNT1 were utilized to demonstrate that this protein displays a relatively narrow substrate specificity largely confined to adenylates and their closest analogs. ATP uptake was markedly inhibited by the presence of other adenylates and general inhibitors of mitochondrial transport but not by bongkrekate or carboxyatractyloside, inhibitors of the previously characterized ADP/ATP carrier. Furthermore, the kinetics are substantially different from those of this carrier, with ADNT1 preferring AMP to ADP. Finally, isolation and characterization of a T-DNA insertional knockout mutant of ADNT1, alongside complementation and antisense approaches, demonstrated that although deficiency of this transporter did not seem to greatly alter photosynthetic metabolism, it did result in reduced root growth and respiration. These findings are discussed in the context of a potential function for ADNT1 in the provision of the energy required to support growth in heterotrophic plant tissues. PMID- 18923019 TI - Carbon isotope fractionation during photorespiration and carboxylation in Senecio. AB - The magnitude of fractionation during photorespiration and the effect on net photosynthetic (13)C discrimination (Delta) were investigated for three Senecio species, S. squalidus, S. cineraria, and S. greyii. We determined the contributions of different processes during photosynthesis to Delta by comparing observations (Delta(obs)) with discrimination predicted from gas-exchange measurements (Delta(pred)). Photorespiration rates were manipulated by altering the O(2) partial pressure (pO(2)) in the air surrounding the leaves. Contributions from (13)C-depleted photorespiratory CO(2) were largest at high pO(2). The parameters for photorespiratory fractionation (f), net fractionation during carboxylation by Rubisco and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (b), and mesophyll conductance (g(i)) were determined simultaneously for all measurements. Instead of using Delta(obs) data to obtain g(i) and f successively, which requires that b is known, we treated b, f, and g(i) as unknowns. We propose this as an alternative approach to analyze measurements under field conditions when b and g(i) are not known or cannot be determined in separate experiments. Good agreement between modeled and observed Delta was achieved with f = 11.6 per thousand +/- 1.5 per thousand, b = 26.0 per thousand +/- 0.3 per thousand, and g(i) of 0.27 +/- 0.01, 0.25 +/- 0.01, and 0.22 +/- 0.01 mol m(-2) s(-1) for S. squalidus, S. cineraria, and S. greyii, respectively. We estimate that photorespiratory fractionation decreases Delta by about 1.2 per thousand on average under field conditions. In addition, diurnal changes in Delta are likely to reflect variations in photorespiration even at the canopy level. Our results emphasize that the effects of photorespiration must be taken into account when partitioning net CO(2) exchange of ecosystems into gross fluxes of photosynthesis and respiration. PMID- 18923020 TI - Transcriptome analysis of proliferating Arabidopsis endosperm reveals biological implications for the control of syncytial division, cytokinin signaling, and gene expression regulation. AB - During the early stages of seed development, Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) endosperm is syncytial and proliferates rapidly through repeated rounds of mitosis without cytokinesis. This stage of endosperm development is important in determining final seed size and is a model for studying aspects of cellular and molecular biology, such as the cell cycle and genomic imprinting. However, the small size of the Arabidopsis seed makes high-throughput molecular analysis of the early endosperm technically difficult. Laser capture microdissection enabled high-resolution transcript analysis of the syncytial stage of Arabidopsis endosperm development at 4 d after pollination. Analysis of Gene Ontology representation revealed a developmental program dominated by the expression of genes associated with cell cycle, DNA processing, chromatin assembly, protein synthesis, cytoskeleton- and microtubule-related processes, and cell/organelle biogenesis and organization. Analysis of core cell cycle genes implicates particular gene family members as playing important roles in controlling syncytial cell division. Hormone marker analysis indicates predominance for cytokinin signaling during early endosperm development. Comparisons with publicly available microarray data revealed that approximately 800 putative early seed specific genes were preferentially expressed in the endosperm. Early seed expression was confirmed for 71 genes using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, with 27 transcription factors being confirmed as early seed specific. Promoter-reporter lines confirmed endosperm-preferred expression at 4 d after pollination for five transcription factors, which validates the approach and suggests important roles for these genes during early endosperm development. In summary, the data generated provide a useful resource providing novel insight into early seed development and identify new target genes for further characterization. PMID- 18923022 TI - Novel role for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor-1 and its ligand VEGF-B in motor neuron degeneration. AB - Although vascular endothelial growth factor-B (VEGF-B) is a homolog of the angiogenic factor VEGF, it has only minimal angiogenic activity, raising the question of whether this factor has other (more relevant) biological properties. Intrigued by the possibility that VEGF family members affect neuronal cells, we explored whether VEGF-B might have a role in the nervous system. Here, we document that the 60 kDa VEGF-B isoform, VEGF-B(186), is a neuroprotective factor. VEGF-B(186) protected cultured primary motor neurons against degeneration. Mice lacking VEGF-B also developed a more severe form of motor neuron degeneration when intercrossed with mutant SOD1 mice. The in vitro and in vivo effects of VEGF-B(186) were dependent on the tyrosine kinase activities of its receptor, Flt1, in motor neurons. When delivered intracerebroventricularly, VEGF-B(186) prolonged the survival of mutant SOD1 rats. Compared with a similar dose of VEGF, VEGF-B(186) was safer and did not cause vessel growth or blood brain barrier leakiness. The neuroprotective activity of VEGF-B, in combination with its negligible angiogenic/permeability activity, offers attractive opportunities for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. PMID- 18923021 TI - Tie-dyed1 encodes a novel, phloem-expressed transmembrane protein that functions in carbohydrate partitioning. AB - Carbon is partitioned between export from the leaf and retention within the leaf, and this process is essential for all aspects of plant growth and development. In most plants, sucrose is loaded into the phloem of carbon-exporting leaves (sources), transported through the veins, and unloaded into carbon-importing tissues (sinks). We have taken a genetic approach to identify genes regulating carbon partitioning in maize (Zea mays). We identified a collection of mutants, called the tie-dyed (tdy) loci, that hyperaccumulate carbohydrates in regions of their leaves. To understand the molecular function of Tdy1, we cloned the gene. Tdy1 encodes a novel transmembrane protein present only in grasses, although two protein domains are conserved across angiosperms. We found that Tdy1 is expressed exclusively in phloem cells of both source and sink tissues, suggesting that Tdy1 may play a role in phloem loading and unloading processes. In addition, Tdy1 RNA accumulates in protophloem cells upon differentiation, suggesting that Tdy1 may function as soon as phloem cells become competent to transport assimilates. Monitoring the movement of a fluorescent, soluble dye showed that tdy1 leaves have retarded phloem loading. However, once the dye entered into the phloem, solute transport appeared equal in wild-type and tdy1 mutant plants, suggesting that tdy1 plants are not defective in phloem unloading. Therefore, even though Tdy1 RNA accumulates in source and sink tissues, we propose that TDY1 functions in carbon partitioning by promoting phloem loading. Possible roles for TDY1 are discussed. PMID- 18923023 TI - Distinct roles of PDE4 and PDE10A in the regulation of cAMP/PKA signaling in the striatum. AB - Phosphodiesterase (PDE) is a critical regulator of cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) signaling in cells. Multiple PDEs with different substrate specificities and subcellular localization are expressed in neurons. Dopamine plays a central role in the regulation of motor and cognitive functions. The effect of dopamine is largely mediated through the cAMP/PKA signaling cascade, and therefore controlled by PDE activity. We used in vitro and in vivo biochemical techniques to dissect the roles of PDE4 and PDE10A in dopaminergic neurotransmission in mouse striatum by monitoring the ability of selective PDE inhibitors to regulate phosphorylation of presynaptic [e.g., tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)] and postsynaptic [e.g., dopamine and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein of M(r) 32 kDa (DARPP-32)] PKA substrates. The PDE4 inhibitor, rolipram, induced a large increase in TH Ser40 phosphorylation at dopaminergic terminals that was associated with a commensurate increase in dopamine synthesis and turnover in striatum in vivo. Rolipram induced a small increase in DARPP-32 Thr34 phosphorylation preferentially in striatopallidal neurons by activating adenosine A(2A) receptor signaling in striatum. In contrast, the PDE10A inhibitor, papaverine, had no effect on TH phosphorylation or dopamine turnover, but instead robustly increased DARPP-32 Thr34 and GluR1 Ser845 phosphorylation in striatal neurons. Inhibition of PDE10A by papaverine activated cAMP/PKA signaling in both striatonigral and striatopallidal neurons, resulting in potentiation of dopamine D(1) receptor signaling and inhibition of dopamine D(2) receptor signaling. These biochemical results are supported by immunohistochemical data demonstrating differential localization of PDE10A and PDE4 in striatum. These data underscore the importance of individual brain enriched cyclic-nucleotide PDE isoforms as therapeutic targets for neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders affecting dopamine neurotransmission. PMID- 18923024 TI - Tumor suppressor schwannomin/merlin is critical for the organization of Schwann cell contacts in peripheral nerves. AB - Schwannomin/merlin is the product of a tumor suppressor gene mutated in neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2). Although the consequences of NF2 mutations on Schwann cell proliferation are well established, the physiological role of schwannomin in differentiated cells is not known. To unravel this role, we studied peripheral nerves in mice overexpressing in Schwann cells schwannomin with a deletion occurring in NF2 patients (P0-SCH-Delta39-121) or a C-terminal deletion. The myelin sheath and nodes of Ranvier were essentially preserved in both lines. In contrast, the ultrastructural and molecular organization of contacts between Schwann cells and axons in paranodal and juxtaparanodal regions were altered, with irregular juxtaposition of normal and abnormal areas of contact. Similar but more severe alterations were observed in mice with conditional deletion of the Nf2 gene in Schwann cells. The number of Schmidt Lanterman incisures, which are cytoplasmic channels interrupting the compact myelin and characterized by distinct autotypic contacts, was increased in the three mutant lines. P0-SCH-Delta39-121 and conditionally deleted mice displayed exuberant wrapping of nonmyelinated fibers and short internodes, an abnormality possibly related to altered control of Schwann cell proliferation. In support of this hypothesis, Schwann cell number was increased along fibers before myelination in P0-SCH-Delta39-121 mice but not in those with C-terminal deletion. Schwann cell numbers were also more numerous in mice with conditional deletion. Thus, schwannomin plays an important role in the control of Schwann cell number and is necessary for the correct organization and regulation of axoglial heterotypic and glio-glial autotypic contacts. PMID- 18923026 TI - Cannabinoid receptors in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis control cortical excitation of midbrain dopamine cells in vivo. AB - The endocannabinoid system is involved in multiple physiological functions including reward. Cannabinoids potently control the activity of midbrain dopamine cells, but the contribution of cortical projections in this phenomenon is unclear. We show that the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) efficient relays cortical excitation to dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Anatomical and in vivo electrophysiological evidence demonstrate that excitatory projections arising exclusively from the infralimbic cortex converge on BNST neurons, which in turn project to and excite >80% VTA dopamine cells. At the ultrastructural level, cannabinoid type 1 receptors are detected within the BNST on axon terminals arising from the infralimbic cortex. We found that intra BNST infusion of a cannabinoid agonist inhibits the firing of dopamine cells evoked by stimulation of the infralimbic cortex. Our data identify a new neuronal substrate for the actions of cannabinoids in the reward pathway. PMID- 18923025 TI - Supraspinal glial-neuronal interactions contribute to descending pain facilitation. AB - Spinal glial reaction and proinflammatory cytokine induction play an important role in the development of chronic pain states after tissue and nerve injury. The present study investigated the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying descending facilitation of neuropathic pain with an emphasis on supraspinal glial neuronal relationships. An early and transient reaction of microglia and prolonged reaction of astrocytes were found after chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the rat infraorbital nerve in the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM), a major component of brainstem descending pain modulatory circuitry. There were prolonged elevations of cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) after CCI, and they were expressed in RVM astrocytes at 14 d after injury. Intra-RVM injection of microglial and astrocytic inhibitors attenuated mechanical hyperalgesia and allodynia at 3 and 14 d after CCI, respectively. Moreover, TNFR1 and IL-1R, receptors for TNF-alpha and IL-1beta, respectively, were expressed primarily in RVM neurons exhibiting immunoreactivity to the NMDA receptor (NMDAR) subunit NR1. CCI increased TNFR1 and IL-1R levels and NR1 phosphorylation in the RVM. Neutralization of endogenous TNF-alpha and IL 1beta in the RVM significantly reduced CCI-induced behavioral hypersensitivity and attenuated NR1 phosphorylation. Finally, intra-RVM administration of recombinant TNF-alpha or IL-1beta upregulated NR1 phosphorylation and caused a reversible and NMDAR-dependent allodynia in normal rats, further suggesting that TNF-alpha and IL-1beta couple glial hyperactivation with NMDAR function. These studies have addressed a novel contribution of supraspinal astrocytes and associated cytokines as well as central glial-neuronal interactions to the enhancement of descending facilitation of neuropathic pain. PMID- 18923028 TI - Striate cortical lesions affect deliberate decision and control of saccade: implication for blindsight. AB - Monkeys with unilateral lesions of the primary visual cortex (V1) can make saccades to visual stimuli in their contralateral ("affected") hemifield, but their sensitivity to luminance contrast is reduced. We examined whether the effects of V1 lesions were restricted to vision or included later stages of visual-oculomotor processing. Monkeys with unilateral V1 lesions were tested with a visually guided saccade task with stimuli in various spatial positions and of various luminance contrasts. Saccades to the stimuli in the affected hemifield were compared with those to the near-threshold stimuli in the normal hemifield so that the performances of localization were similar. Scatter in the end points of saccades to the affected hemifield was much larger than that of saccades to the near-threshold stimuli in the normal hemifield. Additional analysis revealed that this was because the initial directional error was not as sufficiently compensated as it was in the normal hemifield. The distribution of saccadic reaction times in the affected hemifield tended to be narrow. We modeled the distribution of saccadic reaction times by a modified diffusion model and obtained evidence that the decision threshold for initiation of saccades to the affected hemifield was lower than that for saccades to the normal hemifield. These results suggest that the geniculostriate pathway is crucial for on-line compensatory mechanisms of saccadic control and for decision processes. We propose that these results reflect deficits in deliberate control of visual oculomotor processing after V1 lesions, which may parallel loss of visual awareness in human blindsight patients. PMID- 18923027 TI - Blocking central opiate function modulates hedonic impact and anterior cingulate response to rewards and losses. AB - Reward processing is linked to specific neuromodulatory systems with a dopaminergic contribution to reward learning and motivational drive being well established. Neuromodulatory influences on hedonic responses to actual receipt of reward, or punishment, referred to as experienced utility are less well characterized, although a link to the endogenous opioid system is suggested. Here, in a combined functional magnetic resonance imaging-psychopharmacological investigation, we used naloxone to block central opioid function while subjects performed a gambling task associated with rewards and losses of different magnitudes, in which the mean expected value was always zero. A graded influence of naloxone on reward outcome was evident in an attenuation of pleasure ratings for larger reward outcomes, an effect mirrored in attenuation of brain activity to increasing reward magnitude in rostral anterior cingulate cortex. A more striking effect was seen for losses such that under naloxone all levels of negative outcome were rated as more unpleasant. This hedonic effect was associated with enhanced activity in anterior insula and caudal anterior cingulate cortex, areas implicated in aversive processing. Our data indicate that a central opioid system contributes to both reward and loss processing in humans and directly modulates the hedonic experience of outcomes. PMID- 18923029 TI - Composition and decomposition in bimanual dynamic learning. AB - Our ability to skillfully manipulate an object often involves the motor system learning to compensate for the dynamics of the object. When the two arms learn to manipulate a single object they can act cooperatively, whereas when they manipulate separate objects they control each object independently. We examined how learning transfers between these two bimanual contexts by applying force fields to the arms. In a coupled context, a single dynamic is shared between the arms, and in an uncoupled context separate dynamics are experienced independently by each arm. In a composition experiment, we found that when subjects had learned uncoupled force fields they were able to transfer to a coupled field that was the sum of the two fields. However, the contribution of each arm repartitioned over time so that, when they returned to the uncoupled fields, the error initially increased but rapidly reverted to the previous level. In a decomposition experiment, after subjects learned a coupled field, their error increased when exposed to uncoupled fields that were orthogonal components of the coupled field. However, when the coupled field was reintroduced, subjects rapidly readapted. These results suggest that the representations of dynamics for uncoupled and coupled contexts are partially independent. We found additional support for this hypothesis by showing significant learning of opposing curl fields when the context, coupled versus uncoupled, was alternated with the curl field direction. These results suggest that the motor system is able to use partially separate representations for dynamics of the two arms acting on a single object and two arms acting on separate objects. PMID- 18923030 TI - Activity in the medial temporal lobe predicts memory strength, whereas activity in the prefrontal cortex predicts recollection. AB - Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of recognition memory have often been interpreted to mean that the hippocampus supports recollection and that the adjacent perirhinal cortex supports familiarity. Other work points out that these studies have confounded recollection and familiarity with strong and weak memories. In a source memory study, we used two novel approaches to data analysis that allowed item memory strength and source memory strength to be assessed independently. First, we identified regions in both hippocampus and perirhinal cortex in which activity varied as a function of subsequent item memory strength while source memory strength was held constant at chance levels. Second, we identified regions in prefrontal cortex in which activity varied as a function of subsequent source memory strength while item memory strength was held constant. These findings suggest that activity in the medial temporal lobe is predictive of subsequent memory strength, whereas activity in prefrontal cortex is predictive of subsequent recollection. PMID- 18923031 TI - Mechanisms of potentiation of mossy fiber EPSCs in the cerebellar nuclei by coincident synaptic excitation and inhibition. AB - Neurons of the cerebellar nuclei receive synaptic excitation from cerebellar mossy fibers. Unlike in many principal neurons, coincident presynaptic activity and postsynaptic depolarization do not generate long-term potentiation at these synapses. Instead, EPSCs are potentiated by high-frequency trains of presynaptic activity applied with postsynaptic hyperpolarization, in patterns resembling mossy-fiber-mediated excitation and Purkinje-cell-mediated inhibition that are predicted to occur during delay eyelid conditioning. Here, we have used electrophysiology and Ca imaging to test how synaptic excitation and inhibition interact to generate long-lasting synaptic plasticity in nuclear cells in cerebellar slices. We find that the extent of plasticity varies with the relative timing of synaptic excitation and hyperpolarization. Potentiation is most effective when synaptic stimuli precede the postinhibitory rebound by approximately 400 ms, whereas with longer intervals, or with a reverse sequence, EPSCs tend to depress. When basal intracellular Ca is raised by spontaneous firing or reduced by voltage clamping at subthreshold potentials, potentiation is induced as long as the synaptic-rebound temporal sequence is maintained, suggesting that plasticity does not require Ca levels to exceed a threshold or attain a specific concentration. Although rebound and spike-dependent Ca influx are global, potentiation is synapse specific, and is disrupted by inhibitors of calcineurin or Ca-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, but not PKC. When IPSPs replace the hyperpolarizing step in the induction protocol, potentiation proceeds normally. These results lead us to propose that synaptic and inhibitory/rebound stimuli initiate separate processes, with local NMDA receptor-mediated Ca influx "priming" synapses, and Ca changes from the inhibition and rebound "triggering" potentiation at recently activated synapses. PMID- 18923032 TI - The tyrosine phosphatase STEP mediates AMPA receptor endocytosis after metabotropic glutamate receptor stimulation. AB - Although it is well established that AMPA receptor (AMPAR) trafficking is a central event in several forms of synaptic plasticity, the mechanisms that regulate the surface expression of AMPARs are poorly understood. Previous work has shown that striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP) mediates NMDAR endocytosis. This protein tyrosine phosphatase is enriched in the synapses of the striatum, hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and other brain regions. In the present investigation, we have explored whether STEP also regulates AMPAR internalization. We found that (RS)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) stimulation triggered a dose-dependent increase in STEP translation in hippocampal slices and synaptoneurosomes, a process that requires stimulation of mGluR5 (metabotropic glutamate receptor 5) and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and phosphoinositide-3 kinase pathways. DHPG-induced AMPAR internalization and tyrosine dephosphorylation of GluR2 (glutamate receptor 2) was blocked by a substrate-trapping TAT-STEP [C/S] protein in hippocampal slices and cultures. Moreover, DHPG-triggered AMPAR internalization was abolished in STEP knock-out mice and restored after replacement of wild-type STEP. These results suggest a role for STEP in the regulation of AMPAR trafficking. PMID- 18923033 TI - Brain and eye malformations resembling Walker-Warburg syndrome are recapitulated in mice by dystroglycan deletion in the epiblast. AB - Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS) is a severe congenital disease that is characterized by brain and eye malformations and lethality during the first year of life. Genetic mutations have been identified in a subset of WWS patients, but a majority of clinical cases have unknown etiologies. POMT1 and POMT2, two of the causative genes, form an active enzyme complex in the posttranslational biosynthetic pathway of dystroglycan. Deletion of either Pomt1 or the dystroglycan gene causes early embryonic lethality in mice. Here we report that mice with epiblast-specific loss of dystroglycan develop brain and eye defects that broadly resemble the clinical spectrum of the human disease, including aberrant neuron migration, hydrocephalus, and malformations of the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. Breaches of basement membranes coincide with the pathology, revealing an important function for dystroglycan in the morphogenesis of the brain and eye. These findings demonstrate the central role of dystroglycan in WWS and suggest that novel defects in posttranslational processing or mutations of the dystroglycan gene itself may underlie cases in which no causative mutation has been found. PMID- 18923035 TI - Role of the vesicular chloride transporter ClC-3 in neuroendocrine tissue. AB - ClC-3 is an intracellular chloride transport protein known to reside on endosomes and synaptic vesicles. The endogenous protein has been notoriously difficult to detect in immunohistological experiments because of the lack of reliable antibodies. Using newly generated antibodies, we now examine its expression pattern at the cellular and subcellular level. In all tissues examined, immunostaining indicated that ClC-3 is a vesicular protein, with a prominent expression in endocrine cells like adrenal chromaffin cells and pancreatic islet cells. In line with a possible function of ClC-3 in regulating vesicle trafficking or exocytosis in those secretory cells, capacitance measurements and amperometry indicated that exocytosis of large dense-core vesicles (LDCVs) was decreased in chromaffin cells from ClC-3 knock-out mice. However, immunohistochemistry complemented with subcellular fractionation showed that ClC 3 is not detectable on LDCVs of endocrine cells, but localizes to endosomes and synaptic-like microvesicles in both adrenal chromaffin and pancreatic beta cells. This observation points to an indirect influence of ClC-3 on LDCV exocytosis in chromaffin cells, possibly by affecting an intracellular trafficking step. PMID- 18923034 TI - Epigenetic regulation of BDNF gene transcription in the consolidation of fear memory. AB - Long-term memory formation requires selective changes in gene expression. Here, we determined the contribution of chromatin remodeling to learning-induced changes in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (bdnf) gene expression in the adult hippocampus. Contextual fear learning induced differential regulation of exon specific bdnf mRNAs (I, IV, VI, IX) that was associated with changes in bdnf DNA methylation and altered local chromatin structure. Infusions of zebularine (a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor) significantly altered bdnf DNA methylation and triggered changes in exon-specific bdnf mRNA levels, indicating that altered DNA methylation is sufficient to drive differential bdnf transcript regulation in the hippocampus. In addition, NMDA receptor blockade prevented memory-associated alterations in bdnf DNA methylation, resulting in a block of altered bdnf gene expression in hippocampus and a deficit in memory formation. These results suggest epigenetic modification of the bdnf gene as a mechanism for isoform specific gene readout during memory consolidation. PMID- 18923036 TI - Loss of inhibitory neuron AMPA receptors contributes to ataxia and epilepsy in stargazer mice. AB - Stargazer mice are characterized by ataxia and seizures, which resemble the human disorder absence epilepsy. Stargazin, the protein mutated in stargazer mice, promotes the expression and function of neuronal AMPA receptors (AMPARs). However, it is unclear how decreased expression of excitatory AMPARs generates stargazer seizures, given that seizures often result from increased neuronal excitability. Additionally, although stargazer ataxia has been attributed to loss of AMPARs from cerebellar granule cells, other cerebellar neurons have not been examined. To examine the role of AMPAR dysfunction in these behavioral phenotypes, electrophysiological recordings were used to probe AMPAR regulation in relevant brain regions. We found that both cerebellar Purkinje cells and inhibitory thalamic reticular nucleus neurons have strongly reduced synaptic AMPAR function in stargazer mice. Together, our data suggest that impaired AMPAR regulation in multiple neuron populations may contribute to the behavioral phenotypes of absence seizures and ataxia seen in stargazer mice and imply that an understanding of human genetic disorders will require knowledge of both the genes that are mutated as well as their precise cellular expression pattern. PMID- 18923038 TI - Correlations between groups of premotor neurons carry information about prehension. AB - How distinct parameters are bound together in brain activity is unknown. Combination coding by interneuronal interactions is one possibility, but, to coordinate parameters, interactions between neuronal pairs must carry information about them. To address this issue, we recorded neural activity from multiple sites in the premotor cortices of monkeys that memorized reach direction and grasp type followed by actual prehension. We found that correlations between individual spiking neurons are generally weak and carry little information about prehension. In contrast, correlations and synchronous interactions between small groups of neurons, quantified by multiunit activity (MUA), are an order of magnitude stronger. A substantial fraction of the information carried by pairwise interactions between MUAs is about combinations of reach and grasp. This contrasts with the information carried by individual neurons and individual MUAs, which is mainly about reach and/or grasp but much less about their combinations. The main contribution of pairwise interactions to the coding of reach-grasp combinations is when animals memorize prehension parameters, consistent with an internal composite representation. The informative interactions between neuronal groups may facilitate the coordination of reach and grasp into coherent prehension. PMID- 18923039 TI - Stimulus similarity-contingent neural adaptation can be time and cortical area dependent. AB - Repetition of a stimulus results in decreased responses in many cortical areas. This so-called adaptation or repetition suppression has been used in several human functional magnetic resonance imaging studies to deduce the stimulus selectivity of neuronal populations. We tested in macaque monkeys whether the degree of neural adaptation depends on the similarity between the adapter and test stimulus. To manipulate similarity, we varied stimulus size. We recorded the responses of single neurons to different-sized shapes in inferior temporal (IT) and prefrontal cortical (PFC) areas while the animals were engaged in a size or shape discrimination task. The degree of response adaptation in IT decreased with increasing size differences between the adapter and the test stimuli in both tasks, but the dependence of adaptation on the degree of similarity between the adapter and test stimuli was limited mainly to the early phase of the neural response in IT. PFC neurons showed only weak size-contingent repetition effects, despite strong size selectivity observed with the same stimuli. Thus, based on the repetition effects in PFC, one would have erroneously concluded that PFC shows weak or no size selectivity in such tasks. These findings are relevant for the interpretation of functional magnetic resonance adaptation data: they support the conjecture that the degree of adaptation scales with the similarity between adapter and test stimuli. However, they also show that the temporal evolution of adaptation during the course of the response, and differences in the way individual regions react to stimulus repetition, may complicate the inference of neuronal tuning from functional magnetic resonance adaptation. PMID- 18923037 TI - The stargazin-related protein gamma 7 interacts with the mRNA-binding protein heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2 and regulates the stability of specific mRNAs, including CaV2.2. AB - The role(s) of the novel stargazin-like gamma-subunit proteins remain controversial. We have shown previously that the neuron-specific gamma7 suppresses the expression of certain calcium channels, particularly Ca(V)2.2, and is therefore unlikely to operate as a calcium channel subunit. We now show that the effect of gamma7 on Ca(V)2.2 expression is via an increase in the degradation rate of Ca(V)2.2 mRNA and hence a reduction of Ca(V)2.2 protein level. Furthermore, exogenous expression of gamma7 in PC12 cells also decreased the endogenous Ca(V)2.2 mRNA level. Conversely, knockdown of endogenous gamma7 with short-hairpin RNAs produced a reciprocal enhancement of Ca(V)2.2 mRNA stability and an increase in endogenous calcium currents in PC12 cells. Moreover, both endogenous and expressed gamma7 are present on intracellular membranes, rather than the plasma membrane. The cytoplasmic C terminus of gamma7 is essential for all its effects, and we show that gamma7 binds directly via its C terminus to a heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP A2), which also binds to a motif in Ca(V)2.2 mRNA, and is associated with native Ca(V)2.2 mRNA in PC12 cells. The expression of hnRNP A2 enhances Ca(V)2.2 I(Ba), and this enhancement is prevented by a concentration of gamma7 that alone has no effect on I(Ba). The effect of gamma7 is selective for certain mRNAs because it had no effect on alpha2delta-2 mRNA stability, but it decreased the mRNA stability for the potassium-chloride cotransporter, KCC1, which contains a similar hnRNP A2 binding motif to that in Ca(V)2.2 mRNA. Our results indicate that gamma7 plays a role in stabilizing Ca(V)2.2 mRNA. PMID- 18923040 TI - Initiation of Mauthner- or non-Mauthner-mediated fast escape evoked by different modes of sensory input. AB - Brainstem reticulospinal neurons (RSNs) serve as the major descending system in vertebrate sensorimotor integration. One of the paired RSNs in zebrafish, the Mauthner (M) cell, is thought to initiate fast escape from sudden noxious stimuli. Two other paired RSNs, morphologically homologous to the M-cell, are also suggested to play key roles in controlling fast escape. However, the relationship among activities of the M-cell and its homologs during fast escape and the sensory inputs that elicit escape via their activation are unclear. We have monitored hindbrain RSN activity simultaneously with tail flip movement during fast escape in zebrafish. Confocal calcium imaging of RSNs was performed on larvae rostrally embedded in agar but with their tails allowed to move freely. Application of a pulsed waterjet to the otic vesicle (OV) to activate acousticovestibular input elicited contralateral fast tail flips with short latency and an apparent Ca(2+) increase, reflecting a single action potential, in the ipsilateral M-cell (M-escape). Application of waterjet to head skin for tactile stimulation elicited fast escapes, but onset was delayed and the M-cell did not fire (non-M-escape). After eliminating either the M-cell or OV, only non M-escape was initiated. Simultaneous high-speed confocal imaging of the M-cell and one of its homologs, MiD3cm, revealed complementary activation during fast escape: MiD3cm activity was low during M-escape but high during non-M-escape. These results suggest that M-cell firing is necessary for fast escape with short latency elicited by acousticovestibular input and that MiD3cm is more involved in non-M-escape driven by head-tactile input. PMID- 18923042 TI - Shared internal models for feedforward and feedback control. AB - A child often learns to ride a bicycle in the driveway, free of unforeseen obstacles. Yet when she first rides in the street, we hope that if a car suddenly pulls out in front of her, she will combine her innate goal of avoiding an accident with her learned knowledge of the bicycle, and steer away or brake. In general, when we train to perform a new motor task, our learning is most robust if it updates the rules of online error correction to reflect the rules and goals of the new task. Here we provide direct evidence that, after a new feedforward motor adaptation, motor feedback responses to unanticipated errors become precisely task appropriate, even when such errors were never experienced during training. To study this ability, we asked how, if at all, do online responses to occasional, unanticipated force pulses during reaching arm movements change after adapting to altered arm dynamics? Specifically, do they change in a task appropriate manner? In our task, subjects learned novel velocity-dependent dynamics. However, occasional force-pulse perturbations produced unanticipated changes in velocity. Therefore, after adaptation, task-appropriate responses to unanticipated pulses should compensate corresponding changes in velocity dependent dynamics. We found that after adaptation, pulse responses precisely compensated these changes, although they were never trained to do so. These results provide evidence for a smart feedback controller which automatically produces responses specific to the learned dynamics of the current task. To accomplish this, the neural processes underlying feedback control must (1) be capable of accurate real-time state prediction for velocity via a forward model and (2) have access to recently learned changes in internal models of limb dynamics. PMID- 18923041 TI - The native coordinate system of spatial attention is retinotopic. AB - Visual processing can be facilitated by covert attention at behaviorally relevant locations. If the eyes move while a location in the visual field is facilitated, what happens to the internal representation of the attended location? With each eye movement, the retinotopic (eye-centered) coordinates of the attended location change while the spatiotopic (world-centered) coordinates remain stable. To investigate whether the neural substrates of spatial attention reside in retinotopically and/or spatiotopically organized maps, we used a novel gaze contingent behavioral paradigm that probed spatial attention at various times after eye movements. When task demands required maintaining a spatiotopic representation after the eye movement, we found facilitation at the retinotopic location of the spatial cue for 100-200 ms after the saccade, although this location had no behavioral significance. This task-irrelevant retinotopic representation dominated immediately after the saccade, whereas at later delays, the task-relevant spatiotopic representation prevailed. However, when task demands required maintaining the cue in retinotopic coordinates, a strong retinotopic benefit persisted long after the saccade, and there was no evidence of spatiotopic facilitation. These data suggest that the cortical and subcortical substrates of spatial attention primarily reside in retinotopically organized maps that must be dynamically updated to compensate for eye movements when behavioral demands require a spatiotopic representation of attention. Our conclusion is that the visual system's native or low-level representation of endogenously maintained spatial attention is retinotopic, and remapping of attention to spatiotopic coordinates occurs slowly and only when behaviorally necessary. PMID- 18923043 TI - Arx is a direct target of Dlx2 and thereby contributes to the tangential migration of GABAergic interneurons. AB - The Arx transcription factor is expressed in the developing ventral telencephalon and subsets of its derivatives. Mutation of human ARX ortholog causes neurological disorders including epilepsy, lissencephaly, and mental retardation. We have isolated the mouse Arx endogenous enhancer modules that control its tightly compartmentalized forebrain expression. Interestingly, they are scattered downstream of its coding region and partially included within the introns of the downstream PolA1 gene. These enhancers are ultraconserved noncoding sequences that are highly conserved throughout the vertebrate phylum. Functional characterization of the Arx GABAergic enhancer element revealed its strict dependence on the activity of Dlx transcription factors. Dlx overexpression induces ectopic expression of endogenous Arx and its isolated enhancer, whereas loss of Dlx expression results in reduced Arx expression, suggesting that Arx is a key mediator of Dlx function. To further elucidate the mechanisms involved, a combination of gain-of-function studies in mutant Arx or Dlx tissues was pursued. This analysis provided evidence that, although Arx is necessary for the Dlx dependent promotion of interneuron migration, it is not required for the GABAergic cell fate commitment mediated by Dlx factors. Although Arx has additional functions independent of the Dlx pathway, we have established a direct genetic relationship that controls critical steps in the development of telencephalic GABAergic neurons. These findings contribute elucidating the genetic hierarchy that likely underlies the etiology of a variety of human neurodevelopmental disorders. PMID- 18923044 TI - Dopaminergic suppression of brain deactivation responses during sequence learning. AB - Cognitive processing is associated with deactivation of the default mode network. The presence of dopaminoceptive neurons in proximity to the medial prefrontal node of this network suggests that this neurotransmitter may modulate deactivation in this region. We therefore used positron emission tomography to measure cerebral blood flow in 15 Parkinson's disease (PD) patients while they performed a motor sequence learning task and a simple movement task. Scanning was conducted before and during intravenous levodopa infusion; the pace and extent of movement was controlled across tasks and treatment conditions. In normal and unmedicated PD patients, learning-related deactivation was present in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (p < 0.001). This response was absent in the treated condition. Treatment-mediated changes in deactivation correlated with baseline performance (p < 0.002) and with the val(158)met catechol-O methyltransferase genotype. Our findings suggest that dopamine can influence prefrontal deactivation during learning, and that these changes are linked to baseline performance and genotype. PMID- 18923045 TI - Specific targeting of pro-death NMDA receptor signals with differing reliance on the NR2B PDZ ligand. AB - NMDA receptors (NMDARs) mediate ischemic brain damage, for which interactions between the C termini of NR2 subunits and PDZ domain proteins within the NMDAR signaling complex (NSC) are emerging therapeutic targets. However, expression of NMDARs in a non-neuronal context, lacking many NSC components, can still induce cell death. Moreover, it is unclear whether targeting the NSC will impair NMDAR dependent prosurvival and plasticity signaling. We show that the NMDAR can promote death signaling independently of the NR2 PDZ ligand, when expressed in non-neuronal cells lacking PSD-95 and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), key PDZ proteins that mediate neuronal NMDAR excitotoxicity. However, in a non neuronal context, the NMDAR promotes cell death solely via c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK), whereas NMDAR-dependent cortical neuronal death is promoted by both JNK and p38. NMDAR-dependent pro-death signaling via p38 relies on neuronal context, although death signaling by JNK, triggered by mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production, does not. NMDAR-dependent p38 activation in neurons is triggered by submembranous Ca(2+), and is disrupted by NOS inhibitors and also a peptide mimicking the NR2B PDZ ligand (TAT-NR2B9c). TAT-NR2B9c reduced excitotoxic neuronal death and p38-mediated ischemic damage, without impairing an NMDAR-dependent plasticity model or prosurvival signaling to CREB or Akt. TAT NR2B9c did not inhibit JNK activation, and synergized with JNK inhibitors to ameliorate severe excitotoxic neuronal loss in vitro and ischemic cortical damage in vivo. Thus, NMDAR-activated signals comprise pro-death pathways with differing requirements for PDZ protein interactions. These signals are amenable to selective inhibition, while sparing synaptic plasticity and prosurvival signaling. PMID- 18923046 TI - Noradrenergic induction of odor-specific neural habituation and olfactory memories. AB - For many mammals, individual recognition of conspecifics relies on olfactory cues. Certain individual recognition memories are thought to be stored when conspecific odor cues coincide with surges of noradrenaline (NA) triggered by intensely arousing social events. Such familiar stimuli elicit reduced behavioral responses, a change likely related to NA-dependent plasticity in the olfactory bulb (OB). In addition to its role in these ethological memories, NA signaling in the OB appears to be relevant for the discrimination of more arbitrary odorants as well. Nonetheless, no NA-gated mechanism of long-term plasticity in the OB has ever been directly observed in vivo. Here, we report that NA release from locus ceruleus (LC), when coupled to odor presentation, acts locally in the main OB to cause a specific long-lasting suppression of responses to paired odors. These effects were observed for both food odors and urine, an important social recognition cue. Moreover, in subsequent behavioral tests, mice exhibited habituation to paired urine stimuli, suggesting that this LC-mediated olfactory neural plasticity, induced under anesthesia, can store an individual recognition memory that is observable after recovery. PMID- 18923047 TI - Huntingtin modulates transcription, occupies gene promoters in vivo, and binds directly to DNA in a polyglutamine-dependent manner. AB - Transcriptional dysregulation is a central pathogenic mechanism in Huntington's disease, a fatal neurodegenerative disorder associated with polyglutamine (polyQ) expansion in the huntingtin (Htt) protein. In this study, we show that mutant Htt alters the normal expression of specific mRNA species at least partly by disrupting the binding activities of many transcription factors which govern the expression of the dysregulated mRNA species. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) demonstrates Htt occupation of gene promoters in vivo in a polyQ-dependent manner, and furthermore, ChIP-on-chip and ChIP subcloning reveal that wild-type and mutant Htt exhibit differential genomic distributions. Exon 1 Htt binds DNA directly in the absence of other proteins and alters DNA conformation. PolyQ expansion increases Htt-DNA interactions, with binding to recognition elements of transcription factors whose function is altered in HD. Together, these findings suggest mutant Htt modulates gene expression through abnormal interactions with genomic DNA, altering DNA conformation and transcription factor binding. PMID- 18923048 TI - The statistics of repeating patterns of cortical activity can be reproduced by a model network of stochastic binary neurons. AB - Calcium imaging of the spontaneous activity in cortical slices has revealed repeating spatiotemporal patterns of transitions between so-called down states and up states (Ikegaya et al., 2004). Here we fit a model network of stochastic binary neurons to data from these experiments, and in doing so reproduce the distributions of such patterns. We use two versions of this model: (1) an unconnected network in which neurons are activated as independent Poisson processes; and (2) a network with an interaction matrix, estimated from the data, representing effective interactions between the neurons. The unconnected model (model 1) is sufficient to account for the statistics of repeating patterns in 11 of the 15 datasets studied. Model 2, with interactions between neurons, is required to account for pattern statistics of the remaining four. Three of these four datasets are the ones that contain the largest number of transitions, suggesting that long datasets are in general necessary to render interactions statistically visible. We then study the topology of the matrix of interactions estimated for these four datasets. For three of the four datasets, we find sparse matrices with long-tailed degree distributions and an overrepresentation of certain network motifs. The remaining dataset exhibits a strongly interconnected, spatially localized subgroup of neurons. In all cases, we find that interactions between neurons facilitate the generation of long patterns that do not repeat exactly. PMID- 18923049 TI - Explaining enhanced logical consistency during decision making in autism. AB - The emotional responses elicited by the way options are framed often results in lack of logical consistency in human decision making. In this study, we investigated subjects with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) using a financial task in which the monetary prospects were presented as either loss or gain. We report both behavioral evidence that ASD subjects show a reduced susceptibility to the framing effect and psycho-physiological evidence that they fail to incorporate emotional context into the decision-making process. On this basis, we suggest that this insensitivity to contextual frame, although enhancing choice consistency in ASD, may also underpin core deficits in this disorder. These data highlight both benefits and costs arising from multiple decision processes in human cognition. PMID- 18923050 TI - Neural correlates of predictive and postdictive switching mechanisms for internal models. AB - Switching of sensorimotor tasks may be classified into predictive switching based on contextual information and postdictive switching based on the error between sensorimotor feedback and predictions. We used functional neuroimaging to study the brain regions involved in each type of switching of internal models for visuomotor rotations (clockwise and counterclockwise rotations of visual feedback). The color of a cue presented before movement initiation corresponded to direction of rotation of the feedback in an instructed condition, but not in a noninstructed condition. Switching-related activity was identified as activity that transiently increased after the direction of rotation was changed. The switching-related activity in cue periods in the instructed condition, when a predictive switch is possible, was observed in the superior parietal lobule (SPL). However, the switching-related activity in feedback periods in the noninstructed condition, when prediction error is crucial for the postdictive switch, was observed in the inferior parietal lobule (IPL) and prefrontal cortex. The functional influence of the SPL on the lateral cerebellum, namely, a possible neural correlate for internal models, increased in the instructed condition, but the influence of the IPL on the cerebellum was increased in the noninstructed condition. We observed a rapid activity increase in the instructed condition and a gradual activity increase in the noninstructed condition mainly in the lateral occipito-temporal cortices (LOTC) and supplementary motor cortex (SMA). These results are consistent with separate mechanisms for predictive and postdictive switches and suggest that the LOTC and SMA receive output signals from appropriate internal models. PMID- 18923052 TI - Neuronal circuitry and discharge patterns controlling eye movements in the pigeon. AB - Horizontal eye movements in humans and other vertebrates are actuated by the lateral and medial rectus muscles that are innervated by the abducens and oculomotor nuclei. Here we show by single-cell recording in the pigeon that there exist three types of abducens neurons in terms of discharge patterns, which generate the shift and/or oscillation components of a horizontal saccadic eye movement. Shift-related neurons discharged sustained firing around saccadic shift, oscillation-related neurons produced several bursts accompanying saccadic oscillations, and saccade-related neurons discharged both sustained firing and several bursts perisaccadically. Oscillation- and saccade-related neurons were each divided into two groups according to their firing behaviors during nasotemporal saccades: bursting activity began before (leading) or after (lagging) the onset of saccades. Abducens neurons in the lagging group but not those in the leading group were activated by antidromic stimulation of the contralateral oculomotor nucleus. Blockade of the nucleus lentiformis mesencephali and the nucleus of the basal optic root, both of which are involved in optokinetic nystagmus, abolished sustained firing in abducens neurons and shift component of saccades, whereas blockade of the saccade-related raphe complex eliminated bursting activity in abducens neurons and oscillation component of saccades. The present study revealed oculomotor circuitry in the pigeon, in which the optokinetic nuclei and the raphe complex send differential signals to abducens neurons to generate three types of discharge patterns, and thereby initiate the shift and oscillation components of a horizontal saccade. PMID- 18923051 TI - Exercise-induced synaptogenesis in the hippocampus is dependent on UCP2-regulated mitochondrial adaptation. AB - Mitochondria are essential organelles in neurons providing appropriate energetic needs to maintain resting and action potentials as well as to modulate synaptic plasticity. Although neuronal events underlie various behavioral events, the behavior itself, such as voluntary exercise, feeds back to affect neuronal morphology and function as well as glial morphology and function. The hippocampal formation is a main site of synaptic plasticity induced by voluntary exercise. Here we show that voluntary exercise induces uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) mRNA expression and mitochondrial oxygen consumption in coupled as well as uncoupled respiratory states in the hippocampus. These changes in mitochondrial metabolism coincided with an increase in mitochondrial number and dendritic spine synapses in granule cells of the dentate gyrus and the stratum radiatum of the CA1 region and were dependent on UCP2 expression, because in UCP2 knock-out mice such changes were not observed. Together, these observations reveal that a mitochondrial mechanism related to UCP2 function is essential for appropriate bioenergetic adaptation of neurons to increased neuronal activity and synaptic plasticity in response to exercise. PMID- 18923053 TI - Dicer cuts the kidney. PMID- 18923054 TI - Hypertension-associated kidney disease: perhaps no more. AB - Despite common wisdom, the role of essential hypertension in the etiopathogenesis of ESRD has been controversial. Two recently published studies demonstrated a strong association of genetic variants in the gene that encodes the molecular motor protein nonmuscle myosin 2a (MYH9) with ESRD in African American patients without diabetes. These new data demonstrate that much of the excess risk of ESRD in African American individuals is attributable to an MYH9 risk haplotype and suggest that hypertension may cause progressive kidney disease only in genetically susceptible individuals or be the result of a primary renal disease. PMID- 18923055 TI - Podocyte-derived BMP7 is critical for nephron development. AB - Individuals with congenital renal hypoplasia display a defect in the growth of nephrons during development. Many genes that affect the initial induction of nephrons have been identified, but little is known about the regulation of postinductive stages of kidney development. In the absence of the growth factor bone morphogenic protein 7 (BMP7), kidney development arrests after induction of a small number of nephrons. The role of BMP7 after induction, however, has not been fully investigated. Here, we generated a podocyte-specific conditional knockout of BMP7 (Bmp7(flox/flox);Nphs2-Cre(+) [BMP7 CKO]) to study the role of podocyte-derived BMP7 in nephron maturation. By postnatal day 4, 65% of BMP7 CKO mice had hypoplastic kidneys, but glomeruli demonstrated normal patterns of laminin and collagen IV subunit expression. Developing proximal tubules, however, were reduced in number and demonstrated impaired cellular proliferation. We examined signaling pathways downstream of BMP7; the level of cortical phosphorylated Smad1, 5, and 8 was unchanged in BMP CKO kidneys, but phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase was significantly decreased. In addition, beta-catenin was reduced in BMP7 CKO kidneys, and its localization to intracellular vesicles suggested that it had been targeted for degradation. In summary, these results define a BMP7-mediated regulatory axis between glomeruli and proximal tubules during kidney development. PMID- 18923056 TI - Purinergic activation of anion conductance and osmolyte efflux in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. AB - The majority of mammalian cells demonstrate regulatory volume decrease (RVD) following swelling caused by hyposmotic exposure. A critical signal initiating RVD is activation of nucleotide receptors by ATP. Elevated extracellular ATP in response to cytotoxic cell swelling during pathological conditions also may initiate loss of taurine and other intracellular osmolytes via anion channels. This study characterizes neuronal ATP-activated anion current and explores its role in net loss of amino acid osmolytes. To isolate anion currents, we used CsCl as the major electrolyte in patch electrode and bath solutions and blocked residual cation currents with NiCl(2) and tetraethylammonium. Anion currents were activated by extracellular ATP with a K(m) of 70 microM and increased over fourfold during several minutes of ATP exposure, reaching a maximum after 9.0 min (SD 4.2). The currents were blocked by inhibitors of nucleotide receptors and volume-regulated anion channels (VRAC). Currents showed outward rectification and inactivation at highly depolarizing membrane potentials, characteristics of swelling-activated anion currents. P2X agonists failed to activate the anion current, and an inhibitor of P2X receptors did not block the effect of ATP. Furthermore, current activation was observed with extracellular ADP and 2 (methylthio)adenosine 5'-diphosphate, a P2Y(1) receptor-specific agonist. Much less current activation was observed with extracellular UTP, suggesting the response is mediated predominantly by P2Y(1) receptors. ATP caused a dose dependent loss of taurine and alanine that could be blocked by inhibitors of VRAC. ATP did not inhibit the taurine uptake transporter. Thus extracellular ATP triggers a loss of intracellular organic osmolytes via activation of anion channels. This mechanism may facilitate neuronal volume homeostasis during cytotoxic edema. PMID- 18923058 TI - Mechanosensing machinery for cells under low substratum rigidity. AB - Mechanical stimuli are essential during development and tumorigenesis. However, how cells sense their physical environment under low rigidity is still unknown. Here we show that low rigidity of collagen gel downregulates beta(1)-integrin activation, clustering, and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) Y397 phosphorylation, which is mediated by delayed raft formation. Moreover, overexpression of autoclustered beta(1)-integrin (V737N), but not constitutively active beta(1) integrin (G429N), rescues FAKY397 phosphorylation level suppressed by low substratum rigidity. Using fluorescence resonance energy transfer to assess beta(1)-integrin clustering, we have found that substratum rigidity between 58 and 386 Pa triggers beta(1)-integrin clustering in a dose-dependent manner, which is highly dependent on actin filaments but not microtubules. Furthermore, augmentation of beta(1)-integrin clustering enhances the interaction between beta(1)-integrin, FAK, and talin. Our results indicate that contact with collagen fibrils is not sufficient for integrin activation. However, substratum rigidity is required for integrin clustering and activation. Together, our findings provide new insight into the mechanosensing machinery and the mode of action for epithelial cells in response to their physical environment under low rigidity. PMID- 18923057 TI - Rac1 promotes intestinal epithelial restitution by increasing Ca2+ influx through interaction with phospholipase C-(gamma)1 after wounding. AB - Intestinal mucosal restitution occurs as a consequence of epithelial cell migration and reseals superficial wounds after injury. This rapid reepithelialization is mediated in part by a phospholipase C-gamma1 (PLC-gamma1) induced Ca(2+) signaling, but the exact mechanism underlying such signaling and its regulation remains elusive. The small GTP-binding protein Rac1 functions as a pivotal regulator of several signaling networks and plays an important role in regulating cell motility. The current study tests the hypothesis that Rac1 modulates intestinal epithelial cell migration after wounding by altering PLC gamma1-induced Ca(2+) signaling. Inhibition of Rac1 activity by treatment with its inhibitor NSC-23766 or Rac1 silencing with small interfering RNA decreased store depletion-induced Ca(2+) influx and suppressed cell migration during restitution, whereas ectopic overexpression of Rac1 increased Ca(2+) influx and promoted cell migration. Rac1 physically interacted with PLC-gamma1 and formed Rac1/PLC-gamma1 complex in intestinal epithelial cells. PLC-gamma1 silencing in cells overexpressing Rac1 prevented stimulation of store depletion-induced Ca(2+) influx and cell migration after wounding. Polyamine depletion inhibited expression of both Rac1 and PLC-gamma1, decreased Rac1/PLC-gamma1 complex levels, reduced Ca(2+) influx, and repressed cell migration. Overexpression of Rac1 alone failed to rescue Ca(2+) influx after store depletion and cell migration in polyamine-deficient cells, because it did not alter PLC-gamma1 levels. These results indicate that Rac1 promotes intestinal epithelial cell migration after wounding by increasing Ca(2+) influx as a result of its interaction with PLC gamma1. PMID- 18923059 TI - Contribution of actin filaments and microtubules to quasi-in situ tensile properties and internal force balance of cultured smooth muscle cells on a substrate. AB - The effects of actin filaments (AFs) and microtubules (MTs) on quasi-in situ tensile properties and intracellular force balance were studied in cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells (SMCs). A SMC cultured on substrates was held using a pair of micropipettes, gradually detached from the substrate while maintaining in situ cell shape and cytoskeletal integrity, and then stretched up to approximately 15% and unloaded three times at the rate of 1 mum every 5 s. Cell stiffness was approximately 20 nN per percent strain in the untreated case and decreased by approximately 65% and approximately 30% following AF and MT disruption, respectively. MT augmentation did not affect cell stiffness significantly. The roles of AFs and MTs in resisting cell stretching and shortening were assessed using the area retraction of the cell upon noninvasive detachment from thermoresponsive gelatin-coated dishes. The retraction was approximately 40% in untreated cells, while in AF-disrupted cells it was <20%. The retraction increased by approximately 50% and decreased by approximately 30% following MT disruption and augmentation, respectively, suggesting that MTs resist intercellular tension generated by AFs. Three-dimensional measurements of cell morphology using confocal microscopy revealed that the cell volume remained unchanged following drug treatment. A concomitant increase in cell height and decrease in cell area was observed following AF disruption and MT augmentation. In contrast, MT disruption significantly reduced the cell height. These results indicate that both AFs and MTs play crucial roles in maintaining whole cell mechanical properties of SMCs, and that while AFs act as an internal tension generator, MTs act as a tension reducer, and these contribute to intracellular force balance three dimensionally. PMID- 18923060 TI - Regulation of angiotensin II receptors and extracellular matrix turnover in human retinal pigment epithelium: role of angiotensin II. AB - The early stage of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is characterized by the formation of subretinal pigment epithelium (RPE) deposits as a result of the dysregulation in the turnover of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules. However, the mechanism involved remains unclear. Hypertension (HTN) is an important risk factor for AMD, and angiotensin II (ANG II) is the most important hormone associated with HTN. However, the relevance of ANG II receptors and ANG II effects on RPE have not been investigated yet. Therefore, the expression and regulation of ANG II receptors as well as the ECM turnover were studied in human RPE. ANG II receptors were expressed and upregulated by ANG II in human RPE. This regulation resulted in functional receptor expression, since an increase in intracellular concentration of calcium was observed upon ANG II stimulation. ANG II also increased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 activity and MMP-14 at the mRNA and protein levels as well as type IV collagen degradation. These ANG II effects were abolished in the presence of the ANG II receptor subtype 1 (AT1) receptor antagonist candesartan. In contrast, ANG II decreased type IV collagen via both AT1 and AT2 receptors, suggesting a synergistic effect of the two receptor subtypes. In conclusion, we have confirmed the presence of ANG II receptors in human RPE and their regulation by ANG II as well as the regulation of ECM molecules via ANG II receptors. Our data support the hypothesis that ANG II may exert biological function in RPE through ANG II receptors and that ANG II may cause dysregulation of molecules that play a major role in the turnover of ECM in RPE basement membrane and Bruch's membrane, suggesting a pathogenic mechanism to explain the link between HTN and AMD. PMID- 18923061 TI - Expression of active p21-activated kinase-1 induces Ca2+ flux modification with altered regulatory protein phosphorylation in cardiac myocytes. AB - p21-Activated kinase-1 (Pak1) is a serine-threonine kinase that associates with and activates protein phosphatase 2A in adult ventricular myocytes and, thereby, induces increased Ca2+ sensitivity of skinned-fiber tension development mediated by dephosphorylation of myofilament proteins (Ke Y, Wang L, Pyle WG, de Tombe PP, Solaro RJ. Circ Res 94: 194-200, 2004). We test the hypothesis that activation of Pak1 also moderates cardiac contractility through regulation of intracellular Ca2+ fluxes. We found no difference in field-stimulated intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) transient amplitude and extent of cell shortening between myocytes expressing constitutively active Pak1 (CA-Pak1) and controls expressing LacZ; however, time to peak shortening was significantly faster and rate of [Ca2+]i decay and time of relengthening were slower. Neither caffeine-releasable sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ content nor fractional release was different in CA-Pak1 myocytes compared with controls. Isoproterenol application revealed a significantly blunted increase in [Ca2+]i transient amplitude, as well as a slowed rate of [Ca2+]i decay, increased SR Ca2+ content, and increased cell shortening, in CA-Pak1 myocytes. We found no significant change in phospholamban phosphorylation at Ser16 or Thr17 in CA-Pak1 myocytes. Analysis of cardiac troponin I revealed a significant reduction in phosphorylated species that are primarily attributable to Ser(23/24) in CA-Pak1 myocytes. Nonstimulated, spontaneous SR Ca2+ release sparks were significantly smaller in amplitude in CA Pak1 than LacZ myocytes. Propagation of spontaneous Ca2+ waves resulting from SR Ca2+ overload was significantly slower in CA-Pak1 myocytes. Our data indicate that CA-Pak1 expression has significant effects on ventricular myocyte contractility through altered myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity and modification of the [Ca2+]i transient. PMID- 18923062 TI - Dietary restraint and telomere length in pre- and postmenopausal women. AB - BACKGROUND: Leukocyte telomere shortening can serve as a biomarker of aging, as telomere length (TL) can decline with age and shortening is positively associated with morbidity and mortality. It is therefore important to identify psychological and behavioral factors linked to accelerated telomere shortening. Stress and poorer metabolic health (greater adiposity, insulin resistance, and cortisol) correlate with shorter telomeres. Self-reported dietary restraint (DR), defined as chronic preoccupation with weight and attempts at restricting food intake, is linked to greater perceived stress, cortisol, and weight gain, when assessed in community studies (versus in weight loss programs). OBJECTIVE: To test for an association between DR and TL in healthy women across a range of ages. METHODS: We examined whether DR is linked to TL in two samples, one of premenopausal women (aged 20-50 years;N = 36) and one of postmenopausal women (aged 53-69 years; N = 20). RESULTS: In both samples, higher levels of DR were associated with shorter leukocyte TL, independent of body mass index, smoking, and age. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic DR, as assessed by self-report (i.e. not caloric restriction), may be a risk factor for premature telomere shortening. Potential mechanisms are discussed. PMID- 18923063 TI - Structural basis of NR2B-selective antagonist recognition by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. AB - N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are ionotropic glutamate receptors endowed with unique pharmacological and functional properties. In particular, their high permeability to calcium ions confers on NMDARs a central role in triggering long term changes in synaptic strength. Under excitotoxic pathological conditions, such as those occurring during brain trauma, stroke, or Parkinson's or Huntington's diseases, calcium influx through NMDAR channels can also lead to neuronal injury. This argues for the use of NMDAR antagonists as potential therapeutic agents. To date, the most promising NMDAR antagonists are ifenprodil and derivatives, compounds that act as noncompetitive inhibitors selective for NMDARs containing the NR2B subunit. Recent studies have identified the large N terminal domain (NTD) of NR2B as the region controlling ifenprodil sensitivity of NMDARs. We present here a detailed characterization of the ifenprodil binding site using both experimental and computational approaches. 3D homology modeling reveals that ifenprodil fits well in a closed cleft conformation of the NRB NTD; however, ifenprodil can adopt either of two possible binding orientations of opposite direction. By studying the effects of cleft mutations, we show that only the orientation in which the phenyl moiety points deep toward the NTD hinge is functionally relevant. Moreover, based on our model, we identify novel NTD NR2B residues that are crucial for conferring ifenprodil sensitivity and provide functional evidence that these residues directly interact with the ifenprodil molecule. This work provides a general insight into the origin of the subunit selectivity of NMDAR noncompetitive antagonists and offer clues for the discovery of novel NR2B-selective antagonists. PMID- 18923064 TI - Overlapping binding site for the endogenous agonist, small-molecule agonists, and ago-allosteric modulators on the ghrelin receptor. AB - A library of robust ghrelin receptor mutants with single substitutions at 22 positions in the main ligand-binding pocket was employed to map binding sites for six different agonists: two peptides (the 28-amino-acid octanoylated endogenous ligand ghrelin and the hexapeptide growth hormone secretagogue GHRP-6) plus four nonpeptide agonists-the original benzolactam L-692,429 [3-amino-3-methyl-N (2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2-oxo-1-([2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl) (1,1'-biphenyl)-4-yl]methyl) 1H-1-benzazepin-3(R)-yl)-butanamide], the spiroindoline sulfonamide MK-677 [N [1(R)-1, 2-dihydro-1-ethanesulfonylspiro-3H-indole-3,4'-piperidin)-1'-yl]carbonyl 2-(phenylmethoxy)-ethyl-2-amino-2-methylpropanamide], and two novel oxindole derivatives, SM-130686 [(+)-6-carbamoyl-3-(2-chlorophenyl)-(2-diethylaminoethyl) 4-trifluoromethyloxindole] and SM-157740 [(+/-)-6-carbamoyl-3-(2, 4 dichlorophenyl)-(2-diethylaminoethyl)-4-trifluoromethyloxindole)]. The strongest mutational effect with respect to decrease in potency for stimulation of inositol phosphate turnover was for all six agonists the GluIII:09-to-Gln substitution in the extracellular segment of TM-III. Likewise, all six agonists were affected by substitutions of PheVI:16, ArgVI:20, and PheVI:23 on the opposing face of transmembrane domain (TM) VI. Each of the agonists was also affected selectively by specific mutations. The mutational map of the ability of L-692,429 and GHRP-6 to act as allosteric modulators by increasing ghrelin's maximal efficacy overlapped with the common mutational map for agonism but it was not identical with the map for the agonist property of these small-molecule ligands. In molecular models, built over the inactive conformation of rhodopsin, low energy conformations of the nonpeptide agonists could be docked to satisfy many of their mutational hits. It is concluded that although each of the ligands in addition exploits other parts of the receptor, a large, common binding site for both small molecule agonists--including ago-allosteric modulators--and the endogenous agonist is found on the opposing faces of TM-III and -VI of the ghrelin receptor. PMID- 18923065 TI - YC-1 stimulates the expression of gaseous monoxide-generating enzymes in vascular smooth muscle cells. AB - The benzylindazole derivative 3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzyl indazole (YC 1) is an allosteric stimulator of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) that sensitizes the enzyme to the gaseous ligands carbon monoxide (CO) and nitric oxide (NO). In this study, we examined whether YC-1 also promotes the production of these gaseous monoxides by stimulating the expression of the inducible isoforms of heme oxygenase (HO-1) and NO synthase (iNOS) in vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). YC-1 increased HO-1 mRNA, protein, and promoter activity and potentiated cytokine mediated expression of iNOS protein and NO synthesis by SMCs. The induction of HO 1 by YC-1 was unchanged by the sGC inhibitor, 1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo[4,3 alpha]quinozalin-1-one (ODQ) or by the protein kinase G inhibitors (8R,9S,11S)-( )-2-methyl-9-methoxyl-9-methoxycarbonyl-8-methyl-2,3,9,10-tetrahydro-8,11-epoxy 1H,8H,11H-2,7b,11a-triazadibenzo(a,g)cyclocta9(cde)trinen-1-one (KT 5823) and YGRKKRRQRRRPPLRKKKKKH-amide (DT-2) and was not duplicated by 8-bromo-cGMP or the NO-independent sGC stimulator 5-cyclopropyl-2[1-(2-fluorobenzyl)-1H-pyrazolo [3,4 b] pyridine-3-yl] pyrimidin-4-ylamine (BAY 41-2272). However, the YC-1-mediated induction of HO-1 was inhibited by the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors wortmannin and 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-1(4H)-benzopyran-4-one hydrochloride (LY294002). In contrast, the enhancement of cytokine-stimulated iNOS expression and NO production by YC-1 was prevented by ODQ and the protein kinase A inhibitor (9S,10S, 12R)-2,3,9,10,11,12-hexahydro-10-hydroxy-9-methyl-1 oxo-9, 12-epoxy-1H-diindolo(1,2,3-fg:3',2',1'-kl)pyrrolo(3,4-i)(1,6) benzodiazocine-10-carboxylic acid hexyl ester (KT 5720) and was mimicked by 8 bromo-cGMP and BAY 41-2272. In conclusion, these studies demonstrate that YC-1 stimulates the expression of HO-1 and iNOS in vascular SMCs via the PI3K and sGC cGMP-protein kinase A pathway, respectively. The ability of YC-1 to sensitize sGC to gaseous monoxides and simultaneously stimulate their production through the induction of HO-1 and iNOS provides a potent mechanism by which the cGMP dependent and -independent biological actions of this agent are amplified. PMID- 18923066 TI - Older adults' attitudes toward enrollment of non-competent subjects participating in Alzheimer's research. AB - OBJECTIVE: Research that seeks to enroll noncompetent patients with Alzheimer's disease without presenting any potential benefit to participants is the source of substantial ethical controversy. The authors used hypothetical Alzheimer's disease studies that included either a blood draw or a blood draw and lumbar puncture to explore older persons' attitudes on this question. METHOD: Face-to face interviews were conducted with 538 persons age 65 and older. Questions explored participants' understanding of research concepts, their views on enrolling persons with Alzheimer's disease in research, and their preferences regarding having a proxy decision maker, granting advance consent, and granting their proxy leeway to override the participant's decision. Additional questions assessed altruism, trust, value for research, and perceptions of Alzheimer's disease. RESULTS: The majority (83%) were willing to grant advance consent to a blood draw study, and nearly half (48%) to a blood draw plus lumbar puncture study. Most (96%) were willing to identify a proxy for research decision making, and most were willing to grant their proxy leeway over their advance consent: 81% for the blood draw study and 70% for the blood draw plus lumbar puncture study. Combining the preferences for advance consent and leeway, the proportion who would permit being enrolled in the blood draw and lumbar puncture studies, respectively, were 92% and 75%. Multivariate models showed that willingness to be enrolled in research was most strongly associated with a favorable attitude toward biomedical research. CONCLUSIONS: Older adults generally support enrolling noncompetent persons with Alzheimer's disease into research that does not present a benefit to subjects. Willingness to grant their proxy leeway over advance consent and a favorable attitude about biomedical research substantially explain this willingness. PMID- 18923067 TI - Subunit-selective modulation of GABA type A receptor neurotransmission and cognition in schizophrenia. AB - OBJECTIVE: Deficits in working memory and cognitive control in schizophrenia are associated with impairments in prefrontal cortical function, including altered gamma band oscillations. These abnormalities are thought to reflect a deficiency in the synchronization of pyramidal cell activity that is dependent, in part, on gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmission through GABA type A (GABA(A)) receptors containing alpha(2) subunits. The authors conducted a proof-of-concept clinical trial designed to test the hypothesis that a novel compound with relatively selective agonist activity at GABA(A) receptors containing alpha(2) subunits would improve cognitive function and gamma band oscillations in individuals with schizophrenia. METHOD: Participants were male subjects (N=15) with chronic schizophrenia who were randomly assigned to receive 4 weeks of treatment with the study drug MK-0777, a benzodiazepine-like agent with selective activity at GABA(A) receptors containing alpha(2) or alpha(3) subunits, or a matched placebo in a double-blind fashion. Outcome measures were the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status, three tests of working memory and/or cognitive control (N-back, AX Continuous Performance Test, and Preparing to Overcome Prepotency), and EEG measures of gamma band oscillations induced during the Preparing to Overcome Prepotency task. RESULTS: Compared with placebo, the MK-0777 compound was associated with improved performance on the N-back, AX Continuous Performance Test, and Preparing to Overcome Prepotency tasks. The compound was also associated with increased frontal gamma band power during the Preparing to Overcome Prepotency task. No effects of the MK-0777 compound were detected in BPRS or Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status scores, with the exception of improvement on the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status delayed memory index. The MK-0777 agent was well-tolerated. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide preliminary support for the hypothesis that enhanced GABA activity at alpha(2) subunit containing GABA(A) receptors improves behavioral and electrophysiological measures of prefrontal function in individuals with schizophrenia. PMID- 18923068 TI - Meta-analysis of the symptom structure of obsessive-compulsive disorder. AB - OBJECTIVE: OCD is a clinically heterogeneous condition. This heterogeneity has the potential to reduce power in genetic, neuroimaging, and clinical trials. Despite a mounting number of studies, there remains debate regarding the exact factor structure of OCD symptoms. The authors conducted a meta-analysis to determine the factor structure of the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Symptom Checklist. METHOD: Studies were included if they involved subjects with OCD and included an exploratory factor analysis of the 13 Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Symptom Checklist categories or the items therein. A varimax rotation was conducted in SAS 9.1 using the PROC FACTOR CORR to extract factors from sample-size weighted co-occurrence matrices. Stratified meta-analysis was conducted to determine the factor structure of OCD in studies involving children and adults separately. RESULTS: Twenty-one studies involving 5,124 participants were included. The four factors generated were 1) symmetry: symmetry obsessions and repeating, ordering, and counting compulsions; 2) forbidden thoughts: aggression, sexual, religious, and somatic obsessions and checking compulsions, 3) cleaning: cleaning and contamination, and 4) hoarding: hoarding obsessions and compulsions. Factor analysis of studies including adults yielded an identical factor structure compared to the overall meta-analysis. Factor analysis of child only studies differed in that checking loaded highest on the symmetry factor and somatic obsessions, on the cleaning factor. CONCLUSIONS: A four-factor structure explained a large proportion of the heterogeneity in the clinical symptoms of OCD. Further item-level factor analyses are needed to determine the appropriate placement of miscellaneous somatic and checking OCD symptoms. PMID- 18923069 TI - Altered expression of genes involved in GABAergic transmission and neuromodulation of granule cell activity in the cerebellum of schizophrenia patients. AB - OBJECTIVE: Deficits in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) signaling have been described in the prefrontal cortex, limbic system, and cerebellum in individuals with schizophrenia. The purpose of the present study was to further investigate cerebellar gene expression alterations as they relate to decreases in GABAergic transmission by examining the expression of GABAergic markers, N-methyl-d aspartic-acid (NMDA) receptor subunits, and cerebellum neuromodulators in individuals with schizophrenia. METHOD: Subjects were postmortem men with a diagnosis of schizophrenia (N=13) and a postmortem interval-matched non psychiatric male comparison group (N=13). The authors utilized real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to measure mRNA levels of the following GABAergic markers: glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 65 and 67; GABA plasma membrane transporter-1 (GAT-1); GABA type A (GABA(A)) receptor subunits alpha(6), beta(3), and delta; and parvalbumin. In addition, real-time quantitative PCR was utilized to assess mRNA levels of the NMDA receptor (NR) subunits NR1, NR2-A, NR2-B, NR2-C, and NR2-D as well as the cerebellar neuromodulators glutamate receptor (GluR)-6, kainate-preferring glutamate receptor subunit-2 (KA2), metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR)-2 and mGluR3, and neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Measurements for mRNA levels were determined using lateral cerebellar hemisphere tissue from both schizophrenia and comparison subjects. RESULTS: Schizophrenia subjects showed significant decreases in mRNA levels of GAD(67), GAD(65), GAT-1, mGluR2, and neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Increases in GABA(A)-alpha(6 )and GABA(A)-delta as well as GluR6 and KA2 were also observed. Medication effects on the expression of the same genes were examined in rats treated with either haloperidol (Sprague-Dawley rats [N=16]) or clozapine (Long-Evans rats [N=20]). Both haloperidol and clozapine increased the levels of GAD(67) in the cerebellum and altered the expression of other cerebellar mRNAs. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that GABA transmission is decreased in the cerebellar cortices in individuals with schizophrenia and additional gene expression changes may reflect an attempt to increase GABA neurotransmission at the cerebellar glomerulus. PMID- 18923070 TI - Amygdala hypoactivity to fearful faces in boys with conduct problems and callous unemotional traits. AB - OBJECTIVE: Although early-onset conduct problems predict both psychiatric and health problems in adult life, little research has been done to index neural correlates of conduct problems. Emerging research suggests that a subgroup of children with conduct problems and elevated levels of callous-unemotional traits may be genetically vulnerable to manifesting disturbances in neural reactivity to emotional stimuli indexing distress. Using functional MRI, the authors evaluated differences in neural response to emotional stimuli between boys with conduct problems and elevated levels of callous-unemotional traits and comparison boys. METHOD: Seventeen boys with conduct problems and elevated levels of callous unemotional traits and 13 comparison boys of equivalent age (mean=11 years) and IQ (mean=100) viewed blocked presentations of fearful and neutral faces. For each face, participants distinguished the sex of the face via manual response. RESULTS: Relative to the comparison group, boys with conduct problems and elevated levels of callous-unemotional traits manifested lesser right amygdala activity to fearful faces. CONCLUSIONS: This finding is in line with data from studies of adults with antisocial behavior and callous-unemotional traits (i.e., psychopaths), as well as from a recent study of adolescents with callous unemotional traits, and suggests that the neural substrates of emotional impairment associated with callous-unemotional antisocial behavior are already present in childhood. PMID- 18923071 TI - More complexity to the Bloom's syndrome complex. AB - Bloom's syndrome is caused by mutations in the BLM gene. The BLM gene product, BLM helicase, forms a complex with two other proteins, DNA topoisomerase IIIalpha and RMI1. In this issue of Genes & Development, Wang and colleagues (2843-2855) and Meetei and colleagues (2856-2868) report the discovery of a fourth component of this complex called RMI2. RMI2 may be a representative of a new family of OB fold-containing proteins that are important for complex stabilization and checkpoint response. PMID- 18923072 TI - Histone H2B ubiquitination: the cancer connection. AB - Post-translational modifications of histones play a critical role in gene expression control. Ultimately, cancer is a disease of aberrant gene expression. Accordingly, several histone-modifying enzymes have been described as proto oncogenes or tumor suppressors. Recent reports, including one from Shema and colleagues (pp. 2664- 2676) in the October 1, 2008, issue of Genes and Development, indicate that deregulation of histone H2B monoubiquitination may contribute to cancer development. PMID- 18923073 TI - About the importance of being desulfated. AB - Sulfated proteoglycans have important structural and signaling functions in the growth plate. In the October 1, 2008, issue of Genes & Development, Settembre and colleagues (2645-2650) report that lack of SUMF1, a crucial enzyme in the activation of sulfatases, causes a severe chondrodysplasia by augmenting fibroblast growth factor signaling and by hampering the autophagic process, which the investigators show is constitutively on in chondrocytes. The findings highlight the essential role of desulfation in cartilage biology and organogenesis. PMID- 18923074 TI - Myc's broad reach. AB - The role of the myc gene family in the biology of normal and cancer cells has been intensively studied since the early 1980s. myc genes, responding to diverse external and internal signals, express transcription factors (c-, N-, and L-Myc) that heterodimerize with Max, bind DNA, and modulate expression of a specific set of target genes. Over the last few years, expression profiling, genomic binding studies, and genetic analyses in mammals and Drosophila have led to an expanded view of Myc function. This review is focused on two major aspects of Myc: the nature of the genes and pathways that are targeted by Myc, and the role of Myc in stem cell and cancer biology. PMID- 18923075 TI - DNA helicases Sgs1 and BLM promote DNA double-strand break resection. AB - A key cellular response to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) is 5'-to-3' DSB resection by nucleases to generate regions of ssDNA that then trigger cell cycle checkpoint signaling and DSB repair by homologous recombination (HR). Here, we reveal that in the absence of exonuclease Exo1 activity, deletion or mutation of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae RecQ-family helicase, Sgs1, causes pronounced hypersensitivity to DSB-inducing agents. Moreover, we establish that this reflects severely compromised DSB resection, deficient DNA damage signaling, and strongly impaired HR-mediated repair. Furthermore, we show that the mammalian Sgs1 ortholog, BLM--whose deficiency causes cancer predisposition and infertility in people--also functions in parallel with Exo1 to promote DSB resection, DSB signaling and resistance to DSB-generating agents. Collectively, these data establish evolutionarily conserved roles for the BLM and Sgs1 helicases in DSB processing, signaling, and repair. PMID- 18923076 TI - Mouse ES cells express endogenous shRNAs, siRNAs, and other Microprocessor independent, Dicer-dependent small RNAs. AB - Canonical microRNAs (miRNAs) require two processing steps: the first by the Microprocessor, a complex of DGCR8 and Drosha, and the second by a complex of TRBP and Dicer. dgcr8Delta/Delta mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) have less severe phenotypes than dicer1Delta/Delta mESCs, suggesting a physiological role for Microprocessor-independent, Dicer-dependent small RNAs. To identify these small RNAs with unusual biogenesis, we performed high-throughput sequencing from wild-type, dgcr8Delta/Delta, and dicer1Delta/Delta mESCs. Several of the resulting DGCR8-independent, Dicer-dependent RNAs were noncanonical miRNAs. These derived from mirtrons and a newly identified subclass of miRNA precursors, which appears to be the endogenous counterpart of shRNAs. Our analyses also revealed endogenous siRNAs resulting from Dicer cleavage of long hairpins, the vast majority of which originated from one genomic locus with tandem, inverted short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs). Our results extend the known diversity of mammalian small RNA-generating pathways and show that mammalian siRNAs exist in cell types other than oocytes. PMID- 18923077 TI - Histone H3 K36 methylation is mediated by a trans-histone methylation pathway involving an interaction between Set2 and histone H4. AB - Set2-mediated H3 K36 methylation is an important histone modification on chromatin during transcription elongation. Although Set2 associates with the phosphorylated C-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII), the mechanism of Set2 binding to chromatin and subsequent exertion of its methyltransferase activity is relatively uncharacterized. We identified a critical lysine residue in histone H4 that is needed for interaction with Set2 and proper H3 K36 di- and trimethylation. We also determined that the N terminus of Set2 contains a histone H4 interaction motif that allows Set2 to bind histone H4 and nucleosomes. A Set2 mutant lacking the histone H4 interaction motif is able to bind to the phosphorylated CTD of RNAPII and associate with gene-specific loci but is defective for H3 K36 di- and trimethylation. In addition, this Set2 mutant shows increased H4 acetylation and resistance to 6-Azauracil. Overall, our study defines a new interaction between Set2 and histone H4 that mediates trans histone regulation of H3 K36 methylation, which is needed for the preventative maintenance and integrity of the genome. PMID- 18923078 TI - dKDM2 couples histone H2A ubiquitylation to histone H3 demethylation during Polycomb group silencing. AB - Transcription regulation involves enzyme-mediated changes in chromatin structure. Here, we describe a novel mode of histone crosstalk during gene silencing, in which histone H2A monoubiquitylation is coupled to the removal of histone H3 Lys 36 dimethylation (H3K36me2). This pathway was uncovered through the identification of dRING-associated factors (dRAF), a novel Polycomb group (PcG) silencing complex harboring the histone H2A ubiquitin ligase dRING, PSC and the F box protein, and demethylase dKDM2. In vivo, dKDM2 shares many transcriptional targets with Polycomb and counteracts the histone methyltransferases TRX and ASH1. Importantly, cellular depletion and in vitro reconstitution assays revealed that dKDM2 not only mediates H3K36me2 demethylation but is also required for efficient H2A ubiquitylation by dRING/PSC. Thus, dRAF removes an active mark from histone H3 and adds a repressive one to H2A. These findings reveal coordinate trans-histone regulation by a PcG complex to mediate gene repression. PMID- 18923079 TI - Sus1 is recruited to coding regions and functions during transcription elongation in association with SAGA and TREX2. AB - Gene transcription, RNA biogenesis, and mRNA transport constitute a complicated process essential for all eukaryotic cells. The transcription/export factor Sus1 plays a key role in coupling transcription activation with mRNA export, and it resides in both the SAGA and TREX2 complexes. Moreover, Sus1 is responsible for GAL1 gene gating at the nuclear periphery, which is important for its transcriptional status. Here, we show that Sus1 is required during transcription elongation and is associated with the elongating form of RNA Polymerase II (RNAP II) phosphorylated on Ser5 and Ser2 of the C-terminal domain (CTD). In addition, Sus1 copurifies with the essential mRNA export factors Yra1 and Mex67, which bind to the mRNA cotranscriptionally. Consistently, ChIP analysis reveals that Sus1 is present at coding regions dependent on transcription in a manner stimulated by Kin28-dependent CTD phosphorylation. Strikingly, eliminating the TREX2 component Sac3 or the SAGA subunit Ubp8 partially impairs Sus1 targeting to coding sequences and upstream activating sequences (UAS). We found, unexpectedly, that Sgf73 is necessary for association of Sus1 with both SAGA and TREX2, and that its absence dramatically reduces Sus1 occupancy of UAS and ORF sequences. Our results reveal that Sus1 plays a key role in coordinating gene transcription and mRNA export by working at the interface between the SAGA and TREX2 complexes during transcription elongation. PMID- 18923080 TI - Caudal, a key developmental regulator, is a DPE-specific transcriptional factor. AB - The regulation of gene transcription is critical for the proper development and growth of an organism. The transcription of protein-coding genes initiates at the RNA polymerase II core promoter, which is a diverse module that can be controlled by many different elements such as the TATA box and downstream core promoter element (DPE). To understand the basis for core promoter diversity, we explored potential biological functions of the DPE. We found that nearly all of the Drosophila homeotic (Hox) gene promoters, which lack TATA-box elements, contain functionally important DPE motifs that are conserved from Drosophila melanogaster to Drosophila virilis. We then discovered that Caudal, a sequence-specific transcription factor and key regulator of the Hox gene network, activates transcription with a distinct preference for the DPE relative to the TATA box. The specificity of Caudal activation for the DPE is particularly striking when a BRE(u) core promoter motif is associated with the TATA box. These findings show that Caudal is a DPE-specific activator and exemplify how core promoter diversity can be used to establish complex regulatory networks. PMID- 18923081 TI - C. elegans SIR-2.1 translocation is linked to a proapoptotic pathway parallel to cep-1/p53 during DNA damage-induced apoptosis. AB - Caenorhabditis elegans SIR-2.1, a member of the sirtuin family related to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sir2p, has previously been implicated in aging. The mammalian homolog SIRT1 plays important roles in multiple cellular processes including transcriptional repression and stress response. We show that sir-2.1 is essential for the execution of apoptosis in response to DNA damage, and that sir 2.1 genetically acts in parallel to the worm p53-like gene cep-1. This novel cep 1-independent proapoptotic pathway does not require the daf-16 FOXO transcription factor. Cytological analysis of SIR-2.1 suggests a novel mechanism of apoptosis induction. During apoptosis SIR-2.1 changes its subcellular localization from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and transiently colocalizes with the C. elegans Apaf-1 homolog CED-4 at the nuclear periphery. SIR-2.1 translocation is an early event in germ cell apoptosis and is independent of apoptosis execution and cep-1, raising the possibility that SIR-2.1 translocation is linked to the induction of DNA damage-induced apoptosis. PMID- 18923082 TI - RMI, a new OB-fold complex essential for Bloom syndrome protein to maintain genome stability. AB - BLM, the helicase mutated in Bloom syndrome, associates with topoisomerase 3alpha, RMI1 (RecQ-mediated genome instability), and RPA, to form a complex essential for the maintenance of genome stability. Here we report a novel component of the BLM complex, RMI2, which interacts with RMI1 through two oligonucleotide-binding (OB)-fold domains similar to those in RPA. The resulting complex, named RMI, differs from RPA in that it lacks obvious DNA-binding activity. Nevertheless, RMI stimulates the dissolution of a homologous recombination intermediate in vitro and is essential for the stability, localization, and function of the BLM complex in vivo. Notably, inactivation of RMI2 in chicken DT40 cells results in an increased level of sister chromatid exchange (SCE)--the hallmark feature of Bloom syndrome cells. Epistasis analysis revealed that RMI2 and BLM suppress SCE within the same pathway. A point mutation in the OB domain of RMI2 disrupts the association between BLM and the rest of the complex, and abrogates the ability of RMI2 to suppress elevated SCE. Our data suggest that multi-OB-fold complexes mediate two modes of BLM action: via RPA mediated protein-DNA interaction, and via RMI-mediated protein-protein interactions. PMID- 18923083 TI - BLAP18/RMI2, a novel OB-fold-containing protein, is an essential component of the Bloom helicase-double Holliday junction dissolvasome. AB - Bloom Syndrome is an autosomal recessive cancer-prone disorder caused by mutations in the BLM gene. BLM encodes a DNA helicase of the RECQ family, and associates with Topo IIIalpha and BLAP75/RMI1 (BLAP for BLM-associated polypeptide/RecQ-mediated genome instability) to form the BTB (BLM-Topo IIIalpha BLAP75/RMI1) complex. This complex can resolve the double Holliday junction (dHJ), a DNA intermediate generated during homologous recombination, to yield noncrossover recombinants exclusively. This attribute of the BTB complex likely serves to prevent chromosomal aberrations and rearrangements. Here we report the isolation and characterization of a novel member of the BTB complex termed BLAP18/RMI2. BLAP18/RMI2 contains a putative OB-fold domain, and several lines of evidence suggest that it is essential for BTB complex function. First, the majority of BLAP18/RMI2 exists in complex with Topo IIIalpha and BLAP75/RMI1. Second, depletion of BLAP18/RMI2 results in the destabilization of the BTB complex. Third, BLAP18/RMI2-depleted cells show spontaneous chromosomal breaks and are sensitive to methyl methanesulfonate treatment. Fourth, BLAP18/RMI2 is required to target BLM to chromatin and for the assembly of BLM foci upon hydroxyurea treatment. Finally, BLAP18/RMI2 stimulates the dHJ resolution capability of the BTB complex. Together, these results establish BLAP18/RMI2 as an essential member of the BTB dHJ dissolvasome that is required for the maintenance of a stable genome. PMID- 18923084 TI - LAB-1 antagonizes the Aurora B kinase in C. elegans. AB - The Shugoshin/Aurora circuitry that controls the timely release of cohesins from sister chromatids in meiosis and mitosis is widely conserved among eukaryotes, although little is known about its function in organisms whose chromosomes lack a localized centromere. Here we show that Caenorhabditis elegans chromosomes rely on an alternative mechanism to protect meiotic cohesin that is shugoshin independent and instead involves the activity of a new chromosome-associated protein named LAB-1 (Long Arm of the Bivalent). LAB-1 preserves meiotic sister chromatid cohesion by restricting the localization of the C. elegans Aurora B kinase, AIR-2, to the interface between homologs via the activity of the PP1/Glc7 phosphatase GSP-2. The localization of LAB-1 to chromosomes of dividing embryos and the suppression of mitotic-specific defects in air-2 mutant embryos with reduced LAB-1 activity support a global role of LAB-1 in antagonizing AIR-2 in both meiosis and mitosis. Although the localization of a GFP fusion and the analysis of mutants and RNAi-mediated knockdowns downplay a role for the C. elegans shugoshin protein in cohesin protection, shugoshin nevertheless helps to ensure the high fidelity of chromosome segregation at metaphase I. We propose that, in C. elegans, a LAB-1-mediated mechanism evolved to offset the challenges of providing protection against separase activity throughout a larger chromosome area. PMID- 18923085 TI - Crossovers trigger a remodeling of meiotic chromosome axis composition that is linked to two-step loss of sister chromatid cohesion. AB - Segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis depends on linkages (chiasmata) created by crossovers and on selective release of a subset of sister chromatid cohesion at anaphase I. During Caenorhabditis elegans meiosis, each chromosome pair forms a single crossover, and the position of this event determines which chromosomal regions will undergo cohesion release at anaphase I. Here we provide insight into the basis of this coupling by uncovering a large scale regional change in chromosome axis composition that is triggered by crossovers. We show that axial element components HTP-1 and HTP-2 are removed during late pachytene, in a crossover-dependent manner, from the regions that will later be targeted for anaphase I cohesion release. We demonstrate correspondence in position and number between chiasmata and HTP-1/2-depleted regions and provide evidence that HTP-1/2 depletion boundaries mark crossover sites. In htp-1 mutants, diakinesis bivalents lack normal asymmetrical features, and sister chromatid cohesion is prematurely lost during the meiotic divisions. We conclude that HTP-1 is central to the mechanism linking crossovers with late prophase bivalent differentiation and defines the domains where cohesion will be protected until meiosis II. Further, we discuss parallels between the pattern of HTP-1/2 removal in response to crossovers and the phenomenon of crossover interference. PMID- 18923086 TI - Seizures are common in the acute setting of childhood stroke: a population-based study. AB - In our large population-based cohort, 3.1% of adults had seizures within the first 24 h of acute stroke. The objective of our study was to determine a similar incidence in children and compare by stroke subtype. Stroke cases in children between July 1993 to June 1994 and January 1999 to December 1999 were retrospectively identified and abstracted. We identified 31 strokes during the two study periods, including 17 ischemic strokes, 12 intracerebral hemorrhages, and 2 subarachnoid hemorrhages. Seizures occurred within 24 h of the stroke in 58% (18/31) of children. No significant differences were found in the rate of seizure by stroke subtype. The relative risk (95% confidence interval) for seizure in the acute stroke setting in children versus adults is 18 (13, 26). As compared with adults, seizures within the acute setting of childhood stroke are common with an occurrence rate in our population of 58%. PMID- 18923088 TI - Editor's note: plagiarism. PMID- 18923087 TI - The endogenous brain constituent N-arachidonoyl L-serine is an activator of large conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels. AB - The novel endocannabinoid-like lipid N-arachidonoyl L-serine (ARA-S) causes vasodilation through both endothelium-dependent and -independent mechanisms. We have analyzed the vasorelaxant effect of ARA-S in isolated vascular preparations and its effects on Ca(2+)-activated K(+) currents in human embryonic kidney cells stably transfected with the alpha-subunit of the human, large conductance Ca(+) activated K(+) (BK(Ca)) channel [human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293hSlo cells]. ARA S caused relaxation of rat isolated, intact and denuded, small mesenteric arteries preconstricted with (R)-(-)-1-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylaminoethanol hydrochloride (pEC(50), 5.49 and 5.14, respectively), whereas it caused further contraction of vessels preconstricted with KCl (pEC(50), 5.48 and 4.82, respectively). Vasorelaxation by ARA-S was inhibited by 100 nM iberiotoxin. In human embryonic kidney cells stably transfected with the alpha-subunit of the human BK(Ca) channel cells, ARA-S and its enantiomer, N-arachidonoyl-D-serine, enhanced the whole-cell outward K(+) current with similar potency (pEC(50), 5.63 and 5.32, respectively). The potentiation was not altered by the beta(1) subunit or mediated by ARA-S metabolites, stimulation of known cannabinoid receptors, G proteins, protein kinases, or Ca(2+)-dependent processes; it was lost after patch excision or after membrane cholesterol depletion but was restored after cholesterol reconstitution. BK(Ca) currents were also enhanced by N-arachidonoyl ethanolamide (pEC(50), 5.27) but inhibited by another endocannabinoid, O arachidonoyl ethanolamine (pIC(50), 6.35), or by the synthetic cannabinoid O-1918 [(-)-1,3-dimethoxy-2-(3-3,4-trans-p-menthadien-(1,8)-yl)-orcinol] (pIC(50), 6.59), which blocks ARA-S-induced vasodilation. We conclude the following. 1) ARA S directly activates BK(Ca) channels. 2) This interaction does not involve cannabinoid receptors or cytosolic factors but is dependent on the presence of membrane cholesterol. 3) Direct BK(Ca) channel activation probably contributes to the endothelium-independent component of ARA-S-induced mesenteric vasorelaxation. 4) O-1918 is a BK(Ca) channel inhibitor. PMID- 18923089 TI - Managing change in dental education: is there a method to the madness? AB - The literature surrounding dental education in the United States is replete with calls for change in the way that dental students are being educated. These calls are being echoed with curriculum models and examples of best practices, but what is missing is specific information about how to implement a desired change-that is, discussion of the change process itself. Knowledge of the organizational change process in other settings, particularly in higher education and professional education, may be of interest to academic program managers in dental schools who are planning or are engaged in change. Historical and theoretical perspectives on organizations and change are presented in this article as groundwork for more detailed discussion about management of change. Seventeen research-based principles of change in higher education and factors in dental education that influence change processes and outcomes are presented and synthesized into guidelines for a hypothetical model for change in a dental school environment. Issues pertinent to the practical management of change are presented, including reframing organizational complexity, change leadership, values/competence/commitment, and organizational learning. An appreciation for change as an ongoing and manageable process will enhance a dental school's viability in a rapidly changing world and ultimately benefit dental graduates and the communities they serve. PMID- 18923090 TI - Exploring dental students' perceptions of cultural competence and social responsibility. AB - The improvement of basic cultural competency skills and the creation of a greater community-minded spirit among dental students are important parts of dental education. The purpose of our study was to assess changes in dental students' attitudes and beliefs about community service and changes in cultural competencies after participation in a two-year program of non-dental community service (Student Community Outreach Program and Education, SCOPE). During 2003 07, two identical twenty-eight-item surveys were administered to SCOPE participants/completers. In the first, students reported on their attitudes after program completion. In the second, students reported retrospectively on their attitudes prior to starting the program. One hundred twenty-six post- and pre intervention surveys were matched and assessed for changes in student attitudes after program participation. Based on factor analysis, four distinct scales were identified: 1) community service, 2) cultural competence, 3) communication, and 4) treatment perspective. Over time, statistically significant changes (p<.05) in student attitudes and beliefs were found for scales 1 (p=.017), 2 (p=.001), and 3 (borderline significance, p=.057). Scale 4 showed no significant difference (p=.108). These scales indicate main focus areas to help guide future dentists in acquiring relevant sociocultural competencies and enabling community-minded attitudes. Overall, this study provides support for the addition of a non-dental community service-learning program into the preclinical curriculum. PMID- 18923091 TI - Assessing the cultural competency of dental students and residents. AB - This article presents a literature review of cultural competency education in the health professions (dentistry, dental hygiene, medicine, and nursing) with specific reference to methods of evaluating student and resident knowledge of cultural competency concepts and practices and clinical performance. Some important barriers to developing evaluation instruments are the following: 1) little consensus on core competency knowledge; 2) erroneous notions of race; and 3) stereotyping the behavior of racial groups. The relative advantages of the different examination methods now used to evaluate students and residents (qualitative, quantitative, practical, and self-evaluation) are reviewed, and recommendations are made regarding three instruments that schools can use to assess student knowledge and clinical performance. PMID- 18923092 TI - Dental students' attitudes toward treating diverse patients: effects of a cross cultural patient-instructor program. AB - This article describes the effects of a cross-cultural patient-instructor (PI) program on dental students' attitudes toward diversity. PIs were individuals from the community trained to portray specific simulated patients who presented cross cultural challenges to students. Dental students interviewed PIs during two rotations, one in their junior and one in their senior year. Using a retrospective pretest-posttest design, after completing each rotation, students reported their likelihood of engaging in certain desirable diversity thoughts and actions before versus after each PI rotation. Seventy-three students completed the first cross-cultural rotation, and eighty-two students completed the second. Each rotation improved students' diversity-related attitudes. The first rotation, in their junior year, had slightly greater effect on these outcomes than the second rotation, in their senior year. Students also reported very positive evaluations of the course. These findings suggest that students' attitudes toward diversity can be modified. PIs are a creative way to promote cross-cultural patient care with health professions students, making them more open to thinking about, discussing, and engaging in patient-oriented, diversity-related activities. PMID- 18923093 TI - Attitudes of South African dental therapy students toward compulsory community service. AB - Compulsory community service (CCS) was introduced into the health service by the South African government to address the shortage and maldistribution of health professionals within the public sector. The aim of this study was to determine the attitudes of dental therapy students regarding CCS. A self-administered questionnaire was delivered to the two dental schools that train dental therapists in South Africa. There was a 64 percent response rate; 56 percent of the respondents were female. The average age was 20.3 years. There was no difference in the variables between the two dental schools, so the results were combined. The majority (81 percent) supported the introduction of CCS and preferred to carry it out in Kwa-Zulu Natal. Most students opted to perform oral health promotional (64 percent) and clinical (15 percent) activities. By aligning these requirements with the current dental needs and priority strategies of the South African Department of Health, this support would add much value to the delivery of oral health services. PMID- 18923094 TI - Research productivity of members of IADR Behavioral Sciences and Health Services Research Group: relationship to professional and personal factors. AB - This report describes the research productivity of the members of the International Association for Dental Research (IADR) Behavioral Sciences and Health Services Research Group and examines personal and professional factors related to greater productivity. The findings from previous studies suggested there might be gender discrimination in opportunities for women faculty. Members on the active membership list for this IADR group were surveyed by email. Most were dentists, and three-quarters had external funding for their research. The primary outcome measure was the number of self-reported published articles in PubMed in the preceding twenty-four months. The mean number of these publications was 4.9 (SD=5.1). Gender and time in research were the best predictors of research productivity of this population. There was no difference in time for research between the men and women in this study. Controlling for gender, the best single predictor of research productivity remained percent time spent in research. Overall, the members of the IADR group spent almost three times as much time in research and were more than twice as productive as faculty members as a whole as described in earlier studies. In view of the current emphasis in many countries on addressing the social and behavioral determinants of oral health disparities, the productivity of this area of dental research is very important. Trends toward clinically oriented, non-research-intensive dental schools in the United States and reductions in time and funding available to conduct research should be of concern. PMID- 18923095 TI - Prospective implementation of correction for guessing in oral and maxillofacial pathology multiple-choice examinations: did student performance improve? AB - A standard correction for random guessing on multiple-choice examinations was implemented prospectively in an Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology course for second-year dental students. The correction was a weighted scoring formula for points awarded for correct answers, incorrect answers, and unanswered questions such that the expected gain in the multiple-choice examination score due to random guessing was zero. An equally weighted combination of four examinations using equal numbers of short-answer questions and multiple-choice questions was used for student evaluation. Scores on both types of examinations, after implementation of the correction for guessing on the multiple-choice component (academic year 2005-06), were compared with the previous year (academic year 2004 05) when correction for guessing was not used for student evaluation but was investigated retrospectively. Academically, the two classes were comparable as indicated by the grade distributions in a General Pathology course taken immediately prior to the Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology course. Agreement between scores on short-answer examinations and multiple-choice examinations was improved in the 2005-06 class compared with the 2004-05 class. Importantly, the test score means were higher on both the short-answer and multiple-choice examinations in the Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology course, and the standard deviations were significantly smaller in 2005-06 compared to 2004-05; these differences reflected an upward shift in the lower part of the grade distributions to higher grades in 2005-06. Furthermore, when students were classified by their grade in the General Pathology course, students receiving a C (numerical grade of 70-79 percent) in General Pathology had significantly improved performance in the Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology course in 2005-06, relative to 2004-05, on both short-answer and multiple-choice examinations representing an aptitude-treatment interaction. We interpret this improved performance as a response to a higher expectation imposed on the 2005-06 students by the prospective implementation of correction for guessing. PMID- 18923096 TI - An evolving community-based dental course on professionalism and community service. AB - In 2007, the Faculty of Dentistry at the University of British Columbia formally introduced the course Professionalism and Community Service (PACS) in year one of its dental curriculum. PACS features community-based dental education as an experiential learning pedagogy, as well as additional themes that support the community experience. PACS will be incorporated into all four years of the curriculum, with health promotion activities in community sites as the focus in years one and two and the provision of patient care in community clinics in years three and four. Students are encouraged to provide feedback on this newly implemented course. The objective of this article is to provide an overview of the themes and modules of PACS, in the context of its being an evolving course for implementing community-based health promotion activities as experiential education for dental students. The current PACS modules are designed to expose students to a variety of experiences-from assessing community needs and developing, applying, and evaluating an educational health promotion activity to demonstrating a systematic approach to ethical reasoning and critical thinking. In their feedback, students have expressed their appreciation for the community experience and suggested modifications to the course in terms of guidelines and assignments. PMID- 18923097 TI - Outcomes assessment of dental hygiene clinical teaching workshops. AB - Faculty development courses related to acquiring clinical teaching skills in the health professions are limited. Consequently, the Department of Dental Hygiene at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio conducted a series of clinical teaching workshops to address clinical teaching methodology. The goal of these workshops was to promote a problem-solving learning atmosphere for dental hygiene faculty to acquire and share sound clinical teaching strategies. To determine the value of the annual workshops on clinical teaching and evaluation, a web-based qualitative program assessment was developed using software by Survey Tracker. Four open-ended questions were designed to elicit perceptions regarding what significant changes in teaching strategies were achieved, what barriers or challenges were encountered in making these changes, and what strategies were used to overcome the barriers. The assessment was sent to dental hygiene educators representing thirty-eight dental hygiene programs who had participated in two or more of these workshops. Twenty-eight programs provided collective responses to the questions, and the narrative data were analyzed, using a qualitative methodology. Responses revealed that programs had made productive changes to their clinical education curricula and the information gained from the workshops had a positive effect on clinical teaching. PMID- 18923098 TI - Do dental educators need to improve their approach to teaching rubber dam use? AB - Most dentists are educated in rubber dam use in dental school, but there is often disparity between what is taught for various restorative procedures and what is practiced in the private sector. It is a common, although undocumented, belief that few practicing dentists routinely use rubber dam isolation. This study repeated a survey conducted in 1985 evaluating U.S. general dentists' attitudes toward rubber dam usage to see if improvement is needed in current dental educators' approach to this topic. Four hundred dentists were selected randomly from ten major geographically diverse cities using the website YellowPages.com. Each was mailed a letter requesting survey participation, which included a pre stamped, pre-addressed postcard with the survey printed on the back. The target population, general dentists, returned 164 surveys (41 percent). Their responses can be summarized as follows: 71 percent do amalgams-of those, 53 percent never use a rubber dam whereas 12 percent always use a rubber dam; 100 percent do anterior direct resin composites-of those, 45 percent never use a rubber dam whereas 17 percent always use a rubber dam; 98 percent do posterior direct resin composites-of those, 39 percent never use a rubber dam and 18 percent always use a rubber dam; and 78 percent do endodontic procedures-of those, 11 percent never use a rubber dam whereas 58 percent always use a rubber dam. Most (74 percent) felt that their dental school rubber dam training was adequate; 42 percent felt that its use has an effect on the quality of restorative dentistry. Their most common reasons for not using a dam were the following: inconvenience (40 percent); unnecessary (28 percent); other (12 percent); patient refusal (11 percent); and time (9 percent). No respondent indicated that "cost" was a reason for not using rubber dams. This study indicates that many general dentists in this country continue to ignore the rubber dam for many restorative and some endodontic procedures. It indicates that predoctoral dental educators need to look for opportunities for improvement to reduce the discrepancy between what is taught and the general practice of dentistry. PMID- 18923099 TI - Team-based learning using an audience response system: an innovative method of teaching diagnosis to undergraduate dental students. AB - A team-based learning (TBL) approach was used to facilitate student learning and performance in a sophomore preclinical endodontic course. TBL is based upon the division of a class into small groups of students using a problem-based learning approach. The purpose of this project was to improve student ability to diagnose diseases utilizing TBL combined with an audience response system (ARS). Three measures were used to assess the outcomes: 1) pre- and posttest scores, 2) a diagnostic skills assessment during the final examination, and 3) an attitudinal survey completed by the students. At the beginning of the course, second-year students (n=64) were evaluated to determine entry-level knowledge. Six groups of ten to eleven students each were pretested, followed by a parallel posttest following the implementation of the TBL experience. Students' performance on the posttest (63.4 percent) showed improved results when compared to the pretest (36.9 percent). Students also exhibited improved diagnostic skills with the final examination. The results of the students' attitudinal survey indicated an 80 percent agreement that TBL enhanced their powers of critical analysis. PMID- 18923100 TI - Economic outcomes of a dental electronic patient record. AB - The implementation of an electronic patient record (EPR) in many sectors of health care has been suggested to have positive relationships with both quality of care and improved pedagogy, although evaluation of actual results has been somewhat disillusioning. Evidence-based dentistry clearly suggests the need for tools and systems to improve care, and an EPR is a critical tool that has been widely proposed in recent years. In dental schools, EPR systems are increasingly being adopted, despite obstacles such as high costs, time constraints necessary for process workflow change, and overall project complexity. The increasing movement towards cost-effectiveness analyses in health and medicine suggests that the EPR should generally cover expenses, or produce total benefits greater than its combined costs, to ensure that resources are being utilized efficiently. To test the underlying economics of an EPR, we utilized a pre-post research design with a probability-based economic simulation model to analyze changes in performance and costs in one dental school. Our findings suggest that the economics are positive, but only when student fees are treated as an incremental revenue source. In addition, other performance indicators appeared to have significant changes, although most were not comprehensively measured pre implementation, making it difficult to truly understand the performance differential-such pre-measurement of expected benefits is a key lesson learned. This article also provides recommendations for dental clinics and universities that are about to embark on this endeavor. PMID- 18923101 TI - Occupational exposure to potentially infectious biological material in a dental teaching environment. AB - The aims of this cross-sectional study were to determine the prevalence of occupational accidents with exposure to biological material among undergraduate students of dentistry and to estimate potential risk factors associated with exposure to blood. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire (86.4 percent return rate), which was completed by a sample of 286 undergraduate dental students (mean age 22.4 +/-2.4 years). The students were enrolled in the clinical component of the curriculum, which corresponds to the final six semesters of study. Descriptive, bivariate, simple logistic regression and multiple logistic regression (Forward Stepwise Procedure) analyses were performed. The level of statistical significance was set at 5 percent. Percutaneous and mucous exposures to potentially infectious biological material were reported by 102 individuals (35.6 percent); 26.8 percent reported the occurrence of multiple episodes of exposure. The logistic regression analyses revealed that the incomplete use of individual protection equipment (OR=3.7; 95 percent CI 1.5-9.3), disciplines where surgical procedures are carried out (OR=16.3; 95 percent CI 7.1-37.2), and handling sharp instruments (OR=4.4; 95 percent CI 2.1-9.1), more specifically, hollow-bore needles (OR=6.8; 95 percent CI 2.1-19.0), were independently associated with exposure to blood. Policies of reviewing the procedures during clinical practice are recommended in order to reduce occupational exposure. PMID- 18923103 TI - Sensitization by intratracheally injected dendritic cells is independent of antigen presentation by host antigen-presenting cells. AB - Adoptive transfer of antigen-pulsed dendritic cells (DC) in the airways of mice has been used as a model system for eosinophilic airway inflammation, which allows studying the DC-specific contribution of genes of interest or reagents to induced inflammation by genetically modifying DC or exposure of DC to compounds prior to injection in the airways. Antigen transfer and CD4+ T cell priming by endogenous antigen-presenting cells (APCs) may interfere with the correct interpretation of the data obtained in this model, however. We therefore examined antigen transfer and indirect CD4+ T cell priming by host APCs in this model system. Transfer of antigen between injected DC and host cells appeared to be minimal but could not be totally excluded. However, only direct antigen presentation by injected DC resulted in robust CD4+ T cell priming and eosinophilic airway inflammation. Thus, this adoptive transfer model is well suited to study the role of DC in eosinophilic airway inflammation. PMID- 18923102 TI - Molecular dynamics simulation study of a pulmonary surfactant film interacting with a carbonaceous nanoparticle. AB - This article reports an all-atom molecular dynamics simulation to study a model pulmonary surfactant film interacting with a carbonaceous nanoparticle. The pulmonary surfactant is modeled as a dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine monolayer with a peptide consisting of the first 25 residues from surfactant protein B. The nanoparticle model with a chemical formula C188H53 was generated using a computational code for combustion conditions. The nanoparticle has a carbon cage structure reminiscent of the buckyballs with open ends. A series of molecular scale structural and dynamical properties of the surfactant film in the absence and presence of nanoparticle are analyzed, including radial distribution functions, mean-square displacements of lipids and nanoparticle, chain tilt angle, and the surfactant protein B peptide helix tilt angle. The results show that the nanoparticle affects the structure and packing of the lipids and peptide in the film, and it appears that the nanoparticle and peptide repel each other. The ability of the nanoparticle to translocate the surfactant film is one of the most important predictions of this study. The potential of mean force for dragging the particle through the film provides such information. The reported potential of mean force suggests that the nanoparticle can easily penetrate the monolayer but further translocation to the water phase is energetically prohibitive. The implication is that nanoparticles can interact with the lung surfactant, as supported by recent experimental data by Bakshi et al. PMID- 18923105 TI - Analysis of the early response to TSST-1 reveals Vbeta-unrestricted extravasation, compartmentalization of the response, and unresponsiveness but not anergy to TSST-1. AB - Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) is the major cause of toxic shock syndrome and is important in the pathophysiology of staphylococcal septic shock. Our study about the biological effects of TSST-1 in the rabbit 3 and 6 h and 7 days postinjection provides evidence that TSST-1 induces leukopenia, lymphopenia, and monocytopenia as a result of extravasation of cells in a Vss unrestricted manner. Cells in the circulation, reduced significantly in numbers, show the same phenotypic distribution as before TSST-1 injection. Three hours post-in vivo TSST-1 injection, we demonstrated compartmentalization of the response. By quantitative RT-PCR, the induction of mRNA expression of TH1 and inflammatory cytokines in the spleen and lung and a complete lack of induction in PBMC could be shown. Proliferation assays revealed that 3 h after TSST-1, PBMC were neither activated nor responsive to in vitro restimulation, even when IL-2 was added. In contrast, 7 days later, PBMC and spleen cells were anergic: showing no response to TSST-1 but a vigorous response upon addition of IL-2. The results presented extend our understanding of the pathophysiology of toxic and septic shock as a result of superantigen toxin-producing Staphylococcus aureus. Demonstration of compartmentalization of the response proves that erroneous conclusions could be drawn by the exclusive analysis of PBMCs. The results reveal further that in nonresponsiveness to the antigen, different immunological mechanisms may be operational. Measurements of the induction of cytokine gene activation provide important complementary information to that of serum cytokine levels. PMID- 18923104 TI - The IKK-neutralizing compound Bay11 kills supereffector CD8 T cells by altering caspase-dependent activation-induced cell death. AB - Antigen with dual costimulation through CD137 and CD134 induces powerful CD8 T cell responses. These effector T cells are endowed with an intrinsic survival program resulting in their accumulation in vivo, but the signaling components required for survival are unknown. We tested a cadre of pathway inhibitors and found one preclinical compound, Bay11-7082 (Bay11), which prevented survival. Even the gammac cytokine family members IL-2, -4, -7, and -15 could not block death, nor could pretreatment with IL-7. We found that dual costimulation caused loading of phosphorylated IkappaBalpha (p-IkappaBalpha) and high basal levels of NF-kappaB activity in the effector CD8 T cells. Bay11 trumped both events by reducing the presence of p-IkappaBalpha and ensuing NF-kappaB activity. Not all pathways were impacted to this degree, however, as mitogen-mediated ERK phosphorylation was evident during NF-kappaB inhibition. Nonetheless, Bay11 blocked TCR-stimulated cytokine synthesis by rapidly accentuating activation induced cell death through elicitation of a caspase-independent pathway. Thus, in effector CD8 T cells, Bay11 forces a dominant caspase-independent death signal that cannot be overcome by an intrinsic survival program nor by survival-inducing cytokines. Therefore, Bay11 may be a useful tool to deliberately kill death resistant effector T cells for therapeutic benefit. PMID- 18923106 TI - On public health and the military. PMID- 18923107 TI - The benefits of tai chi. PMID- 18923108 TI - Anabolic-androgenic steroid use and involvement in violent behavior in a nationally representative sample of young adult males in the United States. AB - We examined the effects of anabolic-androgenic steroid use on serious violent behavior. Multivariate models based on data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (N = 6823) were used to examine the association between lifetime and past-year self-reported anabolic-androgenic steroid use and involvement in violent acts. Compared with individuals who did not use steroids, young adult males who used anabolic-androgenic steroids reported greater involvement in violent behaviors after we controlled for the effects of key demographic variables, previous violent behavior, and polydrug use. PMID- 18923109 TI - Correlates of incarceration among young methamphetamine users in Chiang Mai, Thailand. AB - OBJECTIVES: We examined correlates of incarceration among young methamphetamine users in Chiang Mai, Thailand in 2005 to 2006. METHODS: We conducted a cross sectional study among 1189 young methamphetamine users. Participants were surveyed about their recent drug use, sexual behaviors, and incarceration. Biological samples were obtained to test for sexually transmitted and viral infections. RESULTS: Twenty-two percent of participants reported ever having been incarcerated. In multivariate analysis, risk behaviors including frequent public drunkenness, starting to use illicit drugs at an early age, involvement in the drug economy, tattooing, injecting drugs, and unprotected sex were correlated with a history of incarceration. HIV, HCV, and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV 2) infection were also correlated with incarceration. CONCLUSIONS: Incarcerated methamphetamine users are engaging in behaviors and being exposed to environments that put them at increased risk of infection and harmful practices. Alternatives to incarceration need to be explored for youths. PMID- 18923110 TI - Examining the lag time between state-level income inequality and individual disabilities: a multilevel analysis. AB - State-level income inequality has been found to have an effect on individual health outcomes, even when controlled for important individual-level variables such as income, education, age, and gender. The effect of income inequality on health may not be immediate and may, in fact, have a substantial lag time between exposure to inequality and eventual health outcome. We used the 2006 American Community Survey to examine the association of state-level income inequality and 2 types of physical disabilities. We used 6 different lag times, ranging between 0 and 25 years, on the total sample and on those who resided in their state of birth. Income inequality in 1986 had the strongest correlation with 2006 disability levels. Odds ratios were consistently 10% higher for those born in the same state compared with the total population. PMID- 18923111 TI - Canadian military personnel's population attributable fractions of mental disorders and mental health service use associated with combat and peacekeeping operations. AB - OBJECTIVES: We investigated mental disorders, suicidal ideation, self-perceived need for treatment, and mental health service utilization attributable to exposure to peacekeeping and combat operations among Canadian military personnel. METHODS: With data from the Canadian Community Health Survey Cycle 1.2 Canadian Forces Supplement, a cross-sectional population-based survey of active Canadian military personnel (N = 8441), we estimated population attributable fractions (PAFs) of adverse mental health outcomes. RESULTS: Exposure to either combat or peacekeeping operations was associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (men: PAF = 46.6%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 27.3, 62.7; women: PAF = 23.6%; 95% CI = 9.2, 40.1), 1 or more mental disorder assessed in the survey (men: PAF = 9.3%; 95% CI = 0.4, 18.1; women: PAF = 6.1%; 95% CI = 0.0, 13.4), and a perceived need for information (men: PAF = 12.3%; 95% CI = 4.1, 20.6; women: PAF = 7.9%; 95% CI = 1.3, 15.5). CONCLUSIONS: A substantial proportion, but not the majority, of mental health-related outcomes were attributable to combat or peacekeeping deployment. Future studies should assess traumatic events and their association with physical injury during deployment, premilitary factors, and postdeployment psychosocial factors that may influence soldiers' mental health. PMID- 18923113 TI - Socioeconomic status and improvements in lifestyle, coronary risk factors, and quality of life: the Multisite Cardiac Lifestyle Intervention Program. AB - OBJECTIVES: We sought to clarify whether patients of low socioeconomic status (SES) can make lifestyle changes and show improved outcomes in coronary heart disease (CHD), similar to patients with higher SES. METHODS: We examined lifestyle, risk factors, and quality of life over 3 months, by SES and gender, in 869 predominantly White, nonsmoking CHD patients (34% female) in the insurance sponsored Multisite Cardiac Lifestyle Intervention Program. SES was defined primarily by education. RESULTS: At baseline, less-educated participants were more likely to be disadvantaged (e.g., past smoking, sedentary lifestyle, high fat diet, overweight, depression) than were higher-SES participants. By 3 months, participants at all SES levels reported consuming 10% or less dietary fat, exercising 3.5 hours per week or more, and practicing stress management 5.5 hours per week or more. These self-reports were substantiated by improvements in risk factors (e.g., 5-kg weight loss, and improved blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and exercise capacity; P < .001), and accompanied by improvements in well-being (e.g., depression, hostility, quality of life; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The observed benefits for CHD patients with low SES indicate that broadening accessibility of lifestyle programs through health insurance should be strongly encouraged. PMID- 18923114 TI - Past trends and current status of self-reported incidence and impact of disease and nonbattle injury in military operations in Southwest Asia and the Middle East. AB - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the evolutional changes in disease and nonbattle injury in a long-term deployment setting, we investigated trends of selected disease and nonbattle injury (NBI) incidence among US military personnel deployed in ongoing military operations in Southwest Asia and the Middle East. METHODS: Participants completed an anonymous questionnaire concerning diarrhea, acute respiratory illness (ARI), and NBIs. We compared incidence, morbidity, and risk associations of disease and NBI incidence with historical data. We analyzed a clinic screening form to describe trends in diarrhea incidence over a 3-year period. RESULTS: Between April 2006 and March 2007, 3374 troops completed deployment questionnaires. Incidence of diarrhea was higher than that of ARI and NBI (12.1, 7.1, and 2.5 episodes per 100 person-months, respectively), but ARI and NBI resulted in more-frequent health system utilization (both P < .001) and decreased work performance (P < .001 and P = .05, respectively) than did diarrhea. Compared with historical disease and NBI incidence rates, diarrhea and NBI incidence declined over a 4-year period, whereas ARI remained relatively constant. CONCLUSIONS: Diarrhea, ARI, and NBI are important health concerns among deployed military personnel. Public health and preventive measures are needed to mitigate this burden. PMID- 18923115 TI - Children's secondhand smoke exposure in private homes and cars: an ethical analysis. AB - Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure is a known cause of disease among nonsmokers, contributing to lung cancer, heart disease, and sudden infant death syndrome, as well as other diseases. In response to the growing body of scientific literature linking SHS with serious diseases, many countries, states, and cities have established policies mandating smoke-free public spaces. Yet thousands of children remain unprotected from exposure to SHS in private homes and cars. New initiatives targeting SHS in these spaces have raised ethical questions about imposing constraints on private behavior. We reviewed legislation and court cases related to such initiatives and used a principlist approach to analyze the ethical implications of policies banning smoking in private cars and homes in which children are present. PMID- 18923116 TI - Smoking and cognitive decline among middle-aged men and women: the Doetinchem Cohort Study. AB - OBJECTIVES: We studied the effect of smoking on cognitive decline over a 5-year period at middle age (43 to 70 years). METHODS: In the Doetinchem Cohort Study, 1964 men and women in the Netherlands were examined for cognitive function at baseline and 5 years later. The association between smoking status and memory function, speed of cognitive processes, cognitive flexibility, and global cognitive function were assessed. RESULTS: At baseline, smokers scored lower than never smokers in global cognitive function, speed, and flexibility. At 5-year follow-up, decline among smokers was 1.9 times greater for memory function, 2.4 times greater for cognitive flexibility, and 1.7 times greater for global cognitive function than among never smokers. Among ever smokers, the declines in all cognitive domains were larger with increasing number of pack-years smoked. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions to prevent or stop people from smoking may postpone cognitive decline in middle-aged persons. PMID- 18923117 TI - Heritage of army audiology and the road ahead: the Army Hearing Program. AB - Noise-induced hearing loss has been documented as early as the 16th century, when a French surgeon, Ambroise Pare, wrote of the treatment of injuries sustained by firearms and described acoustic trauma in great detail. Even so, the protection of hearing would not be addressed for three more centuries, when the jet engine was invented and resulted in a long overdue whirlwind of policy development addressing the prevention of hearing loss. We present a synopsis of hearing loss prevention in the US Army and describe the current Army Hearing Program, which aims to prevent noise-induced hearing loss in soldiers and to ensure their maximum combat effectiveness. PMID- 18923118 TI - Corporate philanthropy, lobbying, and public health policy. AB - To counter negative publicity about the tobacco industry, Philip Morris has widely publicized its philanthropy initiatives. Although corporate philanthropy is primarily a public relations tool, contributions may be viewed as offsetting the harms caused by corporate products and practices. That such donations themselves have harmful consequences has been little considered. Drawing on internal company documents, we explored the philanthropy undertaken as part of Philip Morris's PM21 image makeover. Philip Morris explicitly linked philanthropy to government affairs and used contributions as a lobbying tool against public health policies. Through advertising, covertly solicited media coverage, and contributions to legislators' pet causes, Philip Morris improved its image among key voter constituencies, influenced public officials, and divided the public health field as grantees were converted to stakeholders. PMID- 18923119 TI - The association between perceived discrimination and obesity in a population based multiracial and multiethnic adult sample. AB - OBJECTIVES: We examined whether perceived chronic discrimination was related to excess body fat accumulation in a random, multiethnic, population-based sample of US adults. METHODS: We used multivariate multinomial logistic regression and logistic regression analyses to examine the relationship between interpersonal experiences of perceived chronic discrimination and body mass index and high-risk waist circumference. RESULTS: Consistent with other studies, our analyses showed that perceived unfair treatment was associated with increased abdominal obesity. Compared with Irish, Jewish, Polish, and Italian Whites who did not experience perceived chronic discrimination, Irish, Jewish, Polish, and Italian Whites who perceived chronic discrimination were 2 to 6 times more likely to have a high risk waist circumference. No significant relationship between perceived discrimination and the obesity measures was found among the other Whites, Blacks, or Hispanics. CONCLUSIONS: These findings are not completely unsupported. White ethnic groups including Polish, Italians, Jews, and Irish have historically been discriminated against in the United States, and other recent research suggests that they experience higher levels of perceived discrimination than do other Whites and that these experiences adversely affect their health. PMID- 18923120 TI - Ethnic disparities in access to care in post-apartheid South Africa. AB - OBJECTIVES: We investigated ethnic disparities in obtaining medical care among the 4 major ethnic groups (Blacks, Whites, Coloreds [i.e., those of mixed race], and Asians) in post-apartheid South Africa. METHODS: Data for the study came from the 2002 Afrobarometer: Round II Survey of South Africa. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to examine differences across racial and ethnic groups in how often respondents went without medical care. RESULTS: A total of 40.8% of Blacks and 22.9% of Coloreds reported going without medical care at some point in the past year, compared with 10.9% of Whites and 6.9% of Asians. Disparities were found not only in health but in education, income, and basic public health infrastructures. Sociodemographic characteristics and perceptions regarding democracy, markets, and civil society were similar for Blacks and Coloreds and for Whites and Asians. CONCLUSIONS: Fourteen years after the end of apartheid, Blacks and Coloreds in South Africa are still underserved and disadvantaged compared with their White and Asian counterparts, especially regarding health care. PMID- 18923121 TI - Responsibility as an ethical framework for public health interventions. AB - Bioethical debate has been characterized from the beginning by the central importance placed on autonomy. This is because bioethics has, until now, been concerned with the relationship between doctor and patient in a clinical context or, alternatively, with the rights of individuals involved in biomedical research. The increased involvement of bioethics in the domain of public health, however, makes it necessary to refer to other principles and values, thus shaping a new responsibility-focused bioethics that extends itself beyond the early boundaries of this discipline. PMID- 18923122 TI - Critical shortcomings at Walter Reed Army Medical Center create doubt. PMID- 18923123 TI - Measuring the value of public health systems: the disconnect between health economists and public health practitioners. AB - We investigated ways of defining and measuring the value of services provided by governmental public health systems. Our data sources included literature syntheses and qualitative interviews of public health professionals. Our examination of the health economic literature revealed growing attempts to measure value of public health services explicitly, but few studies have addressed systems or infrastructure. Interview responses demonstrated no consensus on metrics and no connection to the academic literature. Key challenges for practitioners include developing rigorous, data-driven methods and skilled staff; being politically willing to base allocation decisions on economic evaluation; and developing metrics to capture "intangibles" (e.g., social justice and reassurance value). Academic researchers evaluating the economics of public health investments should increase focus on the working needs of public health professionals. PMID- 18923124 TI - Road casualties and changes in risky driving behavior in France between 2001 and 2004 among participants in the GAZEL cohort. AB - OBJECTIVES: We investigated behavioral changes in a large cohort of drivers to identify underlying causes of the decline in road casualties in France. METHODS: In 2001 and 2004, 11,240 participants used self-administered questionnaires to report attitudes toward road safety and driving behaviors. Injury road traffic collisions were recorded from 2001 to 2005 through the cohort's annual questionnaire. RESULTS: Between 2001 and 2004, speeding and cell phone use decreased concomitantly with a decrease in injury road traffic collision rates among participants. Reported driving while sleepy remained unchanged and driving while alcohol intoxicated was reported by a higher proportion in 2004 than in 2001. Decreases in speeding between 2001 and 2004 were strongly linked with positive attitudes toward road safety in 2001. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort, speeding and using a cell phone while driving decreased over the 2001 to 2004 period concomitantly with increases in traffic law enforcement and a dramatic decline in road mortality in France. However, the deterrent effect of traffic enforcement policies may have been reduced by negative attitudes toward traffic safety and having had a history of traffic penalty cancellations. PMID- 18923125 TI - Strengthening health systems in poor countries: a code of conduct for nongovernmental organizations. AB - The challenges facing efforts in Africa to increase access to antiretroviral HIV treatment underscore the urgent need to strengthen national health systems across the continent. However, donor aid to developing countries continues to be disproportionately channeled to international nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) rather than to ministries of health. The rapid proliferation of NGOs has provoked "brain drain" from the public sector by luring workers away with higher salaries, fragmentation of services, and increased management burdens for local authorities in many countries. Projects by NGOs sometimes can undermine the strengthening of public primary health care systems. We argue for a return to a public focus for donor aid, and for NGOs to adopt a code of conduct that establishes standards and best practices for NGO relationships with public sector health systems. PMID- 18923126 TI - Effects of the National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign on youths. AB - OBJECTIVES: We examined the cognitive and behavioral effects of the National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign on youths aged 12.5 to 18 years and report core evaluation results. METHODS: From September 1999 to June 2004, 3 nationally representative cohorts of US youths aged 9 to 18 years were surveyed at home 4 times. Sample size ranged from 8117 in the first to 5126 in the fourth round (65% first-round response rate, with 86%-93% of still eligible youths interviewed subsequently). Main outcomes were self-reported lifetime, past-year, and past-30 day marijuana use and related cognitions. RESULTS: Most analyses showed no effects from the campaign. At one round, however, more ad exposure predicted less intention to avoid marijuana use (gamma = -0.07; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.13, -0.01) and weaker antidrug social norms (gamma = -0.05; 95% CI = -0.08, 0.02) at the subsequent round. Exposure at round 3 predicted marijuana initiation at round 4 (gamma = 0.11; 95% CI = 0.00, 0.22). CONCLUSIONS: Through June 2004, the campaign is unlikely to have had favorable effects on youths and may have had delayed unfavorable effects. The evaluation challenges the usefulness of the campaign. PMID- 18923127 TI - Enhancement of influenza surveillance with aggregate rapid influenza test results: New Mexico, 2003-2007. AB - OBJECTIVES: We sought to determine whether monitoring rapid influenza laboratory tests improved the influenza-like illness surveillance already in place in New Mexico. METHODS: For the past 3 influenza seasons, the New Mexico Department of Health examined influenza-like illness visits and positive rapid influenza test results. RESULTS: The proportion of positive rapid influenza test results started to rise earlier than did the percentage of clinical visits because of influenza like illness in each of the past 3 influenza seasons: 5 weeks earlier during the 2004-2005 season; 3 weeks earlier in 2005-2006; and 2 weeks earlier in 2006-2007. In addition, rapid influenza tests showed a spike in influenza B activity late in the 2005-2006 season that influenza-like illness syndrome surveillance did not. CONCLUSIONS: Laboratory-based rapid influenza test surveillance required relatively few resources to implement and offered a sensitive mechanism to detect the onset of influenza activity while allowing for the distinction of influenza types. PMID- 18923128 TI - Dual loyalty of physicians in the military and in civilian life. AB - The concept of the dual loyalty physicians may have to both a patient and a third party is important in elucidating the obligations of physicians. The extent to which loyalty may be deflected from a patient to a third party (e.g., an insurance company or a prison commander) is greatly underestimated and has not attracted significant scholarly analysis. We examined dual loyalty in civilian and military contexts and used the principles of public health ethics to construct a framework for determining the legitimacy of physicians' obligations. We illustrate the application of these principles to problems physicians encounter regarding communicable diseases, elder abuse, and driving fitness. In the complex military context, independent ethics tribunals should be created to adjudicate loyalty conflicts. PMID- 18923129 TI - Trust in the health care system and the use of preventive health services by older black and white adults. AB - OBJECTIVES: We sought to find racial differences in the effects of trust in the health care system on preventive health service use among older adults. METHODS: We conducted a telephone survey with 1681 Black and White older adults. Survey questions explored respondents' trust in physicians, medical research, and health information sources. We used logistic regression and controlled for covariates to assess effects of race and trust on the use of preventive health services. RESULTS: We identified 4 types of trust through factor analysis: trust in one's own personal physician, trust in the competence of physicians' care, and trust in formal and informal health information sources. Blacks had significantly less trust in their own physicians and greater trust in informal health information sources than did Whites. Greater trust in one's own physician was associated with utilization of routine checkups, prostate-specific antigen tests, and mammograms, but not with flu shots. Greater trust in informal information sources was associated with utilization of mammograms. CONCLUSIONS: Trust in one's own personal physician is associated with utilization of preventive health services. Blacks' relatively high distrust of their physicians likely contributes to health disparities by causing reduced utilization of preventive services. Health information disseminated to Blacks through informal means is likely to increase Blacks' utilization of preventive health services. PMID- 18923130 TI - Lack of predictability at work and risk of acute myocardial infarction: an 18 year prospective study of industrial employees. AB - OBJECTIVES: We examined whether the distinctive components of job control decision authority, skill discretion, and predictability-were related to subsequent acute myocardial infarction (MI) events in a large population of initially heart disease-free industrial employees. METHODS: We prospectively examined the relation between the components of job control and acute MI among private-sector industrial employees. During an 18-year follow-up, 56 fatal and 316 nonfatal events of acute MI were documented among 7663 employees with no recorded history of cardiovascular disease at baseline (i.e., 1986). RESULTS: After adjustment for demographics, psychological distress, prevalent medical conditions, lifestyle risk factors, and socioeconomic characteristics, low decision autonomy (P < .53) and skill discretion (P < .10) were not significantly related to subsequent acute MI. By contrast, low predictability at work was associated with elevated risk of acute MI (P = .02). This association was driven by the strong effect of predictability on acute MI among employees aged 45 to 54 years. CONCLUSIONS: Prospective evidence suggests that low predictability at work is an important component of job control, increasing long-term risk of acute MI among middle-aged employees. PMID- 18923131 TI - All-cause and cause-specific mortality among men released from state prison, 1980 2005. AB - OBJECTIVES: We compared mortality of ex-prisoners and other state residents to identify unmet health care needs among former prisoners. METHODS: We linked North Carolina prison records with state death records for 1980 to 2005 to estimate the number of overall and cause-specific deaths among male ex-prisoners aged 20 to 69 years and used standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) to compare these observed deaths with the number of expected deaths had they experienced the same age-, race-, and cause-specific death rates as other state residents. RESULTS: All cause mortality among White (SMR = 2.08; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.04, 2.13) and Black (SMR = 1.03; 95% CI = 1.01, 1.05) ex-prisoners was greater than for other male NC residents. Ex-prisoners' deaths from homicide, accidents, substance use, HIV, liver disease, and liver cancer were greater than the expected number of deaths estimated using death rates among other NC residents. Deaths from cardiovascular disease, lung cancer, respiratory diseases, and diabetes were at least 30% greater than expected for White ex-prisoners, but less than expected for Black ex-prisoners. CONCLUSIONS: Ex-prisoners experienced more deaths than would have been expected among other NC residents. Excess deaths from injuries and medical conditions common to prison populations highlight ex prisoners' medical vulnerability and the need to improve correctional and community preventive health services. PMID- 18923132 TI - The utility of routinely collected data in evaluating important policy changes: the New Zealand alcohol purchasing age limit example. AB - We used the recent lowering of the alcohol purchasing age in New Zealand to examine the proposition that routinely collected data are often insufficient in evaluating important policy changes. We estimated prechange and postchange incidence rate ratios for actual and hypothetical population sizes and hospital admissions related to alcohol poisoning and assaults. Even with a hypothetical youth population 10 times larger than New Zealand's actual youth population, comparisons were underpowered because there were too few observations. Governments should use the enactment of health legislation as an opportunity to build the research evidence base by ensuring that evaluations are initiated in advance. PMID- 18923133 TI - Oral health status of refugee torture survivors seeking care in the United States. AB - We assessed the oral health status of 216 refugee torture survivors seeking care at an urban torture treatment center in the United States. Results showed that patients' dental health ranged from poor to fair; 76% had untreated cavities, and approximately 90% required immediate or near-immediate dental care. Torture treatment centers, in addition to offering safe environments for educating and examining patients, are ideal settings to provide basic oral health services without the risk of retraumatization. PMID- 18923134 TI - Idiopathic intracranial hypertension in men and the relationship to sleep apnea. PMID- 18923135 TI - Idiopathic intracranial hypertension in men. AB - OBJECTIVE: To compare the characteristics of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) in men vs women in a multicenter study. METHODS: Medical records of all consecutive patients with definite IIH seen at three university hospitals were reviewed. Demographics, associated factors, and visual function at presentation and follow-up were collected. Patients were divided into two groups based on sex for statistical comparisons. RESULTS: We included 721 consecutive patients, including 66 men (9%) and 655 women (91%). Men were more likely to have sleep apnea (24% vs 4%, p < 0.001) and were older (37 vs 28 years, p = 0.02). As their first symptom of IIH, men were less likely to report headache (55% vs 75%, p < 0.001) but more likely to report visual disturbances (35% vs 20%, p = 0.005). Men continued to have less headache (79% vs 89%, p = 0.01) at initial neuro ophthalmologic assessment. Visual acuity and visual fields at presentation and last follow-up were significantly worse among men. The relative risk of severe visual loss for men compared with women was 2.1 (95% CI 1.4-3.3, p = 0.002) for at least one eye and 2.1 (95% CI 1.1-3.7, p = 0.03) for both eyes. Logistic regression supported sex as an independent risk factor for severe visual loss. CONCLUSION: Men with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) are twice as likely as women to develop severe visual loss. Men and women have different symptom profiles, which could represent differences in symptom expression or symptom thresholds between the sexes. Men with IIH likely need to be followed more closely regarding visual function because they may not reliably experience or report other symptoms of increased intracranial pressure. PMID- 18923137 TI - Nucleocytoplasmic traffic of CPEB1 and accumulation in Crm1 nucleolar bodies. AB - The translational regulator CPEB1 plays a major role in the control of maternal mRNA in oocytes, as well as of subsynaptic mRNAs in neurons. Although mainly cytoplasmic, we found that CPEB1 protein is continuously shuttling between nucleus and cytoplasm. Its export is controlled by two redundant NES motifs dependent on the nuclear export receptor Crm1. In the nucleus, CPEB1 accumulates in a few foci most often associated with nucleoli. These foci are different from previously identified nuclear bodies. They contain Crm1 and were called Crm1 nucleolar bodies (CNoBs). CNoBs depend on RNA polymerase I activity, indicating a role in ribosome biogenesis. However, although they form in the nucleolus, they never migrate to the nuclear envelope, precluding a role as a mediator for ribosome export. They could rather constitute a platform providing factors for ribosome assembly or export. The behavior of CPEB1 in CNoBs raises the possibility that it is involved in ribosome biogenesis. PMID- 18923139 TI - Putting the brake on FEAR: Tof2 promotes the biphasic release of Cdc14 phosphatase during mitotic exit. AB - The completion of chromosome segregation during anaphase requires the hypercondensation of the approximately 1-Mb rDNA array, a reaction dependent on condensin and Cdc14 phosphatase. Using systematic genetic screens, we identified 29 novel genetic interactions with budding yeast condensin. Of these, FOB1, CSM1, LRS4, and TOF2 were required for the mitotic condensation of the tandem rDNA array localized on chromosome XII. Interestingly, whereas Fob1 and the monopolin subunits Csm1 and Lrs4 function in rDNA condensation throughout M phase, Tof2 was only required during anaphase. We show that Tof2, which shares homology with the Cdc14 inhibitor Net1/Cfi1, interacts with Cdc14 phosphatase and its deletion suppresses defects in mitotic exit network (MEN) components. Consistent with these genetic data, the onset of Cdc14 release from the nucleolus was similar in TOF2 and tof2Delta cells; however, the magnitude of the release was dramatically increased in the absence of Tof2, even when the MEN pathway was compromised. These data support a model whereby Tof2 coordinates the biphasic release of Cdc14 during anaphase by restraining a population of Cdc14 in the nucleolus after activation of the Cdc14 early anaphase release (FEAR) network, for subsequent release by the MEN. PMID- 18923138 TI - Isoform and splice-variant specific functions of dynamin-2 revealed by analysis of conditional knock-out cells. AB - Dynamin (Dyn) is a multifunctional GTPase implicated in several cellular events, including endocytosis, intracellular trafficking, cell signaling, and cytokinesis. The mammalian genome encodes three isoforms, Dyn1, Dyn2, and Dyn3, and several splice variants of each, leading to the suggestion that distinct isoforms and/or distinct splice variants might mediate distinct cellular functions. We generated a conditional Dyn2 KO cell line and performed knockout and reconstitution experiments to explore the isoform- and splice variant specific cellular functions of ubiquitously expressed Dyn2. We find that Dyn2 is required for clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), p75 export from the Golgi, and PDGF-stimulated macropinocytosis and cytokinesis, but not for other endocytic pathways. Surprisingly, CME and p75 exocytosis were efficiently rescued by reintroduction of Dyn2, but not Dyn1, suggesting that these two isoforms function differentially in vesicular trafficking in nonneuronal cells. Both isoforms rescued macropinocytosis and cytokinesis, suggesting that dynamin function in these processes might be mechanistically distinct from its role in CME. Although all four Dyn2 splice variants could equally restore CME, Dyn2ba and -bb were more effective at restoring p75 exocytosis. This splice variant specificity correlated with their differential targeting to the Golgi. These studies reveal isoform and splice-variant specific functions for Dyn2. PMID- 18923140 TI - Analysis of prelamin A biogenesis reveals the nucleus to be a CaaX processing compartment. AB - Proteins establish and maintain a distinct intracellular localization by means of targeting, retention, and retrieval signals, ensuring most proteins reside predominantly in one cellular location. The enzymes involved in the maturation of lamin A present a challenge to this paradigm. Lamin A is first synthesized as a 74-kDa precursor, prelamin A, with a C-terminal CaaX motif and undergoes a series of posttranslational modifications including CaaX processing (farnesylation, aaX cleavage and carboxylmethylation), followed by endoproteolytic cleavage by Zmpste24. Failure to cleave prelamin A results in progeria and related premature aging disorders. Evidence suggests prelamin A is imported directly into the nucleus where it is processed. Paradoxically, the processing enzymes have been shown to reside in the cytosol (farnesyltransferase), or are ER membrane proteins (Zmpste24, Rce1, and Icmt) with their active sites facing the cytosol. Here we have reexamined the cellular site of prelamin A processing, and show that the mammalian and yeast processing enzymes Zmpste24 and Icmt exhibit a dual localization to the inner nuclear membrane, as well as the ER membrane. Our findings reveal the nucleus to be a physiologically relevant location for CaaX processing, and provide insight into the biology of a protein at the center of devastating progeroid diseases. PMID- 18923141 TI - UNC-18 modulates ethanol sensitivity in Caenorhabditis elegans. AB - Acute ethanol exposure affects the nervous system as a stimulant at low concentrations and as a depressant at higher concentrations, eventually resulting in motor dysfunction and uncoordination. A recent genetic study of two mouse strains with varying ethanol preference indicated a correlation with a polymorphism (D216N) in the synaptic protein Munc18-1. Munc18-1 functions in exocytosis via a number of discrete interactions with the soluble N ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) protein syntaxin-1. We report that the mutation affects binding to syntaxin but not through either a closed conformation mode of interaction or through binding to the syntaxin N terminus. The D216N mutant instead has a specific impairment in binding the assembled SNARE complex. Furthermore, the mutation broadens the duration of single exocytotic events. Expression of the orthologous mutation (D214N) in the Caenorhabditis elegans UNC-18 null background generated transgenic rescues with phenotypically similar locomotion to worms rescued with the wild type protein. Strikingly, D214N worms were strongly resistant to both stimulatory and sedative effects of acute ethanol. Analysis of an alternative Munc18-1 mutation (I133V) supported the link between reduced SNARE complex binding and ethanol resistance. We conclude that ethanol acts, at least partially, at the level of vesicle fusion and that its acute effects are ameliorated by point mutations in UNC-18. PMID- 18923142 TI - The OGF-OGFr axis utilizes the p16INK4a and p21WAF1/CIP1 pathways to restrict normal cell proliferation. AB - Opioid growth factor (OGF) is an endogenous opioid peptide ([Met(5)]enkephalin) that interacts with the OGF receptor (OGFr) and serves as a tonically active negative growth factor in cell proliferation of normal cells. To clarify the mechanism by which OGF inhibits cell replication in normal cells, we investigated the effect of the OGF-OGFr axis on cell cycle activity in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs). OGF markedly depressed cell proliferation of both cell lines by up to 40% of sterile water controls. Peptide treatment induced cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI) p16(INK4a) protein expression and p21(WAF1/CIP1) protein expression in HUVECs and NHEKs, but had no effect on p15, p18, p19, or p27 protein expression in either cell type. Inhibition of either p16(INK4a) or p21(WAF1/CIP1) activation by specific siRNAs blocked OGF inhibitory action. Human dermal fibroblasts and mesenchymal stem cells also showed a similar dependence of OGF action on p16(INK4a) and p21(WAF1/CIP1). Collectively, these results indicate that both p16(INK4a) and p21(WAF1/CIP1) are required for the OGF-OGFr axis to inhibit cell proliferation in normal cells. PMID- 18923143 TI - Lipid microdomains in cell nucleus. AB - It is known that nuclear lipids play a role in proliferation, differentiation, and apoptotic process. Cellular nuclei contain high levels of phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin, which are partially linked with cholesterol and proteins to form lipid-protein complexes. These lipids are also associated with transcription factors and newly synthesized RNA but, up to date, their organization is still unknown. The aim of the present work was to study if these specific lipid-protein interactions could be nuclear membrane microdomains and to evaluate their possible role. The results obtained demonstrate for the first time the existence of nuclear microdomains characterized by a specific lipid composition similar to that of intranuclear lipid-protein complexes previously described. Nuclear microdomain lipid composition changes during cell proliferation when the content of newly synthesized RNA increases. Because previous data show a correlation between nuclear lipids and transcription process, the role of nuclear microdomains in cellular functions is discussed. PMID- 18923144 TI - Disruption of the interaction between transcriptional intermediary factor 1{beta} and heterochromatin protein 1 leads to a switch from DNA hyper- to hypomethylation and H3K9 to H3K27 trimethylation on the MEST promoter correlating with gene reactivation. AB - Here, we identified the imprinted mesoderm-specific transcript (MEST) gene as an endogenous TIF1beta primary target gene and demonstrated that transcriptional intermediary factor (TIF) 1beta, through its interaction with heterochromatin protein (HP) 1, is essential in establishing and maintaining a local heterochromatin-like structure on MEST promoter region characterized by H3K9 trimethylation and hypoacetylation, H4K20 trimethylation, DNA hypermethylation, and enrichment in HP1 that correlates with preferential association to foci of pericentromeric heterochromatin and transcriptional repression. On disruption of the interaction between TIF1beta and HP1, TIF1beta is released from the promoter region, and there is a switch from DNA hypermethylation and histone H3K9 trimethylation to DNA hypomethylation and histone H3K27 trimethylation correlating with rapid reactivation of MEST expression. Interestingly, we provide evidence that the imprinted MEST allele DNA methylation is insensitive to TIF1beta loss of function, whereas the nonimprinted allele is regulated through a distinct TIF1beta-DNA methylation mechanism. PMID- 18923145 TI - The protein interaction network of the epithelial junctional complex: a system level analysis. AB - To acquire system-level understanding of the intercellular junctional complex, protein-protein interactions occurring at the junctions of simple epithelial cells have been examined by network analysis. Although proper hubs (i.e., very rare proteins with exceedingly high connectivity) were absent from the junctional network, the most connected (albeit nonhub) proteins displayed a significant association with essential genes and contributed to the "small world" properties of the network (as shown by in vivo and in silico deletion, respectively). In addition, compared with a random network, the junctional network had greater tendency to form modules and subnets of densely interconnected proteins. Module analysis highlighted general organizing principles of the junctional complex. In particular, two major modules (corresponding to the tight junctions and to the adherens junctions/desmosomes) were linked preferentially to two other modules that acted as structural and signaling platforms. PMID- 18923146 TI - Lysosome biogenesis mediated by vps-18 affects apoptotic cell degradation in Caenorhabditis elegans. AB - Appropriate clearance of apoptotic cells (cell corpses) is an important step of programmed cell death. Although genetic and biochemical studies have identified several genes that regulate the engulfment of cell corpses, how these are degraded after being internalized in engulfing cell remains elusive. Here, we show that VPS-18, the Caenorhabditis elegans homologue of yeast Vps18p, is critical to cell corpse degradation. VPS-18 is expressed and functions in engulfing cells. Deletion of vps-18 leads to significant accumulation of cell corpses that are not degraded properly. Furthermore, vps-18 mutation causes strong defects in the biogenesis of endosomes and lysosomes, thus affecting endosomal/lysosomal protein degradation. Importantly, we demonstrate that phagosomes containing internalized cell corpses are unable to fuse with lysosomes in vps-18 mutants. Our findings thus provide direct evidence for the important role of endosomal/lysosomal degradation in proper clearance of apoptotic cells during programmed cell death. PMID- 18923147 TI - Modulation of Rac1 activity by ADMA/DDAH regulates pulmonary endothelial barrier function. AB - Endogenously produced nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, asymmetric methylarginine (ADMA) is associated with vascular dysfunction and endothelial leakage. We studied the role of ADMA, and the enzymes metabolizing it, dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolases (DDAH) in the regulation of endothelial barrier function in pulmonary macrovascular and microvascular cells in vitro and in lungs of genetically modified heterozygous DDAHI knockout mice in vivo. We show that ADMA increases pulmonary endothelial permeability in vitro and in in vivo and that this effect is mediated by nitric oxide (NO) acting via protein kinase G (PKG) and independent of reactive oxygen species formation. ADMA-induced remodeling of actin cytoskeleton and intercellular adherens junctions results from a decrease in PKG-mediated phosphorylation of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) and a subsequent down-regulation of Rac1 activity. The effects of ADMA on endothelial permeability, Rac1 activation and VASP phosphorylation are prevented by overexpression of active DDAHI and DDAHII, whereas inactive DDAH mutants have no effect. These findings demonstrate for the first time that ADMA metabolism critically determines pulmonary endothelial barrier function by modulating Rac1 mediated remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton and intercellular junctions. PMID- 18923148 TI - Annexin A8 regulates late endosome organization and function. AB - Different classes of endosomes exhibit a characteristic intracellular steady state distribution governed by interactions with the cytoskeleton. Late endosomes, organelles of the degradative lysosomal route, seem to require associated actin filaments for proper localization and function. We show here that the F-actin and phospholipid binding protein annexin A8 is associated specifically with late endosomes. Altering intracellular annexin A8 levels drastically affected the morphology and intracellular distribution of late endosomes. Trafficking through the degradative pathway was delayed in the absence of annexin A8, resulting in attenuated ligand-induced degradation of the epidermal growth factor receptor and prolonged epidermal growth factor-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase. Depletion of annexin A8 reduced the association of late endosomal membranes with actin filaments. These results indicate that the defective cargo transport through the late endocytic pathway and the imbalanced signaling of activated receptors observed in the absence of annexin A8 results from the disturbed association of late endosomal membranes with the actin network, resulting in impaired actin-based late endosome motility. PMID- 18923149 TI - Regulation of kinetochore recruitment of two essential mitotic spindle checkpoint proteins by Mps1 phosphorylation. AB - Mps1 is a protein kinase that plays essential roles in spindle checkpoint signaling. Unattached kinetochores or lack of tension triggers recruitment of several key spindle checkpoint proteins to the kinetochore, which delays anaphase onset until proper attachment or tension is reestablished. Mps1 acts upstream in the spindle checkpoint signaling cascade, and kinetochore targeting of Mps1 is required for subsequent recruitment of Mad1 and Mad2 to the kinetochore. The mechanisms that govern recruitment of Mps1 or other checkpoint proteins to the kinetochore upon spindle checkpoint activation are incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate that phosphorylation of Mps1 at T12 and S15 is required for Mps1 recruitment to the kinetochore. Mps1 kinetochore recruitment requires its kinase activity and autophosphorylation at T12 and S15. Mutation of T12 and S15 severely impairs its kinetochore association and markedly reduces recruitment of Mad2 to the kinetochore. Our studies underscore the importance of Mps1 autophosphorylation in kinetochore targeting and spindle checkpoint signaling. PMID- 18923150 TI - Gemin3 is an essential gene required for larval motor function and pupation in Drosophila. AB - The assembly of metazoan Sm-class small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) is an elaborate, step-wise process that takes place in multiple subcellular compartments. The initial steps, including formation of the core RNP, are mediated by the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein complex. Loss-of-function mutations in human SMN1 result in a neuromuscular disease called spinal muscular atrophy. The SMN complex is comprised of SMN and a number of tightly associated proteins, collectively called Gemins. In this report, we identify and characterize the fruitfly ortholog of the DEAD box protein, Gemin3. Drosophila Gemin3 (dGem3) colocalizes and interacts with dSMN in vitro and in vivo. RNA interference for dGem3 codepletes dSMN and inhibits efficient Sm core assembly in vitro. Transposon insertion mutations in Gemin3 are larval lethals and also codeplete dSMN. Transgenic overexpression of dGem3 rescues lethality, but overexpression of dSMN does not, indicating that loss of dSMN is not the primary cause of death. Gemin3 mutant larvae exhibit motor defects similar to previously characterized Smn alleles. Remarkably, appreciable numbers of Gemin3 mutants (along with one previously undescribed Smn allele) survive as larvae for several weeks without pupating. Our results demonstrate the conservation of Gemin3 protein function in metazoan snRNP assembly and reveal that loss of either Smn or Gemin3 can contribute to neuromuscular dysfunction. PMID- 18923151 TI - RhoE Is required for keratinocyte differentiation and stratification. AB - The molecular mechanism via which keratinocyte differentiation assembles multiple layers of cells (stratification) is poorly understood. We describe here a novel function of the Rho family member RhoE as a regulator of epidermal morphogenesis. RhoE protein levels are specifically and transiently up-regulated upon keratinocyte differentiation. RhoE up-regulation requires the activity of Rho kinase (ROCK) I, suggesting that both RhoE and ROCKI are important during keratinocyte differentiation. RhoE overexpression results in a striking enlargement of cell size and the number of stratified cells. In contrast, RhoE depletion induces hyperproliferation and delays initiation of keratinocyte differentiation. Interestingly, up-regulation of RhoE protein is seen primarily in basal, undifferentiated cells, in which commitment to differentiation and stratification takes place. RhoE activation in basal cells negatively modulates integrin adhesion, thereby facilitating detachment from the substratum and migration to form suprabasal layers. Thus, RhoE integrates two processes essential for keratinocyte differentiation and stratification: regulation of proliferative status and integrin adhesion. PMID- 18923153 TI - A descriptive profile of high-risk sex offenders under intensive supervision in the province of British Columbia, Canada. AB - This study provides a preliminary descriptive profile of individuals having been issued an 810 recognizance order (i.e., peace bond). This preventive order is issued to individuals in the community considered by the court to be high-risk sex offenders. In total, 88 offenders were issued an 810.1 (at risk of sexual offence against a child) or an 810.2 (at risk of a personal injury offence) recognizance order between April 2006 and February 2008, among whom 59 sex offenders were included. The sociodemographics, risk profiles, and recidivism of offenders under the orders were analyzed. Two risk assessment tools, the Static 99 and the Stable, were used to describe this population. Comparisons were made between sex offenders under 810.1 and 810.2 orders. Preliminary analyses suggest that these men are heterogeneous in terms of their level of risk of reoffending. Only one offender sexually reoffended while under the order. On the other hand, the general recidivism rate was about 30%, with many breaching the conditions of their order. The findings are discussed in light of the community risk management of high-risk sex offenders. PMID- 18923152 TI - Matrix metalloproteinase 2-integrin alpha(v)beta3 binding is required for mesenchymal cell invasive activity but not epithelial locomotion: a computational time-lapse study. AB - Cellular invasive behavior through three-dimensional collagen gels was analyzed using computational time-lapse imaging. A subpopulation of endocardial cells, derived from explanted quail cardiac cushions, undergoes an epithelial-to mesenchymal transition and invades the substance of the collagen gels when placed in culture. In contrast, other endocardial cells remain epithelial and move over the gel surface. Here, we show that integrin alpha(v)beta3 and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)2 are present and active in cushion mesenchymal tissue. More importantly, functional assays show that mesenchymal invasive behavior is dependent on MMP2 activity and integrin alpha(v)beta3 binding. Inhibitors of MMP enzymatic activity and molecules that prevent integrin alpha(v)beta3 binding to MMP2, via its hemopexin domain, result in significantly reduced cellular protrusive activity and invasive behavior. Computational analyses show diminished intensity and persistence time of motility in treated invasive mesenchymal cells, but no reduction in motility of the epithelial-like cells moving over the gel surface. Thus, quantitative time-lapse data show that mesenchymal cell invasive behavior, but not epithelial cell locomotion over the gel surface, is partially regulated by the MMP2-integrin interactions. PMID- 18923154 TI - Predictors of re-referral to child protective services: a longitudinal follow-up of an urban cohort maltreated as infants. AB - Decades of research has identified several psychosocial risk factors for child maltreatment, only some of which are modifiable. The relative importance of the most modifiable psychosocial variables, as compared to more static variables such as demographic characteristics, is not well understood, particularly among children maltreated at a very young age. This study examined predictors of re referral among 149 urban children originally referred for maltreatment as infants. Of these children, 42.3% were re-referred over a period of 11 to 15 years. Cox regression analyses with time-varying covariates revealed that modifiable psychosocial risk factors failed to predict risk for re-referral in a multivariate model. Demographic characteristics and characteristics of the index incident of maltreatment were the strongest predictors of re-referral. Existing services may not be addressing the underlying reasons for maltreatment, particularly in families with young children. A clearer understanding of the underlying causes of maltreatment is needed. PMID- 18923155 TI - New nomenclature for mammalian BSP genes. AB - BSP proteins and their homologs are a family of structurally related proteins characterized by the presence of tandem fibronectin type II domains. In the bovine species, BSP proteins were shown to be involved in sperm capacitation, a posttesticular maturation event necessary for sperm to acquire the ability to fertilize an oocyte. Recently, many new genes from this family have been discovered in numerous mammalian species. However, inconsistency in the nomenclature is creating much confusion. In light of the rapid growth of the BSP superfamily of proteins, we propose a new nomenclature in collaboration with the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee. PMID- 18923156 TI - Delayed fatherhood in mice decreases reproductive fitness and longevity of offspring. AB - This study aims to analyze, in mice, the long-term effects of delayed fatherhood on reproductive fitness and longevity of offspring. Hybrid parental-generation (F(0)) males, at the age of 12, 70, 100, and 120 wk, were individually housed with a randomly selected 12-wk-old hybrid female. The reproductive fitness of first-generation (F(1)) females was tested from the age of 25 wk until the end of their reproductive life. In F(1) males, the testing period ranged from the age of 52 wk until death. Breeding F(1) females from the 120-wk group displayed interbirth intervals longer than females from the 12-, 70-, and 100-wk groups. Furthermore, F(2) pups begotten by F(1) studs exhibited weaning weights lower than pups from the 12- and 70-wk groups. Offspring from the 120-wk group exhibited shorter survival times associated with lower incidence of tumorigenesis and higher loss of body weight when approaching death when compared to F(1) offspring from younger age-groups. The results indicate that advanced paternal age at conception has negative long-term effects on reproductive fitness and longevity of offspring in the mouse model. PMID- 18923157 TI - Endometriosis is associated with progesterone resistance in the baboon (Papio anubis) oviduct: evidence based on the localization of oviductal glycoprotein 1 (OVGP1). AB - Endometriosis has been associated with a reduced response to progesterone in both the eutopic and ectopic endometrium. In this study we evaluated OVGP1 and steroid receptor expression in oviducts of baboons with endometriosis during the midsecretory phase and determined whether progesterone resistance associated with endometriosis also occurs in the oviduct. Oviducts obtained during the window of uterine receptivity (Day 10 postovulation [PO]) from animals with induced and spontaneous disease were compared to control animals during the proliferative stage and in the implantation window as well as animals treated with the progesterone receptor (PGR) antagonist ZK 137.299 (ZK). OVGP1 was significantly higher in animals with endometriosis compared with Day 10 PO controls and was similar to that seen in the late proliferative phase and in ZK-treated animals. Baboons with spontaneous endometriosis also showed a similar persistence of OVGP1, which was correlated with the maintenance of estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) in the epithelial cells of animals with endometriosis. However, epithelial cell height and the percentage of ciliation were not affected by endometriosis. These data imply that the normal antagonism of progesterone on ESR and OVGP1, which results in their downregulation during the window of implantation, is absent in animals with endometriosis. This was confirmed further when the action of PGR was antagonized in animals without disease, which also resulted in the persistence of ESR1 and OVGP1. These studies suggest that an aberrant oviductal environment may be an additive factor that contributes to endometriosis-associated infertility. PMID- 18923158 TI - Long-term effects of delayed fatherhood in mice on postnatal development and behavioral traits of offspring. AB - This study aims to analyze, in mice, the long-term effects of delayed fatherhood on postnatal development, spontaneous motor activity, and learning capacity of offspring. Hybrid parental-generation (F(0)) males, at the age of 12, 70, 100, and 120 wk, were individually housed with a randomly selected 12-wk-old hybrid female. The resulting first-generation (F(1)) offspring were tested for several developmental and behavioral variables. Cumulative percentage of F(1) pups that attained immediate righting in the 120-wk group was lower than that found in the 12-, 70-, and 100-wk groups. Furthermore, the postnatal day of attaining immediate righting was higher in pups from the 120-wk group when compared to pups from the other age-groups. At the age of 20 wk, F(1) offspring from the 120-wk group displayed lower counts of motor activity than offspring from the 12-, 70-, and 100-wk groups. One week later, a higher percentage of offspring from the 100- and 120-wk groups entered the dark compartment during the retention trial of the passive-avoidance test when compared to offspring from the 12-wk group. Offspring from the 120-wk group exhibited also lower step-through latency in the retention trial than offspring from the 12-, 70-, and 100-wk groups. These results show that advanced paternal age at conception has long-term effects on preweaning development, spontaneous motor activity, and reduced passive-avoidance learning capacity of mouse offspring. PMID- 18923159 TI - Egg water from the amphibian Bufo arenarum modulates the ability of homologous sperm to undergo the acrosome reaction in the presence of the vitelline envelope. AB - Sperm from the toad Bufo arenarum must penetrate the egg jelly before reaching the vitelline envelope (VE), where the acrosome reaction is triggered. When the jelly coat is removed, sperm still bind to the VE, but acrosomal exocytosis is not promoted. Our previous work demonstrated that diffusible substances of the jelly coat, termed "egg water" (EW), triggered capacitation-like changes in B. arenarum sperm, promoting the acquisition of a transient fertilizing capacity. In the present work, we correlated this fertilizing capacity with the ability of the sperm to undergo the acrosome reaction, further substantiating the role of the jelly coat in fertilization. When sperm were exposed to the VE, only those preincubated in EW for 5 or 8 min underwent an increase in the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)), which led to acrosomal exocytosis. Responsiveness to the VE was not acquired on preincubation in EW for 2 or 15 min or in Ringer solution regardless of the preincubation time. In contrast, depletion of intracellular Ca(2+) stores (induced by thapsigargin) promoted [Ca(2+)](i) rise and the acrosome reaction even in sperm that were not exposed to EW. Acrosomal exocytosis was blocked by the presence of Ca(2+) chelators independent of whether a physiological or pharmacological stimulus was used. However, Ni(2+) and mibefradil prevented [Ca(2+)](i) rise and the acrosome reaction of sperm exposed to the VE but not of sperm exposed to thapsigargin. These data suggest that the acrosomal responsiveness of B. arenarum sperm, present during a narrow period, is acquired during EW incubation and involves the modulation of a voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channel. PMID- 18923160 TI - Chronic-intermittent cold stress in rats induces selective ovarian insulin resistance. AB - In rat ovary chronic cold stress increases sympathetic nerve activity, modifies follicular development, and initiates a polycystic condition. To see whether there is a relationship between the previously described changes in follicular development and metabolic changes similar to those in women with polycystic ovary, we have studied the effect of chronic cold stress (4 degrees C for 3 h/day, Monday to Friday, for 4 wk) on insulin sensitivity and the effect of insulin on sympathetic ovarian activity. Although cold-stressed rats ate more than the controls, they did not gain more weight. Insulin sensitivity, determined by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, was significantly increased in the stressed animals. Insulin in vitro increased the basal release of norepinephrine from the ovaries of control rats but not from those of stressed rats, suggesting a local neural resistance to insulin in stressed rats. The levels of mRNA and protein for IRS1 and SLC2A4 (also known as GLUT4), molecules involved in insulin signaling, decreased significantly in the ovaries but not in the muscle of stressed rats. This decrease was preferentially located in theca-interstitial cells compared with granulosa cells, indicating that theca cells (the only cells directly innervated by sympathetic nerves) are responsible for the ovarian insulin resistance found in stressed rats. These findings suggest that ovarian insulin resistance produced by chronic stress could be in part responsible for the development of the polycystic condition induced by stress. PMID- 18923162 TI - Expression of hyaluronan synthase 1 and distribution of hyaluronan during follicular atresia in pig ovaries. AB - CD44 on macrophages is recognized as a phagocytic receptor involved in the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. Recently, we detected CD44 on macrophages in atretic follicles during atresia. In this study, we evaluated the distribution of the principal CD44 ligand hyaluronan (HA) and the expressions of HA synthases (HAS: HAS1, HAS2, and HAS3) during atresia in pig ovaries. We determined the 2139 bp sequence of Sus scrofa HAS1 and raised an anti-HAS1 polyclonal antibody. The S. scrofa HAS1 sequence contained six putative HA-binding motifs and conserved amino acid residues crucial for GlcNac transferase activity. HAS1 mRNA expression was upregulated during atresia; however, HAS2 and HAS3 mRNA expression levels were low and very low to undetectable, respectively. Western blotting showed that HAS1 was markedly upregulated during atresia. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed HAS1 distribution in theca cells of healthy and early atretic (stages I and II) follicles and in progressing atretic (stage III) follicles. Hyaluronan was visualized with the HA-binding protein; it accumulated in the theca layer during all stages and in stage III follicles. Hyaluronan assay showed a significantly increased HA concentration in follicular fluid at stage III. Flow cytometry showed HAS1 expression in 55.7% of SIRPA-positive macrophages in stage III follicles. Our results suggest that the HA concentration in follicular fluids increased during atresia and that HAS1 may be the dominant HAS protein in theca cells to produce HA in pig ovaries. PMID- 18923161 TI - Preimplantation embryo development in the mouse requires the latency of TRP53 expression, which is induced by a ligand-activated PI3 kinase/AKT/MDM2-mediated signaling pathway. AB - A universal response to cellular stress is the expression of transformation related protein 53 (TRP53). This transcription factor reduces cell proliferation and/or survival and is classed as a tumour suppressor protein. Several stresses (including culture) cause increased TRP53 expression in blastocysts and their reduced long-term developmental potential. This study shows that culture from the zygote stage (but not the 2-cell stage) reduced the development of C57BL6 inbred (but not hybrid) strain mouse embryos. Reduced viability was TRP53 dependent, being partially reversed by a TRP53 inhibitor (Pifithrin-alpha). However, the presence of culture did not cause an increase in Trp53 mRNA levels (levels were reduced following culture, P < 0.001). Transformed mouse 3T3 cell double minute 2 (MDM2) causes the ubiquitination and degradation of TRP53. MDM2 activation is accompanied by phosphorylation of Ser-166, and this is commonly catalyzed by the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase and RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase (AKT) signaling pathway. Paf is an autocrine embryotrophin that activates the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/AKT pathway. High levels of TRP53 expression occurred following the culture of zygotes lacking the Paf receptor (Ptafr(-/-)) and following inhibition of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase or AKT. Inhibition of MDM2 caused a Trp53-dependent reduction in zygote development. Inbred strain embryos cultured from the zygote stage expressed less phosphorylated MDM2 than similar embryos collected from the uterus. The addition of Paf to the media caused increased phosphorylation of MDM2, and this was blocked by inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase and AKT. The study identifies trophic ligand signaling via the activation of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase and AKT as a mechanism resulting in the activation of MDM2. PMID- 18923163 TI - Characterization of antiestrogenic activity of the Chinese herb, prunella vulgaris, using in vitro and in vivo (Mouse Xenograft) models. AB - Prunella vulgaris (PV), a commonly used Chinese herb, also known as Self-heal, has a wide range of reported medicinal activities. By screening multiple herbs using the endometrial cancer cell line, ECC-1, and an alkaline phosphatase detection assay, we found that PV displayed significant antiestrogenic activity. We investigated the possible usefulness of antiestrogenic activity using both in vitro and in vivo models of endometrial function. Using the well-differentiated, hormone-responsive endometrial cell line, ECC-1, PV extract, at concentrations that were not toxic to the cells, significantly reduced alkaline phosphatase activity and cell proliferation in response to estrogen in a dose-dependent manner. The expression of CYR61, an estrogen-induced protein, was blocked in ECC 1 cells by both the antiestrogen ICI 182,780 and PV extract. Interestingly, PV extract did not appear to directly inhibit estrogen signaling. Rather, we found that its activities were probably related to an ability to function as an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) agonist in ECC-1 cells. In support of this hypothesis, we noted that PV induced CYP1A1, CYP1B1, and AHR repressor expression in a dose dependent manner--responses that were blocked by small interfering RNA treatment to reduce AHR and specific AHR antagonists. Ovariectomized immunodeficient RAG 2/gamma(c) knockout mice implanted with human endometrial xenografts developed implants only when treated with estrogen. Mice treated with estrogen and PV tea in their drinking water had fewer and smaller xenograft implants compared with their estrogen-treated counterparts that drank only water (P < 0.05). Analysis of the resulting implants by immunohistochemistry demonstrated persistent estrogen receptor (ER), but reduced proliferation and CYR61 expression. Mouse uterine tissue weight in PV-treated mice was not different from controls, and cycle fecundity of intact C57 female mice was unaffected by PV tea treatment. PV, or Self-heal, exhibits significant antiestrogenic properties, both in vitro and in vivo. This activity is likely due to the ability of PV-activated AHR to interfere with estrogen. This herb may be useful as an adjunct for the treatment of estrogen-dependent processes like endometriosis and breast and uterine cancers. Full characterization of this herb will likely provide new insights into the crosstalk between AHR and ESR1, with potential for therapeutic applications in women. PMID- 18923164 TI - Effect of 17q21 variants and smoking exposure in early-onset asthma. AB - BACKGROUND: A genomewide association study has shown an association between variants at chromosome 17q21 and an increased risk of asthma. To elucidate the relationship between this locus and disease, we examined a large, family-based data set that included extensive phenotypic and environmental data from the Epidemiological Study on the Genetics and Environment of Asthma. METHODS: We tested 36 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 17q21 region in 1511 subjects from 372 families for an association with asthma. We also tested for genetic heterogeneity according to the age at the onset of asthma and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in early life. RESULTS: Eleven SNPs were significantly associated with asthma (P<0.01), of which three (rs8069176, rs2305480, and rs4795400) were strongly associated (P<0.001). Ordered-subset regression analysis led us to select an onset at 4 years of age or younger to classify patients as having early-onset asthma. Association with early-onset asthma was highly significant (P<10(-5) for four SNPs), whereas no association was found with late-onset asthma. With respect to exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in early life, we observed a significant association with early onset asthma only in exposed subjects (P<5x10(-5) for six SNPs). Under the best fitting recessive model, homozygous status (GG) at the most strongly associated SNP (rs8069176) conferred an increase in risk by a factor of 2.9, as compared with other genotypes (AG and AA) in the group exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (P=2.8x10(-6); P=0.006 for the test for heterogeneity of the SNP effect on early-onset asthma between groups with tobacco exposure and those without such exposure). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that the increased risk of asthma conferred by 17q21 genetic variants is restricted to early-onset asthma and that the risk is further increased by early-life exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. These findings provide a greater understanding of the functional role of the 17q21 variants in the pathophysiology of asthma. PMID- 18923165 TI - Gene expression in fixed tissues and outcome in hepatocellular carcinoma. AB - BACKGROUND: It is a challenge to identify patients who, after undergoing potentially curative treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma, are at greatest risk for recurrence. Such high-risk patients could receive novel interventional measures. An obstacle to the development of genome-based predictors of outcome in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma has been the lack of a means to carry out genomewide expression profiling of fixed, as opposed to frozen, tissue. METHODS: We aimed to demonstrate the feasibility of gene-expression profiling of more than 6000 human genes in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. We applied the method to tissues from 307 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, from four series of patients, to discover and validate a gene-expression signature associated with survival. RESULTS: The expression-profiling method for formalin fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue was highly effective: samples from 90% of the patients yielded data of high quality, including samples that had been archived for more than 24 years. Gene-expression profiles of tumor tissue failed to yield a significant association with survival. In contrast, profiles of the surrounding nontumoral liver tissue were highly correlated with survival in a training set of tissue samples from 82 Japanese patients, and the signature was validated in tissues from an independent group of 225 patients from the United States and Europe (P=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: We have demonstrated the feasibility of genomewide expression profiling of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues and have shown that a reproducible gene-expression signature correlated with survival is present in liver tissue adjacent to the tumor in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. PMID- 18923166 TI - Recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. PMID- 18923167 TI - 17q21 variants and asthma - questions and answers. PMID- 18923168 TI - Images in clinical medicine. Gingival hypertrophy and leukemia. PMID- 18923169 TI - Living unlabeled--diagnosis and disorder. PMID- 18923170 TI - Monovalent type 1 oral poliovirus vaccine in newborns. AB - BACKGROUND: In 1988, the World Health Assembly resolved to eradicate poliomyelitis. Although substantial progress toward this goal has been made, eradication remains elusive. In 2004, the World Health Organization called for the development of a potentially more immunogenic monovalent type 1 oral poliovirus vaccine. METHODS: We conducted a trial in Egypt to compare the immunogenicity of a newly licensed monovalent type 1 oral poliovirus vaccine with that of a trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive one dose of monovalent type 1 oral poliovirus vaccine or trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine at birth. Thirty days after birth, a single challenge dose of monovalent type 1 oral poliovirus vaccine was administered in all subjects. Shedding of serotype 1 poliovirus was assessed through day 60. RESULTS: A total of 530 subjects were enrolled, and 421 fulfilled the study requirements. Thirty days after the study vaccines were administered, the rate of seroconversion to type 1 poliovirus was 55.4% in the monovalent-vaccine group, as compared with 32.1% in the trivalent-vaccine group (P<0.001). Among those with a high reciprocal titer of maternally derived antibodies against type 1 poliovirus (>64), 46.0% of the subjects in the monovalent-vaccine group underwent seroconversion, as compared with 21.3% in the trivalent-vaccine group (P<0.001). Seven days after administration of the challenge dose of monovalent type 1 vaccine, a significantly lower proportion of subjects in the monovalent-vaccine group than in the trivalent-vaccine group excreted type 1 poliovirus (25.9% vs. 41.5%, P=0.001). None of the serious adverse events reported were attributed to the trial interventions. CONCLUSIONS: When given at birth, monovalent type 1 oral poliovirus vaccine is superior to trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine in inducing humoral antibodies against type 1 poliovirus, overcoming high preexisting levels of maternally derived antibodies, and increasing the resistance to excretion of type 1 poliovirus after administration of a challenge dose. (Current Controlled Trials number, ISRCTN76316509.) PMID- 18923171 TI - Effectiveness of immunization against paralytic poliomyelitis in Nigeria. AB - BACKGROUND: The number of cases of paralytic poliomyelitis has declined in Nigeria since the introduction of newly licensed monovalent oral poliovirus vaccines and new techniques of vaccine delivery. Understanding the relative contribution of these vaccines and the improved coverage to the decline in incident cases is essential for future planning. METHODS: We estimated the field efficacies of monovalent type 1 oral poliovirus vaccine and trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine, using the reported number of doses received by people with poliomyelitis and by matched controls as identified in Nigeria's national surveillance database, in which 27,379 cases of acute flaccid paralysis were recorded between 2001 and 2007. Our estimates of vaccine coverage and vaccine induced immunity were based on the number of doses received by children listed in the database who had paralysis that was not caused by poliovirus. RESULTS: The estimated efficacies per dose of monovalent type 1 oral poliovirus vaccine and trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine against type 1 paralytic poliomyelitis were 67% (95% confidence interval [CI], 39 to 82) and 16% (95% CI, 10 to 21), respectively, and the estimated efficacy per dose of trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine against type 3 paralytic poliomyelitis was 18% (95% CI, 9 to 26). In the northwestern region of Nigeria, which reported the majority of cases during the study period, coverage with at least one dose of vaccine increased from 59 to 78%. Between 2005 and 2007, vaccine-induced immunity levels among children under the age of 5 years more than doubled, to 56%. CONCLUSIONS: The higher efficacy of monovalent type 1 oral poliovirus vaccine (four times as effective as trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine) and the moderate gains in coverage dramatically increased vaccine-induced immunity against serotype 1 in northern Nigeria. Further increases in coverage in Nigerian states with infected populations are required to achieve the levels of vaccine-induced immunity associated with the sustained elimination achieved in other parts of the country. PMID- 18923173 TI - Blunt aortic injury. PMID- 18923174 TI - Images in clinical medicine. Keratoacanthoma. PMID- 18923172 TI - Clinical practice. Gastroesophageal reflux disease. PMID- 18923175 TI - Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 32-2008. A 10-year-old girl with recurrent oral lesions and cutaneous bullae. PMID- 18923176 TI - Monovalent oral poliovirus vaccines--a good tool but not a total solution. PMID- 18923177 TI - Desensitization during renal transplantation. PMID- 18923178 TI - Angiotensin II blockade in Marfan's syndrome. PMID- 18923179 TI - Familial myeloma. PMID- 18923180 TI - Age-related macular degeneration. PMID- 18923181 TI - Long-term results of rabbit antithymocyte globulin and basiliximab induction. PMID- 18923185 TI - Muscle as an endocrine organ: focus on muscle-derived interleukin-6. AB - Skeletal muscle has recently been identified as an endocrine organ. It has, therefore, been suggested that cytokines and other peptides that are produced, expressed, and released by muscle fibers and exert paracrine, autocrine, or endocrine effects should be classified as "myokines." Recent research demonstrates that skeletal muscles can produce and express cytokines belonging to distinctly different families. However, the first identified and most studied myokine is the gp130 receptor cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6). IL-6 was discovered as a myokine because of the observation that it increases up to 100-fold in the circulation during physical exercise. Identification of IL-6 production by skeletal muscle during physical activity generated renewed interest in the metabolic role of IL-6 because it created a paradox. On one hand, IL-6 is markedly produced and released in the postexercise period when insulin action is enhanced but, on the other hand, IL-6 has been associated with obesity and reduced insulin action. This review focuses on the myokine IL-6, its regulation by exercise, its signaling pathways in skeletal muscle, and its role in metabolism in both health and disease. PMID- 18923182 TI - Exercise-induced oxidative stress: cellular mechanisms and impact on muscle force production. AB - The first suggestion that physical exercise results in free radical-mediated damage to tissues appeared in 1978, and the past three decades have resulted in a large growth of knowledge regarding exercise and oxidative stress. Although the sources of oxidant production during exercise continue to be debated, it is now well established that both resting and contracting skeletal muscles produce reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species. Importantly, intense and prolonged exercise can result in oxidative damage to both proteins and lipids in the contracting myocytes. Furthermore, oxidants can modulate a number of cell signaling pathways and regulate the expression of multiple genes in eukaryotic cells. This oxidant-mediated change in gene expression involves changes at transcriptional, mRNA stability, and signal transduction levels. Furthermore, numerous products associated with oxidant-modulated genes have been identified and include antioxidant enzymes, stress proteins, DNA repair proteins, and mitochondrial electron transport proteins. Interestingly, low and physiological levels of reactive oxygen species are required for normal force production in skeletal muscle, but high levels of reactive oxygen species promote contractile dysfunction resulting in muscle weakness and fatigue. Ongoing research continues to probe the mechanisms by which oxidants influence skeletal muscle contractile properties and to explore interventions capable of protecting muscle from oxidant mediated dysfunction. PMID- 18923183 TI - Diffusion in brain extracellular space. AB - Diffusion in the extracellular space (ECS) of the brain is constrained by the volume fraction and the tortuosity and a modified diffusion equation represents the transport behavior of many molecules in the brain. Deviations from the equation reveal loss of molecules across the blood-brain barrier, through cellular uptake, binding, or other mechanisms. Early diffusion measurements used radiolabeled sucrose and other tracers. Presently, the real-time iontophoresis (RTI) method is employed for small ions and the integrative optical imaging (IOI) method for fluorescent macromolecules, including dextrans or proteins. Theoretical models and simulations of the ECS have explored the influence of ECS geometry, effects of dead-space microdomains, extracellular matrix, and interaction of macromolecules with ECS channels. Extensive experimental studies with the RTI method employing the cation tetramethylammonium (TMA) in normal brain tissue show that the volume fraction of the ECS typically is approximately 20% and the tortuosity is approximately 1.6 (i.e., free diffusion coefficient of TMA is reduced by 2.6), although there are regional variations. These parameters change during development and aging. Diffusion properties have been characterized in several interventions, including brain stimulation, osmotic challenge, and knockout of extracellular matrix components. Measurements have also been made during ischemia, in models of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and in human gliomas. Overall, these studies improve our conception of ECS structure and the roles of glia and extracellular matrix in modulating the ECS microenvironment. Knowledge of ECS diffusion properties is valuable in contexts ranging from understanding extrasynaptic volume transmission to the development of paradigms for drug delivery to the brain. PMID- 18923184 TI - Structural basis of protein kinase C isoform function. AB - Protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms comprise a family of lipid-activated enzymes that have been implicated in a wide range of cellular functions. PKCs are modular enzymes comprised of a regulatory domain (that contains the membrane-targeting motifs that respond to lipid cofactors, and in the case of some PKCs calcium) and a relatively conserved catalytic domain that binds ATP and substrates. These enzymes are coexpressed and respond to similar stimulatory agonists in many cell types. However, there is growing evidence that individual PKC isoforms subserve unique (and in some cases opposing) functions in cells, at least in part as a result of isoform-specific subcellular compartmentalization patterns, protein protein interactions, and posttranslational modifications that influence catalytic function. This review focuses on the structural basis for differences in lipid cofactor responsiveness for individual PKC isoforms, the regulatory phosphorylations that control the normal maturation, activation, signaling function, and downregulation of these enzymes, and the intra-/intermolecular interactions that control PKC isoform activation and subcellular targeting in cells. A detailed understanding of the unique molecular features that underlie isoform-specific posttranslational modification patterns, protein-protein interactions, and subcellular targeting (i.e., that impart functional specificity) should provide the basis for the design of novel PKC isoform specific activator or inhibitor compounds that can achieve therapeutically useful changes in PKC signaling in cells. PMID- 18923188 TI - Calcium sparks. AB - The calcium ion (Ca(2+)) is the simplest and most versatile intracellular messenger known. The discovery of Ca(2+) sparks and a related family of elementary Ca(2+) signaling events has revealed fundamental principles of the Ca(2+) signaling system. A newly appreciated "digital" subsystem consisting of brief, high Ca(2+) concentration over short distances (nanometers to microns) comingles with an "analog" global Ca(2+) signaling subsystem. Over the past 15 years, much has been learned about the theoretical and practical aspects of spark formation and detection. The quest for the spark mechanisms [the activation, coordination, and termination of Ca(2+) release units (CRUs)] has met unexpected challenges, however, and raised vexing questions about CRU operation in situ. Ample evidence shows that Ca(2+) sparks catalyze many high-threshold Ca(2+) processes involved in cardiac and skeletal muscle excitation-contraction coupling, vascular tone regulation, membrane excitability, and neuronal secretion. Investigation of Ca(2+) sparks in diseases has also begun to provide novel insights into hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, heart failure, and muscular dystrophy. An emerging view is that spatially and temporally patterned activation of the digital subsystem confers on intracellular Ca(2+) signaling an exquisite architecture in space, time, and intensity, which underpins signaling efficiency, stability, specificity, and diversity. These recent advances in "sparkology" thus promise to unify the simplicity and complexity of Ca(2+) signaling in biology. PMID- 18923189 TI - Prostaglandins, NSAIDs, and gastric mucosal protection: why doesn't the stomach digest itself? AB - Except in rare cases, the stomach can withstand exposure to highly concentrated hydrochloric acid, refluxed bile salts, alcohol, and foodstuffs with a wide range of temperatures and osmolarity. This is attributed to a number of physiological responses by the mucosal lining to potentially harmful luminal agents, and to an ability to rapidly repair damage when it does occur. Since the discovery in 1971 that prostaglandin synthesis could be blocked by aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), there has been great interest in the contribution of prostaglandins to gastric mucosal defense. Prostaglandins modulate virtually every aspect of mucosal defense, and the importance of this contribution is evident by the increased susceptibility of the stomach to injury following ingestion of an NSAID. With chronic ingestion of these drugs, the development of ulcers in the stomach is a significant clinical concern. Research over the past two decades has helped to identify some of the key events triggered by NSAIDs that contribute to ulcer formation and/or impair ulcer healing. Recent research has also highlighted the fact that the protective functions of prostaglandins in the stomach can be carried out by other mediators, in particular the gaseous mediators nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide. Better understanding of the mechanisms through which the stomach is able to resist injury in the presence of luminal irritants is helping to drive the development of safer anti-inflammatory drugs, and therapies to accelerate and improve the quality of ulcer healing. PMID- 18923190 TI - Designing heart performance by gene transfer. AB - The birth of molecular cardiology can be traced to the development and implementation of high-fidelity genetic approaches for manipulating the heart. Recombinant viral vector-based technology offers a highly effective approach to genetically engineer cardiac muscle in vitro and in vivo. This review highlights discoveries made in cardiac muscle physiology through the use of targeted viral mediated genetic modification. Here the history of cardiac gene transfer technology and the strengths and limitations of viral and nonviral vectors for gene delivery are reviewed. A comprehensive account is given of the application of gene transfer technology for studying key cardiac muscle targets including Ca(2+) handling, the sarcomere, the cytoskeleton, and signaling molecules and their posttranslational modifications. The primary objective of this review is to provide a thorough analysis of gene transfer studies for understanding cardiac physiology in health and disease. By comparing results obtained from gene transfer with those obtained from transgenesis and biophysical and biochemical methodologies, this review provides a global view of cardiac structure-function with an eye towards future areas of research. The data presented here serve as a basis for discovery of new therapeutic targets for remediation of acquired and inherited cardiac diseases. PMID- 18923186 TI - Localization and targeting of voltage-dependent ion channels in mammalian central neurons. AB - The intrinsic electrical properties and the synaptic input-output relationships of neurons are governed by the action of voltage-dependent ion channels. The localization of specific populations of ion channels with distinct functional properties at discrete sites in neurons dramatically impacts excitability and synaptic transmission. Molecular cloning studies have revealed a large family of genes encoding voltage-dependent ion channel principal and auxiliary subunits, most of which are expressed in mammalian central neurons. Much recent effort has focused on determining which of these subunits coassemble into native neuronal channel complexes, and the cellular and subcellular distributions of these complexes, as a crucial step in understanding the contribution of these channels to specific aspects of neuronal function. Here we review progress made on recent studies aimed to determine the cellular and subcellular distribution of specific ion channel subunits in mammalian brain neurons using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. We also discuss the repertoire of ion channel subunits in specific neuronal compartments and implications for neuronal physiology. Finally, we discuss the emerging mechanisms for determining the discrete subcellular distributions observed for many neuronal ion channels. PMID- 18923191 TI - Presence of 1q gain and absence of 7p gain are new predictors of local or metastatic relapse in localized resectable neuroblastoma. AB - We have addressed the search of novel genetic prognostic markers in a selected cohort of patients with stroma-poor localized resectable neuroblastoma (NB) who underwent relapse or progression (group 1) or complete remission (group 2) over a minimum follow-up of 32 months from diagnosis. Twenty-three Italian patients with localized resectable NB (stages 1 and 2) diagnosed from 1994 through 2005 were studied. All patients received surgical treatment. Chemotherapy was administered only to the three stage 2 patients who had MYCN-amplified tumors. High-resolution array-comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) DNA copy-number analysis technology was used to identify novel prognostic markers. Chromosome 1p36.22p36.32 loss and 1q22qter gain, detected almost exclusively in group 1 patients, were significantly associated with poor event-free survival (EFS) (p = 0.0024 and p = 0.024, respectively). In contrast, patients with 7p11.2p22 gain, who belonged predominantly to group 2, had a significantly better EFS (p = 0.015). The frequency of 17q gain or 3p and 11q losses did not differ significantly in group 1 versus group 2 NBs. The sensitive technique allowed us to define the smallest region of 1p deletion. In conclusion, 1q22qter gain and 7p11.2p22 gain might represent new prognostic markers in localized resectable NB, but the small study size and the retrospective nature of the findings warrant further validation of the results in larger studies. PMID- 18923193 TI - Motivating public use of physician-level performance data: an experiment on the effects of message and mode. AB - Despite widening efforts to publicly report health care quality data, patients appear to make little use of these data. Several studies indicate patients' interest in physician-level information, but actual use of physician-level data remains unestablished. Using a randomized experimental design, this study evaluates the extent to which use of a Web site offering physician-level data is affected by three parameters: invitation mode (mail vs. e-mail), employment status (employed vs. retired), and invitation message tone (risk- vs. gain focused). The results find significantly higher use among those invited by e-mail (p < .001) and among retired adults (p < .001). Message tone is not significantly associated with use rates, but a borderline significant result suggests that high risk message recipients behave differently from those receiving gain-focused messages (p = .052). The findings emphasize the importance of convenience and process-simplicity in fostering public use of quality data and call for further study of message-tone effects. PMID- 18923192 TI - Combining results from lectin affinity chromatography and glycocapture approaches substantially improves the coverage of the glycoproteome. AB - Identification of glycosylated proteins, especially those in the plasma membrane, has the potential of defining diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets as well as increasing our understanding of changes occurring in the glycoproteome during normal differentiation and disease processes. Although many cellular proteins are glycosylated they are rarely identified by mass spectrometric analysis (e.g. shotgun proteomics) of total cell lysates. Therefore, methods that specifically target glycoproteins are necessary to facilitate their isolation from total cell lysates prior to their identification by mass spectrometry-based analysis. To enrich for plasma membrane glycoproteins the methods must selectively target characteristics associated with proteins within this compartment. We demonstrate that the application of two methods, one that uses periodate to label glycoproteins of intact cells and a hydrazide resin to capture the labeled glycoproteins and another that targets glycoproteins with sialic acid residues using lectin affinity chromatography, in conjunction with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry is effective for plasma membrane glycoprotein identification. We demonstrate that this combination of methods dramatically increases coverage of the plasma membrane proteome (more than one half of the membrane glycoproteins were identified by the two methods uniquely) and also results in the identification of a large number of secreted glycoproteins. Our approach avoids the need for subcellular fractionation and utilizes a simple detergent lysis step that effectively solubilizes membrane glycoproteins. The plasma membrane localization of a subset of proteins identified was validated, and the dynamics of their expression in HeLa cells was evaluated during the cell cycle. Results obtained from the cell cycle studies demonstrate that plasma membrane protein expression can change up to 4-fold as cells transit the cell cycle and demonstrate the need to consider such changes when carrying out quantitative proteomics comparison of cell lines. PMID- 18923195 TI - A pregnant Jehovah's witness. PMID- 18923196 TI - An interesting case of acute abdomen. PMID- 18923187 TI - Ion channels in microbes. AB - Studies of ion channels have for long been dominated by the animalcentric, if not anthropocentric, view of physiology. The structures and activities of ion channels had, however, evolved long before the appearance of complex multicellular organisms on earth. The diversity of ion channels existing in cellular membranes of prokaryotes is a good example. Although at first it may appear as a paradox that most of what we know about the structure of eukaryotic ion channels is based on the structure of bacterial channels, this should not be surprising given the evolutionary relatedness of all living organisms and suitability of microbial cells for structural studies of biological macromolecules in a laboratory environment. Genome sequences of the human as well as various microbial, plant, and animal organisms unambiguously established the evolutionary links, whereas crystallographic studies of the structures of major types of ion channels published over the last decade clearly demonstrated the advantage of using microbes as experimental organisms. The purpose of this review is not only to provide an account of acquired knowledge on microbial ion channels but also to show that the study of microbes and their ion channels may also hold a key to solving unresolved molecular mysteries in the future. PMID- 18923199 TI - An integral conservative gridding--algorithm using Hermitian curve interpolation. AB - The problem of re-sampling spatially distributed data organized into regular or irregular grids to finer or coarser resolution is a common task in data processing. This procedure is known as 'gridding' or 're-binning'. Depending on the quantity the data represents, the gridding-algorithm has to meet different requirements. For example, histogrammed physical quantities such as mass or energy have to be re-binned in order to conserve the overall integral. Moreover, if the quantity is positive definite, negative sampling values should be avoided. The gridding process requires a re-distribution of the original data set to a user-requested grid according to a distribution function. The distribution function can be determined on the basis of the given data by interpolation methods. In general, accurate interpolation with respect to multiple boundary conditions of heavily fluctuating data requires polynomial interpolation functions of second or even higher order. However, this may result in unrealistic deviations (overshoots or undershoots) of the interpolation function from the data. Accordingly, the re-sampled data may overestimate or underestimate the given data by a significant amount. The gridding-algorithm presented in this work was developed in order to overcome these problems. Instead of a straightforward interpolation of the given data using high-order polynomials, a parametrized Hermitian interpolation curve was used to approximate the integrated data set. A single parameter is determined by which the user can control the behavior of the interpolation function, i.e. the amount of overshoot and undershoot. Furthermore, it is shown how the algorithm can be extended to multidimensional grids. The algorithm was compared to commonly used gridding-algorithms using linear and cubic interpolation functions. It is shown that such interpolation functions may overestimate or underestimate the source data by about 10-20%, while the new algorithm can be tuned to significantly reduce these interpolation errors. The accuracy of the new algorithm was tested on a series of x-ray CT-images (head and neck, lung, pelvis). The new algorithm significantly improves the accuracy of the sampled images in terms of the mean square error and a quality index introduced by Wang and Bovik (2002 IEEE Signal Process. Lett. 9 81-4). PMID- 18923198 TI - 18F-FDG positron autoradiography with a particle counting silicon pixel detector. AB - We report on tests of a room-temperature particle counting silicon pixel detector of the Medipix2 series as the detector unit of a positron autoradiography (AR) system, for samples labelled with (18)F-FDG radiopharmaceutical used in PET studies. The silicon detector (1.98 cm(2) sensitive area, 300 microm thick) has high intrinsic resolution (55 microm pitch) and works by counting all hits in a pixel above a certain energy threshold. The present work extends the detector characterization with (18)F-FDG of a previous paper. We analysed the system's linearity, dynamic range, sensitivity, background count rate, noise, and its imaging performance on biological samples. Tests have been performed in the laboratory with (18)F-FDG drops (37-37 000 Bq initial activity) and ex vivo in a rat injected with 88.8 MBq of (18)F-FDG. Particles interacting in the detector volume produced a hit in a cluster of pixels whose mean size was 4.3 pixels/event at 11 keV threshold and 2.2 pixels/event at 37 keV threshold. Results show a sensitivity for beta(+) of 0.377 cps Bq(-1), a dynamic range of at least five orders of magnitude and a lower detection limit of 0.0015 Bq mm(-2). Real-time (18)F-FDG positron AR images have been obtained in 500-1000 s exposure time of thin (10-20 microm) slices of a rat brain and compared with 20 h film autoradiography of adjacent slices. The analysis of the image contrast and signal to-noise ratio in a rat brain slice indicated that Poisson noise-limited imaging can be approached in short (e.g. 100 s) exposures, with approximately 100 Bq slice activity, and that the silicon pixel detector produced a higher image quality than film-based AR. PMID- 18923200 TI - HPV vaccine for primary prevention of cervical cancer in developing countries: the missing links. PMID- 18923201 TI - Paradox of wellness and nonadherence among Nigerian women on breast cancer chemotherapy. AB - CONTEXT: Intentional nonadherence among cancer patients is rare and may occur only when the benefits of treatment are not obvious to the patient. AIMS: To highlight a group of women on chemotherapy for breast cancer who defaulted from their medications because they were improving. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: A study was carried out of the reasons for nonadherence to medications among women receiving chemotherapy for breast cancer at a Nigerian teaching hospital between January 1993 and December 2002. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of patients' records was done. RESULTS: Of the 188 women who received chemotherapy during the study period, 152 (80.9%) defaulted from treatment at one point or another. The reasons for nonadherence were available in 101 patients. Among these, 18 (18.0%) reported nonadherence because they felt better after commencing chemotherapy. They were aged 31-50 years (Mean = 35.6 (SD3.2)). Six (33.3%) of them presented in AJCC Stage I, and 10 (55.6%) in stage II. Age and disease stage at presentation were found to have significant influence on their reason for nonadherence. Of the nine women on neo-adjuvant chemotherapy, six (66.7%) had complete response but defaulted and five (55.6%) re-presented within a year with metastatic disease. Three of the patients receiving systemic post-surgery chemotherapy presented within a year with local recurrence. Most of the other patients were subsequently lost to follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Nonadherence due to wellness among breast cancer patients is associated with poor outcome. We propose a detailed prospective study to establish factors that may influence such behavior. PMID- 18923202 TI - Amelioration of cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity in Swiss albino mice by Rubia cordifolia extract. AB - BACKGROUND: Cisplatin is one of the most effective chemotherapeutics against a wide range of cancers including head, neck, ovarian and lung cancers. But its usefulness is limited by its toxicity to normal tissues, including cells of the kidney proximal tubule. The purpose of the present study is to investigate whether the hydro-alcoholic extract of Rubia cordifolia could decrease the intensity of toxicity in Swiss albino mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cisplatin at a dose of 12 mg/kg body wt was administered intraperitoneally to Swiss albino mice. Another set of animals was given hydro-alcoholic extract of Rubia cordifolia at different doses along with cisplatin treatment. The antioxidant levels, serum creatinine, serum urea etc. were analyzed. RESULTS: The extract could significantly decrease the cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity as inferred from the tissue antioxidant status in the drug administered animals. Remarkable change was observed in serum creatinine and urea levels. Lipid peroxidation in the kidney and liver tissues was also considerably reduced in Rubia cordifolia extract treated animals. CONCLUSION: Hydro-alcoholic extracts of Rubia cordifolia are effective in reducing the renal damage caused by the cancer chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin. Since Rubia cordifolia has been in use as an important ingredient in the traditional Ayurvedic system of medicine, it could be safe and beneficial to use this herbal extract as an adjuvant to ameliorate renal damage in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy with cisplatin. PMID- 18923203 TI - Quality of life outcome measures following partial glossectomy: assessment using the UW-QOL scale. AB - BACKGROUND: The consequences of a diagnosis of head and neck cancer and the impact of treatment have a clear and direct influence on well-being and associated quality of life (QOL) in these patients. AIMS: To determine the QOL in head and neck cancer patients following a partial glossectomy operation. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional cohort study; Head and Neck Oncology Unit, tertiary referral center. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 38 patients with partial glossectomy were assessed with the University of Washington head and neck quality of life (UW-QOL) scale, version 4. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences 10.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago version III). Information from the scale was correlated using the Mann Whitney test. A P value less than/equal to 0.05 was considered as significant. RESULTS: The mean (sd) composite score of the QOL in our series was 73.6 (16.1). The majority (71.8%) quoted their QOL as good or very good. Swallowing (n = 16, 47.1%), speech (n = 15, 44.1%) and saliva (n = 15, 44.1%) were most commonly cited issues over the last 7 days. On the other hand, the groups with reconstruction, neck dissection, complications and radiotherapy demonstrated a significant reduction of quality of life scores (Mann Whitney test, P < 0.005). CONCLUSION: The composite score and overall QOL as assessed using the UW-QOL scale (version 4) were modestly high in our series of partial glossectomy patients. Swallowing, speech, and saliva are regarded as the most important issues. Stage of the disease, neck dissection, reconstruction, complications, radiotherapy and time since operation were seen to significantly affect domain scores. PMID- 18923204 TI - Comparative evaluation between re-irradiation and demand endoscopic dilatation vs endoscopic dilatation alone in patients with recurrent/reactivated residual in field esophageal malignancies. AB - BACKGROUND: Esophageal cancer has emerged as a major health challenge in many regions of the world, including the valley of Kashmir, which is situated adjacent to the esophageal cancer belt on its Southern side. Radiotherapy is one of the main modalities of treatment. However, residual/recurrent disease is common and salvage options for these patients are limited. Scarce literature is available regarding the use of re-irradiation in this setting though re-irradiation has been successfully used in recurrent tumors at various other anatomical sites. AIM: In the present study, external beam re-irradiation with demand dilatation vs per-oral endoscopic dilatation alone were compared with regard to the impact of these modalities on symptom control, survival, and quality of life of the patients. Treatment-related sequelae were also compared. SETTING AND DESIGN: Prospective and randomized. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 34 cases who were palliated with re-irradiation and 35 cases who refused to enter the experimental protocol and, therefore, received per-oral demand dilatation alone, with the disease being allowed to follow its natural course. Both groups were statistically cross-matched with regard to their demographic and clinical parameters. STATISTICAL METHOD USED: Mann-Whitney U-test, Chi-square test, Student's t-test, and Kaplan-Meier test for survival analysis. RESULTS: The results favor the use of re-irradiation as it significantly improves dysphagia free survival and quality of life. The treatment-related complications/morbidity of this protocol was acceptable. CONCLUSION: A trial of re-irradiation with external beam is justified in selected patients. PMID- 18923205 TI - Normal tissue complication probability of fibrosis in radiotherapy of breast cancer: accelerated partial breast irradiation vs conventional external-beam radiotherapy. AB - AIMS: Radiotherapy forms an integral part of breast-conserving treatment in early stage breast cancer. Subcutaneous fibrosis of the treated breast is an important late effect in whole-breast irradiation. The aim of this study was to compare the normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) for radiation-induced fibrosis in treated breast using accelerated partial-breast irradiation (APBI) vs conventional treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten postoperative early-stage breast cancer patients (T1N0M0) were included in this dosimetric analysis. APBI treatment was planned using conformal radiotherapy technique and conventional treatment plans included two tangential portals. All the APBI treatment plans were made with five non-coplanar beams with 6 MV photons. The prescription dose was 38 Gy in 10 fractions for the APBI treatments and 50 Gy in 25 fractions, followed by a boost dose of 16 Gy in 8 fractions, for the conventional treatments. We used Lyman's relative-seriality model and the breast fibrosis NTCP model fitting parameters for the study. RESULTS: The equivalent uniform dose (EUD) was 30.09 Gy and 50.79 Gy in APBI and conventional treatment, respectively. The mean NTCP values for ipsilateral breast fibrosis in APBI and conventional treatment were 0.51 and 25.66%, respectively. Using the paired t-test, a statistically significant difference was seen in the breast fibrosis NTCP values for APBI vs conventional treatment (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: APBI reduces the ipsilateral breast fibrosis compared to conventional whole-breast treatment in early-stage breast cancer. PMID- 18923206 TI - Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the maxillary sinus: a rare head and neck tumor. AB - Sarcomatoid carcinomas are rare tumors. These tumors have been reported at other sites, but head and neck origin is extremely uncommon. We report here a rare case of sarcomatoid carcinoma involving the maxilla. Only four such cases with maxillary origin have been discussed in English literature earlier. As compared to squamous cell carcinoma of maxilla, this variant is associated with poor prognosis and advanced disease at presentation, as was also seen in our case. There are no standard recommendations for management owing to the rarity of this histology. Surgery and radiotherapy form the mainstays of treatment. Exploration of the role of chemotherapy and novel targeted therapy agents is warranted in order to improve treatment results. PMID- 18923207 TI - Pulmonary sarcoidosis simulating metastatic breast cancer. AB - The clinical appearance and imaging findings of sarcoidosis and breast carcinoma may sometimes mimic one another, making the differential diagnosis between these two diseases difficult in some cases. A 69-year-old woman displayed an irregular shaped lesion in her left breast. Preoperative localization modalities detected a breast mass with malignant characters. The patient also was found to have pulmonary findings for metastatic disease on chest computed tomography. These features were proven upon biopsy to be consistent with sarcoidosis. The patient underwent breast surgery, adjuvant chemoradiotherapy and hormonal therapy, while corticosteroids were administered for pulmonary sarcoidosis. The patient is well 12 months later, without recurrence. An unfortunate consequence of the presence of both entities in the same patient is the risk of misguided differential diagnosis and incorrect therapeutic strategy. This patient shows the importance of confirming a clinical diagnosis of sarcoidosis with appropriate biopsies and histological examination, prior to initiation of breast cancer therapy. PMID- 18923208 TI - Granulocytic sarcoma masquerading as Ewing's sarcoma: a diagnostic dilemma. AB - An eleven-year-old boy presented with a swelling in his left elbow. Radiologically the features were that of an Ewing's sarcoma involving the ulna. Histopathology showed small round cell tumor strongly positive for Monoclonal Imperial Cancer research fund 2 (MIC2) antigen. Similar cells in the bone marrow were involved with MIC2 positivity. The patient developed skin lesions, which on biopsy were found to be chloromas. The initial biopsies were reevaluated with special stains revealing granulocytic sarcomas in acute myeloid leukemia masquerading as Ewing's due to its MIC2 positivity. The possibility of myeloid neoplasms should be considered routinely with known MIC2 positive round cell tumors. PMID- 18923209 TI - Suprasellar ganglioglioma with unusual diffuse involvement of the entire optico chiasmal hypothalamic pathway. AB - Gangliogliomas (GG) are mixed glioneuronal tumors of the central nervous system (CNS), occurring mostly in the pediatric population, with common sites being temporal lobes and less commonly in the frontal and parietal lobes. We report a case of a 7-year-old child who presented with bilateral visual defects for 6 months. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain revealed an intensely enhancing mass lesion with calcification in the sellar and suprasellar region involving the optic chiasm and the left optic nerve. The mass showed almost bilaterally symmetrical diffuse spread along the optic tracts posteriorly and hypothalamus, temporal lobes, thalami and the basal ganglia. The lesion was radiologically indistinguishable from chiasmatic astrocytoma or a germ cell tumor but histopathological features were of a ganglioglioma. While a few optic apparatus gangliogliomas have been reported in the literature, such widespread diffuse involvement of the entire optico-chiasmal hypothalamic pathway is unusual. PMID- 18923210 TI - Radiofrequency ablation should not be considered as an alternative to surgical resection. PMID- 18923211 TI - Dilemmas of plenty. PMID- 18923212 TI - A comparative study of endoscopic ultrasonography versus endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in children with chronic liver disease. AB - BACKGROUND: Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) is a less invasive modality and may be equal or superior to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in visualizing the biliary tree. Its role and feasibility in children need to be accurately defined. AIM: This study aimed at evaluation of EUS in assessment of children with chronic liver disease (CLD) in comparison with ERCP. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study was carried out between September 2004 and February 2006 on 40 children suffering from CLD. Patients were selected from the Pediatric Hepatology Unit, Cairo University Children's Hospital, Egypt. They were included if they had: sonographic (n = 8) or histopathological evidence of biliary pathology (n = 2); autoimmune hepatitis with high gamma glutammyl transpeptidase (GGT) levels and/or not responding to immunosuppressive therapy (n = 15); cryptogenic CLD (n = 13); neonatal cholestasis with relapsing or persistent course (n = 2). They all underwent EUS and ERCP. RESULTS: Three of six cases with intrahepatic biliary radicle dilatation had Caroli's disease by EUS and ERCP; and the other 3 had sclerosing cholangitis. EUS was equal to ERCP in diagnosis of biliary pathology. However, one false positive case was described to have dilatation and tortuosity of the pancreatic duct by EUS as compared to ERCP. EUS could detect early pancreatitis in 5 cases. One case with cryptogenic liver disease proved to have sclerosing cholangitis by both EUS and ERCP. CONCLUSION: EUS is an important diagnostic tool for biliary pathology and pancreatitis in children with pancreatico-biliary pathology. ERCP should be reserved for therapeutic purposes. PMID- 18923213 TI - Treatment seeking behavior for urinary incontinence among north Indian women. AB - BACKGROUND: Urinary incontinence is a common but neglected problem of women. AIMS: To ascertain the treatment seeking behavior of north Indian women having urinary incontinence (UI). SETTING: Two residential colonies of Chandigarh. DESIGN: Cross-sectional face-to-face interview based study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was conducted by a trained nurse during April 2005-July 2005 among women aged 18 years and above. Women with UI were identified in a screening survey. They were interviewed individually regarding their treatment seeking behavior and socio-demographic data. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Percentage, mean, standard deviation, chi-square test. RESULTS: Of the 220 enlisted incontinent women 20% (44) women consulted some health agency. Only 8.6% (19) women had heard about pelvic floor muscle exercises. Seventy-two percent (158) cases had UI for more than one year. The most common reason quoted for not seeking treatment was, 'UI was considered as 'normal', 'did not take it seriously' and 'shyness.' Many (153;70%) women reported that UI affected their daily routine as well as social activities like shopping and visiting friends. CONCLUSION: Urinary incontinence seriously affected the quality of life of women. Still, consultation rate for UI was low in the north Indian women. PMID- 18923214 TI - Prevalence of hypothyroidism in recurrent pregnancy loss in first trimester. AB - AIM: To determine the frequency of hypothyroidism in women with recurrent pregnancy loss in first trimester in the Indian population. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: The study included 163 non-pregnant women with recurrent pregnancy loss in a gestational age up to 50 mmHg) and fractional pulse (>0.52) pressures were present in 54.0 and 58.7% of patients in group 1 and 28.1 and 33.3% of patients in group 2, respectively (P=0.004 and P=0.005, respectively). Having increased aortic pulse and fractional pulse pressures increased the risk of SVG occlusion by 3.00 and 2.85-folds, respectively. The multiple-adjusted odds ratio of the risk of SVG occlusion was 6.86 (95% confidence interval 2.14-21.96) and 4.76 (95% confidence interval 1.58-14.30) for the higher aortic pulse and fractional pulse pressure levels compared with lower levels, respectively. CONCLUSION: Increased ascending aorta pulse and fractional pulse pressures have a significant and independent negative effect on the fate of SVGs. PMID- 18923239 TI - Clinical and prognostic comparison between left ventricular transient dyskinesia and a first non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. AB - OBJECTIVES: Apical ballooning shares features with acute coronary syndromes. Recently, atypical forms have been reported without apical involvement. Usually, the prognostic reports have compared them with ST-segment elevation infarction. Left ventricular transient dyskinesias (LVTD), however, frequently occur without ST-segment elevation and when present, these patients always have open arteries. Our aim was to assess the baseline features, clinical presentation, natural history and compare long-term prognosis in an LVTD-cohort with a first non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTEMI) group. METHODS: We performed a prospective observational study including consecutive patients in two groups: (i) LVTD group: 62 patients with this syndrome between 2003 and 2007. Inclusion criteria were LV segmental transient motion abnormalities; ECG new alterations and elevated troponin; absence of recent significant head trauma or obstructive coronary artery lesions. (ii) CONTROL GROUP: 169 patients admitted for a first NSTEMI in 2004. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 35 months. Mean age was 65 years. LVTD group included 83.9% females. NSTEMI group was predominantly males. Eleven in-hospital deaths happened in NSTEMI cohort and none in LVTD. Four patients in the LVTD group required readmission and two patients died. In the NSTEMI group, heart failure, unstable angina, myocardial infarction (P<0.001) and death (P=0.11) were more frequent. Cox regression showed that diabetes mellitus, significant onset mitral regurgitation and NSTEMI versus LVTD were found as event independent predictors. CONCLUSION: LVTD diagnosis represents a decreased risk of events when compared with classic non-ST-segment acute coronary syndrome, pointing out a different pathophysiologic mechanism. PMID- 18923238 TI - Association of paraoxonase activity and coronary collateral flow. AB - OBJECTIVES: Paraoxonase is a high-density lipoprotein-bound antioxidant enzyme that inhibits atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction. Coronary collateral flow is a crucial clinical entity with significant impact on the cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This study sought to determine the relationship between the degree of angiographically visible coronary collateral circulation and serum paraoxonase activity. METHODS: The study population included 98 patients (mean age=57.9+/-10.1 years, 65 men) with angiographically documented total occlusion in one of the major coronary arteries. Development of collaterals was classified by Rentrop's method. Patients were defined as having poorly developed collaterals for Rentrop grades 0 and 1 or well-developed collaterals for Rentrop grades 2 and 3. Serum paraoxonase and arylesterase activities were measured spectrophotometrically. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences between well and poorly developed collateral groups in respect to serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (P=0.046), and serum paraoxonase (P=0.001), and arylesterase (P=0.014) activities were present. Serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (chi=4.15, beta=-0.347, P=0.032) and serum paraoxonase activity (chi=10.43, beta=0.008, P=0.022) were independent predictors of well-developed coronary collateral flow. Serum paraoxonase activity gradually increased from collateral grade 0 to collateral grade 3 (analysis of variance P=0.003). Serum paraoxonase (r=0.362 and P<0.001) and arylesterase (r=0.245 and P=0.015) activities were both correlated with collateral flow grade. CONCLUSION: Findings of this study suggest that serum paraoxonase activity is independently associated with the degree of coronary collateral flow and reduced serum paraoxonase activity might represent a biochemical marker of impaired coronary collateral flow. PMID- 18923240 TI - Serum gamma-glutamyl transferase activity increased in patients with coronary artery ectasia. AB - BACKGROUND: Serum gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activity, an enzyme responsible for the extracellular catabolism of antioxidant glutathione, may directly take part in atherogenesis and evolve as a potential biochemical risk indicator of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. An important characteristic of coronary artery ectasia (CAE) is the fact that in 85% of the cases, atherosclerotic coronary disease accompanies it. The relation between CAE and serum GGT activity has not been studied so far. Hence, we decided to investigate the serum GGT level in patients with CAE. METHODS: We measured serum GGT activity in 88 consecutive patients (48 males) with isolated CAE and 86 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and 84 controls. CAE was defined as being without any stenotic lesions with a visual assessment of the coronary arteries showing a luminal dilatation 1.5-fold or more of the adjacent normal coronary segments. Four subgroups were created in accordance with the CAE extension in coronary arteries. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences in serum GGT activity among CAE and CAD groups. Serum GGT activity was found significantly increased in patients in both CAE and CAD groups, compared with those in control group (P<0.001, P<0.001, respectively). According to the CAE severity, there were no statistically significant differences in CAE among these subgroups. CONCLUSION: We have shown for the first time that patients with CAE have higher serum GGT activity compared with controls with normal coronary angiograms. Hence, serum GGT activity can be used as a follow-up marker in patients with CAE. PMID- 18923241 TI - Increased tissue transglutaminase expression in human atherosclerotic coronary arteries. AB - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Transglutaminase 2 (TGase 2) is a calcium-dependent cross-linking enzyme that catalyzes a covalent iso-peptide bond between two proteins. Interestingly, this catalysis can activate the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) through the polymerization of the inhibitory protein of NF-kappaB (I kappaB). The objective of the present study was to investigate the expression of TGase 2 in the human atherosclerotic human coronary artery, and the possible roles of TGase 2 in NF-kappaB activation. METHODS AND RESULTS: We explored whether expressions of TGase 2 and NF-kappaB are associated in atherosclerosis. Using human samples, we found that TGase 2 was markedly higher than normal in the neointimal tissue of atherosclerotic coronary arteries with atherosclerosis progression. TGase 2 activity was also increased approximately two-fold in the atherosclerotic vascular wall. In immunofluorescence analysis, NF-kappaB, COX-2, and TNF-alpha were co-localized at TGase 2-positive neointimal smooth muscle cells. A promoter assay test showed that NF-kappaB activity increased in both the human monocyte and human breast carcinoma cell by TGase 2, and that TGase 2 mediated NF-kappaB activation was reversed by TGase 2 siRNA. CONCLUSION: According to these results, we suggest that TGase 2 may function as an activator in the NF-kappaB pathway; this effect may occur in the atherosclerotic vessel wall. PMID- 18923242 TI - Asymmetric dimethylarginine and coronary collateral vessel development. AB - INTRODUCTION: Nitric oxide (NO) plays a major role in collateral vessel development. Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) that is an endogenous inhibitor of NO synthesis may impair the effective coronary collateral vessel development. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between plasma ADMA level and coronary collateral vessel development. METHODS: The patients with a greater than or equal to 95% obstruction in at least one epicardial coronary artery were included in the study. Degree of coronary collateral development was determined according to Rentrop method. Patients with grade 2-3 collateral development were regarded as good collateral group and formed group I. The patients with grade 0-1 collateral development were regarded as poor collateral group and were included in group II. Group III that had been formed as a control group included the patients with a normal coronary angiogram. We compared the plasma ADMA, symmetric dimethylarginine, L-arginine/ADMA ratio among three groups. RESULTS: Seventy-four patients have been included in the study. Patients with good collateral development had lower plasma ADMA level in comparison with patients with poor collateral development (0.41+/-0.25 micromol/l vs. 0.70+/-0.23 micromol/l, P=0.001) and had similar plasma ADMA levels with the patients who have normal coronary arteries. When we compared L-arginine/ADMA ratio between good and poor collateral groups, we found that the patients with higher L-arginine/ADMA ratio have significantly better collateral development (270.8+/-168.0 vs. 120.9+/-92.1, P<0.001). In the analyses comparing Rentrop score with ADMA level and L arginine/ADMA ratio, there were significant correlations (r=-0.444, P=0.008 and r=0.553, P=0.001, respectively). In multivariate analysis, ADMA level (odds ratio, 0.009; 95% confidence interval, 0.000-0.466, P=0.020) and L-arginine/ADMA ratio (odds ratio, 1.010; 95% confidence interval, 1.001-1.020, P=0.032) were independent predictors of collateral development. CONCLUSION: Increased plasma ADMA levels are related with poor coronary collateral development. ADMA may be responsible for the difference in coronary collateral vessel development among different patients with coronary artery disease. NO inhibitors that have a determinative relation with endothelial cell functions may be integral prerequisite in all steps of collateral development. PMID- 18923243 TI - Comparison of the coronary calcium score with the estimated coronary risk. AB - OBJECTIVES: The role of coronary calcium scoring in coronary risk estimation is not well established. Calcium scoring could provide additional information in a certain subgroup of patients where the calcium score does not match the conventional Framingham risk estimates. We explored the characteristics of such a subgroup. METHODS: The study participants were 1653 asymptomatic persons who underwent routine health screening and calcium scoring using the 16-slice multidetector computed tomography. Risk stratification was performed in five categories both by 10-year Framingham coronary risk and the Agatston coronary calcium score. RESULTS: Risk stratifications by coronary calcium score and absolute risk showed a large discrepancy (difference > or =3 classes) in about 9% of participants. The proportion increased with age (P for trend <0.0001). An exploratory analysis revealed that age (partial R=0.109, P<0.0001) and the presence of the metabolic syndrome (partial R=0.025, P<0.001) were independent variables that accounted for the variance of the residual of regression between the log-transformed value of coronary calcium score and the absolute risk. CONCLUSION: Calcium scoring may be clinically more useful in older (> or =50 years) participants and/or in participants with the metabolic syndrome because of the relatively higher probability of obtaining additional information that the conventional Framingham risk estimation cannot provide. PMID- 18923244 TI - NT-proBNP levels in the evaluation of right ventricular dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease and abnormal left ventricular wall motion: a magnetic resonance imaging study. AB - BACKGROUND: Data available on the correlation of N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels and right ventricular (RV) function in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) are limited. OBJECTIVE: To determine the relation between plasma NT-proBNP and RV function in patients with CAD and abnormal left ventricular (LV) wall motion. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study. We studied 176 patients with CAD and abnormal LV wall motion. All patients underwent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging for the assessment of LV and RV function and plasma NT-proBNP analysis on the same day. Multivariable analysis was performed to evaluate the independent factors associated with RV dysfunction. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to assess the use of NT-proBNP levels for the diagnosis of LV and RV dysfunction. RESULTS: Average LV ejection fraction (LVEF) and RV ejection fraction were 37.6 and 52.0%, respectively. Median levels of NT-proBNP were 978 pg/ml. Log NT-proBNP levels had a positive correlation with age, LV and RV volume, LV and RV mass, and had a negative correlation with body size, creatinine clearance, LVEF, and RV ejection fraction. From a multivariable analysis, log NT-proBNP levels and LVEF were independently associated with RV dysfunction. From receiver-operating characteristic analysis, NT-proBNP at the levels of 1706 and 378 pg/ml was shown to detect RV dysfunction and LV dysfunction at an accuracy of 80.7 and 77.8% and area under the curve of 0.837 and 0.765, respectively. CONCLUSION: NT-proBNP levels can be used to diagnose RV dysfunction in patients with CAD and abnormal LV wall motion. PMID- 18923245 TI - Serum gamma-glutamyl transferase activity: new high-risk criteria in acute coronary syndrome patients? AB - In acute coronary syndromes (ACS), oxidation and inflammation have very important roles and in-vitro studies have demonstrated that gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) participates in such oxidative and inflammatory reactions. We aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of baseline serum GGT activity on the development of major adverse cardiac event (MACE) in the follow-up of the patients with ACS in coronary care unit (CCU), after 1 and 6 month periods. We included 117 patients (mean age: 61.2+/-11.3 years, 93 males) hospitalized in CCU with the diagnosis of ACS. All had baseline serum GGT activity and were free of systemic and hepatobiliary disease. MACE was defined as the composite of mortality from cardiac causes, recurrent hospitalization with ACS and nonfatal recurrent myocardial infarction diagnoses, to need for coronary revascularization during CCU, over 1 and 6 month follow-up periods. During the follow-up of CCU, MACE occurred in 17 (14.5%) patients (two died). Serum GGT activity was significantly higher in the patients with MACE than those free of MACE (P=0.001) and GGT was found as the independent predictor of the development of MACE-CCU [relative hazard: 1.05, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01-1.09, P=0.007]. During the follow-up of 1 month, MACE occurred in 23 (20.0%) patients (five died). Serum GGT activity was significantly higher in patients with MACE than those free of MACE (P=0.021) and GGT was found as the independent predictor of the development of MACE-1 month (relative hazard: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01-1.08, P=0.039). During the follow-up of 6 months, MACE occurred in 24 (21.8%) patients (two died). Again, GGT was significantly higher in patients who developed MACE than those free of MACE (P=0.001) and GGT was found as the independent predictor of the development of MACE-6 months (relative hazard 1.06, 95% CI: 1.03-1.10, P<0.001). Serum GGT activity was found to be an independent predictor of the development of MACE in the patients with ACS during CCU, over 1 and 6 month follow-up periods. PMID- 18923246 TI - Evaluation of myocardial perfusion and deformation in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with primary angioplasty and stent placement. AB - PURPOSE: To prospectively compare the usefulness of myocardial perfusion and deformation imaging for the prediction of functional recovery and left ventricular (LV) remodeling in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). METHODS: We prospectively examined 36 patients with reperfused STEMI, 12+ or -9 h after primary angioplasty and stent placement. LV function was reevaluated at 4-6 months of follow-up, to assess relative improvement of LV ejection fraction (DeltaEF%) and increase in end-diastolic volume (DeltaEDV). RESULTS: During the follow-up period, 19 of 36 patients showed LV function improvement (DeltaEF%> or =10%), whereas 10 patients had LV remodeling (DeltaEDV> or =20%). Peak negative strain (epislon (peak)), peak negative strain rate (SRpeak), and myocardial blood flow (Axbeta) correlated with DeltaEF% (r=-0.55, 0.57, and 0.46, respectively, P<0.01 for all), and allowed for prediction of LV remodeling on an individual level (area under the curve of 0.85 for strain rate, 0.95 for strain, and 0.90 for regional blood flow, P<0.001 for all). The combined assessment of myocardial perfusion and deformation correctly predicted LV remodeling in four additional patients, compared with each technique separately. CONCLUSION: Contrast echocardiography, strain Doppler imaging, and possibly the combination of both are useful for the prediction of adverse LV remodeling and for the early risk stratification of patients with STEMI. PMID- 18923247 TI - Drug-eluting stents for the treatment of ostial coronary lesions: comparison of sirolimus-eluting stent with paclitaxel-eluting stent. AB - BACKGROUND: Treatment of ostial coronary lesions represents a challenge for interventional cardiologists. The efficacy of drug-eluting stents (DES) has been demonstrated as improving the outcomes of patients in a few studies. It is not known, however, which DES, sirolimus-eluting stent (SES) versus paclitaxel eluting stent (PES), is superior for the treatment of ostial lesions. METHODS: In this retrospective study, 95 consecutive patients with de-novo ostial lesions underwent coronary SES (n=47, lesions=48) or PES implantation (n=45, lesions=47), and quantitative coronary analysis was performed at the time of stent implantation and subsequently at 8 months post stenting. Ostial lesion was defined as > or =50% diameter stenosis rising within 3 mm of either left anterior descending coronary artery or left circumflex artery or right coronary artery measured by quantitative coronary analysis. Major adverse cardiac events including death, thrombosis, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and target lesion revascularization were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Baseline clinical and angiographic characteristics were well balanced between the two groups. At 8 months clinical and angiographic follow-up, overall major adverse cardiac events and target lesion revascularization rates were similar in both groups (6.4 vs. 11.2%, P=0.184; 4.3 vs. 8.9%, P=0.170, respectively). The in stent and in-segment restenosis were, however, significantly higher in PES group compared with SES group (15.5 vs. 0%, P=0.001; 22.2 vs. 4.3%, P=0.003). Similarly, the late loss in both in-stent and in-segment was significantly higher in the PES group than in SES group (0.65+ or -0.67 vs. 0.16+ or -0.18 mm; 0.68+ or -0.65 vs. 0.15+ or -0.12 mm; P<0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: In this small sample-size, nonrandomized, and nonprospective study, the data indicated that implantation of DES appears safe and effective for the treatment of patients with de-novo ostial coronary lesions, but SES implantation showed more favorable results in respect of restenosis compared with PES implantation. PMID- 18923248 TI - Short-term effects of fluvastatin therapy on plasma interleukin-10 levels in patients with chronic heart failure. AB - BACKGROUND: Experimental data demonstrated that inflammatory mediators, such as pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and their receptors might have important role in the development and the progression of heart failure (HF). Statins were shown to downregulate inflammatory cytokines in HF. Interleukin (IL) 10 is one of the most important anti-inflammatory cytokines. The effect of statin therapy on plasma IL-10 levels is not known in patients with HF. We conducted this study to investigate the effects of fluvastatin therapy on plasma IL-10 cytokine concentration in patients with HF. METHODS: A total of 29 patients with ischemic HF were included in this prospective uncontrolled study. Patients were assigned to fluvastatin (80 mg/day) after baseline examinations. Determination of biochemical parameters including lipids, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were performed at baseline and 12 weeks after the initiation of fluvastatin therapy. All participants also underwent symptom-limited exercise tolerance test at baseline and 12 weeks, and heart rate recovery (HRR) was calculated. RESULTS: A significant elevation in the plasma levels of IL-10 after 12 weeks of fluvastatin treatment (4.8+ or -1.0 vs. 6.5+ or -1.3 pg/ml, P=0.002) was observed. Plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels were significantly decreased after fluvastatin therapy (6.3+ or -2.3 vs. 4.8+ or -1.4 pg/ml, P=0.003). Fluvastatin therapy significantly improved HRR at 1 min after 12 weeks compared with baseline (19+ or -7 vs. 24+ or -9 bpm, P<0.001). A positive correlation between the change in the levels of IL-10 and the change in HRR at 1 min (r=0.57, P<0.001) was observed. CONCLUSION: Fluvastatin therapy might lead to an increase in plasma IL-10 levels and an associated improvement in vagal tonus as assessed by HRR at 1 min in patients with HF. These findings might partly explain the possible benefit observed in statin trials. PMID- 18923249 TI - Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation and delayed revascularization for myocardial infarction and shock in the absence of primary angioplasty: a treatment strategy with or without thrombolysis? AB - OBJECTIVE: When revascularization facilities are not available, thrombolytic therapy (TT) added to intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation (IABC) has been proposed as initial therapy for the management of patients presenting with postmyocardial infarction (MI) cardiogenic shock, followed by prompt transfer to another institution for revascularization. The use of TT in this setting, however, remains controversial. METHODS: We reviewed the records of 81 consecutive patients admitted with cardiogenic shock after acute MI and compared the outcomes of patients initially stabilized, including IABC as an adjunct to TT (IABC+TT group, n=40), with those patients initially stabilized with IABC and no TT (IABC group, n=41). RESULTS: The baseline characteristics of the two study groups were similar. The in-hospital and 6-month survival rates were 47.5 and 33.3% in the IABC+TT group versus 43.9 and 31.6% in the IABC group, respectively (NS). Except for mechanical ventilation more frequently required in the IABC group, other outcome measures were similar in both groups. The in-hospital (76.5 vs. 36.5%, P=0.008) and 6-month (60 vs. 25.4%, P=0.01) survival rates were significantly higher in patients who underwent delayed invasive revascularization, than in patients who underwent no invasive revascularization attempt. CONCLUSION: In patients presenting with acute MI and cardiogenic shock, TT as an adjunct to IABC added no therapeutic benefit when compared with IABC alone. In contrast, the survival of patients was significantly increased by delayed invasive revascularization in both treatment groups. These observations suggest that, when revascularization facilities are not available, stabilization with IABC, followed by prompt transfer for delayed revascularization to a tertiary care hospital, might be the preferred management strategy for patients presenting with post-MI cardiogenic shock. PMID- 18923250 TI - The role of Fas in the progression of ischemic heart failure: prohypertrophy or proapoptosis. AB - During myocardial ischemia, cardiomyocytes can undergo apoptosis or compensatory hypertrophy. Fas expression is upregulated in the myocardial ischemia and is coupled to both apoptosis and hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes. The role of Fas in apoptosis induction or cardiomyocyte hypertrophy during ischemic conditions is, however, still unclear. Some reports suggested that Fas might induce myocardial hypertrophy. Apoptosis of ischemic cardiomyocytes and Fas expression in the nonischemic cardiomyocytes occurs during the early stage of ischemic heart failure. Hypertrophic cardiomyocytes easily undergo apoptosis in response to ischemia, after which apoptotic cardiomyocytes are replaced by fibrous tissue. In the late stage of ischemic heart failure, hypertrophy, apoptosis, and fibrosis are thought to accelerate each other and might thus form a vicious circle that eventually results in heart failure. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the understanding of the role of Fas in remodeling ischemic myocardial tissues. PMID- 18923251 TI - Evaluation of the patient with unexplained stroke. AB - Despite increasing sophistication of brain imaging, neurovascular evaluation, and laboratory testing, a sizable proportion of ischemic strokes defy etiologic classification. Many, if not most, of such 'cryptogenic' strokes may stem from unrecognized cardiac or aortic embolism, with a bimodal pathophysiology potentially dominated by interatrial septal abnormalities in young adults, and by subclinical aortic and large-artery atherothrombotic embolism in older individuals. Echocardiography is the centerpiece of the diagnostic evaluation of unexplained ischemic stroke, and unless contraindicated, transesophageal echocardiography is currently the modality of choice. Comprehensive and timely evaluation is essential to identify the potential emboligenic substrate, and, pending randomized trial data, to institute appropriate therapy based on best clinical judgment. PMID- 18923252 TI - Bibliography current world literature. PMID- 18923254 TI - Four dimensional intravenous cone-beam computed tomographic subtraction angiography. In vitro study of feasibility. AB - OBJECTIVE: We demonstrate the feasibility of 4D intravenous computed tomographic (CT) subtraction cerebral angiography using in vitro, anthropomorphic techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS: High-resolution 3D cone-beam CT datasets (0.45 mm isotropic voxel size, 120 kVp, 90 mA) of a cadaver-derived cerebrovascular phantom, containing a saccular aneurysm, were acquired at a rate of 1 Hz for 20 seconds. A computer-controlled pump provided physiologically realistic blood-flow waveforms using a water-glycerol blood-mimicking fluid (10 mL/s mean flow). Contrast agent injected at 0.94 mL/s for 5 seconds provided a clinically realistic intravenous vascular enhancement of approximately 300 Hounsfield units. The first 4 to 5 volumes (precontrast) provided a mask dataset for volumetric subtraction. Vascular enhancement was measured in the dynamic, time-resolved, subtracted 3D angiograms. Contrast-to-noise ratio was measured in 3D source data and maximum intensity projections (MIPs). Dose measurements were made using an ionization chamber. RESULTS: MIP images of the time-resolved volumetric data were of diagnostic quality, clearly showing the aneurysm dome and neck, and cerebral vessels. Dynamic flow information (contrast wash-in/wash-out) was observed, including differential opacification and draining of the anterior and posterior vasculature and the aneurysm. Contrast-to-noise ratio was measured to be in the range of 3 to 4.5 in averaged volumes, and 10.5 to 17 in the corresponding MIPs, at an effective patient dose of 2.8 mSv, with 4 cm of axial coverage. CONCLUSIONS: We have demonstrated the feasibility of 4D volumetric, intravenous CT subtraction angiography, in vitro, providing time-resolved, diagnostic quality 3D datasets. We were able to show time-resolved blood-flow information and high resolution local and global anatomic renderings, from a single 20-second scan, at acceptable x-ray dose. PMID- 18923255 TI - Cardiac magnetic resonance elastography. Initial results. AB - OBJECTIVES: To develop cardiac magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) for noninvasively measuring left ventricular (LV) pressure-volume (P-V) work. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The anterior chest wall of 8 healthy volunteers was vibrated by 24.3-Hz acoustic waves for stimulating oscillating shear deformation in myocardium and adjacent blood. The induced motion was recorded by an electrocardiogram-gated, vibration-synchronized and segmented gradient-recalled echo MRE sequence acquiring 360 phase-contrast wave images with a temporal resolution of 5.16 milliseconds in the short-axis view during controlled breathing. Relative changes in wave amplitudes served as a measure of LV pressure variation during the cardiac cycle. MRE pressure data were combined with LV volumes obtained from segmentation of 3D cine-steady-state free precession data sets. RESULTS: Shear wave amplitudes decreased from diastole to systole, which reflects the dynamics of myocardial shear modulus variations during the cardiac cycle. Assuming spherical shear stress, a linear relationship between myocardial stiffness and LV pressure was derived. The MRE-measured pressure was plotted as a function of LV volumes. Characteristic P-V cycles displayed an isovolumetric increase in pressure during early systole, whereas less pronounced volume conservation was observed in early diastole. Mean cardiac P-V work in all volunteers was 0.85 +/- 0.11 J. CONCLUSION: In vivo cardiac MRE is a noninvasive method for measuring pressure-related heart function determined by shear modulus variations in the LV wall. This is the first noninvasive mechanical test of cardiac work in the human heart and is potentially useful for assessing pathologies associated with increased myocardial stiffness such as diastolic dysfunction. PMID- 18923256 TI - Multidetector computed tomography in reperfused acute myocardial infarction. Assessment of infarct size and no-reflow in comparison with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. AB - OBJECTIVES: (1) To determine the accuracy of delayed enhancement multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) in measuring the extent of acute myocardial infarct and no-reflow areas using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as standard of reference and (2) to define the optimum timing between injection and MDCT image acquisition to characterize infarcted myocardium and no-reflow areas after reperfusion therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nineteen patients were prospectively included after acute myocardial infarction and revascularization. Each patient had an MDCT acquisition before and 5 and 10 minutes after injection of 1.5 mL/kg iodinated contrast medium, and a contrast-enhanced MRI at 5 and 10 minutes after injection of 0.2 mmol/kg gadolinium chelate. We assessed image quality and infarct extent using MDCT and MRI, and we measured parameters related to iodinated contrast media kinetics (DeltaHU and DeltaHU ratio). RESULTS: The areas of hyperenhanced myocardium located on the MDCT corresponded to the occluded vessel located on the coronary angiogram (kappa = 0.9). There were strong correlations between the extent of hyperenhanced infarcted myocardium on MDCT and MRI at 5 minutes (20.4% +/- 2.7% of left ventricle (LV) and 20.9% +/- 2.4%, respectively, R = 0.85; P < 0.0001) and 10 minutes after injection (21.0% +/- 2.9% of LV and 19.4% +/- 2.5%, respectively, R = 0.80; P < 0.0001). However, the correlation between the area of hypoenhanced myocardium measured using MDCT and CMR 5 minutes after injection (R = 0.86; P < 0.0001) was better than the measurement obtained 10 minutes after injection (R = 0.64; P = 0.002). On contrast-enhanced MDCT, 5 minutes after injection, the signal-to-noise ratio was significantly higher than at 10 minutes after injection in LV blood (28 +/- 1 to 21 +/- 1, respectively; P = 0.0007), normal myocardium (18 +/- 1 to 15 +/- 1; P = 0.0009), and hyperenhanced infarcted myocardium (24 +/- 1 to 20 +/- 1; P = 0.004). MDCT image quality was significantly better at 5 minutes (3.2 +/- 0.1) than at 10 minutes (2.8 +/- 0.2, P = 0.01, kappa = 0.4). The DeltaHU ratio increased slightly but significantly between 5 minutes (0.83 +/- 0.01) and 10 minutes (0.93 +/- 0.01; P = 0.01), suggesting a slow wash-in and wash-out of contrast medium in infarcted myocardium. CONCLUSION: In ST segment elevation myocardial infarction patients contrast-enhanced MDCT is an accurate method for characterizing and sizing myocardial infarct and no-reflow. Contrast-enhanced MDCT performed 5 minutes after injection yields a higher signal-to-noise ratio and image quality than the 10 minutes time point with no difference in the extent of infarct measurement. PMID- 18923257 TI - In vivo T1rho quantitative assessment of knee cartilage after anterior cruciate ligament injury using 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging. AB - OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to evaluate the spatial distribution of cartilage structure in controls and patients, and to quantitatively assess the cartilage overlying bone marrow edema-like lesion (BMEL) and within defined cartilage compartments in knees with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears using T1rho mapping technique at 3 T magnetic resonance imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The knee joints of 15 healthy controls (4 women, 11 men, mean age = 30.1 year) and 16 patients with ACL tear (5 women, 11 men, mean age = 32.5 years) who showed BMEL was studied using a 3 T GE MR scanner and a quadrature knee coil. The imaging protocol included sequences for cartilage morphology and 3D quantitative T1rho mapping. Lateral femoral condyle and medial femoral condyles compartments were partitioned into anterior and posterior nonweight-bearing (ant-nwb and postnwb) portions and weight-bearing (wb) portions in all subjects. In patients only, cartilage overlying BMEL and surrounding cartilage portions were also defined. T1rho values were quantified in cartilage overlying BMEL and surrounding compartments and in each defined compartment of the ACL-injured knees, and compared with controls. RESULTS: Significantly elevated T1rho values were found in the femoral nonweight-bearing (nwb) portions when compared with weight-bearing (wb) portions both in patients and controls. Significantly increased T1rho values were found in cartilage overlying BMEL when compared with surrounding cartilage at the lateral tibia (LT), but no difference was found in the lateral femoral condyle. CONCLUSION: T1rho mapping technique provides tools to quantitatively evaluate the cartilage matrix overlying BMEL in patients with ACL injuries. Cartilage abnormalities are already present following initial ACL injuries over the lateral tibia. Quantitative MRI can allow critical evaluation of medical and surgical treatments for ligament and degenerative conditions of the knee. PMID- 18923258 TI - Lesion localization in patients with a previous negative transrectal ultrasound biopsy and persistently elevated prostate specific antigen level using diffusion weighted imaging at three Tesla before rebiopsy. AB - OBJECTIVE: To assess the use of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) at 3 Tesla (T) for lesion localization in patients with a high risk of prostate cancer before a rebiopsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 43 patients (age range, 40-80 years; mean age, 62.6 years) who had previously undergone a transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided biopsy that was negative and continued to have a persistent elevated prostate specific antigen level underwent DWI with b = 0 s/mm and b = 1000 s/mm before a rebiopsy. We located the area of the lowest apparent diffusion coefficient values and performed a target biopsy of that area, followed by a systematic biopsy under TRUS guidance. We evaluated the cancer detection rate, tumor location, and lesion visibility on T2-weighted imaging (T2WI) in patients with biopsy-proven cancers. RESULTS: Prostate cancer was detected in 17 (39.5%) patients, and was more predominant in the transitional zone (76.4%, 13/17) than in the peripheral zone (23.6%, 4/17) (P < 0.05). Of the 17 cancers detected on DWI, 6 lesions were seen on T2WI. CONCLUSION: DWI in addition to T2WI at 3 T has the potential to provide important information on lesion localization in patients that had both previous negative TRUS biopsy and persistently elevated prostate specific antigen levels before a repeated biopsy. PMID- 18923259 TI - Diagnostic accuracy of cardiac 64-slice computed tomography in detecting atrial thrombi. Comparative study with transesophageal echocardiography and cardiac surgery. AB - OBJECTIVES: Atrial thrombi are a potential source for cerebral and peripheral emboli. Objective of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of 64 slice cardiac computed tomography (CT) for detection of atrial thrombi in comparison with transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and cardiac surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty-four patients were examined with ECG-gated multidetector CT coronary or pulmonary vein angiography. All patients underwent TEE. Cardiac surgery was performed in 31 patients. The Hounsfield units (HU) of atrial lesions were measured. RESULTS: The diagnostic accuracy of 64-slice CT for the detection of atrial thrombi was 77%: sensitivity 100% (9/9), specificity 73% (40/55), positive predictive value (PPV) 38% (9/24), and negative predictive value (NPV) 100% (40/40). All 15 false positive (FP) findings by CT were located in the left atrial appendage (LAA). Four characteristic imaging features suggesting incomplete filling of the LAA were noted in FP: "hypostatic layering," 5/15 (33%); "flow phenomenon," 9/15 (60%); "HU-run-off," 8/15 (53%); higher intralesional HU in FP when compared with thrombi (153.8 HU +/- 71 vs. 46.6 HU +/ 10; P < 0.0001). The diagnostic accuracy of CT in detecting atrial thrombi improved significantly (P = 0.03) to 86% after defining "typical filling defects" as "flow phenomenon/>180 HU" (sensitivity 100%; specificity 84%; PPV 50%; NPV 100%). On receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis, a threshold of 60.7 HU showed a specificity of 100% and a sensitivity of 86.7% to distinguish between FP and thrombi. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiac ECG-gated 64-slice CT is accurate to exclude atrial thrombi, which can be applied eg, in patients before radiofrequency (RF) ablation. Left atrial appendage "filling defects" cause a high number of false positive findings, and there are radiologic features, which are helpful to differentiate them from true thrombi. PMID- 18923260 TI - Three-dimensional ultrashort echo time imaging of solid polymers on a 3-Tesla whole-body MRI scanner. AB - OBJECTIVE: With the introduction of ultrashort echo time (UTE) sequences solid polymeric materials might become visible on clinical whole-body magnetic resonance (MR) scanners. The aim of this study was to characterize solid polymeric materials typically used for instruments in magnetic resonance guided interventions and implants. Relaxation behavior and signal yield were evaluated on a 3-Tesla whole-body MR unit. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nine different commonly used solid polymeric materials were investigated by means of a 3-dimensional (3D) UTE sequence with radial k-space sampling. The investigated polymeric samples with cylindrical shape (length, 150 mm; diameter, 30 mm) were placed in a commercial 8-channel knee coil. For assessment of transverse signal decay (T2*) images with variable echo times (TE) ranging from 0.07 milliseconds to 4.87 milliseconds were recorded. Spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) was calculated for all MR visible polymers with transverse relaxation times higher than T2* = 300 mus using an adapted method applying variable flip angles. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was calculated at the shortest achievable echo time (TE = 0.07 milliseconds) for standardized sequence parameters. All relaxation times and SNR data are given as arithmetic mean values with standard deviations derived from 5 axially oriented slices placed around the isocenter of the coil and magnet. RESULTS: Six of the 9 investigated solid polymers were visible at TE = 0.07 milliseconds. Visible solid polymers showed markedly different SNR values, ie, polyethylene SNR = 1146 +/- 41, polypropylene SNR = 60 +/- 6. Nearly mono exponential echo time dependent signal decay was observed: Transverse relaxation times differed from T2*=36 +/- 5 mus for polycarbonate to T2*=792 +/- 7 mus for polyvinylchloride (PVC). Two of the investigated solid polymers were applicable to T1 relaxation time calculation. Polyurethane had a spin-lattice relaxation time of T1 = 172 +/- 1 milliseconds, whereas PVC had T1 = 262 +/- 7 milliseconds, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A variety of solid polymers can be visualized by means of clinical whole-body MR scanners and 3D ultrashort echo time (UTE) sequences. The investigated polymers differ substantially in signal yield, signal-decay, and spin-lattice relaxation time. The knowledge of the signal behavior of solid polymers on whole-body clinical MR scanners may help to select suitable polymeric materials for instruments and implants which are visible using UTE sequences. PMID- 18923300 TI - What's new in Shock, November 2008? PMID- 18923261 TI - High spatial resolution T1-weighted MR imaging of liver and biliary tract during uptake phase of a hepatocyte-specific contrast medium. AB - OBJECTIVES: The hypothesis for this prospective study was that T1-weighted respiratory triggered high spatial resolution images of the liver acquired during the uptake phase of a hepatobiliary contrast medium are technically feasible and provide significantly improved image quality compared with breath-hold images. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An inversion recovery-prepared spoiled gradient echo sequence was developed that can be obtained with respiratory triggering. This sequence was acquired in 20 patients with a total of 41 focal liver lesions and compared with axial and coronal breath-hold spoiled gradient echo sequences. All 3 sequences were obtained in the hepatobiliary phase after intravenous injection of Gd-EOB-DTPA at a dosage of 0.025 mmol/kg of body weight. Quantitative evaluation measured the contour sharpness index of the common bile duct and calculated the relative contrast between liver lesions (common bile duct, respectively) and liver parenchyma. In the qualitative assessment, 2 readers independently scored the depiction of focal liver lesions and 3 segments of the biliary tract, the sharpness of hepatic vessels, and the level of artifacts. Statistical significance was assumed at P < 0.05. RESULTS: The respiratory triggered sequence was technically successful in all 20 patients, revealed significantly higher liver-lesion contrast, contour-sharpness index and scores for depiction of focal liver lesions, biliary tree, and sharpness of hepatic vessels compared with the respective breath-hold sequence. The relative contrast between the common bile duct and the liver parenchyma was significantly higher for the coronal breath-hold sequence compared with the respiratory-triggered sequence. No significant difference was found with respect to the level of artifacts. The 2 readers agreed in 77.9% of the qualitative assessments. CONCLUSIONS: T1-weighted respiratory triggered high spatial resolution images obtained in the hepatobiliary phase are technically feasible and significantly improve the image quality compared with breath-hold images. PMID- 18923301 TI - Alpha-lipoic acid attenuates hemorrhagic shock-induced apoptotic signaling and vascular hyperpermeability. AB - Hemorrhagic shock (HS) is associated with the disruption of endothelial cell barrier leading to vascular hyperpermeability. Previous studies from our laboratory implicate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the intrinsic apoptotic signaling cascades as mediators of vascular hyperpermeability after HS. Here we report the protective effects of alpha-lipoic acid, a natural antioxidant with antiapoptotic properties, against vascular hyperpermeability after HS. Hemorrhagic shock was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by withdrawing blood to reduce the MAP to 40 mmHg for 60 min followed by resuscitation for 60 min. The rats were given fluorescein isothiocyanate-albumin (50 mg/kg) i.v., and the mesenteric postcapillary venules were examined for change in hyperpermeability using intravital microscopy. Mitochondrial ROS formation and change in mitochondrial transmembrane potential were measured using dihydrorhodamine 123 and the cationic dye JC-1, respectively. The mitochondrial release of cytochrome c and activation of caspase 3 were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and fluorometric assay, respectively. Hemorrhagic shock resulted in vascular hyperpermeability and mitochondrial ROS formation. The activation of mitochondrial intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway was evidenced from mitochondrial depolarization, an increase in cytochrome c release, and activation of caspase 3. alpha-Lipoic acid (100 mg/kg) given before the shock period attenuated vascular hyperpermeability, mitochondrial ROS formation, mitochondrial depolarization, cytochrome c release, and activation of caspase 3 (P < 0.05). Together, these results demonstrate that alpha-lipoic acid provides protection against vascular hyperpermeability by modulating the mitochondrial "intrinsic" apoptotic signaling. PMID- 18923302 TI - Pyruvate is superior to chloride in hypertonic saline in resuscitation. PMID- 18923304 TI - The distribution of tissue damage in the spinal cord is influenced by the contusion velocity. AB - STUDY DESIGN: A rat model of thoracic spinal cord contusion was used to examine the effect of velocity on the primary injury. OBJECTIVES: The overall objective of this study was to determine the effect of the contusion velocity (slow vs. fast) on damage to the spinal cord immediately following mechanical injury. Secondary objectives were to demarcate between damage in the gray and white matters and to observe damage to the mechanical elements of the neurons (i.e., neurofilaments). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Although studies have explored the effect of impact velocity on spinal cord damage and functional deficits, no study has addressed regional tissue damage of the primary injury (e.g., between the gray and white matter) as a function of velocity. METHODS: A modified Spinal Cord Injury Research System generated 1 mm contusions in 24 male, Sprague-Dawley rats (210-320 g) at T10, using slow (3 mm/s) and fast (300 mm/s) velocities. The primary lesion (<2 minutes postinjury) was assessed using hematoxylin and eosin staining for hemorrhage volume and immunostaining for nonphosphorylated heavy neurofilament damage. RESULTS: The volume of hemorrhage in the white matter was significantly increased following fast impact (fast = 0.61 mm3, slow = 0.24 mm3, P = 0.013) whereas the total hemorrhage volume (fast = 1.51 mm, slow = 1.21 mm, P = 0.22) showed no effect. Complete axonal disruption was evident in the fast injury group around the injury epicenter. A significant increase in nonphosphorylated neurofilament staining (P = 0.013) was observed for fast impacts. Hemorrhage in the gray matter was similar between the slow and fast groups, but an increase in neurofilament dephosphorylation was observed in the gray matter following fast contusion (P = 0.03). CONCLUSION: We conclude that contusion velocity has an effect on the magnitude of injury within the white matter during spinal cord injury and the amount of neuronal damage in the gray matter. The results of this study demonstrate the importance of including high impact velocity as a variable in models of spinal cord injury. PMID- 18923305 TI - Biomechanical evaluation of an interspinous stabilizing device, Locker. AB - STUDY DESIGN: A biomechanical study. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the biomechanical properties of a novel dynamic interspinous device named Locke SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: There has been no biomechanical study on this device. METHODS: Five human cadaveric lumbar spine specimens (L2-S1) were tested in the following sequence: (1) intact state; (2) after removal of the interspinous ligaments of L3 L4; (3) after application of the Locker at the interspinous space; (4) after destabilization of the L3-L4 motion segments; and (5) after reapplication of the Locker to the destabilized segments. Range of motion (ROM) and intradiscal pressure were measured by a video-based motion capture system and needle transducers. RESULTS: Applied to the intact spine, the Locker significantly reduced the ROM of the segment in extension and flexion without significant effect on lateral bending and/or axial rotation. When applied to the destabilized segment, it significantly reduced the ROM in all directions of movement except in axial rotation, where it failed to restore the ROM of the segment. The ROM of adjacent segments was not significantly affected by the application of the Locker. Pressures at the posterior anulus and central nucleus were decreased by application of the Locker. CONCLUSION: The Locker showed a significant stabilizing effect on the spinal motion segment both in the intact and destabilized spine without any significant effect on adjacent segments. It also decreased the pressures of the posterior anulus and central nucleus significantly. However, in the destabilized spine, it showed no stabilizing effect in axial rotation. This biomechanical property should be considered in clinical application. PMID- 18923306 TI - Effects of facetectomy and crosslink augmentation on motion segment flexibility in posterior lumbar interbody fusion. AB - STUDY DESIGN: Biomechanical assessment using calf lumbar motion segments. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether facetectomy affects the primary stability of posterior lumbar interbody fusion. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: To improve visualization and access to the disc space, the facet joints frequently are removed. Previous biomechanical studies have indicated a fundamental role for the facet joints in maintaining spinal segment stability. METHODS: Single motion segments from calf lumbar spines were tested for pure-moment flexibility in flexion-extension (FE), lateral bending (LB), and axial rotation (AR). After testing intact, an interbody cage and pedicle screw system were implanted. Next, a bilateral facetectomy was performed, and finally a crosslink was added. Flexibility testing was repeated at each stage of implantation. Data are reported for range of motion (ROM), neutral zone (NZ), and a new compliance parameter (COM), based on the slopes of the moment-angle curve in the neutral and elastic regions. RESULTS: With posterior lumbar interbody fusion implantation, ROM in FE was reduced 82% +/- 4% (mean +/- standard deviation) and NZ 78% +/- 7% over intact (P < 0.015: Wilcoxon). Reduction in LB was slightly more, whereas reduction in AR was considerably less and did not achieve statistical significance for NZ. After facetectomy, ROM in FE increased 0.3 degrees (P < 0.05), on average, and NZ did not change. In LB neither changed significantly. In AR, ROM increased 0.6 degrees (P < 0.05), and NZ increased 0.2 degrees (P < 0.05). The addition of a crosslink changed ROM and NZ less than 0.1 degrees in FE and LB, whereas in AR it restored half of the stability lost due to facetectomy in ROM (P < 0.05), and had a similar trendwise effect on NZ. The new compliance measure, COM, was found to agree with the direction of change in ROM more consistently than did NZ. CONCLUSION: Facetectomy causes a nominal increase in ROM and NZ in FE and LB, which are not affected by the addition of a crosslink. Although the effect of facetectomy is greater in AR-and crosslink has a measurable restoring effect-all differences are within a few tenths of a degree under this loading paradigm. Thus, the clinical utility of adding a crosslink may not be justified based on these small biomechanical changes. COM can serve as a complement to ROM and NZ, or even as a surrogate when its 2 components are reported together, as it shows strong agreement with ROM, effectively distinguishes between lax and elastic region behaviors, and provides a measure of flexibility independent of the load range. PMID- 18923307 TI - Comparison of reliability between the PUMC and Lenke classification systems for classifying adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. AB - STUDY DESIGN: Comparison of 2 radiographic scoliosis classification systems by multiple surgeons. OBJECTIVE: Compare the reliability of Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) and Lenke scoliosis classification systems and analyze their differences. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The PUMC classification is a newly reported system based on radiographic measurements with recent popularity, while the Lenke classification is widely accepted worldwide in surgical design. Both these classification systems have their own individual characteristics, hence it is necessary to compare their reliability. METHODS: Five scoliosis surgeons independently evaluated and classified presurgical radiographs of 62 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients based on the PUMC and Lenke classification systems on 2 separate occasions. Radiographs were cleaned before each evaluation. Inter- and intraobserver reliabilities were quantified using Kappa statistics. Data were compared using chi2 analysis. RESULTS: The PUMC classification's inter- and intraobserver percentage of agreement averaged to 91.0% (Kappa coefficient 0.896) and 90.2% (Kappa coefficient 0.892), respectively. While those of the Lenke curve type classification were 86.5% (Kappa coefficient 0.808) and 87.4% (Kappa coefficient 0.826). The PUMC classification from 10 individual measurements had 17 cases (27.4%) of disagreements, while in the Lenke curve type classification, 24 cases (38.7%) had disagreements. PUMC classification normally has discrepancies between type IIb, IIc, and IId, while Lenke classification has discrepancies in curve types 1 and 2. Out of 17 inconsistent PUMC curve type cases, 7 did not affect surgical fusion levels, while in the Lenke's only 2 out of 24 cases with discrepancies did not affect fusion range selection, with an obvious statistical difference. CONCLUSION: The reliability of both PUMC classification and Lenke curve type classification were categorized as good-to excellent. PUMC classification is relatively simple, with less confusion among inter- and intraobservers, with corresponding surgical fusion guidance and planning. The mismatch of curve classification had less influence on PUMC's fusion range selection than Lenke's. PMID- 18923308 TI - Unusual association of tethered cord, filum terminale lipoma, and myxopapillary ependymoma. AB - STUDY DESIGN: Case report. OBJECTIVE: We report a 67-year old man with a known filum terminale lipoma causing a tethered cord extending to the subcutaneous fat tissue and a newly diagnosed concomitant ependymoma, revealed on lumbar magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The coexistence of filum terminale lipoma and ependymoma is very rare. The underlying reason of this coexistence is still unknown. The patients with known filar lipoma causing a tethered cord can be underdiagnosed clinically even though new symptoms develop. METHODS: Case study with lumbar MRI. RESULTS: The patient was operated, and both of the ependymoma and filum terminale lipoma were removed. The pathologic examination was consistent with the MRI findings. Three months after surgery, the patient improved significantly. CONCLUSION: The coexistence of filum terminale lipoma and ependymoma is rare. Patients with relevant symptoms may be referred for an MRI study; however, especially patients with known filar lipomas causing tethered cord may be missed. Therefore, including these patients, a contrast enhanced lumbar MRI must be performed to exclude any coexistence of filum terminale lipoma and ependymoma in the early course of the disease which can also help the surgeon in guiding the appropriate treatment. PMID- 18923309 TI - Evaluation and management of abdominal lymphoceles after anterior lumbar spine surgery. AB - STUDY DESIGN: Case report. OBJECTIVE: To examine the management of abdominal lymphoceles after anterior spine surgery and to review the existing literature on lymphoceles after access to the spine. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Abdominal lymphoceles are a rare complication of anterior spinal approaches. METHODS: Case report and review of the literature. RESULTS: In this article, we describe the management of 2 lymphoceles. In the first case, immediate operative drainage was required because of worsening abdominal pain and distention. In the second patient, conservative management was attempted, but the lymphocele ultimately persisted and required surgical intervention. CONCLUSION: Lymphoceles are often difficult to distinguish from ureteral injury, cerebrospinal fluid-leaks and hematomas using conventional imaging techniques. Although surgery remains the gold standard for the treatment of lymphoceles, expectant observation may be reasonable in some situations. PMID- 18923311 TI - The effectiveness of manual physical therapy and exercise for mechanical neck pain: a randomized clinical trial. AB - STUDY DESIGN: Randomized clinical trial. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of manual physical therapy and exercise (MTE) for mechanical neck pain with or without unilateral upper extremity (UE) symptoms, as compared to a minimal intervention (MIN) approach. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Mounting evidence supports the use of manual therapy and exercise for mechanical neck pain, but no studies have directly assessed its effectiveness for UE symptoms. METHODS: A total of 94 patients referred to 3 physical therapy clinics with a primary complaint of mechanical neck pain, with or without unilateral UE symptoms, were randomized to receive MTE or a MIN approach of advice, motion exercise, and subtherapeutic ultrasound. Primary outcomes were the neck disability index, cervical and UE pain visual analog scales (VAS), and patient-perceived global rating of change assessed at 3-, 6-, and 52-weeks. Secondary measures included treatment success rates and post-treatment healthcare utilization. RESULTS: The MTE group demonstrated significantly larger reductions in short- and long-term neck disability index scores (mean 1-year difference -5.1, 95% confidence intervals (CI) -8.1 to -2.1; P = 0.001) and short-term cervical VAS scores (mean 6-week difference -14.2, 95% CI -22.7 to -5.6; P = 0.001) as compared to the MIN group. The MTE group also demonstrated significant within group reductions in short- and long-term UE VAS scores at all time periods (mean 1-year difference 16.3, 95% CI -23.1 to -9.5; P = 0.000). At 1-year, patient perceived treatment success was reported by 62% (29 of 47) of the MTE group and 32% (15 of 47) of the MIN group (P = 0.004). CONCLUSION: An impairment-based MTE program resulted in clinically and statistically significant short- and long-term improvements in pain, disability, and patient-perceived recovery in patients with mechanical neck pain when compared to a program comprising advice, a mobility exercise, and subtherapeutic ultrasound. PMID- 18923312 TI - Therapeutic effect of intrathecal morphine after posterior lumbar interbody fusion surgery: a prospective, double-blind, randomized study. AB - STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy and safety of 0.4 mg intrathecal morphine for postoperative pain control after posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) surgery. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Multiple studies have established the technique of intrathecal morphine analgesia in a wide variety of clinical settings. Several trials were conducted in patients undergoing spine surgery, generally supporting the efficacy for this type of surgery. Many exhibit methodologic problems with dosing regimes or study design. METHODS: After the institutional review board-approval and written informed consent, 52 patients scheduled for PLIF-surgery were enrolled, of whom 46 could be analyzed. Patients were randomized to receive 0.4 mg morphine (M-group) or normal saline (P-group) intrathecally under direct vision before the end of surgery. Additionally, all patients received a piritramide patient-controlled-analgesia for individual pain control. Measures included visual analog scale-scores and blood-gas analysis over 20 hours after surgery. Morphine associated side effects and complications were recorded. RESULTS: Visual analog scale-scores at rest and when the patients bent their legs were comparable between groups throughout the observation period, only being significantly lower in the M-group at rest 4 and 8 hours after surgery. Cumulative piritramide patient-controlled-analgesia requirements were significantly lower in the M-group throughout the observed 20 hours after surgery. Patients of the M-group were experiencing mild respiratory depression 4 hours after surgery not demanding any intervention, though. With respect to other morphine associated side effects or complications, there was no difference between the study groups. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated the efficacy of 0.4 mg intrathecal morphine after PLIF-surgery as indicated by a significantly lower cumulative piritramide requirement without any serious increase of opioid associated side effects. Therefore, morphine in a dose of 0.4 mg administered intrathecally seems to be a viable alternative therapeutic option to provide postoperative analgesia with PLIF-surgery. PMID- 18923313 TI - A repeatable ex vivo model of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis. AB - STUDY DESIGN: An ex vivo biomechanical study using porcine spinal segments. OBJECTIVE: To produce a biomechanical model of both spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis using an accelerated cyclic loading model with intermittent impulse loads. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Only a few models of spondylolisthesis appropriate for biomechanical testing have been presented previously. Past modeling attempts have largely required nonphysiologic gross fracture of the pars before testing and have resulted in nonphysiologic endplate fracture. In these tests no clinically relevant spondylolisthesis was seen at the end of testing. A reproducible, clinically relevant model of both spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis would allow study of these disease processes, and facilitate the development and evaluation of advanced spinal implants optimized specifically for these pathologies. METHODS: Five porcine lumbar functional spinal units were tested (2 L4-L5, 3 L6-S1) after small notches had been created in the pars and after the disc had specific collagen fibers in the anterior anulus sectioned. Specimens were loaded with a constant cranial-caudal compressive force of 300 N and the application of cyclic anterior shear loads between 300 and 600 N with intermittent impulse loads to 1500 N until pars fracture occurred. Elevated cyclic loading then continued between 500 and 800 N. RESULTS: All specimens displayed bilateral pars fracture with the fractures passing through the points of notching and no damage to endplates or facet joints. Clinically-relevant Grade II spondylolisthesis was achieved in all 5 specimens. The mean slip at the conclusion of testing was 33%. CONCLUSION: Cyclic shear loading with intermittent impulse loads can reliably create fracture in the pars interarticularis in ex vivo porcine spine segments. Subsequent cyclic anterior motion of the superior vertebra results in clinically-relevant spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis. PMID- 18923314 TI - Insulin potentiates the proliferation and bone morphogenetic protein-2-induced osteogenic differentiation of rat spinal ligament cells via extracellular signal regulated kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. AB - STUDY DESIGN: This study was designed to confirm the correlation of hyperinsulinemia with ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) of the cervical spine in vitro. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of insulin on the proliferation, collagen synthesis, and osteogenic differentiation of isolated rat spinal ligament cell in the presence or absence of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is an independent risk factor for the onset of OPLL, but the mechanism is still unknown. We have hypothesized that insulin may exert direct effects on the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of spinal ligament cells. METHODS: Cells isolated from rat spinal ligaments were stimulated by different concentrations of insulin in the presence or absence of BMP-2. The proliferation of the cell was measured by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromid (MTT) and direct cell counting and the procollagen type I amino-terminal peptide was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The gene expressions of insulin receptor, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin and Runx2 were examined by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. PI3-K/Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) were analyzed by western blotting. RESULTS: Insulin positively regulated the expression of its receptor in the cells and stimulated the proliferation of the cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Insulin alone did not affect the synthesis of procollagen type I amino terminal peptide synthesis or osteogenesis differentiation in the cells. However, high concentration of insulin (1000 nmol/L) significantly promoted BMP-2-induced alkaline phosphatase expression and activation, which was associated with the up regulation of PI3-K/Akt and down-regulation of ERK in the cells. CONCLUSION: Hyperinsulinemia may contribute to the onset and progression of OPLL in subjects with noninsu-lin-dependent diabetes mellitus by stimulating the proliferation and BMP-2-induced osteogenic differentiation of ligament cells via the activation of insulin receptor and PI3-K/Akt pathway and the suppression of ERK. PMID- 18923315 TI - Axial and coronal orientation of subaxial cervical zygapophysial joints and their effect on axial rotation and lateral bending. AB - STUDY DESIGN: Computerized tomography and image processing methodologies were used to analyze the axial and coronal orientation of cervical zygapophysial joints in asymptomatic adults. Surface motions of axial rotation and lateral bending were simulated. OBJECTIVE: The study was designed to obtain the normal distribution and variation of facet orientation (FO) in axial and coronal planes to investigate factors affecting FO and to study the effects of FO on axial rotation and lateral bending. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The FO of the subaxial cervical spine is usually evaluated in the sagittal plane. Cervical spine axial and coronal FO is usually considered to be horizontal. The literature reveals no statistical data for axial or coronal FO. METHODS: Serial thin-sliced computed tomography scans of the cervical spine in asymptomatic adults were input into Image J, National Institutes of Health, image processing software. Bilateral zygapophysial joint angles from C2-C3 to C6-C7 were measured in the axial and coronal planes and collected from 100 subjects. The effect of gender, age, and correlation was analyzed. The surface motions of axial rotation and lateral bending were simulated in Abaqus CAE 6.5. Mathematical facet contact and range of motion were computed. RESULTS: The FO was widely distributed at each level. Gender had no significant association with FO. Age affected FO at most levels. Axial and coronal FO were significantly correlated. The zygapophysial joint of internally rotated/inverted FO contacted more perpendicularly to each other, and mathematical range of motion was smaller. CONCLUSION: The axial or coronal FO of the subaxial cervical spine was found with more variability. Age was significantly related to FO. Geometrically, internally rotated/inverted FO of axial rotation/lateral bending was morerestricted. The extent of axial rotation and lateral bending was correlated with each other. PMID- 18923316 TI - A biomechanical evaluation of three revision screw strategies for failed lateral mass fixation. AB - STUDY DESIGN: This is a biomechanical study evaluating 3 revision strategies for failed cervical lateral mass screw fixation. OBJECTIVE: Our primary objective was to compare, following a Magerl trajectory screw failure in the subaxial cervical spine, the pullout strength of (1) a revision screw in the same trajectory, (2) a Roy-Camille trajectory, and (3) pedicle screw fixation. We additionally analyzed the contributions of bone mineral density (BMD) and peak insertional torque to pullout strength. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Biomechanical studies that have examined revision screw strategies for lateral mass fixation have found either unsatisfactory or highly variable performance. METHODS: Fresh frozen cervical spinal segments were harvested and BMD testing performed. Bicortical (3.5-mm Vertex) lateral mass screws were placed in a Magerl trajectory in 57 fresh frozen human subaxial cervical vertebrae. All screws were then stripped and revision screws (4.0-mm Vertex) placed using either the same screw path or conversion to a Roy-Camille trajectory. In line pullout testing was performed on each of the revision screws (57 in Magerl revision group, 55 in Roy-Camille). Specimens that had not fractured during testing then had cervical pedicle screws (3.5-mm Vertex) placed and in-line pullout testing repeated (64 pedicles were instrumented) The pullout failure results of the Magerl revision, Roy-Camille revision, and pedicle screw revision groups were compared. RESULTS: No significant difference was noted in insertional torque (0.28-Nm Magerl, 0.35 Nm Roy-Camille, P > 0.05) or pullout (382-N Magerl, 351 N Roy-Camille, P > 0.05) between the Magerl and Roy-Camille revision groups. Pedicle screw revision had greater pullout strength (566 N) when compared with either the Magerl (382 N) or Roy-Camille (351 N) revision groups (P < 0.01) but also had a 20% pedicle wall breech rate by visual inspection. Insertional torque and pullout strength increased with increased BMD and were significantly correlated in all 3 revision groups (P < 0.05). Similarly, increased BMD was associated with increased pullout strength as demonstrated by the significant positive correlation (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Conversion of a stripped lateral mass screw to an alternate trajectory appears to offer no biomechanical advantage over placement of an increased diameter salvage screw using the same trajectory. Pedicle screw fixation provides superior biomechanical fixation but was associated with a significant breech rate. PMID- 18923317 TI - Anatomical variations of the vertebral artery segment in the lower cervical spine: analysis by three-dimensional computed tomography angiography. AB - STUDY DESIGN: Observational study with retrospective computerized tomography (CT) angiography analysis. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to examine the vertebral artery's course in the V2 segment and define the anatomic variations in the adult population using CT angiography. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The V2 segment of the vertebral artery (VA) usually extends from the transverse processes of C6-C2; however, the presence of abnormal VA course has been reported. These variations may predispose a patient to higher risk of iatrogenic vascular injury during anterior cervical surgery. METHODS: Retrospectively, 700 vertebral arteries on 350 three-dimensional CT angiographies were analyzed. Measurements were taken describing the relationship between the extraosseous portions of the VA to surgical landmarks. In addition, the diameter of the transverse foramen was measured on axial CT images. RESULTS: The VA entered the C6 transverse process in 94.9% of the specimens (664 out of 700 VA courses). Abnormal VA entrance was observed in 5.1% of the specimens (36 VA courses), with entrance into the C4, C5, or C7 transverse foramen 1.6%, 3.3%, and 0.3%, respectively.In 2 of 36 cases (5.6%) of abnormal VA entrance, the extraosseous VA formed an unusual medial loop, and the center of VA was positioned medial to the longus colli muscle. Furthermore, transverse foramens filled with VA were significantly larger than unfilled foramens (P < 0.01), but there was no significant difference between the C7 unfilled foraminal area and unfilled foraminal area above C7 (P = 0.768). CONCLUSION: The present study confirms the presence of anomalous VA routes in the V2 segment. A preoperativethree dimensional computerized tomography (CT) angiography with axial images may be useful to identify the presence of an anomalous V2 route when suspected on magnetic resonance imaging or CT. Delineation of this anomaly may reduce the risk of intraoperative VA injury. PMID- 18923318 TI - Catastrophizing and causal beliefs in whiplash. AB - STUDY DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. OBJECTIVE: This study investigates the role of pain catastrophizing and causal beliefs with regard to severity and persistence of neck complaints after motor vehicle accidents. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA.: In previous research on low back pain, somatoform disorders and chronic fatigue syndrome, pain catastrophizing and causal beliefs were found to be related to perceived disability and prognosis. Furthermore, it has been argued with respect to whiplash that culturally dependent symptom expectations are responsible for a chronic course. METHODS: Individuals involved in traffic accidents who initiated compensation claim procedures with a Dutch insurance company were sent questionnaires (Q1) containing the Neck Disability Index, the Pain Catastrophizing Scale, and the Causal Beliefs Questionnaire-Whiplash. Of 1252 questionnaires dispatched, 747 (59.7%) were returned. Only car occupants with neck complaints were included in this study (n = 140). Complaints were monitored using additional questionnaires administered 6 (Q2) and 12 months (Q3) after the accident. RESULTS: Pain catastrophizing and causal beliefs were related to the severity of concurrent whiplash disability. The severity of initial complaints was related to the severity and persistence of whiplash complaints. Attributing initial neck complaints to whiplash was found to predict the persistence of disability at 6 and 12 months follow-up, over and above the severity of the initial complaints. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that causal beliefs may play a major role in the perceived disability and course of neck complaints after motor vehicle accidents, whereas pain catastrophizing is predominantly related to concurrent disability.The current findings are consistent with the view that an early conviction that neck complaints are caused by the medico-cultural entity whiplash has a detrimental effect on the course of symptoms. PMID- 18923320 TI - Bone metabolism in postmenopausal women with lumbar spinal stenosis: analysis of bone mineral density and bone turnover markers. AB - STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. OBJECTIVE: To investigate bone mineral density (BMD) and the change of bone turnover rate in postmenopausal women with lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Symptomatic LSS prevents elderly patients from performing daily activities because of back pain and neurogenic claudication. Walking intolerance due to neurologic claudication might have a negative effect on bone metabolism and BMD. However, there has been no study on the relationship between LSS and bone metabolism, especially on bone turnover rate. METHODS: Sixty-seven patients were in the LSS group. As a control group, 67 age- and weight-matched subjects were selected. In both groups, BMD, bone turnover markers, vitamin D, severity of knee osteoarthritis, and demographic data were obtained. In the LSS group, walking distance without rest was also recorded. BMD, bone turnover markers, vitamin D, and severity of knee osteoarthritis were compared between the two groups. In the LSS group, the correlation between walking intolerance and bone turnover markers was also analyzed. RESULTS: In the LSS group, urinary N-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (u-NTx) and alkaline phosphatase were significantly elevated when compared with those of the control group (P < 0.05). However, BMD was significantly low in the control group in all of the measured sites (P < 0.05). In the LSS group, neither bone markers nor BMD were correlated with the extent of walking difficulty. CONCLUSION: Our study highlights the fact that limited physical activity results in high bone turnover rate in patients with LSS. PMID- 18923321 TI - Significance of perianular enhancement associated with anular tears on magnetic resonance imagings in diagnosis of radiculopathy. AB - STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and clinical findings about chemical radiculitis-associated anular tear in patients with radiculopathy. OBJECTIVE: To investigate MRI findings of the chemical radiculitis caused by anular tears and to determine whether chemical radiculitis detected by MRI is the cause of radiculopathy. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Many studies document that irritation of adjacent nerve roots by a chemical mediator of inflammation from the nucleus pulposus may result in radiculopathy. Computed tomography (CT) discography may be the best examination for diagnosing discogenic chemical radiculitis but is too invasive. A reliable imaging method for replacing invasive provocative CT discography and diagnosing chemical radiculitis is required. METHODS: The study population consisted of 12 patients with pain referred to leg(s) with or without low back pain who underwent lumbar spine MRI. All cases of our study demonstrated perianular enhancement caused by chemical radiculitis associated with anular tears. Patterns and locations of perianular enhancement adjacent to anular tears on MRI were assessed. MRI findings were compared with clinical symptoms and/or provocative transforaminal epidural injection (n = 6). For documentation of the relationship between perianular enhancement and radiculopathy, provocative CT discography was performed in 2 cases. RESULTS: Perianular enhancement associated with anular tears revealed thick linear patterns (2.5-7 mm thickness) along margins of anular tears on contrast enhanced axial T1-weighted images with fat suppression. Locations of perianular enhancement adjacent to anular tears were at foraminal (n = 6) and extraforaminal portions (n = 6). CT discography showed a leak of contrast from anular tear to the perianular regions. Pain reproduction at contrast leak level during discography showed concordant pain. There was an apparent correlation between perianular enhancement on MRI and clinical symptoms or provocative epidural nerve root injection in all cases. CONCLUSION: The perianular enhancement adjacent to anular tears on MRI may be relevant in the diagnosis of symptomatic chemical radiculitis. PMID- 18923322 TI - Posterior component impingement after lumbar total disc replacement: a radiographic analysis of 66 ProDisc-L prostheses in 56 patients. AB - STUDY DESIGN: Radiographic evaluation of lumbar total disc replacement (TDR). OBJECTIVES: To assess radiographically segmental angulation and mobility after lumbar TDR, to determine the rate of posterior component impingement, and to investigate the influence of implantation level and mono- versus bi-segmental implantations. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Polyethylene (PE)-wear can lead to inferior outcome after lumbar TDR due to aseptic loosening. One contributing factor might be increased segmental lordosis with component impingement. METHODS: Fifty-six consecutive patients with 66 ProDisc-L (Synthes Spine, Solothurn, CH) prostheses (46 mono-segmental, 10 bi-segmental) were evaluated radiographically. All prostheses had 6 degrees intrinsic angulation and a 10 mm PE-inlay. Segmental angulation and extension range of motion was measured twice on standing radiographs (neutral position and maximum extension) using the spike method. Component impingement was assumed if angulation of the prosthesis fins was >16 degrees . Intraobserver variability was assessed using Pearson correlation coefficient and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). RESULTS: The average angulation in neutral position was 9.9 degrees (+/-4.8 degrees ) and 9.9 degrees (+/-4.9 degrees ) at first and second measurement, respectively. In maximum extension it was 11.3 degrees (+/-4.9 degrees ) and 11 degrees (+/-4.9 degrees ). Pearson correlation coefficient suggested near perfect agreement (0.99) for measurement of angulation and good agreement for range of motion measurement (0.85). Ninety five percent CI was +/-1.2 degrees and +/-1.4 degrees , respectively. Data were interpreted using absolute measurements (AM) and 95% CI, suggesting impingement if segmental angulation was >16 degrees (AM) and >17.2 degrees (95% CI). Regarding neutral position, 11% (AM) and 5% (95% CI) of the artificial discs showed component impingement. In extension, this increased to 15% (AM) and 9% (95% CI), respectively. Impingement was more frequent at L4/5 and in bi-segmental implantations. Extension according to AM was maintained in 52 prostheses (79%) with on average 1.4 degrees +/- 1.1 degrees . According to the 95% CI, which required a change of >1.4 degrees , extension was seen in 21 prostheses (32%) with on average 2.5 degrees +/- 1 degrees. CONCLUSION: Posterior component impingement was seen in a considerable number of implants. With regard to potential consequences like PE-wear, further studies are needed to investigate the correlation between radiographic and clinical findings. PMID- 18923324 TI - Clinimetric testing of three self-report outcome measures for low back pain patients in Brazil: which one is the best? AB - STUDY DESIGN: Translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and clinimetric testing of self-report outcome measures. OBJECTIVE: The aims of this investigation were to perform the translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Patient-Specific Functional Scale (PSFS) into Brazilian-Portuguese and to perform a head-to-head comparison of the clinimetric properties of the Brazilian-Portuguese versions of the PSFS, the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) and the Functional Rating Index (FRI). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: To date, there is no Brazilian Portuguese version of the PSFS available and no head-to-head comparison of the Brazilian-Portuguese versions of the PSFS, RMDQ, and FRI has been undertaken. METHODS: The PSFS was translated and adapted into Brazilian-Portuguese. The PSFS, the RMDQ, and the FRI were administered to 99 patients with low back pain to evaluate internal consistency, reproducibility, ceiling and floor effects, construct validity, internal and external responsiveness. To fully test the construct validity and external responsiveness of these measures, it was necessary to cross-culturally adapt the Pain Numerical Rating Scale and the Global Perceived Effect Scale. RESULTS: All measures demonstrated high levels of internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha range = 0.88-0.90) and reproducibility (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient 2,1 range = 0.85-0.94). High correlations among the disability-related measures were observed (Pearson's r ranging from 0.51 to 0.71). No ceiling or floor effects were detected. The PSFS was consistently more responsive than the other measures in both the internal responsiveness and external responsiveness analyses. CONCLUSION: The results from this study demonstrate that the Brazilian-Portuguese versions of the RMDQ, the FRI and the PSFS have similar clinimetric properties to each other and to the original English versions. Of allthe measures tested in this study the PSFS seems the most responsive. These measures will enable international comparisons to be performed, and encourage researchers to include Portuguese speakers in their clinical trials. PMID- 18923325 TI - Sciatica: review of epidemiological studies and prevalence estimates. AB - STUDY DESIGN: Review of studies on sciatica prevalence and synthesis of available evidence. OBJECTIVE: To assess the studies on sciatica prevalence, discuss reasons for variation in estimates, provide suggestions for improving accuracy of recording sciatica in epidemiological and outcome studies so as to enable better evaluation of natural history and treatment effect in the presence of low back pain related sciatica. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Sciatica is a common cause of pain and disability. It is more persistent and severe than low back pain, has a less favorable outcome and consumes more health resources. However, sciatica prevalence rates reported in different studies and reviews vary considerably and provide no clear picture about sciatica prevalence. METHODS: A literature search of all English language peer reviewed publications was conducted using Medline, EMBASE, and CINAHL for the years 1980-2006. Two reviewers extracted data on sciatica prevalence and definitions from the identified articles. RESULTS: Of the papers retrieved, 23 were included in the review. Only 2 studies out of the 23 used clinical assessment for assessing sciatic symptoms, and definitions of sciatica varied widely. Sciatica prevalence from different studies ranged from 1.2% to 43%. CONCLUSION: Sciatica prevalence estimates vary considerably between studies. This may be due to differences in definitions, methods of data collection and perhaps populations studied. Suggestions are made on how to improve accuracy of capturing sciatica in epidemiological studies. PMID- 18923326 TI - Is aggressive surgery necessary for acute postoperative deep spinal wound infection? AB - STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective study of the clinical results of conservative treatment of patients with acute postoperative deep spinal infection. OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of antibiotic only treatment of postoperative deep spinal infection. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Traditionally, aggressive surgical treatment combined with antibiotics has been viewed as the gold standard for treating postoperative deep spinal infection. There are, however, disadvantages to surgical treatment including higher treatment cost, multiple anesthesia and surgeries, and the risk of perioperative morbidity and mortality particularly in immunocompromised patients. Although many new antibiotics and new methods of antibiotic treatment have recently become available, the role of conservative treatment using antibiotics alone to treat postoperative acute infection has not yet been determined. METHODS: Ten consecutive patients with acute postoperative spinal infection were treated using antibiotics alone. The mean onset of the symptoms of infection after surgery was 15.4 days (range, 5-18 days). Seven patients had purulent wound drainage; 3 had healed wounds without discharge. Bacterial culture of the discharge showed methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (1 patient), methicillin-resistant coagulase negative Staphylococcus (4 patients), methicillin-sensitive coagulase negative Staphylococcus (1 patient). One patient had a negative culture. Patients with wound drainage were treated with intravenous vancomycin or teicoplamin for 4 to 6 weeks followed by oral antibiotics (quinolone with/without rifampin) for 1 to 3 months. All other patients were treated with oral antibiotics for 3 months. RESULTS: One patient could not complete treatment because of allergy to antibiotics. Infection was controlled in the remaining patients without surgical intervention and did not reoccur. All wound drainage ceased within 2 weeks. The C-reactive protein level of most patients returned to normal range within 10 weeks. CONCLUSION: Antibiotic treatment alone may be effective in the treatment of acute postoperative spinal infection when diagnosis is prompt. Aggressive surgery may be not necessary and may be reserved for patients who fail conservative treatment. PMID- 18923327 TI - Hydatid disease of the spine. PMID- 18923328 TI - Re: two-year outcome after lumbar microdiscectomy versus microscopic sequestrectomy: part 2: radiographic evaluation and correlation with clinical outcome. PMID- 18923330 TI - Rehabilitation and medical management of the adult with spina bifida. AB - .As the life expectancy of individuals with spina bifida increases, a lifelong need for management of many health issues in a rehabilitation setting has emerged in recent years. Physiatrists, in consultation with a variety of adult specialists, are particularly well suited to manage the common musculoskeletal, skin, bowel, bladder, renal, neurological, and other issues that arise in the adult population. This article reviews the last 20 yrs of literature pertinent to the rehabilitative care of this population, summarizes current evidence-based practice, and identifies key areas in which scientific evidence is lacking and future research is needed. PMID- 18923331 TI - Home outdoor NO2 and new onset of self-reported asthma in adults. AB - BACKGROUND: Few studies have investigated new onset of asthma in adults in relation to air pollution. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between modeled background levels of traffic-related air pollution at the subjects' home addresses and self-reported asthma incidence in a European adult population. METHODS: Adults from the European Respiratory Health Survey were included (n = 4185 from 17 cities). Subjects' home addresses were geocoded and linked to outdoor nitrogen dioxide (NO2) estimates, as a marker of local traffic-related pollution. We obtained this information from the 1-km background NO2 surface modeled in APMoSPHERE (Air Pollution Modelling for Support to Policy on Health and Environmental Risk in Europe). Asthma incidence was defined as reporting asthma in the follow-up (1999 to 2001) but not in the baseline (1991 to 1993). RESULTS: A positive association was found between NO2 and asthma incidence (odds ratio 1.43; 95% confidence interval = 1.02 to 2.01) per 10 microg/m. Results were homogeneous among centers (P value for heterogeneity = 0.59). CONCLUSIONS: We found an association between a marker of traffic-related air pollution and asthma incidence in European adults. PMID- 18923332 TI - Adult Tetralogy of Fallot: quantitative assessment of pulmonary perfusion with time-resolved three dimensional magnetic resonance angiography. AB - PURPOSE: To determine the potential role of dynamic temporally resolved three dimensional (3D) contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) for quantitative evaluation of pulmonary perfusion in adult patients with surgically treated Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Institutional review board approval and written informed consent were obtained for this Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act-compliant study. Thirty consecutive patients with surgically repaired ToF and 30 age-matched controls underwent breath-hold 3D time-resolved MRA (TR-MRA) and single-phase high-resolution 3D MRA of the thorax at 1.5 T. Two readers evaluated both datasets for image quality and findings. On TR-MRA datasets, regions-of-interest were placed over main pulmonary artery and lung fields obtaining signal intensity time curves. Using analytic software, time-to-peak (TTP), mean transit time (MTT), maximal signal intensity (MSI), maximum upslope of the curve (MUS), pulmonary blood volume (PBV), and pulmonary blood flow (PBF) were calculated. Pulmonary radionuclide scintigraphy was available for a subgroup of patients with ToF (n = 12). RESULTS: For ToF patients with unilateral pulmonary artery (PA) stenosis, TTP, and MTT were significantly longer, and MSI, MUS, PBV, and PBF were significantly lower in the ipsilateral lung compared with control subjects (P < 0.001 for all). There was no significant difference in TTP, MTT, MSI, MUS, PBV, and PBF between ToF patients without postsurgical stenotic residua and control subjects (P > 0.05 for all), nor between the mentioned perfusion indices for the contralateral lung in ToF patients with unilateral PA stenosis and control subjects (P > 0.05 for all). In ToF, patient with unilateral PA stenosis, analysis of contralateral-to ipsilateral lung perfusion ratios on radionuclide scintigraphy and TR-MRA revealed significant correlation (r = 0.96). Bland-Altman plot showed a mean difference of 2.2% between the measured ratios (limits of agreement; -7.6% 12.0%). CONCLUSION: Time-resolved 3D contrast-enhanced MRA has potential for noninvasive and quantitative assessment of altered patterns of pulmonary perfusion in adult ToF, and may be a reliable technique for evaluation of postsurgical residua in these patients. PMID- 18923333 TI - Impact of attitudes and beliefs regarding African American sexual behavior on STD prevention and control in African American communities: unintended consequences. AB - Compared to whites, blacks experience significant health disparities for sexually transmitted diseases, particularly in the rates of chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis. To develop more effective interventions to control and prevent STDs, public health practitioners should better understand and respond to factors that facilitate sexual risk-taking behaviors and impede access to STD health care and make use of factors that promote sexual health. Legacies of slavery, racism, and economic or class discrimination leave many blacks suspicious of interventions aimed at improving the welfare of their communities. Sexual behavior, in particular, has been used to justify social oppression of blacks in the United States. Although efforts to engage affected black communities in improving STD health care delivery have been undertaken, bias, prejudice, and stereotyping continue to contribute to negative experiences for many blacks across health care settings, including those involving STD care. Implementing more effective interventions to reduce the disparate burden of bacterial STDs in black communities requires accessible and acceptable STD health care. Understanding and addressing the potential impact of both provider and patient attitudes can improve these service delivery outcomes. PMID- 18923334 TI - Chlamydia trachomatis infections in norway, 1986 to 2006, surveillance data. AB - INTRODUCTION: The number of Chlamydia trachomatis infections in Norway has been increasing for the last years. A new and enhanced surveillance system was implemented in 2005 to meet the challenges faced by the increasing number of cases. METHODS: The new surveillance system is laboratory based. Data are collected once a year from all laboratories on the total number of test performed, and all diagnosed cases from the preceding year. For each case the following variables are reported: date of diagnosis, birth year, sex, and municipality of residence. RESULTS: By 2006 all laboratories reported data as required. We have observed an increase in yearly diagnosed C. trachomatis cases in Norway during the last years. In 2006, the incidence was 4.6 per 1000 population. The proportion positive tests have increased from 6.0% in 2000 to 7.7% in 2006. In the same period the annual number of tests increased by 13.5%. Surveillance data from 2006 showed that the highest incidence rates were found in women between the ages of 15 to 24 in men aged 20 to 24 and in 2 northernmost regions of the country. CONCLUSION: The year 2006 had the highest level of diagnosed cases ever in Norway. To better interpret the observed trend, a voluntary system will be introduced in 2007 to collect test rates by age, gender and geography. There is a need to evaluate current and new strategies to target the group of asymptomatic and untreated young people. PMID- 18923335 TI - Mechanism of signal transduction in tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis-induced matrix degradation by MMP-3 upregulation in disc tissues. AB - STUDY DESIGN: Molecular biologic and immuno-histologic analyses using in vitro murine intervertebral disc tissue culture. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) in matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP-3) pathway induction, and the effect of TWEAK to induce other cytokines or angiogenesis factors in disc tissues. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: We previously demonstrated that TWEAK and its receptor Fn14 were expressed in murine disc tissues. TWEAK induced MMP-3 upregulation and aggrecan downregulation in disc tissues. METHODS: Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA), western blot, and immuno-histologic analyses were used to assess the role of TWEAK-induced MMP-3, using murine disc tissue culture. RESULTS: TWEAK induced disc cells to generate MMP-3 as did TNF-alpha and IL-1beta. MMP-3 activity was detectable in murine disc cells. MMP-3 induction was markedly inhibited with a c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor. Phosphorylation of JNK was also confirmed. Introduction of TWEAK resulted in the degradation of disc matrix in organ disc culture, whereas proteoglycan degradation was markedly abrogated in the presence of an MMP-3 specific inhibitor or a JNK inhibitor. In addition, TWEAK also induced monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 via the NF kappaB pathway, as phosphorylation of NF-kappaB was confirmed by western blotting. CONCLUSION: TWEAK plays an important role in MMP-3 induction in murine disc cells via JNK that results in degradation of disc matrix. TWEAK also induces MCP-1, which belongs to the chemokine family that recruits inflammatory cells via the NF-kappaB pathway. PMID- 18923336 TI - Is the lumbar modifier useful in surgical decision making?: defining two distinct Lenke 1A curve patterns. AB - STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical deformity and radiographic features of Lenke 1A and 1B curves to determine if the "A" and "B" lumbar modifiers actually describe 2 distinct curve patterns. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The Lenke classification system attempts to address some of the shortcomings of the King-Moe classification system by providing a more comprehensive, reliable, and treatment-based categorization of all AIS deformities. Although this classification is useful in determining which regions of the spine should be fused, it does not necessarily divide AIS curves into distinct patterns. METHODS: A critical analysis of the clinical deformity, radiographic features, and surgical treatment of AIS patients with Lenke 1A and 1B right thoracic curves was performed. Lenke 1A curves were differentiated according to the L4 coronal plane tilt. Analysis of variance and Pearson chi analysis were used to perform statistical comparisons between the individual curve patterns (P < or = 0.05). RESULTS: Ninety-three patients with preoperative and 2-year postoperative data were included in this analysis (65 Lenke 1A, and 28 Lenke 1B). Thirty-three patients were subdivided as 1A-L (L4 tilted to the left) and 32 patients were subdivided as 1A-R (L4 tilted to the right). The interobserver reliability for determining the direction of L4 tilt was excellent (kappa = 0.94, P < or = 0.001). Patients with 1A-L curves were similar to patients with 1B curves with respect to the L4 tilt and the location of the stable vertebra (most often in the thoracolumbar junction). In contrast, patients with 1A-R curves had a more distal stable vertebra (most often L3 or L4). The surgical treatment also differed between these 2 groups with regards to the lowest instrumented vertebra (LIV). 1A-L and 1B curves were similar with a median LIV of T12, whereas the 1A-R curves had a more distal median LIV of L2 (P = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Two Lenke 1A curve patterns can be described based on the direction of the L4 tilt. This distinction has ramifications regarding selection of fusion levels and assessing surgical outcomes. The A and B lumbar modifiers do not describe 2 distinct curve types within the Lenke 1 group; however, the tilt direction of L4 does allow subdivision of the Lenke 1A curves into 2 distinguishable patterns (1A-R and 1A-L). The 1A-L curves are similar to 1B curves and different in form and treatment from the 1A-R pattern. PMID- 18923337 TI - Facet joint osteoarthritis and low back pain in the community-based population. AB - STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between lumbar spine facet joint osteoarthritis (FJ OA) identified by multidetector computed tomography (CT) and low back pain (LBP) in the community based Framingham Heart Study. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The association between lumbar FJ OA and LBP remains unclear. METHODS: This study was an ancillary project to the Framingham Heart Study. A sample of 3529 participants of the Framingham Heart Study aged 40 to 80 underwent multidetector CT imaging to assess aortic calcification. One hundred eighty-eight individuals were consecutively enrolled in this ancillary study to assess radiographic features associated with LBP. LBP in the preceding 12 months was evaluated using a self-report questionnaire. FJ OA was evaluated on CT scans using a 4-grade scale. The association between FJ OA and LBP was examined used multiple logistic regression models, while adjusting for gender, age, and BMI. RESULTS: CT imaging revealed a high prevalence of FJ OA (59.6% of males and 66.7% of females). Prevalence of FJ OA increases with age. By decade, FJ OA was present in 24.0% of <40-years-olds, 44.7% of 40- to 49-years-olds, 74.2% of 50- to 59-years-olds, 89.2% of 60- to 69 year-olds, and 69.2% of >70-years-olds. By spinal level the prevalence of FJ OA was: 15.1% at L2-L3, 30.6% at L3-L4, 45.1% at L4-L5, and 38.2% at L5-S1. In this community-based population, individuals with FJ OA at any spinal level showed no association with LBP. CONCLUSION: There is a high prevalence of FJ OA in the community. Prevalence of FJ OA increases with age with the highest prevalence at the L4-L5 spinal level. At low spinal levels women have a higher prevalence of lumbar FJ OA than men. In the present study, we failed to find an association between FJ OA, identified by multidetector CT, at any spinal level and LBP in a community-based study population. PMID- 18923338 TI - Norcyperone, a novel skeleton norsesquiterpene from Cyperus rotundus L. AB - A novel norsesquiterpene, named norcyperone (1), and three known compounds: (-) clovane-2,9-diol (2), rosenonolactone (3), and 5 alpha,8 alpha-epidioxy (20S,22E,24R)-ergosta-6,22-dien-3beta-ol (4) were isolated from the rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus L. The structure of 1 was elucidated as 8,11,11 trimethylbicyclo[5.3.1]undecane-5 alpha, 8 alpha-epoxy-3-one on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses, including 1D- and 2D-NMR, MS experiments, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. This is the first report of a 8,11,11-trimethyl bicyclo[5.3.1]undecane-3-one type norsesquiterpene with a tetrahydrofuran ring at C-5 and C-8. PMID- 18923339 TI - Variation of ursolic acid content in eight Ocimum species from northeastern Brazil. AB - Ursolic acid is a very important compound due to its biological potential as an anti-inflammatory, trypanocidal, antirheumatic, antiviral, antioxidant and antitumoral agent. This study presents the HPLC analysis of ursolic acid (UA) content in eight different Ocimum species: O. americanum L., O. basilicum L, O. basilicum var purpurascens Benth, O. basilicum var. minimum L, O. gratissimum L, O. micranthum Willd, O. selloi Benth. and O. tenuiflorum L. grown in Northeastern Brazil. In these Ocimum species, UA was detected in different yields, with O. tenuiflorum showing the highest content (2.02%). This yield is very significant when compared with other sources of UA. PMID- 18923340 TI - A comparative study of the radical-scavenging activity of the phenolcarboxylic acids caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid, with or without 2-mercaptoethanol, a thiol, using the induction period method. AB - Phenolcarboxylic acid antioxidants do not act in vivo as radical-scavengers in isolation, but rather together with GSH (glutathione), a coantioxidant, they constitute an intricate antioxidant network. Caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid and chlorogenic acid with or without 2-mercaptoethanol (ME), as a substitute for GSH, was investigated by the induction period (IP) method for polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) initiated by thermal decomposition of 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN, a source of alkyl radicals, R(.)) and benzoyl peroxide (BPO, a source of peroxy radicals, PhCOO(.)) using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Upon PhCOO(. )radical scavenging, the stoichiometric factors (n, number of free radical trapped by one mole of antioxidant) for caffeic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid and chlorogenic acid were 2.4, 1.8, 1.7 and 0.9, whereas upon R(.) radical scavenging, the corresponding values were 1.3, 1.2, 1.0 and 0.8, respectively. Antioxidants with n values close to 2 suggest the stepwise formation of semiquinone radicals and quinones. By contrast, those with n values close to 1 suggest the formation of dimers after single-electron oxidation, possibly due to recombination of corresponding aryloxy radicals. The ratio of the rate constant of inhibition to that of propagation (k(inh)/k(p)) declined in the order chlorogenic acid > p-coumaric acid > ferulic acid > caffeic acid. The ratio of the observed IP for the phenolcarboxylic acid/2-mercapto-ethanol (ME) mixture (1:1 molar ratio) (A) to the calculated IP (the simple sum of phenol acid antioxidant and ME) (B) was investigated. Upon R(.) scavenging, the caffeic acid or p-coumaric acid/ME mixture was A/B > 1, particularly the former was 1.2, suggesting a synergic effect. By contrast, upon PhCOO(.) scavenging, the corresponding mixture was A/B < 1, particularly the latter was 0.7, suggesting an antagonistic effect. Upon both radicals scavenging, the A/B for the ferulic acid or chlorogenic acid/ME mixture was approximately 1. The reported beneficial antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects of caffeic acid and p coumaric acid may be related to their prooxidant-antioxidant balance in the presence of GSH. PMID- 18923341 TI - Two new phenolic glycosides from Viscum articulatum. AB - Two new phenolic glycosides, 1-O-benzyl-[5-O-benzoyl-beta-D-apiofuranosyl (1- >2)]-beta-D-glucopyranoside (1), and 4;-hydroxy-7,3;-dimethoxyflavan-5-O- beta-D gluco-pyranoside (2), together with nine known flavanones 3 - 11, have been isolated from the dried whole plants of Viscum articulatum.Their structures were identified by extensive spectral analysis, especially 2D NMR techniques. Compound 9 showed weak anti-HIV-1 activity. PMID- 18923342 TI - Cardiac transplant vasculopathy treated by percutaneous coronary intervention. AB - AIM: Cardiac transplant vasculopathy is a limit to long-term survival in heart transplantation (H-Tx) recipients. PTCA results in our H-Tx population were retrospectively analyzed. METHODS: From November 1985 to May 2004, 767 patients underwent heart transplantation. All patients received immunosuppressive therapy with cyclosporine or tacrolimus, azathioprine, steroids and mycophenolate mofetil. Lymphocyte was administrated by 3-7 days course of either rabbit antithymocyte globulins or anti-lymphocyte globulins or by a 14 days course of OKT3. Coronary angiograms were performed every year and more frequently if graft vasculopathy was already diagnosed or suspected. RESULTS: Fifty-two coronary artery lesions were treated during 42 percutaneous transluminal cardioangioplasty (PTCA)/stent procedures in 36 patients. Mean time since heart transplantation to PTCA was 80 +/- 27 months. Indication to PTCA was asymptomatic angiographic graft vasculopathy in 34 patients (94%) and acute myocardial infarction in 2 patients (6%). PTCA was performed on left anterior descending artery in 34 cases (65.4%), on circumflex artery in 10 cases (19.2%), on right coronary artery in 8 cases (15.4%). There were no procedure related deaths. None of the patients required emergency bypass surgery. Two patients had transient acute renal failure. Patient follow-up showed 10 deaths after 1 +/- 54 months from PTCA. Six died for progression of graft vasculopathy, three for cancer and one for gastrointestinal bleeding. Two patients underwent heart retransplantation after 20 and 107 months from the first procedure. Mean follow-up of the remaining patients is 78.3 +/- 50.3 months. CONCLUSION: PTCA may represent a reasonable treatment for graft vasculopathy in selected heart transplant recipients. PMID- 18923343 TI - Endovascular repair of aortic lesions associated to video-assisted thoracoscopy surgery after chest trauma. AB - AIM: Trauma of the thoracic aorta for blunt trauma shows a very high incidence of mortality. Hospital mortality rate after aortic open surgery is between 15% and 30%. Endovascular management represents an alternative treatment Associated lesions are usually seen in those critical patients. Hemothorax may be present. The authors propose a combined treatment of endovascular repair for the aortic lesion and video-assisted thoracoscopy surgery (VATS) for the treatment of chest bleeding complications. METHODS: The authors report a series of three patients with post-traumatic aortic lesion and hemothorax. In two patients endovascular procedure was first performed, followed by VATS, few days later, for retained hemothorax. In the third patient the two procedures were performed at the same time because of the patient's critical conditions. RESULTS: There was technical success of stent-graft placement in all the treated cases. No postoperative mortality. No postoperative paraplegia. No VATS converted to thoracotomy. The postoperative follow-up time range between 10 and 19 months. CONCLUSION: Considering the relatively short procedural time and minimally invasive approach of both techniques, the concomitant use of them may represent an alternative to standard open surgery in cases of thoracic aorta lesions associated with hemothorax. Those procedures may be performed sequentially or together in emergency cases with intra-thoracic more active bleeding to exclude or to treat intra thoracic bleeding. PMID- 18923344 TI - [New intraoperative therapeutic approach to control post-thoracotomy pain in patients who underwent main resection due to lung neoplasm]. AB - AIM: The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of an incisional infusion of local anesthetics through a continuous-infusion elastomeric pump for the management of postoperative pain after thoracotomy. METHODS: A comparative analysis of 40 patients undergoing thoracotomies was carried out. Postoperative pain management with a continuous-infusion elastomeric pump providing local anesthetic into the incisional area was compared with traditional values. Data sources were reviewed for mean narcotic use, pain score, and complications. RESULTS: After thoracotomy procedures, 20 patients received the ON-Q Pain Relief System (I-Flow Corp, Lake Forest, CA, USA). Narcotic use and pain scores were significantly reduced in the ON-Q group. There were no wound healing complications or infections associated with the use of the pump. CONCLUSION: A continuous infusion of ropivacaine at 4 mL/h through the ON-Q elastomeric infusion pump is a safe and effective adjunct in postoperative pain management after thoracotomy. The use of the ON-Q Pain Relief System results in decreased narcotic use and lower pain scores. PMID- 18923345 TI - [Anal fistulas: experience on 1 800 operated patients]. AB - AIM: Considering their long experience acquired in 25 years in a specialist Hospital of Proctology and related to the treatment of 1800 patients suffering from anal fistulas, the authors reassess the problem of this affection from an etiopathogenic, classifying, diagnostic and therapeutic point of view. METHODS: Surgical treatment of Arnous's French School was performed; this method foresee a slow sphincteric sectioning by an elastic constriction, eventually with the division of the operative times. RESULTS: Results were excellent, with 99.5% of complete recoveries and very few failures or complications: 0.3% of incomplete recovery, 0.2% of relapses, 2.6% of soiling and 1.4% of gas temporary incontinence. CONCLUSIONS: The best premise to obtain the patient's recovery is to perform a faultless technique and to follow assiduously and minutely the postoperative period of surgical wounds. PMID- 18923346 TI - Relationship between surgical trauma and albumin concentration in the postoperative period of digestive system operations. AB - AIM: Surgical trauma can provoke systemic alterations including changes in hepatic protein synthesis. Thus, it is important to point out the influence of this phenomenon on serum albumin concentration. The objective of the present work was to assess the effect of surgical trauma on serum albumin concentration during the immediate postoperative period in gastrointestinal procedures. METHODS: The study was conducted on 150 randomized adult patients submitted to elective major surgeries (Group 1) and to medium size surgeries (Group 2) of the gastrointestinal system, identified according to sex, age and skin color. Blood samples for the determination of serum albumin concentration were obtained on the day preceding and following the surgical procedure. RESULTS: There was a reduction in serum albumin both in Group 1 (P < 0.0001) and Group 2 (P < 0.0001), with no difference between sexes or patient skin colors for major surgeries. However, women showed a lower reduction in serum albumin than men in medium-sized surgeries. Also, the reduction of albumin was lower in black-skinned patients than in colored and lower in the latter than in white-skinned patients. With respect to age range, a greater reduction of albumin was observed in both groups among patients over 65 years, followed by younger patients (< 45 years) and by patients aged 45 to 65 years. CONCLUSION: Medium-sized and majors operations provoked an acute reduction in albuminemia, which was less intense among women, among the patients aged 45 to 65 years and among dark-skinned patients. PMID- 18923347 TI - Artificial lung: current perspectives. AB - While the number of the patients suffering from end-stage pulmonary disease has been increasing, the most common treatment for this entity remains mechanical ventilation that entails the risks of lung damage by itself. Although the lung protective strategy for the prevention of further damage to the lung tissue has been elucidated and performed, mechanical ventilation alone as the management tactic coping with the patients of acute respiratory distress syndrome, chronic respiratory failure and lung transplantations has been a frustrated scenario. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation or extracorporeal lung assist have been applied to these patients with occasional success, but it always accompanies difficulties such as multiple blood transfusion, labor intensity, technically complexity and tendency to infection. In contrast to advances in the development of cardiac or renal support systems for adults, the development of extra-, para- and intracorporeal mechanical systems for acute or chronic lung respiratory failure has logged far behind. It has been mostly due to the lack of the capable technologies. Entering 21st century with advent of new technology especially invention of the low resistance oxygenator, the developments of artificial lungs have entered the new stage. In this report current status of the artificial lungs will be reviewed. PMID- 18923349 TI - A colorectal surgeons viewpoint on natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery. AB - Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) represents a burgeoning but still largely experimental field. Most NOTES researchers have favored transgastric and transvaginal approaches to abdominal access. For surgeries involving the upper abdominal organs, transvaginal and transanal approach promise to provide a more direct route in contrast to the often cumbersome retroflexion typically required with the transgastric approach. The potential disadvantages of the transanal route are also significant and include issues of sterility, the risk of inadvertent trauma to adjacent organs during transmural puncture, and the risk of colonic wall shearing. This article reviews early development of NOTES, the evolution of transanal access to the peritoneal cavity, highlights the various techniques that have been used for transanal access, and discusses the relative advantages and disadvantages of this approach. PMID- 18923348 TI - Hand-assisted laparoscopic colorectal surgery: an evidence-based review. AB - Despite its increasing use by practitioners, laparoscopic colorectal surgery remains technically challenging. Hand-assisted laparoscopic colorectal surgery may represent a viable hybrid alternative approach to standard laparoscopy. Although few high-quality studies have been carried out, hand-assistance appears to reduce operative time when compared to straight laparoscopy for both left sided segmental colonic and total colorectal resections. Moreover, hand assistance appears to maintain the short-term benefits of laparoscopy, while affording the surgeon with the ability to carry out complex cases in a minimally invasive fashion. Data pertaining to the use of hand-assistance for rectal cancer surgery are currently lacking. One the whole, hand-assisted laparoscopic colorectal surgery appears to be a useful tool for the minimally invasive surgeon, one that is perhaps best thought of as an adjunct to simple laparoscopy. PMID- 18923350 TI - Controversies in the management of anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. AB - Anal squamous dysplasia is recognized as a spectrum of disease that ranges from low-grade intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) to high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) to invasive anal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Recent reports have shown a significant increase in both the incidence and prevalence of both HSIL and anal SCC, particularly in immunocompromised patients and in men who have sex with men. These lesions are associated with chronic infection with the human papillomavirus. The natural history is unknown, yet reports of untreated patients have shown progression rates of up to 50% in high risk patients. There are controversies as to the optimal management of patients with HSIL. However, there is evidence that screening of high-risk patients with anal cytology is useful in identifying those that require further evaluation. Examination of the anorectal region is enhanced with the use of high resolution anoscopy. Treatment modalities vary in terms of morbidity and success rates. Wide local excision is associated with significant morbidity. Newer therapies such as topical immunomodulation, photodynamic therapy and therapeutic vaccines have been proposed, but long-term follow-up is unavailable. High resolution anoscopy can be used in the office or in the operating room to direct therapy. Using a comprehensive approach of cytology and office-based and/or operating room procedures directed with high resolution anoscopy results in clearance of HSIL in up to 80% of patients, malignant progression in 1%, and less morbidity than wide local excision. PMID- 18923351 TI - Transanal endoscopic microsurgery. AB - Transanal endoscopic microsurgery, or TEM, is a technique that can be used for the treatment for early staged rectal cancer. This technique utilizes carbon dioxide insufflation through a 40 mm rectoscope to create better endoscopic visualization of the operative field. TEM has been praised for its access to middle and upper-third rectal cancers. However, one limitation of TEM is its inability to address local lymph node involvement. Therefore, an adequate preoperative assessment is crucial before using TEM as a curative modality. TEM can be used to remove virtually any benign lesion that can be brought into view. In addition, there are several studies that have shown TEM is a safe and effective way to treat T1 cancers and may have a role in the treatment of T2 and T3 cancers when combined with radiation and chemotherapy. TEM has lower recurrence rates, faster recovery, and fewer complications when compared to other local excision techniques and radical surgeries. The future of TEM is growing in acceptance as more surgeons learn to master this technique. PMID- 18923352 TI - Innovative management of anal fistula by the use of the anal fistula plug: hype or help? AB - Impressed by the initial success rates of 80% of the anal fistula plug for the closure of cryptoglandular and Crohn's associated anorectal fistulas, preliminary results from centers world-wide showed a healing rates between 24% and 88%. When compared to traditional flap repair for closing high anorectal fistulas, impairement of continence may be decreased using the plug procedure. Analyzing the different experiences of the plug procedure ranging from promising to disappointing results, a variety of issues such as bowel preparation, treatment of fistula tract, closure of the internal opening, and postoperative management have to be considered. Furthermore, the ''ideal'' indication has still to be defined. At the moment, all results which have been published only provide short term results, and the question whether the plug procedure is appropriate and effective in Crohn's disease cannot be answered definitely. Finally, the question how to proceed in patients with plug dislodgement or failure remains unclear. In general, the introduction of the plug has accelerated a ''new'' discussion on the optimal treatment of complex fistulas. Further analysis is needed to explain the definite role of this innovative technique in comparison to traditional surgical techniques. PMID- 18923353 TI - Transmanubrial osteomuscolar sparing approach for T1-T2 thoracic disc herniation. AB - Herniated thoracic disks are rare entities and their surgical treatment comprises 0.15% to 4% of all disk operations. Surgical approaches have included pediculectomy, costotransversectomy, lateral extracavitary, transthoracic thoracotomy, and thoracoscopy. The authors present a transmanubrial osteomuscular sparing approach for the treatment of T1-T2 thoracic disc herniation that is likely to be the only one described in the literature for this disease so far. PMID- 18923354 TI - Delayed presentation of diaphragmatic rupture as intra-thoracic gastric volvulus. AB - Diaphragmatic injuries are quite rare and result from either blunt or penetrating trauma. They are not always recognized at the time of injury and there is often a delay between the trauma and the diagnosis The diagnosis is confirmed by chest X ray, USG, CT Scan and barium studies This case report discusses the delayed presentation of diaphragmatic rupture as an intrathoracic gastric volvulus observed in a 36-year-old man. PMID- 18923355 TI - Spontaneous pneumomediastinum treatment. AB - The authors report 5 cases that presented to the emergency department of the Athens Naval and Veterans Hospital (Athens, Greece) with spontaneous pneumomediastinum. The clinical picture was not diagnostic in most of the cases, with symptoms of acute retrosternal pain and severe dyspnea in just one case. Diagnostic work disclosed the presence of mediastinal air, and after the exclusion of other diagnoses, spontaneous pneumomediastinum was treated conservatively in all cases. In this case series the authors discuss the main aspects of treatment of these patients, the value of antibiotics during the recovery period and the air distribution in the thoracic tissues. PMID- 18923356 TI - Boerhaave's syndrome. The prompt diagnosis allows the preservation of the esophagus. PMID- 18923357 TI - The role of lifestyle changing to improve the semen quality in patients with varicocele. AB - AIM: To evaluate the recovery of semen quality in patients with high grade varicocele without hypotrophy and abnormal semen analysis using a simple lifestyle changing protocol. METHODS: Fifty-two patients were eligible for this study. Two semen sample were collected at baseline and other two after treatment. PROTOCOL: patients had to stop or decrease the number of cigarette per day, reduce the coffee and alcohol consumption, introduce fruits and vegetables in the daily diet and have a normal sexual activity with an abstinence of tree days before semen collection. All the variables and the semen parameters were evaluated and correlated between responders and non-responders. RESULTS: Forty patients (76%) had an improvement of semen quality showing a normal semen analysis following the WHO criteria. The other 12 patients had an improvement of the semen quality but without statistical differences. Smokers and drinkers (for both coffee and alcohol) had lower sperm volume, lower sperm motility and vitality when compared to the others. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis of data collected by the spermiograms showed that semen quality could benefit from lifestyle changing. This finding is important for the management of patients with varicocele, suggesting that lifestyle changing could avoid surgery. PMID- 18923358 TI - Molecular genetics of bladder cancer: an update. AB - Urinary bladder cancer is a heterogeneous disease with tumors ranging from papillary non-invasive to solid muscle infiltrating high grade tumors. There are mainly three problems after initial management: recurrence, progression to higher stage and metastases. The respective risk is well known for each of the stages of the disease but not sufficiently for individual optimal risk assessments. The clinical need is initially to establish the correct risk irrespective of later treatment that is to find prognostic factors. Secondarily it is important to develop predictive factors for each specific therapy. With the advent of array based molecular profiling it is possible to obtain a more complete picture of the cancer biology and thus hope to improve the prediction of risk. Today the microarray approach is implemented at DNA, RNA and protein level. Reported chromosomal alterations in low-grade papillary tumors are few and the most common are 9q and 9p deletions. Activation of the MAPK pathway through mutations of FGFR3, RAS or PI3K seems to be crucial in the genesis of these low malignant tumors. Muscle infiltrating bladder tumors typically have more genetic aberrations than non-muscle invasive cancers. Key genes are related to the p53 and RB pathways. Gene-expression signatures correlated to stage, CIS, progression and recurrence have been proposed but require further validation. PMID- 18923359 TI - Urine-based biomarkers for the early detection and surveillance of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. AB - Bladder cancer has a very high frequency of recurrence and therefore requires lifelong surveillance, traditionally consisting of serial cystoscopy and cytology. These tests are both invasive and expensive, with considerable inter user and inter-institutional variability. In addition, the sensitivity of cytology in detecting low-grade tumors is low. Therefore, there has been active investigation into urinary biomarkers that can either supplement or supplant these tests. At this point there are only six urine-based tests that are FDA approved in bladder cancer surveillance, but a wide variety of other biomarkers are being studied. In this review, we examine the natural history of bladder cancer as well as the rationale and performance of an ideal urinary biomarker. The authors describe the FDA-approved biomarkers such as Bladder Tumor Antigen, ImmunoCyt, Nuclear Matrix Protein-22, and Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization, as well as the most promising investigational tests (i.e., Urinary bladder cancer test, BLCA-1, BLCA-4, hyaluronic acid, hyaluronidase, Lewis X antigen, microsatellite analysis, Quanticyt, soluble Fas, Survivin, and telomerase). The biological foundation, methodologies, and diagnostic performance of the biomarkers are discussed. The characteristics of the biomarkers are compared to urine cytology. At this time, urine biomarkers are utilized in a variety of clinical situations but their role is not well defined. The goal of identifying an optimal marker that will replace cystoscopy and/or cytology is still ongoing. PMID- 18923360 TI - Focus on urinary bladder cancer markers: a review. AB - Finding and development of new bladder cancer markers is still a very dynamic field. Because of the mass of all these markers it is impossible to report all of them. This paper reviews the role of bladder cancer markers in diagnosis and highlights the most important biomarkers studied and reported recently. A medline based literature search was performed to examine the field of bladder cancer markers. Major topics focus on selected bladder cancer markers from nearly all categories of the wide field of bladder cancer markers: Hematuria, FISH, FGFR3, SURVIVIN, u-PAR, TP53 mutation, HER-2/neu, TPA, NMP22, CK-19, CK-20, CYFRA 21-1. The use and clinical importance as diagnostic help are discussed. In this review a highlight to some of the most important markers was made. Further determination of recurrence and progression marker will contribute to establish better treatments for the individual patient. Molecular staging of urological tumors will allow selecting cases that will require systemic treatment. It is necessary and important to integrate under the same objectives basic and clinical research. PMID- 18923361 TI - Screening for bladder cancer using urine-based tumor markers. AB - Bladder cancer screening differs from routine detection of bladder cancer in patients with symptoms, such as hematuria, or a history of bladder cancer. The ultimate goal of cancer screening is to decrease cancer-related mortality by detecting disease prior to the time that the disease would normally prompt evaluation from symptoms. There are several features of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder which make screening for this disease an attractive alternative to the current approach to this disease. The disease targets a defined population and survival for patients with this disease is strongly associated with disease stage at presentation. In addition, quick, easy, and painless screening tests are theoretically possible using tumor-related markers because of the direct exposure of cancer cells to urine. Indeed, recent insights into the biology of bladder cancer initiation and progression have resulted in the identification of several urine-based markers which have promise for detecting the presence of bladder cancer. Nevertheless, adoption of screening programs prior to establishing evidence of effectiveness and large-scale financial considerations has substantial damaging consequences. This article reviews the current literature regarding screening for bladder cancer using urine-based markers. PMID- 18923363 TI - Management of early-invasive high-grade transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. AB - The decision in favor or against an early cystectomy in patients with initial pT1G3 urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCBC) is challenging. In the present review the authors dwell on the key issues in the controversial discussion about optimal management of so called ''early invasive'' UCBC. The quality of transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TURBT) as diagnostic and therapeutic method plays an important role. Histopathological assessment delivers crucial risk factors for stratification. Last but not least life quality under different therapeutic regimes should be comprised in the decision process. PMID- 18923364 TI - Laparoscopic nephrectomy. AB - Since the introduction of the laparoscopic nephrectomy (LN) procedure by Clayman et al in 1991, the role of laparoscopy in the field of urology has continued to evolve over the last decade with the ever increasing complexity of operations performed. LN involves a myriad of procedures including simple, donor and radical nephrectomy. Furthermore, as reported by Nakada et al in 1997, LN may be performed with hand-assistance. This article reviews the current status of LN in urology; specifically the indications, techniques, and complications associated the various procedures. The information presented in this report will provide the clinician with the necessary information to counsel all patients considering a laparoscopic approach to their renal pathology. PMID- 18923362 TI - Management of bladder cancer. AB - Bladder cancer is the fourth most common cancer in men and is increasing in incidence in women as well. Bladder cancer has a broad range of behavior and presentations, with different prognoses and treatments. Laboratory research has made strides in elucidating pathways of this cancer, and identifying novel therapeutic targets. This short review provides a summary of the current knowledge of the management of bladder cancer. PMID- 18923365 TI - Foot bone mass and analysis of calcium metabolism in diabetic patients affected by severe neuropathy. AB - AIM: Charcot neuro osteoarthropathy (NAC) is a devastating foot complication which is associated to peripheral neuropathy. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in foot bone mass in patients with peripheral neuropathy and to correlate this with calcium metabolism in diabetes. METHODS: The study included three groups of patients enrolled consecutively: group 1 consisted of 28 diabetic patients, affected by both peripheral neuropathy and autonomic neuropathy as well as monolateral foot ulcer; group 2 consisted of 10 diabetic patients without neuropathy and without foot ulcerations; group 3 consisted of 10 healthy people. In all patients we studied calcium and bone metabolism and quantitative ultrasonography (QUS) of calcaneal bone was performed in both feet in each subject. Calcium and bone metabolism were assessed by the assay of serum parathyroid hormone (PTH), serum calcium, serum phosphorus, serum magnesium, serum bone alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme and urinary excretion of deoxypyridinoline DPD. RESULTS: In patients with neuropathic ulceration, QUS showed a decrease in bone density in the affected foot: mean T score in the normal foot was -0.54+/-0,26 (mean+/-ESM) while mean T score in the foot with the ulcer was -1.23+/-0.31 (mean+/-ESM) (P=0.004). In diabetic patients without neuropathy the authors did not find any difference in T score between the two feet. Moreover, the T score in the feet in these patients didn't show any differences in comparison to the T score of the healthy foot in neuropathic patients. The T-score in the feet of normal subjects didn't show any difference in respect to the healthy feet in diabetic patients. No difference of serum parameters of calcium metabolism was seen among the groups, while, among the parameters of bone metabolism, B-ALP was elevated in patients with foot ulcer. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that bone demineralization is associated to peripheral neuropathy with foot ulceration. MOC can represent a way to personalized therapy of patients who are prone to fractures and to the development of NAC. PMID- 18923366 TI - High prevalence of neuropathy in patients with impaired 60-minute oral glucose tolerance test but normal fasting and 120-minute glucose levels. AB - AIM: The aim of this study was to define the prevalence of neuropathy in patients with impaired 60-min oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) but normal fasting and 120-min glucose levels and to evaluate risk factors for polyneuropathy and glucose intolerance. METHODS: The hospital files of 320 patients (56.5+/-11.9 years, 73.1% female), who had both electrodiagnostic test for sensory symptoms (nerve conduction studies and needle electromyography) and OGTT in maximum 6 months apart, were studied in this retrospective design study. Serum glucose levels at fasting and 0-, 30-, 60-, 90- and 120-min of OGTT and some biochemical parameters were recorded. RESULTS: Fifteen percent of patients had diabetes mellitus (DM) and 10.9% and 5.6% had impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Twenty-one patients (6.6%) had only impaired 60-min blood glucose levels. Polyneuropathy was found in 44.4%, 28.5%, and 50.0% of patients with IGT, IFG and DM respectively. The prevalence of polyneuropathy was significantly higher in patients with impaired 60-min than OGTT normal subjects (52.4% vs 21.7% p=0.003). Fasting blood glucose, HDL, LDL and TSH levels, age, glucose intolerance low serum folic acid and significantly increased polyneuropathy risk. Age, weight, body mass index, high fasting, 30, 60-, 90-, 120-min serum glucose, insulin and HgA1c levels were risk factors for glucose intolerance. CONCLUSION: Since the prevalence of neuropathy in patients with impaired 60-min glucose levels is high, it would be valuable to look at 60-min glucose levels to detect abnormal glucose metabolism and the neuropathy earlier in the course. PMID- 18923367 TI - Endocrine arterial hypertension: therapeutic approach in clinical practice. AB - This review describes the therapeutic approach of endocrine arterial hypertension in clinical practice. In mineralocorticoid-related hypertension, adrenalectomy is the treatment of choice for aldosterone-producing adenomas and monolateral primary aldosteronism, whereas pharmacologic blood pressure (BP) control is indicated for the other forms of primary aldosteronism such as bilateral adrenal hyperplasia. Spironolactone is the drug of choice, but intolerable side effects limit its use; amiloride or eplerenone are a valid alternative. If BP remains uncontrolled, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-I), angiotensin II receptor antagonists (AII-RA) and calcium channel blockers (CCB) may be added. Hypertension accompanying Cushing's syndrome can be approached with surgery, but antihypertensive treatment both pre- and postoperative is required as well. Eplerenone, AII-RA and ACE-I are indicated, while peroxisome proliferator activated receptor upsilon agonists may help for the insulin resistance syndrome. Drugs that suppress steroidogenesis should be used with care because of their serious side effects. Subjects with catecholamine-dependent hypertension due to a neuroendocrine neoplasm need to undergo preoperative alpha-adrenergic blockade with phenoxybenzamine or doxazozine. When adequate alpha-adrenergic blockade is achieved, beta-adrenergic blockade with low dose propranolol may be added. If target BP is not achieved, CCB and/or metyrosine are indicated. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is the procedure of choice for solitary intra-adrenal neoplasms <8 cm. Acute hypertensive crises that may occur before or during surgery should be treated intravenously with sodium nitroprusside, phentolamine, nicardipine or labetalol. For malignant neoplasms, chemo- and radiopharmaceutical therapy may be considered. PMID- 18923368 TI - Update on the diagnosis and therapy of distant metastases of differentiated thyroid carcinoma. AB - Differentiated thyroid cancer, when adequately treated, has an overall good prognosis. However, 10-15% of patients develop distant metastases. The presence of metastases is an important prognostic factor that negatively affects survival. For (131)I-avid distant metastases, (131)I therapy is a very effective treatment modality that induces complete remission in about a third of patients. These figures may be even higher in case of early diagnosis, when tumor burden is still limited. Additional measures may include surgery and/or external beam radiation therapy. Cytotoxic chemotherapy is largely ineffective in patients with progressive, poorly differentiated cancer. These patients should be candidates for trials with new molecularly targeted therapeutic agents. In this paper, a review of diagnostic modalities, prognostic factors and therapeutic options for patients with distant metastases is proposed. In particular, the prognostic value of the early discovery of metastatic disease will be underlined. PMID- 18923369 TI - Thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas: biological and molecular features, diagnosis and therapy. AB - Central hyperthyroidism due to a thyrotropin (TSH)-secreting pituitary adenoma is a rare cause of hyperthyroidism, representing 0.5-1.0% of all pituitary adenomas. The etiopathogenesis of TSH-secreting-adenomas is unknown and no definite role for various oncogenes has been proven. Patients with TSH-secreting adenoma usually present with signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism milder than those in patients with hyperthyroidism of thyroid origin, in addition to symptoms secondary to mass effects of the pituitary tumour. Mixed pituitary tumours co secrete growth hormone and prolactin. The characteristic biochemical abnormalities are normal or high serum TSH concentrations in the presence of elevated total and/or free thyroid hormones concentrations. Measurement of markers of peripheral thyroid hormone action and dynamic tests may aid in the differential diagnosis with the syndrome of resistance to thyroid hormone. Neuroimaging is fundamental to visualize the pituitary tumor. Therapy of TSH secreting adenomas can be accomplished by surgery, radiation therapies, and medical treatment with somatostatin analogs or dopamine agonists. Nowadays, and in contrast with the first reports on this rare disease, most patients are well controlled by current therapies. PMID- 18923370 TI - Anaplastic thyroid cancer: prevalence, diagnosis and treatment. AB - Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is a rare aggressive tumor arising from the follicular cells of the thyroid gland (as does well differentiated thyroid cancer, WDTC), but ATC cells do not retain any of the biological features of the original follicular cells, such as uptake of iodine and synthesis of thyroglobulin. Prognosis is almost invariably fatal. In this article the Authors review the pathology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment options of ATC. ATC incidence typically peaks at the 6-7th decade of life (mean age at diagnosis 55-65 years), women representing 55-77% of all patients. ATC represents 2-5% of all thyroid tumors, with a decreasing trend with respect to the incidence of WDTC. The histologic patterns of ATC include giant cell, spindle-cell and squamoid-cell tumors; these subtypes frequently coexist and are not predictive of patients' outcome. Immuno-cyto-chemistry for thyroglobulin is usually negative or weakly positive and some cases are also negative for keratin, particularly in the spindle-cell areas. ATC may arise de novo, but in most cases it develops from a pre-existing WDTC, especially the follicular subtype. Most ATC patients complain of local compressive symptoms, such as dysphagia, dysphonia, stridor and dyspnea in addition to neck pain and tenderness; in over 70% of the patients the tumor infiltrates surrounding tissues, such as fat, trachea, muscle, esophagus, and larynx. The clinical course of a rapidly enlarging mass that is firm and fixed to surrounding structures in an elderly patient is quite suggestive for ATC. Diagnosis can be confirmed by fine needle aspiration cytology or, in doubtful cases, by histology on core biopsy. Computed tomography (CT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are useful for defining the local extent of disease and for identifying distant metastases, as is also positron-emission tomography (PET) with [(18)F]FDG. Tracheoscopy and esophagoscopy should be performed every two months, or whenever patients refer the appearance or worsening of local symptoms. Bone scintigraphy may be included in the follow-up of patients with a longer survival and relatively good health. Because of its aggressive behavior, the latest American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging Manual classifies all ATCs as T4 and Stage IV tumors, regardless of their actual overall tumor burden. Treatment of ATC has not been standardized because it is not clear whether or not therapy is effective in prolonging survival; most patients die within six momths from diagnosis, primarily because of asphyxiation caused by local tumor invasion. When employed alone, surgery, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy are seldom adequate to achieve overall control of the disease, but a combination of these treatments may improve local control. Surgical treatment of local disease offers the best opportunity for prolonged survival if the tumor is intrathyroidal. When the tumor is extrathyroidal, the surgical approach to ATC is controversial. Some favourable results have recently been reported with newly developed chemotherapy agents and hyper-fractioned radiation therapy. Tracheostomy should be performed in patients with impending airway obstruction when death is not imminent from other sites of disease, and if patients are not candidates for local resection or chemoradiation. Interventional bronchoscopy, including Nd-YAG laser and airways stenting are alternatives to surgery in inoperable ATC-induced tracheal obstruction. Gene therapy is under investigation. Although very rare, ATC is a highly aggressive tumor that belongs to the group of killer tumors with median survival time not longer than 6-8 months. Surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy are the conventional therapeutic strategies performed in the attempt to improve survival. Unfortunately, very often they do not succeed any clinical benefit but only palliative RESULTS: New therapeutic strategies based on molecular approaches are desirable. PMID- 18923371 TI - Diagnosis, treatment, prognostic factors and long-term outcome in papillary thyroid carcinoma. AB - The papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most frequent endocrine cancer and it is the most common thyroid cancer (85-95%). Potential risk factors for the incidence of the PTC include radiation exposure, iodine deficiency, family history of thyroid cancer. The PTC is usually indolent and the prognosis is favourable, with a 10 year survival generally reported to exceed 90%. The palpation and growth of thyroid nodules are the more frequent clinical manifestations of the PTC which can be evaluated by physical examination, neck ultrasound and fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). The therapeutic management of PTC includes surgical treatment combined with 131I therapy and life long TSH suppressive thyroid hormone replacement. The external beam radiation can be taken into account in select aggressive tumours. Nevertheless the good prognosis of the PTC, the prevalence of persistence or recurrent disease is not trans-curable. The biomolecular studies can permit to individuate the more aggressive PTC subtypes. A more significant attention of the clinical examination, US and FNAC to the thyroid nodular disease will be able to guarantee a more precocious diagnosis and a radical surgical treatment. PMID- 18923372 TI - Thyroid cancer in infants and adolescents after Chernobyl. AB - Studies in children medically exposed to external irradiation more than 50 years ago revealed a considerably increased risk for thyroid cancer. Similarly, a strongly age-dependent risk for thyroid cancer was observed in the Japanese population after the atomic bomb explosions with the highest risk in the group of children below age of 10. After the Chernobyl accident, children from Belarus living in highly exposed regions received mean thyroid doses by radioactive fallout higher by a factor of approximately 2 as compared to the survivors of the atomic bomb explosions. This lead to a radiation related increase of thyroid cancer incidence in children and adolescents with the highest incidence in age group 0-4 years up to now totally amounting to approximately 5 000 cases. For screening of thyroid cancer in children, high resolution ultrasound is the method of choice which has to be complemented by fine-needle aspiration biopsy in suspicious cases. Diagnostic criteria for malignancy in childhood thyroid cancer by ultrasound are hypoechogenicity and irregularity of the outline, subcapsular location of lesions and increased peri-intranodular vascularisation. The treatment strategy for thyroid cancer in children does not differ substantially from the approach used in adults. Primary treatment consists of thyroidectomy and lymph node dissection. Careful and complete removal of the lymph nodes is of great clinical relevance in children because of very frequent node involvement (between 40% and 90%). Because of the high prevalence of lymph node metastases, ablation of thyroid remnants is mostly indicated in children with thyroid cancer. Distant metastases which need higher activities of radioiodine are less frequent with 10-20%. Even in advanced cases of childhood thyroid cancer, long-lasting remissions can be achieved. A specific finding in children is disseminated, milliary lung metastases with intense radioiodine uptake. In this situation, pulmonary fibrosis may be a severe side-effect so that the indication for repeated courses of radioiodine therapy has to be decided thoroughly. With respect to side-effects of radioiodine therapy, the risk of developing breast cancer has to be taken into account seriously since especially the female breast is exposed to a relatively high radiation dose. Generally, young patients treated with high activities of radioiodine should be carefully followed up during their whole lifespan. PMID- 18923373 TI - Severe vitamin D deficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism in two immigrant Muslim women in Italy. PMID- 18923374 TI - Bending properties of nickel-titanium instruments: a comparative study. AB - AIM: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the bending properties of twisted file instruments, and compare them with other commercially available nickel-titanium (NiTi) instruments (Mtwo and Hero) manufactured with traditional methods. METHODS: Despite NiTi superelastic properties, flexibility of NiTi instruments is limited by size and taper. A new manufacturing process involving twisting of a ground blank combined with heat treatment has been developed by SybronEndo, aiming to produce a NiTI rotary file with superior flexibility: the Twisted File (TF). Experimental procedures strictly followed the testing methodology described in ISO 3630-1. Bending moment was measured when the instrument attained a 45 degrees bend. Data were collected and statistically analyzed. RESULTS: Results showed that TF were the most flexible instruments, with a significant improvement in flexibility (P< 0.05). ranging from 100% to 250% over the other tested instruments. Even if flexibility is also influenced by instruments design, such a great improvement is mainly related to the new TF manufacturing process. CONCLUSION: The flexibility is influenced by instruments design, such a great improvement is mainly related to the new manufacturing process developed by SybronEndo, which seems to play a major role in increasing the flexibility of TF instruments. PMID- 18923375 TI - The analysis of walking in subjects with and without temporomandibular joint disorders. A cross-sectional analysis. AB - AIM: The aim of this study was to determine if stomatognathic functions correlate with alterations in walking function, that are detectable through the analysis of walking. METHODS: The study enrolled 24 Caucasian adult females (mean age 27.9+/ 4.5), asymptomatic for temporomandibular and muscular disorders and 20 Caucasian adult females with temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs). The analysis of walking was performed under three different experimental conditions: 1) mandibular rest position (RP); 2) habitual dental occlusion (DO); 3) cotton rolls between the upper and the lower dental arches (CRs). RESULTS: The mean pressure during walking, measured as g/cm(2), on the theoretical barycentre, the percentage of loading on the left and the right feet (measured as %) and the loading surface, measured as mm(2), under the right and the left feet, were recorded as posturographic parameters. Generally, no difference was found in any of these parameters in the mean pressure during walking in the different considered conditions; only when two cotton rolls were positioned between the dental arches the load pressure was found to be significantly higher in the TMD patients than in the control subjects (P<0.05). In addition, in the same condition, TMD subjects showed a significantly smaller loading surface than control subjects, both under the right and the left feet. CONCLUSION: TMDs seem to be associated to detectable alterations of the walking function. PMID- 18923376 TI - Oral squamous cell carcinoma: a mono-institutional epidemiological study on 462 cases highlighting differences among young and adult patients. AB - AIM: Despite several diagnostic and therapeutic advances, an increasing incidence of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) especially among young individuals has been observed in different parts of the world. Aim of this study was to delineate the profile of patients with OSCC in particular among young people. METHODS: Between 1977-2004, the medical records of 462 patients (mean age: 64.18 years, male-to-female ratio 2.1:1) with a diagnosis of OSCC were retrieved and successively analysed, with details of demographic data, staging, histological grading, treatment modality and risk factor profile. Overall, 43 (9.3%) patients were less of 45 years old, and among these, the male-to-female ratio was 2.9:1 with the median age of 38 years. Most patients had stage II (37.5%) or III (29.2) disease, only 9.7% of the patients had stage IV. The most common histological gradings were well or moderately differentiated (98,5%). The most common involved site was the tongue (40.1%). A large number of patients (45.4%) received treatment with either surgery alone or a combination of surgery and other adjuvant therapy (45.9%). RESULTS: Collectively, these data indicate that OSCC remains a constant worldwide health problem. In addition, the occurrence of OSCC in young people is relatively high. Traditional risk habits including smoking and alcohol consumption remain the most important factors in the development of OSCC. CONCLUSION: Therefore, our data suggested that the OSCC prevention with early detection, early treatment intervention, and withdrawal from risk habits must be devised and advised also for patients in southern Italy. PMID- 18923377 TI - Root surface treatment with vitamin C in tooth replantation: microscopic study in rats. AB - AIM: Late tooth replantation is a worthy procedure, especially in growing patients, being the best option for tooth avulsion. This study evaluated the effects of root surface treatment with 2% acidulated phosphate sodium fluoride and effervescent vitamin C (Redoxon) in late replantation. METHODS: Twenty rat teeth (Rattus norvegicus, albinus, Wistar) were extracted and left on a table for 6 h. Then, the dental papilla and enamel organ were sectioned and the pulp was removed through the apex. After removal of the periodontal ligament with a blade, the animals were divided into 2 groups: Group I teeth were immersed in 2% acidulated phosphate sodium fluoride solution for 10 min and obturated with Ca(OH)(2) paste. Group II teeth were immersed in effervescent vitamin C solution (Redoxon 2 g) for 10 min and obturated as for Group I. After these procedures, teeth were replanted and animals were killed after 60 days. RESULTS: The study revealed a larger amount of replacement resorption in Group I and larger amount of ankylosis in Group II, with statistically significant difference and absence of inflammatory resorption. CONCLUSION: The substances used for root surface treatment were unable to prevent replacement resorption and ankylosis, which are expected when the periodontal ligament has been lost. PMID- 18923378 TI - Clinical guidelines for prevention of osteonecrosis of the jaws in patients in treatment with bisphosphonates: literature review and report of three cases. AB - Lately clinical evidence has suggested that the development of osteonecrosis of the jaws (ONJ) might be associated to assumption of high doses of nitrogen bisphosphonate (N-BPs), quite common in the treatment of multiple myeloma and skeletal metastasis due to breast and prostate cancer. Bisphosphonates are used for the treatment of several pathologies such as osteoporosis, Paget's disease, multiple myeloma, malignant hypercalcemia, breast and prostate tumours, and other tumours associated with bone metastasis. Their use might improve patient's life standard, reducing pain and complications of the skeletal structure. In this report three clinical cases of ONJ of patients in treatment with BPs are presented, and the possible pathogenesis is analysed. Further-more, treatment guidelines for the management of patients in treatment with BPs who need restorative dental care and oral surgery are proposed. PMID- 18923379 TI - Large oral soft tissue metastasis from anaplastic carcinoma of the lung mimicking a primitive malignancy: case report and brief review of the literature. AB - Metastatic tumours to the oral region are rare, and those reported in the buccal soft tissues are even less frequent. We describe a case of anaplastic carcinoma of the lung in a 60-year-old man, presenting a huge oral metastasis as the first sign of his primitive lung malignancy. Clinically, the oral lesion mimicked a high-grade primitive carcinoma of the oral cavity. The biopsy established the gingival metastasis from lung cancer which was confirmed by a fine-needle aspiration cytology examination. We report an uncommon case of metastatic lung carcinoma to the gingiva emphasizing the differential diagnosis between primary and metastatic tumours; a short discussion on the pathways of metastatization to oral cavity soft tissues, as well as brief review of the literature are also presented. PMID- 18923380 TI - A rare case of sclerosing mucoepidermoid carcinoma arising in minor salivary glands with immunohistochemical evaluation. AB - Mucoepidermoid carcinomas (MECs) are the most common malignancy of the salivary glands demonstrating a wide range of histologic variants and behavior. However, the sclerosing mucoepidermoid carcinoma (SMEC), a morphologic variant of this tumor is extremely rare and has been described almost exclusively in the major glands. The prominent sclerosis observed may obscure its typical morphological feature resulting in a diagnostic challenge. We describe herein a case of SMEC in a 43-year-old-woman, occurring in the minor salivary glands of palate. To our knowledge only 13 cases have been reported until this moment, being only 2 in minor salivary glands. We also performed the immunohistochemical evaluation of c erbB-2 and Ki-67, searching for an association with the histopathological findings and behavior. PMID- 18923381 TI - Preparation of feeding obturators for newborns with cleft palate: clinical and laboratory procedures. AB - The clinical and laboratory procedures for fabricating a neonatal feeding obturator requiring only a single impression followed by relining of the plate are described. The technique involves the use of a specific custom tray and polysiloxane putty for the impression, autopolymerizing acrylic resin for the plate, and a soft liner for the relining procedure. In over a decade, an obturator plate applied with this technique in 81 newborns with cleft palate has obtained good nutritional and functional results. PMID- 18923382 TI - Injuries resulting from car surfing--United States, 1990-2008. AB - "Car surfing" is a term introduced in the mid-1980s to describe a thrill-seeking activity that involves riding on the exterior of a moving motor vehicle while it is being driven by another person. Although reports of car-surfing injuries have been published in the United States, no study to date has analyzed these events from a national perspective. Because traditional public health datasets do not collect morbidity or mortality data on this practice, CDC searched U.S. newspaper reports to provide an initial characterization of car-surfing injuries on a national scale. That analysis identified 58 reports of car-surfing deaths and 41 reports of nonfatal injury from 1990 through August 2008. Most reports of car surfing injuries came from newspapers in the Midwest and South (75%), and most of the injuries were among males (70%) and persons aged 15-19 years (69%). The first identified newspaper reports about car-surfing injuries were published in the early 1990s, and new reports have been published every year since then. Parents and teens should be aware of the potentially lethal consequences of car surfing, which can occur even at low vehicle speeds, sometimes resulting from unanticipated movements of the vehicle, such as swerving or braking. PMID- 18923383 TI - Illnesses and injuries related to total release foggers--eight states, 2001-2006. AB - Total release foggers (TRFs), sometimes called "bug bombs," are pesticide products designed to fill an area with insecticide and often are used in homes and workplaces to kill cockroaches, fleas, and flying insects. Most TRFs contain pyrethroid, pyrethrin, or both as active ingredients. TRFs also contain flammable aerosol propellants that can cause fires or explosions. The magnitude and range of acute health problems associated with TRF usage has not been described previously. This report summarizes illnesses and injuries that were associated with exposures to TRFs during 2001--2006 in eight states (California, Florida, Louisiana, Michigan, New York, Oregon, Texas, and Washington) and were investigated by the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (CDPR) and state health departments participating in the SENSOR-Pesticides program. During 2001-2006, a total of 466 TRF-related illnesses or injuries were identified. These illnesses or injuries often resulted from inability or failure to vacate before the TRF discharged, reentry into the treated space too soon after the TRF was discharged, excessive use of TRFs for the space being treated, and failure to notify others nearby. The findings indicate that TRFs pose a risk for acute, usually temporary health effects among users and bystanders. To reduce the risk for TRF-related health effects, integrated pest management control strategies that prevent pests' access to food, water, and shelter need to be promoted and adopted. In addition, awareness of the hazards and proper use of TRFs need to be better communicated on TRF labels and in public media campaigns. PMID- 18923384 TI - An in vitro model of light chain deposition disease. AB - Nodular glomerulosclerosis results from increased deposition of extracellular matrix proteins and monotypic light chains. The inability of mesangial cells to degrade abnormal levels of tenascin-C--along with the increased expression of some growth factors such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)--is crucial to the pathogenesis of light chain deposition disease (LCDD). In order to study the molecular processes contributing to LCDD, we grew mesangial cells in three-dimensional matrices and incubated the cells with free light chains purified from the urine of patients with biopsy-proven LCDD, immunoglobulin-associated amyloid deposits, or myeloma cast nephropathy. Light chains of the latter two cohorts served as controls. Mesangial cells incubated with light chains from patients with LCDD show a significant increase in tenascin-C expression, centrally located within newly formed nodules, along with increased expression of PDGF and TGF-betas, compared to mesangial cells incubated with control light chains. There was less extracellular MMP-7 even though its intracellular expression is markedly increased compared to the control. Addition of active MMP-7 degraded this excess tenascin-C in vitro, a process that could be prevented by an exogenous MMP inhibitor. Our in vitro model recapitulates in vivo findings in patients with LCDD, thus allowing definition of the sequential pathologic processes associated with glomerulopathic light chain interactions with mesangial cells. PMID- 18923385 TI - Spironolactone suppresses inflammation and prevents L-NAME-induced renal injury in rats. AB - Chronic inhibition of nitric oxide synthase by N(omega)-nitro- L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) causes progressive renal injury with systemic hypertension and interstitial macrophage infiltration. We have previously shown that there is local activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the renal cortex as a major pathogenic feature of macrophage infiltration. In this study, we measured the effects of the aldosterone antagonist, spironolactone, on renal injury in L-NAME-treated male Wistar rats. After 12 weeks of L-NAME-treatment, rats had increased systolic blood pressure, urinary protein excretion, and serum creatinine and histological analysis showed glomerulosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis, and macrophage infiltration. Treatment with spironolactone significantly prevented these renal changes, whereas treatment with hydralazine had no effect. The cortical expression of osteopontin was significantly elevated in L-NAME-treated rats, and expression of its mRNA significantly correlated with the number of infiltrating macrophages and degree of interstitial fibrosis. Spironolactone treatment markedly suppressed osteopontin expression. Our results suggest that reduced nitric oxide bioavailability caused renal inflammation and fibrosis through an aldosterone receptor-dependent mechanism associated with osteopontin expression independent of its systemic hemodynamic effects. PMID- 18923386 TI - Effects of vitamin D supplementation on the calcium-phosphate balance in renal transplant patients. AB - Low serum levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D frequently occur after renal transplantation, but few studies have evaluated the effects of normalizing this on serum parathyroid hormone and calcium levels or urinary calcium excretion. To determine this we compared the outcomes of 94 renal transplant patients with low 25-hydroxy vitamin D and normal serum calcium levels who were either treated or not with cholecalciferol every 2 weeks for 2 months (intensive phase) followed by an every other month maintenance phase. The biological characteristics of the two equally divided patient groups did not differ before treatment. After the intensive phase, serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels were normalized in all but 3 patients and the serum parathyroid hormone decreased and calcium levels increased with no severe adverse effects. During the maintenance phase, the serum 25 hydroxy vitamin D level decreased but remained significantly higher than in controls. In the control group, the serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D concentration increased slightly but became normal in only three patients. Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels were significantly higher and parathyroid hormone levels were lower in treated patients compared to controls one year following transplant. Hence, cholecalciferol treatment significantly increased serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D and decreased parathyroid hormone levels with no adverse effects in 25-hydroxy vitamin D-deficient renal transplant patients. PMID- 18923387 TI - Apocynin attenuates tubular apoptosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis in transgenic mice independent of hypertension. AB - Angiotensin II stimulates the formation of reactive oxygen species by increased NADPH oxidase activity, which contributes to proapoptotic and profibrotic mechanisms critical in renal injury. Here we determine if apocynin, an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, interferes with the action of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system to minimize the progression of renal disease. Transgenic mice that overexpress rat angiotensinogen in their proximal tubule cells were given either apocynin, perindopril, or hydralazine while untreated or apocynin-treated non transgenic littermates served as controls. Untreated transgenic mice had significant elevations of their systolic blood pressure, albuminuria, reactive oxygen species production, NADPH oxidase activity, tubular apoptosis, active caspase-3, Bax, transforming growth factor-beta1, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, extracellular matrix proteins, collagen type IV, and phosphorylated p47phox expression compared to untreated non-transgenic mice. Apocynin and perindopril blunted these changes; however, apocynin had no effect on the systolic blood pressure whereas hydralazine prevented hypertension and tubulointerstitial fibrosis but not proximal tubule cell apoptosis. Our study shows that the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system stimulates proximal tubule cell apoptosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis, in part, by enhanced NADPH oxidase activity and reactive oxygen species generation independent of systemic hypertension. PMID- 18923389 TI - Government support for abstinence-only-until-marriage education. PMID- 18923388 TI - Discrete event simulation applied to pediatric phase I oncology designs. PMID- 18923390 TI - Acetaminophen-associated hepatic injury: evaluation of acetaminophen protein adducts in children and adolescents with acetaminophen overdose. AB - Acetaminophen protein adducts (APAP adducts) were quantified in 157 adolescents and children presenting at eight pediatric hospitals with the chief complaint of APAP overdose. Two of the patients required liver transplantation, whereas all the others recovered spontaneously. Peak APAP adducts correlated with peak hepatic transaminase values, time-to-treatment with N-acetylcysteine (NAC), and risk determination per the Rumack-Matthews nomogram. A population pharmacokinetic analysis (NONMEM) was performed with post hoc empiric Bayesian estimates determined for the elimination rate constants (k(e)), elimination half-lives (t(1/2)), and maximum concentration of adducts (C(max)) of the subjects. The mean (+/-SD)k(e) and half-life were 0.486 +/- 0.084 days(-1) and 1.47+/- 0.30 days, respectively, and the C(max) was 1.2 (+/-2.92) nmol/ml serum. The model-derived, predicted adduct value at 48 h (Adduct 48) correlated with adductC(max), adduct T(max), Rumack-Matthews risk determination, peak aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and peak alanine aminotransferase (ALT). The pharmacokinetics and clinical correlates of APAP adducts in pediatric and adolescent patients with APAP overdose support the need for a further examination of the role of APAP adducts as clinically relevant and specific biomarkers of APAP toxicity. PMID- 18923391 TI - Entrained rhythmic activities of neuronal ensembles as perceptual memory of time interval. AB - The ability to process temporal information is fundamental to sensory perception, cognitive processing and motor behaviour of all living organisms, from amoebae to humans. Neural circuit mechanisms based on neuronal and synaptic properties have been shown to process temporal information over the range of tens of microseconds to hundreds of milliseconds. How neural circuits process temporal information in the range of seconds to minutes is much less understood. Studies of working memory in monkeys and rats have shown that neurons in the prefrontal cortex, the parietal cortex and the thalamus exhibit ramping activities that linearly correlate with the lapse of time until the end of a specific time interval of several seconds that the animal is trained to memorize. Many organisms can also memorize the time interval of rhythmic sensory stimuli in the timescale of seconds and can coordinate motor behaviour accordingly, for example, by keeping the rhythm after exposure to the beat of music. Here we report a form of rhythmic activity among specific neuronal ensembles in the zebrafish optic tectum, which retains the memory of the time interval (in the order of seconds) of repetitive sensory stimuli for a duration of up to approximately 20 s. After repetitive visual conditioning stimulation (CS) of zebrafish larvae, we observed rhythmic post-CS activities among specific tectal neuronal ensembles, with a regular interval that closely matched the CS. Visuomotor behaviour of the zebrafish larvae also showed regular post-CS repetitions at the entrained time interval that correlated with rhythmic neuronal ensemble activities in the tectum. Thus, rhythmic activities among specific neuronal ensembles may act as an adjustable 'metronome' for time intervals in the order of seconds, and serve as a mechanism for the short-term perceptual memory of rhythmic sensory experience. PMID- 18923392 TI - Direct control of paralysed muscles by cortical neurons. AB - A potential treatment for paralysis resulting from spinal cord injury is to route control signals from the brain around the injury by artificial connections. Such signals could then control electrical stimulation of muscles, thereby restoring volitional movement to paralysed limbs. In previously separate experiments, activity of motor cortex neurons related to actual or imagined movements has been used to control computer cursors and robotic arms, and paralysed muscles have been activated by functional electrical stimulation. Here we show that Macaca nemestrina monkeys can directly control stimulation of muscles using the activity of neurons in the motor cortex, thereby restoring goal-directed movements to a transiently paralysed arm. Moreover, neurons could control functional stimulation equally well regardless of any previous association to movement, a finding that considerably expands the source of control signals for brain-machine interfaces. Monkeys learned to use these artificial connections from cortical cells to muscles to generate bidirectional wrist torques, and controlled multiple neuron muscle pairs simultaneously. Such direct transforms from cortical activity to muscle stimulation could be implemented by autonomous electronic circuitry, creating a relatively natural neuroprosthesis. These results are the first demonstration that direct artificial connections between cortical cells and muscles can compensate for interrupted physiological pathways and restore volitional control of movement to paralysed limbs. PMID- 18923394 TI - Crystal structure of a stable dimer reveals the molecular basis of serpin polymerization. AB - Repeating intermolecular protein association by means of beta-sheet expansion is the mechanism underlying a multitude of diseases including Alzheimer's, Huntington's and Parkinson's and the prion encephalopathies. A family of proteins, known as the serpins, also forms large stable multimers by ordered beta sheet linkages leading to intracellular accretion and disease. These 'serpinopathies' include early-onset dementia caused by mutations in neuroserpin, liver cirrhosis and emphysema caused by mutations in alpha(1)-antitrypsin (alpha(1)AT), and thrombosis caused by mutations in antithrombin. Serpin structure and function are quite well understood, and the family has therefore become a model system for understanding the beta-sheet expansion disorders collectively known as the conformational diseases. To develop strategies to prevent and reverse these disorders, it is necessary to determine the structural basis of the intermolecular linkage and of the pathogenic monomeric state. Here we report the crystallographic structure of a stable serpin dimer which reveals a domain swap of more than 50 residues, including two long antiparallel beta strands inserting in the centre of the principal beta-sheet of the neighbouring monomer. This structure explains the extreme stability of serpin polymers, the molecular basis of their rapid propagation, and provides critical new insights into the structural changes which initiate irreversible beta-sheet expansion. PMID- 18923397 TI - Requirement of AQP4 for antidepressive efficiency of fluoxetine: implication in adult hippocampal neurogenesis. AB - Aquaporin-4 (AQP4), a key molecule for maintaining water homeostasis in the central nervous system, is expressed in adult neural stem cells (ANSCs) as well as astrocytes. Neural stem cells give rise to new hippocampal neurons throughout adulthood, and defects in neurogenesis may predispose an individual to depression. Nevertheless, the role of AQP4 in adult hippocampal neurogenesis and chronic mild stress (CMS)-induced depression remains unknown. We herein report that AQP4 knockout disrupted 4-week fluoxetine (10 mg/kg per day i.p) treatment induced enhancement of adult mouse hippocampal neurogenesis as well as behavioral improvement under both basal condition and CMS-evoked depressive state. Meanwhile, AQP4 knockout abolished fluoxetine-induced enhancement of hippocampal cyclic AMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation. The CMS procedure inhibited hippocampal protein kinase A (PKA) activity, extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2), and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV (CaMKIV) phosphorylation in AQP4(+/+) and AQP4(-/-) mice. Fluoxetine treatment could reverse CMS-induced inhibition of PKA activity and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in both genotypes. However, fluoxetine restored CMS-induced inhibition of hippocampal CaMKIV phosphorylation in AQP4(+/+) mice but failed in AQP4(-/-) mice. Notably, CMS procedure significantly increased the hippocampal AQP4 expression, which was reversed by 4-week fluoxetine treatment. Further investigation showed AQP4 knockout inhibited the proliferation of cultured ANSCs and eliminated the pro-proliferative effect of fluoxetine in vitro. Collectively, these findings suggest that AQP4 is required for the antidepressive action of fluoxetine via regulating adult hippocampal neurogenesis. PMID- 18923395 TI - Centrosome misorientation reduces stem cell division during ageing. AB - Asymmetric division of adult stem cells generates one self-renewing stem cell and one differentiating cell, thereby maintaining tissue homeostasis. A decline in stem cell function has been proposed to contribute to tissue ageing, although the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. Here we show that changes in the stem cell orientation with respect to the niche during ageing contribute to the decline in spermatogenesis in the male germ line of Drosophila. Throughout the cell cycle, centrosomes in germline stem cells (GSCs) are oriented within their niche and this ensures asymmetric division. We found that GSCs containing misoriented centrosomes accumulate with age and that these GSCs are arrested or delayed in the cell cycle. The cell cycle arrest is transient, and GSCs appear to re-enter the cell cycle on correction of centrosome orientation. On the basis of these findings, we propose that cell cycle arrest associated with centrosome misorientation functions as a mechanism to ensure asymmetric stem cell division, and that the inability of stem cells to maintain correct orientation during ageing contributes to the decline in spermatogenesis. We also show that some of the misoriented GSCs probably originate from dedifferentiation of spermatogonia. PMID- 18923396 TI - A functional haplotype implicated in vulnerability to develop cocaine dependence is associated with reduced PDYN expression in human brain. AB - Dynorphin peptides and the kappa-opioid receptor are important in the rewarding properties of cocaine, heroin, and alcohol. We tested polymorphisms of the prodynorphin gene (PDYN) for association with cocaine dependence and cocaine/alcohol codependence. We genotyped six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), located in the promoter region, exon 4 coding, and 3' untranslated region, in 106 Caucasians and 204 African Americans who were cocaine dependent, cocaine/alcohol codependent, or controls. In Caucasians, we found point-wise significant associations of 3'UTR SNPs (rs910080, rs910079, and rs2235749) with cocaine dependence and cocaine/alcohol codependence. These SNPs are in high linkage disequilibrium, comprising a haplotype block. The haplotype CCT was significantly experiment-wise associated with cocaine dependence and with combined cocaine dependence and cocaine/alcohol codependence (false discovery rate, q=0.04 and 0.03, respectively). We investigated allele-specific gene expression of PDYN, using SNP rs910079 as a reporter, in postmortem human brains from eight heterozygous subjects, using SNaPshot assay. There was significantly lower expression for C allele (rs910079), with ratios ranging from 0.48 to 0.78, indicating lower expression of the CCT haplotype of PDYN in both the caudate and nucleus accumbens. Analysis of total PDYN expression in 43 postmortem brains also showed significantly lower levels of preprodynorphin mRNA in subjects having the risk CCT haplotype. This study provides evidence that a 3'UTR PDYN haplotype, implicated in vulnerability to develop cocaine addiction and/or cocaine/alcohol codependence, is related to lower mRNA expression of the PDYN gene in human dorsal and ventral striatum. PMID- 18923398 TI - Dopamine uptake changes associated with cocaine self-administration. AB - The present study was designed to reveal the relationship between cocaine-induced dopamine uptake changes and patterns of cocaine self-administration observed under a fixed-ratio schedule. Cocaine was intravenously infused into anesthetized rats, according to inter-infusion intervals obtained from self-administering animals, and dopamine uptake changes (apparent K(m)) were assessed in the nucleus accumbens using voltammetry. The data demonstrate that cocaine-induced dopamine transporter (DAT) inhibition accounts for the accumbal dopamine fluctuations, which are associated with the cyclic regularity of cocaine intake observed during self-administration. Specifically, the inter-infusion intervals that are maintained during cocaine self-administration correlate with the maintenance of a rapidly changing level of dopamine uptake inhibition, which appears to be tightly regulated. Furthermore, this maintained level of dopamine uptake inhibition was found to shift upward using intervals from animals that had shown an escalation in the rate of cocaine self-administration. Although no significant change in the apparent K(m) was revealed in animals that exhibited an escalation in the rate of cocaine intake, an increased dopamine uptake rate was found suggesting an upregulation of DAT number in response to a history of high cocaine intake. This is the first demonstration of the tight correlation that exists between the level of dopamine uptake inhibition and rates of cocaine self-administration. Moreover, a new mathematical model was created that quantitatively describes the changes in cocaine-induced dopamine uptake and correctly predicts the level of dopamine uptake inhibition. This model permits a computational interpretation of cocaine induced dopamine uptake changes during cocaine self-administration. PMID- 18923400 TI - On the use of protein turnover and half-lives. PMID- 18923399 TI - Kappa-opioid system regulates the long-lasting behavioral adaptations induced by early-life exposure to methylphenidate. AB - Methylphenidate (MPH) is commonly prescribed in childhood and adolescence for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders. In rodents, MPH exposure during preadolescence (postnatal days (PD) 20-35) causes decreased sensitivity to drug and natural rewards, while enhancing a negative emotional state characterized by increased sensitivity to aversive situations later in adulthood. It has been proposed that this behavioral profile may be mediated, at least in part, by changes in the expression of dynorphin, the endogenous ligand for kappa opioid receptors (KORs). Because increases in dynorphin activity and activation of KOR induce aversive states, we examined the possibility that these behavioral deficits may be mediated by changes in KOR function, and that MPH-exposed rats would demonstrate increased sensitivity to the kappa-agonist U-50488. Sprague Dawley male rats were treated with MPH (2 mg/kg) or its saline vehicle (VEH) during PD20-35. When adults (PD90+), these rats were divided into groups receiving saline, U-50488 (5 mg/kg), or nor-binaltorphimine (20 mg/kg), a kappa antagonist, and their behavioral reactivity to various emotion-eliciting stimuli was assessed. Results show that MPH exposure decreases cocaine place conditioning and sucrose preference, while increasing vulnerability to anxiety (elevated plus maze)- and stress (forced swimming)-eliciting situations, and that these behavioral deficits can be intensified by U-50488, while being normalized by nor binaltorphimine treatment. These results are consistent with the notion that dysregulated dynorphin/kappa-opioid systems may mediate deficits in behavioral responding after developmental MPH exposure. Moreover, these findings further support the idea of kappa-antagonists as potential pharmacotherapy for the treatment of anxiety- and depression-related disorders. PMID- 18923401 TI - Does COMT val158met affect behavioral phenotypes: yes, no, maybe? AB - The COMT gene functional polymorphism val(158)met is one of the most intensively studied variants in psychiatric genetics. Due to small effect size and various methodological issues, its role in various psychiatric disorders and behavioral traits has still not been unequivocally established. In this issue of Neuropsychopharmacology, several studies are presented supporting a role for COMT as a factor in cocaine addiction, brain reward activation, response to tolcapone, distractibility in ADHD, and fMRI bold response. The studies make important contributions to the growing literature that aim to establish an effect of this functional variant on behavioral phenotypes and treatment response. PMID- 18923393 TI - The Phaeodactylum genome reveals the evolutionary history of diatom genomes. AB - Diatoms are photosynthetic secondary endosymbionts found throughout marine and freshwater environments, and are believed to be responsible for around one-fifth of the primary productivity on Earth. The genome sequence of the marine centric diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana was recently reported, revealing a wealth of information about diatom biology. Here we report the complete genome sequence of the pennate diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum and compare it with that of T. pseudonana to clarify evolutionary origins, functional significance and ubiquity of these features throughout diatoms. In spite of the fact that the pennate and centric lineages have only been diverging for 90 million years, their genome structures are dramatically different and a substantial fraction of genes ( approximately 40%) are not shared by these representatives of the two lineages. Analysis of molecular divergence compared with yeasts and metazoans reveals rapid rates of gene diversification in diatoms. Contributing factors include selective gene family expansions, differential losses and gains of genes and introns, and differential mobilization of transposable elements. Most significantly, we document the presence of hundreds of genes from bacteria. More than 300 of these gene transfers are found in both diatoms, attesting to their ancient origins, and many are likely to provide novel possibilities for metabolite management and for perception of environmental signals. These findings go a long way towards explaining the incredible diversity and success of the diatoms in contemporary oceans. PMID- 18923402 TI - Association of changes in norepinephrine and serotonin transporter expression with the long-term behavioral effects of antidepressant drugs. AB - Previous work has shown that repeated desipramine treatment causes downregulation of the norepinephrine transporter (NET) and persistent antidepressant-like effects on behavior, ie effects observed 2 days after discontinuation of drug treatment when acute effects are minimized. The present study examined whether this mechanism generalizes to other antidepressants and also is evident for the serotonin transporter (SERT). Treatment of rats for 14 days with 20 mg/kg per day protriptyline or 7.5 mg/kg per day sertraline reduced NET and SERT expression, respectively, in cerebral cortex and hippocampus; these treatments also induced a persistent antidepressant-like effect on forced-swim behavior. Increased serotonergic neurotransmission likely mediated the behavioral effect of sertraline, as it was blocked by inhibition of serotonin synthesis with p chlorophenylalanine; a parallel effect was observed previously for desipramine and noradrenergic neurotransmission. Treatment with 20 mg/kg per day reboxetine for 42, but not 14, days reduced NET expression; antidepressant-like effects on behavior were observed for both treatment durations. Treatment for 14 days with 70 mg/kg per day venlafaxine, which inhibits both the NET and SERT, or 10 mg/kg per day phenelzine, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, produced antidepressant-like effects on behavior without altering NET or SERT expression. For all drugs tested, reductions of NET and SERT protein were not accompanied by reduced NET or SERT mRNA in locus coeruleus or dorsal raphe nucleus, respectively. Overall, the present results suggest an important, though not universal, role for NET and SERT regulation in the long-term behavioral effects of antidepressants. Understanding the mechanisms underlying transporter regulation in vivo may suggest novel targets for the development of antidepressant drugs. PMID- 18923403 TI - Postsynaptic alpha-2 adrenergic receptors are critical for the antidepressant like effects of desipramine on behavior. AB - The antidepressant desipramine inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine (NE), leading to activation of both pre- and postsynaptic adrenergic receptors, including alpha-1, alpha-2, beta-1, and beta-2 subtypes. However, it is not clear which adrenergic receptors are involved in mediating its antidepressant effects. Treatment of mice with desipramine (20 mg/kg, i.p.) produced an antidepressant like effect, as evidenced by decreased immobility in the forced-swim test; this was antagonized by pretreatment with the alpha-2 adrenergic antagonist idazoxan (0.1-2.5 mg/kg, i.p.). Similarly, idazoxan, administered peripherally (0.5-2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) or centrally (1-10 microg, i.c.v.), antagonized the antidepressant like effect of desipramine in rats responding under a differential-reinforcement of-low-rate (DRL) 72-s schedule, ie, decreased response rate and increased reinforcement rate. By contrast, pretreatment with the beta-adrenergic antagonists propranolol and CGP-12177 or the alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist prazosin did not alter the antidepressant-like effect of desipramine on DRL behavior. The lack of involvement of beta-adrenergic receptors in mediating the behavioral effects of desipramine was confirmed using knockout lines. In the forced-swim test, the desipramine-induced decrease in immobility was not altered in mice deficient in beta-1, beta-2, or both beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptors. In addition, desipramine (3-30 mg/kg) produced an antidepressant-like effect on behavior under a DRL 36-s schedule in mice deficient in both beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptors. As antagonism of presynaptic alpha-2 adrenergic receptors facilitates NE release, which potentiates the effects of desipramine, the present results suggest that postsynaptic alpha-2 adrenergic receptors play an important role in its antidepressant effects. PMID- 18923404 TI - The CRF system mediates increased passive stress-coping behavior following the loss of a bonded partner in a monogamous rodent. AB - Social relationships significantly influence physiology and behavior, including the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis, anxiety, and mental health. Disruption of social bonds through separation or death often results in profound grieving, depression, and physical illness. As the monogamous prairie vole forms enduring, selective pair bonds with the mating partner, they provide an animal model to study the physiological consequences of pair bonding and, thus, the loss of the bonded partner. Male prairie voles were paired with a novel female or male sibling. After 5 days, half of the males of each group were separated from the partner. Elevated plus-maze, forced swim, and tail suspension tests were used to assess anxiety-like and passive stress-coping behaviors indicative of depressive like behavior. Following 4 days of separation from the female but not the male partner, experimental males displayed increased passive stress-coping. This effect was abolished by long-term intracerebroventricular infusion of a nonselective corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptor antagonist without disrupting the bond itself. Both CRF type 1 and 2 receptors were involved in the emergence of passive stress-coping behavior. Furthermore, pairing with a female was associated with elevated CRF mRNA in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and partner loss elicited a pronounced increase in circulating corticosteroid and adrenal weight. We speculate that the CRF system may mediate an aversive affect following separation from the female partner, which may facilitate proximity seeking between the pair-bonded individuals. Hence, the prairie vole model may provide insights into brain mechanisms involved in the psychopathological consequences of partner loss. PMID- 18923407 TI - Sequence data swell for nematodes. AB - With more than 80,000 described species that are extremely diverse in terms of ecology and biology, the Nematoda phylum is one of the most common animal phyla. This month's Genome Watch describes genomes of several nematodes, including that of the human filarial parasite Brugia malayi. PMID- 18923406 TI - The medical and economic roles of pipeline pharmacogenetics: Alzheimer's disease as a model of efficacy and HLA-B(*)5701 as a model of safety. AB - Pharmacogenetics (PGX) is the study of drug response as a function of an individual's DNA. PGX is often viewed as an extension of disease association genetics, and although this information may be related, it is not the study of drug response. Although medicines are used to treat diseases, the value of strategies that identify and incorporate DNA biomarkers associated with clinical efficacy, or DNA biomarkers for untoward clinical responses, can be applied directly to pharmaceutical pipelines. The growth of adverse event PGX studies involving marketed medicines generally uses relatively large numbers of affected patients, but has been productive. However, the two critical strategies for pipeline genetics must make use of fewer patients: (1) the early identification of efficacy signals so that they can be applied early in development for targeted therapies and (2) identification of safety signals that can subsequently be validated prospectively during development using the least number of patients with adverse responses. Assumptions are often made that large numbers of patients are necessary to recognize PGX hypotheses and to validate DNA biomarkers. In some ways, pipeline pharmacogenetics may be viewed as the opposite of current genome wide scanning designs. The goal is to obtain PGX signals in as few patients as possible, and then validate PGX hypotheses for specificity and sensitivity as development trials go forward--not using hundreds of thousand of markers to detect strong linkage disequilibrium signals in thousands of patients and their controls. Drug development takes 5-7 years for a drug candidate to traverse to registration--and this is similar to the timeframe for validating genetic biomarkers using sequential clinical trials. Two important examples are discussed, the association of APOE genotypes to the demonstration of actionable efficacy signals for the use of rosiglitazone for Alzheimer's disease; and the identification of HLA-B(*)5701 as a highly sensitive and specific predictive marker for abacavir treated patients who will develop hypersensitivity syndrome (HSS). The rosiglitazone study prevented pipeline attrition by changing the interpretation of a critical Phase IIB proof of concept study (2005) from a failed study, to a positive efficacy response in a genetically predictable proportion of patients. Now, three years later, a Phase III program of clinical trials using pharmacogenetic designs is months away from completion (late08). If successfully registered (early09), millions of patients could benefit, and efficacy PGX would have achieved its first prospective block-buster. The use of safety candidate gene association genetics in patients who received abacavir therapy and developed HSS starting in 1998 culminated in a double blind clinical trial that determined sensitivity > 97% and specificity >99% in 2007. Clinical consensus panels rapidly recommended abacavir as the preferred therapy along with HLA-B(*)5701 pre-testing, immediately increasing the market share of abacavir with respect to other reverse transcriptases that are associated with there own adverse events. Targeting of medicines during drug development is now possible, practical, and profitable. PMID- 18923409 TI - Avoiding the void: cell-to-cell spread of human viruses. AB - The initial stages of animal virus infection are generally described as the binding of free virions to permissive target cells followed by entry and replication. Although this route of infection is undoubtedly important, many viruses that are pathogenic for humans, including HIV-1, herpes simplex virus and measles, can also move between cells without diffusing through the extracellular environment. Cell-to-cell spread not only facilitates rapid viral dissemination, but may also promote immune evasion and influence disease. This Review discusses the various mechanisms by which viruses move directly between cells and the implications of this for viral dissemination and pathogenesis. PMID- 18923410 TI - The rise and fall of bacterial clones: Streptococcus pneumoniae. AB - Globally spreading bacterial strains belong to clonal types that have the capacity to colonize, spread and cause disease in the community. Recent comparative genomic analyses of well-defined clinical isolates have led to the identification of bacterial properties that are required for the successful spread of bacterial clones. In this Review, we discuss the evolution of bacterial clones, the importance of recombination versus mutations for evolution of clones, common methods used to study clonal relationships among bacteria, factors that may contribute to the clonal spread of bacteria and the potential relevance of bacterial clones to clinical disease. We focus on the common pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae, although other bacteria are also briefly discussed, such as Helicobacter pylori, Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PMID- 18923411 TI - Swimming with protists: perception, motility and flagellum assembly. AB - In unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes, fast cell motility and rapid movement of material over cell surfaces are often mediated by ciliary or flagellar beating. The conserved defining structure in most motile cilia and flagella is the '9+2' microtubule axoneme. Our general understanding of flagellum assembly and the regulation of flagellar motility has been led by results from seminal studies of flagellate protozoa and algae. Here we review recent work relating to various aspects of protist physiology and cell biology. In particular, we discuss energy metabolism in eukaryotic flagella, modifications to the canonical assembly pathway and flagellum function in parasite virulence. PMID- 18923412 TI - Recombineering mycobacteria and their phages. AB - Bacteriophages are central components in the development of molecular tools for microbial genetics. Mycobacteriophages have proven to be a rich resource for tuberculosis genetics, and the recent development of a mycobacterial recombineering system based on mycobacteriophage Che9c-encoded proteins offers new approaches to mycobacterial mutagenesis. Expression of the phage exonuclease and recombinase substantially enhances recombination frequencies in both fast- and slow-growing mycobacteria, thereby facilitating construction of both gene knockout and point mutants; it also provides a simple and efficient method for constructing mycobacteriophage mutants. Exploitation of host-specific phages thus provides a general strategy for recombineering and mutagenesis in genetically naive systems. PMID- 18923414 TI - Association between ED and LUTS in Japanese motorcyclists. AB - Recently, the association between motorcycling and erectile dysfunction (ED) has been reported. Also, lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) were reported to be associated with ED. The aim of this study is to evaluate the association of ED with LUTS in motorcyclists. We investigated the prevalence and the status of ED using a 5-item version of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) in 150 motorcyclists. ED was diagnosed when the IIEF-5 score was less than 17. The International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) was also applied, and the relationship between IIEF-5 and IPSS was evaluated. Of the 150 motorcyclists, 37 (25%) had ED, and 31 (21%) had moderate or severe symptoms of LUTS (IPSS >or=8). The IIEF-5 was significantly associated with the severity of IPSS (P=0.002) and age (P<0.0001). The IIEF-5 was also significantly associated with the scores of both voiding (P<0.0001) and storage symptoms (P=0.001). On stepwise logistic regression analysis, age and storage symptoms are independent risk factors for ED in motorcyclists. LUTS seemed to be associated with ED in motorcyclists. PMID- 18923405 TI - Target identification for CNS diseases by transcriptional profiling. AB - Gene expression changes in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, and gene responses to therapeutic drugs, provide new ways to identify central nervous system (CNS) targets for drug discovery. This review summarizes gene and pathway targets replicated in expression profiling of human postmortem brain, animal models, and cell culture studies. Analysis of isolated human neurons implicates targets for Alzheimer's disease and the cognitive decline associated with normal aging and mild cognitive impairment. In addition to tau, amyloid-beta precursor protein, and amyloid-beta peptides (Abeta), these targets include all three high affinity neurotrophin receptors and the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) system, synapse markers, glutamate receptors (GluRs) and transporters, and dopamine (DA) receptors, particularly the D2 subtype. Gene-based candidates for Parkinson's disease (PD) include the ubiquitin-proteosome system, scavengers of reactive oxygen species, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), its receptor, TrkB, and downstream target early growth response 1, Nurr-1, and signaling through protein kinase C and RAS pathways. Increasing variability and decreases in brain mRNA production from middle age to old age suggest that cognitive impairments during normal aging may be addressed by drugs that restore antioxidant, DNA repair, and synaptic functions including those of DA to levels of younger adults. Studies in schizophrenia identify robust decreases in genes for GABA function, including glutamic acid decarboxylase, HINT1, glutamate transport and GluRs, BDNF and TrkB, numerous 14-3-3 protein family members, and decreases in genes for CNS synaptic and metabolic functions, particularly glycolysis and ATP generation. Many of these metabolic genes are increased by insulin and muscarinic agonism, both of which are therapeutic in psychosis. Differential genomic signals are relatively sparse in bipolar disorder, but include deficiencies in the expression of 14-3-3 protein members, implicating these chaperone proteins and the neurotransmitter pathways they support as possible drug targets. Brains from persons with major depressive disorder reveal decreased expression for genes in glutamate transport and metabolism, neurotrophic signaling (eg, FGF, BDNF and VGF), and MAP kinase pathways. Increases in these pathways in the brains of animals exposed to electroconvulsive shock and antidepressant treatments identify neurotrophic and angiogenic growth factors and second messenger stimulation as therapeutic approaches for the treatment of depression. PMID- 18923413 TI - CD4 immunophenotyping in HIV infection. AB - The ability to rapidly identify immune cell subsets such as CD4 cells, which became possible around the same time as the onset of the HIV/AIDS pandemic, was one of the greatest advances in clinical and diagnostic immunology. The evolution of this global pandemic and the subsequent development of treatment strategies to prolong the life of infected individuals mean that it is now more crucial than ever that we develop affordable, reliable and accurate methods for the enumeration of CD4 cells. Here, we provide an overview of the historical developments in CD4 enumeration technologies that are related to HIV infection, and summarize the current technological challenges that must be overcome to meet the needs of those living with HIV infection. PMID- 18923415 TI - ISA, ISSAM, EAU, EAA and ASA recommendations: investigation, treatment and monitoring of late-onset hypogonadism in males. AB - The new ISA, ISSAM, EAU, EAA and ASA recommendations on the investigation, treatment and monitoring of late-onset hypogonadism in males provide updated evidence-based information for clinicians who diagnose and treat patients with adult onset, age related testosterone deficiency. PMID- 18923416 TI - Gating motions underlie AMPA receptor secretion from the endoplasmic reticulum. AB - Ion channel biogenesis involves an intricate interplay between subunit folding and assembly. Channel stoichiometries vary and give rise to diverse functions, which impacts on neuronal signalling. AMPA glutamate receptor (AMPAR) assembly is modulated by RNA processing. Here, we provide mechanistic insight into this process. First, we show that a single alternatively spliced residue within the ligand-binding domain alters AMPAR secretion from the ER. Local contacts differ between Leu758 of the GluR2-flop splice form as compared with the flip-specific Val758, which is transmitted globally to alter resensitization kinetics. Detailed biochemical and functional analysis of mutants suggest that AMPARs sample the gating cascade prior to ER export. Irreversibly locking the receptor within various states of the cascade severely attenuates ER transit. Alternative RNA processing by contrast, shifts equilibria between transition states reversibly and thereby modulates secretion kinetics. These data reveal how RNA processing tunes AMPAR biogenesis, and imply that gating transitions in the ER determine iGluR secretory traffic. PMID- 18923418 TI - The IQGAP Iqg1 is a regulatory target of CDK for cytokinesis in Candida albicans. AB - Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) drive and coordinate multiple cell-cycle events, including construction and contraction of the actomyosin ring during cytokinesis. However, it remains unclear whether CDKs regulate cytokinesis by directly targeting components of the ring. In a search for proteins containing consensus CDK phosphorylation sites in Candida albicans, we found that the IQGAP Iqg1 contains two dense clusters of 19 such sites flanking the actin-interacting CH domain. Here, we show that Iqg1 is indeed a phosphoprotein that undergoes cell cycle-dependent phosphorylation and can be phosphorylated by purified Clb-Cdc28 kinases in vitro. Mass spectrometry identified several phosphoserine and phosphothreonine residues among these CDK sites. Mutating 15 of the CDK phosphorylation sites with alanine markedly reduced Iqg1 phosphorylation in vivo. The 15A mutation greatly stabilized Iqg1, caused both premature assembly and delayed disassembly of the actomyosin ring, blocked Iqg1 interaction with the actin-nucleating proteins Bni1 and Bnr1, and resulted in defects in cytokinesis. Our data therefore strongly support the idea that the Cdc28 CDK regulates cytokinesis partly by directly phosphorylating the actomyosin ring component Iqg1. PMID- 18923417 TI - Localization of Smc5/6 to centromeres and telomeres requires heterochromatin and SUMO, respectively. AB - The Smc5/6 holocomplex executes key functions in genome maintenance that include ensuring the faithful segregation of chromosomes at mitosis and facilitating critical DNA repair pathways. Smc5/6 is essential for viability and therefore, dissecting its chromosome segregation and DNA repair roles has been challenging. We have identified distinct epigenetic and post-translational modifications that delineate roles for fission yeast Smc5/6 in centromere function, versus replication fork-associated DNA repair. We monitored Smc5/6 subnuclear and genomic localization in response to different replicative stresses, using fluorescence microscopy and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-on-chip methods. Following hydroxyurea treatment, and during an unperturbed S phase, Smc5/6 is transiently enriched at the heterochromatic outer repeats of centromeres in an H3 K9 methylation-dependent manner. In contrast, methyl methanesulphonate treatment induces the accumulation of Smc5/6 at subtelomeres, in an Nse2 SUMO ligase dependent, but H3-K9 methylation-independent manner. Finally, we determine that Smc5/6 loads at all genomic tDNAs, a phenomenon that requires intact consensus TFIIIC-binding sites in the tDNAs. PMID- 18923420 TI - Transient receptor potential channels meet phosphoinositides. AB - Transient receptor potential (TRP) cation channels are unique cellular sensors that are involved in multiple cellular functions, ranging from transduction of sensory signals to the regulation of Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) homoeostasis. Malfunctioning of TRP channels is now recognized as the cause of several hereditary and acquired human diseases. At the time of cloning of the first Drosophila TRP channel, a close connection between gating and phosphatidylinositol phosphates (PIPs) was already recognized. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about the mechanisms of interaction between TRP channels and PIPs, and discuss the possible functional implications of TRP-PIP interactions to human physiology and pathophysiology. PMID- 18923419 TI - An Id-like molecule, HHM, is a synexpression group-restricted regulator of TGF beta signalling. AB - Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta induces various cellular responses principally through Smad-dependent transcriptional regulation. Activated Smad complexes cooperate with transcription factors in regulating a group of target genes. The target genes controlled by the same Smad-cofactor complexes are denoted a synexpression group. We found that an Id-like helix-loop-helix protein, human homologue of Maid (HHM), is a synexpression group-restricted regulator of TGF-beta signalling. HHM suppressed TGF-beta-induced growth inhibition and cell migration but not epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In addition, HHM inhibited TGF-beta-induced expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-type 1 (PAI-1), PDGF-B, and p21(WAF), but not Snail. We identified a basic-helix-loop-helix protein, Olig1, as one of the Smad-binding transcription factors affected by HHM. Olig1 interacted with Smad2/3 in response to TGF-beta stimulation, and was involved in transcriptional activation of PAI-1 and PDGF-B. HHM, but not Id proteins, inhibited TGF-beta signalling-dependent association of Olig1 with Smad2/3 through physical interaction with Olig1. HHM thus appears to regulate a subset of TGF-beta target genes including the Olig1-Smad synexpression group. HHM is the first example of a cellular response-selective regulator of TGF-beta signalling with clearly determined mechanisms. PMID- 18923421 TI - EFC/F-BAR proteins and the N-WASP-WIP complex induce membrane curvature-dependent actin polymerization. AB - Extended Fer-CIP4 homology (EFC)/FCH-BAR (F-BAR) domains generate and bind to tubular membrane structures of defined diameters that are involved in the formation and fission of endocytotic vesicles. Formin-binding protein 17 (FBP17) and Toca-1 contain EFC/F-BAR domains and bind to neural Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (N-WASP), which links phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate (PIP(2)) and the Rho family GTPase Cdc42 to the Arp2/3 complex. The N-WASP-WASP interacting protein (WIP) complex, a predominant form of N-WASP in cells, is known to be activated by Toca-1 and Cdc42. Here, we show that N-WASP-WIP complex mediated actin polymerization is activated by phosphatidylserine-containing membranes depending on membrane curvature in the presence of Toca-1 or FBP17 and in the absence of Cdc42 and PIP(2). Cdc42 further promoted the activation of actin polymerization by N-WASP-WIP. Toca-1 or FBP17 recruited N-WASP-WIP to the membrane. Conserved acidic residues near the SH3 domain of Toca-1 and FBP17 positioned the N-WASP-WIP to be spatially close to the membrane for activation of actin polymerization. Therefore, curvature-dependent actin polymerization is stimulated by spatially appropriate interactions of EFC/F-BAR proteins and the N WASP-WIP complex with the membrane. PMID- 18923422 TI - Rad51 suppresses gross chromosomal rearrangement at centromere in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. AB - Centromere that plays a pivotal role in chromosome segregation is composed of repetitive elements in many eukaryotes. Although chromosomal regions containing repeats are the hotspots of rearrangements, little is known about the stability of centromere repeats. Here, by using a minichromosome that has a complete set of centromere sequences, we have developed a fission yeast system to detect gross chromosomal rearrangements (GCRs) that occur spontaneously. Southern and comprehensive genome hybridization analyses of rearranged chromosomes show two types of GCRs: translocation between homologous chromosomes and formation of isochromosomes in which a chromosome arm is replaced by a copy of the other. Remarkably, all the examined isochromosomes contain the breakpoint in centromere repeats, showing that isochromosomes are produced by centromere rearrangement. Mutations in the Rad3 checkpoint kinase increase both types of GCRs. In contrast, the deletion of Rad51 recombinase preferentially elevates isochromosome formation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis shows that Rad51 localizes at centromere around S phase. These data suggest that Rad51 suppresses rearrangements of centromere repeats that result in isochromosome formation. PMID- 18923423 TI - CTCF regulates cell cycle progression of alphabeta T cells in the thymus. AB - The 11-zinc finger protein CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) is a highly conserved protein, involved in imprinting, long-range chromatin interactions and transcription. To investigate its function in vivo, we generated mice with a conditional Ctcf knockout allele. Consistent with a previous report, we find that ubiquitous ablation of the Ctcf gene results in early embryonic lethality. Tissue specific inactivation of CTCF in thymocytes specifically hampers the differentiation of alphabeta T cells and causes accumulation of late double negative and immature single-positive cells in the thymus of mice. These cells are normally large and actively cycling, and contain elevated amounts of CTCF. In Ctcf knockout animals, however, these cells are small and blocked in the cell cycle due to increased expression of the cyclin-CDK inhibitors p21 and p27. Taken together, our results show that CTCF is required in a dose-dependent manner and is involved in cell cycle progression of alphabeta T cells in the thymus. We propose that CTCF positively regulates cell growth in rapidly dividing thymocytes so that appropriate number of cells are generated before positive and negative selection in the thymus. PMID- 18923424 TI - ASIC3, a sensor of acidic and primary inflammatory pain. AB - Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are cationic channels activated by extracellular acidosis that are expressed in both central and peripheral nervous systems. Although peripheral ASICs seem to be natural sensors of acidic pain (e.g., in inflammation, ischaemia, lesions or tumours), a direct demonstration is still lacking. We show that approximately 60% of rat cutaneous sensory neurons express ASIC3-like currents. Native as well as recombinant ASIC3 respond synergistically to three different inflammatory signals that are slight acidifications (approximately pH 7.0), hypertonicity and arachidonic acid (AA). Moderate pH, alone or in combination with hypertonicity and AA, increases nociceptors excitability and produces pain suppressed by the toxin APETx2, a specific blocker of ASIC3. Both APETx2 and the in vivo knockdown of ASIC3 with a specific siRNA also have potent analgesic effects against primary inflammation induced hyperalgesia in rat. Peripheral ASIC3 channels are thus essential sensors of acidic pain and integrators of molecular signals produced during inflammation where they contribute to primary hyperalgesia. PMID- 18923425 TI - Regulation of ARE transcript 3' end processing by the yeast Cth2 mRNA decay factor. AB - Regulation of mRNA decay is an important step modulating gene expression. The stability of numerous eukaryotic mRNAs is controlled by adenosine/uridine-rich elements (AREs) located in their 3'UTR. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the Cth2 protein stimulates the decay of target ARE mRNAs on iron starvation. Cth2, and its mammalian homologue tristetraprolin, contains a characteristic tandem CCCH zinc-finger essential for ARE binding and mRNA decay. We have performed a structure-function analysis of Cth2 to understand the mechanism(s) by which it destabilizes mRNAs. This indicated that a conserved N-terminal region of Cth2 is essential for its decay function but dispensable for RNA binding. Unexpectedly, Cth2 mutants lacking this domain blocked the normal 3' end processing of ARE mRNAs leading to the formation of extended transcripts. These can also be detected in mutant of the polyadenylation machinery. Consistently, Cth2 localization in the nucleus suggests that it may interfere with poly(A) site selection. Our analysis reveal that ARE-binding protein may affect mRNA 3' end processing and that this contributes to mRNA destabilization. PMID- 18923426 TI - Clustering of VASP actively drives processive, WH2 domain-mediated actin filament elongation. AB - Vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) is a key regulator of dynamic actin structures like filopodia and lamellipodia, but its precise function in their formation is controversial. Using in vitro TIRF microscopy, we show for the first time that both human and Dictyostelium VASP are directly involved in accelerating filament elongation by delivering monomeric actin to the growing barbed end. In solution, DdVASP markedly accelerated actin filament elongation in a concentration-dependent manner but was inhibited by low concentrations of capping protein (CP). In striking contrast, VASP clustered on functionalized beads switched to processive filament elongation that became insensitive even to very high concentrations of CP. Supplemented with the in vivo analysis of VASP mutants and an EM structure of the protein, we propose a mechanism by which membrane associated VASP oligomers use their WH2 domains to effect both the tethering of actin filaments and their processive elongation in sites of active actin assembly. PMID- 18923427 TI - Human DNA polymerase iota protects cells against oxidative stress. AB - Human DNA polymerase iota (poliota) is a unique member of the Y-family of specialised polymerases that displays a 5'deoxyribose phosphate (dRP) lyase activity. Although poliota is well conserved in higher eukaryotes, its role in mammalian cells remains unclear. To investigate the biological importance of poliota in human cells, we generated fibroblasts stably downregulating poliota (MRC5-pol iota(KD)) and examined their response to several types of DNA-damaging agents. We show that cell lines downregulating poliota exhibit hypersensitivity to DNA damage induced by hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) or menadione but not to ethylmethane sulphonate (EMS), UVC or UVA. Interestingly, extracts from cells downregulating poliota show reduced base excision repair (BER) activity. In addition, poliota binds to chromatin after treatment of cells with H(2)O(2) and interacts with the BER factor XRCC1. Finally, green fluorescent protein-tagged poliota accumulates at the sites of oxidative DNA damage in living cells. This recruitment is partially mediated by its dRP lyase domain and ubiquitin-binding domains. These data reveal a novel role of human poliota in protecting cells from oxidative damage. PMID- 18923428 TI - Regulated release of ERdj3 from unfolded proteins by BiP. AB - DnaJ proteins often bind to unfolded substrates and recruit their Hsp70 partners. This induces a conformational change in the Hsp70 that stabilizes its binding to substrate. By some unknown mechanism, the DnaJ protein is released. We examined the requirements for the release of ERdj3, a mammalian ER DnaJ, from substrates and found that BiP promoted the release of ERdj3 only in the presence of ATP. Mutations in ERdj3 or BiP that disrupted their interaction interrupted the release of ERdj3. BiP mutants that were defective in any step of the ATPase cycle were also unable to release ERdj3. These results demonstrate that a functional interaction between ERdj3 and BiP, including both a direct interaction and the ability to stimulate BiP's ATPase activity are required to release ERdj3 from substrate and support a model where ERdj3 must recruit BiP and stimulate its high affinity association with the substrate through activation of ATP hydrolysis to trigger its own release from substrates. On the basis of similarities among DnaJs and Hsp70s, this is likely to be applicable to other Hsp70-DnaJ pairs. PMID- 18923429 TI - Miz1 and HectH9 regulate the stability of the checkpoint protein, TopBP1. AB - The Myc-associated zinc-finger protein, Miz1, activates transcription of the p21cip1 gene in response to UV irradiation. Miz1 associates with topoisomerase II binding protein1 (TopBP1), an essential activator of the Atr kinase. We show here that Miz1 is required for the recruitment of a fraction of TopBP1 to chromatin, for the protection of TopBP1 from proteasomal degradation and for Atr-dependent signal transduction. TopBP1 that is not bound to chromatin is degraded by the HectH9 (Mule, ARF-BP1 and HUWE1) ubiquitin ligase. Myc antagonizes the binding of TopBP1 to Miz1; as a result, expression of Myc leads to dissociation of TopBP1 from chromatin, reduces the amount of total TopBP1 and attenuates Atr-dependent signal transduction. Our data show that Miz1 and Myc affect the activity of the Atr checkpoint through their effect on TopBP1 chromatin association and stability. PMID- 18923430 TI - Regulated association of misfolded endoplasmic reticulum lumenal proteins with P58/DNAJc3. AB - P58/DNAJc3 defends cells against endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Most P58 molecules are translocated into the ER lumen, and here we report selective and stable binding to misfolded proteins by P58's TPR-containing N-terminal domain. In vitro, too, P58 binds selectively to a model misfolded protein and challenge of that complex with physiological concentrations of the ER lumenal Hsp70-type chaperone BiP encourages disassembly. BiP-induced dissociation of P58 from its substrate depends on the presence of ATP and on interactions with P58's J-domain, which are mediated by invariant residues BiP(R197) and P58(H422). A functional J domain also accelerates dissociation of P58 from a model substrate, VSV-G(ts045), on the latter's re-folding in vivo. However, J-domain binding can be separated from the ability to promote substrate dissociation by the mutant BiP(E201G) and a wild-type J-domain fused ectopically to P58(H422Q) rescues the latter's inability to dissociate from substrate in response to BiP and ATP. These findings are consistent with a model whereby localized activation of the Hsp70-type partner is sufficient to promote substrate handover from the J-domain co-chaperone. PMID- 18923431 TI - Integrated analysis of genetic and proteomic data identifies biomarkers associated with adverse events following smallpox vaccination. AB - Complex clinical outcomes, such as adverse reaction to vaccination, arise from the concerted interactions among the myriad components of a biological system. Therefore, comprehensive etiological models can be developed only through the integrated study of multiple types of experimental data. In this study, we apply this paradigm to high-dimensional genetic and proteomic data collected to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the development of adverse events (AEs) in patients after smallpox vaccination. As vaccination was successful in all of the patients under study, the AE outcomes reported likely represent the result of interactions among immune system components that result in excessive or prolonged immune stimulation. In this study, we examined 1442 genetic variables (single nucleotide polymorphisms) and 108 proteomic variables (serum cytokine concentrations) to model AE risk. To accomplish this daunting analytical task, we employed the Random Forests (RF) method to filter the most important attributes, then we used the selected attributes to build a final decision tree model. This strategy is well suited to integrated analysis, as relevant attributes may be selected from categorical or continuous data. Importantly, RF is a natural approach for studying the type of gene-gene, gene-protein and protein-protein interactions we hypothesize to be involved in the development of clinical AEs. RF importance scores for particular attributes take interactions into account, and there may be interactions across data types. Combining information from previous studies on AEs related to smallpox vaccination with the genetic and proteomic attributes identified by RF, we built a comprehensive model of AE development that includes the cytokines intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1 or CD54), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and colony stimulating factor-3 (CSF-3 or G-CSF) and a genetic polymorphism in the cytokine gene interleukin-4 (IL4). The biological factors included in the model support our hypothesized mechanism for the development of AEs involving prolonged stimulation of inflammatory pathways and an imbalance of normal tissue damage repair pathways. This study shows the utility of RF for such analytical tasks, while both enhancing and reinforcing our working model of AE development after smallpox vaccination. PMID- 18923432 TI - Confirmation of differential binding of Interferon Regulatory Factor-1 (IRF-1) to the functional and HIV disease-influencing -2578 A/G polymorphism in CCL2. PMID- 18923434 TI - The von Hippel-Lindau tumour suppressor protein: O2 sensing and cancer. AB - The von Hippel-Lindau disease is caused by inactivating germline mutations of the VHL tumour suppressor gene and is associated with an increased risk of a variety of tumours in an allele-specific manner. The role of the heterodimeric transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) in the pathogenesis of VHL defective tumours has been more firmly established during the past 5 years. In addition, there is now a greater appreciation of HIF-independent VHL functions that are relevant to tumour development, including maintenance of the primary cilium, regulation of extracellular matrix formation and turnover, and modulation of cell death in certain cell types following growth factor withdrawal or in response to other forms of stress. PMID- 18923436 TI - Miscreant myeloproliferative disorder stem cells. AB - Myeloproliferative disorders (MPDs), typified by robust marrow and extramedullary hematopoiesis, have a propensity to progress to acute leukemia. Although the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) origin of MPDs was suggested over 30 years ago, only recently the HSC-specific effects of MPD molecular mutations have been investigated. The pivotal role of BCR-ABL in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) development provided the rationale for targeted therapy, which greatly reduced mortality rates. However, BCR-ABL inhibitor-resistant CML HSCs persist that may be a reservoir for relapse. This has provided the impetus for investigating molecular mechanisms governing the production of recalcitrant HSC. Comparatively little was known about the molecular events driving BCR-ABL-negative MPDs until seminal studies revealed that a large proportion of MPD patients harbor a JAK2 activating point mutation, JAK2V617F. Although JAK2 activation appears to be central to BCR-ABL-negative MPD pathogenesis, its effects may be cell type and context specific. Recent evidence suggests that acquired mutations misdirect differentiation and survival of the MPD-initiating stem cell resulting in the production of aberrant self-renewing progenitors that subvert the microenvironment leading to leukemia stem cell generation and leukemic transformation. Thus, combined therapies targeting aberrant molecular pathways may be required to redirect miscreant MPD stem cells. PMID- 18923433 TI - VEGF-A splicing: the key to anti-angiogenic therapeutics? AB - The physiology of microvessels limits the growth and development of tumours. Tumours gain nutrients and excrete waste through growth-associated microvessels. New anticancer therapies target this microvasculature by inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) splice isoforms that promote microvessel growth. However, certain VEGF-A splice isoforms in normal tissues inhibit growth of microvessels. Thus, it is the VEGF-A isoform balance, which is controlled by mRNA splicing, that orchestrates angiogenesis. Here, we highlight the functional differences between the pro-angiogenic and the anti-angiogenic VEGF-A isoform families and the potential to harness the synthetic capacity of cancer cells to produce factors that inhibit, rather than aid, cancer growth. PMID- 18923435 TI - Hypertension and peripheral arterial disease. PMID- 18923437 TI - Heterogeneous patterns of amplification of the NUP214-ABL1 fusion gene in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. AB - Episomes with the NUP214-ABL1 fusion gene have been observed in 6% of T-ALL. In this multicentric study we collected 27 cases of NUP214-ABL1-positive T-ALL. Median age was 15 years with male predominance. Outcome was poor in 12 patients. An associated abnormality involving TLX1 or TLX3 was found in all investigated cases. Fluorescent in situ hybridization revealed a heterogeneous pattern of NUP214-ABL1 amplification. Multiple episomes carrying the fusion were detected in 24 patients. Episomes were observed in a significant number of nuclei in 18 cases, but in only 1-5% of nuclei in 6. In addition, intrachromosomal amplification (small hsr) was identified either as the only change or in association with episomes in four cases and two T-ALL cell lines (PEER and ALL SIL). One case showed insertion of apparently non-amplified NUP214-ABL1 sequences at 14q12. The amplified sequences were analyzed using array-based CGH.These findings confirm that the NUP214-ABL1 gene requires amplification for oncogenicity; it is part of a multistep process of leukemogenesis; and it can be a late event present only in subpopulations. Data also provide in vivo evidence for a model of episome formation, amplification and optional reintegration into the genome. Implications for the use of kinase inhibitors are discussed. PMID- 18923438 TI - Clinical consequences of hyperglycemia during remission induction therapy for pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. AB - Hyperglycemia adversely affects outcome in adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), but its impact on children with this disease is unknown. We evaluated the relationship between hyperglycemia during remission induction therapy and clinical outcomes among pediatric patients with ALL. We reviewed the records of patients enrolled on four consecutive ALL protocols (Total Therapy protocols XIIIA, XIIIB, XIV and XV) at St Jude Children's Research Hospital from 1991 to 2007 and identified those who experienced hyperglycemia (glucose >or=200 mg per 100 ml) during remission induction. Complete remission (CR) rates at the end of induction, event-free survival (EFS), overall survival (OS), cumulative incidence of relapse and occurrence of infections were compared between those who did and did not experience hyperglycemia. Of 871 patients analyzed, 141 (16%) experienced hyperglycemia during remission induction. Patients with hyperglycemia were significantly older than the other patients (P<0.0001). There was no significant difference in CR rate (P=0.92), EFS (P=0.80), OS (P=0.28), cumulative incidence of relapse (P=0.59) or in the probability or types of infection between patients who did and did not experience hyperglycemia. Pediatric patients with or without hyperglycemia during remission induction for ALL have similar clinical outcome. Occurrence of hyperglycemia does not warrant alteration of the antileukemic regimen. PMID- 18923439 TI - Treatment of primary CLL cells with bezafibrate and medroxyprogesterone acetate induces apoptosis and represses the pro-proliferative signal of CD40-ligand, in part through increased 15dDelta12,14,PGJ2. AB - B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), the most common leukemia in older adults, remains largely incurable and novel treatments are urgently required. We previously reported powerful pro-apoptotic actions of bezafibrate (BEZ) and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) against Burkitts lymphoma cells. Here, we demonstrate that BEZ and MPA individually, and more potently when combined (BEZ+MPA), induce apoptosis of unsorted and CD19(+ve)-selected CLL cells and abrogate the pro-proliferative activity of CD40(L). This action was tumor cell specific, as the drugs had little impact on normal donor cells. The antiproliferative actions of BEZ+MPA were associated with the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the proapoptotic actions were associated with the generation of both ROS and mitochondrial superoxide (MSO). BEZ increased prostaglandin D(2) (PGD(2)) synthesis by CLL cells, and treatment with PGD(2) and its antineoplastic derivative 15dDelta(12,14,)PGJ(2) recapitulated BEZ-induced antiproliferative and proapoptotic actions. The PGD(2) receptor antagonist, BW868C, did not block BEZ or PGD(2) activity against CLL cells. The potency of BEZ+MPA against CLL cells mirrored that of chlorambucil, and BEZ+MPA combined with chlorambucil was more potent than either treatment alone. Given the known safety profiles of BEZ and MPA, our data warrant further investigation of their potential as novel therapy for CLL. PMID- 18923440 TI - Translocations involving 8q24 in Burkitt lymphoma and other malignant lymphomas: a historical review of cytogenetics in the light of todays knowledge. AB - Burkitt lymphoma (BL) has a characteristic clinical presentation, morphology, immunophenotype and primary chromosomal aberration, that is, the translocation t(8;14)(q24;q32) or its variants. However, diagnostic dilemmas may arise in daily practice due to overlap of BL with subsets of other aggressive, mature B-cell lymphomas such as diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL). Recently, two gene expression studies have described a distinct molecular profile for BL, but also showed the persistence of some cases intermediate between BL and DLBCL. An alternative approach to define BL is to consider (cyto)genetic data, in particular chromosomal abnormalities other than the t(8;14) or its variants. In this review the 'Mitelman Database of Chromosome Aberrations in Cancer,' harboring the majority of all published neoplasia-related karyotypes, was explored to define a cytogenetic profile of 'true' BL. This core subset of BL showed a very low complexity of chromosomal abnormalities with 40% of the cases having the IG-MYC fusion as the sole abnormality. In the remaining cases, additional recurrent but partially exclusive abnormalities included gains at chromosomes 1q, 7 and 12, and losses of 6q, 13q32-34 and 17p. Within the core subset, no differences were found between pediatric and adult patients. In addition, the genetic profile of the core subset was significantly different from BL with an 8q24 breakpoint not affecting one of the three immunoglobulin loci, BL with a translocation involving 18q21/BCL2, 3q27/BCL6 or 11q13/BCL1, additionally to a breakpoint at 8q24/MYC, and from other morphological types of lymphomas with an 8q24/MYC breakpoint. These groups showed a higher cytogenetic complexity than the core subset of BL. BL without a detectable 8q24/MYC breakpoint might be heterogeneous and deserves further studies. We suggest that, concordant with the WHO classification to be published in 2008, the diagnosis of BL should be restricted to cases with expression of CD10 and BCL6, absence or very weak expression of BCL2 protein, a homogeneously very high proliferation index and a proven IG-MYC translocation without evidence of a chromosomal translocation typical for other lymphoma entities. In addition, a high number of nonspecific cytogenetic abnormalities should suggest need for a critical review of the diagnosis of BL. PMID- 18923441 TI - Identification of new microRNA genes and aberrant microRNA profiles in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. AB - MicroRNAs (miRNAs) control the expression of protein-coding genes in normal hematopoietic cells and, consequently, aberrant expression may contribute to leukemogenesis. To identify miRNAs relevant to pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), we cloned 105 known and 8 new miRNA genes expressed in patients' leukemia cells. Instead of known miRNA genes, new miRNA genes were not evolutionarily conserved. Quantification of 19 selected miRNA genes revealed an aberrant expression in ALL as compared with normal CD34+ cells (P 3' exonuclease activity along with protein kinase activity and phosphoproteins. DNA ligase activity was completely dependent upon the ATP requirement, as no ligase activity was seen in the presence of NAD as a cofactor. These results suggest the molecular interactions of the known DNA repair proteins with uncharacterized proteins in the macromolecular complex and the regulation of DNA degradation with the involvement of ATP and protein kinase functions. PMID- 18923545 TI - Kinetics of human peptidylarginine deiminase 2 (hPAD2)--reduction of Ca2+ dependence by phospholipids and assessment of proposed inhibition by paclitaxel side chains. AB - Multiple sclerosis is a complex human neurodegenerative disease, characterized by the active destruction of the insulating myelin sheath around the axons in the central nervous system. The physical deterioration of myelin is mediated by hyperdeimination of myelin basic and other proteins, catalysed by the Ca2+ dependent enzyme peptidylarginine deiminase 2 (PAD2). Thus, inhibition of PAD2 may be of value in treatment of this disease. Here, we have first characterized the in vitro kinetic properties of the human peptidylarginine deiminase isoform 2 (hPAD2). Phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylcholine reduced its Ca2+ dependence by almost twofold. Second, we have explored the putative inhibitory action of the methyl ester side chain of paclitaxel (TSME), which shares structural features with a synthetic PAD substrate, viz., the benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester (BAEE). Using the known crystallographic structure of the homologous enzyme hPAD4 and in silico molecular docking, we have shown that TSME interacted strongly with the catalytic site, albeit with a 100-fold lower affinity than BAEE. Despite paclitaxel having previously been shown to inhibit hPAD2 in vitro, the side chain of paclitaxel alone did not inhibit this enzyme's activity. PMID- 18923547 TI - In situ calcium mapping in the mouse retina via time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry: modulation of retinal angiogenesis by calcium ion in development and oxygen-induced retinopathy. AB - Pathological angiogenesis in the eye is the most common cause of blindness in all age groups. In physiological and pathological cellular processes including angiogenesis, ion homeostasis is greatly affected. This study is to investigate the role of calcium ion in physiological and pathological angiogenesis in the retina, which is based on the results of ion mapping by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). We provided that calcium distribution is the most accordant to change with physiological vessel formation of development in the retina and pathological angiogenesis of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR), which is supported by ion mapping in retinal tissue using TOF-SIMS. In addition to anti-proliferative and anti-angiogenic activity of the calcium inhibitor on endothelial cells, retinal neovascularization of OIR was effectively inhibited by the calcium inhibitor. Calcium ion could play a crucial role in physiological and pathological angiogenesis in the retina. Moreover, TOF-SIMS could be a good method to simultaneously evaluate the changes of variable ions of the retina in biological processes. PMID- 18923548 TI - Identification of genes differentially expressed in a strain of the mold Aspergillus nidulans carrying a loss-of-function mutation in the palA gene. AB - To identify genes differentially expressed in a strain of the mold Aspergillus nidulans carrying a loss-of-function mutation in palA, a gene in the pH responsive signal transduction pathway, suppression subtractive hybridization was performed between RNA isolated from the biA1 and biA1 palA1 strains grown under limiting inorganic phosphate at pH 5.0. We have identified several genes upregulated in the biA1 palA1 mutant strain that play important roles in mitotic fidelity, stress responses, enzyme secretion, signal transduction mechanisms, development, genome stability, phosphate sensing, and transcriptional regulation among others. The upregulation of eight of these transcripts was also validated by Northern blot. Moreover, we show that a loss of function mutation in the palA gene drastically reduced the neutral sugar content of the acid phosphatase PacA secreted by the fungus A. nidulans grown at pH 5.0 compared with a control strain. PMID- 18923549 TI - Molecular detection of nematicidal crystalliferous Bacillus thuringiensis strains of Iran and evaluation of their toxicity on free-living and plant-parasitic nematodes. AB - The characterization of nematode-effective strains and cry genes in the Iranian Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) collection (70 isolates) is presented. Characterization was based on PCR analysis using 12 specific primers for cry5, cry6, cry12, cry13, cry14, and cry21 genes encoding proteins active against nematodes, crystal morphology, and protein band patterns as well as their nematicidal activity on root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) and two free living nematodes (Chiloplacus tenuis and Acrobeloides enoplus). PCR results with primers for these genes showed that 22 isolates (31.5%) contain a minimum of one nematode-active cry gene. Strains containing the cry6 gene were the most abundant and represent 22.8% of the isolates. Bt strains harboring cry14 genes were also abundant (14.2%). cry21 and cry5 genes were less abundant, found in 4.2% and 2.8% of the strains, respectively. In total, six different nematode-active cry gene profiles were detected in this collection. Four isolates did not show the expected PCR product size for cry5, cry6, and cry21 genes; they might contain potentially novel insecticidal crystal protein genes. Twenty-two Bt isolates containing nematode-active cry genes were selected for preliminary bioassays on M. incognita. Based on these bioassays, four isolates were selected for detailed bioassays. Isolates YD5 and KON4 at 2 x 10(8) CFU/mL concentrations showed 77% and 81% toxicity on M. incognita, respectively. The free-living nematodes C. tenuis and A. enoplus were more susceptible and the highest mortality was observed within 48 h of incubation at all of the concentrations tested. Maximum mortality was recorded for isolates SN1 and KON4 at 2 x 10(8) CFU/mL concentrations and resulted in 68% and 77% adults deaths of C. tenuis and 68% and 72% for A. enoplus, respectively. Our results showed that PCR is a useful technique for toxicity prediction of nematicidal Bt isolates. PMID- 18923550 TI - Purification and characterization of a psychrophilic catalase from Antarctic Bacillus. AB - Catalase from Bacillus sp. N2a (BNC) isolated from Antarctic seawater was purified to homogeneity. BNC has a molecular mass of about 230 kDa and is composed of four identical subunits of 56 kDa. The catalase showed optimal activity at 25 degrees C and at a pH range of 6-11. The enzyme could be inhibited by azide, hydroxylamine, and mercaptoethanol. These characteristics suggested that BNC is a small-subunit monofunctional catalase. The activation energy of BNC was 13 kJ/mol and the apparent kcat/Km values were 3.6 x 10(6) and 4 x 10(6) L.mol(-1).s(-1) at 4 and 25 degrees C, respectively. High catalytic efficiency of BNC at low temperatures enables this bacterium to scavenge H2O2 efficiently. BNC exhibited activation energy, catalytic efficiency, and thermostability comparable with some mesophilic homologues. Such similarity of enzymatic characteristics to mesophilic homologues, although uncommon among the cold-adapted enzymes in general, has also been observed in other psychrophilic small-subunit monofunctional catalases. PMID- 18923551 TI - Purification and characterization of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine oxidative deaminase from Rhodobacter sphaeroides OU5. AB - An enzyme involved in the catabolism of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) was isolated from Rhodobacter sphaeroides OU5. The enzyme catalyzes the formation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylpyruvic acid (DOPP) and ammonia from DOPA. Formation of ammonia by DOPA oxidative deaminase was O2 dependent and the enzyme isolated to its homogeneity has 100% affinity for DOPA. DOPA oxidative deaminase is functional at low concentrations of the substrate (< 100 micromol.L(-1)) and is independent of NADH. The molecular mass of the purified enzyme is approximately 190 kDa and the enzyme could be a pentamer of 54, 42, 34, 25, and 23 kDa subunits as determined by SDS-PAGE. PMID- 18923552 TI - Alternative flagellar filament types in the haloarchaeon Haloarcula marismortui. AB - Many Archaea use rotation of helical flagellar filaments for swimming motility. We isolated and characterized the flagellar filaments of Haloarcula marismortui, an archaeal species previously considered to be nonmotile. Two Haloarcula marismortui phenotypes were discriminated--their filaments are composed predominantly of either FlaB or FlaA2 flagellin, and the corresponding genes are located on different replicons. FlaB and FlaA2 filaments differ in antigenicity and thermostability. FlaA2 filaments are distinctly thicker (20-22 nm) than FlaB filaments (16-18 nm). The observed filaments are nearly twice as thick as those of other characterized euryarchaeal filaments. The results suggest that the helicity of Haloarcula marismortui filaments is provided by a mechanism different from that in the related haloarchaeon Halobacterium salinarum, where 2 different flagellin molecules present in comparable quantities are required to form a helical filament. PMID- 18923554 TI - Genetic analysis of the Salmonella transcription factor HilA. AB - HilA, a Salmonella transcription factor, activates the invF-1 and prgH promoters through binding to the HilA box, which contains 2 copies of a TTKHAT motif separated by a T centered at -45 relative to the start sites of transcription. The N-terminal 112 amino acids of HilA are similar to winged helix-turn-helix DNA binding/transcription activation domains (wHTH DBDs). The remaining 441 amino acids are not similar in sequence to any other well-characterized transcription factors. Here, we report that the wHTH DBD is essential for activation of both promoters, but amino acids 113-554 are only required for normal activation of invF-1. Some alanine substitutions in the putative alpha loop, which connects the recognition and positioning helices in wHTH DBDs, cause a loss-of-activation phenotype. A hilA allele encoding a protein with an alanine substituted for arginine at position 71 in the alpha loop has a loss-of-activation defect exclusively at the prgH promoter. The results suggest distinct roles for one or more domains formed by amino acids 113-554 and for arginine 71 in activation of the 2 promoters. PMID- 18923553 TI - Oral immunization with recombinant Lactococcus lactis confers protection against respiratory pneumococcal infection. AB - In the present work, we evaluated if oral immunization with the pneumococcal protective protein A (PppA), expressed in the cell wall of Lactococcus lactis (L. lactis PppA+), was able to confer protective immunity against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Mice were immunized orally with L. lactis PppA+ for 5 consecutive days. Vaccination was performed one (nonboosted group) or 2 times with a 2 week interval between each immunization (boosted group). Oral priming with L. lactis PppA+ induced the production of anti-PppA IgM, IgG, and IgA antibodies in serum and in bronchoalveolar (BAL) and intestinal (IF) lavage fluids. Boosting with L. lactis PppA+ increased the levels of mucosal and systemic immunoglobulins. Moreover, the avidity and the opsonophagocytic activity of anti-PppA antibodies were significantly improved in the boosted group. The presence of both IgG1 and IgG2a anti-PppA antibodies in serum and BAL and the production of both interferon gamma and interleukin-4 by spleen cells from immunized mice indicated that L. lactis PppA+ stimulated a mixture of Th1 and Th2 responses. The ability of L. lactis PppA+ to confer cross-protective immunity was evaluated using challenge assays with serotypes 3, 6B, 14, and 23F. Lung bacterial cell counts and hemocultures showed that immunization with L. lactis PppA+ improved resistance against all the serotypes assessed, including serotype 3, which was highly virulent in our experimental animal model. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of protection against respiratory pneumococcal infection induced by oral administration of a recombinant lactococcal vaccine. PMID- 18923555 TI - Film coating of seeds with Bacillus cereus RS87 spores for early plant growth enhancement. AB - The plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium Bacillus cereus RS87 was previously reported to promote plant growth in various crops in both greenhouse and field trials. To apply as a plant growth promoting agent with practical use, it is essential to ease the burden of routine preparation of a fresh suspension of strain RS87 in laboratory. The objectives of this study were to investigate the feasibility of film-coating seeds with B. cereus RS87 spores for early plant growth enhancement and to reveal the indoleacetic acid (IAA) production released from strain RS87. The experiment consisted of the following 5 treatments: nontreated seeds, water-soaked seeds, film-coated seeds, seeds soaked with vegetative cells of strain RS87, and film-coated seeds with strain RS87 spores. Three experiments were conducted separately to assess seed emergence, root length, and plant height. Results showed that both vegetative cells and spores of strain RS87 significantly promoted (P < or = 0.05) seed emergence, root length and plant height over the control treatments. The strain RS87 also produced IAA. In conclusion, the film coating of seeds with spores of B. cereus RS87 demonstrated early plant growth enhancement as well as seeds using their vegetative cells. IAA released from strain RS87 would be one of the mechanisms for plant growth enhancement. PMID- 18923556 TI - Targets for hydrogen-peroxide-induced damage to suspension and biofilm cells of Streptococcus mutans. AB - Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is considered a major endogenous source of oxidative stress to oral bacteria and also is widely used in oral care products. Our study objectives were to identify specific targets for H2O2-induced damage to cells of Streptococcus mutans in suspensions and monospecies biofilms and to differentiate bacteriostatic and bactericidal actions of the peroxide. Streptococcus mutans was grown in suspension cultures and fed-batch biofilms for assessing relative sensitivities of viability, glycolysis, and protein synthesis to H2O2 damage. Biofilm cells were found to have essentially the same peroxide sensitivity as cells in suspensions. H2O2 at low concentrations of about 16.3 mmol/L was highly inhibitory for glycolysis and mainly bacteriostatic. The most sensitive target detected for glycolytic inhibition was glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase with IC50 (50% inhibitory concentration) values of ca. 2.2 mmol/L for suspension cells and 2.3 mmol/L for biofilms with 15 min treatments. The phosphoenolpyruvate:glucose phosphotransferase pathway was less sensitive with an IC50 of ca. 10 mmol/L. Aldolase was not inhibited at bacteriostatic concentrations of the peroxide. For suspensions and biofilms, acidification somewhat diminished peroxide sensitivity, while increased temperature enhanced sensitivity. At concentrations above about 30 mmol/L, H2O2 became mainly bactericidal but not mutagenic for S. mutans. A major target for bactericidal damage was protein synthesis, thus rendering cells incapable of repairing or replacing oxidatively damaged proteins. PMID- 18923557 TI - Enhanced plant nutrient use efficiency with PGPR and AMF in an integrated nutrient management system. AB - A 3 year field study was conducted with field corn from 2005 to 2007 to test the hypothesis that microbial inoculants that increase plant growth and yield can enhance nutrient uptake, and thereby remove more nutrients, especially N, P, and K from the field as part of an integrated nutrient management system. The field trial evaluated microbial inoculants, which include a commercially available plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF), and their combination across 2 tillage systems (no-till and conventional till) and 2 fertilization regimes (poultry litter and ammonium nitrate). Data were collected on plant height, yield (dry mass of ears and silage), and nutrient content of corn grain and silage. In addition, nutrient content of soil was determined, and bioavailability of soil nutrient was measured with plant root simulator probes. Results showed that inoculants promoted plant growth and yield. For example, grain yields (kg.ha(-1)) in 2007 for inoculants were 7717 for AMF, 7260 for PGPR+AMF, 7313 for PGPR, 5725 for the control group, and for fertilizer were 7470 for poultry litter and 6537 for NH4NO3. Nitrogen content per gram of grain tissues was significantly enhanced in 2006 by inoculant, fertilizer, and their interactions. Significantly higher amounts of N, P, and K were removed from the plots with inoculants, based on total nutrient content of grain per plot. These results supported the overall hypothesis and indicate that application of inoculants can lead to reduction in the build up of N, P, and K in agricultural soils. Further studies should be conducted to combine microbial inoculants with reduced rates of fertilizer. PMID- 18923558 TI - Transposon Tn5281 is the main distributor of the aminoglycoside modifying enzyme gene among isolates of Enterococcus faecalis in Tehran hospitals. AB - Infections with high levels of gentamicin-resistant (HLGR) isolates of Enterococcus faecalis are common in Tehran hospitals. Genes encoding such resistance are transmissible by conjugation at high frequency. The purpose of this study was to determine the existence of Tn5281 and its flanking aminoglycoside modifying enzyme gene aac(6')-aph(2") among 102 HLGR isolates of E. faecalis cultured from patients at three hospitals in Tehran, Iran. These isolates were detected by disks containing 120 microg of gentamicin and made 65% of all E. faecalis during the study period. DNA was extracted from HLGR isolates and subjected to PCR assays targeting aac(6')-aph(2") and conjugative transposon Tn5281. The amplified aac(6')-aph(2") gene was labeled with digoxigenin and probed with Tn5281 amplicons in dot blot hybridization assays. The aac(6') aph(2") gene was detected in 91%-92% (n = 93) of the HLGR isolates. All isolates containing aac(6')-aph(2") were positive in long-PCR targeting Tn5281 and the probe hybridized with Tn5281 amplicons. The number of HLGR isolates of E. faecalis has increased considerably in Tehran hospitals. Tn5281 is the main cause of transmission of aac(6')-aph(2") to different isolates of E. faecalis in the hospitals studied. PMID- 18923559 TI - PGC-1alpha-mediated regulation of gene expression and metabolism: implications for nutrition and exercise prescriptions. AB - The discovery 10 years ago of PGC-1alpha represented a major milestone towards understanding of the molecular processes regulating energy metabolism in many tissues, including skeletal muscle. PGC-1alpha orchestrates a metabolic program regulating oxidative lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity. This is essentially the same metabolic program that is activated by exercise and down regulated by sedentary lifestyles and high-fat diets, as well as in cases of obesity and type 2 diabetes. The present review examines the evidence in support of the key role for PGC-1alpha regulation of substrate metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle. Surprisingly, studies with PGC 1alpha null and transgenic mice have revealed unexpected pathologies when PGC 1alpha is completely repressed (KO animals) or is massively overexpressed. In contrast, PGC-1alpha overexpression within normal physiological limits results in marked improvements in fatty acid oxidation and insulin-stimulated glucose transport. Exercise, sedentary lifestyles, and nutritional factors can regulate PGC-1alpha expression. We speculate that optimal targeting of PGC-1alpha upregulation, whether by diet, exercise, or a combination of both, could represent effective prophylactic or therapeutic means to improve insulin sensitivity. Indeed, using modern molecular tools, it may indeed be possible to prescribe optimally individualized nutrition and exercise programs. PMID- 18923560 TI - Female boxers have high bone mineral density despite low body fat mass, high energy expenditure, and a high incidence of oligomenorrhea. AB - Low body fat mass and menstrual irregularities have been associated with low bone mineral density (BMD). The aim of this study was to compare the relation between BMD, lean body mass, fat mass, physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE), and menstrual status in female boxers and in physically active females with low (C1) or average (C2) fat mass. Boxers (n = 11) and controls (C1, n = 16; C2, n = 17), aged 18-38 years, were assessed for BMD and body composition with dual-energy X ray absorptiometry. Menstrual status and PAEE were determined from questionnaires. There was no difference in anthropometric measurements between boxers and C1 subjects, except that boxers had higher arm lean mass. However, both boxers and C1 subjects had a lower percentage of fat (p < 0.001) than C2 subjects (boxers, 14.6% +/- 2.0; C1, 15.5% +/- 4.2; C2, 25.8% +/- 3.4%), and boxers had a higher (p = 0.002) lean body mass index (lean body mass/height2, where lean body mass is measured in kilograms and height is measured in metres) than C2 subjects. The PAEE of boxers was higher (p < 0.007) than that of controls (boxers, 5748 +/- 2284 ; C1, 2966 +/- 2258 ; C2, 2714 +/- 1722 kcal.week-1). Oligomenorrhea was more common in boxers than in C1 and C2 subjects (boxers, 54.6%; C1, 18.8%; C2, 35.3%). Arm, leg, and spine BMD were higher (p < 0.008) in boxers than in C1 subjects, and arm BMD was higher in boxers than in C2 subjects. BMD Z scores were also higher (p < 0.05) in boxers (boxers, 1.1+/- 0.8, C1, 0.1 +/- 0.7; C2: 0.3 +/- 1.1). High BMD in boxers, despite low fat mass, high PAEE, and an increased incidence of oligomenorrhea suggest that boxing has a positive effect on BMD. PMID- 18923561 TI - Wheelchair propulsion: effects of experience and push strategy on efficiency and perceived exertion. AB - The purpose of this study was to examine the role of wheeling experience on efficiency, metabolic cost, and differentiated ratings of perceived exertion (RPEs) during synchronous and asynchronous hand-rim propulsion with varying arm frequencies. Fourteen able-bodied (AB) male participants and 8 male wheelchair sportsmen (WS) performed tests of peak oxygen consumption for both propulsion modes. Subsequently, 2 series of five 4-min sub-maximal exercise bouts were completed at an individualized velocity (60% of peak oxygen consumption). Arm frequencies consisted of the freely chosen frequency (FCF), followed by 4 counter balanced paced trials pushing at 60%, 80%, 120%, and 140% of the FCF. Efficiency indices (gross, GE; work, WE) were determined and peripheral (RPE-P), central (RPE-C), and overall (RPE-O) RPEs were recorded. The GE (6.4% vs. 8.4%) and WE (11.3% vs. 15.1%) were significantly higher in WS than in AB (p = 0.001). Trends in the oxygen consumption, GE, and WE data were similar in both groups, propulsion mode, and arm frequency. Data suggest that 80% FCF resulted in improved efficiency for both propulsion mode and group, although the differences between those arm frequencies immediately above and below were non-significant. Lower RPE scores corresponded with higher efficiency values. Regardless of group there were significant differences (p = 0.001) between the differentiated RPE measures, whereby RPE-P was on average always the highest score (13.1) and RPE-C the lowest (11.1; RPE-O was 12.2). In conclusion, despite the anticipated differences in efficiency between the WS and AB participants, this study confirmed that psycho-physiological measures produce similar trends to physiological measures with manipulations of both arm frequency and propulsion mode. PMID- 18923562 TI - Effect of hyperthermia and physical activity on circulating growth hormone. AB - The aim of this study was to differentiate the effects of hyperthermia and physical activity on circulating growth hormone (GH) secretion. Nine healthy volunteer adults performed two 40 min exercise trials and two 50 min passive standing trials. The exercise was performed in either thermo-neutral (N-Ex: air temperature 18 degrees C, air humidity 40%, and wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) 17.7 degrees C) or hot environmental conditions (H-Ex: air temperature 33 degrees C, air humidity 30%, and WBGT 34.6 degrees C). The passive exposure trials were also performed in either a comfortable (N-P: air temperature 18 degrees C, air humidity 40%, and WBGT 17.7 degrees C) or a hot climatic chamber (H-P: air temperature 40 degrees C, air humidity 100%, and WBGT 97.1 degrees C). Plasma GH, plasma volume (PV), tympanic temperature (Tty), and body mass loss (BML) were measured before and after each trial. The decrease in PV was significantly higher during H-Ex and H-P sessions than during N-Ex and N-P sessions. Comparisons showed significantly lower BML in the N-Ex session (1.5% +/- 0.3%) than in the H Ex and H-P sessions (2.1% +/- 0.3% and 1.9% +/- 0.2%, respectively) (p < 0.001). The rise in Tty was significantly higher during the H-P session (2.9 +/- 0.4 degrees C) (p < 0.001) when compared with the other sessions. Plasma GH concentration increased significantly during all the trials, particularly during the H-Ex session (45 +/- 7 ng.mL-1) (p < 0.01). Both exercise and heat exposure, separately, are sufficient to increase significantly the plasma GH concentration, and their combined effect induced a highly synergistic rise in GH. PMID- 18923563 TI - The effects of different sit- and curl-up positions on activation of abdominal and hip flexor musculature. AB - The purpose of this study was to evaluate abdominal muscle activation with variations in trunk flexion (sit or curl up) positions, including the protocol currently used by the Canadian Society of Exercise Physiology (CSEP) Health and Fitness Program. Electromyographic (EMG) data were collected during isometric contractions from the upper rectus abdominis (URA), lower rectus abdominis (LRA), external obliques (EO), lower abdominal stabilizers (LAS), rectus femoris (RF), and the biceps femoris (BF) in 14 subjects. Sit-up positions were varied and randomized through 3 variables: the distance the hand traveled along the floor (5, 10, or 15 cm), bent knee or extended knee, and fixed or non-fixed feet. In regard to the distance the hand traveled along the floor, the 10 cm position produced the highest activation of the LRA (p = 0.02), the 5 cm distance produced the lowest RF activation (p = 0.001), and the 15 cm distance produced the lowest activation of the URA (p = 0.001). There was no significant difference between bent-knee and extended-leg sit-up positions; however, there was a trend (p = 0.1) showing that the bent-knee sit-up position produced higher levels of LAS activation and lower levels of RF activation. Foot fixation resulted in significantly lower activation levels of all abdominal sites and higher levels for the RF (p < 0.0001). The technique used for the CSEP Health and Fitness program partial curl- or sit-up test produced the highest or equal activation levels for all abdominal muscle sites. PMID- 18923564 TI - Diastolic Doppler flow and tissue Doppler velocities during, and in recovery from, low-intensity supine exercise. AB - Recent studies have reported evidence of both a short-term and a more sustained reduction in left ventricular diastolic function after prolonged strenuous exercise. Interpretation of this data is confounded by alterations in heart rate (HR) post-exercise. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between HR and diastolic function during recovery from supine exercise, and to reassess the impact of increasing HR on early diastolic flow and tissue velocities during supine exercise. Repeat echocardiograms in 16 young, trained, volunteers were obtained at rest (50 +/- 6 beats.min-1), during steady-state supine cycling at HR of 60, 80, and 100 beats.min-1, and then during supine recovery at HR of 80 and 60 beats.min-1. Doppler flow velocities and tissue Doppler myocardial annular velocities were recorded in early (E and E', respectively) and late diastole (A and A', respectively). The ratios E/A, E'/A', and E/E' were calculated. Data were compared via analyses of variance (ANOVA; exercise) and t tests (recovery). Peak E, A, E', and A' all increased in line with HR during exercise (p < 0.05) although relatively greater changes in A and A' resulted in a significant decline in E/A and E'/A' with increasing HR (p < 0.05). During recovery E, A, E', and A' all declined from peak values during exercise (p < 0.05). At 80 beats.min-1, flow and tissue Doppler data were still elevated above resting values and only A was significantly reduced compared with assessments made at the same HR during exercise. Diastolic flow and tissue velocities tended to increase (during supine exercise) and return to baseline (during recovery from exercise) in line with changes in HR. The interpretation of diastolic functional indices measured after physical exertion should be made in light of the present data. PMID- 18923565 TI - Protective effect of sodium selenite and zinc sulfate on intensive swimming induced testicular gamatogenic and steroidogenic disorders in mature male rats. AB - To investigate the ameliorative potential of sodium selenite and zinc sulfate on intensive-swimming-induced testicular disorders, 48 Wistar male rats (age, 4 months; mass, 146.2 +/- 3.6 g) were randomly divided into 4 groups: the unexercised-control group (n = 12); the exercised group (n = 12); the control supplemented group (n = 12); and the exercised supplemented group (n = 12). For 10 weeks, the exercised rats underwent a protocol that consisted of 4 h.d-1 swimming, for 6 d.week-1; the control rats did not exercise. For 10 weeks, both the supplemented groups received an oral daily dose of a combination of sodium selenite and zinc sulfate (6 and 3 mg.kg body mass-1, respectively). After 10 weeks, a significant reduction (p < 0.05) was seen in rats in the exercised group, compared with rats in both control groups, in paired testicular masses; in epididymal sperm count; in testicular Delta5, 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) and 17beta-HSD; in plasma levels of testosterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and prolactin; in the numbers of preleptotine spermatocytes, midpachytene spermatocytes, and stage 7 spermatids of the stage VII seminiferous epithelium cycle; and in fertility performance. As well, a significant increase (p < 0.05) was seen in the exercised group, compared with both control groups, in plasma corticosterone levels and in testicular content of malondialdehyde and catalase activity. At the same time, there was a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the exercised group, compared with both control groups, in plasma concentrations of zinc and selenium; in the testicular content of glutathione (GSH), the glutathione and glutathione disulphide (GSSG) ratio, ascorbic acid, and alpha-tocopherol; and in testicular activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione-peroxidase, and glutathione-S-transferase in the testes. No significant changes were seen in the number of spermatogonia-A from the stage VII seminiferous epithelium cycle or the testicular content of GSSG among the groups. Sodium selenite and zinc sulfate supplementation significantly protected against exercise-induced testicular gamatogenic and spermatogenic disorders, prevented testicular oxidative stress, and increased antioxidant status. It can be concluded that intensive-swimming-induced oxidative stress causes dysfunctions in the male reproductive system, which can be protected by the coadministration of sodium selenite and zinc sulfate. PMID- 18923566 TI - Contraction frequency modulates muscle fatigue and the rate of myoglobin desaturation during incremental contractions in humans. AB - The metabolic cost of force production, and therefore the demand for oxygen, increases with intensity and frequency of contraction. This study investigated the interaction between fatigue and oxygenation, as reflected by deoxymyoglobin (dMb), during slow and rapid rhythmic isometric contractions having the same duty cycles and relative force-time integrals (FTIs). We used 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy and measures of dorsiflexor muscle force to compare dMb and fatigue (fall of maximal voluntary force, MVC) in 11 healthy adults (29 +/- 7 y) during 16 min of slow (4 s contraction, 6 s relaxation) and rapid (1.2 s, 1.8 s) incremental (10%-80% MVC) contractions. We tested the hypotheses that (i) the rate of Mb desaturation would be faster in rapid than in slow contractions and (ii) fatigue, Mb desaturation, and the fall in FTI would be greater, and PO2 (oxygen tension) lower, at the end of rapid contractions than at the end of slow contractions. Although dMb increased more quickly during rapid contractions (p = 0.05), it reached a plateau at a similar level in both protocols (approximately 42% max, p = 0.49), likely due to an inability to further increase force production and thus metabolic demand. Despite the similar dMb at the end of both protocols, fatigue was greater in rapid (56.6% +/- 2.7% baseline) than in slow (69.5% +/- 4.0%, p = 0.01) contractions. These results indicate that human skeletal muscle fatigue during incremental isometric contractions is in part a function of contraction frequency, possibly due to metabolic inhibition of the contractile process. PMID- 18923567 TI - Maximal and submaximal aerobic fitness in postmenopausal women: influence of hormone-replacement therapy. AB - The purpose of this study was to examine whether maximal and submaximal aerobic fitness parameters (peak oxygen consumption and ventilatory threshold, respectively) are affected by hormone-replacement therapy (HRT) in moderately active postmenopausal women. Forty healthy, active, postmenopausal women (21 taking HRT, mean age 62 +/- 5 years; 19 not taking HRT, mean age 62 +/- 7 years) met the peak oxygen consumption criteria during a cycle ergometer test (15 W ramp) and achieved volitional fatigue. Breath-by-breath measurement was used to determine peak oxygen consumption and to estimate ventilatory threshold. There were no differences in characteristics (age, body mass, height, body mass index, leisure-time physical activity) between the non-HRT and HRT groups, nor were there any differences in responses to maximal exercise, with an observed peak oxygen consumption (mL.kg-1.min-1) of 22.9 +/- 3.8 in the non-HRT group and 22.0 +/- 4.7 in the HRT group. There was also no difference in submaximal aerobic capacity, with ventilatory threshold values (mL.kg-1.min-1) of 16.7 +/- 3.4 in the non-HRT group and 15.6 +/- 3.2 in the HRT group. In a sample of healthy moderately active postmenopausal women, there was no difference in maximal or submaximal aerobic fitness parameters between the HRT and non-HRT groups. PMID- 18923568 TI - Overnight hypoxic exposure and glucagon-like peptide-1 and leptin levels in humans. AB - Altitude exposure has been associated with loss of appetite and weight loss in healthy humans; however, the endocrine factors that contribute to these changes remain unclear. Leptin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) are peptide hormones that contribute to the regulation of appetite. Leptin increases with hypoxia; however, the influence of hypoxia on GLP-1 has not been studied in animals or humans to date. We sought to determine the influence of normobaric hypoxia on plasma leptin and GLP-1 levels in 25 healthy humans. Subjects ingested a control meal during normoxia and after 17 h of exposure to normobaric hypoxia (fraction of inspired oxygen of 12.5%, simulating approximately 4100 m). Plasma leptin was assessed before the meal, and GLP-1 was assessed premeal, at 20 min postmeal, and at 40 min postmeal. We found that hypoxia caused a significant elevation in plasma leptin levels (normoxia, 4.9 +/- 0.8 pg.mL-1; hypoxia, 7.7 +/- 1.5 pg.mL 1; p < 0.05; range, -16% to 190%), no change in the average GLP-1 response to hypoxia, and only a small trend toward an increase in GLP-1 levels 40 min postmeal (fasting, 15.7 +/- 0.9 vs 15.9 +/- 0.7 pmol.L-1; 20 min postmeal, 21.7 +/- 0.9 vs 21.8 +/- 1.2 pmol.L-1; 40 min postmeal, 19.5 +/- 1.2 vs. 21.0 +/- 1.2 pmol.L-1 for normoxia and hypoxia, respectively; p > 0.05 normoxia vs hypoxia). There was a correlation between SaO2 and leptin after the 17 h exposure (r = 0.45; p < 0.05), but no relation between SaO2 and GLP-1. These data confirm that leptin increases with hypoxic exposure in humans. Further study is needed to determine the influence of hypoxia and altitude on GLP-1 levels. PMID- 18923569 TI - Overweight children and adolescents referred for weight management: are they meeting lifestyle behaviour recommendations? AB - Adopting and maintaining healthy lifestyle behaviours can help overweight boys and girls manage their weight and reduce obesity-related health risks. However, we currently know very little about the lifestyle habits of overweight children and adolescents referred for weight management in Canada and whether or not they are meeting current lifestyle recommendations. The objectives of this study were (i) to determine the demographic characteristics and lifestyle behaviours of overweight children and adolescents referred for clinical weight management, and (ii) to examine sex (boys vs. girls) and (or) age (child vs. youth) differences with respect to the achievement of lifestyle behaviour recommendations. Overweight (age- and sex-specific body mass index > or = 85th percentile) children (n = 27 girls, n = 24 boys) and adolescents (n = 29 girls, n = 19 boys) were referred to and enrolled in weight-management programs at the Pediatric Centre for Weight and Health (PCWH) at the Stollery Children's Hospital (Edmonton, Alta.) from January 2006-September 2007. Information was collected at intake regarding demography, anthropometry, and lifestyle behaviours before participants started a formal weight-management program. Lifestyle behaviour recommendations for nutrition, physical activity, screen time, and sleep were used to determine whether participants were meeting established guidelines. Overall, participants presented with poor lifestyle behaviours. Although most consumed adequate servings of grain products (93.9%) and meat and alternatives (68.7%), few met the serving recommendations for milk and alternatives (31.3%) or vegetables and fruit (14.1%). Physical activity levels were low - 7.4% and 4.1% achieved the recommended time and steps per day goals, respectively. Approximately 1/4 (22.7%) met the screen time recommendation, whereas fewer than 1/2 (47.4%) achieved the nightly sleep duration goal. Sex and age-group comparisons revealed subtle, but potentially important, differences in lifestyle behaviours that have implications for pediatric weight management. This study highlights the sub-optimal lifestyle behaviours of overweight children and adolescents referred for weight management. Intervention studies are needed to determine whether overweight boys and girls who achieve the lifestyle behaviour targets included in this study are able to successfully manage their weight and (or) reduce obesity-related health risks. PMID- 18923570 TI - The effect of carbohydrate availability following exercise on whole-body insulin action. AB - One bout of exercise enhances insulin-stimulated glucose uptake (insulin action), but the effect is blunted by consumption of carbohydrate-containing food after exercise. The independent roles of energy and carbohydrate in mediating post exercise insulin action have not been systematically evaluated in humans. The purpose of this study was to determine if varying carbohydrate availability, with energy intake held constant, mediates post-exercise insulin action. Ten young (21 +/- 2 y, overweight (body fat 37% +/- 3%) men and women completed 3 conditions in random order: (i) no-exercise (BASE), (ii) exercise with energy balance but carbohydrate deficit (C-DEF), and (iii) exercise with energy and carbohydrate balance (C-BAL). In the exercise conditions, subjects expended 30% of total daily energy expenditure on a cycle ergometer at 70% VO2 peak. Following exercise, subjects consumed a meal that replaced expended energy (~3000 kJ) and was either balanced (intake = expenditure) or deficient (-100 g) in carbohydrate. Twelve hours later, insulin action was measured by continuous infusion of glucose with stable isotope tracer (CIG-SIT). Changes in insulin action were evaluated using a one-way ANOVA with repeated measures. During CIG-SIT, non-oxidative glucose disposal (i.e., glucose storage) was higher in C-DEF than in BASE (27.2 +/- 3.2 vs. 16.9 +/- 3.5 micromol.L-1.kg-1.min-1, p < 0.05). Conversely, glucose oxidation was lower in C-DEF (8.6 +/- 1.3 micromol.L-1.kg-1.min-1) compared with C-BAL (12.2 +/- 1.2 micromol.L-1.kg-1.min-1), and BASE (17.1 +/- 2.2 micromol.L 1.kg-1.min-1), p < 0.05). Fasting fat oxidation was higher in C-DEF than in BASE (109.8 +/- 10.5 vs. 80.7 +/- 9.6 mg.min-1, p < 0.05). In C-DEF, enhanced insulin action was correlated with the magnitude of the carbohydrate deficit (r = 0.82, p < 0.01). Following exercise, re-feeding expended energy, but not carbohydrate, increased fasting fat oxidation, and shifted insulin-mediated glucose disposal toward increased storage and away from oxidation. PMID- 18923571 TI - What is the influence of menopausal status on metabolic profile, eating behaviors, and perceived health of obese women after weight reduction? AB - The duration of the numerous weight-loss studies that combine physical activity and diet varies from 3 to 14 months, and these studies have often considered pre- and postmenopausal women separately. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of a 3-week weight-reducing program that combines caloric restriction and exercise on the metabolic profile, eating behaviors, and perceived health of sedentary obese pre- and postmenopausal women, after adjustment for age. In 10 pre- and 22 postmenopausal women, before and after weight loss, body composition, fasting lipid-lipoprotein profile, glucose and insulin levels, eating behaviors, and perceived health state were assessed. Body mass index, fat mass, and waist girth decreased after weight reduction in both groups (p < 0.0001). Reductions in fasting serum cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels were greater in pre- than in postmenopausal women (p < 0.0001), whereas triacylglycerol, glucose, and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels decreased similarly in both groups (p < 0.05). Neither fasting insulin nor free fatty-acid concentrations were modified after weight loss in either group. Disinhibition (p < 0.005) and hunger scores on the three-factor eating questionnaire (TFEQ) (p < 0.05) and the state-anxiety score on the state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI) questionnaire (p < 0.0005) decreased in both groups, but restriction (TFEQ) increased (p < 0.01) and trait anxiety (STAI) decreased (p < 0.001) after weight reduction only in premenopausal women. Improvements in selected lipid-lipoprotein indices, eating behaviors, and perceived health-state components were better in pre- than in postmenopausal women, suggesting that menopausal status has an influence on some metabolic and behavioral responses to weight loss. PMID- 18923572 TI - A randomized controlled crossover trial of the effect of ginseng consumption on the immune response to moderate exercise in healthy sedentary men. AB - Ginseng is a popular herbal remedy that is reputed to increase resistance to stress and improve immune function. Regular exercise results in acute physiologic stress that affects the immune response. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of daily consumption of a standardized ginsenoside-containing North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) extract on immune function before, during, and after a moderate-exercise protocol in healthy sedentary men. Ten healthy males were randomized to receive either ginseng (1125 mg.d-1) or placebo for 35 days. After a 3 month washout period, subjects received the opposite treatment for another 35 days. An exercise test and blood collection were performed at the end of each treatment period. Immune parameters and blood hormone levels were measured before, during, and after the exercise stress protocol. Ginseng treatment reduced the peripheral blood concentration of CD8+ T cells and increased mitogen-stimulated T cell production of interleukin-2 ex vivo. Ginseng had no effect on total white blood cell counts; on concentrations of neutrophils, monocytes, or lymphocytes (CD3+, CD4+, CD16+, CD20+); on lymphocyte proliferation; or on neutrophil oxidative burst. Ginseng did not significantly affect exercise-induced changes in plasma concentrations of lactate, insulin, cortisol, or growth hormone. The consumption of ginseng for 5 weeks had a limited effect on the immune response to an acute exercise protocol. PMID- 18923573 TI - Exercise pretraining attenuates endotoxin-induced hemodynamic alteration in type I diabetic rats. AB - Higher expression of heat shock protein 72 (HSP72) reduces the mortality rate and organ damage in septic shock and prevents cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction due to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Our hypothesis is that exercise preconditioning may increase the expression of HSP72 in heart and the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) of the brain to alleviate the cardiovascular dysfunction in type I diabetic rats receiving endotoxin. Wistar rats were randomly assigned to the following groups: sedentary normal, sedentary type I diabetic rats, and type I diabetic rats with exercise training. The trained rats ran on a treadmill 5 d.week-1, 30-60 min.d-1, at an intensity of 1.0 mile.h-1 (1 mile = 1.6 km) over a 3 week period. Twenty four hours after the last training session, we compared the temporal profiles of mean arterial pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, stroke volume, and serum tumor necrosis factor alpha level in rats receiving an injection of LPS. In addition, HSP72 expression in heart and NTS from each group was determined. We found that HSP72 expression in the heart and NTS was significantly increased in diabetic rats with exercise training. After administration of LPS, the survival time was significantly longer in diabetic rats with exercise training. Additionaly, serum tumor necrosis factor alpha levels decreased as compared with those rats not receiving exercise training. Exercise training also diminished cardiovascular dysfunction in diabetic rats during endotoxemia. These data suggest that exercise may increase the expression of HSP72 in the heart and NTS to protect against the high mortality rate and attenuate cardiovascular dysfunction in diabetic rats during endotoxemia. PMID- 18923574 TI - Development and validation of exercise target heart rate zones for overweight and obese pregnant women. AB - Validated target heart rate (THR) zones for exercise prescription for overweight and obese pregnant women have not been developed. The purposes of this study were to determine if heart rate reserve (HRreserve) is best described by aerobic capacity at peak exercise or by aerobic capacity reserve (VO2 reserve) and to develop and validate THR zones for light-intensity exercise (20%-39%VO2 reserve) in sedentary overweight and obese pregnant women. One hundred six women between 16 and 20 weeks gestation with medical clearance performed a progressive treadmill test to volitional fatigue (peak). Data from every 4th subject were used for cross-validation. Two linear regression equations were performed for each subject, then pooled to obtain mean group values (+/- SD): %HRreserve vs. %VO2 peak and %HRreserve vs. %VO2 reserve. THR zones equivalent to 20%-39%VO2 reserve were developed and validated based on the strongest relationship. %HRreserve had a stronger linear relationship with %VO2 reserve (y = 1.046x 7.561; R2 = 0.741) than %VO2 peak (y = 1.259x -28.795; R2 = 0.604). Validated THR ranges for sedentary overweight and obese pregnant women are 102-124 beats.min-1 (20-29 years of age) and 101-120 beats.min-1 (30-39 years of age), representing an exercise intensity of 20%-39%VO2 reserve as recommended by the American College of Sports Medicine for previously sedentary pregnant women. Overweight and obese women who are medically prescreened can exercise during pregnancy within our validated THR zones. The relationship between HR and VO2 remains strong, but the two are not equivalent in this population group. PMID- 18923575 TI - Splenic constriction during isometric handgrip exercise in humans. AB - During the first minute of a moderate-intensity isometric handgrip (HG) exercise, there is an increase in stroke volume and cardiac output that occurs without any change in systemic vascular conductance. Although the mechanism of increased venous return is not yet known, current focus has been placed on the constriction of visceral organs. The human spleen represents a compliant organ with high perfusion that constricts during the rather severe stresses of maximal exercise, a diving reflex, or prolonged apnea. This study tested the hypothesis that spleen constriction occurs during isometric HG exercise. Eight participants performed a 1 min isometric HG test at 40% maximum voluntary contraction. Splenic length and width were measured (with ultrasound imaging) after 1 min of exercise, and volume was calculated. To investigate the reflex specificity of this response, spleen dimensions were also measured during 4 min of lower-body negative pressure (LBNP; -20 mm Hg). To test the additional impact of altered breathing and intra abdominal pressures during the HG, measures were also taken during Valsalva's manoeuvre (VM) at 30 mm Hg. Compared with baseline, both length and width of the spleen were reduced by 0.20 to 0.55 cm (or 4.44%-6.09%; p < 0.05) during each test. This resulted in relative reductions in splenic volume of 13 +/- 1% (HG), 9% +/- 7% (LBNP) and 18% +/- 7% (VM) (p < 0.05; all mean +/- SD). It was concluded that the spleen can constrict during the first minute of isometric HG exercise. PMID- 18923576 TI - A practical and precise approach to quantification of body composition in cancer patients using computed tomography images acquired during routine care. AB - Human body composition is important in numerous cancer research domains. Our objective was to evaluate clinically accessible methods to achieve practical and precise measures of body composition in cancer patients. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-based analysis of fat and fat-free mass was performed in 50 cancer patients and compared with bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and with regional computed tomography (CT) images available in the patients' medical records. BIA overestimated or underestimated fat-free mass substantially compared with DXA as the method of reference (up to 9.3 kg difference). Significant changes in fat-free mass over time detected with DXA in a subset of 21 patients (+2.2 +/- 3.2%/100 days, p = 0.003), was beyond the limits of detection of BIA. Regional analysis of fat and fat-free tissue at the 3rd lumbar vertebra with either DXA or CT strongly predicted whole-body fat and fat-free mass (r = 0.86 0.94; p < 0.001). CT images provided detail on specific muscles, adipose tissues and organs, not provided by DXA or BIA. CT presents great practical significance due to the prevalence of these images in patient diagnosis and follow-up, thus marrying clinical accessibility with high precision to quantify specific tissues and to predict whole-body composition. PMID- 18923577 TI - Knowledge of carbohydrate consumption does not alter natural killer cell activity following an acute bout of high-intensity aerobic exercise. AB - Carbohydrate consumption during strenuous aerobic exercise reportedly minimizes post-exercise suppression of the innate immune system. One of the most common measurements of innate immunity is natural killer cell activity (NKCA). It is not known whether actual carbohydrate consumption or merely the knowledge of carbohydrate consumption mediates alteration in NKCA. The purpose of the present investigation was to determine if knowledge of carbohydrate beverage could result in alteration of RPE and NKCA, independent of actual carbohydrate intake. We recruited 11 male and female endurance athletes and randomly assigned them to either a correct or false knowledge of carbohydrate intake, such that in the false group, subjects were informed that they were receiving the carbohydrate beverage (CHO), but actually received a placebo (PLA) beverage. CHO and PLA beverages were matched to be similar in taste and appearance. Subjects completed 60 min of cycle ergometry (74% of VO2 peak). Venous blood samples were collected before (PRE), immediately after (POST), and 2 h after (2H) exercise and used to determine plasma glucose concentration, leukocyte total and differential counts, and NKCA. Data were statistically analyzed using a 3-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) (p < 0.05). We did not find a significant effect of knowledge of drink type on leukocyte count, leukocyte differential, or NKCA. Drink type did not significantly alter leukocyte total, differential counts, or NKCA. There was a significant effect of exercise on NKCA. Knowledge of drink type does not alter innate immunity following exercise as assessed by leukocyte counts and NKCA. PMID- 18923579 TI - Protection of heart and skeletal muscle by heat shock proteins. AB - This introduction includes a brief description of 4 papers that were prepared after the symposium The stress response in muscle: mechanisms and functional implications, which was presented at the Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology (CSEP) annual meeting in the autumn of 2006. These papers discuss the role heat shock proteins (HSPs) play in protecting both cardiac and skeletal muscle from ischemic injury, contraction-induced injury, and aging, and focus on the molecular basis for the cytoprotective effects of HSPs. PMID- 18923580 TI - Interaction between Hsp70 and the SR Ca2+ pump: a potential mechanism for cytoprotection in heart and skeletal muscle. AB - The overexpression of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) provides cytoprotection to cells, making them resistant to otherwise lethal levels of stress. In this review, the role Hsp70 plays in protecting both cardiac and skeletal muscle against the pathophysiological effects of oxidative stress are examined, with a focus on the molecular basis for the cytoprotective effects of Hsp70. The ability of Hsp70 to maintain cell survival undoubtedly involves the regulation of multiple steps within apoptotic pathways, but could also involve the regulation of key upstream mediators of apoptosis (i.e., oxidative stress, Ca2+ overload). Hsp70 can stabilize the structure and function of both the skeletal muscle and cardiac Ca2+ pump under heat stress conditions. Given that Ca2+ overload has long been implicated in cell death, Hsp70 might protect muscle cells by maintaining cellular Ca2+ homeostasis, thereby preventing the initiation of apoptosis. The functional interaction between Hsp70 and Ca2+ pumps might also promote improvements in muscle contractility after exposure to oxidative stress. PMID- 18923581 TI - The exercise-induced stress response in skeletal muscle: failure during aging. AB - Mammalian adult skeletal muscle adapts to the stress of contractile activity with increased gene expression by yielding a family of highly conserved cytoprotective proteins known as heat shock proteins (HSPs). Although the exercise-induced stress response of both animal and human skeletal muscle is now well documented, the precise mechanisms underlying this adaptation remain unclear. The induction of HSPs after exercise is severely blunted in the muscle of older individuals. This review focuses on the effects of different forms of exercise and training on the induction of HSPs in the muscles of adult individuals, and examines the proposed mechanisms underlying this adaptation. Furthermore, the functional effect of the inability of the muscles of older individuals to adapt in this way is discussed, together with the proposed mechanisms underlying this maladaptation. PMID- 18923582 TI - Heat shock proteins 27 and 70 regulating angiotensin II-induced NF-kappaB: a possible connection to blood pressure control? AB - Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are critical for cell survival and have several mechanisms of action. HSPs regulate protein folding, suppress apoptosis, and regulate anti-oxidative activity. In addition, HSPs are involved in the regulation of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor nuclear factor (NF) kappaB. When angiotensin (Ang) II is infused into rats, there is a significant increase in systolic blood pressure, and NF-kappaB is activated in the heart. If rats are heat shocked to induce the heat shock response and HSPs before Ang II infusion, there is a significant suppression of both the Ang II-induced increase in blood pressure and NF-kappaB activation in the heart. Although the role of specific HSPs in the regulation of NF-kappaB is unclear, several HSPs, including Hsp27 and Hsp70, are thought to be involved in the regulation of Ang II-induced NF-kappaB. The role of Hsp27 and Hsp70 in NF-kappaB activation is reviewed here, along with evidence suggesting that HSPs regulate Ang II-induced blood pressure through the regulation of NF-kappaB. PMID- 18923583 TI - Heat shock proteins and exercise: a primer. AB - Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are, in general, prosurvival molecules within the cellular environment, and the overexpression of even just 1 family of HSPs can lead to protection against and improvements after a variety of stressors. Not surprisingly, a fertile area of study has grown out of efforts to exploit the innate biologic behaviour of HSPs. Exercise, because of the inherent physiologic stresses associated with it, is but 1 stimulus that can result in a robust increase in various HSPs in several tissues, not the least of which happen to be the heart and skeletal muscle. The purpose of this review is to introduce the reader to the major HSP families, the control of their expression, and some of their biologic functions, specifically with respect to the influence of exercise. Moreover, as the first in a series of reviews from a common symposium, we will briefly introduce the concepts presented by the other authors, which include the effects of different exercise paradigms on skeletal muscle HSPs in the adult and aged systems, HSPs as regulators of inflammation, and the ion channel stabilizing effects of HSPs. PMID- 18923585 TI - Effect of antiretroviral therapy on asymptomatic malaria parasitaemia in HIV-1 infected children. AB - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of antiretroviral ARV) therapy on the level of asymptomatic malaria parasitaemia in HIV-1 infected children. METHODS: Sixty six HIV infected children had blood films prepared for malaria parasite identification and count. Mean parasite densities were compared across clinical stages and immunologic categories of disease and antiretroviral treatment status. RESULTS: Forty-five (68%) were less than 6 years old and 50 (75.7%) had advanced HIV disease. Twenty seven (41%) were on antiretroviral therapy. The prevalence of ASMP in the treated and untreated group was 44.4% and 15.4% respectively (p<0.01). The mean parasite density in the ARV treatment group was also significantly higher than in the untreated group (p=0.0071). CONCLUSIONS: ARV therapy seems to be associated with higher rates of ASMP and higher mean parasite counts. PMID- 18923586 TI - Orbito-ocular lesions in Lagos. AB - OBJECTIVE: we present a 10year retrospective clinicopathologic study of 135 cases of orbito-ocular lesions. The aim is to document pattern of orbito-ocular lesions, with their site, age and sex distribution. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The materials consisted of slides, paraffin embedded tissue blocks and histology request forms of all orbito-ocular samples received at the Morbid Anatomy Department of Lagos University Teaching Hospital Idi-Araba Lagos between 1994 and 2003. RESULTS: A total of 135 samples from 75(56%) males and 60(44%) females were analysed. The conjunctival, intraocular, orbital and eye lid lesions accounted for 27(20.1%), 75(55.5%), 18(13.4%) and 15(11%) cases respectively. The ages ranged from 20 days to 79 years with a mean age of 35 years. Sixty nine cases (51.1%) of all orbito-ocular lesions were seen in children of age 15 years and below. Squamous cell carcinoma was the commonest malignant conjunctival lesion (4 out of the 5 cases) occurring in adults with a mean age of 45 years. Retinoblastoma accounted for 46(85%) of all orbito-ocular malignancies with the peak in the 1-5year age group accounting for 37(80 %). Panophthalmitis, endophthalmitis and phthisis bulbi were common non neoplastic lesions requiring enucleation. Pseudotumour and rhabdomyosarcoma accounted for 5(27.8 %) and 4(22.2 %) cases respectively of all orbital lesions. CONCLUSION: Retinoblastoma remains the commonest ocular malignancy while rhabdomyosarcoma was the commonest orbital malignancy with both occurring in childhood. Inflammatory lesions unfortunately are important orbito-ocular lesions requiring surgery in our environment. PMID- 18923587 TI - Pupillary changes among Nigerian adults following the instillation of Garcinia kola nut extracts: multicentric studies. AB - BACKGROUND: A multi-centre, open, within-patient controlled study was performed on 106 adult volunteers to investigate the effects of Garcinia kolanut extracts on the pupillary sizes. STUDY DESIGN: 106 participants in three Nigerian Ophthalmic Centres with no pupillary defects and associated ocular or systemic co morbidities had their pupillary diameters measured at 0, 15, 30 and 45 minutes respectively with a pupillometer (Neuroptics model # 586009). Using the left eyes as control, Garcinia kolanut extract was instilled into the right eyes at 15 minutes intervals. RESULTS: There were 63 females and 43 males ranging in age from 18 to 58 years with the mean age of 34.9 years. Average pupillary diameter measured among participants was 4.1 - 8.4 mm with the mean value of 6.0 mm prior to garcinia kola nut extract instillation. There was a gradual reduction in the baseline pupillary size with age in years at 0.2mm per decade without garcinia extract instillation. There was a significant higher baseline pupillary diameter in males than females with males and females mean values of 6.29mm (6.00 - 6.56mm) and 5.85mm (5.60 - 6.11mm) in the right eye (p=0.026) and mean pupillary diameters 6.16mm (5.90 - 6.42mm) and 5.80mm (5.56 - 6.04mm) in the left eyes (p=0.05) respectively. There were consistent significant miosis in the right eyes with instilled Garcinia kola nut extract compared to the left eyes at 15, 30 and 45 minutes (p=0.0000). CONCLUSION: 4% Garcinia kola nut extract drop has a transient miotic effect on human pupils not sustainable for more than 45 minutes. PMID- 18923588 TI - Ultrasound findings in amenorrhoeic women with vaginal bleeding. AB - OBJECTIVE OF STUDY: To document sonographically identifiable causes of vaginal bleeding in secondarily amenorrhoeic women of child bearing age. METHODS: A retrospective study of ultrasonographic findings among 102 secondarily amenorrhoeic women of childbearing age with vaginal bleeding was carried out. Ultrasound scan was carried using Siemens Sonoline SL1 equipment with 3.5MHz and 5.0MHz transducers RESULTS: 75(73.2%) patients had pregnancy-related conditions, 14(13.7%) had normal, non-pregnant uteri while the remaining 13 (12.8%) had other gynaecological conditions namely pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), uterine fibroids and ovarian masses. Though pregnancy-related conditions are the major causes of vaginal bleeding in amenorrhoeic women of childbearing age, PID, fibroids and ovarian masses are possible findings. CONCLUSION: Ultrasound examination is vital in the elucidation of vaginal bleeding in amenorrhoeic women. Pregnancy related conditions are not the only significant cause of amenorrhoea complicated by vaginal bleeding. PMID- 18923589 TI - Analysis of five-year breast biopsies carried out in the University of Benin Teaching Hospital Benin City. AB - OBJECTIVE: To review the histology of breast biopsies carried out in our hospital with a view to designing management and preventive strategies. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 179 patients who had breast biopsies over a five year-period (January 1999 - December 2003) were included in the study. The patients were sorted out from the records in both the casualty and main theatres of the hospital. The medical records from their case files were analysed in terms of age, sex and the histology of the tissue obtained on biopsy. RESULTS: Benign breast lesions accounted for 73.2% with fibroadenoma constituting a greater percentage. Whereas benign breast lesions were most commonly encountered in the third decade of life, malignant lesions occurred most commonly in the fourth decade. After the age of 60, all the cases analysed were of the malignant variety. CONCLUSION: Young patients with breast lump should be encouraged to come for consultation as most of them are benign. However, any lump in a woman above 30 should be properly screened for cancer. Similarly, any patient who presents with a breast lesion after the age of 60 should be regarded as having breast cancer until proved otherwise. PMID- 18923590 TI - Severe burn trauma from deliberate self-harm: the Sokoto experience. AB - BACKGROUND: Burn injury is one of the most severe forms of trauma that can afflict mankind. Although several forms of suicide and para suicide have been reported worldwide, severe burn injuries from deliberate self-harm have been poorly documented in Africa. AIM: To evaluate the pattern of deliberate self-harm by burning in our environment. METHOD: This is a 5-year retrospective analysis of all patients who sustained burns from deliberate self-harm (DSH) seen at the Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto from June 1998 to May 2003. The patients' data and other necessary information were extracted from the case notes. RESULTS: Seven patients were seen over the study period. There were six females and one male, giving a female to male ratio of 6:1. All the injuries occurred at home from kerosene flame burns. In all cases, the intent was to take the patient's own life. The triggering factors were mainly psychosocio-economic. Six patients had up to secondary education while one patient had a degree certificate. None of the patients was gainfully employed at the time of incidence. Two patients had previously attempted suicide. Only one patient had a history of psychiatric illness. All sustained severe flame burns ranging from 45% - 98% body surface area (BSA). Compliance to treatment was generally poor. All patients were managed at the intensive care unit (ICU) of the hospital.. Five patients died, while the remaining two signed against medical advice (SAMA) during the course of management. The duration of hospital stay ranged from 2 - 10 days. CONCLUSION: Severe burn injury from DSH, although previously poorly documented in Africa, is not uncommon in our environment. The morbidity and mortality are high, not only because of the nature of injury, but probably because of poor compliance to treatment. We advocate community based studies and routine screening of adolescents to identify those at risk. The need for the establishment suicide information, intervention and prevention centre in Nigeria cannot be overemphasised. PMID- 18923591 TI - Training needs and risk assessment among farmers and animal handlers on zoonoses in Sokoto metropolis. AB - INTRODUCTION: Zoonotic diseases are detrimental to animal health resulting not only in great economic loss due to reduced production of meat, milk, wool, etc, but also a threat to national food security and to achieve the millennium development goals on eradicating extreme hunger and poverty. An important factor that aids the spread of zoonoses is the working conditions and habits (behavioural risks) of livestock farmers and handlers. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY: This study was designed to assess the knowledge gap and risk reduction needs among farmers and animal handlers in Sokoto through an explorative cross-sectional study. A total of 400 respondents were recruited through a multi stage and proportionate sampling technique. RESULTS: Overall, there is a knowledge gap on aetiology, mode of transmission and preventive measures with only 31.9%, 25.9% and 25.5% respectively, of the respondents having adequate knowledge, positive health, promotive or disease preventive attitude and having practised effective preventive measures against zoonotic diseases consistently. Respondents' place of work (P<0.0001), educational attainment (P<0.0001), training status on rearing or handling of livestock (p<0.0001) and number of years of experience in livestock production and handling (p<0.001) were the consistent important determinants of the level of knowledge, attitude to and use of preventive measures against the zoonoses. CONCLUSION: There is therefore the need for training, retraining, inter-sectoral sensitisation and awareness creation forum to promote effective prevention and control practices. PMID- 18923592 TI - One year echocardiographic study of rheumatic heart disease at Enugu, Nigeria. AB - BACKGROUND: Rheumatic heart disease is one of the commonest causes of heart disease in Nigeria. Previous studies on rheumatic heart disease in Nigeria were either clinical or retrospective echocardiographic studies. This study was aimed at determining the burden of chronic rheumatic mitral valve disease, pattern of valvular involvement, severity and associated valvular lesions, using echocardiography. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between May, 2004 and April 2005, patients with symptomatic rheumatic heart disease, seen in the cardiac clinics of University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, were recruited for the study. The patients were investigated non-invasively with M-mode, Two-dimensional, Pulsed wave, Continuous wave and colour flow Doppler echocardiographic techniques in order to assess the mitral and other intracardiac valves for evidence of rheumatic heart disease. RESULTS: There were a total of 55 patients, 39 (70.9%) females and 16 (29.1%) males with a mean age of 29.34 +/- 11.57 years. Mitral valve disease was found in 54 (98.2%) and isolated aortic valve disease in 1 (1.8%) of cases. Mitral regurgitation occurred in 64.8%, mixed mitral valve disease in 25.9% and pure mitral stenosis in 9.3%. Mitral valve disease was associated with aortic valve disease in 33.3%, with tricuspid valve disease in 24.1% and with functional pulmonary incompetence in 9.3% of cases. CONCLUSION: Rheumatic heart disease in Nigeria is essentially a disease of the mitral valve as seen elsewhere in the world. Echocardiography should be done routinely for patients with rheumatic heart disease to facilitate accurate diagnosis and definitive treatment. PMID- 18923593 TI - Implications of antibiotics and oral contraceptive interactions: knowledge and practice of dental surgeons. AB - OBJECTIVES: Unplanned pregnancies may result if antibiotics are prescribed for women using combined oral contraceptive (COC).The current study is designed to determine: the rate and pattern of antibiotic prescription during a normal week, the awareness of Nigerian dentists about possible drug interaction between antibiotics and oral contraceptives, and to determine the knowledge of Nigerian dentists about additional preventive measures to be employed by patients on combined oral contraceptive being placed on broad spectrum antibiotics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 3 tertiary and 2 secondary health institutions in Nigeria using dental House Officers and Residents as subjects. Medical House officers were employed as control. An open and close ended questionnaire that sought for information about types and number of times antibiotics are prescribed per week, influence of some medical conditions and drugs like contraceptive on choice of antibiotics and knowledge of relevant advice to be given to patients on oral contraceptive being given broad spectrum antibiotics was employed. RESULTS: Antibiotics are prescribed 1-3 times per week by most dental graduates during a normal week. The antibiotics frequently prescribed by both the cases and the control include: Amoxicillin and Metronidazole. The dentists' decision to select appropriate antibiotics is influenced by the presence of pregnancy (90.52%) and penicillin allergy (85.34%). Only 59.48% of the dentists admitted being so influenced by current history of contraceptive use. Two respondents knew and gave relevant advice on additional preventive measure to be employed by patients on pills being given antibiotics CONCLUSION: This initial report suggests that Nigerian dentists are not well informed about the potential interaction between antibiotics and combined oral contraceptive and the extra precautions to be taken when antibiotics is prescribed for women on COC pills. A cross-section of Nigerian dentists prescribed antibiotics 1-3 times during a normal week. PMID- 18923594 TI - Determinants of consistent condom use among adolescents and young adults attending a tertiary educational institution in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. AB - OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the determinants of consistent condom use among adolescents and young adults aged 15 - 29 years. METHODS: This was a cross sectional survey to which 600 (300 of each gender) adolescents/young adults who had never married were recruited. Information was collected from respondents by means of a purpose-designed, self-administered questionnaire. Information sought includes the respondents' social and demographic characteristics, sexual practices and issues relating to condom use. RESULTS: Five hundred and thirty-six (89.3%) of the 600 questionnaires were suitable for analysis; 372 (69.4%) had had sexual intercourse. A third reported that they were having sex frequently or fairly frequently; 145 (41.7%) had more than one partner while 74 (19.9%) were aware that their partners had other sexual partners. Two-thirds of currently sexually active respondents reported that condoms were readily available and cheap although only 90 (24.2%) reported using condoms consistently. The factors that were statistically significant predictors of consistent condom use among the males were age; younger respondents were more likely to be consistent users (p = 0.015), having more than one sexual partner (p = 0.030) and ability to refuse sex with a partner who would not want to use condom (p = 0.008). Among the females, statistically significant predictors were frequency of sexual intercourse; respondent who had sex frequently were more likely to use condoms consistently (p = 0.018) and having more than one partner (p=0.018). CONCLUSION: Inconsistent condom use is rampant and females were probably disadvantaged as far as condom negotiation is concerned. PMID- 18923595 TI - Serum lipid profile in malnourished Nigerian children in Zaria. AB - BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: There is paucity of data on the pattern of serum lipids in malnourished children in Zaria. Most of the reported studies were carried out in southern part of Nigeria. The overall objective of this study was therefore to measure serum lipids in children with PEM in Zaria with the view to recommending its use in them. SUBJECTS, MATERIALS AND METHODS: Serum lipids were measured in 115 children presenting with PEM and 115 age- and sex-matched well nourished controls aged 6-36 months .The malnourished children consisted of 25, 30, 30 and 30 children with kwashiorkor, marasmic-kwashiorkor, marasmus and underweight respectively. There were 60 males and 55 females. Serum total cholesterol(TC),high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglyceride(TG) were measured by enzymatic colorimetric methods of serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C) and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol(VLDL-C) were estimated using Friedewald formula. RESULTS: Serum TC, LDL-C and HDL-C levels were significantly lower (p<0.01, p<0.05 and p<0.001 respectively), while the ratio TC/HDL-C was significantly higher (p<0.001) in children with PEM than in their well-nourished counterparts. Concentrations of serum TG and VLDL-C were apparently but not significantly lower in children with PEM than in well-fed children (p>0.05).Serum levels of TC, LDL-C and HDL-C were significantly higher (p<0.001, p<0.001 and p<0.01 respectively) in oedematous PEM patients than in their non-oedematous counterparts. Serum TG and VLDL-C values were apparently but not significantly higher in oedematous PEM patients than in non-oedematous ones. CONCLUSION: There was a significant reduction in serum lipid concentrations in children with PEM. The study therefore suggests that measurement of serum lipids could be of importance in the assessment of childhood malnutrition. PMID- 18923596 TI - Ovarian Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma presenting as obstructive jaundice - a case report. AB - OBJECTIVE: To highlight the importance of considering abdominal Lymphoma as a differential diagnosis in the management of obstructive jaundice. PATIENT: A 51 year old female who presented with abdominal swelling associated with features of obstructive jaundice. Significant findings included jaundice on examination, with abdominal ascites. Laparotomy revealed three litres of icteric fluid. There was a huge left ovarian tumour measuring 14cm x 12cm. Massive peritoneal seedling involved the whole abdomen and pelvis was noted. Following surgery allowing for adequate wound healing, the patient was placed on appropriate chemotherapy. INVESTIGATION/DIAGNOSIS: Histology of excision biopsy revealed high grade Non Hodgkins's Lymphoma. Screening for human deficiency virus (HIV) was negative. However the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was raised at 92 mm Westergren in the first hour. The liver function tests were deranged with total bilirubin of 274 mmol/l and conjugated bilirubin of 204 mmol. serum Ast and Alt were also significantly raised. Total proteins, urea and electrolytes remained essentially within normal limits. The patient was placed on CHOP combination therapy. She attained remission after four cycles of chemotherapy and was discharged home. CONCLUSION: Abdominal Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma should be a strong consideration in the management of obstructive jaundice. PMID- 18923597 TI - Reflectometric measurement of birefringence rotation in single-mode optical fibers. AB - We present a novel reflectometric technique for the measurement of orientation and modulus of the linear birefringence vector in single-mode optical fibers. The technique provides information also on circular birefringence, although this component, if present, appears as a rotation of the linear birefringence. A detailed theoretical analysis is reported and validated by experimental results. PMID- 18923598 TI - Achromatic diffraction from polarization gratings with high efficiency. AB - We demonstrate a broadband, thin-film, polarizing beam splitter based on an anisotropic diffraction grating composed of reactive mesogens (polymerizable liquid crystals). This achromatic polarization grating (PG) manifests high diffraction efficiency (approximately 100%) and high extinction ratio (> or = 1000:1) in both theory and experiment. We show an operational bandwidth Deltalambda/lambda0 approximately 56% (roughly spanning visible wavelength range) that represents more than a fourfold increase of bandwidth over conventional PGs (and significantly larger than any other grating). The diffraction angle and operational region (visible, near-infrared, midwave infrared, and ultraviolet wavelengths) may be easily tailored during fabrication. The essence of the achromatic design is a stack of two chiral PGs with an opposite twist sense and employs the principle of retardation compensation. We fully characterize its optical properties and derive the theoretical diffraction behavior. PMID- 18923599 TI - Analysis of the depth resolution limit of luminescence diffuse optical imaging. AB - We introduce a methodology to determine quantitatively the depth resolution limit in luminescence diffuse optical imaging. The approach is based on a Cramer-Rao statistical analysis, a noise model, and calculations of photon transport in tissues. We illustrate the method in the case of luminescence imaging in a brain skull model, showing its potential applications in molecular imaging on small animals. PMID- 18923600 TI - Broadband near-infrared emission in Er3+-Tm3+ codoped chalcohalide glasses. AB - The near-IR emission spectra of Er3+-Tm3+ codoped 70GeS2-20In2S3-10CsI chalcohalide glasses were studied with an 808 nm laser as an excitation source. A broad emission extending from 1.35 to 1.7 microm with a FWHM of approximately 160 nm was recorded in a 0.1 mol.% Er2S3, 0.5 mol.% Tm2S3 codoped chalcohalide glass. The fluorescence decay curves of glasses were measured by monitoring the emissions of Tm3+ at 1460 nm and Er3+ at 1540 nm, and the lifetimes were obtained from the first-order exponential fit. The luminescence mechanism and the possible energy-transfer processes are discussed with respect to the energy-level diagram of Er3+ and Tm3+ ions. PMID- 18923601 TI - Generation and amplification of pulsed Bessel beams by seeding an optical parametric amplifier. AB - By using two very different seed pulses we demonstrate that the spatiotemporal gain properties of a chi(2) optical parametric amplifier can be exploited as an efficient conical reshaping mechanism leading to the generation and amplification of a pulsed Bessel beam. PMID- 18923602 TI - Cross-polarized wave generation in the UV region. AB - We demonstrate experimentally the generation of cross-polarized femtosecond pulses in BaF2 crystal in the UV region. We show that unsaturated cross-polarized wave generation in the UV is six times more efficient than in the visible region, and we deduce the corresponding wavelength dispersion of the third-order nonlinearity. PMID- 18923603 TI - Miniaturization and defocus correction for objective-coupled planar illumination microscopy. AB - Recently, a light sheet-based technique called objective-coupled planar illumination (OCPI) microscopy [Holekamp et al., Neuron 57, 661 (2008)] was shown to permit low-phototoxicity, high-speed, three-dimensional fluorescence imaging of extended tissue samples. Here, we introduce two major improvements in OCPI microscopy. First, we miniaturize the objective coupler by using a uniaxial gradient-index lens to produce the light sheet. Second, we demonstrate theoretically and experimentally that refractive index mismatch at the fluid/tissue interface causes a significant defocus aberration. By introducing the ability to tune the angle of the light sheet, we show that defocus correction in a miniaturized OCPI microscope leads to a significant improvement in image sharpness deeper into tissue. PMID- 18923604 TI - Phase locking of lasers with intracavity polarization elements. AB - New configurations for phase locking several laser beams with intracavity polarization elements are presented. With this configuration we demonstrated efficient phase lock of up to 24 ND:YAG laser beams with only two polarization beam displacers. PMID- 18923606 TI - Observation of multiple higher-order stopgaps from three-dimensional chalcogenide glass photonic crystals. AB - For the first time to our knowledge the observation of near-IR multiple higher order stopgaps in three-dimensional photonic crystals (PhCs) fabricated using the direct-laser-writing method in thick chalcogenide glass films is reported. The fabrication and etching conditions necessary to realize well-defined structures are presented. The fabricated PhCs exhibit higher-order stopgaps, which are only evident in high-quality structures. The higher-order stopgaps observed permit these high-refractive-index and high-nonlinear PhCs to be used directly as functional photonic devices operating at telecommunication wavelengths without further miniaturizing structural dimensions. PMID- 18923605 TI - Polarization-sensitive optoacoustic tomography of optically diffuse tissues. AB - Polarization is indicative of material anisotropy, a property that reveals structural orientation information of molecules inside the material. Herein we investigate whether polarization can be detected optoacoustically in scattering and absorbing tissues. Using a laboratory prototype of polarization-sensitive optoacoustic tomography, we demonstrate high-resolution reconstructions of dichroism contrast deep in optically diffusive tissue-mimicking phantoms. The technique is expected to enable highly accurate imaging of polarization contrast in tissues, far beyond the current capabilities of pure optical polarization imaging approaches. PMID- 18923607 TI - Optical terahertz wave generation in a planar GaAs waveguide. AB - We report generation of terahertz (THz) radiation in a planar 61-microm-thick GaAs waveguide with a TM0 propagation mode, achieved by phase-matched difference frequency mixing. The THz output was centered near 2 THz and had 1 microW average power. As a pump source we utilized both the signal and the idler outputs of a near-degenerate type II synchronously pumped optical parametric oscillator operating near 2 microm with the average powers of 250 and 750 mW, correspondingly. PMID- 18923608 TI - Induced solitons formed by cross-polarization coupling in a birefringent cavity fiber laser. AB - We report on the experimental observation of induced solitons in a passively mode locked fiber ring laser with a birefringence cavity. Owing to the cross coupling between the two orthogonal polarization components of the laser, it was found that if a soliton was formed along one cavity polarization axis, a weak soliton was also induced along the orthogonal polarization axis, and depending on the net cavity birefringence, the induced soliton could have either the same or different center wavelengths to that of the inducing soliton. Moreover, the induced soliton always had the same group velocity as that of the inducing soliton. They formed a vector soliton in the cavity. Numerical simulations confirmed the experimental observations. PMID- 18923609 TI - Fabrication of ridge waveguides in zinc-substituted lithium niobate by means of ion-beam enhanced etching. AB - We present results on the fabrication and characterization of ridge waveguides in zinc-substituted lithium niobate. High-quality waveguides were fabricated by a combination of liquid-phase epitaxy and multiple applications of ion-beam enhanced etching. The two major demands on ridge waveguides, a very low side-wall roughness and a rectangle shape with side-wall angles close to 90 degrees , were realized simultaneously by using this technique. Single-mode waveguiding at a wavelength of 1064 nm was demonstrated with attenuation values of 0.9 dB/cm. PMID- 18923610 TI - Photon echoes generated by reversing magnetic field gradients in a rubidium vapor. AB - We propose a photon echo quantum memory scheme using detuned Raman coupling to long-lived ground states. In contrast to previous three-level schemes based on controlled reversible inhomogeneous broadening that use sequences of pi pulses, the scheme does not require accurate control of the coupling dynamics to the ground states. We present a proof-of-principle experimental realization of our proposal using rubidium atoms in a warm vapor cell. The Raman resonance line is broadened using a magnetic field that varies linearly along the direction of light propagation. Inverting the magnetic field gradient rephases the atomic dipoles and re-emits the light pulse in the forward direction. PMID- 18923611 TI - Dark-spot formation by vector beams. AB - Dark-spot formation is demonstrated by calculating electric-field distribution near the focus produced by focusing higher-order transverse-mode vector beams with radial and azimuthal polarizations in addition to Laguerre-Gaussian beams with linear and circular polarizations. The size of the dark spot in the radial direction varies from one beam to another, but the size in the axial direction is almost the same. The radially polarized TM02-mode beam is predicted to form a dark spot solely by an axial electric field. PMID- 18923612 TI - Stimulated Brillouin scattering in highly birefringent microstructure fiber: experimental analysis. AB - We report on an experimental analysis of stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in a 20-m-long highly birefringent microstructure fiber for sensing applications. In particular, an experimental setup based on Brillouin optical frequency-domain analysis, operating at a wavelength of 1550 nm, has been employed in order to analyze the distribution of Brillouin frequency shift along the fiber, as well as to study the dependence of Brillouin frequency shift on optical polarization, temperature, and strain. Our results indicate that, for any fixed polarization, the fiber has a dual-peaked Brillouin spectrum. A study about the origin of these two peaks is presented. PMID- 18923613 TI - Photonic DPASK/QAM signal generation at microwave/millimeter-wave band based on an electro-optic phase modulator. AB - We have proposed and experimentally demonstrated two novel photonic architectures to generate differential-phase amplitude-shift keying and circular quadrature amplitude modulation signals at microwave/millimeter-wave band based on an electro-optic phase modulator. In our proposed schemes, the electronic driven circuits were greatly simplified by employing the photonic vector modulation technique. PMID- 18923614 TI - Minimization of the influence of passive-light contribution in active imaging of the degree of polarization. AB - Active imaging systems that measure the degree of polarization (DOP) are often perturbed by passive light owing to ambient illumination. Passive light introduces a shot noise that combines with the noise due to the active signal to perturb estimation of the DOP. We quantitatively study its influence and show that the polarization state of active illumination can be adjusted to minimize the influence of passive light. It is thus an additional degree of freedom for optimization. PMID- 18923615 TI - Observation of thermal-induced optical guiding and bistability in a mid-IR continuous-wave, singly resonant optical parametric oscillator. AB - We report the observation of thermal-induced optical guiding and bistability in a mid-IR cw, singly resonant optical parametric oscillator (SRO) at approximately 3.2 microm. The SRO employs a MgO:PPLN crystal as the gain medium and a 1-nm linewidth Yb-fiber laser at 1.064 microm as the pump source. As soon as the pump power reaches the thermal guiding threshold at 16.5 W, the SRO shows a step increase in the parametric efficiency by a factor of 2.5. At 25 W pump power, the SRO generated 5.3 and 1.2 W at 1.58 and 3.23 microm, respectively, with single longitudinal-mode performance for the 3.23 microm radiation. PMID- 18923616 TI - High-harmonic-generation spectrum reconstruction from Young's double-slits interference pattern using the maximum entropy method. AB - A method is proposed that uses maximum entropy analysis of a Young's two-slit interference pattern for the measurement of the spectrum of a high-harmonic generation light source. The approach is tested using experimental data, and the results are found to be consistent with those obtained directly using a grazing incidence spectrometer. PMID- 18923617 TI - Low-coherent light-source angular interferometer using a square prism and the angular-scanning technique. AB - An interferometer based on using low-coherent light source, a square prism, and the angular-scanning technique is proposed for absolute angular-displacement determinations. An angular displacement of the square prism shifts the correlogram, which is modulated by an envelope function, of the interference signal of the beams passing through the prism. This angle can thus be discovered by detecting the shifting of the envelope peak. A setup constructed to validate the interferometer is used. The results of using this setup are then presented. PMID- 18923618 TI - Combined system of optical coherence tomography and fluorescence spectroscopy based on double-cladding fiber. AB - We report the development of an all-fiber multimodal system, based on a double cladding fiber (DCF) and related devices, suitable for simultaneous measurements of optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fluorescence spectroscopy (FS). The DCF together with a DCF coupler and a single-body DCF lens has assisted in the realization of a multimodal but single-unit probe for the combined system. The DCF lens allowed simultaneous focusing of input beams for OCT and FS and also the effective collection of both signal beams from a sample. The DCF coupler could extract the OCT signal via the core channel and the FS signal through the cladding channel. The OCT image and the fluorescence spectra of a plant tissue were then simultaneously measured to validate the performance of the proposed multimodal system. PMID- 18923619 TI - Metamaterials: electromagnetic enhancement at zero-index transition. AB - Resonant enhancement of electromagnetic waves propagating at oblique incidence in metamaterials, with dielectric permittivity and magnetic permeability linearly changing from positive to negative values, has been predicted and theoretically studied. This effect occurs for both TE and TM polarizations near the point where a refractive index changes its sign. Our model elucidates the unique features of the resonant enhancement in "positive-to-negative transition" metamaterials for a broad frequency range from microwaves to optics. PMID- 18923620 TI - Highly efficient nonlinear filter for femtosecond pulse contrast enhancement and pulse shortening. AB - We propose a highly efficient scheme for temporal filters devoted to femtosecond pulse contrast enhancement. The filter is based on cross-polarized wave generation with a spatially suger-Gaussian-shaped beam. In a single nonlinear crystal scheme the energy conversion to the cross-polarized pulse can reach 28%. We demonstrate that the process enables a significant spectral broadening. For an efficiency of 23% the pulse shortening is estimated to 2.2, leading to an intensity transmission of the nonlinear filter of 50%. PMID- 18923621 TI - Angular multiplexing in pulsed digital holography for aperture synthesis. AB - A new aperture-synthesis approach in a pulsed digital holography system for obtaining superresolution is proposed and experimentally demonstrated in which, with only a single laser pulse divided into two trains of subpulses, angular multiplexing can be applied to both the reference beam for different carrier frequency and the object beam for off-axis and on-axis illuminations. Furthermore, in the recording plane, multiple subholograms covering different spatial frequency ranges diffracted from the object can be recorded in a single frame of a CCD. Our analysis and results show that the resolution of the reconstructed image synthesized upon the reconstructed complex amplitudes of the subholograms can be improved effectively. PMID- 18923622 TI - Compact soft x-ray microscope using a gas-discharge light source. AB - We report on a soft x-ray microscope using a gas-discharge plasma with pseudo spark-like electrode geometry as a light source. The source produces a radiant intensity of 4 x 10(13) photons/(sr pulse) for the 2.88 nm emission line of helium-like nitrogen. At a demonstrated 1 kHz repetition rate a brilliance of 4.3 x 10(9) photons/(microm2 sr s) is obtained for the 2.88 nm line. Ray-tracing simulations show that, employing an adequate grazing incidence collector, a photon flux of 1 x 10(7) photons/(microm2 s) can be achieved with the current source. The applicability of the presented pinch plasma concept to soft x-ray microscopy is demonstrated in a proof-of-principle experiment. PMID- 18923623 TI - Image formation in holographic tomography. AB - Tomography has been applied to holographic imaging systems recently to improve the 3D imaging performance. However, there are two distinct ways to achieve this: either by rotation of the object or by rotation of the illumination beam. We provide a transfer function analysis to distinguish between these two techniques and to predict the 3D imaging performance in holographic tomography when diffraction effects are considered. The results show that the configuration of rotating the illumination beam in one direction while fixing the sample leads to different 3D imaging performance as compared to the configuration of rotating the sample. The spatial frequency cutoff is nonisotropic in the case of rotating the illumination, and a curved line of singularity is observed. Rotating of the sample, on the contrary, has more symmetry in spatial frequency coverage but has a single point of singularity. The 3D transfer function derived can be used for 3D image reconstruction. PMID- 18923625 TI - Robust tunable single-frequency operation of a diode laser by a self-pumped phase conjugate reflector and a high-finesse filter. AB - A novel form of extended-cavity diode laser attains robust tunable single frequency operation with narrow linewidth. The laser cavity includes a self pumped photorefractive phase-conjugate reflector for wavelength-adaptive narrowband feedback and a compact high-finesse tunable intracavity ring filter for single-longitudinal-mode selectivity and control. Its performance around 830 nm is verified with a simple Fabry-Perot laser diode and by Doppler-free two photon spectroscopy in atomic cesium. PMID- 18923624 TI - Time-resolved spectroscopic imaging reveals the fundamentals of cellular NADH fluorescence. AB - A time-resolved spectroscopic imaging system is built to study the fluorescence characteristics of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), an important metabolic coenzyme and endogenous fluorophore in cells. The system provides a unique approach to measure fluorescence signals in different cellular organelles and cytoplasm. The ratios of free over protein-bound NADH signals in cytosol and nucleus are slightly higher than those in mitochondria. The mitochondrial fluorescence contributes about 70% of overall cellular fluorescence and is not a completely dominant signal. Furthermore, NADH signals in mitochondria, cytosol, and the nucleus respond to the changes of cellular activity differently, suggesting that cytosolic and nuclear fluorescence may complicate the well-known relationship between mitochondrial fluorescence and cellular metabolism. PMID- 18923626 TI - Electromagnetic torque and force in axially symmetric liquid-crystal droplets. AB - Circularly polarized light exerts torque on birefringent objects. In the case of axially symmetric particles, however, the moment of radiation force balances the direct optical torque. This explains the observation that radial liquid-crystal droplets, in contrast to planar droplets, do not spin in circularly polarized light. The conclusion is in agreement with considerations based on the angular momentum conservation of light [Phys. Rev. Lett.96, 163905 (2006)]. PMID- 18923627 TI - Room-temperature spectral hole burning in an engineered inhomogeneously broadened resonance. AB - We observe spectral hole burning in a room-temperature optical fiber pumped by a spectrally broadened pump beam. This beam drives the stimulated Brillouin process, creating an inhomogeneously broadened resonance in the material whose shape can be engineered by tailoring the beam's spectrum. A monochromatic saturating beam "burns" a narrow spectral hole that is approximately 10(4) times narrower than the inhomogeneous width of the resonance. This research paves the way toward agile optical information processing and storage using standard telecommunication components. PMID- 18923628 TI - Efficient conversion of light from sparse laser arrays into single-lobed far field using phase structures. AB - An efficient beam-combining technique based on aperture filling is introduced to direct virtually all the energy of a mutually coherent laser array to the far field main lobe. A comparison between this method and the Dammann grating method for beam superposition reveals the connection between the two and suggests specific applications for each. PMID- 18923629 TI - Coherence transfer between atomic ground states by the technique of stimulated Raman adiabatic passage. AB - We experimentally and theoretically demonstrate that the atomic coherence can be completely transferred or arbitrarily contributed among the different levels in a four-level atomic (tripod) scheme by a group of coupled pulse sequences. This technique can be applied to the information conversion in slow-light storage, quantum logical gates, and so on, which is based on the atomic coherence effect. PMID- 18923630 TI - Formation of two-dimensional periodic microstructures by a single shot of three interfered femtosecond laser pulses on the surface of silica glass. AB - Two-dimensional periodic microstructures, including both microholes and micro orbicular platforms, have been fabricated on the surface of silica glass by a single shot of three interfered femtosecond laser pulses. The three-dimensional structure of a fabricated hexagonal lattice can be revealed by atomic force microscopy. The formation of the microstructure and the dynamic process of the interaction between the femtosecond laser and the silica glass have been discussed. PMID- 18923631 TI - Optical parametric chirped-pulse amplification source suitable for seeding high energy systems. AB - A short-pulse source based on optical parametric chirped-pulse amplification (OPCPA) technology has been developed with properties that make it a suitable seed for a high-energy OPCPA system. This source generated a diffraction-limited pulse at 910 nm with a full bandwidth of > 165 nm and a spectrum having a transform-limited pulse duration of less than 15 fs. The technique has potential for generating bandwidths > 200 nm and pulse durations < 10 fs. PMID- 18923632 TI - Continuously tunable 1 byte delay in coupled-resonator optical waveguides. AB - A reconfigurable coupled-resonator optical waveguide made of a few directly coupled ring resonators is employed to control the delay of data streams modulated at tens of gigabits per second. A delay of 8 bit lengths (1 optical byte) with a small pulse broadening and 1 dB/bit fractional loss is achieved by using only eight rings. The limiting role of waveguide loss and spurious backreflections is experimentally investigated. The high storage efficiency (1 bit/ring) of the device enables an easy, reliable, hitless, and relatively low power-consuming management of the delay. A higher storage efficiency is demonstrated to be associated to an unavoidable higher pulse distortion. PMID- 18923633 TI - Illumination-angle-scanning digital interference holography for optical section imaging. AB - We propose and experimentally demonstrate a new (to our knowledge) digital holographic method to reconstruct section images of objects with wavelength dependent reflectivity. A number of holograms of an object are taken as the illumination angle of the laser beam with a specific wavelength is changed in regular intervals. The complex object fields reconstructed from the holograms are numerically superposed to show the image of a sliced section of the object, whose position and thickness can be chosen arbitrarily. By changing the wavelength of the illumination beam, wavelength-dependent section images can be obtained with our method. PMID- 18923634 TI - Electronic noise-free measurements of squeezed light. AB - We study the implementation of a correlation measurement technique for the characterization of squeezed light. We show that the sign of the covariance coefficient revealed from the time-resolved correlation data allow us to distinguish among squeezed, coherent, and thermal states. In contrast to the traditional method of characterizing squeezed light, involving measurement of the variation of the difference photocurrent, the correlation measurement method allows one to eliminate the contribution of the electronic noise, which becomes a crucial issue in experiments with dim sources of squeezed light. PMID- 18923635 TI - Total light absorption in a wide range of incidence by nanostructured metals without plasmons. AB - Metals structured by nanocavities have recently been demonstrated to efficiently absorb light in a wide range of angles of incidence. It has been assumed that nanovoid plasmons are at the origin of the strong absorption. It is shown that it is possible to totally absorb incident light without plasmons. To avoid their excitation, a diffraction grating consisting of cylindrical cavities in a metallic substrate is illuminated in transverse electric polarization. It is found that cylindrical cavities can sustain cavity resonances with a high enhancement of the light intensity, provoking a total absorption of light in a wide range of incidence. PMID- 18923636 TI - Achromatic reconstruction of femtosecond holograms in the planar optical waveguide. AB - Holograms were recorded by 30 fs laser pulses in 20 microm film of dichromated gelatin on the polished quartz substrate and reconstructed in the waveguide mode. The geometric-optical regime of waveguide hologram reconstruction was obtained: the direction of the reconstructed beam was observed to be independent on the reconstructing wavelength within the hologram spectral selectivity band. We discuss the possibility of producing achromatic waveguide optical elements containing only a few periods. PMID- 18923637 TI - Design of a flat-top fiber Bragg filter via quasi-random modulation of the refractive index. AB - The statistics of the reflection spectrum of a short-correlated disordered fiber Bragg grating are studied. The averaged spectrum appears to be flat inside the bandgap and has significantly suppressed sidelobes compared to the uniform grating of the same bandwidth. This is due to the Anderson localization of the modes of a disordered grating. This observation prompts a new algorithm for designing passband reflection gratings. Using the stochastic invariant imbedding approach it is possible to obtain the probability distribution function for the random reflection coefficient inside the bandgap and obtain both the variance of the averaged reflectivity as well as the distribution of the time delay of the grating. PMID- 18923638 TI - Visible cw-pumped supercontinuum. AB - We report the experimental demonstration of a visible supercontinuum in the cw pumping regime. A 20 W ytterbium fiber laser at 1.06 microm is used to pump a photonic crystal fiber whose zero-dispersion wavelength decreases along the fiber length. Visible wavelengths are generated in the fundamental mode via trapping of dispersive waves by redshifted solitons. PMID- 18923639 TI - Experimental determination of electric cross-spectral density matrix and generalized Stokes parameters for a laser beam. AB - We report an experimental method to determine the elements of the electric cross spectral density matrix for laser light. For this purpose an additional setup consisting of mirrors and reflecting prisms is utilized with the conventional Young's interferometer to overcome existing experimental limitations. The generalized Stokes parameters, which are the characteristics of two spatial points of the electromagnetic field, are also obtained for a pair of points. The knowledge of these two quantities might be useful in determining the change in polarization properties of light in propagation and their effects in optical measurements. PMID- 18923640 TI - Scattering of light by multiple dielectric cylinders: comparison of radiative transfer and Maxwell theory. AB - We have compared radiative transfer theory with analytical solutions of the Maxwell equations for light scattering by multiple infinitely long parallel cylinders at perpendicular incidence. The calculated scattering cross sections for both methods show large differences, but the angle-dependent differential scattering cross-section results are very similar for small cylinder densities, except close to the forward direction. In contrast to recently published results, it is shown that the radiative transfer equation is a useful approximation for small cylinder concentrations. PMID- 18923641 TI - Cutaneous manifestations of lightning injury: a case report. AB - BACKGROUND: Lightning injuries are relatively uncommon and have been a subject of awe since primitive times. It most significantly affects the cardiorespiratory, nervous, and integumentary systems. Surprisingly, cutaneous burn injuries caused by lightning are usually superficial. OBJECTIVE: To present the cutaneous manifestations of lightning injuries and the sequelae of improper management. CASE REPORT: A 22-year-old woman presented with cutaneous manifestations of lightning-induced burns and bilateral upper limb gangrene after 2 months of improper treatment. She refused amputation after counseling and left the hospital. CONCLUSION: This is a rare case of burns with cutaneous manifestations peculiar to lightning injury. These features serve as evidence of lightning injury, when in doubt, especially in societies where superstition is rife. Education concerning the nature of lightning and proper management would improve outcome. PMID- 18923642 TI - Cobalamin in inflammation III - glutathionylcobalamin and methylcobalamin/adenosylcobalamin coenzymes: the sword in the stone? How cobalamin may directly regulate the nitric oxide synthases. AB - Several mysteries surround the structure and function of the nitric oxide synthases (NOS). The NOS oxygenase domain structure is unusually open with a large area of solvent that could accommodate an unidentified ligand. The exact mechanism of the two-step five-electron monoxygenation of arginine to N(G) hydroxy-L-arginine, thence to citrulline and nitric oxide (NO), is not clear, particularly as arginine/N(G)-hydroxy-L-arginine is bound at a great distance to the supposed catalytic heme Fe [III], as the anti-stereoisomer. The Return of the Scarlet Pimpernel Paper proposed that cobalamin is a primary indirect regulator of the NOS. An additional direct regulatory effect of the 'base-off' dimethylbenzimidazole of glutathionylcobalamin (GSCbl), which may act as a sixth ligand to the heme iron, promote Co-oriented, BH(4)/BH(3) radical catalysed oxidation of L-arginine to NO, and possibly regulate the rate of inducible NOS/NO production by the NOS dimers, is further advanced. The absence of homology between the NOS and methionine synthase/methylmalonyl CoA mutase may enable GSCbl to regulate both sets of enzymes simultaneously by completely separate mechanisms. Thus, cobalamin may exert central control over both pro-and anti inflammatory systems. PMID- 18923643 TI - Early decomposition in visual word recognition: Dissociating morphology, form, and meaning. AB - The role of morphological, semantic, and form-based factors in the early stages of visual word recognition was investigated across different SOAs in a masked priming paradigm, focusing on English derivational morphology. In a first set of experiments, stimulus pairs co-varying in morphological decomposability and in semantic and orthographic relatedness were presented at three SOAs (36, 48, and 72 ms). No effects of orthographic relatedness were found at any SOA. Semantic relatedness did not interact with effects of morphological decomposability, which came through strongly at all SOAs, even for pseudo-suffixed pairs such as archer arch. Derivational morphological effects in masked priming seem to be primarily driven by morphological decomposability at an early stage of visual word recognition, and are independent of semantic factors. A second experiment reversed the order of prime and target (stem-derived rather than derived-stem), and again found that morphological priming did not interact with semantic relatedness. This points to an early segmentation process that is driven by morphological decomposability and not by the structure or content of central lexical representations. PMID- 18923645 TI - Ashkenazi Jewish centenarians do not demonstrate enrichment in mitochondrial haplogroup J. AB - BACKGROUND: Association of mitochondrial haplogroup J with longevity has been reported in several population subgroups. While studies from northern Italy and Finland, have described a higher frequency of haplogroup J among centenarians in comparison to non-centenarian, several other studies could not replicate these results and suggested various explanations for the discrepancy. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We have evaluated haplogroup frequencies among Ashkenazi Jewish centenarians using two different sets of matched controls. No difference was observed in the haplogroup J frequencies between the centenarians or either matched control group, despite adequate statistical power to detect such a difference. Furthermore, the lack of association was robust to population substructure in the Ashkenazi Jewish population. Given this discrepancy with the previous reported associations in the northern Italian and the Finnish populations, we conducted re-analysis of these previously published data, which supported one of several possible explanations: i) inadequate matching of cases and controls; ii) inadequate adjustment for multiple comparison testing; iii) cryptic population stratification. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: There does not exist a universal association of mitochondrial haplogroup J with longevity across all population groups. Reported associations in specialized populations may reflect genetic or other interactions specific to those populations or else cryptic confounding influences, such as inadequate matching attributable to population substructure, which are of general relevance to all studies of the possible association of mitochondrial DNA haplogroups with common complex phenotypes. PMID- 18923644 TI - Aphasia therapy on a neuroscience basis. AB - BACKGROUND: Brain research has documented that the cortical mechanisms for language and action are tightly interwoven and, concurrently, new approaches to language therapy in neurological patients are being developed that implement language training in the context of relevant linguistic and non-linguistic actions, therefore taking advantage of the mutual connections of language and action systems in the brain. A further well-known neuroscience principle is that learning at the neuronal level is driven by correlation; consequently, new approaches to language therapy emphasise massed practice in a short time, thus maximising therapy quantity and frequency and, therefore, correlation at the behavioural and neuronal levels. Learned non-use of unsuccessful actions plays a major role in the chronification of neurological deficits, and behavioural approaches to therapy have therefore employed shaping and other learning techniques to counteract such non-use. AIMS: Advances in theoretical and experimental neuroscience have important implications for clinical practice. We exemplify this in the domain of aphasia rehabilitation. MAIN CONTRIBUTION: Whereas classical wisdom had been that aphasia cannot be significantly improved at a chronic stage, we here review evidence that one type of intensive language action therapy (ILAT)-constraint-induced aphasia therapy-led to significant improvement of language performance in patients with chronic aphasia. We discuss perspectives for further improving speech-language therapy, including drug treatment that may be particularly fruitful when applied in conjunction with behavioural treatment. In a final section we highlight intensive and rapid therapy studies in chronic aphasia as a unique tool for exploring the cortical reorganisation of language. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that intensive language action therapy is an efficient tool for improving language functions even at chronic stages of aphasia. Therapy studies using this technique can open new perspectives for research into the plasticity of human language circuits. PMID- 18923646 TI - G-CSFR ubiquitination critically regulates myeloid cell survival and proliferation. AB - The granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor (G-CSFR) is a critical regulator of granulopoiesis. Mutations in the G-CSFR in patients with severe congenital neutropenia (SCN) transforming to acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) have been shown to induce hypersensitivity and enhanced growth responses to G CSF. Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of the ubiquitin/proteasome system in the initiation of negative signaling by the G-CSFR. To further investigate the role of ubiquitination in regulating G-CSFR signaling, we generated a mutant form of the G-CSFR (K762R/G-CSFR) which abrogates the attachment of ubiquitin to the lysine residue at position 762 of the G-CSFR that is deleted in the Delta716 G-CSFR form isolated from patients with SCN/AML. In response to G-CSF, mono-/polyubiquitination of the G-CSFR was impaired in cells expressing the mutant K762R/G-CSFR compared to cells transfected with the WT G CSFR. Cells stably transfected with the K762R/G-CSFR displayed a higher proliferation rate, increased sensitivity to G-CSF, and enhanced survival following cytokine depletion, similar to previously published data with the Delta716 G-CSFR mutant. Activation of the signaling molecules Stat5 and Akt were also increased in K762R/G-CSFR transfected cells in response to G-CSF, and their activation remained prolonged after G-CSF withdrawal. These results indicate that ubiquitination is required for regulation of G-CSFR-mediated proliferation and cell survival. Mutations that disrupt G-CSFR ubiquitination at lysine 762 induce aberrant receptor signaling and hyperproliferative responses to G-CSF, which may contribute to leukemic transformation. PMID- 18923647 TI - Colocalized structural and functional changes in the cortex of patients with trigeminal neuropathic pain. AB - BACKGROUND: Recent data suggests that in chronic pain there are changes in gray matter consistent with decreased brain volume, indicating that the disease process may produce morphological changes in the brains of those affected. However, no study has evaluated cortical thickness in relation to specific functional changes in evoked pain. In this study we sought to investigate structural (gray matter thickness) and functional (blood oxygenation dependent level - BOLD) changes in cortical regions of precisely matched patients with chronic trigeminal neuropathic pain (TNP) affecting the right maxillary (V2) division of the trigeminal nerve. The model has a number of advantages including the evaluation of specific changes that can be mapped to known somatotopic anatomy. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Cortical regions were chosen based on sensory (Somatosensory cortex (SI and SII), motor (MI) and posterior insula), or emotional (DLPFC, Frontal, Anterior Insula, Cingulate) processing of pain. Both structural and functional (to brush-induced allodynia) scans were obtained and averaged from two different imaging sessions separated by 2-6 months in all patients. Age and gender-matched healthy controls were also scanned twice for cortical thickness measurement. Changes in cortical thickness of TNP patients were frequently colocalized and correlated with functional allodynic activations, and included both cortical thickening and thinning in sensorimotor regions, and predominantly thinning in emotional regions. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, such patterns of cortical thickness suggest a dynamic functionally-driven plasticity of the brain. These structural changes, which correlated with the pain duration, age-at onset, pain intensity and cortical activity, may be specific targets for evaluating therapeutic interventions. PMID- 18923648 TI - Anti-HIV-1 response elicited in rabbits by anti-idiotype monoclonal antibodies mimicking the CD4-binding site. AB - Antibodies against conserved epitopes on HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Env), such as the gp120 CD4-binding site (CD4bs), could contribute to protection against HIV 1. Env-based immunogens inducing such a response could be a major component of future anti-HIV-1 strategies. In this proof-of-concept study we describe the generation of two anti-idiotype (AI) murine antibodies mimicking the CD4bs epitope. Sera were collected from long-term non-progressor patients to obtain CD4bs-directed IgG, through sequential purification steps. The purified IgG were then used as Fab fragments to immunize mice for hybridoma generation. Two hybridomas (P1 and P2), reacting only against the CD4bs-directed IgG, were identified and characterized. The P1 and P2 antibodies were shown to recognize the idiotype of the broadly neutralizing anti-CD4bs human mAb b12. Both P1 and P2 Fabs were able to induce a strong anti-gp120 response in rabbits. Moreover, the rabbits' sera were shown to neutralize two sensitive tier 1 strains of HIV-1 in an Env-pseudotype neutralization assay. In particular, 3/5 rabbits in the P1 group and 1/5 in the P2 group showed greater than 80% neutralizing activity against the HXB2 pseudovirus. Two rabbits also neutralized the pseudovirus HIV MN. Overall, these data describe the first anti-idiotypic vaccine approach performed to generate antibodies to the CD4bs of the HIV-1 gp120. Although future studies will be necessary to improve strength and breadth of the elicited neutralizing response, this proof-of-concept study documents that immunogens designed on the idiotype of broadly neutralizing Abs are feasible and could help in the design of future anti-HIV strategies. PMID- 18923649 TI - Fluorescence resonance energy transfer imaging reveals that chemokine-binding modulates heterodimers of CXCR4 and CCR5 receptors. AB - BACKGROUND: Dimerization has emerged as an important feature of chemokine G protein-coupled receptors. CXCR4 and CCR5 regulate leukocyte chemotaxis and also serve as a co-receptor for HIV entry. Both receptors are recruited to the immunological synapse during T-cell activation. However, it is not clear whether they form heterodimers and whether ligand binding modulates the dimer formation. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Using a sensitive Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) imaging method, we investigated the formation of CCR5 and CXCR4 heterodimers on the plasma membrane of live cells. We found that CCR5 and CXCR4 exist as constitutive heterodimers and ligands of CCR5 and CXCR4 promote different conformational changes within these preexisting heterodimers. Ligands of CCR5, in contrast to a ligand of CXCR4, induced a clear increase in FRET efficiency, indicating that selective ligands promote and stabilize a distinct conformation of the heterodimers. We also found that mutations at C-terminus of CCR5 reduced its ability to form heterodimers with CXCR4. In addition, ligands induce different conformational transitions of heterodimers of CXCR4 and CCR5 or CCR5(STA) and CCR5(Delta4). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Taken together, our data suggest a model in which CXCR4 and CCR5 spontaneously form heterodimers and ligand-binding to CXCR4 or CCR5 causes different conformational changes affecting heterodimerization, indicating the complexity of regulation of dimerization/function of these chemokine receptors by ligand binding. PMID- 18923650 TI - Long-range enhancer associated with chromatin looping allows AP-1 regulation of the peptidylarginine deiminase 3 gene in differentiated keratinocyte. AB - Transcription control at a distance is a critical mechanism, particularly for contiguous genes. The peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) catalyse the conversion of protein-bound arginine into citrulline (deimination), a critical reaction in the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease and rheumatoid arthritis, and in the metabolism of the major epidermal barrier protein filaggrin, a strong predisposing factor for atopic dermatitis. PADs are encoded by 5 clustered PADI genes (1p35-6). Unclear are the mechanisms controlling the expression of the gene PADI3 encoding the PAD3 isoform, a strong candidate for the deimination of filaggrin in the terminally differentiating epidermal keratinocyte. We describe the first PAD Intergenic Enhancer (PIE), an evolutionary conserved non coding segment located 86-kb from the PADI3 promoter. PIE is a strong enhancer of the PADI3 promoter in Ca2+-differentiated epidermal keratinocytes, and requires bound AP-1 factors, namely c-Jun and c-Fos. As compared to proliferative keratinocytes, calcium stimulation specifically associates with increased local DNase I hypersensitivity around PIE, and increased physical proximity of PIE and PADI3 as assessed by Chromosome Conformation Capture. The specific AP-1 inhibitor nordihydroguaiaretic acid suppresses the calcium-induced increase of PADI3 mRNA levels in keratinocytes. Our findings pave the way to the exploration of deimination control during tumorigenesis and wound healing, two conditions for which AP-1 factors are critical, and disclose that long-range transcription control has a role in the regulation of the gene PADI3. Since invalidation of distant regulators causes a variety of human diseases, PIE results to be a plausible candidate in association studies on deimination-related disorders or atopic disease. PMID- 18923651 TI - Enhanced Luminescence from Emissive Defects in Aggregated Conjugated Polymers. AB - Degradation experiments and model studies suggested that the longer lived green fluorescence from an aggregated poly(p-phenylene ethynylene) (PPE) was due to the presence of highly emissive, low-energy, anthryl defect sites rather than the emissive conjugated polymer excimers proposed in a previous report. After elucidating the origin of the green fluorescence, additional anthryl units were purposely incorporated into the polymer to enhance the blue-to-green fluorescence color change that accompanied polymer aggregation. The improved color contrast from this anthryl-doped conjugated polymer led to the development of crude solution-state and solid-state sensors, which, upon exposure to water, exhibited a visually noticeable blue-to-green fluorescence color change. PMID- 18923652 TI - Stroke and conditions that mimic it: a protocol secures a safe early recognition. AB - OBJECTIVE: Certain disorders may be falsely diagnosed as stroke. We examined the efficacy of the diagnostic protocol that is followed in our stroke unit and was designed in order to early differentiate more efficiently between stroke and conditions that mimic it. METHODS-PATIENTS: Three hundred sixty-two elderly patients (196 male, 166 female with average age 74.56 years), who were hospitalized at our stroke center between January of 2005 and June of 2007 and diagnosed at admission as stroke patients, were retrospectively studied in order to investigate if the final diagnosis agreed with the initial diagnosis of stroke on admission.Our diagnostic protocol included medical history of the patient, assessment of state of consciousness, blood pressure, electrocardiogram, complete blood cell count (hematocrit/hemoglobin, leukocytes, platelets), clotting mechanism (prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time), glucose, electrolytes (Na, K, Ca), renal (blood urea nitrogen, creatinine) and liver function (SGOT, SGPT), as well as imaging methods like chest X-Ray and brain CT scan. RESULTS: In 95% of patients, the final diagnosis agreed with the initial diagnosis of stroke at admission. According to final diagnosis, 344 (95%) of them had stroke -either hemorrhagic or ischemic-, while from the rest 18 (5%), 12 (66.7%) were found to have metastatic neoplasm of brain, 3 (18.7%) had primal tumour of brain, whereas 3 (18.7%) suffered from other diseases (respiratory infection, meningoencephalitis, thyrotoxicosis). The principal symptoms of the conditions that mimicked a stroke were: aphasic disturbances (27.3%), dizziness/fainting (27.3%), headache/diplopia (11.1%), dysarthria (11.1%), hiccup and/or swallow disturbances (5.6%). CONCLUSION: Our diagnostic protocol seems to ensure a high degree of differential diagnosis between stroke and conditions that mimic it. PMID- 18923654 TI - A four-year retrospective study of amniocentesis: one centre experience. AB - AIM: Monitor the performance of the amniocentesis procedure for prenatal diagnosis and particularly the acquisition of results (time to get, success in getting them). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective review of case notes of all pregnant women undergone amniocentesis in our department during the period 2002-2005. Two main operators performed the procedure, using 22 gauze needle usually and 20 gauze should longer needle was needed. Sevendy three patients undergone amniocentesis. The reasons for having this procedure were: increased risk for Down syndrome in 68% (50/73), maternal request in 24% (18/73), suspicious ultrasound findings in 4% (3/73) and family history in 3% (2/73). Maternal age ranged from 20 to 45 years and the gestation time that amniocentesis was performed was 15 to 23 weeks. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and culture were used in order to obtain karyotype results. RESULTS: In 92% (67/73) of cases one needle pass was needed. FISH and culture were performed in 96% (70/73) of cases, FISH only in 3% (2/73) and culture only in 1% (1/73). The chromosome results were normal in 93% (68/73) of cases, Down's syndrome in 4% (3/73) and Edwards syndrome in 3% (2/73). The outcome of pregnancies was: live births in 89% (65/73), stillbirths at 32 weeks and 35 weeks in 3% (2/73), miscarriages in 1% (1/73 at 19 weeks, 3 weeks after the amniocentesis), terminations in 7% (5/73, due to chromosomal abnormalities). Sixty one women delivered at term (84%) and 6 women (8%) delivered preterm. CONCLUSION: The post amniocentesis rate of miscarriage is calculated at 1% in our centre. FISH analysis can relieve stress of couples by reducing the waiting time for results. PMID- 18923653 TI - Arterial hypertension in diabetes mellitus: from theory to clinical practice. AB - Diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension are two common diseases that often coexist. Patients with diabetes have much higher rate of hypertension than that in general population. The co-existence of these disorders appears to accelerate microvascular and macrovascular complications and greatly increases the cardiovascular risk, risk of stroke and end stage renal disease. Arterial hypertension is clearly related to nephropathy in subjects with type 1 diabetes. In patients with type 2 diabetes insulin resistance seems to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Several well designed randomized controlled trials have provided evidence that patients with diabetes will benefit from a more aggressive treatment of hypertension. This benefit is seen at blood pressure level<130/80 mmHg. Moreover, most diabetic patients with hypertension require combination therapy to achieve optimal blood pressure goals. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin-receptor blockers, diuretics, beta adrenoreceptor blockers and calcium- channel blockers are all effective antihypertensive agents in type 2 diabetes mellitus and no comparative trial showed the superiority of any particular class in either lowering blood pressure or reducing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. On the basis of experimental arguments and clinical observations that have shown their apparent superiority in slowing diabetic nephropathy, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin-receptor blockers are preferred as the first choice alone or in combination with diuretics. Second choice should be long-acting calcium-channel blockers or cardioselective beta blockers. Clinicians should be aware of the need for aggressive treatment of hypertension and spend more time in order to provide maximal benefit to the treatment of diabetes mellitus and hypertension. PMID- 18923655 TI - Normal peak nasal inspiratory flow rate values in Greek children and adolescents. AB - BACKGROUND AND AIM: Peak Nasal Inspiratory Flow Rate (PNIFR) is a clinical trial that has been instituted in clinical practice in order to determine the extent of nasal airway patency and it is used to assess the degree of nasal obstruction. This study attempts to provide tables referring to normal values of PNIFR in children and adolescents. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Three thousand one hundred and seventy pupils aged between 5-18 years, were selected to enter the study. Children with acute or chronic upper airway obstruction, such as acute obstructive pulmonary disease or allergic rhinitis and children below the 3rd percentile for weight and/or height were excluded from the study. All children that took part in the study were subjected to PNIFR measurements by using a portable Youlten Peak Flow meter. RESULTS: A continuous increase of PNIFR values for boys and girls in relation to age increase was recorded. PNIFR values were higher in boys compared to girls and this difference was statistically significant until the age of 12. CONCLUSION: Normal ranges for PNIFR standards are of great importance for the study of nasal patency, evaluation of the degree of nasal obstruction and application of treatment. This is the first time that a detailed description of PNIFR standards becomes available for the Greek population of children and adolescents. PMID- 18923656 TI - Current endovascular management of the ischaemic diabetic foot. AB - Ischaemic diabetic foot ulcers pose a significant problem which is associated with a high likelihood of amputation. With the advent of endovascular surgery, the management of lower limb arterial lesions in the diabetic population has become more appealing. Coronary 0.014 monorail guide wires, appropriate sized angioplasty balloons and stents, and subintimal recanalisation, are all useful adjuncts and techniques to achieve revascularization. This article reviews the modern endovascular management of the diabetic foot. PMID- 18923657 TI - Contrast media-induced nephropathy: case report and review of the literature focusing on pathogenesis. AB - Contrast media administration during diagnostic and invasive procedures in high risk patients for nephrotoxicity is a common problem in clinical practice. The mechanisms involved in renal function impairment after contrast media administration are not precisely known but are intensively investigated, and new data have emerged in the literature lately. We present the case of a 72-year old male patient with diabetic nephropathy to whom a new generation iso-osmolar contrast medium (iodixanol) was administered during intravenous pyelography. Due to the contrast agent administration, the patient developed irreversible acute renal failure and became dialysis-dependent. This case suggests that even new generation contrast media (including iodixanol) may be severely nephrotoxic, when administered to high risk patients. Additionally we review the complex mechanisms involved in pathogenesis of contrast media nephrotoxicity. PMID- 18923658 TI - Detection of hereditary bisalbuminemia in a Greek family by capillary zone electrophoresis. AB - It is presented herein a case of a family, four members of which suffer from hereditary bisalbuminemia. The abnormality was initially detected in a 29-year old male, by serum protein electrophoresis (SPE), during the investigation for possible multiple sclerosis. SPE also revealed the presence of a double albumin band in sera of the patient's sister, father and grandmother, almost confirming the inherited (genetic) form of bisalbuminemia. Possible causes related with the acquired form of bisalbuminemia were excluded for all examined individuals. SPE was performed by both automatic capillary zone electrophoresis and agaroze gel electrophoresis. All tested samples were immunofixated with special antisera, in order to exclude the presence of monoclonal fractions. Total albumin, total proteins and immunoglobulins varied in normal ranges. The relative mobility of the albumin variant was determined by a simple mixing experiment, which gave evidence of the fast-type form of inherited bisalbuminemia. This is the first report of hereditary bisalbuminemia in Greece. PMID- 18923659 TI - Skin biopsy for the diagnosis of Alport syndrome. AB - Alport syndrome (AS) is the most common hereditary nephritis often associated with extrarenal manifestations. It was first described by Alport on 1927. There is a primary disorder in collagen type IV which is the main component of the basement membranes. Alport syndrome is more frequently inherited as an X-linked and less commonly as an autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive trait. We describe the case of a 3-year-old boy with the X-linked variant of AS. The diagnosis was at first speculated from the child's detailed family history and was finally confirmed by a skin biopsy. Skin biopsy is an efficient and less invasive method for the X-linked variant of the AS diagnosis. PMID- 18923660 TI - Metabolic syndrome and sleep apnea. AB - Metabolic syndrome is a disorder characterized by abdominal obesity, hypertension, increased triglycerides, decreased HDL cholesterol and increased blood glucose. Accumulating evidence strongly indicates that insulin resistance and an increased amount of abdominal fat are the pathogenic factors for the characteristics of metabolic syndrome. The metabolic syndrome is characterized by an increased risk for the development of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Studies indicate that sleep apnea may be a manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. It has also been suggested that the metabolic syndrome or "syndrome X" should also comprise obstructive sleep apnea and should then be called syndrome "Z". It appears that obstructive sleep apnea and the metabolic syndrome are characterized by the same pathophysiologic environment, which increases the risk for the development of cardiovascular disease. The increased amount of visceral fat and the accompanying insulin resistance seem to be the main characteristics responsible for the development of obstructive sleep apnea and the metabolic syndrome. PMID- 18923661 TI - Tension free vaginal tape underneath bladder base: does it prevent cystocele recurrence? AB - OBJECTIVE: The target of the current prospective study was to assess the effectiveness of the polypropylene tapes in preventing recurrence of cystocele formation when placed underneath the bladder base. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty two Caucasian women, predominantly postmemopausal with marked descent of the anterior, middle and/or posterior pelvic segment, participated in the study. Vaginal reconstructive surgery including anterior colporrhaphy and Kelly placation, posterior colpoperineorrhaphy and/or hysterectomy, was undertaken in all subjects. The polypropylene tape was placed not under the midurethra, as often performed in stress urine incontinence (SUI) cases, but underneath the bladder base as an adjunct to the anterior colporrhaphy sutures. The postoperative follow up lasted 2 years and was carried out every 4 months. The assessment of the anatomic result included evaluation of the operated sites and the position of the tapes inserted on clinical grounds and after perineal sonography. Urodynamic assessment was performed in the presence of urinary incontinence. RESULTS: In all patients the postoperative correction of the anterior vaginal wall was sufficient, 14 subjects did not present genitourinary symptoms and therefore were considered as cured; three patients were designated as improved because despite sufficient anatomic correction of the anterior vaginal segment they reported urinary incontinence symptoms. Retropubic haematoma occurred in 1 patient, transient urge incontinence in 1, transient stress incontinence in 1, and persistent stress incontinence also in 1. There was no erosion of the tape noticed. Mean residual urine was 30 ml, mean bladder base distance to the inferior edge of the symphysis pubis was 1.2 cm and the mean total vaginal length was 7 cm. CONCLUSION: Despite the relative short follow up period and the limited number of patients enrolled, we conclude from our study that the use of polypropylene tapes as an adjunct for fortification of the anterior pelvic segment could provide an option in preventing recurrence of cystocele formation. PMID- 18923662 TI - Application of Glottal Disturbogram as a novel tool for the description of vocal disturbances. AB - The paper introduces "Glottal Disturbogram" as a new tool for the discrimination, evaluation and representation of glottal disturbances which may be met in pathological voicing or singing. The "Glottal Disturbogram's" principles and related features also suit similar applications such as the acoustics of some families of musical instruments. Disturbogram's computational and display characteristics are presented with the use of both synthetic glottal patterns and real signals obtained from subjects with voice disorders. Results show that Disturbogram may efficiently discriminate and quantify perturbation types, offering a valuable tool in clinical or laboratory investigation of both voice disorders and normal voicing types. PMID- 18923663 TI - Classification criteria for neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus: do they need a discussion? AB - BACKGROUND: At the current stage, the criteria for making the diagnosis of SLE (ARA, 1982) include only two neuropsychiatric manifestations: seizures and psychoses. In view of the need for early detection of the lesions of the nervous system, we set ourselves to the task of developing an approach for making the diagnosis of NPSLE (neuropsychiatric SLE) on the basis of criteria with high sensitivity and specificity. METHODS: In view of determining the type and incidence of the lesions of the nervous system (NS), clinical, laboratory, and instrumental examinations were performed within the period from 1998 to 2006 in 225 patients with SLE. Depending on the specific features of the clinical course, these patients were divided into three groups: with clinically manifested lesions of NS; without clinically manifested lesions of NS; and with incomplete SLE. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The results from the performed examinations showed a high percentage (64.44%) of neuropsychiatric lesions in the patients with SLE. According our results, NPSLE diagnosis should be made in the presence of at least one indicator from the first group of criteria (seizures, psychosis, cerebrovascular event, lesion of cranial nerves, motor disturbances, quantitative alterations of consciousness) and at least two indicators from the second group of criteria (cognitive dysfunction, headache due to lupus, peripheral neuropathy, MRI changes, EEG changes, ENMG changes, positive aRPA, positive aPL) after ruling out other causes (except for SLE) for their occurrence. PMID- 18923664 TI - Toxoplasmosis during pregnancy: a case report and review of the literature. AB - Although toxoplasmosis is considered harmless for a non-pregnant woman, it is potentially harmful during pregnancy, especially at first trimester. The aim of this study is to increase our alertness and monitoring in case of toxoplasmosis during pregnancy, given that when diagnosed it can be effectively treated.We present a case of a healthy 26 years old adult woman, found with toxoplasmosis during the 13th week of pregnancy. The role of frequent maternal and fetus immunological tests, PCR-tests of the amniotic fluid and ultrasound screening of the fetus throughout pregnancy was of great value. The patient was treated with spiramycin (1 grx3) from the 16th week of pregnancy. The patient was subjected to cesarean delivery at the 36th week of pregnancy due to preterm contractions and history of previous cesarean delivery. The newborn was a healthy girl with a birth weight of 2880 gr. A two-year follow up of the baby revealed no medical condition. Maternal infections are a serious medical condition during pregnancy. Toxoplasmosis when diagnosed on time and treated properly can lead to healthy offspring. PMID- 18923665 TI - The effect of recombinant human erythropoietin treatment on insulin resistance and inflammatory markers in non-diabetic patients on maintenance hemodialysis. AB - BACKGROUND AND AIM: Iron overload and inflammation might participate in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance in community. The improvement of insulin resistance in hemodialysis (HD) patients is frequently seen after correction of anemia. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of recobinant humam erythropoietin (Epo) treatment on insulin resistance in non-diabetic HD patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We investigated the effects of 6 months-duration treatment with Epo on insulin resistance and inflammatory parameters in 16 (6 male/10 female) patients on maintenance HD with renal anemia (hemoglobin concentration 6 months) completed the Greek GCS. Those with diabetes also completed the Greek DM. RESULTS: Cronbach alpha coefficient of child and parent report of both instruments, in general approached 0.70, indicating their internal consistency reliability. Both instruments demonstrated positive intercorrelations with their total scores and subscales of DM demonstrated positive intercorrelations with total score of the generic instrument, supporting the validity of both instruments for the evaluation of QOL of Greek diabetic children. No statistically important differences were found among patient and parent report of diabetes and control group in both instruments. Exception was "Social functioning" in which children with diabetes reported better QOL. Growing age, female gender, large BMI, poor metabolic control and intensity of treatment did not influence QOL of children with diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: Greek PedsQL GCS and DM have sufficient acceptability, reliability and validity so as to be used for the purposes of a comparative study. Youth with diabetes reported similar QOL with non-diabetic youth of the same age and socioeconomic status. PMID- 18923668 TI - Synchronous and metachronous adenocarcinomas of the large intestine. AB - BACKGROUND AND AIM: The synchronous and consecutive (metachronous) development of two or more primary adenocarcinomas accounts for 3 to 5% of cases of colorectal cancer. Aim of this study is to review our experience in the management of patients with synchronous and metachronous lesions, and reach conclusions regarding their optimal diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1987 and 2004, 12 patients (seven men and five women, mean age 67.5 years, range 47-83 years) with synchronous (three patients) and metachronous (nine patients) lesions were treated, comprising 4.3% of all patients submitted to surgery for colorectal cancer. The diagnosis lag for metachronous lesions ranged from 1.5 to 14 years. All three patients with synchronous cancers had two lesions. RESULTS: Staging colonoscopy and abdominal CT was conducted in 10 patients while the remaining two underwent only abdominal CT due to their critical condition at presentation. Surgery had curative intent in 10 patients and palliative in two. The mean postoperative hospital stay was 21 days (10-49 days). The postoperative mortality was zero. Patients survival after curative procedures was 80% for the first year, 60% for the third and 50% for the fifth year. After palliative surgery, survival was 50% for the first year, and zero for the third. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with colorectal cancer must be followed up regularly after surgery. Follow up aims at early diagnosis and treatment of metachronous lesions that can appear many years after diagnosis of the primary lesion. Preoperative colonoscopy is an invaluable diagnostic (biopsy) and staging (exclusion of synchronous lesions, localization of the primary) modality, dictating the surgical approach. Additionally, it contributes to cancer prevention allowing the discovery and removal of small polyps before their transformation. PMID- 18923669 TI - Periodontitis as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease: the role of anti phosphorylcholine and anti-cardiolipin antibodies. AB - Available evidence does allow an interpretation of periodontitis as being a risk factor for atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. There is now a convincing body of evidence that mechanism of atherosclerosis has a major inflammatory component and it is much more than the simple accumulation of lipids on the vascular walls. Studies have shown that certain other mild bacterial infections consist a major risk factor for stroke in young and middle aged patients. Several possible mechanisms could explain the observed association between infection and infraction. The evidence supports the premise that periodontitis leads to systemic exposure to oral bacteria and that the resulting production of inflammatory mediators is capable of initiating or supporting mechanisms associated to development of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Studies in patients with pathologic concentrations of anti-cardiolipin and anti phosphorylcholine antibodies demonstrated increased pocket depth and attachment loss, compared to patients with normal levels of the above antibodies. These antibodies could be associated to increased risk for stroke and atherosclerosis in patients with periodontitis. As we become more familiar to the association between periodontitis and cardiovascular disease it is likely that in the future periodontal disease may be added to the list of the factors which are used to assess patients' risk profile for coronary heart disease and stroke. PMID- 18923670 TI - Genetic disruption of both tryptophan hydroxylase genes dramatically reduces serotonin and affects behavior in models sensitive to antidepressants. AB - The neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) plays an important role in both the peripheral and central nervous systems. The biosynthesis of serotonin is regulated by two rate-limiting enzymes, tryptophan hydroxylase-1 and -2 (TPH1 and TPH2). We used a gene-targeting approach to generate mice with selective and complete elimination of the two known TPH isoforms. This resulted in dramatically reduced central 5-HT levels in Tph2 knockout (TPH2KO) and Tph1/Tph2 double knockout (DKO) mice; and substantially reduced peripheral 5-HT levels in DKO, but not TPH2KO mice. Therefore, differential expression of the two isoforms of TPH was reflected in corresponding depletion of 5-HT content in the brain and periphery. Surprisingly, despite the prominent and evolutionarily ancient role that 5-HT plays in both vertebrate and invertebrate physiology, none of these mutations resulted in an overt phenotype. TPH2KO and DKO mice were viable and normal in appearance. Behavioral alterations in assays with predictive validity for antidepressants were among the very few phenotypes uncovered. These behavioral changes were subtle in the TPH2KO mice; they were enhanced in the DKO mice. Herein, we confirm findings from prior descriptions of TPH1 knockout mice and present the first reported phenotypic evaluations of Tph2 and Tph1/Tph2 knockout mice. The behavioral effects observed in the TPH2 KO and DKO mice strongly confirm the role of 5-HT and its synthetic enzymes in the etiology and treatment of affective disorders. PMID- 18923671 TI - Oseltamivir is adequately absorbed following nasogastric administration to adult patients with severe H5N1 influenza. AB - In the absence of a parenteral drug, oral oseltamivir is currently recommended by the WHO for treating H5N1 influenza. Whether oseltamivir absorption is adequate in severe influenza is unknown. We measured the steady state, plasma concentrations of nasogastrically administered oseltamivir 150 mg bid and its active metabolite, oseltamivir carboxylate (OC), in three, mechanically ventilated patients with severe H5N1 (male, 30 yrs; pregnant female, 22 yrs) and severe H3N2 (female, 76 yrs). Treatments were started 6, 7 and 8 days after illness onset, respectively. Both females were sampled while on continuous venovenous haemofiltration. Admission and follow up specimens (trachea, nose, throat, rectum, blood) were tested for RNA viral load by reverse transcriptase PCR. In vitro virus susceptibility to OC was measured by a neuraminidase inhibition assay. Admission creatinine clearances were 66 (male, H5N1), 82 (female, H5N1) and 6 (H3N2) ml/min. Corresponding AUC(0-12) values (5932, 10,951 and 34,670 ng.h/ml) and trough OC concentrations (376, 575 and 2730 ng/ml) were higher than previously reported in healthy volunteers; the latter exceeded 545 to 3956 fold the H5N1 IC(50) (0.69 ng/ml) isolated from the H5N1 infected female. Two patients with follow-up respiratory specimens cleared their viruses after 5 (H5N1 male) and 5 (H3N2 female) days of oseltamivir. Both female patients died of respiratory failure; the male survived. 150 mg bid of oseltamivir was well absorbed and converted extensively to OC. Virus was cleared in two patients but two patients died, suggesting viral efficacy but poor clinical efficacy. PMID- 18923672 TI - A nationwide survey of the quality of antimalarials in retail outlets in Tanzania. AB - INTRODUCTION: Retail pharmaceutical products are commonly used to treat fever and malaria in sub-Saharan African countries. Small scale studies have suggested that poor quality antimalarials are widespread throughout the region, but nationwide data are not available that could lead to generalizable conclusions about the extent to which poor quality drugs are available in African communities. This study aimed to assess the quality of antimalarials available from retail outlets across mainland Tanzania. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We systematically purchased samples of oral antimalarial tablets from retail outlets across 21 districts in mainland Tanzania in 2005. A total of 1080 antimalarial formulations were collected including 679 antifol antimalarial samples (394 sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine and 285 sulfamethoxypyrazine/pyrimethamine), 260 amodiaquine samples, 63 quinine samples, and 51 artemisinin derivative samples. A systematic subsample of 304 products was assessed for quality by laboratory based analysis to determine the amount of the active ingredient and dissolution profile by following the published United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) monogram for the particular tablet being tested. Products for which a published analytical monogram did not exist were assessed on amount of active ingredient alone. Overall 38 or 12.2% of the samples were found to be of poor quality. Of the antifolate antimalarial drugs tested 13.4% were found to be of poor quality by dissolution and content analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Nearly one quarter (23.8%) of quinine tablets did not comply within the tolerance limits of the dissolution and quantification analysis. Quality of amodiaquine drugs was relatively better but still unacceptable as 7.5% did not comply within the tolerance limits of the dissolution analysis. Formulations of the artemisinin derivatives all contained the stated amount of active ingredient when analysed using HPLC alone. CONCLUSIONS: Substandard antimalarial formulations were widely available in Tanzania at the time of this study. No products were detected that did not contain any amount of the stated active ingredient. Quinine and sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine products were the most widely available and also the most likely to be of poor quality. Substandard products were identified in all parts of the country and were labeled as made by both domestic and international manufacturers. With the expansion of the retail pharmaceutical sector as a delivery channel for antimalarial formulations the need for regular nationwide monitoring of their quality will become increasingly important. PMID- 18923673 TI - Spermicidal activity of the safe natural antimicrobial peptide subtilosin. AB - Bacterial vaginosis (BV), a condition affecting millions of women each year, is primarily caused by the gram-variable organism Gardnerella vaginalis. A number of organisms associated with BV cases have been reported to develop multidrug resistance, leading to the need for alternative therapies. Previously, we reported the antimicrobial peptide subtilosin has proven antimicrobial activity against G. vaginalis, but not against the tested healthy vaginal microbiota of lactobacilli. After conducting tissue sensitivity assays using an ectocervical tissue model, we determined that human cells remained viable after prolonged exposures to partially-purified subtilosin, indicating the compound is safe for human use. Subtilosin was shown to eliminate the motility and forward progression of human spermatozoa in a dose-dependent manner, and can therefore be considered a general spermicidal agent. These results suggest subtilosin would be a valuable component in topical personal care products aimed at contraception and BV prophylaxis and treatment. PMID- 18923674 TI - Ampicillin resistance and outcome differences in acute antepartum pyelonephritis. AB - OBJECTIVE: To measure the incidence of ampicillin-resistant uropathogens in acute antepartum pyelonephritis and to determine if patients with resistant organisms had different clinical outcomes. STUDY DESIGN: This was a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study of pregnant women admitted with pyelonephritis, diagnosed by standard clinical and laboratory criteria. All patients received ampicillin and gentamicin. RESULTS: We identified 440 cases of acute pyelonephritis. Seventy-two percent (316 cases) had urine cultures with identification of organism and antibiotic sensitivities. Fifty-one percent of uropathogens were ampicillin resistant. The patients with ampicillin-resistant organisms were more likely to be older and multiparous. There were no significant differences in hospital course (length of stay, days of antibiotics, ECU admission, or readmission). Patients with ampicillin-resistant organisms did not have higher complication rates (anemia, renal dysfunction, respiratory insufficiency, or preterm birth). CONCLUSION: A majority of uropathogens were ampicillin resistant, but no differences in outcomes were observed in these patients. PMID- 18923675 TI - Rare codons cluster. AB - Most amino acids are encoded by more than one codon. These synonymous codons are not used with equal frequency: in every organism, some codons are used more commonly, while others are more rare. Though the encoded protein sequence is identical, selective pressures favor more common codons for enhanced translation speed and fidelity. However, rare codons persist, presumably due to neutral drift. Here, we determine whether other, unknown factors, beyond neutral drift, affect the selection and/or distribution of rare codons. We have developed a novel algorithm that evaluates the relative rareness of a nucleotide sequence used to produce a given protein sequence. We show that rare codons, rather than being randomly scattered across genes, often occur in large clusters. These clusters occur in numerous eukaryotic and prokaryotic genomes, and are not confined to unusual or rarely expressed genes: many highly expressed genes, including genes for ribosomal proteins, contain rare codon clusters. A rare codon cluster can impede ribosome translation of the rare codon sequence. These results indicate additional selective pressures govern the use of synonymous codons, and specifically that local pauses in translation can be beneficial for protein biogenesis. PMID- 18923676 TI - Optimal-foraging predator favors commensalistic Batesian mimicry. AB - BACKGROUND: Mimicry, in which one prey species (the Mimic) imitates the aposematic signals of another prey (the Model) to deceive their predators, has attracted the general interest of evolutionary biologists. Predator psychology, especially how the predator learns and forgets, has recently been recognized as an important factor in a predator-prey system. This idea is supported by both theoretical and experimental evidence, but is also the source of a good deal of controversy because of its novel prediction that in a Model/Mimic relationship even a moderately unpalatable Mimic increases the risk of the Model (quasi Batesian mimicry). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We developed a psychology based Monte Carlo model simulation of mimicry that incorporates a "Pavlovian" predator that practices an optimal foraging strategy, and examined how various ecological and psychological factors affect the relationships between a Model prey species and its Mimic. The behavior of the predator in our model is consistent with that reported by experimental studies, but our simulation's predictions differed markedly from those of previous models of mimicry because a more abundant Mimic did not increase the predation risk of the Model when alternative prey were abundant. Moreover, a quasi-Batesian relationship emerges only when no or very few alternative prey items were available. Therefore, the availability of alternative prey rather than the precise method of predator learning critically determines the relationship between Model and Mimic. Moreover, the predation risk to the Model and Mimic is determined by the absolute density of the Model rather than by its density relative to that of the Mimic. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Although these predictions are counterintuitive, they can explain various kinds of data that have been offered in support of competitive theories. Our model results suggest that to understand mimicry in nature it is important to consider the likely presence of alternative prey and the possibility that predation pressure is not constant. PMID- 18923677 TI - Detection and molecular characterization of 9,000-year-old Mycobacterium tuberculosis from a Neolithic settlement in the Eastern Mediterranean. AB - BACKGROUND: Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the principal etiologic agent of human tuberculosis. It has no environmental reservoir and is believed to have co evolved with its host over millennia. This is supported by skeletal evidence of the disease in early humans, and inferred from M. tuberculosis genomic analysis. Direct examination of ancient human remains for M. tuberculosis biomarkers should aid our understanding of the nature of prehistoric tuberculosis and the host/pathogen relationship. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We used conventional PCR to examine bone samples with typical tuberculosis lesions from a woman and infant, who were buried together in the now submerged site of Atlit-Yam in the Eastern Mediterranean, dating from 9,250-8,160 years ago. Rigorous precautions were taken to prevent contamination, and independent centers were used to confirm authenticity of findings. DNA from five M tuberculosis genetic loci was detected and had characteristics consistent with extant genetic lineages. High performance liquid chromatography was used as an independent method of verification and it directly detected mycolic acid lipid biomarkers, specific for the M. tuberculosis complex. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Human tuberculosis was confirmed by morphological and molecular methods in a population living in one of the first villages with evidence of agriculture and animal domestication. The widespread use of animals was not a source of infection but may have supported a denser human population that facilitated transmission of the tubercle bacillus. The similarity of the M. tuberculosis genetic signature with those of today gives support to the theory of a long-term co-existence of host and pathogen. PMID- 18923678 TI - The genetic liability to disability retirement: a 30-year follow-up study of 24,000 Finnish twins. AB - BACKGROUND: No previous studies on the effect of genetic factors on the liability to disability retirement have been carried out. The main aim of this study was to investigate the contribution of genetic factors on disability retirement due to the most common medical causes, including depressive disorders. METHODS: The study sample consisted of 24,043 participants (49.7% women) consisting of 11,186 complete same-sex twin pairs including 3519 monozygotic (MZ) and 7667dizygotic (DZ) pairs. Information on retirement events during 1.1.1975-31.12.2004, including disability pensions (DPs) with diagnoses, was obtained from the Finnish nationwide official pension registers. Correlations in liability for MZ and DZ twins and discrete time correlated frailty model were used to investigate the genetic liability to age at disability retirement. RESULTS: The 30 year cumulative incidence of disability retirement was 20%. Under the best fitting genetic models, the heritability estimate for DPs due to any medical cause was 0.36 (95% CI 0.32-0.40), due to musculoskeletal disorders 0.37 (0.30-0.43), cardiovascular diseases 0.48 (0.39-0.57), mental disorders 0.42 (0.35-0.49) and all other reasons 0.24 (0.17-0.31). The effect of genetic factors decreased with increasing age of retirement. For DP due to depressive disorders, 28% of the variance was explained by environmental factors shared by family members (95% CI 21-36) and 58% of the variance by the age interval specific environmental factors (95% CI 44-71). CONCLUSIONS: A moderate genetic contribution to the variation of disability retirement due to any medical cause was found. The genetic effects appeared to be stronger at younger ages of disability retirement suggesting the increasing influence of environmental factors not shared with family members with increasing age. Familial aggregation in DPs due to depressive disorders was best explained by the common environmental factors and genetic factors were not needed to account for the pattern of familial aggregation. PMID- 18923679 TI - Gene expression profiling of two distinct neuronal populations in the rodent spinal cord. AB - BACKGROUND: In the field of neuroscience microarray gene expression profiles on anatomically defined brain structures are being used increasingly to study both normal brain functions as well as pathological states. Fluorescent tracing techniques in brain tissue that identifies distinct neuronal populations can in combination with global gene expression profiling potentially increase the resolution and specificity of such studies to shed new light on neuronal functions at the cellular level. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We examine the microarray gene expression profiles of two distinct neuronal populations in the spinal cord of the neonatal rat, the principal motor neurons and specific interneurons involved in motor control. The gene expression profiles of the respective cell populations were obtained from amplified mRNA originating from 50 250 fluorescently identified and laser microdissected cells. In the data analysis we combine a new microarray normalization procedure with a conglomerate measure of significant differential gene expression. Using our methodology we find 32 genes to be more expressed in the interneurons compared to the motor neurons that all except one have not previously been associated with this neuronal population. As a validation of our method we find 17 genes to be more expressed in the motor neurons than in the interneurons and of these only one had not previously been described in this population. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: We provide an optimized experimental protocol that allows isolation of gene transcripts from fluorescent retrogradely labeled cell populations in fresh tissue, which can be used to generate amplified aRNA for microarray hybridization from as few as 50 laser microdissected cells. Using this optimized experimental protocol in combination with our microarray analysis methodology we find 49 differentially expressed genes between the motor neurons and the interneurons that reflect the functional differences between these two cell populations in generating and transmitting the motor output in the rodent spinal cord. PMID- 18923681 TI - An efficient estimation method for reducing the axial intensity drop in circular cone-beam CT. AB - Reconstruction algorithms for circular cone-beam (CB) scans have been extensively studied in the literature. Since insufficient data are measured, an exact reconstruction is impossible for such a geometry. If the reconstruction algorithm assumes zeros for the missing data, such as the standard FDK algorithm, a major type of resulting CB artifacts is the intensity drop along the axial direction. Many algorithms have been proposed to improve image quality when faced with this problem of data missing; however, development of an effective and computationally efficient algorithm remains a major challenge. In this work, we propose a novel method for estimating the unmeasured data and reducing the intensity drop artifacts. Each CB projection is analyzed in the Radon space via Grangeat's first derivative. Assuming the CB projection is taken from a parallel beam geometry, we extract those data that reside in the unmeasured region of the Radon space. These data are then used as in a parallel beam geometry to calculate a correction term, which is added together with Hu's correction term to the FDK result to form a final reconstruction. More approximations are then made on the calculation of the additional term, and the final formula is implemented very efficiently. The algorithm performance is evaluated using computer simulations on analytical phantoms. The reconstruction comparison with results using other existing algorithms shows that the proposed algorithm achieves a superior performance on the reduction of axial intensity drop artifacts with a high computation efficiency. PMID- 18923680 TI - Evolutionarily conserved transcriptional co-expression guiding embryonic stem cell differentiation. AB - BACKGROUND: Understanding the molecular mechanisms controlling pluripotency in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) is of central importance towards realizing their potentials in medicine and science. Cross-species examination of transcriptional co-expression allows elucidation of fundamental and species-specific mechanisms regulating ESC self-renewal or differentiation. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We examined transcriptional co-expression of ESCs from pathways to global networks under the framework of human-mouse comparisons. Using generalized singular value decomposition and comparative partition around medoids algorithms, evolutionarily conserved and divergent transcriptional co-expression regulating pluripotency were identified from ESC-critical pathways including ACTIVIN/NODAL, ATK/PTEN, BMP, CELL CYCLE, JAK/STAT, PI3K, TGFbeta and WNT. A set of transcription factors, including FOX, GATA, MYB, NANOG, OCT, PAX, SOX and STAT, and the FGF response element were identified that represent key regulators underlying the transcriptional co-expression. By transcriptional intervention conducted in silico, dynamic behavior of pathways was examined, which demonstrate how much and in which specific ways each gene or gene combination effects the behavior transition of a pathway in response to ESC differentiation or pluripotency induction. The global co-expression networks of ESCs were dominated by highly connected hub genes such as IGF2, JARID2, LCK, MYCN, NASP, OCT4, ORC1L, PHC1 and RUVBL1, which are possibly critical in determining the fate of ESCs. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Through these studies, evolutionary conservation at genomic, transcriptomic, and network levels is shown to be an effective predictor of molecular factors and mechanisms controlling ESC development. Various hypotheses regarding mechanisms controlling ESC development were generated, which could be further validated by in vitro experiments. Our findings shed light on the systems-level understanding of how ESC differentiation or pluripotency arises from the connectivity or networks of genes, and provide a "road-map" for further experimental investigation. PMID- 18923683 TI - Erratum. AB - [This corrects the article on p. 347 in vol. 17.]. PMID- 18923682 TI - Evaluation of Bcl-2 family gene expression and Caspase-3 activity in hippocampus STZ-induced diabetic rats. AB - We assessed the expression of Bcl-2 family members at both mRNA and protein levels as well as the Caspase-3 activity, in order to investigate the occurrence of apoptosis in hippocampus of STZ-induced diabetic rats. We selected twenty-four Wistar rats; half of them were made diabetic by intraperitoneal injection of a single 60 mg/kg dose of streptozotocin (STZ, IP), while the others received normal saline and served as controls. The expressions of Bcl-2, Bcl-x(L), and Bax mRNA and proteins were measured using RT-PCR and western blotting, respectively. Caspases-3 activity was determined by using the Caspase-3/CPP32 Fluorometric Assay Kit. The result showed that mRNA and protein levels of Bcl-2 and Bcl-x(L) were lower in hippocampus of diabetic group than that of the control group, whereas expressions of Bax in hippocampus of diabetic rats were higher than that of controls at both mRNA and protein levels (P < .01). Hyperglycemia was found to raise 6.9-fold hippocampal caspase-3 activity in diabetic group compared with control group (P < .001). Therefore, the induction of diabetes is associated with increased ratios of Bax/Bcl-2, Bax/Bcl-x(L), and increased caspase-3 activity in hippocampus which shows that apoptosis is favored in hippocampal region. PMID- 18923685 TI - Changes. PMID- 18923684 TI - Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: A public health issue with economic consequences. AB - BACKGROUND: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become endemic worldwide in hospitals, and community-associated MRSA is spreading into the community at large. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the current cost of MRSA in Canada and to assess the magnitude of this public health issue. METHODS: An extensive review of the literature was conducted to gather epidemiology, health care resource utilization and cost data for MRSA in Canadian settings. The current MRSA burden was estimated using available cost data and the most recent epidemiology data. RESULTS: The rate of MRSA in Canadian hospitals increased from 0.46 to 5.90 per 1000 admissions between 1995 and 2004, while community associated MRSA continued to spread into the community. Patients harbouring MRSA required prolonged hospitalization (average 26 days of isolation per patient), special control measures, expensive treatments and extensive surveillance. Total cost per infected MRSA patient averaged $12,216, with hospitalization being the major cost driver (81%), followed by barrier precautions (13%), antimicrobial therapy (4%) and laboratory investigations (2%). The most recent epidemiological data, combined with available cost data, suggest that direct health care cost attributable to MRSA in Canada, including cost for management of MRSA-infected and-colonized patients and MRSA infrastructure, averaged $82 million in 2004 and could reach $129 million in 2010. CONCLUSION: MRSA is a costly public health issue that needs to be tackled if the growing burden of this disease in Canadian hospitals and in the community is to be limited. PMID- 18923686 TI - Is mumps making a comeback? PMID- 18923687 TI - Phage as an antimicrobial agent: d'Herelle's heretical theories and their role in the decline of phage prophylaxis in the West. AB - The present report describes the presentation given by medical historian Dottore Emiliano Fruciano at the Stanier/Oxford Hygiene Symposium, held in Oxford, England, on November 10, 2004. Dr Fruciano's lecture, entitled "The failure of d'Herelle's project to consolidate the value of phage in the prevention and prophylaxis of infectious pathologies", provided a historical synthesis of the events that led to the dismissal of the amazing discoveries of Felix d'Herelle. The present article chronicles the profound works of d'Herelle, from spectacular scientific, commercial and political successes to complete obscurity. The impact of social perspectives on the outcomes of critical scientific research is revealed in this poignant account. PMID- 18923688 TI - The epic of phage therapy. AB - The present report describes the presentation given by Dr Alain Dublanchet at the Stanier/Oxford Hygiene Symposium, held in Oxford, England, on November 10, 2004. Dr Dublanchet's lecture, entitled 'The epic of phage therapy', provided a sequential account of the use of phage as an antimicrobial from its discovery to its rise and fall and current rediscovery. PMID- 18923689 TI - A natural history of hygiene. AB - In unpacking the Pandora's box of hygiene, the author looks into its ancient evolutionary history and its more recent human history. Within the box, she finds animal behaviour, dirt, disgust and many diseases, as well as illumination concerning how hygiene can be improved. It is suggested that hygiene is the set of behaviours that animals, including humans, use to avoid harmful agents. The author argues that hygiene has an ancient evolutionary history, and that most animals exhibit such behaviours because they are adaptive. In humans, responses to most infectious threats are accompanied by sensations of disgust. In historical times, religions, social codes and the sciences have all provided rationales for hygiene behaviour. However, the author argues that disgust and hygiene behaviour came first, and that the rationales came later. The implications for the modern-day practice of hygiene are profound. The natural history of hygiene needs to be better understood if we are to promote safe hygiene and, hence, win our evolutionary war against the agents of infectious disease. PMID- 18923690 TI - Perspectives on efforts to address HIV/AIDS of religious clergy serving African American and Hispanic communities in Utah. AB - INTRODUCTION: The HIV/AIDS epidemic in America is rapidly progressing in certain subpopulations, including African-American and Hispanic communities. Churches may provide a means for reaching high-risk minority populations with effective HIV/AIDS prevention. We report on a series of focus group interviews conducted with Utah clergy who primarily serve African American and Hispanic congregations. METHODS: A total of three focus groups (two with Catholic clergy serving Hispanic congregations and one with protestant clergy serving African American congregations) were conducted with eleven participants, lasting approximately two hours each. Each focus group was audio-recorded and transcribed for analysis. Analysis of the data was conducted using a modified grounded theory approach. RESULTS: There were remarkable similarities in the attitudes and beliefs among all clergy participating in this study regarding HIV/AIDS and church-based prevention programs. All groups expressed concern about the diseases as a global epidemic and reported that the disease is highly preventable. Also, participants indicated a sense of responsibility to address the issues surrounding HIV/AIDS related prevention, testing and care within their theological framework. CONCLUSION: HIV/AIDS prevention and care for the infected are seen as falling within the scope of religious organizations. Openness to expanding efforts in this regard was shared by clergy participating in this study. Approaching religious leaders with tailored approaches that respect the values and practices of their particular religions will be more effective than attempting to impose approaches that do not achieve this standard. PMID- 18923692 TI - A cluster-randomised trial to compare home-based with health facility-based antiretroviral treatment in Uganda: study design and baseline findings. AB - The scale-up of antiretroviral therapy is progressing rapidly in Africa but with a limited evidence-base. We report the baseline results from a large pragmatic cluster-randomised trial comparing different strategies of ART delivery. The trial is integrated in normal health service delivery. 1453 subjects were recruited into the study. Significantly more women (71%) than men (29%) were recruited. The WHO HIV clinical stage at presentation did not differ significantly between men and women: 58% and 53% respectively were at WHO stage III or IV (p=0.9). Median CD4 counts (IQR) x 106 cells/l were 98 (28, 160) among men and 111 (36, 166) among women. Sixty-four percent of women and 61% men had plasma viral load > or =100,000 copies. Baseline characteristics did not change over time. Considerably fewer men than women presented for treatment. Both men and women presented at an advanced stage with very low median CD4 count and high plasma viral load. PMID- 18923691 TI - Active methamphetamine use is associated with transmitted drug resistance to non nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in individuals with HIV infection of unknown duration. AB - BACKGROUND: Frequent methamphetamine use among recently HIV infected individuals is associated with transmitted drug resistance (TDR) to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI); however, the reversion time of TDR to drug susceptible HIV may exceed 3 years. We assessed whether recreational substance use is associated with detectable TDR among individuals newly diagnosed with HIV infection of unknown duration. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis. METHODS: Subjects were enrolled at the University California, San Diego Early Intervention Program. Demographic, clinical and substance use data were collected using structured interviews. Genotypic resistance testing was performed using GeneSeq, Monogram Biosciences. We analyzed the association between substance use and TDR using bivariate analyses and the corresponding transmission networks using phylogenetic models. RESULTS: Between April 2004 and July 2006, 115 individuals with genotype data were enrolled. The prevalence of alcohol, marijuana and methamphetamine use were 98%, 71% and 64% respectively. Only active methamphetamine use in the 30 days prior to HIV diagnosis was independently associated with TDR to NNRTI (OR: 6.6; p=0.002). CONCLUSION: Despite not knowing the duration of their HIV infection, individuals reporting active methamphetamine use in the 30 days prior to HIV diagnosis are at an increased risk of having HIV strains that are resistant to NNRTI. PMID- 18923693 TI - Fatal fast-evolution of nasopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma in an HIV patient with EBV and HPV (-16 AND -33) in blood serum. AB - Our case illustrates the first report of an HIV-infected patient with a nasopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma with viremia by one Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and seropositivity by two high risk oncogenic human papilloma viruses (HPV) types (HPV-16 and HPV-33), previous to his death. This patient presented a fatal fast-evolution. PMID- 18923694 TI - Impending flop for brand antiretrovirals in the emerging markets? AB - Forecasts from Country choices, South-South partnerships and Clinton Foundation UNITAID coalition show that present policies for brand ARVs are at the risk of flop in emerging South markets such as India, China, Thailand and Brazil.The dynamics explored in this article highlight the risks the originator companies are running in the emerging markets, along with their interest in direct agreements with the generic industry for the manufacturing and marketing of ARVs.Resulting information here would suggest the brand enterprises:To look for fast registration of their ARVs by regulatory authorities in all countries enlisted for differential pricing.To secure all formulations differentiated prices.To align with the Clinton-UNITAID prices for the corresponding generics.To pursue flexible negotiations with the generic companies to secure both counterparts long-term advantages. PMID- 18923695 TI - Dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease risk factor management in HIV-1-infected subjects treated with HAART in the Spanish VACH cohort. AB - BACKGROUND: There is increasing evidence that metabolic adverse effects associated with antiretroviral therapy may translate into an increased cardiovascular risk in HIV-1-infected patients. OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) among HIV-1-infected persons, and to investigate any association between them, stage of HIV-1 disease, and use of antiretroviral therapies. METHODS: Multicentric, cross-sectional analysis of CVD risk factors of treated patients in the VACH cohort. The data collected includes: demographic variables, cigarette smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, body mass index, stage of HIV-1 infection, and antiretroviral therapy. RESULTS: The analysis included 2358 patients. More than 18% of the study population was at an age of appreciable risk of CVD. 1.7% had previous CVD and 59.2% were smokers. Increased prevalence of elevated total cholesterol was observed among subjects receiving an NNRTI but no PI [odds ratio (OR), 3.34; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.77-6.31], PI but no NNRTI (OR, 4.04; 95% CI, 2.12-7.71), or NNRTI + PI (OR, 17.77; 95% CI, 7.24-43.59) compared to patients treated only with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI). Higher CD4 cell count, lower plasma HIV-1 RNA levels, clinical signs of lipodystrophy, longer exposure times to NNRTI and PI, and older age were all also associated with elevated cholesterol levels. The use of lipid lowering agents was very low among our patients. CONCLUSION: Patients in the VACH cohort present multiple known risk factors for CVD, and a very low rate of lipid lowering therapy use. NNRTI and/or PI-based antiretroviral therapies are associated with the worst lipid profile. This is more frequent in older subjects with greater CD4 counts and controlled HIV-1 replication. PMID- 18923696 TI - Role of the laboratory in ensuring global access to ARV treatment for HIV infected children: consensus statement on the performance of laboratory assays for early infant diagnosis. AB - A two day meeting hosted by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) was held in May 2006 in Entebbe, Uganda to review the laboratory performance of virologic molecular methods, particularly the Roche Amplicor DNA PCR version 1.5 assay, in the diagnosis of HIV-1 infection in infants. The meeting was attended by approximately 60 participants from 17 countries. Data on the performance and limitations of the HIV-1 DNA PCR assay from 9 African countries with high-burdens of HIV/AIDS were shared with respect to different settings and HIV- subtypes. A consensus statement on the use of the assay for early infant diagnosis was developed and areas of needed operational research were identified. In addition, consensus was reached on the usefulness of dried blood spot (DBS) specimens in childhood as a means for ensuring greater accessibility to serologic and virologic HIV testing for the paediatric population. PMID- 18923697 TI - Infection of CD8+CD45RO+ memory T-cells by HIV-1 and their proliferative response. AB - CD8+ T-cells are involved in controlling HIV-1 infection by eliminating infected cells and secreting soluble factors that inhibit viral replication. To investigate the mechanism and significance of infection of CD8+ T-cells by HIV-1 in vitro, we examined the susceptibility of these cells and their subsets to infection. CD8+ T-cells supported greater levels of replication with T-cell tropic strains of HIV-1, though viral production was lower than that observed in CD4+ T-cells. CD8+ T-cell infection was found to be productive through ELISA, RT PCR and flow cytometric analyses. In addition, the CD8+CD45RO+ memory T-cell population supported higher levels of HIV-1 replication than CD8+CD45RA+ naive T cells. However, infection of CD8+CD45RO+ T-cells did not affect their proliferative response to the majority of mitogens tested. We conclude, with numerous lines of evidence detecting and measuring infection of CD8+ T-cells and their subsets, that this cellular target and potential reservoir may be central to HIV-1 pathogenesis. PMID- 18923698 TI - "Contagious love": a qualitative study of the couple relationships of ten AIDS carriers. AB - The qualitative study in this article portrays the couple relationship among AIDS carriers, based on Sternberg's triangular love theory (involving domains of intimacy, passion and commitment). The central study hypothesis is that certain components of the Sternberg model will be more significant than others among the AIDS carrier population. The study was conducted on ten AIDS carriers aged 21-37 who had experienced a couple relationship. Six men and four women participated; most of them were in a romantic couple relationship of homosexual orientation.The interviewees answered a questionnaire that included the three domains-- intimacy, passion and commitment--in the personal interview technique. The interview focused on interviewee's attitude towards his/her relationship with a partner, as he/she understood it. The findings of the study focus on relevant content that was gathered from the interviews and these portray a limited view of couple patterns in the world of AIDS carriers. The study reveals two major findings regarding the carrier's desires: On the one hand, the carrier describes a powerful need for a stable, permanent relationship--from the diagnosis of AIDS and throughout the subsequent years. On the other hand, the carrier also expresses powerful sexual desires that are not necessarily limited to a permanent partner. Thus passion is the dominant among the three domains.The intimacy domain is mainly affected by disclosure of the disease and the joint coping that follows.The findings are discussed in the context of the romantic internalized model theory and Sternberg's triangular love theory. PMID- 18923699 TI - Strengthening healthcare capacity through a responsive, country-specific, training standard: the KITSO AIDS training program's support of Botswana's national antiretroviral therapy rollout. AB - In parallel with the rollout of Botswana's national antiretroviral therapy (ART) program, the Botswana Ministry of Health established the KITSO AIDS Training Program by entering into long-term partnerships with the Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership for HIV Research and Education and others to provide standardized, country-specific training in HIV/AIDS care. The KITSO training model has strengthened human capacity within Botswana's health sector and been indispensable to successful ART rollout. Through core and advanced training courses and clinical mentoring, different cadres of health care workers have been trained to provide high-quality HIV/AIDS care at all ART sites in the country. Continuous and standardized clinical education will be crucial to sustain the present level of care and successfully address future treatment challenges. PMID- 18923700 TI - Clinical progression rates by CD4 cell category before and after the initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). AB - OBJECTIVE: Rates of AIDS defining event (ADE), serious ADE and death by CD4 and HIV RNA categories before and after combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) initiation are lacking for high CD4 counts. METHODS: Event rates were estimated within CD4 cell strata using a Poisson regression model adjusting for sex, exposure category, age, and current HIV RNA (<4, 4-4.99, > or =5 log copies/ml), and including an interaction term between the CD4 cell count and cART indicator. RESULTS: 7317 and 6376 persons contributed to "naive " and "cART " groups respectively, of whom 3911 contributed to both. At the same CD4 level, the risk of ADE was nearly 2 fold higher during naive follow-up compared to cART for CD4 <500 cells/mm(3). However, after adjustment for current HIV RNA, the risk of ADE became similar for both groups except for CD4 count <200 cells/mm(3) when it is 35% (6-72%) higher for naives. The same results were observed for the risk of serious ADE. There was no evidence of a difference in risk of death between naive and cART follow-up at specific CD4 categories even after adjustment for HIV RNA. CONCLUSION: Within CD4 cell strata above 200 cells/mm(3), the risk of ADE before ART initiation is higher than it is following cART initiation. PMID- 18923701 TI - Pharmacokinetics of acetyl-L-carnitine given in single or multiple doses to HIV-1 Infected patients with toxic peripheral polyneuropathy. AB - The use of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in the treatment of HIV infection is associated with antiretroviral toxic polyneuropathy (ATN). Previous studies suggest that long term treatment with Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR) 1.5 gram twice daily improves symptoms and promotes nerve regeneration. It is unknown whether the drug's pharmacokinetic profile would allow for a once daily administration. Twenty three HIV-1 infected subjects taking ALCAR for ATN were enrolled in a cross over trial and switched from twice to once daily dosing. Their regimen was changed from 1.5 g twice daily to 1g (4 patients), 2g (7), and 3g (12) once daily, respectively. Twelve healthy volunteers served as control. Plasma levels of ALCAR and its metabolite L-carnitine were measured. Patients receiving ALCAR had higher pre-dose levels than control subjects. Post dose levels were not significantly higher than pre dose levels in any treatment group. The pre / post dose ALCAR concentrations were 7.6 / 7.7, 7.1 / 6.8, 7.7 / 6.8, and 7.1 / 7.5 micromol/l for 1.5 g twice daily, 1g once daily, 2g once daily, and 3g once daily, respectively. All values were significantly higher than the mean concentration in the control group (4.3 micromol/l). For ALCAR and L-carnitine, measurements for once daily regimens did not differ from the twice daily regimen. Once daily dosing of ALCAR can achieve similar plasma levels as twice daily dosing but intra-mitochondrial levels remain unknown. The pharmacokinetic profile of orally administered ALCAR is complex and likely to be highly affected by endogenous concentrations. PMID- 18923702 TI - Teen use of a patient portal: a qualitative study of parent and teen attitudes. AB - We conducted a qualitative study of the attitudes of teens and parents toward the use of a patient portal. We conducted two teen and two parent focus groups, one teen electronic bulletin board, and one parent electronic bulletin board. Videotapes and transcripts from the groups were independently analyzed by two reviewers for significant themes, which were then validated by two other members of the research team. Twenty-eight teens and 23 parents participated in the groups. Significant themes included issues about teens' control of their own healthcare; enthusiasm about the use of a patient portal to access their providers, seek health information, and make appointments; and concerns about confidentiality. In summary, there was considerable support among teens and parents for a patient portal as well as concerns about confidentiality. The teen portal affords an opportunity to negotiate issues of confidentiality. PMID- 18923703 TI - ANGLOR: a composite machine-learning algorithm for protein backbone torsion angle prediction. AB - We developed a composite machine-learning based algorithm, called ANGLOR, to predict real-value protein backbone torsion angles from amino acid sequences. The input features of ANGLOR include sequence profiles, predicted secondary structure and solvent accessibility. In a large-scale benchmarking test, the mean absolute error (MAE) of the phi/psi prediction is 28 degrees/46 degrees , which is approximately 10% lower than that generated by software in literature. The prediction is statistically different from a random predictor (or a purely secondary-structure-based predictor) with p-value <1.0 x 10(-300) (or <1.0 x 10( 148)) by Wilcoxon signed rank test. For some residues (ILE, LEU, PRO and VAL) and especially the residues in helix and buried regions, the MAE of phi angles is much smaller (10-20 degrees ) than that in other environments. Thus, although the average accuracy of the ANGLOR prediction is still low, the portion of the accurately predicted dihedral angles may be useful in assisting protein fold recognition and ab initio 3D structure modeling. PMID- 18923704 TI - An analysis of human microRNA and disease associations. AB - It has been reported that increasingly microRNAs are associated with diseases. However, the patterns among the microRNA-disease associations remain largely unclear. In this study, in order to dissect the patterns of microRNA-disease associations, we performed a comprehensive analysis to the human microRNA-disease association data, which is manually collected from publications. We built a human microRNA associated disease network. Interestingly, microRNAs tend to show similar or different dysfunctional evidences for the similar or different disease clusters, respectively. A negative correlation between the tissue-specificity of a microRNA and the number of diseases it associated was uncovered. Furthermore, we observed an association between microRNA conservation and disease. Finally, we uncovered that microRNAs associated with the same disease tend to emerge as predefined microRNA groups. These findings can not only provide help in understanding the associations between microRNAs and human diseases but also suggest a new way to identify novel disease-associated microRNAs. PMID- 18923705 TI - Whole blood interferon-gamma responses to mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens in young household contacts of persons with tuberculosis in Uganda. AB - BACKGROUND: Due to immunologic immaturity, IFN-gamma-producing T cell responses may be decreased in young children compared to adults, thus we hypothesized that IFN-gamma responses to mycobacterial antigens in household contacts exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) would be impaired in young children relative to adults. The objective of this study was to compare whole blood IFN-gamma production in response to mycobacterial antigens between children and adults in Uganda. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We studied household contacts of persons with culture-positive pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) enrolled in a cohort study conducted in Kampala, Uganda. Whole blood IFN-gamma production in response to Mtb culture-filtrate antigens was measured by ELISA and compared between infants (<2 years old, n = 80), young children (2 <5 years old, n = 216), older children (5 <15 years old, n = 443) and adults (> or =15 years old, n = 528). We evaluated the relationship between IFN-gamma responses and the tuberculin skin test (TST), and between IFN-gamma responses and epidemiologic factors that reflect exposure to Mtb, and the effect of prior BCG vaccination on IFN-gamma responses. Young household contacts demonstrated robust IFN-gamma responses comparable to those of adults that were associated with TST and known risk factors for infection. There was no effect of prior BCG immunization on the IFN-gamma response. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Young children in a TB endemic setting can mount robust IFN-gamma responses generally comparable to those of adults, and as in adults, these responses correlated with the TST and known epidemiologic risk factors for Mtb infection. PMID- 18923706 TI - Tribendimidine and albendazole for treating soil-transmitted helminths, Strongyloides stercoralis and Taenia spp.: open-label randomized trial. AB - BACKGROUND: Tribendimidine is an anthelminthic drug with a broad spectrum of activity. In 2004 the drug was approved by Chinese authorities for human use. The efficacy of tribendimidine against soil-transmitted helminths (Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm, and Trichuris trichiura) has been established, and new laboratory investigations point to activity against cestodes and Strongyloides ratti. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In an open-label randomized trial, the safety and efficacy of a single oral dose of albendazole or tribendimidine (both drugs administered at 200 mg for 5- to 14-year-old children, and 400 mg for individuals > or = 15 years) against soil-transmitted helminths, Strongyloides stercoralis, and Taenia spp. were assessed in a village in Yunnan province, People's Republic of China. The analysis was on a per-protocol basis and the trial is registered with controlled-trials.com (number ISRCTN01779485). Both albendazole and tribendimidine were highly efficacious against A. lumbricoides and, moderately, against hookworm. The efficacy against T. trichiura was low. Among 57 individuals who received tribendimidine, the prevalence of S. stercoralis was reduced from 19.3% to 8.8% (observed cure rate 54.5%, p = 0.107), and that of Taenia spp. from 26.3% to 8.8% (observed cure rate 66.7%, p = 0.014). Similar prevalence reductions were noted among the 66 albendazole recipients. Taking into account "new" infections discovered at treatment evaluation, which were most likely missed pre-treatment due to the lack of sensitivity of available diagnostic approaches, the difference between the drug-specific net Taenia spp. cure rates was highly significant in favor of tribendimidine (p = 0.001). No significant adverse events of either drug were observed. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our results suggest that single-dose oral tribendimidine can be employed in settings with extensive intestinal polyparasitism, and its efficacy against A. lumbricoides and hookworm was confirmed. The promising results obtained with tribendimidine against S. stercoralis and Taenia spp. warrant further investigations. In a next step, multiple-dose schedules should be evaluated. PMID- 18923707 TI - Composition and function of haemolymphatic tissues in the European common shrew. AB - BACKGROUND: Studies of wild animals responding to their native parasites are essential if we are to understand how the immune system functions in the natural environment. While immune defence may bring increased survival, this may come at a resource cost to other physiological traits, including reproduction. Here, we tested the hypothesis that wild common shrews (Sorex araneus), which produce large numbers of offspring during the one breeding season of their short life span, forgo investment in immunity and immune system maintenance, as increased longevity is unlikely to bring further opportunities for mating. In particular, we predicted that adult shrews, with shorter expected lifespans, would not respond as effectively as young animals to infection. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We examined haemolymphatic tissues from wild-caught common shrews using light and transmission electron microscopy, applied in conjunction with immunohistology. We compared composition and function of these tissues in shrews of different ages, and the extent and type of inflammatory reactions observed in response to natural parasitic infections. All ages seemed able to mount systemic, specific immune responses, but adult shrews showed some signs of lymphatic tissue exhaustion: lymphatic follicles in adults (n = 21) were both smaller than those in sub-adults (n = 18; Wald = 11.1, p<0.05) and exhibited greater levels of depletion (Wald = 13.3, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Contrary to our expectations, shrews respond effectively to their natural parasites, and show little indication of immunosenescence as adults. The pancreas of Aselli, a unique lymphoid organ, may aid in providing efficient immune responses through the storage of large numbers of plasma cells. This may allow older animals to react effectively to previously encountered parasites, but infection by novel agents, and eventual depletion of plasma cell reserves, could both still be factors in the near-synchronous mortality of adult shrews observed shortly after breeding. PMID- 18923708 TI - Discovery of a distinct superfamily of Kunitz-type toxin (KTT) from tarantulas. AB - BACKGROUND: Kuntiz-type toxins (KTTs) have been found in the venom of animals such as snake, cone snail and sea anemone. The main ancestral function of Kunitz type proteins was the inhibition of a diverse array of serine proteases, while toxic activities (such as ion-channel blocking) were developed under a variety of Darwinian selection pressures. How new functions were grafted onto an old protein scaffold and what effect Darwinian selection pressures had on KTT evolution remains a puzzle. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Here we report the presence of a new superfamily of ktts in spiders (TARANTULAS: Ornithoctonus huwena and Ornithoctonus hainana), which share low sequence similarity to known KTTs and is clustered in a distinct clade in the phylogenetic tree of KTT evolution. The representative molecule of spider KTTs, HWTX-XI, purified from the venom of O. huwena, is a bi-functional protein which is a very potent trypsin inhibitor (about 30-fold more strong than BPTI) as well as a weak Kv1.1 potassium channel blocker. Structural analysis of HWTX-XI in 3-D by NMR together with comparative function analysis of 18 expressed mutants of this toxin revealed two separate sites, corresponding to these two activities, located on the two ends of the cone shape molecule of HWTX-XI. Comparison of non-synonymous/synonymous mutation ratios (omega) for each site in spider and snake KTTs, as well as PBTI like body Kunitz proteins revealed high Darwinian selection pressure on the binding sites for Kv channels and serine proteases in snake, while only on the proteases in spider and none detected in body proteins, suggesting different rates and patterns of evolution among them. The results also revealed a series of key events in the history of spider KTT evolution, including the formation of a novel KTT family (named sub-Kuntiz-type toxins) derived from the ancestral native KTTs with the loss of the second disulfide bridge accompanied by several dramatic sequence modifications. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: These finding illustrate that the two activity sites of Kunitz-type toxins are functionally and evolutionally independent and provide new insights into effects of Darwinian selection pressures on KTT evolution, and mechanisms by which new functions can be grafted onto old protein scaffolds. PMID- 18923709 TI - Accuracy of immunodiagnostic tests for active tuberculosis using single and combined results: a multicenter TBNET-Study. AB - BACKGROUND: The clinical application of IFN-gamma release assays (IGRAs) has recently improved the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection. In a multicenter study of the Tuberculosis Network European Trialsgroup (TBNET) we aimed to ascertain in routine clinical practice the accuracy of a novel assay using selected peptides encoded in the mycobacterial genomic region of difference (RD) 1 for the diagnosis of active tuberculosis in comparison with tuberculin skin test (TST), QuantiFERON-TB GOLD In-Tube (Cellestis Ltd., Carnegie, Australia) and T-SPOT.TB (Oxfordimmunotec, Abingdon, UK). PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: 425 individuals from 6 different European centres were prospectively enrolled. We found that sensitivity of the novel test, TST, QuantiFERON-TB GOLD In-Tube and T SPOT.TB was respectively 73.1%, 85.3%, 78.1%, and 85.2%; specificity was respectively 70.6%, 48.0%, 61.9% and 44.3%; positive likelihood ratios were respectively 2.48, 1.64, 2.05, and 1.53; negative likelihood ratios were respectively 0.38, 0.31, 0.35, 0.33. Sensitivity of TST combined with the novel test, QuantiFERON-TB GOLD In-Tube and T-SPOT.TB increased up to 92.4%, 97.7% and 97.1%, respectively. The likelihood ratios of combined negative results of TST with, respectively, the novel test, QuantiFERON-TB GOLD In-Tube and T-SPOT.TB were 0.19, 0.07 and 0.10. CONCLUSIONS: The assay based on RD1 selected peptides has similar accuracy for active tuberculosis compared with TST and commercial IGRAs. Then, independently of the spectrum of antigens used in the assays to elicit mycobacterial specific immune responses, the novel test, IGRAs, and the TST do not allow an accurate identification of active tuberculosis in clinical practice. However, the combined use of the novel assay or commercial IGRAs with TST may allow exclusion of tuberculosis. PMID- 18923711 TI - "It is me who endures but my family that suffers": social isolation as a consequence of the household cost burden of Buruli ulcer free of charge hospital treatment. AB - Despite free of charge biomedical treatment, the cost burden of Buruli ulcer disease (Bu) hospitalisation in Central Cameroon accounts for 25% of households' yearly earnings, surpassing the threshold of 10%, which is generally considered catastrophic for the household economy, and calling into question the sustainability of current Bu programmes. The high non-medical costs and productivity loss for Bu patients and their households make household involvement in the healing process unsustainable. 63% of households cease providing social and financial support for patients as a coping strategy, resulting in the patient's isolation at the hospital. Social isolation itself was cited by in patients as the principal cause for abandonment of biomedical treatment. These findings demonstrate that further research and investment in Bu are urgently needed to evaluate new intervention strategies that are socially acceptable and appropriate in the local context. PMID- 18923712 TI - Effects of Bothrops asper snake venom on lymphatic vessels: insights into a hidden aspect of envenomation. AB - BACKGROUND: Envenomations by the snake Bothrops asper represent a serious medical problem in Central America and parts of South America. These envenomations concur with drastic local tissue pathology, including a prominent edema. Since lymph flow plays a role in the maintenance of tissue fluid balance, the effect of B. asper venom on collecting lymphatic vessels was studied. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: B. asper venom was applied to mouse mesentery, and the effects were studied using an intravital microscopy methodology coupled with an image analysis program. B. asper venom induced a dose-dependent contraction of collecting lymphatic vessels, resulting in a reduction of their lumen and in a halting of lymph flow. The effect was reproduced by a myotoxic phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) homologue isolated from this venom, but not by a hemorrhagic metalloproteinase or a coagulant thrombin-like serine proteinase. In agreement with this, treatment of the venom with fucoidan, a myotoxin inhibitor, abrogated the effect, whereas no inhibition was observed after incubation with the peptidomimetic metalloproteinase inhibitor Batimastat. Moreover, fucoidan significantly reduced venom-induced footpad edema. The myotoxic PLA(2) homologue, known to induce skeletal muscle necrosis, was able to induce cytotoxicity in smooth muscle cells in culture and to promote an increment in the permeability to propidium iodide in these cells. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our observations indicate that B. asper venom affects collecting lymphatic vessels through the action of myotoxic PLA(2)s on the smooth muscle of these vessels, inducing cell contraction and irreversible cell damage. This activity may play an important role in the pathogenesis of the pronounced local edema characteristic of viperid snakebite envenomation, as well as in the systemic biodistribution of the venom, thus representing a potential therapeutical target in these envenomations. PMID- 18923710 TI - Tumor-infiltrating T cells correlate with NY-ESO-1-specific autoantibodies in ovarian cancer. AB - BACKGROUND: Tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells are correlated with prolonged progression-free and overall survival in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). A significant fraction of EOC patients mount autoantibody responses to various tumor antigens, however the relationship between autoantibodies and tumor infiltrating T cells has not been investigated in EOC or any other human cancer. We hypothesized that autoantibody and T cell responses may be correlated in EOC and directed toward the same antigens. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We obtained matched serum and tumor tissue from 35 patients with high-grade serous ovarian cancer. Serum samples were assessed by ELISA for autoantibodies to the common tumor antigen NY-ESO-1. Tumor tissue was examined by immunohistochemistry for expression of NY-ESO-1, various T cell markers (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD25, FoxP3, TIA-1 and Granzyme B) and other immunological markers (CD20, MHC class I and MHC class II). Lymphocytic infiltrates varied widely among tumors and included cells positive for CD3, CD8, TIA-1, CD25, FoxP3 and CD4. Twenty-six percent (9/35) of patients demonstrated serum IgG autoantibodies to NY-ESO-1, which were positively correlated with expression of NY-ESO-1 antigen by tumor cells (r = 0.57, p = 0.0004). Autoantibodies to NY-ESO-1 were associated with increased tumor infiltrating CD8+, CD4+ and FoxP3+ cells. In an individual HLA-A2+ patient with autoantibodies to NY-ESO-1, CD8+ T cells isolated from solid tumor and ascites were reactive to NY-ESO-1 by IFN-gamma ELISPOT and MHC class I pentamer staining. CONCLUSION AND SIGNIFICANCE: We demonstrate that tumor-specific autoantibodies and tumor-infiltrating T cells are correlated in human cancer and can be directed against the same target antigen. This implies that autoantibodies may collaborate with tumor-infiltrating T cells to influence clinical outcomes in EOC. Furthermore, serological screening methods may prove useful for identifying clinically relevant T cell antigens for immunotherapy. PMID- 18923713 TI - The burden of pneumococcal disease in the Canadian population before routine use of the seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. AB - BACKGROUND: In the United States, implementation of the seven-valent conjugate vaccine into childhood immunization schedules has had an effect on the burden of pneumococcal disease in all ages of the population. To evaluate the impact in Canada, it is essential to have an estimate of the burden of pneumococcal disease before routine use of the vaccine. METHODS: The incidence and costs of pneumococcal disease in the Canadian population in 2001 were estimated from various sources, including published studies, provincial databases and expert opinion. RESULTS: In 2001, there were 565,000 cases of pneumococcal disease in the Canadian population, with invasive infections representing 0.7%, pneumonia 7.5% and acute otitis media 91.8% of cases. There were a total of 3000 deaths, mainly as a result of pneumonia and largely attributable to the population aged 65 years or older. There were 54,330 life-years lost due to pneumococcal disease, and 37,430 quality-adjusted life-years lost due to acute disease, long-term sequelae and deaths. Societal costs were estimated to be $193 million (range $155 to $295 million), with 82% borne by the health system and 18% borne by families. Invasive pneumococcal infections represented 17% of the costs and noninvasive infections represented 83%, with approximately one-half of this proportion attributable to acute otitis media and myringotomy. CONCLUSIONS: The burden of pneumococcal disease before routine use of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine was substantial in all age groups of the Canadian population. This estimate provides a baseline for further analysis of the direct and indirect impacts of the vaccine. PMID- 18923714 TI - ESBL genotypes in fluoroquinolone-resistant and fluoroquinolone-susceptible ESBL producing Escherichia coli urinary isolates in Manitoba. AB - OBJECTIVE: Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli are increasingly common in nosocomial and community settings. Furthermore, fluoroquinolone (FQ) and even multidrug resistance (MDR) appear to be associated with certain ESBL genotypes. The purpose of the present study was to determine which ESBL genotypes are associated with FQ and MDR in E coli urinary isolates in Manitoba. METHODS: The authors determined the antimicrobial susceptibility, genetic similarity and ESBL genotype of 27 FQ-resistant and seven FQ-susceptible, ESBL-producing urinary isolates submitted to the clinical microbiology laboratories of two teaching hospitals between October 2000 and April 2005. Susceptibilities to beta-lactams, FQs, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT), doxycycline (DOX), gentamicin (GM) and tigecycline were determined by microbroth dilution; pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to determine genetic relatedness, and ESBL genotype was determined by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. RESULTS: Of 34 ESBL-producing organisms, 27 (79.4%) were found to be ciprofloxacin (CIP) resistant, 27 (79.4%) were SXT resistant, eight (23.5%) were GM resistant and 29 (85.3%) were DOX resistant. Twenty-three (67.6%) had MDR, with concomitant resistance to CIP and SXT; 16 had concomitant resistance to CIP, SXT and DOX; and seven (20.6%) had MDR, with concomitant resistance to CIP, SXT, DOX and GM. All isolates were susceptible to tigecycline. Of 27 FQ-resistant ESBL producing organisms, seven (25.9%) were genotype CTX-M-14, 19 (70.4%) were genotype CTX-M-15 and one (3.7%) was genotype CTX-M-24. Among the seven FQ susceptible strains, three (42.8%) expressed SHV-type enzymes, three (42.8%) expressed TEM-type enzymes and one (14.3%) expressed CTX-M-9. CTX-M-15 was the most common MDR-associated genotype. Of a total of 19 strains, 18 (94.7%) were resistant to FQs and SXT; 15 (78.9%) were resistant to FQs, SXT and DOX; and five (26.3%) were resistant to FQs, SXT, DOX and GM. PFGE analysis revealed genetic similarity within CTX-M-15-producing isolates only. CONCLUSION: CTX-M-15 in E coli is strongly associated with an MDR phenotype compared with other genotypes. CTX-M-14 is associated with FQ resistance only. PFGE suggests clonality of CTX-M 15-producing isolates within and among hospitals. PMID- 18923715 TI - Antibiotic availability and the prevalence of pediatric pneumonia during a physicians' strike. AB - BACKGROUND: Antibiotics are widely believed to be overpre-scribed for pediatric respiratory infections, yet there are few data available on the effect of a sudden decrease in antibiotic availability on pediatric infectious disease. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the prevalence of radiographically diagnosed pneumonia changed over a period of decreased physician access and decreased antibiotic availability. DESIGN: A retrospective study was performed which reviewed the number of pediatric respiratory antibiotic prescriptions over a period which included a physicians' strike. The study examined whether antibiotic availability had been affected by the strike. Pediatric chest radiograph reports were reviewed for the same period to determine whether changes in antibiotic availability had affected the prevalence of radiographically diagnosable pneumonias among children presenting to a pediatric emergency room. RESULTS: While prescriptions for antibiotics fell by a minimum estimate of 28% during the strike, there was no change in the frequency of radiographic diagnoses of pneumonia. CONCLUSIONS: Respiratory antibiotics appear to be available in the community in excess of the amount required to control pneumonia. A 28% decrease in antibiotic availability did not result in a significant increase in respiratory disease. PMID- 18923717 TI - Immunization in Canada 2007. PMID- 18923716 TI - The genius of Roger Stanier. PMID- 18923718 TI - A child with lumps and bumps down on the farm. PMID- 18923719 TI - Hospital-acquired phaeohyphomycosis due to Exserohilum rostratum in a child with leukemia. AB - The present study describes a case of cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis caused by Exserohilum rostratum in a child undergoing treatment for leukemia. The infection was possibly due to contaminated intravenous dressings and was successfully treated with surgical excision combined with liposomal amphotericin B. Consequently, new infection control policies have been implemented at CHU Sainte Justine (Montreal, Quebec). PMID- 18923720 TI - Autistic spectrum disorder: No causal relationship with vaccines. PMID- 18923721 TI - Health care-associated Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia. AB - INTRODUCTION: While Staphylococcus aureus is an uncommon but serious cause of traditional community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), it is a predominant cause of nosocomial pneumonia in addition to the unique clinical entity of health care associated pneumonia (HCAP). A cohort of bacteremic S aureus pneumonia cases was reviewed to determine the role of HCAP among the cohort, and to assess for differences between CAP and HCAP. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Bacteremic S aureus pneumonia cases were identified from a prospective study of all patients diagnosed with CAP who presented to hospitals in Edmonton, Alberta, between November 2000 and November 2002. These cases were subsequently reviewed retrospectively. Demographic, clinical and microbiological data were obtained, and patients were classified as having CAP or HCAP. Relatedness of isolates was determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis in conjunction with epidemiological information. RESULTS: There were 28 cases of bacteremic S aureus pneumonia identified. Fifty-seven per cent were reclassified as having HCAP, and 43% remained classified as having CAP. The CAP cohort was significantly younger than the HCAP cohort (mean age 49.0+/-23.7 years versus 67.8+/-18.6 years; P=0.035) with higher rates of intravenous drug use (50% versus 0%; P=0.002). Long term care facility residence (44%) was common in the HCAP cohort. The HCAP cohort presented with more severe illness, having a higher mean pneumonia severity index score (143.1+/-41.1 versus 98.2+/-54.6; P=0.028), and despite fewer embolic complications, there was a trend toward a significantly higher mortality rate (31% versus 0%; P=0.052). Two community-acquired isolates cultured in the setting of intravenous drug use were methicillin-resistant, and no isolates were positive for Panton-Valentine leukocidin. There was evidence of relatedness involving 44% of the HCAP isolates by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis. CONCLUSION: HCAP accounts for a significant number of cases that, when using traditional definitions, would be classified as CAP. Severity of illness and mortality was excessive within the HCAP group. There was evidence of relatedness and spread of common strains in the HCAP cohort. The present study supports recommendations for treatment guidelines directed toward the entity of HCAP and the empirical coverage of S aureus among certain high-risk groups. PMID- 18923722 TI - Treatment options for hepatitis B. PMID- 18923723 TI - The challenges facing Canadian trialists in an increasingly competitive global market: What can be done to remain competitive? AB - Globally, the pharmaceutical industry is condensing into fewer, larger international corporations. This has occurred with the vaccine industry in Canada, where two domestic producers have been absorbed by international companies. This changes the relationship between Canadian vaccine researchers and corporate head office research directors, who carefully assign prelicensure studies to potential market countries around the globe. To succeed in attracting prelicensure vaccine studies, Canadian researchers need to be outstanding in quality, reliability and efficiency. The present article highlights strategies to help researchers remain internationally competitive for industry-sponsored pharmaceutical studies. PMID- 18923724 TI - Late presentation of Cryptococcus gattii meningitis in a traveller to Vancouver Island: A case report. AB - Since 1999, Cryptococcus gattii has been identified as a primary pathogen on Vancouver Island in British Columbia, and it has resulted in infection of both people and animals living in that area. A previously healthy 45-year-old female resident of Alberta developed C gattii infection 11 months after travelling to an endemic region of Vancouver Island. A case of an immunocompetent patient, with an atypically long incubation time, who presented with subacute meningitis secondary to disseminated pulmonary cryptococcosis is presented. The present report highlights the need for clinical vigilance in treating patients presenting with atypical pulmonary infections or meningitis who have been holiday travellers to endemic areas of Vancouver Island. PMID- 18923725 TI - Persistent urethritis and prostatitis due to Trichomonas vaginalis: A case report. AB - The present report describes a case of persistent urethritis accompanied by prostatitis due to Trichomonas vaginalis in a young male patient. The importance of the laboratory diagnosis of trichomoniasis in persistent or recurrent urethritis (ie, testing samples from multiple sites) is highlighted, with the aim of improving the clinical recognition of this pathogen. PMID- 18923726 TI - Eosinophilic pneumonia in a traveller returning from Mexico. PMID- 18923727 TI - Why the West in West Nile virus infections? PMID- 18923728 TI - The emergence of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB): TB/HIV coinfection, multidrug-resistant TB and the resulting public health threat from extensively drug-resistant TB, globally and in Canada. AB - Resistance to anti-tuberculosis (TB) drugs continues to present a major challenge to global public health. Resistance usually develops due to inadequate TB management, including improper use of medications, improper treatment regimens and failure to complete the treatment course. This may be due to an erratic supply or a lack of access to treatment, as well as to patient noncompliance. However, the emergence and transmission of drug-resistant TB, including the recently detected extensively drug resistant TB (XDR-TB), is driven, in part, by the synergistic relationship between TB and HIV (TB/HIV coinfection). There is evidence that persons infected with HIV are more likely to experience XDR-TB. XDR TB is virtually untreatable with available TB medications. XDR-TB presents a grave global public health threat, particularly in high HIV prevalence settings. The present commentary discusses the current status of XDR-TB and draws attention to the urgency in addressing this problem, for both the global and Canadian public health networks. XDR-TB and the apparent XDR-TB and HIV association warrants further study. PMID- 18923729 TI - Pulmonary hyalinizing granuloma in HIV/AIDS. AB - A 55-year-old man who was recently diagnosed with HIV/AIDS developed multiple bilateral pulmonary nodules after starting highly active antiretroviral therapy. Workup confirmed the diagnosis of pulmonary hyalinizing granuloma. This is the first described case of pulmonary hyalinizing granuloma in HIV/AIDS, and may represent a rare form of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. PMID- 18923730 TI - Group A streptococcal carriage among residents of an urban homeless shelter. PMID- 18923732 TI - A 'serious' bloodstream infection in an infant. PMID- 18923733 TI - Introducing the sixth edition of the Canadian Tuberculosis Standards. PMID- 18923731 TI - Management and treatment of hepatitis C virus in patients with HIV and hepatitis C virus coinfection: A practical guide for health care professionals. AB - Concomitant HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a common yet complex coinfection. The present document is a practical guide for treating HCV infection in people coinfected with HIV. Effective antiretroviral therapies have prolonged survival rates for HIV-infected people over the past decade, which have made latent complications of HCV major causes of morbidity and mortality in these patients. Advances in the treatment of HCV (eg, combined pegylated interferon and ribavirin) offer the possibility of eradicating HCV infection in coinfected persons. The treatment of HCV must be considered in all cases. Intensive management of the adverse effects of HCV treatment is one of the factors for the success of these therapies. HCV eradication is predicted to decrease the mortality associated with coinfection and reduce the toxicity of HIV treatment. PMID- 18923734 TI - Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in men who have sex with men: A case series. AB - BACKGROUND: The purpose of the present study was to describe the clinical characteristics and management of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) infections among a cohort of men who have sex with men. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective chart review was conducted of patients with culture-proven MRSA at Maple Leaf Medical Clinic (Toronto, Ontario) between November 2004 and December 2005. Cases were identified by individual physicians and by queries in the clinical management system. A standard data collection form was used to record patient demographics, potential risk factors for MRSA and course of illness. When available, antimicrobial sensitivities were recorded. DNA fingerprinting using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and genetic analysis for SCCmec typing and detection of the Panton-Valentine leukocidin cytotoxin were performed on six available isolates. RESULTS: Seventeen patients with MRSA infection were identified, 12 (71%) of whom were HIV-positive. The most common clinical presentation was abscess (35%), followed by furuncle (17%), folliculitis (17%), cellulitis (17%) and sinusitis (12%). The majority of MRSA isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin (92%) and levofloxacin (77%). All isolates were susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, rifampin, linezolid, gentamicin and clindamycin, while the majority were susceptible to tetracycline (80%). All six isolates tested were SCCmec type IVa-positive and Panton-Valentine leukocidin-positive, and had fingerprint patterns consistent with the CMRSA-10 (USA300) clone. CONCLUSION: The present study describes the clinical presentation and management of CA-MRSA infections occurring in Toronto among men who have sex with men. The infections appear to have been caused by CMRSA-10, which has caused the majority of CA-MRSA outbreaks elsewhere. PMID- 18923735 TI - The diagnosis of genital herpes - beyond culture: An evidence-based guide for the utilization of polymerase chain reaction and herpes simplex virus type-specific serology. AB - Accurate identification of persons with genital herpes is necessary for optimal patient management and prevention of transmission. Because of inherent inaccuracies, clinical diagnosis of genital herpes should be confirmed by laboratory testing for the causative agents herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and HSV type 2 (HSV-2). Further identification of the HSV type is valuable for counselling on the natural history of infection and risk of transmission. Laboratory methods include antigen detection, culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and conventional and type-specific serology (TSS). PCR has, by far, the greater sensitivity and should be the test of choice for symptomatic cases. HSV-2 TSS is indicated for patients with genital lesions in whom antigen detection, culture or PCR fail to detect HSV, and for patients who are asymptomatic but have a history suggestive of genital herpes. HSV-2 TSS is further indicated for patients infected with HIV. HSV-2 TSS along with HSV-1 TSS may be considered, as appropriate, in evaluating infection and/or immune status in couples discordant for genital herpes, women who develop their first clinical episode of genital herpes during pregnancy, asymptomatic pregnant women whose partners have a history of genital herpes or HIV infection, and women contemplating pregnancy or considering sexual partnership with those with a history of genital herpes. The above should be performed in conjunction with counselling of infected persons and their sex partners. PMID- 18923736 TI - The human papillomavirus vaccine: The promise of cervical cancer prevention. PMID- 18923737 TI - Routine surveillance for bloodstream infections in a pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant cohort: Do patients benefit? AB - BACKGROUND: Hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients are at a high risk for late bloodstream infection (BSI). Controversy exists regarding the benefit of surveillance blood cultures in this immunosuppressed population. Despite the common use of this practice, the practical value is not well established in non-neutropenic children following HSCT. METHODS: At the IWK Health Centre (Halifax, Nova Scotia), weekly surveillance blood cultures from central lines are drawn from children following HSCT until the line is removed. A retrospective chart review was performed to determine the utility and cost of this practice. Eligible participants were non-neutropenic HSCT recipients with central venous access lines. The cost of laboratory investigations, nursing time, hospital stay and interventions for positive surveillance cultures was calculated. RESULTS: Forty-three HSCTs were performed in 41 children. Donors were allogenic in 33 cases (77%) and autologous in 10 cases (23%). There were 316 patient contacts for surveillance cultures (mean seven per patient) and 577 central line lumens sampled. Three of 43 patients (7%) had clinically significant positive surveillance blood cultures. Bacteria isolated were Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=2) and Corynebacterium jeikeium (n=1). All follow-up cultures before initiation of antimicrobial therapy were sterile. All three patients were admitted for antimicrobial therapy if they were not already hospitalized and/or had an uncomplicated course. The estimated total cost of BSI surveillance and management of asymptomatic infection over six years was $27,989. CONCLUSION: The present study suggests that BSI surveillance in children following HSCT engraftment has a very low yield and significant cost. It is unclear whether it contributes to improved patient outcomes. PMID- 18923738 TI - Directly observed therapy with azithromycin for skin and soft tissue infections in injection drug users. PMID- 18923739 TI - Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a Canadian inner city shelter. AB - BACKGROUND: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization is increasingly of concern in community settings. However, despite a recent outbreak in Calgary, Alberta, data on the prevalence of MRSA in Canadian communities are lacking. Globally, few studies have been performed in high-risk groups such as inner-city populations. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of the prevalence of MRSA among residents and staff at three Ottawa, Ontario, shelters was conducted. All participants completed a questionnaire, and provided nasal swabs as well as one of rectal, anal or groin swabs. RESULTS: Among 84 participants, the prevalence of MRSA colonization was 2.4%. Among the resident subgroup, the prevalence was 4.5%, while no MRSA isolates were found among 40 staff participants. All isolates were USA100 (CMRSA-2) subtypes. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of MRSA colonization among residents is higher than baseline population rates, but is consistent with other inner-city populations. Although community outbreaks of USA300 and USA400 strains are increasingly reported, movement of nosocomial strains (ie, USA100 [CMRSA-2]) into communities remains an important avenue in the spread of MRSA and underscores the importance of nosocomial MRSA control. PMID- 18923740 TI - The effectiveness of hydrogen peroxide liquid or gas plasma on protozoan oocysts. PMID- 18923741 TI - Safety and immunogenicity of a fully liquid vaccine containing five-component pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus-inactivated poliomyelitis-Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines administered at two, four, six and 18 months of age. AB - OBJECTIVE: The safety, immunogenicity and lot consistency of a fully liquid, five component acellular pertussis combination vaccine, comprised of diphteria, tetanus and acellular pertussis, inactivated polio vaccine, Haemophilus influenzae type b (DTaP-IPV-Hib [Pediacel, sanofi pasteur, Canada]) were assessed and compared with that of Hib vaccine reconstituted with the five-component acellular pertussis combination vaccine (DTaP-IPV//Hib, Pentacel [sanofi pasteur, Canada]). METHODS: Infants were recruited at vaccine study centres in Montreal, Quebec; Simon Fraser Health Region, British Columbia, and southern Alberta after the protocol had been approved by the relevant institutional ethics committees. Written informed consent was obtained from the parents or guardians of all subjects. At two months of age, the infants were randomly assigned to receive one of three consecutive production lots of DTaP-IPV-Hib by intramuscular injection. Reactions to vaccinations were assessed by parental observation and through telephone interviews conducted by study nurses. Blood samples were obtained at two, six, seven, 18 and 19 months of age for measurement of antibodies to vaccine antigens. RESULTS: Most injection site and systemic reactions were mild or moderate, and of brief duration. All infants were protected against tetanus, diphtheria and all three polio serotypes after both primary and booster vaccinations. Antibody responses to pertussis antigens were similar to those observed in Swedish infants, in whom the five-component vaccine was shown to be 85% effective. Proportions of infants with antipolyribosylribitol phosphate antibody of 0.15 mug/mL or greater and 1.0 mug/mL or greater, were 97.9% and 88.9%, respectively, following primary immunization, and 100% and 99% following booster vaccination. Safety and immunogenicity results with both reconstituted and fully liquid combination vaccines were comparable. CONCLUSIONS: The fully liquid combination vaccine was comparable in terms of safety and immunogenicity with the reconstituted combination vaccine. PMID- 18923742 TI - Herpes simplex virus type-specific serology: Where does it fit in the diagnostic armamentarium? PMID- 18923743 TI - Outcomes of kidney transplantation in Greek and Albanian patients: a single centre experience. AB - BACKGROUND AND AIM: It has been reported that racial and ethnic (genetic make up), as well as socioeconomic differences may affect the results of kidney transplantation. Socioeconomic factors are quite difficult to differentiate from genetic factors. It is not surprising that a group with poorer access to health care, less private insurance and less income does less well with serious medical problems. The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes of kidney transplantations in Greek (G) and Albanian (A) patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty nine transplanted patients of Albanian ancestry were matched with 29 Greek patients retrospectively. Their mean age was 34 (G) and 31 (A) years, there were 21 men and 8 women in each group (G, A) and they received 26 kidneys from living related donors and 3 kidneys from cadaveric donors respectively. Arterial blood pressure (ABP), body weight (BW), serum creatinine, serum total protein and albumin, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides, 24 hour proteinuria were measured on 7th, 15th postoperative day, 1st , 3rd , 6th month and 1st year after transplant. BMI was calculated before and 1 year after transplantation and acute rejection episodes were recorded too. Methylprednizolone (MP), cyclosporine (CsA) dose /kg BW were calculated at baseline, 1, 3, 6, 12 months after transplant. Cumulative patient and graft survival at 1 and 5 years were calculated too. RESULTS: Patient survival at 1 and 5 years was 100% / 93.1% and 100% /93.1% respectively (p: NS). Graft survival at 1 and 5 years was 100% / 93.10% and 93.75% / 86.45% respectively (p: NS). BW (but not BMI) and total cholesterol levels in Greek patients were higher compared to those of Albanian patients during the 1st post transplant year (p: 0.044 and p: 0.021 respectively). MP dose in A patients was higher during the first year (p: 0.05). CONCLUSION: Patients and graft survival do not present difference between G and A patients. There is significant difference on cholesterol profile between G and A patients. A larger number of transplants are possibly needed to allow us to draw firm conclusions. PMID- 18923745 TI - De novo and recurrent Kaposi's Sarcoma after renal transplantation in two patients taking everolimus. PMID- 18923744 TI - Abnormal glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase binding and glycolytic flux in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease after a mild oxidative stress. AB - AIM: The aim of this study was, a) to investigate the effect of mild oxidative stress on glycolytic flux and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) binding in erythrocytes from patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), and b) to examine whether the modulation of GAPDH-binding to the red cell membrane leads to changes in glycolytic flux. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The rate of lactate production in intact erythrocytes and the GAPDH/actin ratio in erythrocyte ghost membranes were measured before and after treating cells with t butyl hydroperoxide or N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) in 13 ADPKD patients and 12 controls. RESULTS: t-bytyl hydro-peroxide had a significant effect on both lactate production and GAPDH/actin ratio in healthy subjects, but it had essentially no effect on ADPKD patients in which both parameters already resembled those of the peroxide-treated controls. NEM treatment after 300 sec had a very significant effect on both lactate production and GAPDH/actin ratio in both patient and control cells. However, after 10 sec the effect on GAPDH/actin ratio was only significant in the erythrocytes of ADPKD patients. In every experiment glycolytic lactate production correlated negatively with membrane bound GAPDH/actin ratio. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that glycolytic flux and GAPDH binding in erythrocytes from ADPKD patients respond abnormally to both a mild oxidative stress and brief exposure to NEM. PMID- 18923746 TI - Clear cell ovarian carcinoma following polymyositis diagnosis: a case report and review of the literature. AB - BACKGROUND: The association of ovarian malignancy with dermatomyositis (DM) is well established from previous reports, while the relationship with polymyositis (PM) is rare. CASE REPORT: We report a case of a 50 years old nulliparous woman who developed clear cell ovarian cancer four years after the PM diagnosis. The patient presented with deep lower abdominal pain and distension. CA-125 was elevated and the preoperative MRI showed pelvic tumor occupying the Douglas pouch. Exploratory laparotomy revealed a gross mass of clear cell ovarian carcinoma. CONCLUSION: Physicians must be alert of the possibility of malignancy in patients with a previous diagnosis of polymyositis. PMID- 18923748 TI - Relationship between inflammatory cytokines and cardiorenal anemia syndrome: treatment with recombinant human erythropoietin (rhepo). AB - BACKGROUND AND AIM: Hemodialysis (HD) patients are exposed to persistent inflammatory state. Erythropoietin resistance is known to be strongly associated with chronic inflammation. Aim of the study was to analyze the effect of elevated inflammatory markers on hemoglobin levels and rhEPO requirements in stable patients of our hemodialysis center. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study population consisted of 42 patients, 19F/23M, mean age 54.5+/-12.0 years. C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), hemoglobin (Hb), ferritin and left ventricular mass index (LVMi) were recorded. Group 1 consisted of 10 patients with Hbor=10 g/dl, mean 12.6+/ 1.91 g/dl. None of these 20 patients had been previously treated with rhEPO. Group 3 consisted of 22 patients with mean Hb 10.1+/-1.5 g/dl after treatment with rhEPO. RESULTS: Group 1 patients had significantly higher IL-6 concentrations than Group 2 (5.21+/-3.94 vs 3.03+/-3.64, p<0.03). Group 3, treated with rhEPO had IL-6 concentrations significantly lower compared to Group 1 (1.15+/-3.81 vs 3.03+/-3.64, p<0.05). HD pts in Group 1 presented significantly higher CRP concentrations compated to pts of Group 2 and 3 (23.1+/-9.1 vs 7.02+/ 8.7 and 7.89+/-9.6 respectively, p<0.05). A negative correlation was demonstrated between IL-6 and Hb level (r: 0.33 p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: A better management of anemia might improve inflammatory state and survival in this population. PMID- 18923747 TI - Current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for colorectal cancer liver metastasis. AB - Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in the developed world, due to formation of distant metastases. The liver is a primary target organ of metastatic lesions, which substantially influence the morbidity of the disease. Prompt diagnosis of colorectal liver metastases leads to early treatment, which favours a better prognosis. Consequently, the diagnostic process has shifted from traditional clinical and biochemical procedures to technologically advanced imaging modalities, such as CT, MRI, FDG-PET and PET-CT. However, the only current curative therapeutic approach is the surgical resection of metastases, using the new methods of tissue excision and haemostasis. New therapeutic modalities like cryo- or radiofrequency ablation and portal vein embolisation as well as pharmaceutical innovations such as hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy, isolated hepatic perfusion and contemporary chemotherapeutic regimens have emerged. While still under evaluation, they present promise for the future treatment of unresectable liver metastases. PMID- 18923749 TI - Genetic polymorphism study of regulatory B cell molecules and cellular immunity function in an adult patient with Common Variable Immunodeficiency. AB - A 43 year old female patient presented for recurrent bacterial lower respiratory infections. A research for immunodeficiency status revealed total hypogammaglobulinemia, reduced IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 subclass levels, and low number of B lymphocytes (CD19+). Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) 11.2 category was diagnosed according to recent criteria of primary immunodeficiencies (PID). Further immunological study consisting of genetic polymorphism of genes relating to differentiation, activation and function of B cells (ICOS, BAFF receptor BCMA and TACI) was performed, which did not reveal any related mutations. T cell parameters and Th1/Th2 cytokine network did not show any disturbances. It is postulated that probable endstage B cell differentiation defects should be investigated. The patient receives IVIGs replacement thereafter and the rate and severity of infections have significantly improved. PMID- 18923750 TI - Kuttner's tumour: an unusual cause of salivary gland enlargement. AB - Enlargement of the submandibular gland is a condition that raises the alarm for further investigation as the risk of an underlying malignancy is higher in comparison to parotid gland enlargement. Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis or Kuttner's tumour is usually mis-recognised as it is only after excision of the gland that the correct diagnosis is made.We present a case of a 47-year-old male patient who presented with one year history of firm non-tender enlarged right submandibular gland which was removed surgically and histology showed to be sclerosing sialadenitis.Kuttner's tumour is a rare disease, which mimics malignancy. There is not enough evidence to support any diagnostic means that could help in the differential diagnosis of this benign condition. Given the high rate of malignancy in firm, painless lesions of the submandibular gland, surgical excision is often advocated and Kuttner's tumour is usually diagnosed by the histopathologist. PMID- 18923751 TI - Testing the effect of specific socioeconomic factors on the ischemic mortality rate. The case of Greece. AB - In this paper we present a model to evaluate the effect of certain majors socioeconomic factors (such as alcohol and fat consumption, cigarettes smoking, unemployment rate as a proxy for uncertainty which results frustration, number of passenger cars as a proxy for physical exercise and per capita GDP as a proxy for nutrition quality), to the ischemic mortality rate. Since the existing research works on this field, suffer from the proper model testing, we analytically present all the tests necessary to justify the reliability of the result obtained. For this purpose, after specifying and estimating the model, we applied the specification error test, the linearity, multicollinearity and heteroscedasticity tests, the autocorrelation and stability tests and the ARCH effect test. Finally, we present the aggregate effect of the above socioeconomic factors. In brief, we found that an increase of cigarettes smoked, of fat and alcohol consumption and the number of passenger cars will result to a relevant increase regarding mortality. The latter one is also affected by the changes in unemployment rate. On the other hand, an increase of personal disposable income may negatively affect mortality, by almost the same portion. PMID- 18923752 TI - Intracranial arachnoid cyst associated with traumatic intracystic hemorrhage and subdural haematoma. AB - BACKGROUND: Brain arachnoid cysts are fluid collections of developmental origin. They are commonly detected incidentally in patients imaged for unrelated symptoms. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 15-year-old healthy boy with a recent history of head trauma experienced headache that gradually worsened over the course of 10 days. He underwent CT and MRI brain scans which revealed the presence of subdural haematoma caused by the rupture of a middle cranial fossa arachnoid cyst. This was accompanied by intracystic haemorrhage. The subdural haematoma was removed, while communication of the cyst with the basal cisterns was also performed. The postoperative course of the patient was uneventful. CONCLUSIONS: The annual haemorrhage risk for the patients with middle cranial fossa cysts remains very low. However, when haemorrhage occurs, in most occasions it can be effectively managed only with haematoma evacuation. PMID- 18923753 TI - Q fever myocarditis. AB - Clinical manifestations of Q fever infection are fever, productive cough, decrease in exercise tolerance and chills. Cardiovascular involvement is well recognized and usually presents as endocarditis and infection of an aneurysm or vascular graft. Myocarditis has only rarely been described as a manifestation of acute Q fever infection. In this report we describe a case of a young adult who presented with angina-like symptoms and ECG and biochemical markers indicative of acute coronary syndrome. The diagnosis of myocarditis was ultimately made based on the results of a normal coronary angiography and increased anti-Coxiella burnetii antibody titer. The patient has not developed dilated cardiomyopathy after two years of follow up. PMID- 18923755 TI - CT guided percutaneous adrenal biopsy for lesions with equivocal findings in chemical shift MR imaging. AB - PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of CT guided adrenal biopsy in patients with equivocal MR chemical shift imaging findings. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty seven patients, 32 with history of malignancy and 25 without history of malignancy, 30 men and 27 women (33-82 years, mean age:58.8 years), with equivocal findings in chemical shift MR imaging, were subjected to CT guided percutaneous adrenal biopsy. RESULTS: From the 57 lesions that were sent for histopathological evaluation, 31 proved to be metastases (54.4%), 20 adenomas (35.1%), 3 cortical carcinomas (5.3%), 1 benign pheochromocytoma (1.8%) and 2 samples were non diagnostic(3.5%). In oncology patients metastases were found in 28/32 of the patients (87.5%) and adenomas in 3/32 (9.4%), while in patients without history of malignancy, metastases were found in 3/25 of the patients (12%) and adenomas in 17/25 (68%). CONCLUSION: CT guided percutaneous adrenal biopsy is a safe and accurate method for a definite diagnosis of adrenal lesions. Since most adrenal lesions are benign, dedicated adrenal imaging is necessary for choosing which of them have to be further evaluated by biopsy. Chemical shift adrenal imaging alone seems to be a reliable method and can be used alternatively to CT enhancement washout technique for selecting which lesions are suspicious of malignancy and have to be investigated with biopsy, especially in cases where iodine contrast media is contraindicated. PMID- 18923754 TI - Management of hyperglycemia in patients with diabetes mellitus and chronic renal failure. AB - Diabetes mellitus is recognized as a leading cause of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal failure. Chronic renal failure is associated with insulin resistance and, in advanced renal failure, decreased insulin degradation. Both of these abnormalities are partially reversed with the institution of dialysis. Except for diet with protein restriction, patients with diabetes should be preferably treated with insulin. The management of the patients with hyperglycemia and chronic renal failure calls for close collaboration between the diabetologist and the nephrologists. This collaboration is very important so that the patient will not be confused and will not lose confidence to the doctors. Furthermore good glycemic control in these patients seems to reduce microvascular and macrovascular complications. PMID- 18923756 TI - A prospective two years study of first trimester screening for Down syndrome. AB - INTRODUCTION: Nowadays maternal age of pregnant women has increased in most developed countries. The rate of women above 35 years old constitutes about 15% of pregnancies. AIM: The aim of our study is to prove that by first trimester screening, the number of women who have indication for invasive prenatal diagnostic procedure is significantly reduced. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective study lasted two years from 02/2005 to 02/2007. The participants to our study were 531 pregnant women with a mean maternal age of 30 years (19-42). We used the first trimester screening test for Down's syndrome. The biochemical blood test of free b-hCG (beta human chorionic gonadotropin) and PAPP-A (pregnancy associated plasma protein A) and the measurement of nuchal translucency were performed between 11-13 weeks +6 days (mean gestational age 12 weeks +2 days). RESULTS: In our study group, 69 women (12%) were 35 years old or more. The risk estimate for Down syndrome was 1 in 300 or more in 14 (2%) cases. In all these 14 cases we offered CVS (chorionic villus sampling) or amniocentesis. CONCLUSION: It is a fact that although the risk of any individual 36 years old is higher, most abnormalities (approximately 70%) occur in the low risk population. With the first trimester screening the sensitivity of detecting DOWN syndrome reaches 90%. Our study confirms that by first trimester screening, the number of women who have indication for invasive prenatal diagnostic procedure is significantly reduced. As a result the cost for prenatal diagnosis of the population and also the risk of iatrogenic missed miscarriages is also reduced. Finally, this screening method gives the advantage of early diagnosis. PMID- 18923757 TI - Revascularization treatment in patients with coronary artery disease. AB - The choice of optimal revascularization strategy in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) is becoming more challenging lately, due to recent advances in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting surgery (CABG). On one hand, drug-eluting stents (DES) have emerged as a solution to the problem of restenosis after balloon angioplasty or bare-metal stent implantation, which was responsible for a higher rate of events (mainly repeat revascularization) in relation to CABG. On the other hand, off-pump bypass techniques and minimally invasive grafting of the left anterior descending artery appear to be safe and efficacious alternatives to traditional, on-pump CABG. Available literature includes studies outdated by current technologies, leaving the dilemma of best revascularization strategy unanswered in the general CAD population, but also in high-risk groups, such as diabetics and patients with chronic kidney disease. A number of ongoing trials, especially designed for this purpose, are set to end the debate, providing headto- head comparisons between DES-assisted PCI and contemporary bypass surgery. PMID- 18923758 TI - Isolated double gastric rupture caused by blunt abdominal trauma in an eighteen months old child: a case report. AB - We report a case of an isolated double gastric rupture, resulted from blunt abdominal trauma, that we successfully repaired by primary closure. A 18-month old girl injured in a motor vehicle accident was admitted to our hospital where the plain X-ray and the CT findings revealed the presence of free abdominal air. An immediate performed exploratory laparotomy disclosed two full-thickness ruptures of the stomach (on the greater curvature and the posterior wall). The ruptures were closed primarily by a two-layer closure. Twenty-four hours post operatively the patient developed delayed shock as a result of chemical peritonitis. On the 8th postoperative day the girl developed septic shock and gastrorrhagia. She underwent a gastroscopy which revealed stress-ulcer, and was treated conservatively in the children intensive care unit of our hospital. She was discharged home on 20th postoperative day. At 3-month follow up, she was doing well with normal growth and eating a regular regimen about her age. Gastric rupture following blunt abdominal trauma is rare, with a reported incidence of 0.02-1.7%. The morbidity and mortality are directly related to the number of associated injuries, the delay in diagnosis and the development of intraabdominal sepsis. In this paper we emphasise the need for early diagnosis and the aggressive surgical treatment as a key to decreasing the mortality and morbidity from this relatively rare injury, especially in this age group of children. PMID- 18923760 TI - Pulmonary Zygomycosis caused by Cunninghamella bertholletiae in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. AB - Zygomycosis is an invasive mycotic disease caused by fungi of the class Zygomycetes. Infections caused by zygomycetes, are known for their difficulty of diagnosis and treatment. Cunninghamella bertholletiae (Cb), is a saprobic fungus commonly found in the soil of temperate climates. Pulmonary infections caused by Cb are being identified with increasing frequency among patients on immunosuppressive therapy, and these infections usually have a fatal outcome. We present a rare case of pulmonary zygomycosis caused by Cb in a 10 year old male child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. In spite of intensive antifungal chemotherapy (iv liposomal amphotericin B 7 mg/Kg once daily) following clinical diagnosis, he died of pulmonary failure. PMID- 18923759 TI - Prevention of malignant melanoma. AB - The results of Primary Prevention programs, aiming at the decrease of melanoma incidence, were less encouraging than those of Secondary prevention which aims at an early diagnosis of malignant melanoma. Australia was the country with the best results obtained in both Prevention strategies, especially in avoiding intense, though intermittent, UV exposure. The success of these programs encouraged health authorities to initiate their application to other disorders. New sunscreens containing substances correcting the UV-damaged DNA may offer a promising result in the decades to come. However, so far no one epidemiological study has proved the prevention of malignant melanoma with the use of sun protecting agents. A meta-analysis verified the connection between melanoma and solarium use. The protective role of vitamin D in the development of prostate, breast and colon cancer was shown in a meta-analysis. The authors, however, suggest that fair skinned persons should take oral supplementation of vitamin D, instead of exposing themselves to the sun. The Hellenic Society of Dermatology and Venereology published the results of 5-year-prevention programs in Greece. Their favorable results in the early diagnosis of melanoma justify an intense continuation of these efforts. PMID- 18923761 TI - Cardio-renal anemia syndrome. AB - The interaction between chronic heart failure, chronic kidney insufficiency and anemia, form a vicious cycle, termed as the cardio-renal anemia syndrome. The interaction between these three conditions causes deterioration of the cardiac and renal function and increases anemia. Each of the three can cause or be caused by the others.We herein analyze and speculate the mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of this new syndrome highlighting the main points of interest that seem to expand upon more than one specialty. The cardio-renal anemia syndrome is emerging in the area of clinical investigation with progressively elevated significance. Additionaly we report the data related to anemia treatment as part of therapeutic perspective concerning the management of patients manifesting the profile of this syndrome. PMID- 18923763 TI - Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Implications for the care of children. PMID- 18923762 TI - Injection injuries: seemingly minor injuries with major consequences. AB - BACKGROUND: High-pressure injection injuries are rare injuries, characterized by a small puncture wound that is often underestimated by physicians and patients. The injected substance leads to extensive tissue damage and sometimes to loss of the limb. AIM: To underline the severity of these injuries and to alert physicians to recognize them and treat them appropriately. METHODS: Eight patients with injection injuries from lubricants (6) or solvents (2) were treated in a University Orthopaedic Department in a 5-year period. In all patients the mild initial symptoms were aggravated over the next 4-6 hours leading to a severe compartment syndrome of the hand. Five patients were referred with a mean delay of 3.8 days and 3 were treated immediately; all with debridement and compartment release. RESULTS: The total number of procedures per patient was 2 to 5. In 3 patients a heterodigital flap was necessary whereas in one the second ray was amputated. Results were excellent in 5 cases and good in 3. CONCLUSIONS: In injection injuries, prompt diagnosis and immediate aggressive surgical intervention are necessary to save the patients' digit/limb. Patients should be informed about the severity of their injury, its potential complications and the multiple surgical procedures that may be required for a satisfactory functional result. PMID- 18923764 TI - Microbiological guideline values for recreational bathing in Canada: Time for change? AB - Recreational bathing is an activity practiced by thousands of Canadians every year. While its health benefits are numerous, bathing in polluted water can also be a source of health problems. These problems are generally nonspecific and are difficult to detect through usual health monitoring systems. Most involve ear and eye ailments, febrile respiratory illness and, particularly, gastroenteritis. In 1992, Health Canada recommended microbiological guideline values for recreational water quality. The values are based on the presence of fecal indicator bacteria, namely, enterococci for marine water, and Escherichia coli or fecal coliforms for fresh water. In marine water, the guideline value is set at 35 enterococci/100 mL, while in fresh water, the standard is 200 E coli/100 mL or 200 fecal coliforms/100 mL when experience demonstrates that over 90% of the fecal coliforms are E coli. Notwithstanding certain variances, many Canadian provinces apply these guidelines. However, in Ontario, the guideline is 100 E coli/100 mL. Over the past several years, many epidemiological studies, including randomized clinical trials, have examined the relationship between bathing in polluted water and ensuing health problems. On review of this literature, the Canadian guideline values for marine water seems appropriate, but scientific evidence argues toward lowering the Canadian guideline values for fresh water to 100 E coli/100 mL, in line with the standard currently in effect in Ontario. PMID- 18923765 TI - Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a Canadian intensive care unit: Delays in initiating effective therapy due to the low prevalence of infection. AB - INTRODUCTION: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection in intensive care units (ICUs) has increased dramatically in prevalence in recent years, and is associated with increased morbidity, mortality and cost of care. The aim of the present study was to describe the epidemiology and outcomes of MRSA infection in the general systems ICU at the University of Alberta Hospital in Edmonton, Alberta. METHODS: A retrospective cohort analysis of patients infected with MRSA in a general systems ICU was conducted from January 1, 1997, to August 15, 2005. RESULTS: Forty-six cases of MRSA were identified, of which 36 (78.3%) were infected. The most common admitting diagnoses included respiratory failure (41.7%) and sepsis or septic shock (36.1%). Infection was hospital acquired in 58.3% of cases (10 cases ICU acquired), with a median time to infection of 11 days. The most common sites of infection were the respiratory tract, skin and blood. Median lengths of stay were 13 days in the unit and 27 days in-hospital. Crude mortality was 55.6%. Time to appropriate antimicrobial treatment was delayed in 80.5% of patients. Four prototypical Canadian MRSA (CMRSA) strains were identified by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Hospital acquired strains were predominantly CMRSA-2 (59%), indicating that this clone circulates at the University of Alberta Hospital. CONCLUSIONS: MRSA infection remains uncommon at the University of Alberta Hospital, resulting in delays in instituting appropriate antimicrobial therapy. To date, only a few community acquired strains have been noted. ICU acquisition of MRSA remains rare, with only 10 cases over the past nine years. The majority of hospital-acquired strains were CMRSA-2. PMID- 18923766 TI - A nosocomial outbreak of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among healthy newborns and postpartum mothers. AB - BACKGROUND: Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA MRSA) has increasingly been isolated from individuals with no predisposing risk factors; however, such strains have rarely been linked to outbreaks in the hospital setting. The present study describes the investigation of an outbreak of CA-MRSA that occurred in the maternal-newborn unit of a large community teaching hospital in Toronto, Ontario. METHODS: Screening and clinical specimens collected from mothers and newborns delivered during the outbreak period, as well as from staff on the affected unit, were submitted for microbiological testing. Computerized delivery logs and nursing notes were reviewed, and a case control study was conducted. RESULTS: Analysis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis revealed 38 babies and seven mothers with MRSA colonization and/or infection by the same unique strain (Canadian MRSA-10-related) from September to December 2004. Isolates were characterized as having the staphylococcal chromosome cassette mec type IVa and were positive for the Panton-Valentine leukocidin gene. No one health care worker was associated with all cases; however, mothers and newborns exposed to one particular nurse (Nurse A) were almost 23 times (odds ratio 22.7, 95% CI 3.3 to 195.9) more likely to acquire MRSA than those with no such contact. MRSA was successfully isolated from Nurse A and from an environmental swab of a telephone recently used by Nurse A; both isolates matched the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis pattern of the outbreak strain. CONCLUSION: The first nosocomial outbreak of CA-MRSA among healthy newborns and postpartum mothers in Canada is described. Effective control of sustained MRSA transmission within an institution may require prompt identification, treatment and monitoring of colonized and/or infected staff. PMID- 18923767 TI - News from the AMMI-CACMID Annual Meeting. PMID- 18923768 TI - Launching of the CAN-R Web site -The official Web site of the Canadian Antimicrobial Resistance Alliance. PMID- 18923769 TI - Treatment of candiduria with micafungin: A case series. AB - There has been a gradual increase in the incidence of non-Candida albicans related nosocomial infections. Candida glabrata urinary tract infections have increased in frequency, and treating these infections can be difficult because the organism may be resistant to fluconazole. A newer antifungal agent, micafungin, which belongs in the class of echinocandins, provides an alternative and effective therapy against C glabrata. The present report describes three cases of C glabrata-associated urinary tract infections successfully treated with micafungin. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of successful treatment of C glabrata and azole-resistant C albicans-associated urinary tract infection with an echinocandin. PMID- 18923771 TI - Not so good old summertime. PMID- 18923770 TI - The laboratory diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis: Guidelines from the Canadian Public Health Laboratory Network. AB - Lyme borreliosis is uncommonly seen in Canada. Most cases have occurred in close proximity to small geographical areas where infected ticks have become established. Although few cases are seen, thousands of patients are tested yearly. Unless patients are carefully selected and an appropriately sensitive and specific testing algorithm is applied, large numbers of patients without Lyme borreliosis will be incorrectly diagnosed. The Canadian Public Health Laboratory Network has developed the present guidelines to assist physicians in assessing patients for Lyme borreliosis, and to help guide the choice and interpretation of laboratory testing. PMID- 18923772 TI - Osteomyelitis management: More art than science? PMID- 18923773 TI - [Surgical practice is "cosa mentale"]. PMID- 18923774 TI - [Our iceberg is melting. Part 3]. PMID- 18923775 TI - [Aortic native valve endocarditis complicated with aorto-right atrial fistula]. AB - Aorto-cavitary fistulous tract formation is an uncommon but extremely serious complication of infective endocarditis, which is associated with high risk of in' hospital mortality, despite recent therapeutic and diagnostic advances. The authors report a case of native aortic valve infective endocarditis complicated with perivalvular abscess and fistulae to the right atrium. PMID- 18923776 TI - [Metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma: right atrial tumor as primary clinical manifestation. Case report]. AB - In patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, the incidence of cardiac metastasis is 0.67-3%. The prognosis is dismal, even with curative resection, being survival at 5 years around 12-39%. We report an unusual case of a 51 year old man, presenting with a mass in the right atrium, diagnosed on histopathologic examination as being metastasis from a hepatocellular carcinoma. Urgent surgical intervention was required due to hemodynamic instability. PMID- 18923777 TI - [Traumatic haemato-pneumatocele of the lung. Clinical report]. AB - A 16-year-old boy presented to emergency department complaining of haemoptysis after falling from 2 meter. Chest examination did not show any contusion and breath sounds were normal. A chest radiography was taken and shown a paravertebral cystic air space. Computed tomography revealed an air/fluid cavitary lesion. No aggressive therapy was justified. PMID- 18923778 TI - [Ascending aortic dissection associated with primary sarcoma of the aorta. Clinical report]. AB - Primary tumors of the aorta are extremely rare and have been associated with aortic dissection, being the intimal sarcoma very aggressive with a propensity to metastasize early. Once the diagnosis has been confirmed, surgical resection may be curative, however the prognosis remains dismal, with death resulting in most patients. We describe a case of type A aortic dissection, with a intramural hematoma, associated with intimal sarcoma, in a young patient, presenting with a cerebral hematoma, ultimately resulting in the patient's death. PMID- 18923779 TI - [Michael Ellis DeBakey (1908-2008): a short biography]. AB - On July 11, 2008, expired in Houston, Texas, Michael Ellis DeBakey, who was a legendary figure of Medicine of the XX century and of cardiovascular surgery in particular, due to the enormous contributions he gave to the progress and development of contemporary cardiac and vascular surgery. Michael Ellis DeBakey can be remembered as well as a distinguished investigator, educator, academician and medical statesman, recognized and admired in his country and all over the world, including Portugal. The course of his life and major achievements are described and remembered, as a single tribute payed by a former disciple, bringing to the new generations of physicians the example of a fully active, criative and laborious life committed and devoted to the fight against disease and promotion of mankind welfare. PMID- 18923780 TI - [Surgical management of extracranial internal carotid aneurysms]. AB - INTRODUCTION: Extracranial internal carotid artery (EICA) aneurysms are rare and their causes are variable. Our main goal was to evaluate the results of the surgical treatment of the EICA aneurysms. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Between January 1993 and January 2008, 1028 carotid surgeries were performed by the senior author. Of these, 11 patients (1,07%), been nine men (mean age, 61,89 +/- 8,58 years) were submitted to surgical treatment of the EICA aneurysms. The causes were: atherosclerosis (n=8); fibromuscular dysplasia (n=2); and dissection (n=1). Eight patients (72 %) were symptomatic before the surgery, and the symptoms were transient ischemic attack (n=3); painful pulsatile mass in neck (n=3); and amaurosis fugax (n=2(. Demographic and surgical data and long term results were evaluated. RESULTS: There were no deaths, none neurologic complications (stroke and transient ischemic attacks) after the surgery. Furthermore, there were two transient cranial nerve dysfunction (18,2%) in the perioperative period. The median follow up time was 36 months (1 a 180 meses). During the follow up, one patient died after a trauma by gunshot after 36 months of the carotid surgery. There was a reoperation in a female patient with fibromuscular dysplasia that presented a critical stenosis in the distal anastomosis of her first operation (18 months before(. After surgery, she developed a transient dysfagia that resolved in four weeks. In the remain patients that were submitted to carotid revascularization, there was no vascular problem (stenosis, occlusion, pseudoaneurysm) diagnosed by duplex ultrasonography during the follow up. CONCLUSION: Surgical treatment of the EICA aneurysms can be performed with very good short and long term results with very low neurologic complications and mortality. The follow up of the operated patients is very important and permit to identify vascular problems which can be corrected, when necessary. PMID- 18923781 TI - [Renal cell carcinoma extending into the right atrium. Case report]. AB - We report the clinical case of a 48-year-old woman with advanced renal cell carcinoma, and an inferior vena cava thrombus extending into the right atrium. The patient underwent complete tumor excision with radical nephrectomy and inferior vena cava trombectomy using adjunctive cardiopulmonary bypass and deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. Pathological studies revealed no capsular invasion by the renal cell carcinoma. Eighteen months postoperatively the patient is asymptomatic and on immunosuppressive therapy for suspected metastatic disease. We discuss the morbilidity, mortality and long term survival of patients with similar presentation of renal cell carcinoma based in a review of the published literature. Long term survival after surgical treatment is possible in a patient with localized renal cell carcinoma extending into the right atrium. In patient with localized renal cell carcinoma and inferior vena cava tumor thrombus the cephalad extent of inferior vena caval involvement does not appear to influence the prognosis. PMID- 18923782 TI - [Recurrent systemic paradoxical embolism: a clinical report]. AB - Paradoxical embolism (EP) occurs when a venous thrombus passes into the arterial circulation, most commonly through an intracardiac shunt. A patent foramen ovale (FOP) is present in 25-35%of people at all ages. It is now possible to detect FOP by contrast echocardiography and it has been shown that there exists quite frequently a spontaneous transient right-to-left shunt during systole and, moreover, a right-to-left shunt during Valsalva maneuver and coughing. Acute or chronic pulmonary hypertension are also causes of shunt. This phenomenon has been associated with catastrophic outcomes such as stroke, visceral infarction and ischemic limb. We report the case of a 31-year old man with multiple paradoxical thromboemboli into his right kidney, spleen, small bowel and left brachial artery. Paradoxical embolism was suspected and confirmed by transoesophageal contrast echocardiography, disclosing FOP with right-to-left shunt. Successful percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale with Amplatzer(R) PFO occluder 18 mm allowed subsequent oral antiaggregation with acetilsalicilic acid 150 mg/day and clopidogrel 75 mg/day. A new case gives the opportunity to review mechanisms, diagnosis and therapeutic issues. Treatment strategies for FOP in recurrent PE include antiplatelet agents, anticoagulants, surgical closure, or percutaneous closure devices. The completion of ongoing, randomized clinical trials comparing percutaneous closure devices with medical management is urgently needed to clarify if the risks of invasive endovascular device placement are outweighed by a long-term reduction in recurrent vascular events. PMID- 18923783 TI - [Unexpected damage of the air conditioned]. PMID- 18923785 TI - Chest diameter ratios for detecting static hyperinflation in children using photogrammetry. AB - OBJECTIVES: To develop a photogrammetric method capable of identifying increases in anteroposterior chest diameters suggestive of pulmonary hyperinflation, and to test it with both asthmatic and asthma-free children. METHODS: Two distinct study designs were used to achieve these two objectives. The first was a descriptive analysis of diameters measured at the height of the axilla and of the xiphoid on digital images of 56 children aged 8 to 12 years photographed in the orthostatic position. The second was a case-control study of (a) 19 asthmatic children in treatment for at least 12 months; and (b) 37 children free from asthma with no prior history of complaints of respiratory/allergic disease. Diameters were measured on images of the front and left side views using CorelDRAW, and the ratio between the front and side diameters was calculated for the axillary and xiphoid measurements, providing the diameter ratios. Diameter ratios close to or greater than 1 represent geometry tending towards a cylindrical shape, typical of hyperinflation on radiographs. RESULTS: Analysis with the t test for independent samples revealed a mean diameter ratio at the sternum that was significantly greater in the group of asthmatic children (p < 0.01) than the mean for the whole sample and also than the mean for the children without asthma. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the existence of disagreement on the best instruments, methods and times for identifying hyperinflation, results indicate that a system using diameter ratios obtained by photogrammetry is a promising tool for the identification of a kinesiopathological manifestation that is known to determine air entrapment in asthma patients. Research that combines clinical data with longitudinal intrapatient follow-up will be necessary to establish the strength of the evidence found in this study. PMID- 18923784 TI - Evaluation of the neonatal outcomes of the kangaroo mother method in Brazil. AB - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the results of the kangaroo mother method in Brazil. METHODS: A prospective cohort study comparing 16 units that have or do not have the second phase of the kangaroo mother method: eight were national centers of excellence for the kangaroo mother method (study group) and eight were part of the Brazilian Neonatal Research Network (control group). A total of 985 newborn infants with birth weights of 500 to 1,749 g were enrolled. Multivariate analyses employed multiple linear regression and Poisson regression with robust adjustment. RESULTS: The adjusted analysis (controlled for birth weight, gestational age, Score for Neonatal Acute Physiology Perinatal Extension II, Neonatal Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System, and maternal age and educational level) demonstrated that mean length of hospital stay (p = 0.14) and intercurrent clinical conditions in the intermediate or kangaroo unit were equal for both groups. Weight (p = 0.012), length (p = 0.039) and head circumference (p = 0.006) at 36 weeks' corrected gestational age were all lower at the kangaroo units. The kangaroo units exhibited superior performance in relation to exclusive breastfeeding at discharge (69.2 vs. 23.8%, p = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS: The evidence suggests that the humanization strategy adopted by the Brazilian Ministry of Health is a safe alternative to conventional treatment and a good strategy for promoting breastfeeding. PMID- 18923786 TI - Effects of non-nutritive sucking and oral stimulation on breastfeeding rates for preterm, low birth weight infants: a randomized clinical trial. AB - OBJECTIVE: To determine the influence of non-nutritive sucking and oral stimulation programs on breastfeeding rates at discharge, at 3 and at 6 months of corrected age in preterm infants with very low birth weight. METHODS: Preterm infants were randomized into experimental and control groups. Ninety-eight preterm infants were randomized and 96 remained in the study until reaching the corrected age of 6 months. The experimental group received sensory-motor-oral stimulation and non-nutritive sucking, while infants in the control group received a sham stimulation program. Both were administered from reaching enteral feeding (100 kcal/kg/day) until the beginning of oral feeding. RESULTS: Fifty nine infants (61.5%) were breastfeeding at the time of hospital discharge, 31 (36.9%) at 3 months, and only 18 (20.5%) at 6 months of corrected age. At discharge, 46.9% of the control group and 76.5% of the experimental group were breastfeeding. There were statistically significant differences between rates of breastfeeding at discharge (47 vs. 76%), 3 months (18 vs. 47%) and 6 months after discharge (10 vs. 27%). The experimental group showed significantly higher rates of breastfeeding (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Non-nutritive sucking, associated with oral stimulation programs, can contribute to the improvement of breastfeeding rates among preterm infants with very low birth weight. PMID- 18923787 TI - Biliary atresia: we still operate too late. AB - OBJECTIVE: To analyze the age at surgery for children with biliary atresia and their survival periods without need for liver transplantation. The study was performed at Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, in Porto Alegre, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. METHODS: The medical records of patients operated between 1982 and 2007 who were residents of the state of Rio Grande do Sul were reviewed. RESULTS: Of the 112 cases of children with biliary atresia studied, 38 (33.9%) occurred between 1982 and 1989, 46 (41.1%) between 1990 and 1999 and 28 (25.0%) after 2000. Portoenterostomy was not performed for 12 cases (10.7%). Age at surgery ranged from 25 to 297 days (median: 80.5; IQR25-75: 61.3-109.0 days); for 20.5% of cases, the age was below 60 days. There was no age difference at diagnosis for the three decades in the study. Patients from the countryside (median: 87.0; IQR25-75: 69.0-115.0 days) were referred significantly later (p = 0.007) than those living in Porto Alegre and the metropolitan area (median: 68.0; IQR25-75: 55.5-98.0 days). The ratio of patients younger than 60 days was significantly lower (p = 0.013) for those from the countryside. Survival periods with native liver for all patients was 46.2% in 2 years, falling continuously until reaching 15.3% in 20 years. Patients operated before reaching 60 days of age had longer survival periods with native livers (log rank < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Late performance of portoenterostomy was a constant in the past 25 years, and this delay led to shorter survival periods with native livers for biliary atresia patients. PMID- 18923788 TI - The importance for growth of dietary intake of calcium and vitamin D. AB - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of dietary calcium and vitamin D in the process of growth and development of children and adolescents, focusing in particular on the prevention and treatment of delayed growth caused by nutritional deficiency. SOURCES: Information was gathered from articles published in the last 2 decades, from searches on the databases SciELO, PubMed and Medline, technical books and publications of international organizations. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: Growth is influenced by intrinsic (genetic and metabolic) and extrinsic factors (environmental factors such as diet, health, hygiene, housing and access to health services). Among the nutritional factors are vitamin and oligoelement deficiencies which may be associated with malnutrition or caused by insufficient absorption. Since calcium is one of the main mineral components of bone tissue, it is essential for adequate bone formation and, considering that vitamin D plays an important role in calcium metabolism, a diet with insufficient quantities of these nutrients can impact on the formation of the skeleton and on the process of growth and development. CONCLUSIONS: In children and adolescents, low intake or low absorption of calcium and vitamin D may limit their statural growth, and it is necessary to supply sufficient quantities of both during the critical growth phases. PMID- 18923789 TI - Improvements in lung function of a pediatric cystic fibrosis population in a developing country. AB - OBJECTIVE: To document the change in pulmonary function of a pediatric cystic fibrosis population managed at the Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa, between January 1999 and December 2006. METHODS: Retrospective review of the medical records and best spirometry results within 3 monthly intervals. RESULTS: A total of 1,139 pulmonary function tests from 79 patients showed a significant improvement over the 8 years studied. When comparing the first quarter of 1999 with the last quarter of 2006, 78 pulmonary function tests were performed on 65 patients with equal patient numbers in both groups and similar in terms of gender, age, age at diagnosis, ethnicity, cystic fibrosis genotype and number of patients colonized with either Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In 2006, 15 patients (38.5%) were on azithromycin treatment compared to one (2.6%) patient in 1999 (p = 0.0003). Median (interquartile range) forced expiratory volume in 1 second, forced vital capacity, and average expiratory flow between 25 and 75% of forced vital capacity increased from 61% (51-73), 63% (52-89), and 40% (27-57), predicted in the first quarter of 1999, to 81% (69-100, p = 0.004), 82% (70-98, p = 0.007), and 62% (41 87, p = 0.01), predicted during the last quarter of 2006, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Pulmonary function tests increased by 20% over 8 years in comparable patient groups. This likely reflects improved care of South African children with cystic fibrosis. PMID- 18923790 TI - Concurrent validity and reliability of the Alberta Infant Motor Scale in premature infants. AB - OBJECTIVE: To verify the concurrent validity and interobserver reliability of the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) in premature infants followed-up at the outpatient clinic of Instituto Fernandes Figueira, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz (IFF/Fiocruz), in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. METHODS: A total of 88 premature infants were enrolled at the follow-up clinic at IFF/Fiocruz, between February and December of 2006. For the concurrent validity study, 46 infants were assessed at either 6 (n = 26) or 12 (n = 20) months' corrected age using the AIMS and the second edition of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, by two different observers, and applying Pearson's correlation coefficient to analyze the results. For the reliability study, 42 infants between 0 and 18 months were assessed using the Alberta Infant Motor Scale, by two different observers and the results analyzed using the intraclass correlation coefficient. RESULTS: The concurrent validity study found a high level of correlation between the two scales (r = 0.95) and one that was statistically significant (p < 0.01) for the entire population of infants, with higher values at 12 months (r = 0.89) than at 6 months (r = 0.74). The interobserver reliability study found satisfactory intraclass correlation coefficients at all ages tested, varying from 0.76 to 0.99. CONCLUSIONS: The AIMS is a valid and reliable instrument for the evaluation of motor development in high-risk infants within the Brazilian public health system. PMID- 18923791 TI - Pediatric liver transplantation: 10 years of experience at a single center in Brazil. AB - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the first 10 years' experience of the liver transplantation department at the Alfa Institute, Hospital das Clinicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil. METHODS: A descriptive study, based on a retrospective analysis of 84 children and adolescents enrolled on a liver transplantation waiting list, from March 1995 to January 2006, based on the following variables: age, etiology of underlying liver disease, Child-Pugh, Malatack, model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) and pediatric end-stage liver disease (PELD) scores, time on waiting list, complications and survival after the procedure. RESULTS: Forty children had 42 liver transplants. Twenty six died while on the waiting list. Biliary atresia was the most frequent indication for transplant. The median age was 6.6 years (ranging from 1.9 to 16.8 years). Post liver transplant mortality was 32.5% (13 of 40 children). The median time on the liver transplant waiting list was 291 days. Complications related to the graft occurred in 24 of 42 transplants (57.1%), including vascular complications (30.8%), with thrombosis of the hepatic artery being the most frequent (16.6%); acute rejection occurred in 16.6%. CONCLUSIONS: The overall results are similar to what can be found in the literature with relation to indications and post transplant survival. However, there were elevated rates of complications unrelated to the graft and of complications involving the hepatic artery. PMID- 18923792 TI - Children with significant cervical lymphadenopathy: clinicopathological analysis and role of fine-needle aspiration in Indian setup. AB - OBJECTIVE: To study the clinicopathological profile of children from India with cervical lymphadenopathy and the role of fine-needle aspiration cytology with special emphasis on tuberculosis as a cause. METHODS: A total of 89 children in the age group of 10 months to 12 years, presenting to our hospital from April 2004 to March 2005, were included. All the patients underwent thorough clinical and investigational assessment vis-a-vis cervical lymphadenopathy. Outcome measurements included clinical status and ability of conventional tests to categorize different types of lymphadenopathy and their utility in diagnosing tubercular lymphadenitis. Interobserver variability was analyzed measuring kappa test and was found to be in agreement. RESULTS: Reactive hyperplasia was the most common type of lymphadenitis, followed by granulomatous involvement. Unilateral posterior triangle lymph nodes were the most commonly affected in the tubercular cervical lymphadenopathy group. Fine-needle aspiration followed by Ziehl-Neelsen staining, histopathology and culture in combination were able to perform the diagnosis in 85.7% of cases affected with tubercular etiology. CONCLUSIONS: Fine needle aspiration is a valuable diagnostic tool in the management of children with the clinical presentation of enlarged cervical lymph nodes. The technique reduces the need for more invasive and costly procedures, especially in a Third World country. Culture and histopathology, however, should be considered in cases where repeated fine-needle aspiration cytology is non-diagnostic. PMID- 18923793 TI - Liver transplantation in children. PMID- 18923794 TI - Effective improvement of cystic fibrosis care by application of elementary measures: essential lessons not only for developing countries. PMID- 18923795 TI - Nutritional diagnosis in children. PMID- 18923797 TI - Influence of breastfeeding support on the tendencies of breastfeeding rates in the city of Pelotas (RS), Brazil, from 1982 to 2004. AB - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of breastfeeding support on breastfeeding rates in the city of Pelotas (RS), Brazil. METHODS: The prevalence rates of exclusive breastfeeding and of overall breastfeeding were compared in four cohorts of children, born in 1982, 1993, 1997-1998 and 2004. The children selected for this study fulfilled the inclusion criteria for the WHO Multicenter Growth Reference Study, in order to afford comparison with the 1997-1998 cohort, which was made up of children selected for that study. The 1997-1998 cohort received systematic breastfeeding support. RESULTS: There was an increase in the rates of exclusive breastfeeding: from 26% at 1 month of age in 1993 to 77% at the same age in 2004, and from 16% at 3 months to 46% for the same dates, respectively. Breastfeeding rates at later ages exhibited a tendency to increase, although with less significance: from 15% in 1982 at 12 months to 34% in 2004 at the same age, and from 6% at 24 months to 14% for the same dates, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Breastfeeding support has contributed to a tendency for breastfeeding rates to increase. PMID- 18923798 TI - Childhood autism: translation and validation of the Childhood Autism Rating Scale for use in Brazil. AB - OBJECTIVE: To translate the Childhood Autism Rating Scale into Brazilian Portuguese and to determine the initial psychometric properties of the resulting version (CARS-BR). METHODS: The methodology used to produce an adequate version included translation, backtranslation and evaluation of semantic equivalence. In order to determine its psychometric properties (internal consistency, validity and reliability), the CARS-BR was administered to 60 consecutive patients with autism, aged between 3 and 17 years and seen at a university hospital. RESULTS: Internal consistency was high, with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.82. Convergent validity, in comparison with the Autistic Traits Assessment Scale, exhibited a Pearson's correlation coefficient of r = 0.89. When correlated with the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale in order to evaluate discriminant validity, the CARS-BR exhibited a Pearson's coefficient of r = -0.75. Test-retest reliability exhibited a kappa coefficient of 0.90. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the CARS-BR is a valid and reliable instrument for evaluating autism severity in Brazil. PMID- 18923799 TI - Use of peak expiratory flow for assessing bronchodilator responsiveness. AB - Lung function in 1686 adult patients was measured before, and 15 minutes after, salbutamol inhalation. Bronchodilator responsiveness (BDR) was defined as a 12% improvement over baseline in either FEV1 or FVC, along with an absolute volume increment of 200 ml. Peak expiratory flow (PEF) change, both absolute and relative to baseline, was also calculated (DeltaPEF and DeltaPEF%, respectively). Change in PEF significantly correlated with change in FEV1. However, DeltaPEF and DeltaPEF% had poor discrimination in identifying BDR, with all specific cutoff values for DeltaPEF and DeltaPEF% having low or moderate sensitivity, specificity and predictive values. PMID- 18923801 TI - Toxicity of chiral pesticide Rac-metalaxyl and R-metalaxyl to Daphnia magna. AB - Chirality in pesticides has become a challenge because of enantiomers' different toxicities to non-target organisms. Acute and chronic toxicities of Rac-metalaxyl and R-metalaxyl to Daphnia magna were determined and compared. The 48-h LC50 for Rac- and R-metalaxyl to Daphnia magna were 51.5 and 41.9 mg/L. In a 14-day chronic test, the lowest-observed-effective concentration (LOEC) and no-observed effective concentration (NOEC) of Rac-metalaxyl were 2 and 1 mg/L, respectively, whereas those of R-metalaxyl were 1 and 0.1 mg/L. Body length, days-to-first brood and number of broods per female were significantly (p < 0.05) affected by R metalaxyl at >1.0 mg/L, but affected by Rac-metalaxyl at >or=2.0 mg/L. PMID- 18923800 TI - Guidelines versus practice: UK asthma nurses often recommend intermittent, symptom-driven use of inhaled corticosteroids. AB - BACKGROUND: Recent clinical trials suggest that intermittent use of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) is safe for mild persistent asthma. Intermittent ICS use is inconsistent with current guidelines but is a common form of non-compliance. The aim of this study was to investigate how asthma nurses advise patients to use ICS. METHODS: Practice managers of 241 GP surgeries in the southwest of England were sent questionnaires to distribute to practice nurses. RESULTS: Questionnaires were returned by 105 nurses (104 had asthma-specific training). There was a wide variation in attitudes to guideline-based care and advice given to patients. 97% indicated that they sometimes advised patients to decrease their ICS use, 85% sometimes advised patients to stop their ICS when their asthma was well controlled, and 70% reported sometimes advising intermittent use. CONCLUSION: Asthma nurse recommendations are often inconsistent with guidelines. There is considerable variation between different asthma nurses in the advice given to patients. PMID- 18923802 TI - PCBs in samples from the environment of the Southern Moravia Region, Czech Republic. AB - The determination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in water, sediment and fish samples from the Czech Republic was carried out using high resolution gas chromatography with electron capture detection. PCBs concentrations in water and sediment samples were rather low and corresponded with the findings from some prior studies. On the other hand, investigated samples of fish tissue were highly contaminated (on average 1.3-266 ng/g fat for individual PCBs), thus, a continuing contamination of fish species with PCBs was proved. PMID- 18923803 TI - A comparison of costs for abdominal, laparoscopic, and robot-assisted sacral colpopexy. AB - The aim of this study was to compare the short-term estimated hospital costs and charges for open, laparoscopic, and robot-assisted sacral colpopexy. The null hypothesis was that there would be no difference in costs and charges. Fifteen comparable cases were reviewed for demographics, surgical information, and estimated hospital charges and costs and then compared with analysis of variance. There were no differences in demographics and surgical variables among the three groups. For estimated hospital charges, minimally invasive sacral colpopexy was most expensive; open was the least expensive approach. The estimated direct costs were significantly higher for robot-assisted compared with open sacral colpopexy, but not different between robot-assisted and laparoscopic sacral colpopexy. Robot assisted sacral colpopexy produces the highest estimated hospital charges and is more expensive than open sacral colpopexy. The least expensive surgical approach from the hospital costs perspective is open abdominal sacral colpopexy. PMID- 18923804 TI - Comparison between sensory testing modalities for the evaluation of afferent nerve functioning in the genital area. AB - Determine the reproducibility and relationship between current perception threshold testing (CPT) and quantitative sensory testing (QST) in the genital area. Sixteen women underwent CPT and QST of the vagina. CPT was done at 2,000, 250, and 5 Hz (corresponding to A-beta, A-delta, and C fibers, respectively), and QST testing was done using thermal (C fibers), vibratory (A-beta fibers), and cold (A-delta and C fibers) sensation. Ten women underwent repeated testing 1 week later. Thermal and vibratory thresholds correlated with CPT at 5 and 2,000 Hz (rho = 0.77, P = 0.002 and rho = 0.6, P = 0.01, respectively). Repeated thermal, vibratory, and cold thresholds had good concordance correlation (rho_(c) = 0.83, rho_(c) = 0.96, rho_(c) = 0.77). CPT at 5 and 2,000 Hz were also strongly correlated (rho_(c) = 69, rho_(c) = .7). CPT and QST testing stimulate similar afferent nerve fiber populations in the vagina. PMID- 18923805 TI - A prospective, randomized, controlled study comparing Gynemesh, a synthetic mesh, and Pelvicol, a biologic graft, in the surgical treatment of recurrent cystocele. AB - We compared safety and efficacy of Gynemesh PS and Pelvicol for recurrent cystocele repair. One hundred ninety patients were randomly divided into Gynemesh PS and Pelvicol groups and underwent tension-free cystocele repair. The Chi square test was used to compare categorical variables, the paired t test for continuous parametric variables, and the Mann-Whitney test for continuous nonparametric variables. Ninety-six Gynemesh PS patients and 94 Pelvicol patients were studied. Mesh erosions occurred in 6.3% of Gynemesh PS patients. No erosions were observed in Pelvicol patients (p = 0.02). Objective cure was 71.9% for Gynemesh PS and 56.4% for Pelvicol (p = 0.06). Subjective cure was the same in both groups except for better sexuality in the Pelvicol group. At 24 months follow-up, only Gynemesh PS patients had mesh erosions. Anatomical outcome was similar in the two groups. Pelvicol gave a better impact on voiding and sexuality. PMID- 18923806 TI - The anatomical study of left atrium diverticulum by multi-detector row CT. AB - The purpose of this study was to describe radiologic anatomy of the left atrium diverticulum. There were 20 patients with 27 left atrium diverticulums in 120 consecutive patients who underwent CT of coronary angiography. The presence probability of left atrium diverticulum was 16.7%, male of it was 13.0%, female was 17.6%. There was no difference on gender (P > 0.05). There were four patients accompanying with variation of pulmonary vein at one time. The diverticulum might be single or multiple, cystiform or tubiform. It could locate anterior wall or posterior wall or superior wall of left atrium. Left atrium diverticulums which was single, cystiform, and located in anterior wall were common. The cervix width of diverticulum was 4.9 +/- 3.2 mm, the body height of them was 5.4 +/- 2.0 mm. The ratio of body height to cervix width was from 0.47 to 4.08 (median 1.16). Ten patients of them undertook cardiac ultrasound examination at same time. There were five patients who left atrial diastolic function decreased, four patients who left ventricular systolic function decreased. Three of them both existed left atrial diastolic function decreasing and left ventricular systolic function decreasing, accompanied with mitral or aortic regurgitation. No patient was found that left atrium pressure or left ventricle diastolic pressure was increasing. The left atrium diverticulums of ten patients were probably congenital because their hemodynamical status cannot lead to diverticulum formation. It can be proved by reexamination after therapy or autopsy at last. In conclusion, multi detector row computed tomography could provide anatomy details of left atrium diverticulum to help to finish heart and chest surgery successfully. PMID- 18923807 TI - LRRK2 P755L variant in sporadic Parkinson's disease. AB - Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder of unknown etiology with probable involvement of genetic-environmental factors. The majority of PD cases (approximately 90-95%) are sporadic, while familial cases account for approximately 5-10% of PD. In a recent report, a heterozygous LRRK2 P755L mutation within LRRK2 exon 19 was found in 2% of Chinese sporadic PD patients and in 0% of normal controls or Caucasians, suggesting that the mutation is disease associated with ethnic specificity. To further evaluate the role of LRRK2 P755L variant in sporadic PD, we performed direct sequencing of LRRK2 exon 19 in 501 Japanese sporadic PD patients (male 249, female 252, aged 28-92 years, mean 65.0 years) and 583 controls of the Japanese general population as an extended association study. In this group, we found six patients (6/501 = 1.2%) and eight controls of the general population (8/583 = 1.6%) with a heterozygous P755L variant (P = 0.80, chi(2) = 0.064). No other variants were found in exon 19. Together with previous reports, our extended case-controlled study of large sample size suggests that LRRK2 P755L is a non-disease-associated polymorphism in PD patients. PMID- 18923808 TI - Acute ischaemic stroke in pregnancy: a severe complication of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. AB - Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is the most serious complication of sterility treatment. It is characterised by ovarian enlargement, ascites, electrolyte disturbance, hypovolaemia and haemoconcentration. A case of ischaemic stroke due to right middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion in a young female with OHSS after pharmacological treatment of sterility is reported. Left central hemiparesis occurred suddenly within a few days after the embryo transfer. Magnetic resonance imaging diffusion-weighted images showed infarction in the right basal ganglia and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) revealed the occlusion of the M1 segment of the right MCA. The haemodilution and the anticoagulation therapy were effective. Twenty-four hours after the stroke onset, MRA showed MCA recanalisation. The neurological deficit resolved completely within 3 months. The patient delivered 2 healthy infants at term. This case emphasises that the recent advent of ovulation induction and reproductive techniques is a newly recognised cause of cerebral stroke in otherwise healthy females. PMID- 18923810 TI - Phase I trial of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) with capecitabine and weekly irinotecan followed by laparoscopic total mesorectal excision (LTME) in rectal cancer patients. AB - BACKGROUND: To analyze the feasibility of capecitabine with weekly irinotecan and concurrent radiotherapy followed by laparoscopic-total mesorectal excision (LTME) in rectal cancer patients. METHODS: Eligible criteria included adenocarcinoma of the rectum staged by endoscopic ultrasonography (u), spiral abdominal and pelvic CT and chest X-ray. Patients received weekly irinotecan 50 mg/m(2) (days 1, 8, 15, 22, 29) and capecitabine (days 1 through 5 for 5 weeks); dose level; (DL) I 250 mg/m(2)/bid; DL II 375 mg/m(2)/bid; DL III 500 mg/m(2)/bid, according to phase I methodology. External beam radiotherapy was delivered up to a total dose of 45 Gy in daily fractions of 1.8 Gy, 5 days a week. LTME was planned 5-7 weeks after CRT. RESULTS: From February 2003 to February 2006, 22 patients were included. Median age was 62 (range 48 to 78). Seven pts were uT3N0 and 15 pts uT3N1. Seven patients were treated at DL I, six at DL II and nine at DL III. Grade 3 adverse events were observed in all levels. The maximum tolerated dose was reached at 375 mg/m(2) (DL II). Conversion rate to open surgery was 5%. Median hospital stay was 6.6 days. One month post-surgical complications were noted in five patients (23%). Median excised nodes were 11 (range 4-21). Pathological complete response was observed in two patients (9%). CONCLUSIONS: LTME after preoperative CRT with CAPIRI is feasible but severe adverse events were found in all levels despite the use of lower dose of capecitabine than previously published. PMID- 18923809 TI - Dynamic protein methylation in chromatin biology. AB - Post-translational modification of chromatin is emerging as an increasingly important regulator of chromosomal processes. In particular, histone lysine and arginine methylation play important roles in regulating transcription, maintaining genomic integrity, and contributing to epigenetic memory. Recently, the use of new approaches to analyse histone methylation, the generation of genetic model systems, and the ability to interrogate genome wide histone modification profiles has aided in defining how histone methylation contributes to these processes. Here we focus on the recent advances in our understanding of the histone methylation system and examine how dynamic histone methylation contributes to normal cellular function in mammals. PMID- 18923811 TI - In drug delivery, shape does matter. PMID- 18923813 TI - Two-photon two-focus fluorescence correlation spectroscopy with a tunable distance between the excitation volumes. AB - In the present work, a Michelson interferometer was combined with a two-photon excitation microscope to perform two-focus Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy. This simple and original approach allows us to tune the distance between the two excitation volumes and determine absolute diffusion constants. The technique was validated on different model systems that demonstrate the sensitivity of the approach. PMID- 18923812 TI - High-throughput self-interaction chromatography: applications in protein formulation prediction. AB - PURPOSE: Demonstrate the ability of an artificial neural network (ANN), trained on a formulation screen of measured second virial coefficients to predict protein self-interactions for untested formulation conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Protein self-interactions, quantified by the second virial coefficient, B22, were measured by self-interaction chromatography (SIC). The B22 values of lysozyme were measured for an incomplete factorial distribution of 81 formulation conditions of the screen components. The influence of screen parameters (pH, salt and additives) on B22 value was modeled by training an ANN using B22 value measurements. After training, the ANN was asked to predict the B22 value for the complete factorial of parameters screened (12,636 conditions). Twenty of these predicted values (distributed throughout the range of predictions) were experimentally measured for comparison. RESULTS: The ANN was able to predict lysozyme B22 values with a significance of p<0.0001 and RMSE of 2.6x10(-4) mol ml/g2. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that an ANN trained on measured B22 values for a small set of formulation conditions can accurately predict B22 values for untested formulation conditions. As a measure of protein-protein interactions correlated with solubility, B22 value predictions based on a small screen may enable rapid determination of high solubility formulations. PMID- 18923814 TI - Visante anterior segment OCT in a patient with gas bubbles in the anterior chamber after femtosecond laser corneal flap formation. AB - A patient with anterior chamber gas bubbles after LASIK flap formation with femtosecond laser is presented. A 33-year-old male patient had LASIK for myopia with corneal flap formation with IntraLase FS30 femtosecond laser. In the right eye, air bubbles were observed in anterior chamber after successful flap formation. Laser correction was completed successfully, by Wavelight Allegretto Wave Eye-Q excimer laser, without eye-tracker. Visante anterior segment optical coherence tomography imaging displayed that the pocket extended to limbal area, with stromal bed thickness of >600 microm at that area. We propose as possible causes of the air bubbles scattering of femtosecond laser beam producing direct photodissociation of aqueous humor, or direct cavitation effect in aqueous humor due to rapid pressure changes in corneal lamellar interface during the femtosecond laser procedure. Other causes such as migration of intrastromal bubbles through peripheral corneal stroma and trabecular meshwork, or through posterior stroma and endothelium, seem to be unlikely. PMID- 18923816 TI - Malplacement of ventricular catheters by neurosurgeons: a single institution experience. AB - INTRODUCTION: The placement of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion devices requires an appropriate technical expertise associated with proper surgical training in order to minimize undue complications. This study sought to review a single institution's experience with placement of external ventricular drains (EVD) and ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts as performed by neurosurgeons with procedure-specific training. METHODS: A retrospective database review was conducted for all patients who underwent intraventricular CSF diversion over a 5 year period from March 2003 to February 2008. Included in the analysis were ventriculostomy procedures that included EVDs, VP shunts, and ventriculoatrial shunts. RESULTS: A total of 138 patients underwent 212 ventriculostomy procedures. Seventy-one (51%) patients were male and sixty-seven (49%) were female. The median age was 50.1 years. A ventriculostomy-related hemorrhage was identified in 15 (7.1%) patients-4 of whom developed new symptoms. Twenty-six (12.3%) ventriculostomy catheters were malplaced as determined from post procedural imaging. Ventriculostomy-related infections were identified in 7 (3.3%) patients, 4 of whom had EVDs and 3 of whom had VP shunts. CONCLUSION: The placement of intraventricular catheters by neurosurgeons remains a relatively safe and effective procedure that is associated with infrequent rates of symptomatic hemorrhage and infection. PMID- 18923817 TI - Inhibition of cerebral vasoconstriction by dantrolene and nimodipine. AB - INTRODUCTION: Cerebral vasoconstriction is associated with increased cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration in vascular smooth muscle, presumably due to Ca(2+) influx and Ca(2+) release from intracellular stores. We tested the hypothesis that dantrolene (a blocker of Ca(2+)-induced Ca(2+) release from the ryanodine receptor channel on the sarco-endoplasmic reticulum) would potentiate the action of nimodipine (a voltage-dependent L-type Ca(2+) channel blocker, considered standard therapy for SAH) in inhibiting the vasoconstriction of isolated cerebral arteries. METHOD: Sprague-Dawley rat basilar and femoral arteries were analyzed for ryanodine receptor expression by immunofluorescence and PCR. Vasoconstriction of basilar artery ex vivo was measured in a wire myograph while exposed to serotonin (5-HT) or endothelin-1 (ET-1) in the presence or absence of dantrolene (10-100 muM) and/or nimodipine (30 nM). Femoral artery was examined for comparison. RESULTS: Basilar and femoral arteries express only the ryanodine receptor 3 (RyR3) isoform. In both basilar and femoral arteries, dantrolene significantly inhibited the constriction to 5-HT, whereas it poorly affected the constriction to ET-1. The inhibitory effect of dantrolene on 5-HT was substantially increased by nimodipine, inducing a 10-fold increase in the 50% effective concentration of 5-HT and a 46% reduction in maximum basilar constriction. In femoral artery, dantrolene modestly affected constriction to phenylephrine and there was no interaction with nimodipine. CONCLUSION: Dantrolene has synergistic effects with nimodipine against 5-HT-induced vasoconstriction in isolated cerebral arteries. Dantrolene-nimodipine interaction will require testing in a pathophysiological model but might provide treatment for reducing SAH-related vasospasm or other 5-HT-related vasospastic syndromes, such as Call-Fleming syndrome. PMID- 18923815 TI - The results of cataract nigra cases operated with the mini-nuc technique. AB - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the mini-nuc technique for the removal of brunescent and black cataracts. A prospective study was carried out in 33 eyes of 33 patients with cataract nigra operated with the mini-nuc technique between April 2002 and June 2003. Slit-lamp examinations, intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements, and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were assessed pre- and postoperatively. Accompanying systemic diseases were noted. Intraoperative and postoperative complications were evaluated. Unilateral eyes of 33 patients (18 male [54.5%], 15 female [45.5%]) aged between 65 and 90 years (mean 72 years) were operated with the mini-nuc technique. Preoperative BCVA values varied between light perception and 0.2 in the Snellen chart. Intraocular lenses (IOL) were implanted into all of the patients (27 in-the-bag [81.8%], four to sulcus [12.1%], and two with scleral fixation [6.1%]). During the surgery, five patients (15.15%) had zonular dialysis and two (6.1%) had posterior capsule rupture and vitreous loss. Postoperatively, three (9.1%) rises in IOP, two (6.1%) hyphema, and one (3%) IOL subluxation were observed. At the first day visit, the mean of the uncorrected visual acuities (UCVA) was 0.5 in the Snellen chart. At the third month visit, the mean BCVA was observed to be 0.8. The residual mean astigmatism was 0.75 D against the rule. The mini-nuc technique was effective in removing brunescent and black cataracts with a low rate of serious complications. The mini-nuc technique, which is also performed with a small incision and without sutures, might be an alternative to phacoemulsification in cases of cataract nigra. PMID- 18923818 TI - The role of thyroid hormone on cerebellar development. AB - Thyroid hormone plays a crucial role in cerebellar development. Deficiency of thyroid hormone results in abnormal cerebellar growth and differentiation. In rodent, thyroid hormone mainly affects cerebellar development during the first 2 weeks of postnatal life. Thyroid hormone replacement after such critical period cannot fully rescue abnormal cerebellar development induced by perinatal hypothyroidism. Thyroid hormone receptor (TR) is a ligand-regulated transcription factor that binds to a specific DNA sequence called thyroid-hormone-responsive element. TR recruits various coregulators such as coactivator and corepressor in a ligand-dependent manner to regulate transcription of target genes. In cerebellum, at least three different TRs are expressed in a cell-specific manner. TRbeta1 is expressed predominantly in the Purkinje cell, whereas TRalpha1 in other subset of neurons. Although these TRs are widely expressed during the cerebellar development and their levels are greater in adult, the expression of many thyroid-hormone-responsive genes is altered by thyroid hormone status only during early postnatal critical period. Not only the expression levels of TRs but also those of cofactors and other nuclear receptors may play a role in regulating thyroid hormone sensitivity in the developing cerebellum. In this article, the effect of thyroid hormone on morphological development of cerebellum and molecular mechanisms of thyroid hormone action are introduced. Furthermore, possible involvement of other nuclear receptors and cofactors in thyroid hormone action in the developing cerebellum is also discussed. PMID- 18923819 TI - Male fighting and "territoriality" within colonies of the ant Cardiocondyla venustula. AB - The ant genus Cardiocondyla is characterized by a bizarre male polymorphism with wingless fighter males and winged disperser males. Winged males have been lost convergently in several clades, and in at least one of them, wingless males have evolved mutual tolerance. To better understand the evolutionary pathways of reproductive tactics, we investigated Cardiocondyla venustula, a species, which in a phylogenetic analysis clusters with species with fighting and species with mutually tolerant, wingless males. Wingless males of C. venustula use their strong mandibles to kill freshly eclosed rival males and also engage in short fights with other adult males, but in addition show a novel behavior hitherto not reported from social insect males: they spread out in the natal nest and defend "territories" against other males. Ant males therefore show a much larger variety of reproductive tactics than previously assumed. PMID- 18923820 TI - Characterization of the V1a antagonist, JNJ-17308616, in rodent models of anxiety like behavior. AB - RATIONALE: Vasopressin (AVP) plays a role in regulating anxiety, which is thought to be partially mediated through the V1a receptor. Recently, JNJ-17308616 was identified as a V1a antagonist. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this work was to assess V1a receptor affinity and selectivity of JNJ-17308616 and in vivo efficacy in animal models of anxiety-like behavior. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The affinity of JNJ-17308616 for the human and rat V1a, V1b, V2, and oxytocin receptors was determined. Central administration of AVP induces a scratching response mediated through the V1a receptor. Inhibition of scratching was used as a behavioral measure of in vivo potency. JNJ-17308616 was tested in five models of anxiety: rat elevated plus-maze (EPM), rat-elevated zero-maze (EZM), rat-conditioned lick suppression (CLS), rat pup separation-induced ultrasonic vocalizations (USV), and mouse marble burying (MMB). RESULTS: High affinity for the human V1a receptor (K (i) 5.0 nM) was confirmed. However, the rat V1a receptor affinity was more modest (K (i) 216 nM), and the compound was not selective over the rat V2 receptor (K (i) 276 nM). At 100 mg/kg, JNJ-17308616 significantly reduced anxiety-like behavior in EPM, USV, and MMB; at 30 mg/kg, it was effective in EZM and CLS. JNJ 17308616 neither impaired social recognition nor reduced locomotor activity. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate the potential for V1a receptor antagonists as novel anxiolytics. Tool compounds that have greater V1a receptor selectivity than JNJ-17308616 are necessary to make precise conclusions about the role of the V1a receptor in affective disorders. PMID- 18923821 TI - Suitability of infrared spectroscopic imaging as an intraoperative tool in cerebral glioma surgery. AB - Infrared spectroscopic imaging is a promising intraoperative tool which enables rapid, on-site diagnosis of brain tumors during neurosurgery. A classification model was recently developed using infrared spectroscopic images from thin tissue sections to grade malignant gliomas, the most frequent class of primary brain tumor. In this study the model was applied to 54 specimens from six patients with inhomogeneous gliomas composed of regions with different tumor density and morphology. The resection was controlled using neuronavigation which transfers the findings obtained by preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) into the operating field. For comparison, all specimens were independently evaluated by histopathology after hematoxylin and eosin staining. The infrared-derived grading agreed with histopathology and MRI findings for almost all specimens. With regard to histopathological assessment, sensitivities of 100% (22/22) and 93.1% (27/29) and specificities of 96.9% (31/32) and 88.0% (22/25) were achieved, depending on whether the classification was based on the predominant or maximal tumor grade, respectively, in the specimen. Altogether, in 98% (53/54) of all specimens the decision to continue or not continue tumor resection could have been made according to the infrared spectroscopic classification. This retrospective study clearly demonstrates that infrared spectroscopic imaging may help to define tumor margins intraoperatively and to detect high-grade tumor residues for achieving more radical tumor resection. PMID- 18923822 TI - Determination of glycolic acid in cosmetics by online liquid chromatography Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. AB - An isocratic online liquid chromatography Fourier transform infrared procedure has been developed for the determination of glycolic acid in cosmetics. The method involves the ultrasound-assisted extraction of glycolic acid from the samples with an acetonitrile:phosphate buffer (25 mM, pH 2.7) (3:97 v/v). The extracts were centrifuged and filtered before their injection into the chromatography system, which was equipped with a C18 column and used a flow rate of 150 microL min(-1). FTIR spectra were acquired using a time-resolved rapid scan mode. To calculate the chromatograms, the spectral area was integrated between 1288 and 1215 cm(-1), with baseline correction established between 1319 and 1150 cm(-1), after correcting for the eluent spectral background. Peak area values of the extracted sample chromatograms were interpolated from an external calibration curve. The method provided a limit of detection of 0.034 mg mL(-1) and a relative standard deviation of 6% for five measurements at the 0.174 mg mL( 1) concentration level. Recovery values obtained by spiking 400 mg of three commercially available samples with amounts of glycolic acid from 3.7 to 9.8 mg ranged between 99.6 and 101%. The results obtained for the commercial samples agree well with their declared concentrations. An attempt to directly determine glycolic acid by attenuated total reflectance measurements using partial least squares calibration showed that results were strongly influenced by compounds coextracted from the matrix. PMID- 18923823 TI - Some pitfalls in PAGE-LA-ICP-MS for quantitative elemental speciation of dissolved organic matter and metalomics. AB - An experimental approach to evaluate the capabilities and limitations of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) for quantitative elemental speciation is presented. Two metalloproteins (superoxide dismutase, containing Cu and Zn, and thyroglobulin, containing I) with high binding affinity for metals, and metal dissolved organic matter (DOM) complexes (from a compost leachate sample) which show different types of metal binding are studied. Iodine can be quantitatively detected in thyroglobulin after PAGE-LA-ICP-MS using either sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) PAGE or native PAGE. However, detection of Cu and Zn in superoxide dismutase after PAGE-LA-ICP-MS depends on the conditions of the PAGE method because possible metal losses can occur (either with SDS-PAGE or with native PAGE). The use of PAGE-LA-ICP-MS to study the contribution of DOM to the mobilization of metals from environmental samples is possible, but it depends also on the PAGE separation conditions owing to disequilibrium effects of metal DOM complexes. PMID- 18923824 TI - Partitioning of 14C-oxalate excretion in rats during a persistent oxalate challenge. AB - This study was done to resolve published discrepancies in oxalate excretion between humans and rats and to characterize oxalate partitioning in rats during persistent severe hyperoxaluria, such as that seen in many bariatric patients. Osmotic minipumps dispensing 360 micromole/day KOx + 3.9 +/- 0.14 microCi/day (14)C-oxalate were implanted subcutaneously. All excreta were collected. Rats were killed on day 13 and carcasses were dissected, ground, dissolved in HCl, and subjected to scintillation counting, and 92.1 +/- 3.9% of total oxalate administered was recovered. This was partitioned among the skin complex (38.2 +/- 7.7%), carcass complex (24.5 +/- 5.9%), and excreta (29.5 +/- 1.9%). The distribution of oxalate in the skin and carcass complexes led us to infer that only 29.5 +/- 1.9% of the administered oxalate entered the circulation. Of the circulated oxalate, 98.4 +/- 0.4% was excreted (total urine 78.9 +/- 1.7%; raw feces 21.0 +/- 1.7%). Thus, most oxalate that does enter the circulation is promptly excreted in rats, as in humans. Consequently, even after a large, persistent oxalate challenge, very little oxalate had accumulated in the internal organs, muscle, and skeleton. Unlike humans, however, rats excrete a significant fraction of oxalate in the feces. PMID- 18923825 TI - Ion channel gates: comparative analysis of energy barriers. AB - The energetic profile of an ion translated along the axis of an ion channel should reveal whether the structure corresponds to a functionally open or closed state of the channel. In this study, we explore the combined use of Poisson Boltzmann electrostatic calculations and evaluation of van der Waals interactions between ion and pore to provide an initial appraisal of the gating state of a channel. This approach is exemplified by its application to the bacterial inward rectifier potassium channel KirBac3.1, where it reveals the closed gate to be formed by a ring of leucine (L124) side chains. We have extended this analysis to a comparative survey of gating profiles, including model hydrophobic nanopores, the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, and a number of potassium channel structures and models. This enables us to identify three gating regimes, and to show the limitation of this computationally inexpensive method. For a (closed) gate radius of 0.4 nm < R < 0.8 nm, a hydrophobic gate may be present. For a gate radius of 0.2 nm < R < 0.4 nm, both electrostatic and van der Waals interactions will contribute to the barrier height. Below R = 0.2 nm, repulsive van der Waals interactions are likely to dominate, resulting in a sterically occluded gate. In general, the method is more useful when the channel is wider; for narrower channels, the flexibility of the protein may allow otherwise-unsurmountable energetic barriers to be overcome. PMID- 18923826 TI - Physical properties of the specific PapG-galabiose binding in E. coli P pili mediated adhesion. AB - Detailed analyses of the mechanisms that mediate binding of the uropathogenic Escherichia coli to host cells are essential, as attachment is a prerequisite for the subsequent infection process. We explore, by means of force measuring optical tweezers, the interaction between the galabiose receptor and the adhesin PapG expressed by P pili on single bacterial cells. Two variants of dynamic force spectroscopy were applied based on constant and non-linear loading force. The specific PapG-galabiose binding showed typical slip-bond behaviour in the force interval (30-100 pN) set by the pilus intrinsic biomechanical properties. Moreover, it was found that the bond has a thermodynamic off-rate and a bond length of 2.6 x 10(-3) s(-1) and 5.0 A, respectively. Consequently, the PapG galabiose complex is significantly stronger than the internal bonds in the P pilus structure that stabilizes the helical chain-like macromolecule. This finding suggests that the specific binding is strong enough to enable the P pili rod to unfold when subjected to strong shear forces in the urinary tract. The unfolding process of the P pili rod promotes the formation of strong multipili interaction, which is important for the bacterium to maintain attachment to the host cells. PMID- 18923827 TI - Effect of odhA overexpression and odhA antisense RNA expression on Tween-40 triggered glutamate production by Corynebacterium glutamicum. AB - Recent studies have suggested that a decrease in the specific activity of the 2 oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (ODHC) is important for glutamate overproduction by Corynebacterium glutamicum. To further investigate the role of the odhA gene and its product in this process, we constructed the recombinant strains of C. glutamicum in which the expression of the odhA and its product could be controlled by odhA overexpression and odhA antisense RNA expression. We examined changes in glutamate production and ODHC specific activity of the constructed strains during glutamate production triggered by Tween 40 addition. The ODHC specific activity increased with odhA overexpression, resulting in dramatically reduced glutamate production despite Tween 40 addition, indicating that a decrease in the specific activity of ODHC is required for glutamate production induced by Tween 40 addition. However, odhA antisense RNA expression alone did not result in glutamate overproduction in spite of the decrease in ODHC specific activity. Rather, it enhanced glutamate production triggered by Tween 40 addition due to the additional decrease in ODHC specific activity, suggesting that odhA antisense RNA expression is effective in enhancing Tween-40-triggered glutamate overproduction. Our results suggest that a change in ODHC specific activity is critical but is not the only factor responsible for glutamate overproduction by C. glutamicum. PMID- 18923828 TI - Comparative proteome analysis of robust Saccharomyces cerevisiae insights into industrial continuous and batch fermentation. AB - A robust Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain has been widely applied in continuous and batch/fed-batch industrial fermentation. However, little is known about the molecular basis of fermentative behavior of this strain in the two realistic fermentation processes. In this paper, we presented comparative proteomic profiling of the industrial yeast in the industrial fermentation processes. The expression levels of most identified protein were closely interrelated with the different stages of fermentation processes. Our results indicate that, among the 47 identified protein spots, 17 of them belonging to 12 enzymes were involved in pentose phosphate, glycolysis, and gluconeogenesis pathways and glycerol biosynthetic process, indicating that a number of pathways will need to be inactivated to improve ethanol production. The differential expressions of eight oxidative response and heat-shock proteins were also identified, suggesting that it is necessary to keep the correct cellular redox or osmotic state in the two industrial fermentation processes. Moreover, there are significant differences in changes of protein levels between the two industrial fermentation processes, especially these proteins associated with the glycolysis and gluconeogenesis pathways. These findings provide a molecular understanding of physiological adaptation of industrial strain for optimizing the performance of industrial bioethanol fermentation. PMID- 18923829 TI - Baculovirus production for gene therapy: the role of cell density, multiplicity of infection and medium exchange. AB - One of the major concerns regarding the use of insect cells and baculovirus expression vectors for the production of recombinant proteins is the drop in production observed when infecting cultures at high cell densities; this work attempts to understand this so-called cell density effect in the scope of baculovirus production for gene therapy purposes. A Spodoptera frugiperda insect cell line (Sf-9) was cultured and infected in serum-free medium, and the patterns of production of a recombinant baculovirus expressing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) were analyzed at different cell concentrations at infection (CCIs) and multiplicities of infection (MOIs). The results confirm that a cell density effect on productivity occurs which is dependent on the MOI used, with a high MOI "delaying" the drop in production to higher cell densities. Medium replacement at the time of infection using a high MOI considerably improved baculovirus production, with the different production indicators, namely the titer, specific yield, amplification factor, and time of harvesting, increasing with cell concentration for the CCI range tested. Virus titers as high as 2.6 x 10(10) IP x mL(-1) were obtained in cultures infected at 3.5 x 10(6) cells x mL(-1), while the amplification factor was roughly 19 times higher than the highest value obtained without medium exchange. PMID- 18923830 TI - Artificial plasmid engineered to simulate multiple biological threat agents. AB - The objective of this study was to develop a non-virulent simulant to replace several virulent organisms during the development of detection and identification methods for biological threat agents. We identified and selected specific genes to detect Yersinia pestis, Francisella tularensis, Burkholderia mallei, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Rickettsia sp., Coxiella burnetii, Brucella sp., enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7, Bacillus anthracis, and variola (smallpox) virus. We then designed and engineered a non-infectious simulant that included the nucleic-acid signature of each microorganism in a single chimerical molecule. Here, we reported an approach that by direct (de novo) chemical synthesis permitted the production of a single chimerical construct 2,040 bp long that included the nucleic-acid signature of the bacterial and viral biological threat agents listed above without requiring access to these agents. Sequences corresponding to each one of the biological agents in the synthetic simulant were amplified by PCR, resulting in amplicons of the expected length, of similar intensity, and without any detectable unspecific products. The novel simulant described here could reduce the need for infectious agents in the development of detection and diagnostic methods and should also be useful as a non-virulent positive control in nucleic-acid-based tests against biological threat agents. PMID- 18923831 TI - Outcome of carpal tunnel decompression: the influence of age, gender, and occupation. AB - The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of age, gender, and occupation on the outcome of carpal tunnel decompression. A total of 479 patients (342 females, 137 males) with a mean age of 56 years undergoing 608 carpal tunnel decompressions were prospectively studied. Outcome was assessed using the Brigham Hospital carpal tunnel questionnaire at two weeks pre-operatively and six months post-operatively. Cases were divided into four age categories (less than 40 years of age, 40-59, 60-79, and over 80 years of age) and two occupation (repetitive and non-repetitive) groups. The mean differences for both the symptom-severity and functional-status scores amongst the four age categories were similar and no significant difference was found. The mean differences for both the symptom severity and functional-status scores between females and males and the two occupation groups were similar and no significant differences were found. The majority of the patient's symptoms improved following carpal tunnel decompression. However, we found no influence of age, gender, or occupation on the outcome of carpal tunnel decompression in our series of patients. PMID- 18923832 TI - Leg lengthening by distraction osteogenesis using the Ilizarov apparatus: a novel concept of tibia callus subsidence and its influencing factors. AB - This article studies the incidence and magnitude of delayed callus subsidence, which will also help in study the hypothesis of three cortex corticalisation to determine the time of fixator removal during distraction osteogenesis (DO). Eighty-one tibia segments with mean lengthening of 7.7 +/- 2.9 cm were studied with age, gender, skeletal maturity, amount and percentage of lengthening, callus pattern, callus shape, number of cortices seen at the time of fixator removal, bone mineral density (BMD) ratio, and callus diameter ratio analysed for their effect on callus subsidence. All segments had tibia callus subsidence ranging from 4 mm to 3.2 cm with 54% having significant subsidence of more than 1 cm. Multivariate regression analysis revealed only the amount of lengthening and callus patterns to be significant. In conclusion, we can say that tibia callus subsidence is a significant delayed complication and factors affecting it can be used to determine the time of fixator removal. PMID- 18923833 TI - Comparative biomechanical study of the Ligament Plate and other fixation devices in ACL reconstruction. AB - The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the biomechanical properties of the Ligament Plate with other femoral fixation devices. The Ligament Plate and three different femoral fixation devices were used in fixation of 60 porcine femora and harvested porcine tendons. For each fixation device, a porcine graft-tendon complex was used for the simple load-to-failure test and the load-to-failure test after a cyclic loading test, and the maximal failure load was measured. The amount of graft elongation and failure pattern after the cyclic loading test and load-to-failure test were evaluated. In the BioScrew group, the mean maximal failure load in the load-to-failure test and load-to-failure test after a cyclic loading test was significantly lower and significant graft elongation was noted. There were no significant differences between the other groups. The Ligament Plate provided adequate initial fixation power suitable for early rehabilitation. PMID- 18923834 TI - Mutations in the paralogous human alpha-globin genes yielding identical hemoglobin variants. AB - The human alpha-globin genes are paralogues, sharing a high degree of DNA sequence similarity and producing an identical alpha-globin chain. Over half of the alpha-globin structural variants reported to date are only characterized at the amino acid level. It is likely that a fraction of these variants, with phenotypes differing from one observation to another, may be due to the same mutation but on a different alpha-globin gene. There have been very few previous examples of hemoglobin variants that can be found at both HBA1 and HBA2 genes. Here, we report the results of a systematic multicenter study in a large multiethnic population to identify such variants and to analyze their differences from a functional and evolutionary perspective. We identified 14 different Hb variants resulting from identical mutations on either one of the two human alpha globin paralogue genes. We also showed that the average percentage of hemoglobin variants due to a HBA2 gene mutation (alpha2) is higher than the percentage of hemoglobin variants due to the same HBA1 gene mutation (alpha1) and that the alpha2/alpha1 ratio varied between variants. These alpha-globin chain variants have most likely occurred via recurrent mutations, gene conversion events, or both. Based on these data, we propose a nomenclature for hemoglobin variants that fall into this category. PMID- 18923835 TI - Impact of 789Ala/Ala genotype on quantitative type of von Willebrand disease. AB - von Willebrand factor (VWF) is a complex multimeric plasma glycoprotein encoded by an approximately 178-kb large VWF gene located on the short arm of chromosome 12 (12p13.2). VWF plays an important role in hemostasis through binding with platelet GpIbalpha receptors. We made an attempt to correlate the 789Ala/Ala genotype of the VWF with VWF:Ag level in different types of unrelated von Willebrand disease (VWD) patients and healthy controls. VWF assays and other coagulation screening tests have been done for all 103 (50 male, 53 female) different types of index VWD patients including 19 type 1, 55 type 2, and 29 type 3 VWD patients. Genotypes were detected by polymerase chain reactions followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism. The genotype 789Ala/Ala was found in 26.3% type 1 and in 31.0% type 3 patients. This genotype was not found in any of type 2 patient or healthy controls. Overall, 789Ala/Ala genotype was found significantly higher (P < 0.001) in quantitative type (type 1 and type 3) VWD that is occurred due to low VWF:Ag level. These results demonstrate that mutant homozygous 789Ala/Ala genotype of this polymorphism probably have their functional implications for low plasma VWF:Ag level in quantitative type of VWD. PMID- 18923836 TI - Sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis of long duration is associated with relatively mild TDP-43 pathology. AB - Recently, sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (SALS), a fatal neurological disease, has been shown to be a multisystem proteinopathy of TDP-43 in which both neurons and glial cells in the central nervous system are widely affected. In general, the natural history of SALS is short (<5 years). However, it is also known that a few patients may survive for 10 years or more, even without artificial respiratory support (ARS). In the present study using TDP-43 immunohistochemistry, we examined various regions of the nervous system in six patients with SALS of long duration (10-20 years) without ARS, in whom lower motor-predominant disease with Bunina bodies and ubiquitinated inclusions (UIs) in the affected lower motor neurons was confirmed. One case also showed UIs in the hippocampal dentate granule cells (UDG). In all cases, except one with UDG, the occurrence of TDP-43-immunoreactive (ir) neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions (NCIs) was confined to a few regions in the spinal cord and brainstem, including the anterior horns. In one case with UDG, TDP-43-ir NCIs were also detected in the substantia nigra, and some regions of the cerebrum, including the hippocampal dentate gyrus (granule cells). The number of neurons displaying NCIs in each region was very small (1-3 per region, except the dentate gyrus). On the other hand, the occurrence of TDP-43-ir glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs) was more widespread in the central nervous system, including the cerebral white matter. Again, however, the number of glial cells displaying GCIs in each region was very small (1-3 per region). In conclusion, compared to the usual form of SALS, TDP-43 pathology shown in SALS of long duration was apparently mild in degree and limited in distribution, corresponding to the relatively benign clinical courses observed. It is now apparent that SALS of long duration is actually part of a TDP 43 proteinopathy spectrum. PMID- 18923837 TI - Inclusion-positive cell types in adult-onset intranuclear inclusion body disease: implications for clinical diagnosis. AB - The distribution of inclusions in adult-onset type intranuclear inclusion body disease (INIBD) has not been fully described. We analyzed the clinical and pathological changes of three autopsy cases of adult type INIBD and provide a detailed description of the distribution of inclusions in nervous system and visceral organs. Although patients showed cognitive decline and autonomic dysfunction, there were no specific symptoms related to general organs. The neuropathological changes responsible for cognitive decline and autonomic dysfunction were considered to be white matter changes in the cerebral hemispheres and inclusions in the autonomic nervous system, e.g., in the sympathetic ganglia and myenteric plexus. Alterations of spongiosis with both myelin and axon loss in the cerebral white matter seemed to be related to dysfunction of astrocytes with intranuclear inclusions. In visceral organs, the inclusions were much more widely distributed than previously appreciated and included renal mesangial cells, adrenal sustentacular cells, fibrocytes, Kupffer cells, pancreatic centroacinar and ductal epithelial cells. Since skeletal muscle cells, Schwann cells and smooth muscle cells were also inclusion positive, we propose that biopsy of muscle, peripheral nerve or rectum may prove useful for the clinical diagnosis of INIBD. PMID- 18923838 TI - Rheopheresis for idiopathic sudden hearing loss: results from a large prospective, multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial. AB - Idiopathic sudden hearing loss (ISHL) has been suggested to precipitate as final common pathway of microcirculatory impairment of the inner ear associated with a variety of etiologies and characterized by a local hyperviscosity syndrome in cochlear vessels. Therefore, we investigated the effect of Rheopheresis, a method of therapeutic apheresis reducing plasma viscosity and improving microcirculation on hearing recovery. Patients were randomly assigned to receive two Rheopheresis treatments, or treatment according to current German guidelines consisting either of i.v. corticosteroids (methylprednisolon 250 mg for 3 days and subsequent oral dosing with tapering to zero) or i.v. hemodilution (500 mL 6% hydroxyethyl starch plus 600 mg pentoxifylline per day), each applied for 10 days. The primary outcome parameter was absolute recovery of hearing as measured by pure tone audiometry 10 days after the start of treatment. Secondary outcomes were recovery of hearing at day 42, the improvement of speech audiometry, tinnitus and feeling of pressure and the frequency of adverse events. In total, 240 patients with sudden hearing loss were enrolled from otorhinolaryngological departments at hospitals as well as out-patient clinics in Germany. Analysis was performed for the intention-to-treat as well as per protocol population. Mean absolute recovery of hearing on day 10 within the intention-to-treat population (ITT, n = 193) was 23.95 dB (SD 15.05) in the Rheopheresis group and 24.29 dB (SD 15.48) in the control group. Equal efficacy of Rheopheresis and tested standard treatments was demonstrated (P = 0.00056). Single Rheopheresis led to a higher recovery of hearing after 48 h in patients with high plasma viscosity (>1.8 mPas s; P = 0.029) or high total protein (>74 g/dL; P = 0.02). However, an overall good recovery of ISHL was observed with none of the tested therapies being superior regarding the primary outcome parameter. Improvement of health-related quality of life as documented by the SF36 was higher in the Rheopheresis group, exhibiting a significant difference for the physical summary scale at the final follow-up at day 42 (P = 0.006). In conclusion, Rheopheresis proved to be an effective treatment option within the ENT armamentarium for ISHL. Two Rheopheresis treatments within 3 days lasting for about 2 h each could be used to replace a 10 day infusion regimen, especially in patients who desire fast recovery from acute hearing loss. Also, this may be a second line treatment option for patients refractory to i.v. corticosteroids or hemodilution. PMID- 18923839 TI - Possible association of Down syndrome and exstrophy-epispadias complex: report of two new cases and review of the literature. AB - In the past, several midline defects have been associated with Down syndrome (DS) on a regular basis, e.g. heart defects, cleft lip and palate, neural tube defects, omphalocele and anal atresia. The exstrophy-epispadias complex (EEC) represents a rare midline defect, rarely described in association with DS. Here, we report on the co-occurrence of DS and EEC in two, so far, unreported cases and present a review of the literature. We suggest that EEC represents a rare but inherent part in the spectrum of DS-associated midline defects. PMID- 18923840 TI - Untreated congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. AB - Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is an inherited metabolic disease caused by the deficiency of one of the enzymes necessary for cortisol synthesis. With carefully supervised medical treatment, CAH patients have the capacity for normal puberty and fertility. We report on a 12.4-year-old female who, because of the early interruption of treatment, developed progressive virilization with reduced final height and altered psycho-social orientation to male. One of the reasons for interrupting replacement therapy in our case was the difficult social and economic status of the family, who lived for many years without basic medical care. PMID- 18923841 TI - Clinical presentation of celiac disease and the diagnostic accuracy of serologic markers in children. AB - There has been growing recognition of a changing clinical presentation of celiac disease (CD), with the manifestation of milder symptoms. Serologic testing is widely used to screen patients with suspected CD and populations at risk. The aim of this retrospective analysis was to evaluate the clinical presentation of CD in childhood, assess the diagnostic value of serologic tests, and investigate the impact of IgA deficiency on diagnostic accuracy. We evaluated 206 consecutive children with suspected CD on the basis of clinical symptoms and positive serology results. Ninety-four (46%) had biopsy-proven CD. The median age at diagnosis of CD was 6.8 years; 15% of the children were <2 years of age. There was a higher incidence of CD in girls (p = 0.003). Iron deficiency and intestinal complaints were more frequent in children with CD than those without CD (61% vs. 33%, p = 0.0001 and 71% vs. 55%, p = 0.02, respectively), while failure to thrive was less common (35% vs. 53%, p = 0.02). The sensitivity of IgA tissue transglutaminase (IgA-tTG) was 0.98 when including all children and 1.00 after excluding children with selective IgA deficiency. The specificity of IgA-tTG was 0.73 using the recommended cut-off value of 20 IU, and this improved to 0.94 when using a higher cut-off value of 100 IU. All children with CD and relative IgA deficiency (IgA levels that are measurable but below the age reference [n = 8]) had elevated IgA-tTG. In conclusion, CD is frequently diagnosed in school-age children with relatively mild symptoms. The absence of intestinal symptoms does not preclude the diagnosis of CD; many children with CD do not report intestinal symptoms. While the sensitivity of IgA-tTG is excellent, its specificity is insufficient for the diagnostic confirmation of a disease requiring life-long dietary restrictions. Children with negative IgA-tTG and decreased but measurable IgA values are unlikely to have CD. PMID- 18923842 TI - Echinococcus multilocularis--adaptation of a worm egg isolation procedure coupled with a multiplex PCR assay to carry out large-scale screening of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Norway. AB - Echinococcus multilocularis, causing alveolar echinococcosis in humans, is a highly pathogenic emerging zoonotic disease in central Europe. The gold standard for the identification of this parasite in the main host, the red fox, namely identification of the adult parasite in the intestine at necropsy, is very laborious. Copro-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with confirmatory polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been suggested as an acceptable alternative, but no commercial copro-ELISA tests are currently available and an in-house test is therefore required. Published methods for taeniid egg isolation and a multiplex PCR assay for simultaneous identification of E. multilocularis, E. granulosus and other cestodes were adapted to be carried out on pooled faecal samples from red foxes in Norway. None of the 483 fox faecal samples screened were PCR-positive for E. multilocularis, indicating an apparent prevalence of between 0% and 1.5%. The advantages and disadvantages of using the adapted method are discussed as well as the results pertaining to taeniid and non-taeniid cestodes as identified by multiplex PCR. PMID- 18923843 TI - Immunization with recombinant actin from Trypanosoma evansi induces protective immunity against T. evansi, T. equiperdum and T. b. brucei infection. AB - Actin gene of Trypanosoma evansi (STIB 806) was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The predicted amino acid sequence of T. evansi actin shows 100%, 98.7%, and 93.1%, homology with Trypanosoma equiperdum, Trypanosoma brucei brucei, and Trypanosoma cruzi. Recombinant actin was expressed as inclusion bodies in E. coli. It was purified and renatured for immunological studies. Mice immunized with the renatured recombinant actin were protected from lethal challenge with T. evansi STIB 806, T. equiperdum STIB 818, and T. b. brucei STIB 940, showing 63.3%, 56.7%, and 53.3% protection, respectively. Serum collected from the rabbit immunized with recombinant actin inhibited the growth of T. evansi, T. equiperdum, and T. b. brucei in vitro cultivation. Serum from mice and rabbits immunized with recombinant actin only recognized T. evansi actin but not mouse actin. The results of this study suggest that the recombinant T. evansi actin induces protective immunity against T. evansi, T. equiperdum, and T. b. brucei infection and may be useful in the development of a vaccine with other cytoskeletal proteins to prevent animal trypanosomiasis caused by these three trypanosome species. PMID- 18923844 TI - Association of Blastocystis subtype 3 and 1 with patients from an Oregon community presenting with chronic gastrointestinal illness. AB - Chronic gastrointestinal illness of unknown etiology is a significant problem in the United States. Using a real-time LightCycler PCR assay we detected Blastocystis in nine patients from a metropolitan area of Corvallis, Oregon who presented with diarrhea, abdominal pain, fatigue, joint pain, skin rash and psychiatric co-morbidity. Phylogenetic analysis identified six infections with Blastocystis sp. subtype 3, and one with subtype 1, using the standard Stensvold nomenclature. Most patients with subtype 3 had previously tested negative with conventional parasitological diagnostics, had been symptomatic for over 4 years, and reported antibiotic failure. PMID- 18923846 TI - Dynamic microbial response under ethanol stress to monitor Saccharomyces cerevisiae activity in different initial physiological states. AB - Dynamic Saccharomyces cerevisiae responses to increasing ethanol stresses were investigated to monitor yeast viability and to optimize bioprocess performance when gradients occurred due to the specific configuration of multi-stage bioreactors with cell recycling or of large volume industrial bioreactors inducing chemical heterogeneities. Twelve fed-batch cultures were carried out with initial ethanol concentrations (P(in)) ranging from 5 g l(-1) to 110 g l(-1) with three different inoculums in different physiological states in terms of viability and quantity of ethanol produced (P(o)). For a given initial cell viability of 50%, the time to reach the maximum growth rate and maximum ethanol production rate was dependent on the difference P(in) - P(o). Whatever the initial physiological state, when the initial ethanol concentration P(in) reached 100 g l(-1), the yeasts died. Experimental results showed that the initial physiological state of the yeast was the major parameter to determine, the microorganisms' capacities to adapt and resist environmental changes. PMID- 18923845 TI - Thymic alterations in mice deficient for the SNARE protein VAMP8/endobrevin. AB - SNARE (soluble-N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment receptor) proteins mediate the recognition and fusion of transport vesicles in eukaryotic cells. The SNARE protein VAMP8 (also called endobrevin) is involved in the fusion of late endosomes and in some pathways of regulated exocytosis. In a subset of mice deficient for the SNARE protein VAMP8, a severe alteration of the thymus and in T lymphocyte development was observed and characterized. The size of the thymus and the number of thymocytes were dramatically reduced compared with those in heterozygous littermates. Further, the compartmentalization into cortex and medulla and the organization of the thymus epithelium were disturbed. The numbers of all thymocyte subpopulations were reduced, with the CD4 and CD8 double positive thymocytes being most severely affected. The proportion of proliferating thymocytes was reduced, and the staining of apoptotic cells in situ and ex vivo indicated an increased number of apoptotic cells. Isolated thymocytes of Vamp8 ( /-) mice were more susceptible to various apoptotic stimuli including glucocorticoids, FAS receptor, and CD3/CD28-mediated signaling in vitro, even before an increased number of apoptotic cells was detectable in situ. However, bone marrow of phenotypically affected Vamp8 (-/-) mice was readily able to repopulate immunodeficient hosts suggesting that the SNARE protein VAMP8 has a specific function in the thymic stroma affecting the proliferation and apoptosis of T lymphocytes during maturation in the thymus. PMID- 18923847 TI - Study on immunosensor based on gold nanoparticles/chitosan and MnO2 nanoparticles composite membrane/Prussian blue modified gold electrode. AB - A novel and convenient immunosensor, based on the electrostatic adsorption characteristics between the positively charged MnO(2) nanoparticles (nano-MnO(2)) and chitosan (CS) composite membrane (nano-MnO(2) + CS) and the negatively charged prussian blue (PB), was prepared for the detection of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Firstly, PB was electro-deposited on the surface of the gold electrode in the constant potential, and then nano-MnO(2) + CS was adsorbed onto PB-modified electrode surface. Subsequently, Gold nanoparticles (nano-Au) were electro-deposited on the nano-MnO(2) + CS-modified electrode to immobilize antibody CEA (anti-CEA). Finally, bovine serum albumin (BSA) was employed to block sites against nonspecific binding. In our study, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the fabricated process of the immunosensor. The immunosensor put up a rapid response time, high sensitivity and stability. Under the optimized conditions, cyclic voltammograms(CVs) determination of CEA displayed a broader linear response to CEA in two ranges, from 0.25 to 8.0 ng/mL, and from 8.0 to 100 ng/mL, with a relative low-detection limit of 0.083 ng/mL at three times the background and noise. The originality of the preparation of the immunosensor lies in not only using the synergistic effect of two kinds of nanomaterials (nano-MnO(2) and nano Au) to immobilize anti-CEA, but also using nano-MnO(2) + CS to furnish a media transferring electron path. What is more, the researched methodology was efficient and potentially attractive for clinical immunoassays. PMID- 18923848 TI - Thrombotic microangiopathy in a pediatric patient: question. PMID- 18923850 TI - Reviewer's comment concerning "Technical factors related to the incidence of adjacent superior segment facet joint violation after transpedicular instrumentation in the lumbar spine" (Zhao Jie et al., MS-No. ESJO-D-08-00308). PMID- 18923852 TI - Rational design of antithrombotic peptides to target the von Willebrand factor (vWf)--GPIb integrin interaction. AB - Conventional antithrombotic drug discovery requires testing of large numbers of drug candidates. We used computer-aided macromolecular interaction assessment (MIAX) to select antithrombotic molecules that mimic and therefore block platelet GPIb's binding to von Willebrand factor (vWf), an early step in thrombus formation. We screened a random array of 15-mer D-amino acid peptides for binding vWf. Structures of 4 candidate peptides were inferred by comparison to sequences in protein databases, conversion from the L to D conformations and molecular dynamics (MD) determinations of those most energetically stable. By MIAX, we deduced the amino acids and intermolecular hydrogen bonds contributing to the GPIb-vWf interaction interface. We docked the peptides onto vWf in silico to localize their binding sites and consequent potential for preventing GPIb-vWf binding. In vitro inhibition of ristocetin-initiated platelet agglutination confirmed peptide function and suitability for antithrombotic development, thereby validating this novel approach to drug discovery. PMID- 18923853 TI - Surface and interlayer structure of vermiculite intercalated with methyl viologen. AB - Molecular modeling using empirical force field revealed the differences between the surface and interlayer arrangement of the dye guest molecules in vermiculite intercalated with the divalent methyl viologen cation (MV(2+)). Conformation and anchoring of MV(2+) cations on the silicate layer in the interlayer space of vermiculite host structure is different from that on the crystal surface. A preferential position has been found for the anchoring of guests on the silicate layer. Anyway the arrangement of guests in the interlayer space as well as on the crystal surface exhibits a high degree of disorder due to a certain flexibility in guest molecules arrangement and first of all due to the presence of water molecules in the interlayer space. The presence of water disturbs not only the regularity in guest positions and orientations but also in conformation of guest molecules in the interlayer space of the host structure. PMID- 18923851 TI - Replacement of the axial histidine heme ligand with cysteine in nitrophorin 1: spectroscopic and crystallographic characterization. AB - To evaluate the potential of using heme-containing lipocalin nitrophorin 1 (NP1) as a template for protein engineering, we have replaced the native axial heme coordinating histidine residue with glycine, alanine, and cysteine. We report here the characterization of the cysteine mutant H60C_NP1 by spectroscopic and crystallographic methods. The UV/vis, resonance Raman, and magnetic circular dichroism spectra suggest weak thiolate coordination of the ferric heme in the H60C_NP1 mutant. Reduction to the ferrous state resulted in loss of cysteine coordination, while addition of exogenous imidazole ligands gave coordination changes that varied with the ligand. Depending on the substitution of the imidazole, we could distinguish three heme coordination states: five-coordinate monoimidazole, six-coordinate bisimidazole, and six-coordinate imidazole/thiolate. Ligand binding affinities were measured and found to be generally 2-3 orders of magnitude lower for the H60C mutant relative to NP1. Two crystal structures of the H60C_NP1 in complex with imidazole and histamine were solved to 1.7- and 1.96-A resolution, respectively. Both structures show that the H60C mutation is well tolerated by the protein scaffold and suggest that heme thiolate coordination in H60C_NP1 requires some movement of the heme within its binding cavity. This adjustment may be responsible for the ease with which the engineered heme-thiolate coordination can be displaced by exogenous ligands. PMID- 18923854 TI - Density functional theory and Moller-Plesset studies of hindered rotations of acetone. AB - The hindered rotations of acetone were studied density functional theory (B3LYP) and second order Moller-Plesset approaches using 6-31G** and 6-311G** basis sets. One of the CH(3) groups of acetone with fixed heavy atoms was rotated from 0.0 to 120 degrees, and CCH angles were scanned from 90.3 to 130.3 degrees to cover the potential energy surface of interest; a circular valley was obtained with the deepest potential value at a CCH angle equal to 109.3 degrees. Potential energy profiles were then calculated by assuming that the molecular geometry could relax during rotation (i.e., each value of the torsion angle of the molecular geometry was optimized). Next, the two methyl groups were both rotated clockwise, and then one was rotated clockwise and the other counterclockwise. Using the variation method, and utilizing the first 20 harmonic oscillator wave functions, the energy levels, relative transition moment and relative transition intensities of the component of the hindered rotation nu(2) (125.16 cm(-1)) were computed in a one dimensional Schrodinger equation. The first three energy levels were almost degenerate; the next three were opened up, and the seventh energy level appeared above the level where tunneling can occur. PMID- 18923855 TI - Production of xylanase by Aspergilli using alternative carbon sources: application of the crude extract on cellulose pulp biobleaching. AB - The ability of xylanolytic enzymes produced by Aspergillus fumigatus RP04 and Aspergillus niveus RP05 to promote the biobleaching of cellulose pulp was investigated. Both fungi grew for 4-5 days in liquid medium at 40 degrees C, under static conditions. Xylanase production was tested using different carbon sources, including some types of xylans. A. fumigatus produced high levels of xylanase on agricultural residues (corncob or wheat bran), whereas A. niveus produced more xylanase on birchwood xylan. The optimum temperature of the xylanases from A. fumigatus and A. niveus was around 60-70 degrees C. The enzymes were stable for 30 min at 60 degrees C, maintaining 95-98% of the initial activity. After 1 h at this temperature, the xylanase from A. niveus still retained 85% of initial activity, while the xylanase from A. fumigatus was only 40% active. The pH optimum of the xylanases was acidic (4.5-5.5). The pH stability for the xylanase from A. fumigatus was higher at pH 6.0-8.0, while the enzyme from A. niveus was more stable at pH 4.5-6.5. Crude enzymatic extracts were used to clarify cellulose pulp and the best result was obtained with the A. niveus preparation, showing kappa efficiency around 39.6% as compared to only 11.7% for that of A. fumigatus. PMID- 18923856 TI - Brain and mind operational architectonics and man-made "machine" consciousness. AB - To build a true conscious robot requires that a robot's "brain" be capable of supporting the phenomenal consciousness as human's brain enjoys. Operational Architectonics framework through exploration of the temporal structure of information flow and inter-area interactions within the network of functional neuronal populations [by examining topographic sharp transition processes in the scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) on the millisecond scale] reveals and describes the EEG architecture which is analogous to the architecture of the phenomenal world. This suggests that the task of creating the "machine" consciousness would require a machine implementation that can support the kind of hierarchical architecture found in EEG. PMID- 18923858 TI - Divisional committee meeting in turin, Italy, 20th september 2008. PMID- 18923857 TI - Mirror writing in pre-school children: a pilot study. AB - Mirror writing refers to the production of individual letters, whole words or sentences in reverse direction. Unintentional mirror writing has been observed in young children learning to write and interpreted as the manifestation of different cognitive impairments. We report on mirror writing instances in a sample of 108 pre-school children. Results showed MW to be age-related but independent from handedness and left-right discrimination abilities. We propose an account of mirror writing as reflecting dissociation between acquired motor programmes for letter shape composition and unspecified spatial direction of hand movements. Before learning to write, the child's directional cognitive system is assumed to be dichotomous, thus inducing the production of randomly oriented asymmetrical letters. PMID- 18923859 TI - Implications of GM-crop cultivation-series. PMID- 18923860 TI - Part IV-sorption of hydrophobic organic contaminants. AB - BACKGROUND, AIM, AND SCOPE: Behavior of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) in the environment has attracted research interest for more than three decades. It has been clearly concluded that humic substances (HSs), which are the main content of soil/sediment organic matter (SOM) and dissolved organic matter (DOM), controls the sorption of HOCs in soils/sediments. In order to predict the movement of HOCs in the environment, many studies have been conducted to relate HOCs sorption characteristics with HS chemical properties. However, no consensus has been reached on precisely what HS chemical properties regulate HOC sorption, indicating that other HS properties (besides chemical properties) may also control HOC-HS interactions. MAIN FEATURES: Increasing amounts of research reveal that SOM physical properties can affect the accessibility of HOCs to SOM sorption sites and thus are of great importance for altering HOC-SOM interactions. Therefore, different from the past reviews on HOCs sorption in soils/sediments, this current one emphasizes physical conformation of HSs for both solid and dissolved forms. RESULTS: SOM chemical properties such as aromatic content, aliphatic content, polarity, and molecular weight have all been reported to affect HOC sorption. No general model has been proposed to predict SOM sorption characteristics from any individual chemical properties. Physical conformations of both solid SOM and DOM are of great importance for altering HOC-SOM interactions. The terms of glassy and rubbery domains have been used to describe physical conformations of solid SOM, and efficiency of chemical oxidation and glassy-rubbery transition temperature are indirect methods to describe SOM rigidity. Various techniques and parameters have been employed to study DOM conformation, such as microscopic images, pyrene-probing hydrophobic region, surface tension, and zeta potential. However, DOM nonideal sorption properties are not properly regarded. DISCUSSION: HOC-DOM interactions are investigated using solubility enhancement, gas-phase partitioning, fluorescence quenching, and dialysis equilibration methods. The limitations of all the methods are discussed in this review. Relatively, a dialysis equilibration experiment is a better design to study the true HOC-DOM interactions. CONCLUSIONS: Physical conformation of SOM are of the same importance as, if not more important than, SOM chemical properties for HOC sorption. Although increasing amounts of research focus on SOM physical conformation regarding HOC sorption, proper mathematical description of its physical conformation and the relationship between SOM physical conformation and its sorption properties are still unclear. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: Quantitative characterization of SOM conformation regarding its sorption properties with HOCs is a topic worth of further research. The HOC-DOM interactions could not be adequately addressed because of the inappropriate research approach; thus, a reevaluation of HOC-DOM interactions is also required. PMID- 18923862 TI - Reversed differential cyanosis in the newborn: a clinical finding in the supracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. AB - The newborn can experience two types of differential cyanosis (DC). The common type of DC occurs when oxygen saturation in the right hand is greater than in the foot. The second type of DC, reversed differential cyanosis (RDC), occurs when oxygen saturation is lower in the right hand than in the foot. This phenomenon is observed in transposition of the great arteries (TGA) with patent ductus arteriosis (PDA) and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance or in TGA with PDA and preductal aortic interruption or coarctation. This report describes a case of RDC not previously described involving an infant with supracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC). In supracardiac TAPVC, RDC results from streaming of highly saturated superior vena cava (SVC) blood into the right ventricle, out the main pulmonary artery, through a PDA, and to the descending aorta, with streaming of more desaturated blood from the inferior vena cava (IVC) into the left atrium across the atrial septal defect (ASD)/foramen ovale. Therefore, as part of a neonatal examination to rule out congenital heart disease (CHD), simultaneous pre- and postductal oxygen saturations should be documented. The presence of RDC should initiate immediate full cardiac evaluation for CHD. Supracardiac TAPVC should be included in the differential diagnosis if RDC is observed. PMID- 18923861 TI - Inbred C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mouse strains exhibit constitutive differences in regional brain fatty acid composition. AB - Major behavioral and neurochemical features observed between inbred C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mouse strains can be reproduced within rodent strains following dietary induced reductions in brain docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) composition. It was therefore hypothesized that C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice exhibit constitutive differences in brain DHA composition that are independent of diet. To test this, adult C57BL/6J and DBA/2J prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, ventral striatum, and midbrain fatty acid composition was determined by gas chromatography. After correction for multiple comparisons, C57BL/6J mice exhibited significantly lower DHA composition in the hippocampus and ventral striatum, but not prefrontal cortex or midbrain, and significantly greater regional arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6):DHA ratios, relative to DBA/2J mice. C57BL/6J mice also exhibited significantly lower regional adrenic acid (ADA, 22:4n-6) composition, and a significantly smaller ADA:ARA ratio, relative to DBA/2J mice. C57BL/6J mice exhibited significantly smaller oleic acid:stearic acid ratio in the hippocampus and ventral striatum relative to DBA/2J mice. Among all mice, DHA composition was positively correlated with the ADA:ARA ratio and inversely correlated with the oleic acid:stearic acid ratio. These data demonstrate that inbred C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mouse strains exhibit constitutive and region-specific differences in fatty acid composition independent of diet, and suggest that heritable genetic factors are an important determinant of central fatty acid composition. PMID- 18923863 TI - Injectable poly-L: -lactic acid: a novel sculpting agent for the treatment of dermal fat atrophy after severe acne. AB - Acne vulgaris affects up to 80% of people 11 to 30 years of age, and scarring can occur for up to 95% of these patients. Scarring may be pitted or hypertrophic in nature, although in most cases it is atrophic. Atrophic acne scarring follows dermal collagen and fat loss after moderate to severe acne infection. Injectable poly-L-acid (PLLA) is a biocompatible, biodegradable, synthetic polymer device that is hypothesized to enhance dermal volume via the endogenous production of fibroblasts and, subsequently, collagen. The gradual improvements in cutaneous volume observed after treatment with injectable PLLA have been noted to last up to 2 years. The case studies presented describe the use of injectable PLLA to correct dermal fat loss in macular atrophic acne scarring of the cheeks. Two female patients underwent three treatment sessions with injectable PLLA over a 12 week period. At each treatment session, the reconstituted product was injected into the deep dermis under the depressed portion of the scar. Both patients were extremely pleased with their results at, respectively, 1- and 4-year follow-up evaluations. Patients experienced minimal swelling and redness after injection and no product-related adverse events such as papule and/or nodule formation. The author believes these data suggest that injectable PLLA is a good treatment option for the correction of macular atropic scarring with thin dermis (off-label use), particularly compared with other injectable fillers currently used for this indication that have shorter durations of effect. PMID- 18923864 TI - Interventional radiology in the diagnosis, management, and follow-up of pseudoaneurysms. AB - Arterial wall disruption, as a consequence of inflammation/infection, trauma (penetrating or blunt), or iatrogenic causes, may result in pseudoaneurysm formation. Currently, iatrogenic causes are increasing as a result of the growth of endovascular intervention. The frequency of other causes also seems to be increasing, but this may simply be the result of increased diagnosis by better imaging techniques, such as multidetector contrast-enhanced computed tomography. Clinically, pseudoaneurysms may be silent, may present with local or systemic signs, or can rupture with catastrophic consequences. Open surgical repair, previously the mainstay of treatment, has largely been replaced by image-guided occlusion methods. On the basis of an experience of over 100 pseudoaneurysms, treatments at various anatomical sites, imaging modalities used for accurate diagnosis, current changing therapeutic options for pseudoaneurysm management, approved embolization agents, and clinical follow-up requirements to ensure adequate treatment will be discussed. Image-guided direct percutaneous and endovascular embolization of pseudoaneurysms are established treatment options with favorable success rates and minimal morbidity. The pendulum has now swung from invasive surgical repair of pseudoaneurysms to that of image-guided interventional radiology. PMID- 18923865 TI - Percutaneous coil embolization using the direct puncture technique for a subclavian artery pseudoaneurysm after inadvertent puncture. PMID- 18923866 TI - Biodegradation of the pesticide fenamiphos by ten different species of green algae and cyanobacteria. AB - The degradation of an organophosphorus pesticide, fenamiphos, by different species of five green algae and five cyanobacteria was studied. All the species tested were able to transform fenamiphos to its primary oxidation product, fenamiphos sulfoxide (FSO), while the majority of these cultures were able to hydrolyze FSO to fenamiphos sulfoxide phenol (FSOP). Fenamiphos sulfone phenol, FSOP, and FSO were detected in the culture extracts of these algae and cyanobacteria. This is the first report on the biodegradation of a toxic pesticide, fenamiphos, by cyanobacteria. The ability of these algae and cyanobacteria to detoxify fenamiphos can be gainfully used in bioremediation of this pesticide and its toxic metabolites. PMID- 18923867 TI - Phage therapy of coral white plague disease: properties of phage BA3. AB - The bacteriophage BA3 multiplies in and lyses the coral pathogen Thalassomonas loyana. The complete genome of phage BA3 was sequenced; it contains 47 open reading frames with a 40.9% G + C content. Phage BA3 adsorbed to its starved host in seawater with a k = 1.0 x 10(-6) phage ml(-1) min(-1). Phage therapy of coral disease in aquarium experiments was successful when the phage was added at the same time as the pathogen or 1 day later, but failed to protect the coral when added 2 days after bacterial infection. When the phages were added 1 day after coral infection, the phage titer increased about 100-fold and remained present in the aquarium water throughout the 37-day experiment. At the end of the experiment, the concentration of phages associated with the corals was 2.5 +/- 0.5 x 10(4) per cm(2) of coral surface. Corals that were infected with the pathogen and treated with phage did not transmit the disease to healthy corals. PMID- 18923868 TI - Negative expiratory pressure (NEP) parameters can predict obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in snoring patients. AB - The objective of this study was to assess whether parameters of the negative expiratory pressure (NEP) technique are able to detect obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in snoring patients. A cross-sectional study included 42 OSAS patients diagnosed by polysomnography (PSG), 34 simple snorers, and 32 healthy subjects. Lung function was measured by using a plethysmograph and the NEP technique was performed with the patient in the seated and supine positions in a random order. The depression was fixed to 5 cmH(2)O. All patients had normal forced expiratory flow/volume loops. Apneic patients had lower Dflow in both positions with a number of oscillations on the expiratory curve obtained with NEP and an expiratory flow limitation (EFL) in the supine position higher than that of other groups (p < 0.05). Changing from the sitting to the supine position raised the EFL of the three groups, with a significant decrease in Dflow and an increase in the number of oscillations in snoring and OSAS patients (p < 0.05). The analysis of variance showed that only the number of oscillations was significantly different between apneic and snoring patients. NEP constitutes a simple and useful tool for the screening OSAS by EFL, especially the number of oscillations obtained with NEP. PMID- 18923870 TI - Prospective double-blind randomized controlled study comparing heavy- and lightweight polypropylene mesh in totally extraperitoneal repair of inguinal hernia: early results. AB - BACKGROUND: Success of totally extraperitoneal (TEP) inguinal herniorrhaphy depends upon strengthening of the weakened native tissue by inflammation resulting in mesh-aponeurosis scar tissue (MAST) complex formation. The inflammatory response attributable to polypropylene (PP) content of the mesh is linked to weight of PP and pore size of the mesh. Continuation of the inflammatory process beyond MAST complex formation can entrap contiguous structures, leading to adverse outcome such as groin pain. Reduction of PP content has been shown to be beneficial in animal studies. Paucity of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on human beings has left choice of mesh to surgeon preference or cost. We carried out a double-blind RCT comparing heavy- and lightweight PP-based meshes in TEP. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Consecutive, married, sexually active male candidates for bilateral TEP herniorrhaphy were enrolled without any exclusion, with ethical and informed consent protocol. Standard TEP technique was followed for day-care surgery. Heavy- and lightweight meshes were implanted in each patient, one in either groin after randomization. Surgeon and patient were blinded to side of groin and type of mesh. An independent doctor (AID) evaluated the patients for groin pain, discomfort, sexual dysfunction, and clinical recurrence. A nonmedical secretary/AID transferred prospective data for both sides of groin collected by AID to Microsoft Excel. RESULTS: Twenty-five bilateral TEPs implanting 25 heavy- and 25 lightweight PP meshes, one of each type in each patient, were performed from December 2005 to July 2007 without difficulty or complication. Lightweight PP mesh was associated with significantly better pain scores, patient comfort, and sexual function. There was no infection or recurrence with either type of mesh. CONCLUSION: Lightweight PP mesh is associated with significantly better outcomes in TEP inguinal herniorrhaphy as compared with heavyweight PP mesh. PMID- 18923871 TI - Removal of tracheobronchial foreign bodies in adults using flexible bronchoscopy: experience 1995-2006. AB - BACKGROUND: Tracheobronchial foreign body (TFB) removal in adult patients using the combined technique of flexible bronchoscopy (FBSC) through the endotracheal tube as well as using the simple FBSC has not often been described. This study reports our experience with FBSC for removal of TFBs and describes diagnosis, techniques of removal, and types of TFBs. METHODS: We retrospectively examined bronchoscopic records of adult patients performed between 1995 and 2006 and collection of foreign bodies in Clinical Department for Respiratory Diseases, University Hospital Split, Croatia. RESULTS: TFBs were found in 86 (0.33%) out of 26,124 patients who were submitted to bronchoscopy. The majority of the patients (90%) had some risk factor for aspiration, among which stroke (30%) was the most frequent. Patients with different neurologic and neuromuscular diseases together accounted for 58% of all patients with TFB aspiration. Medical history was suggestive of foreign body aspiration in 38.4% of the patients, while chest X-ray was indicative in 7% of the patients. TFBs were most often found in the right bronchial tree (75.6%). The most common TFBs were animal and fish bones (39.5%). In 90.7% of the patients they were successfully removed under FBSC, whereas in 8.1% of the patients a TFB was extracted with flexible bronchoscope through endotracheal tube. Surgery was needed in only one case. CONCLUSIONS: Although foreign bodies in the tracheobronchial tree are rare in adults, the clinician must be aware of their likelihood. Foreign body aspiration should be considered especially in the etiology of recurrent lung diseases and in the presence of risk factors for aspiration, in particular with different neurologic and neuromuscular diseases. They can be successfully and safely removed in the majority of patients under local anesthesia by using FBSC. In cases when repeated procedure is needed, endotracheal tube is recommended. PMID- 18923872 TI - Poxviral disease in red squirrels Sciurus vulgaris in the UK: spatial and temporal trends of an emerging threat. AB - The squirrel poxvirus (SQPV) is the probable mediator of apparent competition between the introduced invading gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) and the red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) in the UK, and modeling studies have shown that this viral disease has had a significant impact on the decline of the red squirrel in the UK. However, given our limited understanding of the epidemiology of the disease, and more generally the effects of invasive species on parasite ecology, there is a need to investigate the transmission dynamics and the relative pathogenicity of the virus between species. We aimed to increase our knowledge of these processes through an empirical study in which we: (i) used pathological signs and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to diagnose SQPV disease in red squirrels found dead during scanning surveillance between 1993 and 2005; (ii) detected antibody to SQPV using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the same animals; and (iii) mapped cases of the disease, and the gray squirrel distribution, using a geographical information system. We analyzed the distribution of cases of SQPV disease according to woodland type, a measure of squirrel density. SQPV disease occurred only in areas of England also inhabited by seropositive gray squirrels, and as the geographical range of gray squirrels expanded, SQPV disease occurred in these new gray squirrel habitats, supporting a role for the gray squirrel as a reservoir host of the virus. There was a delay between the establishment of invading gray squirrels and cases of the disease in red squirrels which implies gray squirrels must reach a threshold number or density before the virus is transmitted to red squirrels. The spatial and temporal trend in SQPV disease outbreaks suggested that SQPV disease will have a significant effect on Scottish populations of red squirrels within 25 years. The even spread of cases of disease across months suggested a direct rather than vector-borne transmission route is more likely. Eight juvenile and sub-adult free living red squirrels apparently survived exposure to SQPV by mounting an immune response, the first evidence of immunity to SQPV in free-living red squirrels, which possibly suggests a changing host-parasite relationship and that the use of a vaccine may be an effective management tool to protect remnant red squirrel populations. PMID- 18923873 TI - Evaluation of the sentinel immunized node for immune monitoring of cancer vaccines. AB - BACKGROUND: We hypothesized that lymph nodes draining sites of cutaneous vaccination could be identified by sentinel node biopsy techniques, and that measuring T-cell response with lymphocytes obtained from these lymph nodes would provide a more sensitive measure of immunogenicity than would the same measurement made with peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). METHODS: ELISpot analysis was used to determine the magnitude of vaccine-specific T-cell response in the sentinel immunized nodes (SIN), random lymph nodes, and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) obtained from patients enrolled in clinical trials of experimental melanoma vaccines. RESULTS: The SIN biopsy was successful in 97% of cases and morbidity was very low. The T-cell response to vaccination was detected with greater sensitivity in the SIN (57%) than in PBL (39%), and evaluation of T cell responses in the SIN and the PBL together yielded T-cell responses in 63% of patients. When the T-cell responses from a SIN and a random lymph node were compared in four patients, immune responses were detected to one of the vaccine peptides in three of these four patients. In all of those cases, responses were present in the SIN but absent from the random lymph node. CONCLUSION: Measurements of T-cell responsiveness to cutaneous immunization are more frequently positive in the SIN than they are in the PBL, however evaluation of both the SIN and PBL permit a more sensitive measure of T-cell immunogenicity than use of either single source. PMID- 18923874 TI - Nipple-sparing mastectomy: critical assessment of 51 procedures and implications for selection criteria. AB - BACKGROUND: Retrospective studies have shown that occult nipple-areolar complex (NAC) involvement in breast cancer is low, occurring in 6-10% of women undergoing skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM). The cosmetic result and high patient satisfaction of nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) has prompted further evaluation of the oncologic safety of this procedure. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective chart review of 36 self-selected patients who underwent 51 NSM procedures between 2002 and 2007. Criterion for patient selection was no clinical evidence of nipple areolar tumor involvement. All patients had the base of the NAC evaluated for occult tumor by permanent histologic section assessment. We also evaluated tumor size, location, axillary node status, recurrence rate, and cosmetic result. RESULTS: Malignant NAC involvement was found in 2 of 34 NSM (5.9%) completed for cancer which prompted subsequent removal of the NAC. Of the 51 NSM, 17 were for prophylaxis, 10 for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), and 24 for invasive cancer. The average tumor size was 2.8 cm for invasive cancer and 2.5 cm for DCIS. Nine patients had positive axillary nodes. Overall, 94% of the tumors were located peripherally in the breast. After mean follow-up of 18 months, only two patients (5.9%) had local recurrence. CONCLUSION: Using careful patient selection and careful pathological evaluation of the subareolar breast tissue at surgery, NSM can be an oncologically safe procedure in patients where this is important to their quality of life. A prospective study based on focused selection criteria and long-term follow-up is currently in progress. PMID- 18923875 TI - Transthoracic esophagectomy after endoscopic mucosal resection in patients with early esophageal carcinoma. AB - INTRODUCTION: For patients with esophageal carcinoma limited to the mucosa endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is the therapy of choice whereas surgical resection is advocated for submucosal tumors. METHODS: This study analyzes the histopathologic results of patients with early esophageal carcinoma who underwent EMR prior to transthoracic esophagectomy. Sixteen patients with early esophageal carcinoma and EMR as first line treatment were included in this retrospective study. Ten patients underwent transthoracic esophagectomy because of submucosal infiltration combined incomplete tumor resection at the lateral/basal resection margin. In one patient each, surgical therapy was indicated due to submucosal infiltration or incomplete resection only. Three patients underwent surgical resection due to residual neoplasia within an esophageal stenosis following EMR. Surgical specimens were examined for pT and pN stage according to the UICC. RESULTS: Three patients had a squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and 13 patients an adenocarcinoma (AC), nine patients with a long segment Barrett's esophagus. The distribution of the pT stages was as follows: 6x pT0 (no histopathologic evidence of residual tumor), 1x pT1m1, 1x pT1m2, 3x pT1m3, 1x pT1sm1, 1x pT1sm2, 1x pT2, and 2x pT3. Three of 16 patients (18.8%) with a pT1sm1, pT2, and pT3 stage had nodal metastases. In all three patients metastatic nodes were located in the mediastinum. In two patients, a second carcinoma was detected during histopathologic work-up (1x AC in the cardia and 1x SCC in the cervical esophagus). CONCLUSION: The data of this highly selected patients indicate that the boundary between the therapy of mucosal and submucosal tumors is not as clear as stated. Therefore, treatment of early esophageal carcinoma demands a close interdisciplinary cooperation. PMID- 18923876 TI - Prospective 6 weeks follow-up post-cholecystectomy: the predictive value of pre operative symptoms. AB - OBJECTIVE: Many patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis report persisting symptoms after elective cholecystectomy. The current prospective follow-up study aims at the identification and valuation of risk factors for negative symptomatic outcome at 6 weeks. METHODS: Consecutive patients (n = 183), age 18-65 years, indicated for elective cholecystectomy due to symptomatic cholelithiasis, completed a self-report questionnaire. At 6 weeks post-operatively, the same self report questionnaires were completed (n = 129). Predictors of the persistence and emergence of biliary and dyspeptic symptoms at 6 weeks post-cholecystectomy were investigated using univariate and multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: At 6 weeks post-operatively, the report of post-operative biliary symptoms was independently predicted by pre-operative dyspeptic symptoms (OR = 6.60) and bad taste (OR = 3.55). Pre-operative flatulence was an independent predictor of the report of biliary and dyspeptic symptoms ((OR = 3.33) and (OR = 3.27), respectively) and persisting biliary symptoms (OR = 4.21). Predictors of symptomatic outcome were only identified in women, not in men. CONCLUSION: Patients with pre-operative dyspeptic symptoms, notably bad taste and flatulence, have an increased risk of negative post-cholecystectomy outcomes at 6 weeks. A symptom-specific approach should lead to optimalization of the indication of cholecystectomy and information of patients. Known risk factors for long-term outcomes might be valuable in female patients only. PMID- 18923877 TI - Factors related to anastomotic dehiscence and mortality after terminal stomal closure in the management of patients with severe secondary peritonitis. AB - INTRODUCTION: Management of severe secondary peritonitis (SSP) may require intestinal resections and bowel exteriorization due to an unacceptable high risk for anastomotic dehiscence (AD). Bowel exteriorization can be achieved through loop or terminal stomas. There are no studies addressing the fate of these latter. Our aim was to determine factors associated with AD and mortality in patients submitted to restoration of intestinal continuity after creation of terminal stomas as part of their operative management for SSP. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analyzed prospectively collected databases on all consecutive patients with SSP submitted to restoration of intestinal continuity after having had terminal ileostomies (TI) or terminal colostomies (TC) as part of their operative management during a 30-month period. Several patient and disease and operative variables were evaluated as factors related to AD and mortality in this group of patients. Univariate statistical comparisons were made using Student's t test for continuous variables and chi-square test when categorical variables were compared. Multivariate analyses were also performed. RESULTS: A total of 72 male patients and 36 female patients were included in the study; 54 had TI and 54 had TC. Median number of operations performed as part of their management for SSP (prior to stomal closure) was 2 (range, 1-15). A total of 76 (70%) had had diffuse peritonitis, and 39 (36%) required management with an open abdomen (26 of them with a skin-only closure technique). Median time interval between stomal creation and closure was 190 days (range, 14-2,192). Stapled and hand-sewn anastomoses were done in 24 and 84 patients, respectively. AD occurred in 11 patients (10%). Univariate analyses disclosed age > or = 50 years (p < 0.05), high American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score (> or = 3; p < 0.01), history of chronic renal failure (p < 0.04), history of diffuse peritonitis (p < 0.05), management with an open abdomen (p < 0.05), and lower preoperative hemoglobin values (p < 0.05) as risk factors for AD. Only age > or = 50 years prevailed after multivariate analyses. A total of seven patients died (6%). Factors associated with mortality were age > or = 65 years (p < 0.02), high ASA score (> or = 3; p < 0.01), preoperative use of total parenteral nutrition (p < 0.02), lower preoperative hemoglobin values (p < 0.05), time interval between stomal creation and closure < 3 months (p < 0.01), AD (p < 0.02), and need for reoperation after stomal closure (p < 0.02). After multivariate analyses, time interval between stomal creation and closure < 3 months and need for reoperation were the only ones that prevailed as independent risk factors for mortality (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Although several variables were related to AD and mortality, waiting at least >3 months before attempting restoration of intestinal continuity seems to be the best approach and a practical recommendation in this group of challenging patients. PMID- 18923878 TI - Pattern of expression of adiponectin receptors in human liver and its relation to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. AB - BACKGROUND: Adiponectin has antisteatosis-anti-inflammatory properties and its circulating levels are reduced in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). METHODS: To assess the role of adiponectin in NASH, we measured expression of adiponectin gene (APM1) and receptors (AdipoR1/AdipoR2) in liver and subcutaneous and visceral fat in subjects with biopsy-proven NASH or pure steatosis (PS). In 103 subjects undergoing gastric bypass or elective abdominal surgery (17 with normal liver histology (C), 52 with PS, and 34 with NASH), RNA was extracted from tissue samples, and quantification of APM1, AdipoR1, and AdipoR2 was carried out by real time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: In NASH vs C, circulating adiponectin levels (3.6[2.4] vs 5.3[4.3] microg/ml, median[interquartile range], p < 0.05) and adiponectin concentrations, APM1, AdipoR1, and AdipoR2 expression in visceral fat were all reduced (p < or = 0.03). These differences disappeared when adjusting for obesity. In contrast, liver AdipoR1 (1.40 [0.46] vs 1.00 [0.32] of controls) and AdipoR2 expression (1.20 [0.41] vs 0.78 [0.43]) were increased in NASH, and group differences were statistically significant (p < 0.0001 for AdipoR1 and p = 0.0001 for AdipoR2). Results for PS were generally intermediate between NASH and C. Liver receptor expression was reciprocally related to circulating adiponectin (rho = -0.42, p < 0.003 for AdipoR1 and rho = -0.26, p < 0.009 for AdipoR2). In multivariate models adjusting for sex, age, fasting plasma glucose, and obesity, liver enzymes levels were directly related to both AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 expression in liver. CONCLUSION: In obese patients with NASH, adiponectin receptors are underexpressed in visceral fat-as a likely correlate of obesity-but overexpressed in liver, possibly as a compensatory response to hypoadiponectinemia, and positively associated with liver damage. PMID- 18923879 TI - Complications after sleeve gastrectomy for morbid obesity. AB - BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) is an increasingly used bariatric surgical procedure. METHODS: We report our complications after LSG and compared to 17 other published LSG series. The individual types of complications for the published series were evaluated, with sample size calculations being performed to determine the number of patients required for a study that would detect halving the odds of the most common complications. RESULTS: Of 53 patients who underwent LSG, 42 were women. Mean age was 51 years with a mean initial body mass index of 53.5 kg/m2 and mean of eight comorbidities. Mean excess weight loss was 52.2% at 12 months and 59.2% at 18 months. No patients died. Five patients (9.4%) developed complications which included two staple line leaks that required reoperations, one preceded by a salmonella infection associated with vomiting, the other by postoperative pneumonia associated with coughing. Of the three staple line hemorrhages, one required hospitalization. The median complication rate for the 17 articles was 4.5%. With the number of patients for each series taken into account, the current series had a complication rate of 1.24 (95% CI 0.45-2.87) times that of the 17 published series. Published LSG complications were diverse, with the most common being reoperation, occurring after 3.6% of procedures. A study designed to detect halving the odds of reoperation would require more than 3,000 procedures. CONCLUSION: LSG is a safe procedure with low morbidity. Because leaks and reoperation in this series were preceded by large increments in intraabdominal pressure, attention to staple line reinforcements that increase burst pressure may be warranted. PMID- 18923880 TI - Performance of a sterile meniscal allograft in an ovine model. AB - Meniscus transplantation is indicated for persistent pain in a meniscectomized knee. Currently, grafts are prepared aseptically, which provides limited protection against donor-derived infection. The performance of a novel, sterilized meniscus was compared with an aseptically prepared one in an experimental model. Twenty-two sheep were divided into three groups: aseptic meniscal allograft, sterile meniscal allograft, and medial meniscectomy. Animals were euthanized 2 and 4 months after surgery. Meniscal assessments included cell viability, histology, and biomechanical testing. Articular cartilage was evaluated through histology and Outerbridge scoring. Aseptic and sterile allografts had cell viabilities of 59.7% and 58.7%, respectively, at 4 months, which was less than native controls. Grafts had decreased compressive strength at 4 months compared with their preimplantation moduli and were weaker than native menisci. In operated knees, the tibial plateau had more severe degenerative changes, although Outerbridge scores were similar between operated groups. Overall, the allografts were similar in their cellularity and biomechanical properties but were inferior to the native tissue at these end points. The severity of chondral damage in the allograft knees could not be distinguished from meniscectomized joints. The sterilization process does not appear to compromise tissue integrity and provides additional allograft safety. PMID- 18923881 TI - The influence of maggot excretions on PAO1 biofilm formation on different biomaterials. AB - Biofilm formation in wounds and on biomaterials is increasingly recognized as a problem. It therefore is important to focus on new strategies for eradicating severe biofilm-associated infections. The beneficial effects of maggots (Lucilia sericata) in wounds have been known for centuries. We hypothesized sterile maggot excretions and secretions (ES) could prevent, inhibit, and break down biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAO1) on different biomaterials. Therefore, we investigated biofilm formation on polyethylene, titanium, and stainless steel. Furthermore, we compared the biofilm reduction capacity of Instar-1 and Instar-3 maggot ES and tested the temperature tolerance of ES. After biofilms formed in M63 nutrient medium on comb-forming models of the biomaterials, ES solutions in phosphate-buffered saline or M63 were added in different concentrations. PAO1 biofilms adhered tightly to polyethylene and titanium but weakly to stainless steel. Maggot ES prevent and inhibit PAO1 biofilm formation and even break down existing biofilms. ES still had considerable biofilm reduction properties after storage at room temperature for 1 month. ES from Instar-3 maggots were more effective than ES from Instar-1 maggots. These results may be relevant to patient care as biofilms complicate the treatment of infections associated with orthopaedic implants. PMID- 18923882 TI - Modular tantalum augments for acetabular defects in revision hip arthroplasty. AB - Large acetabular defects can be reconstructed with various methods depending on size and location of the defect. We prospectively followed our first 37 patients in whom we reconstructed the acetabulum with a trabecular metal augment combined with a trabecular metal shell. Three patients died before completing the minimum 24 months followup while the remaining 34 were followed a minimum of 24 months (mean, 34 months; range, 24-55 months). All defects were classified according to Paprosky. Radiographic signs of osseointegration were classified according to Moore. Quality of life was measured with the SF-12, WOMAC, and Oxford Hip Score. There were 15 men and 19 women with an average age of 64 years. At a minimum of two years followup 32 of the 34 patients required no further surgery for aseptic loosening, while two had rerevision. Of the 32 patients who had not been revised, all had stable cups radiographically. All quality-of-life parameters improved. The early results with tantalum augments are promising but longer followup is required. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, therapeutic study. See the Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence. PMID- 18923884 TI - Relationship between duration of teriparatide therapy and clinical outcomes in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. AB - SUMMARY: The extent to which fracture protection and safety varies with increasing time on teriparatide [rhPTH(1-34)] therapy is a clinically relevant unanswered question. In postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, increased duration of teriparatide versus placebo treatment was associated with a progressive decrease in the rates of nonvertebral fragility fractures and back pain. INTRODUCTION: The impact of duration of teriparatide [rhPTH(1-34)] therapy on patient outcomes is a relevant unanswered question. METHODS: Postmenopausal women with osteoporosis were randomized to once-daily subcutaneous injection with placebo (N = 544), teriparatide 20 microg (TPTD20; N = 541), or teriparatide 40 microg (TPTD40; N = 552) plus calcium and vitamin D supplementation. The time to first nonvertebral fragility fracture and new or worsening back pain following treatment initiation was analyzed using Cox partial likelihood regression treating time on therapy as a linear, time-dependent covariate. RESULTS: Compared with placebo, the relative hazard for nonvertebral fragility fractures decreased by 7.3% for each additional month of TPTD20 [hazard ratio = 0.927, 95% CI (0.876 to 0.982), p = 0.009] and by 7.6% for each additional month of TPTD40 [hazard ratio = 0.924, 95% CI (0.871 to 0.981), p = 0.009]. Clinical vertebral fractures appeared to increase over time in the placebo group and occurred primarily in the first time interval in the teriparatide treatment groups. Compared with placebo, the relative hazard of back pain was decreased by 8.3% for each additional month of TPTD20 [hazard ratio = 0.920, 95% CI (0.902 to 0.939), p < 0.001] and 8.7% for each additional month of TPTD40 [hazard ratio = 0.917, 95% CI (0.898 to 0.935), p < 0.001]. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest increased nonvertebral fracture protection, reduced back pain, and reduced occurrence of side effects with longer duration of teriparatide therapy. PMID- 18923885 TI - Multifocal Langerhans' cell histiocytosis: a case report. AB - OBJECTIVES: Langerhans' cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare disorder of unknown aetiology, characterised by the proliferation of histiocytic cells in various tissues and organs. The role of the otolaryngologist is important in the early and accurate evaluation, staging and diagnosis of LCH, as it may mimic more common otological disorders. METHOD: We report the case of a 2-year-old child presenting with LCH and review the literature concerning this rare disease. RESULTS: Presentation in our case was with a common aural polyp, refractory to medical treatment, which when biopsied, revealed LCH. Radiological evaluation showed multifocal disease. CONCLUSION: A sound knowledge of the disease process in vital to the otolaryngologist, thus enabling rapid diagnosis and early treatment for a commonly fatal condition. PMID- 18923883 TI - 2008 Otto Aufranc Award: component design and technique affect cement penetration in hip resurfacing. AB - Either excessive or insufficient cement penetration within the femoral head after hip resurfacing influences the risk of femoral failures. However, the factors controlling cement penetration are not yet fully understood. We determined the effect of femoral component design and cementation technique on cement penetration. Six retrieved femoral heads were resurfaced for each implant (BHR, ASR, Conserve Plus, DuROM, ReCAP) using the manufacturers' recommendations for implantation. In addition, the BHR was implanted using the Conserve Plus high viscosity cementation technique, "BHR/hvt," and vice versa for the Conserve, "Conserve/lvt." The average cement penetration was highest with BHR (65.62% +/- 15.16%) compared with ASR (12.25% +/- 5.12%), Conserve Plus(R) (19.43% +/- 5.28%), DuROM (17.73% +/- 3.96%), and ReCAP (26.09% +/- 5.20%). Cement penetration in BHR/hvt remained higher than all other implants equaling 36.7% +/- 6.6%. Greater femoral component design clearance correlated with cement mantle thickness. Femoral component design in hip resurfacing plays a major role in cement penetration. PMID- 18923886 TI - Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia: a cause of preventable morbidity and mortality. AB - Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is an autosomal dominant condition whose effects are mediated through deficient blood vessel formation and regeneration, with multisystem involvement. Patients are usually aware of resulting skin telangiectasia and epistaxis, but are also exposed to dangers posed by occult vascular malformations in other organs. About 15-35% of HHT patients have pulmonary AVMs (PAVMs), 10% have cerebral AVMs (CAVMs), 25-33% suffer significant GI blood loss from GI tract telangiectasia, and an unknown but high percentage have liver involvement. In total, 10% of affected individuals die prematurely or suffer major disability from HHT, largely because of bleeding from CAVMs and PAVMs, or paradoxical embolization through PAVMs. Screening for and early intervention to treat occult PAVMs and CAVMs can largely eliminate these risks, and should be undertaken in a specialist centre. The National HHT Center in The Mercy University Hospital in Cork is the referral centre for HHT screening in Ireland. PMID- 18923887 TI - The cultural and community-level acceptance of antiretroviral therapy (ART) among traditional healers in Eastern Cape, South Africa. AB - The HIV/AIDS epidemic has profoundly impacted South Africa's healthcare system, greatly hampering its ability to scale-up the provision of antiretroviral therapy (ART). While one way to provide comprehensive care and prevention in sub-Saharan African countries has been through collaboration with traditional healers, long term support specifically for ART has been low within this population. An exploratory, qualitative research project was conducted among 25 self-identified traditional healers between June and August of 2006 in the Lukhanji District of South Africa. By obtaining the opinions of traditional healers currently interested in biomedical approaches to HIV/AIDS care and prevention, this formative investigation identified a range of motivational factors that were believed to promote a deeper acceptance of and support for ART. These factors included cultural consistencies between traditional and biomedical medicine, education, as well as legal and financial incentives to collaborate. Through an incorporation of these factors into future HIV/AIDS treatment programs, South Africa and other sub-Saharan countries may dramatically strengthen their ability to provide ART in resource-poor settings. PMID- 18923888 TI - Neonatal maternal separation affects endocrine and metabolic stress responses to ether exposure but not to restraint exposure in adult rats. AB - We investigated prolactin secretion and metabolic changes in stress response in adult male rats submitted to periodic maternal separation (MS; 180 min/day) at 2 weeks of life. Restraint and ether exposure were randomly performed when the animals were 10-12 weeks of age. Restraint exposure: the animals were placed into plastic tubes (21 cm long, 4.5 cm diameter) for 20 min. Ether exposure: the rats were exposed to ether for 10 min. Atrial cannulation for blood sampling was performed through the jugular vein 5 days before the experiments. In both protocols, blood samples were taken immediately before (0), and 5, 15 and 20 min after the beginning of stress exposure. Ours results showed attenuated endocrine and metabolic responses to ether exposure in the maternal separation (MS) group compared to the control group. The measured metabolic parameters, plasma glucose, prolactin, lactate, and insulin secretion, were 32%, 55%, 41%, 73% lower (P < 0.01), respectively, in MS than in control animals. On the other hand, the endocrine and metabolic stress responses to restraint exposure were not affected by maternal separation. There was no difference between the MS and the control groups in any of the parameters studied. Our data demonstrated that early life experiences affect the hormonal systems beyond the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, such as the central neuronal pathways, and their activities related to hormonal and metabolic responses to stress in adulthood. More importantly, these modifications were specific, but dependent on stress situation affecting mainly the circuitry related to the stress response to ether exposure. PMID- 18923890 TI - Manufacturing mental disorder by pathologizing erotic age orientation: a comment on Blanchard et al. (2008). PMID- 18923891 TI - The public policy implications of "hebephilia": a response to Blanchard et al. (2008). PMID- 18923892 TI - Are there "hebephiles" among us? A response to Blanchard et al. (2008). PMID- 18923893 TI - Acculturation of host individuals: immigrants and personal networks. AB - There has been a vast amount of research on the changes experienced by immigrants, but little is known about the changes experienced by host individuals. This article focuses on the role of host individuals in the networks of relations between immigrant populations and the communities from the dominant culture, as well as the changes experienced by host individuals because of their continuous contact with immigrants. This research applied a network approach to the study of the acculturation of host individuals. Two independent studies were carried out: a systematic analysis of the personal networks of Argentinean (n = 67), Ecuadorian (n = 59), Italian (n = 37) and German (n = 37) residents in Seville and Cadiz (Spain) (Study 1); and an ethnographic study with human service workers for Latin American immigrants in Boston (USA) (Study 2). With two different strategies, the role of host individuals in personal networks of foreigners in the United States and Spain was analyzed. The results show that host individuals tend to have less centrality than compatriots, showing an overall secondary role in the personal networks of immigrants. The lowest average centrality was observed in recent and temporal migrants, whereas the highest corresponded to the individuals with more time of residence in Spain. The personal networks of human service providers in the United States vary in ethnic composition and in their structural properties, and therefore shape different types of integrative bridges for immigrants. PMID- 18923894 TI - Finding community in studies of host community acculturation. PMID- 18923895 TI - The effects of contact with Asians and Asian Americans on White American college students: attitudes, awareness of racial discrimination, and psychological adjustment. AB - On the basis of acculturation theory, explicating mutual influences between different cultural or ethnic groups coming into contact, this study focused "on the other side of acculturation" theory by examining the effects of intercultural contact with Asians and Asian Americans on the psychosocial experiences of White American college students. Participants (N = 315), undergraduates attending a public university located within the state of Massachusetts, completed a survey that assessed demographic and personal characteristics, acculturation (extent of intercultural contact with Asian people and Asian cultures), attitudes towards Asians and Asian Americans, awareness of institutional discrimination and blatant racial issues, and psychological distress. Results indicated that White American students' intercultural contact with Asians and Asian Americans contributed significant variance to the prediction of their attitudes towards this ethnic group and awareness of discrimination and racial issues, but not to psychological distress. This study provides implications for understanding mutual acculturative influences between different ethnic groups in the United States. PMID- 18923896 TI - Introduction to special section : The other side of acculturation: changes among host individuals and communities in their adaptation to immigrant populations. PMID- 18923897 TI - Social change movements and the struggle over meaning-making: a case study of domestic violence narratives. AB - Social movement theorists have emphasized the important role of meaning-making for social change movements (e.g., D. A. Snow and R. D. Benford, 1992, In: A. D. Morris & C. M. Mueller (Eds.) Frontiers in social movement theory. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, pp 133-155; C. M. Mueller, 1992, In: A. D. Morris & C. M. Mueller (Eds.) Frontiers in social movement theory. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, pp 3-26). Using the domestic violence movement as a case study, this study undertakes a close analysis of advocates' narratives about the phenomenon of domestic violence. This analysis sheds light on the current status of the movement as a social change movement attempting to promote alternative understandings of domestic violence as a social, rather than individual, problem. Study findings provide some evidence that the domestic violence movement has become increasingly de-politicized by documenting a range of narratives that convey an apolitical, degendered, individual-level analysis of domestic violence. PMID- 18923898 TI - Migrant well-being is a multilevel, dynamic, value dependent phenomenon. AB - Research demonstrates that the well-being of migrants is a multilevel, dynamic, and value dependent phenomenon. It is multilevel because risk and protective factors are present at various ecological planes, from the individual to the social sphere. It is dynamic because objective and subjective risk and protective factors interact across ecological levels, creating favorable or unfavorable conditions for migrants to adjust to the new surroundings. Finally, it is value dependent because access to resources is conditioned by norms of justice prevalent in the host society. Findings from this special section on acculturation are combined with previous literature to support the three claims advanced in this article. PMID- 18923899 TI - Neuropsychological studies in breast cancer: in search of chemobrain. PMID- 18923900 TI - Contribution of glycolipids to species-specific antigens on erythrocytes of several animal species as to recognition of antigens with rabbit anti-glycolipids and anti-erythrocyte antisera. AB - Because anti-glycolipid antibodies are involved in the onset of several neurological diseases, the reactivity of glycolipids on erythrocytes and the probability of generating the antibodies were determined to clarify the contribution of glycolipids as antigens. Anti-erythrocyte antisera reacted with the following glycolipids in a species-specific manner, i.e. blood group A-active glycolipid for man, Forssman glycolipid for sheep, Gg(3)Cer for guinea pig, and Gg(4)Cer and fucosyl GM1 for rat, and the hemolytic activities of the anti erythrocyte antisera were attenuated by absorption of the antisera with liposomes prepared from the lipids of erythrocytes to the following levels, 94.5% for man, 24.5% for sheep, 17.5% for guinea pig, and 54.5% for rat. These species-specific glycolipids on erythrocytes reacted well with the respective anti-glycolipid antisera, but Gb(4)Cer in man and GM1 in rat were shown to be cryptic on immunization with erythrocytes, indicating that the contribution of glycolipids as erythrocyte antigens differs among animal species. PMID- 18923902 TI - In vivo spectroscopic characterization of porcine biliary tract tissues: first step in the development of new biliary tract imaging devices. AB - BACKGROUND: Approximately 400,000 cholecystectomies are performed annually in the United States. The most important complication of the operation is bile duct injury (BDI). Injury prevention relies mostly on an individual surgeon's skill. As of yet no technology has been introduced that will enable surgeons to visualize the bile ducts while operating. Theoretically, such a device could eliminate BDI. Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy capitalizes on near infrared light's ability to penetrate deeply into tissues and spectroscopic capability to discern tissue's chemical properties. The purpose of this work is to characterize the NIR optical properties of bile containing structures that are needed for later development of a clinically useful probe. METHODS: NIR Spectroscopy combined with visible light spectroscopy was used to determine the spectroscopic properties of the biliary tree and its adjacent structures. Eight anesthetized pigs were used to obtain reflectance measurements using a fiber probe. Radial Basis functions (RBFs) were used to characterize the reflected light spectra. Parameters describing the RBFs were then used to classify tissues based on their observed spectra using machine automation. RESULTS: Biliary tissues, arteries and veins all had unique reflectance spectra. These spectra were characterized by their unique set of RBFs. CONCLUSION: We have developed an optical probe capable of imaging and identifying biliary tract tissues in a porcine model. In this study, we characterized the reflectance properties for bile and blood vessels such that when the probe is applied to the porta hepatis it will enable surgeons to localize important biliary structures prior to any portal dissection, potentially eliminating the risk for inadvertent BDI. PMID- 18923901 TI - Anticancer effect of celecoxib via COX-2 dependent and independent mechanisms in human gastric cancers cells. AB - Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors cause growth inhibition of human gastric carcinoma cells, but it remains unclear whether this is both COX-2 dependent and independent. The related mechanisms remain to be determined. Both low COX-2 expressing gastric carcinoma and high COX-2 expressing gastric carcinoma cells were used to study the effect and mechanisms of celecoxib on gastric carcinoma cell growth. Celecoxib resulted in comparable growth inhibition in AGS cells with stable transfections of small interfering RNA (siRNA) against COX-2 (SAC) and negative control vector (NC) cells. Simultaneously, celecoxib resulted in significant reduction of Bcl-2 and significant increase of p21(WAF1) and p27(KIP1) in SAC and NC cells. The present study shows that celecoxib causes growth inhibition of gastric carcinoma cells by decreasing Bcl-2 of cyclooxygenase-2-dependent pathway, and by increasing p21(WAF1) and p27(KIP1) of cyclooxygenase-2-independent pathway. These data extend our knowledge on the effect and mechanisms of celecoxib-induced inhibition of gastric carcinoma cell growth. PMID- 18923903 TI - Rapid analysis of alpha-fetoprotein by chemiluminescence microfluidic immunoassay system based on super-paramagnetic microbeads. AB - A rapid and sensitive chemiluminescence microfluidic immunoassay system based on super-paramagnetic microbeads for determination of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is described. In this system we use CO(2) laser to fabricate microfluidic chip, and use super-paramagnetic microbeads as solid carrier of antibody, chemiluminescence as detection signal. With this system we can perform AFP analysis within 20 min, and the linear range of AFP concentration is 1 approximately 800 ng/mL, the detection limit is 0.23 ng/mL. By this method no separation or preconcentration steps are needed. Most of all, the chip can be reused. PMID- 18923904 TI - Hospitalizations among homeless women: are there ethnic and drug abuse disparities? AB - This paper explores associations among the vulnerabilities of being female, being a member of a minority group, and being a drug abuser in homeless women's hospitalizations. It uses a 1997 probability survey of 974 homeless females age 15-44 in Los Angeles. In unadjusted analyses, whites were more likely than other ethnic minority groups to be hospitalized, and drug abusers were more likely to be hospitalized than non-drug abusers. Multiple logistic regression analyses indicated that factors associated with hospitalization differed considerably among the ethnic and drug-abuse subgroups. For example, ethnic disparities in inpatient health care were found for drug-abusing women, but not for those who did not abuse drugs. Pregnancy was the only important determinant of hospitalization in all subgroups (OR, 2.9-17.4). Preventing unintended pregnancy appears to be the most inclusive means of reducing hospitalization and attendant costs among homeless women. PMID- 18923905 TI - Cognitive effects of Tamoxifen in pre-menopausal women with breast cancer compared to healthy controls. AB - INTRODUCTION: The selective estrogen receptor modulator, Tamoxifen (TAM), is one of the most frequently prescribed drugs for the treatment of breast cancer; however, its effects on the cognition of users have not been adequately studied. Although TAM is an effective anti-estrogen that blocks tumour growth in the breast, it could also influence the activity of other target estrogen sites, including the brain. The exact nature of this interaction is unknown. METHODS: A cross-sectional design was used to compare cognitive task performance of two treatment groups: 1) women using TAM for the treatment of early breast cancer (n = 23); and 2) age-matched, healthy women not using TAM (n = 23). All participants were pre-menopausal, and recipients of chemotherapy were excluded from the study. RESULTS: It was found that TAM users scored significantly worse than controls on tasks of immediate and delayed visual memory, verbal fluency, immediate verbal memory, visuo-spatial ability, and processing speed. DISCUSSIONS/CONCLUSIONS: Although limited by the lack of baseline data and pre-morbid intelligence measures, the results of this exploratory study suggest that at least in pre menopausal women, TAM may exert a widespread negative influence on cognitive abilities. IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS: Larger, randomized, prospective trials are required to confirm these results; however, TAM use in pre-menopausal breast cancer may be associated with cognitive difficulties. Knowledge and understanding of these complications will be important for professionals in communicating both the benefits and risks of TAM use in breast cancer survivors. PMID- 18923908 TI - Human mesenchymal stem cells-like cells as cellular vehicles for delivery of immunotoxin in vitro. AB - Human mesenchymal stem cells-like cells (hMSCs-like cells) were used as a tumor treatment platform for the systemic delivery of immunotoxin genes. VEGF165-PE38 recombinant immunotoxin served as the model system. hMSCs-like cells were isolated, expanded, and electroporated with the pIRES2-VEGF165PE38-EGFP plasmid. RT-PCR and ELISA were used to confirm the expression of VEGF165-PE38 in the transfected hMSCs-like cells. These cells released 1390 +/- 137 pg VEGF165 PE38/10(4)cells over 48 h into the culture medium and the supernatant was capable of selectively killing human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and increasing apoptosis in these cells. In contrast, RPMI8226 was not inhibited by identical supernatants. Thus, these results lay the foundation for further studies on the potential role of hMSCs-like cells as a targeted therapeutic delivery vehicle for immunotoxins. PMID- 18923906 TI - Dimensions of physical activity and their relationship to physical and emotional symptoms in breast cancer survivors. AB - BACKGROUND: Many breast cancer survivors experience long term sequelae, including fatigue, decreased physical functioning, pain, and psychological distress. Physical activity can ameliorate these problems, but there is little research on how activity should be performed to be most beneficial. This study explores how dimensions of physical activity (total energy expenditure, frequency, and duration) are associated with symptoms among breast cancer survivors. METHODS: We conducted a secondary analysis of data on physical activity behavior and symptoms in a cross-sectional study (n = 148) of breast cancer survivors who were off treatment and had been diagnosed within the past 5 years. RESULTS: Multivariate analyses showed that total energy expenditure was associated with better general health (p = 0.006) and fewer depressive symptoms (p = 0.014), while frequency of activity was linearly related to physical functioning (p = 0.047), pain (0.057), general health (p < 0.001), and depressive symptoms (p < 0.001). Duration was related to physical functioning, pain, and general health, but the worst outcomes were reported by the participants with the shortest and longest duration of activity (quadratic trend p values = 0.002, 0.003, 0.008, respectively). DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS: Greater total energy expenditure, higher physical activity frequency, and moderate duration were associated with better outcomes for most symptoms, although there was no relationship between any of the dimensions of physical activity and fatigue. IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS: The association of better outcomes with higher energy expenditure, higher frequency of activity, and moderate duration indicates that increasing activity through multiple short bouts may be the most beneficial for breast cancer survivors. However, randomized studies are needed to confirm this finding. PMID- 18923907 TI - Stability of poly(epsilon-caprolactone) microparticles containing Brucella ovis antigens as a vaccine delivery system against brucellosis. AB - In previous works, our research group has successfully proved the use of subcellular vaccines based on poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PEC) microparticles containing an antigenic extract of Brucella ovis (HS) against experimental brucellosis in both mice and rams. However, the successful exploitation of pharmaceutical products, and therefore of this product as veterinary vaccine, requires preservation of both biological activity and native structure in all steps of development from purification to storage. In this context, we have carried out an accelerated stability study to evaluate the relative stability of HS when loading in PEC microparticles. For this purpose, freeze-dried microparticles were stored at 40 +/- 1 degrees C and 75% RH as a preliminary analysis of a stability testing. The results showed that both physico-chemical (size, morphology, antigen content, release profile) and biological (integrity and antigenicity of the HS) properties were preserved after 6 months of storage. On the contrary, after 1 year of storage, the HS release profile was dramatically affected probably due to a progressive loss of the polymer microstructure. In addition, the degradation and loss of the antigenicity of the HS components was also evident by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting analysis. In fact, after 12 months of storage, only the integrity and antigenicity of two of the major protective proteins of the HS antigenic complex were preserved. PMID- 18923909 TI - Enhanced sheath blight resistance in transgenic rice expressing an endochitinase gene from Trichoderma virens. AB - The 42-kDa endochitinase (cht42) gene from the mycoparasitic fungus, Trichoderma virens, driven by CaMV 35S promoter, was introduced into rice by Agrobacterium mediated transformation. Eight transgenic plants harboring single copies of complete T-DNA were identified by Southern blot analysis. Homozygous transgenic plants were identified for five lines in the T(1) generation by Southern blot analysis. Homozygous T(2) plants constitutively accumulated high levels of the cht42 transcript, showed 2.4- to 4.6-fold higher chitinase activity in total leaf extract and 1.6- to 1.8-fold higher chitinase activity in the extracellular fluid. Infection assays performed on the homozygous T(2) plants with Rhizoctonia solani showed up to 62% reduction in the sheath blight disease index. PMID- 18923910 TI - Production of biologically active human lymphotactin (XCL1) by Lactococcus lactis. AB - Lymphotactin-XCL1 is a chemokine produced mainly by activated CD8+ T-cells and directs migration of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells. We expressed human lymphotactin (LTN) by the lactic-acid bacterium Lactococcus lactis. Biological activity of LTN was confirmed by chemo-attraction of human T cells by chemotaxis demonstrating, for the first time, how this chemokine secreted by a food-grade prokaryote retains biological activity and chemoattracts T lymphocytes. This strain thus represents a feasible well-tolerated vector to deliver active LTN at a mucosal level. PMID- 18923911 TI - Production of biomass and recombinant human-like collagen in Escherichia coli processes with different CO2 pulses. AB - The evolution of CO(2) in a fed-batch culture of recombinant Escherichia coli containing human-like collagen (HLC) cDNA was determined with an O(2)-enriched air supply (40%, v/v) in a 12.8 l fermentor; a maximum CO(2) concentration of 12.7% in the effluent gas was detected. The CO(2) pulse injection experiments showed that: (1) a 20% CO(2) pulse introduced in the batch cultivation phases inhibited cell growth but if introduced in the fed-batch cultivation phases slightly stimulated growth; and (2) CO(2) inhibited HLC expression only in the expression phase, where the final HLC concentration decreased by 34% under a 3 h 20% CO(2) pulse. The higher the CO(2) concentration and/or the longer the duration of the CO(2) pulse, the stronger the stimulatory or inhibitory effects. PMID- 18923912 TI - Comparative analysis of young panicle proteome in thermo-sensitive genic male sterile rice Zhu-1S under sterile and fertile conditions. AB - Proteome analysis was carried out to identify the young panicle proteins during different developmental stages under sterile and fertile conditions. Based on spot quantity and quality, 50 protein spots were analyzed by matrix associated laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and 20 spots were identified. Most of these proteins are closely associated with energy metabolism, protein biosynthesis, cell wall formation and stress responses, which are essential cell activities to the pollen development. Gene expression analysis of three different proteins by semi-quantitative RT-PCR showed that the mRNA level was not correlated exactly with the protein level. PMID- 18923913 TI - Absorption, excretion and retention of 51Cr from labelled Cr-(III)-picolinate in rats. AB - The bioavailability of chromium from Cr-picolinate (CrPic(3)) and Cr-chloride (CrCl(3)) was studied in rats using (51)Cr-labelled compounds and whole-body counting. The intestinal absorption of Cr was twice as high from CrPic(3) (1.16% vs 0.55%) than from CrCl(3), however most of the absorbed (51)Cr from CrPic(3) was excreted into the urine within 24 h. After i.v. or i.p. injection, the whole body retention curves fitted well to a multiexponential function, demonstrating that plasma chromium is in equilibrium with three pools. For CrPic(3), a large pool exists with a very rapid exchange (T (1/2) = <0.5 days), suggesting that CrPic(3) is absorbed as intact molecule, from which the main part is directly excreted by the kidney before degradation of the chromium complex in the liver can occur. CrCl(3) is less well absorbed but the rapid exchange pool is much smaller, resulting in even higher Cr concentrations in tissue such as muscle and fat. However, 1-3 days after application, the relative distribution of (51)Cr from both compounds was similar in all tissues studied, indicating that both compounds contribute to the same storage pool. In summary, the bioavailability of CrPic(3) in rats is not superior compared to CrCl(3). PMID- 18923914 TI - Bio-pretreatment of municipal solid waste prior to landfilling and its kinetics. AB - The conventional landfilling does not promote sustainable waste management due to uncontrolled emissions which potentially degrade the environment. Pretreatment of municipal solid waste prior to landfilling significantly enhances waste stabilization, reduces the emissions and provides many advantages. Therefore, pretreatment of municipal solid waste methods were investigated. The major objectives of biological pretreatment are to degrade most easily degradable organic matters of MSW in a short duration under controlled conditions so as to produce desired quality for landfill. To investigate the suitable pretreatment method prior to landfilling for developing countries four pretreatment simulators were developed in the laboratory: (i) anaerobic simulator (R(1)), (ii) aerobic pretreatment simulator by natural convection of air (R(2)), (iii) aerobic pretreatment simulator by natural convection of air with leachate recirculation (R(3)) and (iv) forced aeration and leachate recirculation (R(4)). During the pretreatment organic matter, elemental composition, i.e., carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and settlement were determined for bench scale experiments. A two component kinetic model is proposed for the biodegradation of organic matter. Biodegradation kinetic constants were determined for readily and slowly degradable organic matter. The biodegradation of organic matter efficiency in terms of kinetic rate constants for the pretreatment simulators was observed as R(4) > R(3) > R(2) > R(1). Biodegradation rate constants for readily degradable matter in simulators R(4) and R(3) were 0.225 and 0.222 per day. R(3) and R(4) simulators were more effective in reducing methane emissions about 45% and 55%, respectively, as compared to anaerobic simulator R(1). Pretreatment of MSW, by natural convection of air with leachate recirculation R(3) is sustainable method to reduce the emissions and to stabilize the waste prior to landfilling. PMID- 18923915 TI - Pre-adult development of Phytoseiulus persimilis on diets of Tetranychus urticae and Tetranychus lintearius: implications for the biological control of Ulex europaeus. AB - Predation by the phytoseiid mite, Phytoseiulus persimilis, is considered a major threat to the effectiveness of biological control of gorse, Ulex europaeus, using Tetranychus lintearius. To assess this threat and to determine if the impact of P. persimilis on T. lintearius populations is comparable to its impact on T. urticae populations, its development and predator : prey generation time ratios were assessed. The pre-adult mortality and development time of two populations of P. persimilis fed on two diets, T. urticae and T. lintearius, were determined at two temperatures, 14 and 24 degrees C. There were no significant differences in either mortality or development time between the two populations of P. persimilis at these temperatures. There is therefore no evidence that the two tested populations of P. persimilis are behaving as different strains. Similarly, diet had no significant effect on either mortality or development time at these temperatures. At 14 degrees C the mortality of P. persimilis was significantly higher and development was significantly longer than at 24 degrees C. Using pre adult development as a surrogate for generation times, predator : prey generation time ratios were calculated between P. persimilis and both T. urticae and T. lintearius using data from this and other studies. The predator : prey generation time ratios between P. persimilis and T. lintearius were lower than those between P. persimilis and T. urticae. These results indicate that the impact of P. persimilis on T. lintearius populations is likely to be comparable to its impact on T. urticae populations. This provides further evidence that predation by P. persimilis is having a deleterious effect on T. lintearius populations and therefore reducing its effectiveness as a biological control agent for gorse. PMID- 18923916 TI - Design and synthesis of a Magainin2 fusion protein gene suitable for a mammalian expression system. AB - We have designed and synthesized a gene encoding a fusion protein comprising Magainin2 and a carrier protein with the aim of screening for a suitable carrier protein expressing antibacterial peptides in the mammalian expression system. The antibacterial peptide Magainin2 was used as a model. Our results on mammalian cell expression showed that there was no exceptional splicing in the transfected CHO-s cells. Analysis of the transgenic mouse model revealed that the expression level of this fusion protein in one transgenic positive mouse was up to 10 g/l, which is close to the level of beta-casein in goat milk. The bioactivity analysis showed that the digested fusion protein had antibacterial activity. These results demonstrate that the synthetic gene of the carrier protein is suitable for expressing an antibacterial peptide in a mammalian cell system at high productivity and efficiency. Moreover, they demonstrate the potential for producing antibacterial peptides in a transgenic animal bioreactor on a large scale and inexpensively. PMID- 18923917 TI - Error-protein metabolism and ageing. AB - Ageing and many associated pathologies are accompanied by accumulation of altered proteins. It is suggested that erroneous polypeptide biosynthesis, cytosolic and mitochondrial, is not an insignificant source of aberrant protein in growing and non-mitotic cells. It is proposed that (i) synthesis of sufficient proteases and chaperone proteins necessary for rapid elimination of altered proteins, from cytoplasmic and mitochondrial compartments, is related to cellular protein biosynthetic potential, and (ii) cells growing slowly, or not at all, automatically generate lower levels of protease/chaperone molecules than cells growing rapidly, due to decreased general rate of protein synthesis and lowered amount of error-protein produced per cell. Hence the increased vulnerability of mature organisms may be explained, at least in part, by the decline in constitutive protease/chaperone protein biosynthesis. Upregulation of mitochondria biogenesis, induced by dietary restriction or aerobic exercise, may also increase protease/chaperone protein synthesis, which would improve cellular ability to degrade both error-proteins and proteins damaged post-synthetically by reactive oxygen species etc. These proposals may help explain, in part, the latency of those age-related pathologies where altered proteins accumulate only late in life, and the beneficial effects of aerobic exercise and dietary restriction. PMID- 18923918 TI - Home treatment with Elaprase and Naglazyme is safe in patients with mucopolysaccharidoses types II and VI, respectively. AB - Enzyme replacement therapy for lysosomal storage disorders has made an important contribution to improving the quality of life of affected patients. The treatment, however, is invasive and onerous, involving weekly or biweekly intravenous infusions of product over a 3-4 h period. Such therapy can be extremely disruptive of normal family life and the provision of a safe, home treatment regimen is greatly appreciated by affected families. In this report we demonstrate the safety of home treatment with Elaprase for mucopolysaccharidosis type II (17 patients) and Naglazyme for mucopolysaccharidosis type VI (6 patients). Careful patient selection, an experienced home care company and a detailed management plan for potential anaphylaxis and infusion-associated reactions are important components in a successful home treatment programme. PMID- 18923919 TI - Increased spontaneous osteoclastogenesis from peripheral blood mononuclear cells in phenylketonuria. AB - Phenylketonuria (PKU) is commonly complicated by a progressive bone impairment of uncertain aetiology. The therapeutic phenylalanine (Phe)-restricted diet and the possible noxious effects of high plasma Phe concentrations on bone have previously been suggested as possible determinant factors. Since osteoclasts are involved in bone reabsorption, they could play a role in determining bone damage in PKU. The reported increased excretion of bone resorption markers in PKU patients is consistent with this hypothesis. Although different diseases characterized by bone loss have been related to increased spontaneous osteoclastogenesis from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), to date there is no evidence of increased osteoclast formation in PKU. In this study, we compared the spontaneous osteoclastogenesis from PBMCs in 20 patients affected by PKU with that observed in age- and sex-matched healthy subjects. Phenylketonuric patients showed the number of osteoclasts to be almost double that observed in controls (159.9 +/- 79.5 and 87.8 +/- 44.7, respectively; p = 0.001). Moreover, a strict direct correlation between the spontaneous osteoclastogenesis in PKU patients and the mean blood Phe concentrations in the preceding year was observed (r = 0.576; p = 0.010). An imbalance between bone formation and bone resorption might explain, at least in part, the pathogenesis of bone loss in this disease. These findings could provide new insights into the biological mechanisms underlying bone damage in PKU. PMID- 18923922 TI - Foreword. PMID- 18923920 TI - Molecular cloning and characterization of a 2C-methyl-D: -erythritol 2,4 cyclodiphosphate synthase gene from Cephalotaxus harringtonia. AB - The full-length MECPS cDNA sequence (designated as Chmecps, GenBank Accession No.: DQ415658) was isolated by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) for the first time from Cephalotaxus harringtonia. The full-length cDNA of Chmecps was 1,146 bp containing a 753 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a polypeptide of 250 amino acids with a calculated mass of 26.67 kDa and an isoelectric point of 9.35. Comparative and bioinformatics analyses revealed that ChMECPS showed extensive homology with MECPSs from other plant species. Phylogenetic analysis indicated ChMECPS was more ancient than other plant MECPSs. Southern hybridization analysis of the genomic DNA showed that Chmecps was a single copy gene. Tissue expression pattern analysis revealed that ChMECPS expressed strongly in root and leaf, weakly in stem. PMID- 18923923 TI - Genomic medicine: a new frontier of medicine in the twenty first century. PMID- 18923921 TI - The P2X(7) receptor in retinal ganglion cells: A neuronal model of pressure induced damage and protection by a shifting purinergic balance. AB - Retinal ganglion cells process the visual signal and transmit it along their axons in the optic nerve to the brain. Molecular, immunohistochemical, and functional analyses indicate that the majority of retinal ganglion cells express the ionotropic P2X(7) receptor. Stimulation of the receptor can lead to a rise in intracellular calcium and cell death, although death does not involve the opening of a large diameter pore. Adenosine acting at A(3) receptors can attenuate the rise in calcium and death accompanying P2X(7) receptor activation, suggesting that dephosphorylation of ATP into adenosine is neuroprotective and that the balance of extracellular purines can influence neuronal survival. Increased intraocular pressure can lead to release of excessive extracellular ATP in the retina and damage ganglion cells by acting on P2X(7) receptors, implicating a role for the receptor in the loss of ganglion cell activity in glaucoma. In summary, the activation of P2X(7) receptors has both physiologic and pathophysiologic implications for ganglion cell function. These characteristics may also provide an insight into the contributions the P2X(7) receptor makes to neurons elsewhere. PMID- 18923924 TI - Mechanism of Alu integration into the human genome. AB - LINE-1 or L1 has driven the generation of at least 10% of the human genome by mobilising Alu sequences. Although there is no doubt that Alu insertion is initiated by L1-dependent target site-primed reverse transcription, the mechanism by which the newly synthesised 3' end of a given Alu cDNA attaches to the target genomic DNA is less well understood. Intrigued by observations made on 28 pathological simple Alu insertions, we have sought to ascertain whether microhomologies could have played a role in the integration of shorter Alu sequences into the human genome. A meta-analysis of the 1624 Alu insertion polymorphisms deposited in the Database of Retrotransposon Insertion Polymorphisms in Humans (dbRIP), when considered together with a re-evaluation of the mechanism underlying how the three previously annotated large deletion associated short pathological Alu inserts were generated, enabled us to present a unifying model for Alu insertion into the human genome. Since Alu elements are comparatively short, L1 RT is usually able to complete nascent Alu cDNA strand synthesis leading to the generation of full-length Alu inserts. However, the synthesis of the nascent Alu cDNA strand may be terminated prematurely if its 3' end anneals to the 3' terminal of the top strand's 5' overhang by means of microhomology-mediated mispairing, an event which would often lead to the formation of significantly truncated Alu inserts. Furthermore, the nascent Alu cDNA strand may be 'hijacked' to patch existing double strand breaks located in the top-strand's upstream regions, leading to the generation of large genomic deletions. PMID- 18923925 TI - Deciphering modular and dynamic behaviors of transcriptional networks. AB - The coordinated and dynamic modulation or interaction of genes or proteins acts as an important mechanism used by a cell in functional regulation. Recent studies have shown that many transcriptional networks exhibit a scale-free topology and hierarchical modular architecture. It has also been shown that transcriptional networks or pathways are dynamic and behave only in certain ways and controlled manners in response to disease development, changing cellular conditions, and different environmental factors. Moreover, evolutionarily conserved and divergent transcriptional modules underline fundamental and species-specific molecular mechanisms controlling disease development or cellular phenotypes. Various computational algorithms have been developed to explore transcriptional networks and modules from gene expression data. In silico studies have also been made to mimic the dynamic behavior of regulatory networks, analyzing how disease or cellular phenotypes arise from the connectivity or networks of genes and their products. Here, we review the recent development in computational biology research on deciphering modular and dynamic behaviors of transcriptional networks, highlighting important findings. We also demonstrate how these computational algorithms can be applied in systems biology studies as on disease, stem cells, and drug discovery. PMID- 18923926 TI - Searching for potential microRNA-binding site mutations amongst known disease associated 3' UTR variants. AB - The 3' untranslated regions (3' UTRs) of human protein-coding genes play a pivotal role in the regulation of mRNA 3' end formation, stability/degradation, nuclear export, subcellular localisation and translation, and hence are particularly rich in cis-acting regulatory elements. One recent addition to the already large repertoire of known cis-acting regulatory elements are the microRNA (miRNA) target sites that are present in the 3' UTRs of many human genes. miRNAs post-transcriptionally down-regulate gene expression by binding to complementary sequences on their cognate target mRNAs, thereby inducing either mRNA degradation or translational repression. To date, only one disease-associated 3' UTR variant (in the SLITRK1 gene) has been reported to occur within a bona fide miRNA binding site. By means of sequence complementarity, we have performed the first systematic search for potential miRNA-target site mutations within a set of 79 known disease-associated 3' UTR variants. Since no variants were found that either disrupted or created binding sites for known human miRNAs, we surmise that miRNA-target site mutations are not likely to represent a frequent cause of human genetic disease. PMID- 18923927 TI - Diagnosing idiopathic learning disability: a cost-effectiveness analysis of microarray technology in the National Health Service of the United Kingdom. AB - Array based comparative genomic hybridisation (aCGH) is a powerful technique for detecting clinically relevant genome imbalance and can offer 40 to > 1000 times the resolution of karyotyping. Indeed, idiopathic learning disability (ILD) studies suggest that a genome-wide aCGH approach makes 10-15% more diagnoses involving genome imbalance than karyotyping. Despite this, aCGH has yet to be implemented as a routine NHS service. One significant obstacle is the perception that the technology is prohibitively expensive for most standard NHS clinical cytogenetics laboratories. To address this, we investigated the cost effectiveness of aCGH versus standard cytogenetic analysis for diagnosing idiopathic learning disability (ILD) in the NHS. Cost data from four participating genetics centres were collected and analysed. In a single test comparison, the average cost of aCGH was pound442 and the average cost of karyotyping was pound117 with array costs contributing most to the cost difference. This difference was not a key barrier when the context of follow up diagnostic tests was considered. Indeed, in a hypothetical cohort of 100 ILD children, aCGH was found to cost less per diagnosis ( pound3,118) than a karyotyping and multi-telomere FISH approach ( pound4,957). We conclude that testing for genomic imbalances in ILD using microarray technology is likely to be cost-effective because long-term savings can be made regardless of a positive (diagnosis) or negative result. Earlier diagnoses save costs of additional diagnostic tests. Negative results are cost-effective in minimising follow-up test choice. The use of aCGH in routine clinical practice warrants serious consideration by healthcare providers. PMID- 18923928 TI - Clinical improvement after treatment with VEGF(165) in patients with severe chronic lower limb ischaemia. AB - The present study focuses on the application of a therapeutic strategy in patients with chronic severe lower limb ischaemia using a plasmid vector encoding the vascular endothelial growth factor (phVEGF(165)). It has been shown that VEGF promotes neo-vascularization and blood vessel network formation and thus might have the ability to improve blood-flow at the level of the affected limbs. However, little information is available regarding the necessary level of expression of VEGF and its possible related adverse effects. We have subcloned VEGF ( 165 )isoform into pCMV-Script expression vector (Stratagene) under the control of the CMV promoter. Three patients with chronic ischaemia of the lower limb, considered as not suitable for surgical re-vascularization, received intramuscular injection with 0.5 ml saline solution containing 10(11) copies of VEGF ( 165 ) plasmid. The clinical evolution has been monitored by angiography and estimated by walking time on the rolling carpet (Gardner protocol). Two months after therapy, all three patients showed complete relief of rest pain, improvement of ischaemic ulcer lesions and increased walking distance on the rolling carpet most probably due to appearance of newly formed collateral vessels. PMID- 18923929 TI - Analysis of R213R and 13494 g-->a polymorphisms of the p53 gene in individuals with esophagitis, intestinal metaplasia of the cardia and Barrett's Esophagus compared with a control group. AB - Protein p53 is the tumor suppressor involved in cell cycle control and apoptosis. There are several polymorphisms reported for p53 which can affect important regions involved in protein tumor suppressor activity. Amongst the polymorphisms described, R213R and 13949 g-->a are rarely studied, with an estimate frequency not yet available for the Brazilian population. The purpose of this study was to investigate the genotype and allele frequencies and associations of these polymorphisms in a group of patients with altered esophageal tissue from South Brazil and compare with the frequency observed for a control population. A total of 35 patients for R213R and 45 for 13494 g-->a polymorphisms analysis with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) symptoms diagnosed by upper digestive endoscopy and confirmed by biopsy were studied. For both groups, 100 controls were used for comparison. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) was also analyzed for a selected group of patients where normal and affected tissue was available. There was one patient with Barrett's Esophagus (BE) showing LOH for R213R out of two heterozygous samples analyzed and two patients (esophagitis and BE) for 13494 g- >a polymorphism. We also aimed to build a haplotype for both polymorphisms collectively analyzed with R27P polymorphism, previously reported by our group. There were no significant differences in allele and genotype distribution between patients and controls. Although using esophagitis, intestinal metaplasia of the cardia and BE samples, all non-neoplastic lesions, we can conclude that these sites do not represent genetic susceptibility markers for the development and early progression of GERD to BE and esophageal cancer. Additional studies are required in order to investigate other determiners of early premalignant lesions known to predispose to esophageal cancer. PMID- 18923930 TI - Molecular cytogenetic characterization of two independent karyotypic anomalies in a patient with severe mental retardation and juvenile idiopathic arthritis. AB - We report on a patient with severe mental retardation, dysmorphic features as well as juvenile idiopathic arthritis. G-banding indicated two independent karyotypic anomalies in this patient: an interstitial deletion del(X)(p21p22.3) and a rearrangement involving chromosomes 1 and 7, which represents a direct insertion, ins(7;1)(q36;p13.2p31.2). Non-random inactivation of the paternally derived del(X) chromosome was observed in blood lymphocytes and fibroblasts. High resolution analysis of the rearrangement involving chromosomes 1 and 7 subsequently revealed the additional submicroscopic deletion of at least 5 Mb at the 1p13.2 breakpoint. The deletion occurred on the paternal chromosome and encompasses the PTPN22 gene, already known to be associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Our findings underline the importance of closely investigating the breakpoint regions of apparently balanced rearrangements in patients with abnormal phenotypes since complex chromosomal rearrangements (CCRs) may turn out to be unbalanced. PMID- 18923932 TI - Genome mirror-2006. PMID- 18923931 TI - Evidence of EGR1 as a differentially expressed gene among proliferative skin diseases. AB - Hyperproliferative epidermal disorders range from benign hyperplasias such as psoriasis to basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), the two most common cancers in the US. While they all arise from the epidermis, these diseases differ dramatically in biological behavior and their underlying gene expression patterns have not been compared. We thus examined mRNA transcript levels in these disorders to identify and further characterize differentially expressed genes. Transcript expression patterns distinguish these disorders and identify EGR1, among other genes, whose epidermal expression is decreased in BCC and SCC but is elevated in psoriasis. Egr-1 inhibits growth of benign and malignant epidermal cells in vitro and appears to suppress both Cdc25A expression and Cdk2 dephosphorylation. These data indicate that gene expression profiling can differentiate epidermal hyperproliferative diseases and suggest that Egr-1 may play a role in preventing uncontrolled epidermal growth. PMID- 18923933 TI - Why should genomic medicine become more evidence-based? PMID- 18923934 TI - From evidence-based medicine to genomic medicine. AB - The concept of 'evidence-based medicine' dates back to mid-19th century or even earlier. It remains pivotal in planning, funding and in delivering the health care. Clinicians, public health practitioners, health commissioners/purchasers, health planners, politicians and public seek formal 'evidence' in approving any form of health care provision. Essentially 'evidence-based medicine' aims at the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of the current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients. It is in fact the 'personalised medicine' in practice. Since the completion of the human genome project and the rapid accumulation of huge amount of data, scientists and physicians alike are excited on the prospect of 'personalised health care' based on individual's genotype and phenotype. The first decade of the new millennium now witnesses the transition from 'evidence-based medicine' to the 'genomic medicine'. The practice of medicine, including health promotion and prevention of disease, stands now at a wide-open road as the scientific and medical community embraces itself with the rapidly expanding and revolutionising field of genomic medicine. This article reviews the rapid transformation of modern medicine from the 'evidence-based medicine' to 'genomic medicine'. PMID- 18923935 TI - Peripheral blood gene expression profiling for cardiovascular disease assessment. AB - Whole blood gene expression profiling has the potential to be informative about dynamic changes in disease states and to provide information on underlying disease mechanisms. Having demonstrated proof of concept in animal models, a number of studies have now tried to tackle the complexity of cardiovascular disease in human hosts to develop better diagnostic and prognostic indicators. These studies show that genomic signatures are capable of classifying patients with cardiovascular diseases into finer categories based on the molecular architecture of a patient's disease and more accurately predict the likelihood of a cardiovascular event than current techniques. To highlight the spectrum of potential applications of whole blood gene expression profiling approach in cardiovascular science, we have chosen to review the findings in a number of complex cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, hypertension and myocardial infarction as well as thromboembolism, aortic aneurysm, and heart transplant. PMID- 18923936 TI - Parallel analysis of tetramerization domain mutants of the human p53 protein using PCR colonies. AB - A highly-parallel yeast functional assay, capable of screening approximately 100 1,000 mutants in parallel and designed to screen the activity of transcription activator proteins, was utilized to functionally characterize tetramerization domain mutants of the human p53 transcription factor and tumor suppressor protein. A library containing each of the 19 possible single amino acid substitutions (57 mutants) at three positions in the tetramerization domain of the human p53 protein, was functionally screened in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Amino acids Leu330 and Ile332, whose side chains form a portion of a hydrophobic pocket that stabilizes the active p53 tetramer, were found to tolerate most hydrophobic amino acid substitutions while hydrophilic substitutions resulted in the inactivation of the protein. Amino acid Gln331 tolerated essentially all mutations. Importantly, highly parallel mutagenesis and cloning techniques were utilized which, in conjunction with recently reported highly parallel DNA sequencing methods, would be capable of increasing throughput an additional 2-3 orders of magnitude. PMID- 18923937 TI - Transcriptional activity of the RHOB gene is influenced by regulatory polymorphisms in its promoter region. AB - Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic joint disease with genetic as well as environmental factors contributing to its etiology. We recently identified RHOB as a gene overexpressed in osteoarthritis. Interestingly, RHOB harbors numerous polymorphisms in its promoter region and genotyping of OA patients and healthy controls revealed an association of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs585017 with the disease. We here set out to investigate the influence of RHOB promoter polymorphisms on the transcriptional activity of the gene and we found evidence that the SNPs rs2602160 and rs585017 cooperate in regulating RHOB expression. In addition, a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) impacts on the RHOB transcriptional activity in a cell type restricted manner. These results mechanistically link our previous finding of an elevated RHOB expression to the disease associated SNP rs585017 and confirm a role for regulatory polymorphisms in osteoarthritis. PMID- 18923938 TI - The geography of genetics: an analysis of referral patterns to a cancer genetics service. AB - This study uses a geographical information system (GIS) and statistical analysis to look for patterns in referrals to a British cancer genetics service. In this case, familial cancers are taken to be those that can develop when an individual inherits DNA mutations that cause an increased risk of cancer. Between 1998 and 2006 the Cancer Genetics Service for Wales received nearly 11,000 referrals for patients resident in Wales and it is the service database recording those referrals which is the subject of this secondary analysis. Using postcodes to match referred patients to areas, deprivation scores were assigned. Referral rates per 10,000 head of population across the 8-year study period by unitary authority are presented, as is information on referrals from primary and secondary care sources by year. Each patient referred has their family history of cancer recorded and is assigned to a risk category; high, medium or average. There are correlations between number of GPs (General Practitioners) in a practice, number of patients referred from a practice, and deprivation as measured by the overall Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation 2005, such that the two former factors increase as deprivation decreases. Over time there were changes in referral sources, with referrals from primary care overtaking those from secondary care in percentage and absolute terms. There were also changes in the types of cancer referred, risk categories seen and to which centre referrals were made. Referral patterns reveal an inverse relationship between deprivation and health service availability and use. PMID- 18923939 TI - 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol selectively activates the canonical PI3K/AKT pathway: a bioinformatics-based evidence for androgen-activated cytoplasmic signaling. AB - 5alpha-Androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol (3alpha-diol) is reduced from the potent androgen, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5alpha-DHT), by reductive 3alpha hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (3alpha-HSDs) in the prostate. 3alpha-diol is recognized as a weak androgen with low affinity toward the androgen receptor (AR), but can be oxidized back to 5alpha-DHT. However, 3alpha-diol may have potent effects by activating cytoplasmic signaling pathways, stimulating AR independent prostate cell growth, and, more importantly, providing a key signal for androgen-independent prostate cancer progression. A cancer-specific, cDNA based membrane array was used to determine 3alpha-diol-activated pathways in regulating prostate cancer cell survival and/or proliferation. Several canonical pathways appeared to be affected by 3alpha-diol-regulated responses in LNCaP cells; among them are apoptosis signaling, PI3K/AKT signaling, and death receptor signaling pathways. Biological analysis confirmed that 3alpha-diol stimulates AKT activation; and the AKT pathway can be activated independent of the classical AR signaling. These observations sustained our previous observations that 3alpha diol continues to support prostate cell survival and proliferation regardless the status of the AR. We provided the first systems biology approach to demonstrate that 3alpha-diol-activated cytoplasmic signaling pathways are important components of androgen-activated biological functions in human prostate cells. Based on the observations that levels of reductive 3alpha-HSD expression are significantly elevated in localized and advanced prostate cancer, 3alpha-diol may, therefore, play a critical role for the transition from androgen-dependent to androgen-independent prostate cancer in the presence of androgen deprivation. PMID- 18923940 TI - Genome mirror-2007. PMID- 18923941 TI - Analysis of Current Practice of CT examinations. AB - BACKGROUND: The number of CT examinations performed in Denmark increased from 14,500 examinations in 1979 to 301,617 in 2005. This implies increased radiation dose to the population. On this background, an analysis of the practice for CT examinations including potential limitations of radiation exposure and the associated risk is needed. PURPOSES: To analyse 1) the current use of CT in a university department compared to 1996, 2) the radiation dose and risk associated with the examinations and 3) the use of CT in Denmark since 1979. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The administrative data of CT examinations performed in the Department of Radiology, Aarhus Sygehus, during 2005 and 1996, respectively, were obtained. Additionally national CT data were obtained from the database at the National Board of Health. RESULTS: In 1996 1,840 patients obtained 5,538 CT examinations at Aarhus Sygehus. Their mean age was 46.7 years (0-88). The most frequent referring speciality was oncology followed by abdominal surgery and orthopaedic surgery. In 2005 3,769 patients obtained 11,216 CT examinations. They were generally older with a mean age of 56.9 years (0-97). The most frequent referring speciality was oncology followed by chest medicine and abdominal surgery. In 2005 the total effective dose was 71,043 mSv (mean 18.9 mSv/per patient). According to the BEIR VII model this radiation level corresponded to a risk for inducing a cancer in 7 patients, being fatal in half of them. The national data showed a gradual increase of the number of CT examinations from 1979 to 2005, most pronounced after year 2000 coinciding with the introduction of multi-slice CT (MSCT). CONCLUSION: The number of CT examinations at Aarhus Sygehus doubled during a 9 year period. The increase occured especially in middle and high age groups. PMID- 18923942 TI - Clinical long-term effects of Meniett pulse generator for Meniere's disease. AB - CONCLUSION: According to this long-term study, the Meniett pulse generator is a safe, effective, and non-destructive therapy that can reduce vertiginous symptoms and associated functional handicap and partly show an improvement of hearing in medically intractable and active Meniere's disease. Moreover, we recommend considering it before attempting any surgical or chemical vestibular ablation procedure. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of transtympanic pressure treatment in the management of recalcitrant vertigo in Meniere's disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a cross-sectional case study of 22 consecutive patients with medically active and intractable Meniere's disease who opted to try the Meniett pulse generator between July 2005 and March 2008. Eighteen of these patients were followed up for over 24 months. A standard ventilation tube was inserted in the affected ear. The treatment period with the Meniett pulse generator was 2 months in clinic, then the follow-up was a mean of 28 months. Patients indicated on the symptom report card and six-point functional scale the maximum level of vertigo, activity, and stress. Hearing was assessed utilizing pure tone average thresholds (PTAs) and the vestibular caloric test was performed. RESULTS: For 18 patients, the changes on the vertigo visual analog scale (VAS) and six-point functional scale before and after treatment with the Meniett device were statistically significant (p<0.05). No changes in vestibular function were noted. In all, 13 and 10 of 18 patients, respectively, showed a significant PTA increase of 10 dB or more at 2 months and 12 months after treatment with the Meniett device. Nine of 17 patients showed a significant PTA increase of 10 dB or more at 24 months after the treatment. There were no complications during the 28-month follow-up. PMID- 18923943 TI - Outcomes of facial palsy in children. AB - CONCLUSIONS: Facial palsy in children might be an alarming sign of serious underlying disease such as tumor, systemic disease or congenital anomalies and the recovery is poor in those cases. Therefore, careful investigation and differential diagnosis are essential in children. Prednisolone does not make a significant difference in the outcome in the treatment of children with Bell's palsy. The prognosis of Bell's palsy in the pediatric group is good; patients usually recover within 3 months. OBJECTIVES: To review and analyze the etiology, management, and outcome of facial palsy in children. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Using a retrospective chart review, patients under the age of 15 years with a diagnosis of facial palsy were collected from 1996 to 2002. RESULTS: A total of 56 cases (29 male, 27 female) with a mean age of 6.9+/-4.5 years were included in this analysis. Causes of facial palsy were Bell's palsy (44 patients, 78.6%), neoplastic (4 patients, 7.1%), head injury (3 patients, 5.4%), congenital (3 patients, 5.4%), or infectious (2 patients, 3.6%). In Bell's palsy there was no significant difference in the recovery rate between the groups with or without prednisolone treatment and between the groups that received medication within 1 week of syndrome onset or after more than 1 week. PMID- 18923944 TI - Changes in calbindin-D28k and parvalbumin expression in the superior olivary complex following unilateral cochlear ablation in neonatal rats. AB - CONCLUSION: Unilateral congenital deafness with a volume reduction in cochlear nucleus (CN) induced changes in the calcium-binding proteins (CaBPs) in the contralateral superior olivary complex (SOC) in the rat. With the loss of neurons and a volume reduction in the CN, a decrease in the input to the contralateral SOC may occur, which results in the down-regulation of CaBPs in these nuclei. This study may provide some implications regarding the neurochemistry in the auditory brainstem of deaf children. OBJECTIVE: Hearing loss produced by cochlear damage during early development can result in persistent changes in the organization of the central auditory system in adults. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the neurochemical changes produced in the auditory brainstem of rats with unilateral cochlear ablation conducted before the onset of hearing. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Following unilateral cochlear ablation during early development, we examined the changes in the distribution of two CaBPs, calbindin-D28k (CB) and parvalbumin (PV), in the SOC. RESULTS: Upon reaching adulthood, a marked decrease in CB- and PV-immunoreactive neurons was observed in the contralateral SOC, particularly in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB), although no neuronal cell death was observed. A volume reduction in the ipsilateral CN was also observed. PMID- 18923945 TI - Aging and semantic cueing during learning and retention of verbal episodic information. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of semantic cues provided at encoding and during retention for older adults' memory. For the California Verbal Learning Test-II, participants received semantic or nonsemantic cues that were varied across groups at encoding and during the retention interval. Provision of a semantic cue at encoding led to greater semantic clustering at learning, but not increased recall performance. Providing a semantic cue during the retention interval led to better delayed free recall and greater semantic clustering. No group differences in recall or semantic clustering were found at delayed cued recall. The current findings suggest that semantic cues can be beneficial for recalling unstructured information when administered during the retention interval. PMID- 18923947 TI - Air pollution and hospital admissions for pneumonia in a subtropical city: Taipei, Taiwan. AB - This study was undertaken to determine whether there was an association between air pollutant levels and hospital admissions for pneumonia in Taipei, Taiwan. Hospital admissions for pneumonia and ambient air pollution data for Taipei were obtained for the period from 1996-2004. The relative risk of hospital admission was estimated using a case-crossover approach, controlling for weather variables, day of the week, seasonality, and long-term time trends. In the single pollutant models, on warm days (>23 degrees C) statistically significant positive associations were found in all pollutants. On cool days (<23 degrees C), all pollutants were significantly associated with pneumonia admissions except SO(2). For the two-pollutant model, O(3) and NO(2) were significant in combination with each of the other 4 pollutants on warm days. On cool days, PM(10), CO, and O(3) remained statistically significant in all the two-pollutant models. This study provides evidence that higher levels of ambient air pollutants increase the risk of hospital admissions for pneumonia. PMID- 18923946 TI - Connexin43 expression levels influence intercellular coupling and cell proliferation of native murine cardiac fibroblasts. AB - Little is known about connexin expression and function in murine cardiac fibroblasts. The authors isolated native ventricular fibroblasts from adult mice and determined that although they expressed both connexin43 (Cx43) and connexin45 (Cx45), the relative abundance of Cx45 was greater than that of Cx43 in fibroblasts compared to myocytes, and the electrophoretic mobility of both Cx43 and Cx45 differed in fibroblasts and in myocytes. Increasing Cx43 expression by adenoviral infection increased intercellular coupling, whereas decreasing Cx43 expression by genetic ablation decreased coupling. Interestingly, increasing Cx43 expression reduced fibroblast proliferation, whereas decreasing Cx43 expression increased proliferation. These data demonstrate that native fibroblasts isolated from the mouse heart exhibit intercellular coupling via gap junctions containing both Cx43 and Cx45. Fibroblast proliferation is inversely related to the expression level of Cx43. Thus, connexin expression and remodeling is likely to alter fibroblast function, maintenance of the extracellular matrix, and ventricular remodeling in both normal and diseased hearts. PMID- 18923948 TI - Pulmonary deposition of aerosolized Bacillus atrophaeus in a Swine model due to exposure from a simulated anthrax letter incident. AB - Dry anthrax spore powder is readily disseminated as an aerosol and it is possible that passive dispersion when opening a letter containing anthrax spores may result in lethal doses to humans. The specific aim of this study was to quantify the respirable aerosol hazard associated with opening an envelope/letter contaminated with a dry spore powder of the biological pathogen anthrax in a typical office environment. An envelope containing a letter contaminated with 1.0 g of dry Bacillus atrophaeus (BG) spores (pathogen simulant) was opened in the presence of an unrestrained swine model. Aerosolized spores were detected in the room in seconds and peak concentrations occurred by three minutes. The swine, located approximately 1.5 m from the source, was exposed to the aerosol for 28 min following the letter opening event and then moved to a clean room for 30 min. A necropsy was completed to determine the extent of in vivo spore deposition in the lungs. The median number of viable colony forming units (CFU) measured in the combined right and left lung was 21,200: the average mass of both lungs was 283 g. In excess of 100 CFU per gram of lung tissue was found at sites within the anterior, intermediate and posterior lobes. The results of this study confirmed that opening an envelope containing spores generated an aerosol spanning the respirable particle size range of 1-10 microm, and that normal respiration of swine led to spore deposition throughout the lungs. The observed deposition of spores in the lungs of the swine is within the LD(50) range of 2,500-55,000 estimated for humans for inhaled anthrax. Thus, there would appear to be a significant health risk to those individuals exposed to anthrax spores when opening a contaminated envelope. PMID- 18923949 TI - Ambient exposure to criteria air pollutants and risk of death from bladder cancer in Taiwan. AB - To investigate the relationship between air pollution and risk of death from bladder cancer, the authors conducted a matched case-control study using deaths that occurred in Taiwan from 1995 through 2005. Data on all eligible bladder cancer deaths were obtained from the Bureau of Vital Statistics of the Taiwan Provincial Department of Health. The control group consisted of people who died from causes other than cancer or diseases associated with genitourinary problems. The controls were pair matched to the cases by sex, year of birth, and year of death. Each matched control was selected randomly from the set of possible controls for each case. Classification of exposure to municipality air pollution was based on the measured levels of nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. The results of the present study show that there is a significant positive association between the levels of air pollution and bladder cancer mortality. The adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) were 1.37 (1.03-1.82) for the group with medium air pollution level and 1.98 (1.36-2.88) for the group with high air pollution level when compared to the group with the low air pollution level. Trend analyses showed statistically significant trend in risk of death from bladder cancer with increasing air pollution level. The findings of this study warrant further investigation of the role of air pollutants in the etiology of bladder cancer. PMID- 18923950 TI - The association between home and vehicle environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and chronic bronchitis in a Canadian population: the Canadian Community Health Survey, 2005. AB - This study aimed to determine the association between home and vehicle exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), and chronic bronchitis based on data from 64,961 non-smokers aged 12 years and older who participated in the 2005 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS). The proportion of respondents who reported ETS exposure in the home and vehicle was 9.0% and 8.4% respectively. The prevalence of self-reported doctor diagnosed chronic bronchitis was 1.5%. When considered separately, home and vehicle ETS were both significantly associated with chronic bronchitis in children and adolescents aged 12-19 years, with adjusted odds ratios of 2.30 (95% CI 1.46-3.63) and 2.25 (95% CI 1.42-3.58), respectively. Neither home, nor vehicle ETS exposure was significantly associated with chronic bronchitis in age groups greater than 19 years. When home and vehicle ETS exposure were considered together, and sex, age, allergies, asthma, marital status, level of education, and race where controlled for, home ETS exposure was not a significant predictor of chronic bronchitis (P = 0.296), while vehicle ETS was. The correlation between exposure variables was fair, with a kappa coefficient of 0.40 (P < 0.0001). Females, older age groups, non-white individuals, asthmatic patients, as well as individuals with allergies, no high school diploma, and those who were previously married had higher odds of chronic bronchitis. In conclusion, vehicle exposure to ETS was significantly associated with chronic bronchitis, and children and adolescents exposed to ETS were more susceptible to the disease. PMID- 18923951 TI - Experimental study of aerosol deposition in pulsating balloon structures. AB - In this study, aerosol depositions within pulsating balloon structures are investigated. Cyclical motion of expansion and contraction of the balloon models are controlled by varying the surrounding vacuum pressures inside the air chamber. Balloons of various configurations are used to induce the air flows as well as to collect the deposited particles. The non-uniform distribution patterns of particle deposition inside the models are measured by fluorescence spectrophotometer. Different airflow rates are investigated. The objective of this study is to qualitatively investigate the phenomena of enhanced particle local deposition in pockets with moving wall conditions. It has been observed in the experiments that a particle deposition "hot spot" exists at the entrance of balloon model for almost all flow rates covered in the study and the moving boundary flow enhances the aerosol deposition significantly. PMID- 18923952 TI - Repeatability of scores on a novel test of endurance running performance. AB - The aim of the present study was to determine the repeatability of a running endurance test using an automated treadmill system that requires no manual input to control running speed. On three separate occasions, 7 days apart, 10 experienced male endurance-trained runners (mean age 32 years, s = 10; VO2peak 61 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1), s = 7) completed a treadmill time trial, in which they were instructed to run as far as possible in 60 min. The treadmill was instrumented with an ultrasonic feedback-controlled radar modulator that spontaneously regulated treadmill belt speed corresponding to the changing running speed of each runner. Estimated running intensity was 70% VO2peak (s = 11) and the distance covered 13.5 km (s = 2), with no difference in mean performances between trials. The coefficient of variation, estimated using analysis of variance, with participant and trial as main effects, was 1.4%. In summary, the use of an automated treadmill system improved the repeatability of a 60-min treadmill time trial compared with time trials in which speed is controlled manually. The present protocol is a reliable method of assessing endurance performance in endurance-trained runners. PMID- 18923953 TI - Influence of gender on ventilatory efficiency during exercise in young children. AB - In this study, we assessed the ventilatory response in 84 children (46 males: age 8.1 +/- 1.0 years, body mass 34.2 +/- 7.9 kg, height 1.32 +/- 0.16 m; 38 females: age 8.0 +/- 0.8 years, body mass 31.7 +/- 8.7 kg, height 1.31 +/- 0.08 m) during a cycle ergometer test to determine if there was an influence of gender on ventilatory efficiency. The test commenced at 25 W and increased by 10 W every minute. Expired air was collected through a face mask and analysed breath by breath. The ventilatory anaerobic threshold was determined according to gas exchange methods and we focused our attention on the analysis of carbon dioxide production (VCO(2)), ventilation (V(E)), the ratio V(E)/VCO(2) and its slope. Differences between the sexes at maximal power output were strongly significant for V(E) and VCO(2) (P = 0.0001 and P = 0.0004 respectively) and moderately significant for the V(E)/VCO(2) ratio (P = 0.05). The slope of V(E) versus VCO(2) was 30.8 +/- 4.2 for males and 29.4 +/- 3.2 for females, with no difference between the sexes (P = 0.1). In conclusion, although the peak values of V(E) and VCO(2) were significantly different between the sexes, there were no such differences in ventilatory efficiency during a maximal incremental test expressed as the slope of V(E)/VCO(2), at least in young children. PMID- 18923954 TI - Self-talk influences vertical jump performance and kinematics in male rugby union players. AB - We examined the effects of instructional and motivational self-talk on centre of mass displacement and hip kinematics during the vertical jump. Twenty-four male rugby union players (age 21.1 years, s = 3.5; body mass 81.0 kg, s = 8.9; height 1.80 m, s = 0.06) performed three vertical jump tests, with a 2 min rest between jumps. Before each jump, participants engaged in one of three counterbalanced interventions (motivational self-talk, instructional self-talk or no intervention). Motivational self-talk led to greater centre of mass displacement (0.602 m, s = 0.076; P = 0.012) than the no-intervention control (0.583 m, s = 0.085). Centre of mass displacement did not differ between instructional self talk and the control condition or between motivational and instructional self talk. Motivational (100.75 degrees , s = 16.05; P = 0.001) and instructional self talk (106.14 degrees , s = 17.04; P = 0.001) led to greater hip displacement than the no-intervention control (94.11 degrees , s = 17.14). There was also a significant difference in hip displacement between motivational and instructional self-talk (P = 0.014), although there was no difference between instructional self-talk and the control condition. Motivational (451.69 degrees /s, s = 74.34; P = 0.008) and instructional self-talk (462.01 degrees /s, s = 74.37; P = 0.001) led to greater hip rotation velocity than the no-intervention control (434.37 degrees /s, s = 75.37), although there was no difference between the two self talk interventions. These results indicate that self-talk may influence performance and technique during the vertical jump in male rugby players. PMID- 18923955 TI - A comparison of lactate indices during ramp exercise using modelling techniques and conventional methods. AB - The aim of this study was to compare the lactate indices provided by single- and double-breakpoint models with lactate thresholds obtained with conventional methods. Arterial samples for the determination of lactate concentrations were drawn from eight participants at rest and every minute during a ramp test (15 W x min(-1)) on a cycle ergometer. Lactate thresholds were determined from a blood lactate concentration equal to 4 mM (LT(4)), from an increase of 1 mM above the resting level (Delta1 mM), and from indirect methods using ventilatory parameters. Other indices were computed from the modelling of the lactate curve using an exponential function (LSI), a polynomial function (Dmax), a semi-log model (SLog), a parabola plus delay model (Mod P), and a two-breakpoint model (Mod M). Mod P and Mod M showed poor agreement with the other methods. LT(4), Dmax, LSI, and respiratory exchange ratio equal to 1 were correlated with each other (0.81 infinity)) in comparison with the tablet and with the other SE. PMID- 18923980 TI - The influence of age at migration and length of residence on self-rated health among Swedish immigrants: a cross-sectional study. AB - OBJECTIVE: Increasing global migration has led to profound demographic changes in most industrialised countries. A growing body of research has investigated various health aspects among immigrant groups and found that some immigrant groups have poorer health than the majority population. It has been suggested that poor acculturation in the host country could lie behind the increased risk of worsened health among certain immigrant groups. The aim was to investigate the cross-sectional association between acculturation, measured as age at migration or length of residence, and self-rated health among young immigrants. DESIGN: The simple, random samples of 7137 women and 7415 men aged 16-34 years were based on pooled, independent data collected during the period 1992-1999 obtained from the Swedish Annual Level of Living Survey (SALLS). Logistic regression was applied in the estimation of odds ratios (OR) for poor self-rated health, after accounting for age, sex, socioeconomic status (SES) and social networks. The non-response rate varied between 23.6 and 28.3% in the different immigrant groups. RESULTS: The odds of poor self-rated health increased with increasing age at migration to Sweden among first-generation immigrants. For those who had resided in Sweden less than 15 years the odds of poor self-rated health were significantly increased. In addition, most of the immigrant groups had higher odds of poor self rated health than the reference group. CONCLUSIONS: Health care workers and policy makers need to be aware that immigrants who arrive in the host country at higher ages and/or have lived in the host country for a shorter period of time might need special attention as they are more likely to suffer from poor self rated health, a valid health status indicator that can be used in population health monitoring. PMID- 18923981 TI - The effect of mental alerting on peripheral vestibular nystagmus during spontaneous, gaze (30 degrees left, 30 degrees right) and body positional (left & right lateral lying) testing using electronystagmography (ENG). AB - The performance of mental alerting during caloric testing has always been considered important, however its use/benefit during electronystagmography (ENG)/videonystagmography (VNG) testing has been questioned. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of mental alerting tasks on peripheral type vestibular nystagmus recorded during ENG. Thirty patients with significant spontaneous/gaze or positional nystagmus (slow phase velocity >or= 6 degrees /s) were recruited from consecutive referrals for vestibular assessment. Nystagmus was recorded by ENG both in the presence and absence of mental alerting for each patient. Investigation of nystagmus by analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significantly larger nystagmus (higher value SPV) with mental alerting than with no alerting (p<0.001), and for some patients nystagmus traces were reduced to a flat line (no nystagmus) with no alerting. The study demonstrates the importance of mental alerting in helping overcome central suppression of nystagmus and highlights its importance to help identify peripheral type nystagmus during ENG. PMID- 18923982 TI - TEOAE suppression in adults with learning disabilities. AB - The presentation of contralateral noise during the recording of transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs) reduces the amplitude of the TEOAE in normally hearing adults. This is known as TEOAE suppression. The present study investigated TEOAE suppression in 18 adults with learning disabilities (LDs) compared to 18 adults without LDs. TEOAEs were elicited by 60 dB p.e. SPL clicks and were suppressed by the presentation of 60 dB SPL contralateral broadband noise. Suppression was measured as a change in the overall TEOAE response amplitude, and also analysed in 2-ms epochs representing different TEOAE frequency-response bands. A significant interaction was evident between group type and ear tested. Participants in the control group had right ear dominance for the suppression effect, whereas the left ear was found to be dominant for the LD group. These findings suggest a mechanism of the medial olivary cochlear bundle and efferent auditory pathway that differs in those with LD compared to those with typical learning abilities. PMID- 18923983 TI - Results of multiple-frequency tympanometry measures in normal and otosclerotic middle ears. AB - Tympanometry is a non-invasive, quick, and inexpensive method for examining the middle-ear function. Its limited value in differentiating otosclerotic from normal middle ears caused researchers to develop new methods for evaluation of middle ears. Resonant frequency had been found to be higher in otosclerotic middle ears than normals. We conducted multiple-frequency tympanometry measurements in 25 surgically confirmed otosclerotic ears and 100 normal ears. Mean middle-ear resonant frequency for the otosclerotic group was found to be 1190 Hz and mean middle-ear resonant frequency of the control group was 934.6 Hz (p<0.001). With a cut off value of 1025 Hz (based on 95% confidence interval), sensitivity was 80% and specificity was 82%. The present findings confirm the advantage of the resonant frequency estimation over conventional tympanometry in detecting middle-ear status and mechanics in patients with otosclerosis. As a conclusion, detecting resonant frequency when evaluating patients for otosclerosis must be an essential part of examination. Nevertheless, further investigation is necessary for better diagnosis of otosclerosis preoperatively. PMID- 18923986 TI - Audiology education and practice from an international perspective. AB - This paper describes the international education and practice of audiology with the broader aim of proposing possible cost-effective and sustainable education models to address the current situation. Major audiology organizations worldwide were surveyed from February 2005 to May 2007, and organizations from 62 countries (78% of the world population) returned a completed survey. Overall, the results suggested a wide range of professionals providing hearing health care, and 86% of the respondents reported a need for more audiologists. There was also considerable variation in the scope of practice among the different hearing health care professionals, and the minimum education levels of audiologists with similar scopes of practice. The countries surveyed fell into four broad categories in terms of professional resources, and the results highlighted the urgent need for forward planning at both national and international levels. The study highlights options for addressing some of the challenges in educating audiologists and the provision of hearing health care services globally. PMID- 18923984 TI - Variation in preferred gain with experience for hearing-aid users. AB - This study aimed to determine whether gain adaptation occurs, and at which frequency bands, among new hearing aid (HA) users. Fifty new and 26 experienced HA users were fitted with three listening programs (NAL-NL1 and NAL-NL1 with low- and high-frequency cuts) in the same hearing instrument family. Real-life gain preferences and comfortable loudness levels were measured one, four, and 13 months post-fitting for the new HA users, and one month post-fitting for the experienced HA users. Relative to experienced HA users, new HA users preferred progressively less overall gain than prescribed as the hearing loss became more severe. Gain adaptation occurred in new HA users with greater hearing loss, but was not complete 13 months post-fitting, and was not explained by changes in loudness perception. Preferences for a high-frequency gain cut by half of all study participants could not be predicted from audiological data. Gain adaptation management is recommended for new HA users with more than a mild hearing loss. PMID- 18923985 TI - Speech detection and localization results and clinical outcomes for children receiving sequential bilateral cochlear implants before four years of age. AB - The aim of this study was to describe the adaptation to bilateral cochlear implant use and the perceptual benefits demonstrated by 10 children who were successful users of a first implant when a second was received before four years of age. Although one subject rejected the second implant at switch-on, the nine subjects who accepted the device adapted easily to bilateral implant use and developed useful listening skills with the second implant. Tests of localization (left versus right) and speech detection in noise were administered in the unilateral and bilateral conditions, usually after six months experience. All subjects demonstrated some bilateral benefit on speech detection testing (mostly due to a headshadow effect), and the majority localized left versus right. Results suggested that outcomes may be negatively impacted by increased age at the time of second implant switch-on. The majority of the subjects adapted well to bilateral implant use within six months and demonstrated some perceptual benefit and, according to subjective parent reports, improved daily functioning; however, device rejection must be discussed pre-operatively as a possibility. PMID- 18923987 TI - Reference hearing threshold levels for short duration signals. AB - Hearing thresholds for clicks and tonebursts were measured on 26 otologically normal persons (age 18-25 years) using the earphones Sennheiser HDA 200 and Telephonics TDH 39. The test signals are specified in IEC 60645-3 and in ISO 389 9. The acoustic test signals were presented both as a single stimulus and as repeated stimuli with the repetition rate of 20 Hz. The frequencies used for the toneburst were: 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 6000, and 8000 Hz. Test signals and measurement methods were all in accordance with the recommendations given in ISO 389-9: Preferred test conditions for the determination of reference hearing threshold levels. The results are given as peak-to-peak equivalent threshold sound pressure levels (peETSPL). The results are in good agreement with other sparse results from literature and are part of the basis for the ISO 389-6 standard from 2007. PMID- 18923988 TI - Hyperthermia and nanotechnology - a note from the Editor-in-chief. PMID- 18923989 TI - Carbon nanotube based biomedical agents for heating, temperature sensoring and drug delivery. AB - Due to their extraordinary physical and chemical properties carbon nanotubes reveal promising potential as biomedical agents for heating, temperature sensoring and drug delivery on the cellular level. Filling carbon nanotubes with tailored materials realises nanoscaled containers in which the active content is encapsulated by a protecting carbon shell. We describe different synthesis routes and show the structural and magnetic properties of carbon nanotubes. In particular, the filling with magnetic materials offers the potential for hyperthermia applications while the insertion of NMR active substances allows the usage as markers and sensors. The potential of carbon nanotubes for biomedical applications is highlighted by hyperthermia studies which prove their applicability for local in situ heating. In addition we have shown that a non invasive temperature control by virtue of a carbon-wrapped nanoscaled thermometer and filling with anti-cancer drugs is possible. PMID- 18923991 TI - Different treatment outcomes with different formulations of clobetasol propionate 0.05% for the treatment of plaque psoriasis. AB - Two advanced formulations of clobetasol propionate (CP) 0.05% (Clobex Spray; Galderma Laboratories, L.P., Fort Worth, TX, USA and Olux Foam; Stiefel/Connetics Corp., Coral Gables, FL, USA) were compared in a study of 77 randomized patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis. At the end of the treatment period (2 weeks for CP foam or up to 4 weeks for CP spray per product labeling), patients treated with CP spray had a median 64% reduction in affected body surface area (BSA) compared to a median 25% reduction in patients treated with the CP foam (p = 0.004). Also at the end of the treatment period, 22% of CP spray-treated patients were completely clear compared to 5% of CP foam-treated patients (p = 0.04). Improvements in quality of life as determined by the Dermatology Life Quality Index were statistically significantly greater at all time points for patients treated with CP spray compared to patients treated with CP foam (p<0.04 for all). The majority of adverse events for both products were mild in severity. Thus, while both of these formulations contain the same active ingredient at the same concentration, differences in their efficacy were observed when each treatment was used within its approved labeling guidelines. PMID- 18923993 TI - Percutaneous absorption of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) from soil. AB - Eight dermal absorption experiments (two in vivo; six in vitro) and one intravenous experiment were conducted using 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) either neat (high dose at approximately 250 microg/cm(2) and low dose at 10 ng/cm(2)) or sorbed on a low organic soil (LOS) or high organic soil (HOS) at 1 ppm (10 ng TCDD/10 mg soil/cm(2)). After 96 h the percent of applied dose absorbed (PADA) for the neat low dose was 78% in vivo (rat) and 76% in vitro (rat). PADA for the equivalent TCDD dose sorbed on LOS were 16.3% (rat in vivo), 7.7% (rat in vitro) and 2.4% (human in vitro). The PADA for TCDD sorbed on HOS (1 ppm) was 1.0% (rat in vitro). Generally, rat skin was observed to be three to four times more permeable to TCDD than human skin. At steady state, the dermal flux of TCDD in neat form, sorbed on LOS at 1 ppm, and sorbed on HOS at 1 ppm (all in vitro, rat) was 120, 0.007, and 0.0007 ng/cm(2)/h, respectively (ratio = 1.7 x 10(5):10:1). Making adjustments to account for differences between in vitro and in vivo results and adjusting for application to monolayer loads, the 24-h TCDD absorption for human skin is estimated as 1.9% from LOS (1 ppm) and 0.24% from HOS (1 ppm). PMID- 18923992 TI - Induction and exacerbation of psoriasis with TNF-blockade therapy: a review and analysis of 127 cases. AB - BACKGROUND: There are reports of rare adverse effects of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors, including infections, malignancies, and induction of autoimmune conditions. Intriguing, are cases of induction or exacerbation of psoriasis in conjunction with TNF inhibitor therapy, given that they are approved for treatment of the same condition. OBJECTIVE: Published cases of psoriasis occurring during anti-TNF therapy were analyzed, including overviews of proposed etiologies and treatment recommendations. METHODS: A literature search using Ovid MEDLINE and PubMed was performed for articles published between January 1990 and September 2007 to collect reported cases of psoriasis in patients receiving therapy with TNF blocking agents. RESULTS: A total of 127 cases were identified: 70 in patients on infliximab (55.1%), 35 with etanercept (27.6%), and 22 with adalimumab (17.3%). Females comprised 58% of cases; mean age of reported patients was 45.8 years, and the time from initiation of treatment to onset of lesions averaged 10.5 months. These patients suffered from a number of primary conditions, with rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and Crohn's disease accounting for the vast majority. Palmoplantar pustular psoriasis was observed in 40.5% of the cases, with plaque-type psoriasis in 33.1%, and other types comprising the remainder. Topical corticosteroids were the most commonly employed treatment modality but led to resolution in only 26.8% of cases in which they were employed solely. Switching to a different anti-TNF agent led to resolution in 15.4% of cases. Cessation of anti-TNF therapy with systemic therapy led to resolution in 64.3% of cases. CONCLUSION: More information and cases are needed. Biopsies of TNF-blockade-induced lesions may reveal what cytokines and cell types drive the development of these lesions. Additionally, there is a need to develop an algorithm to treat this paradoxical side effect of therapy with TNF blockers. PMID- 18923994 TI - Immunomodulatory effects of dietary potassium perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) exposure in adult Sprague-Dawley rats. AB - Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) is a stable and environmentally persistent metabolic or degradation product of perfluorooctanyl compounds that were manufactured for a variety of industrial and consumer applications. PFOS itself was sold for use as a surfactant. The structurally related contaminants perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), and N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamide (N-EtPFOSA) were shown to suppress immune responses in laboratory rodents. Relatively low doses of PFOS were found to be immunosuppressive in mice. To assess effects of PFOS on the rat immune system at doses known to alter hepatic function, changes in the morphology and function of immune tissues and cells were measured in adult rats exposed to PFOS in their diet for 28 d at levels ranging from 2 to 100 mg PFOS/kg diet (corresponding to approximately 0.14 to 7.58 mg/kg body weight [bw]/d) and compared to those receiving control diet. Body weight reductions were significant in male and female rats exposed to 50 and 100 mg PFOS/kg diet. Liver/body weight was significantly increased in females exposed to 2 mg PFOS/kg diet and in males exposed to 20 mg PFOS/kg diet. Female rats exposed to 100 mg PFOS/kg diet exhibited a significant increase in spleen weight relative to body weight; these changes lacked a histologic correlate and were not observed in males. While thymus weights relative to body weights were not affected, numbers of apoptotic lymphocytes rose in thymus with increasing dietary PFOS. There was a significant dose-related increase in total peripheral blood lymphocyte numbers in female but not male rats. In both genders the percentages of cells within lymphocyte subclasses were altered. There was a significant trend toward increasing T and T helper (Th) cells and decreasing B cells with higher PFOS dose. Serum total immunoglobulin (Ig) G1 levels were significantly reduced in males exposed to 2 and 20 mg PFOS/kg diet. The ability of male and female rats to mount delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses to the T-cell-dependent antigen keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) was not altered by PFOS. There was a significant trend toward elevated KLH-specific IgG in serum from male rats exposed to increasing levels of PFOS in diet. Splenic T- and B-cell proliferation in response to ex vivo mitogen exposure was unaffected by exposure to dietary PFOS. In conclusion, changes in immune parameters in rat did not manifest as functional alterations in response to immune challenge with KLH and may be secondary to hepatic-mediated effects of PFOS in this model. PMID- 18923995 TI - Altered fatty acid homeostasis and related toxicologic sequelae in rats exposed to dietary potassium perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS). AB - Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) is one of a class of industrial chemicals known as perfluoroalkyl acids, which have a wide variety of uses as surfactants and stain repellants. The presence of fluorochemical residues in human blood, plasma, or serum from sample populations worldwide is indicative of widespread human exposure. Previous studies demonstrated that PFOS alters fatty acid metabolism in the liver of rodents and that this leads to peroxisome proliferation. This study was undertaken to (1) confirm the effects of PFOS on rat liver, (2) identify additional target organs and systems, and (3) further explore the biochemical and molecular changes associated with PFOS exposure. The results confirmed that liver was a primary target for PFOS. Hepatomegaly, decreased serum triglycerides and cholesterol, and increased expression of the genes for acyl-coenzymeA oxidase 1 (ACOX1) and cytochrome P-450 4A22 (CYP4A22) were indicative of exposure to a peroxisome proliferator. Changes in liver fatty acid profiles included increased total monounsaturated fatty acid levels and decreased total polyunsaturated fatty acids, as well as an increase in linoleic acid levels and a decrease in longer chain fatty acids. These changes were similar to those induced by relatively weak peroxisome proliferators. Disruptions in hepatic fatty acid metabolism may contribute to changes in red blood cell membranes, resulting in increased lysis and cell fragility. Serum thyroid hormone levels were decreased in PFOS-treated rats, while the kidney and cardiovascular systems were not significant targets. Residue analyses indicated that PFOS accumulation in tissues was dose dependent, appearing preferentially in the liver at lower doses but increasing in serum and other organs relative to liver at higher doses. PMID- 18923996 TI - Time-response effects of testicular gene expression profiles in Sprague-Dawley male rats treated with di(n-butyl) phthalate. AB - Phthalate esters were reported to damage fetal and postnatal testes of experimental animals, but the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects remain unknown. The time-response effects of di(n-butyl) phthalate (DBP) on the expression patterns of the testicular genes in male Sprague-Dawley rats were examined for different periods of exposure (1, 7, 14, or 28 d). The steroidogenic or spermatogenic-related gene expression patterns were measured using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). After 28 d of exposure, the serum concentrations of DBP and monobutyl phthalate (MBP) increased in a dose dependent manner, and were significantly higher in the DBP-treated rats than in the control rats. Liver weight was increased markedly at 28 d after DBP exposure at 750 mg/kg/d. Testicular weight was reduced significantly after 14 and 28 d of exposure. DBP (750 mg/kg/d) produced a significant increase in scavenger receptor class B1 (SR-B1) and steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) mRNA after 14 and 28 d of exposure. The level of cytochrome P-450 (P450) side-chain cleavage (P450scc) mRNA decreased in the group treated with DBP at 750 mg/kg/d at 7 d. After 14 and 28 d of exposure, there was an apparent increase in P450scc mRNA. High doses of DBP significantly increased the Cyp17 mRNA level after 28 d of exposure. At 7 d, a significant decrease in Cyp19 mRNA was observed only in the group exposed to 750 mg/kg/d DBP. In addition, DBP significantly decreased the levels of a spermatid-specific gene (Spag4) and lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) mRNA after 7 d of exposure. The levels of androgen receptor (AR), estrogen receptor-alpha (ER alpha), and retinoid X receptor-gamma (RXR-r) expression decreased significantly in a time- or dose-dependent manner. DBP significantly increased the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-r) and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK1/2) levels in the testis. These results suggest that the acute and chronic effects of DBP on the steroidogenic pathways in the testes show mechanistically distinct patterns. Data thus provide some insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying DBP-induced testicular dysgenesis. PMID- 18923997 TI - Fenvalerate, a pyrethroid insecticide, adversely affects sperm production and storage in male rats. AB - The aim of this study was to investigate the potential estrogenic activity of fenvalerate by examining reproductive and fertility capabilities in Wistar rats. Adult male animals were treated for 30 d with 20 or 40 mg/kg/d fenvalerate or corn oil (vehicle) by oral gavage. Further, a possible estrogenic activity of fenvalerate (0.4, 1, 4, 8, or 40 mg/kg) was tested after a 3-d treatment of immature female rats using the uterotrophic assay. Exposure to the higher dose of fenvalerate was toxic to testis and epididymis as shown by a decrease in the absolute weights and sperm counts in both organs. Although the sperm counts were reduced, the fertility and sexual behavior were similar in control rats and rats treated with 40 mg/kg pesticide. Fenvalerate did not exert estrogenic activity in vivo at the tested doses. Data suggest that fenvalerate treatment in this study failed to compromise fertility, possibly due to enhanced reproductive capacity in rodents compared to humans. PMID- 18923998 TI - Does arsenic exposure increase the risk for prostate cancer? AB - Arsenic has been well documented as the major risk factor for blackfoot disease (BFD), a unique peripheral vascular disease that was endemic to the southwestern coast of Taiwan, where residents consumed artesian well water containing high levels of arsenic for more than 50 yr. Chronic arsenic exposure was also reported to be associated with mortality attributed to prostate cancer in a dose-response relationship. A tap-water supply system was implemented in the early 1960s in the BFD-endemic areas in Taiwan. Artesian well water was no longer used for drinking and cooking after the mid-1970s. The objective of this study was to determine whether prostate cancer mortality decreased after the improvement of drinking water supply system through elimination of arsenic ingestion from artesian well water. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) for prostate cancer were calculated for the BFD-endemic area for the years 1971-2006. Results showed that mortality attributed to prostate cancer declined gradually after the improvement of drinking-water supply system. Based on the reversibility criterion, the association between arsenic exposure and development of prostate cancer is likely to be causal. PMID- 18923999 TI - Foreword. PMID- 18924000 TI - Awareness of memory functioning, autobiographical memory and identity in early stage dementia. AB - Sense of identity is thought to be closely related to autobiographical memory. Theoretical models of awareness suggest that both may also be related to level of awareness of memory functioning among people with early-stage dementia. This study explores the relationships between autobiographical memory, identity and awareness in early-stage dementia. Thirty participants with Alzheimer's disease, or vascular or mixed dementia were assessed using the Autobiographical Memory Interview, with an additional section eliciting recall for the mid-life period, the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale, and the Memory Awareness Rating Scale. Lower levels of awareness of memory functioning were associated with poorer autobiographical recall for the mid-life period and with a more positive and definite sense of identity. Reduced awareness may serve a protective function against the threats to self posed by the onset and progression of dementia. PMID- 18924001 TI - Maintaining group memberships: social identity continuity predicts well-being after stroke. AB - A survey study of patients recovering from stroke (N = 53) examined the extent to which belonging to multiple groups prior to stroke and the maintenance of those group memberships (as measured by the Exeter Identity Transitions Scales, EXITS) predicted well-being after stroke. Results of correlation analysis showed that life satisfaction was associated both with multiple group memberships prior to stroke and with the maintenance of group memberships. Path analysis indicated that belonging to multiple groups was associated with maintained well-being because there was a greater likelihood that some of those memberships would be preserved after stroke-related life transition. Furthermore, it was found that cognitive failures compromised well-being in part because they made it hard for individuals to maintain group memberships post-stroke. These findings highlight the importance of social identity continuity in facilitating well-being following stroke and, more broadly, show the theoretical contribution that a social identity approach to mental health can make in the context of neuropsychological rehabilitation. PMID- 18924002 TI - Addressing prehospital patient safety using the science of injury prevention and control. AB - There is inadequate information about the scope and character of adverse events in prehospital care. However, there is ample evidence to suggest that prehospital patient safety hazards are often unique and underrecognized. We first summarize what is currently understood about prehospital patient safety and identify the specific aspects of emergency medical services (EMS) care that may make conventional approaches to the evaluation and improvement of patient safety more difficult. Next we introduce the concept of using injury prevention and control science to analyze prehospital adverse events and to help develop EMS patient safety solutions. Injury prevention and control is a proven public health approach for the study and reduction of both intentional and unintentional injuries. It includes the use of a Haddon phase-factor matrix to identify possible interventions, especially environmental modifications that provide automatic protection. We demonstrate how this method can be used as a complementary approach in efforts to prevent injuries caused by prehospital adverse medical events. PMID- 18924003 TI - Community consultation methods in a study using exception to informed consent. AB - OBJECTIVE: The most effective means of community consultation is unknown. We evaluated differences in community opinion elicited by varying means of consultation. METHODS: We compared responses with a cross-sectional, standardized survey administered as part of the community consultation for the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium (ROC) hypertonic saline trial. Surveys were obtained from four sources: two sets of random-digit dialing phone surveys, paper surveys from community meetings, and web-based surveys. RESULTS: Three hundred sixty-one usable surveys were obtained: 186 from phone survey 1; 86 from phone survey 2 (using slightly modified wording); 54 from community meetings (8 from open forums; 46 from existing meetings); and 35 from a web site. Demographics were similar between the sets except that the surveys obtained from community meetings had the highest minority representation (63.3% nonwhite). Community meeting respondents were more willing than phone or web respondents to receive experimental treatment for themselves (93.6% vs. 77.5% overall) and for a family member (95.2% vs. 74.9% overall). The web-based survey generated the least feedback and had the most higher-income responders. CONCLUSIONS: Responses varied by method of consultation. The open forums were very poorly attended, despite heavy advertising by investigators. Furthermore, attendees at those meetings provided the least objection to proposed research without informed consent. Phone surveys elicited the most objections. We suggest that an efficient method of community consultation is random-digit dialing supplemented with discussion at already scheduled events to target special populations. PMID- 18924004 TI - Advance hospital notification by EMS in acute stroke is associated with shorter door-to-computed tomography time and increased likelihood of administration of tissue-plasminogen activator. AB - BACKGROUND: Rapid brain imaging is a critical step in facilitating the use of intravenous (IV) tissue-plasminogen activator (tPA) or catheter-based thrombolysis. We hypothesized that advance notification by emergency medical services (EMS) would shorten emergency department (ED) arrival-to-computed tomography (CT) time and increase the use of IV and intra-arterial thrombolysis, even at a tertiary care stroke center with high baseline rates of tPA use. METHODS: We analyzed data on all acute stroke patients transported from March 2004 to June 2005 by EMS from the scene to our facility arriving 0.05). There was no significant difference in pain between treatment groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: In this study, there was no significant difference in pain relief provided by five different treatment regimens. Time after exposure appeared to be the best predictor for decrease in pain. PMID- 18924006 TI - Location of airway management in air medical transport. AB - BACKGROUND: Prehospital providers are constantly challenged with the task of managing airways in unpredictable and often inhospitable environments. Air medical transport (AMT) crews must be prepared to work in restrictive spaces with limited resources while in the aircraft. This study examines flight crew success rate and circumstances surrounding airway management in different locations. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of intubations performed by a university-based air medical transport team from January 1, 1995, to May 31, 2007. Patient records and prospectively gathered airway management quality assurance data were reviewed for location of intubation, patient characteristics, and success rates. Success was defined as placing a cuffed tube in the trachea nonsurgically. RESULTS: Nine hundred thirty-eight patients required 939 advanced airway management procedures, and 936 cases had information sufficient for analysis. Six hundred twenty-seven (67%) of these intubations took place on scene, 235 (25.1%) at the referring hospital, 67 en-route (7.2%), and seven (0.7%) at the receiving hospital. The overall intubation success rate was 96% and the highest rate was for hospital intubations (98.8%), followed by scene (94.9%) and en-route (89.6%) airway encounters. Intubation success was more likely in the hospital setting (odds ratio [OR] = 8.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.2-35.0, p = 0.002] and on the scene [OR = 2.3, 95% CI 0.95-5.7, p = 0.065] compared with those en-route. Unanticipated patient deterioration was noted as the most common reason for in-flight airway management. Type of aircraft was not significantly associated with intubation success (p = 0.132). CONCLUSIONS: Airway management was performed with a high success rate in a variety of locations and patient characteristics by our air medical crew. When in the hospital environment, flight crew success rates were comparable to those of other emergency personnel. Caution should be used, however, when considering intubating in-flight because of slightly lower success rates. PMID- 18924007 TI - Helicopter scene response: regional variation in compliance with air medical triage guidelines. AB - BACKGROUND: Our state has consensus guides for helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS) scene dispatch, based on physiologic, anatomic, and special criteria (e.g., ejection from a vehicle, age < 10 or > 55 years). There has been much attention paid to improving HEMS triage criteria, but less focus on whether current HEMS uses meet existing criteria. OBJECTIVES: To assess a HEMS program's compliance with regional air medical dispatch guidelines and to identify factors associated with noncompliant flights. METHODS: Using chart review and discussion with referring agencies, we conducted a consecutive case review of a HEMS program's initial 100 flights in one year (2005), collecting data pertinent to triage, prehospital times, and hospital course. Analysis (p = 0.05) of the outcome "met triage criteria" (MTC) used Kruskal-Wallis and Fisher's exact tests. Logistic regression, reporting odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), was used to adjust for covariates while assessing predictors of the dichotomous outcome MTC. The predictors assessed included demographics, advanced life support (ALS) scene presence, and whether transports occurred during rush hours (0700-1000 and 1600-1900). RESULTS: The 100 patients (98 blunt trauma; 73% male) from four Massachusetts emergency medical services (EMS) regions (n = 94) and New Hampshire (n = 6) were classified as MTC in 73% of cases. Physiologic criteria were met in 19% of cases (they were the sole criterion met in one case), anatomic criteria in 49% (sole criterion n = 24), and special criteria in 67% (sole criterion n = 15). There was no association between MTC status and age (p = 0.98), gender (p = 0.39), rush-hour transport (p = 0.81), or ALS-trained ground EMS presence on scene (p = 0.98). Analysis adjusting for transport distance and injury mechanism identified an association between EMS region and MTC transport status (p = 0.006); regions' likelihoods of MTC proportions ranged from 50% to 94%. CONCLUSION: Despite promulgation of consensus guidelines, nearly a fourth of HEMS transports were non-MTC. Wide interregional variation in the likelihood of MTC HEMS use provides a focus for further research/education. Regional systems should strive not only for the refinement of, but also the compliance with, HEMS triage guidelines. PMID- 18924009 TI - Distance impacts mortality in trauma patients with an intubation attempt. AB - OBJECTIVE: Out-of-hospital endotracheal intubation (OOH-ETI) has been associated with adverse outcomes; whether transport distance changes this relationship is unclear. We sought to determine whether patients injured farther from the hospital benefit more from OOH-ETI than those injured closer. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort analysis of trauma patients > 14 years old transported to two Level 1 trauma centers and surviving to admission from 2000 to 2003. We used probabilistically linked geographic data to calculate transport distance. To adjust for the nonrandom selection of patients for OOH-ETI, we used a propensity score based on clinical variables: prehospital physiology, demographics, transport mode, mechanism, comorbidities, Abbreviated Injury Scale head injury score >or= 3, Injury Severity Score, blood transfusion, and major surgery. Propensity-adjusted multivariable logistic regression with mode of transport was used to test the interaction between distance and OOH-ETI. RESULTS: 8,786 patients were included, 534 with OOH-ETI. Patients with OOH-ETI had higher adjusted mortality (odds ratio [OR] 2.06, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.33 3.18), and there was a significant interaction between distance and OOH-ETI (p = 0.02). Patients with shortest distances had the highest mortality (OR 3.98, 95% CI 2.08-7.60). Probability of mortality was higher with OOH-ETI across all distances and increased for patients closest to the hospital. Helicopter transport was associated with improved survival. CONCLUSIONS: Prehospital intubation is associated with increased mortality among trauma patients at all distances from the hospital. Patients with the shortest transport distances had the greatest mortality associated with OOH-ETI, whereas helicopter transport was associated with improved survival. The event location and ensuing distance to the hospital are another factor to consider when instituting and modifying OOH airway protocols. PMID- 18924008 TI - Establishing the need for trauma center care: anatomic injury or resource use? AB - OBJECTIVE: It remains unclear whether the "need" for care at a trauma center should be based on anatomic injury (the current standard) or specialized resource use. We investigated whether anatomic injury severity scores adequately explain hospital resource use. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study including children and adults meeting statewide trauma criteria and transported to 48 hospitals from 1998 to 2003. The injury severity score (ISS) was considered as both continuous (range 0-75) and categorical (0-8, 9-15, and >or= 16) terms. Specialized resource use was defined as: major surgery (with and without orthopedic intervention), mechanical ventilation > 96 hours, blood transfusion, intensive care unit (ICU) stay >or= 2 days, or in-hospital mortality. Resource use was assessed as both a binary variable and a continuous term. Descriptive statistics and simple and multivariable linear regressions were used to compare ISS and resource use. RESULTS: 33,699 injured persons were included in the analysis. Within mild, moderate, and serious anatomic injury categories, 8%, 26%, and 69%, respectively, had specialized resource use. When the resource use definition included orthopedic surgery, 12%, 49%, and 76%, respectively, had specialized resource use. Whereas there was fair correlation between ISS and additive resource use (rho = 0.61), ISS explained only 37% of the variability in resource use (adjusted R-squared = 0.37). Resource use within anatomic injury categories differed by age group. CONCLUSIONS: The standard anatomic injury criterion for trauma center "need" (i.e., ISS >or= 16) misclassifies a substantial number of injured persons requiring critical trauma resources. Out-of hospital trauma triage guidelines based on anatomic injury may need revision to account for patients with resource need. PMID- 18924010 TI - Do outcome measures for trauma triage agree? AB - OBJECTIVE: The goal of trauma triage is to match resources to the needs of seriously injured patients. The trauma triage literature has used a variety of outcome measures to assess appropriate trauma activation. The objective of this study was to determine the agreement between procedural and nonprocedural outcome measures in a population of seriously injured patients transported to a single trauma center. METHODS: Study authors reviewed all "level 2" trauma activations (January 2002-December 2003) at an American College of Surgeons (ACS) Level 1 trauma center. "Level 2" trauma activations were based on modified ACS Committee on Trauma (COT) triage criteria. Outcomes were classified as nonprocedural (Injury Severity Score [ISS] > 15 and intensive care unit [ICU] admission) and procedural (nonorthopedic emergent surgery, emergency chest tube placement, emergency department intubation, emergency department transfusion, or emergent interventional radiology care). RESULTS: Of 479 patients, five were transferred out of hospital. The remaining 474 were predominantly male (62%), with a mean age of 39.7 years. Their average ISS was 13.2. There were nine deaths. For all subjects, 144 (30%) were admitted to the ICU, 172 (36%) had an ISS > 15, 80 (17%) received an emergent procedure, and 46 (10%) went for emergent surgery. Kappas comparing agreement of ISS > 15 with emergent resuscitation and emergent surgery were 0.31 and 0.15, respectively. Kappas comparing ICU admission with emergent resuscitation and emergent surgery were 0.51 and 0.26, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We identify moderate to poor agreement between nonprocedural and procedural outcomes of trauma triage in this population. PMID- 18924011 TI - Can emergency medical dispatch codes predict prehospital interventions for common 9-1-1 call types? AB - OBJECTIVE: The Medical Priority Dispatch System is an emergency medical dispatch (EMD) system that is widely used to categorize 9-1-1 calls and optimize resource allocation. This study evaluates the ability of EMD and non-EMD codes (calls not processed by EMD) to predict prehospital use of medications and procedures. METHODS: All transported prehospital patients placed in an EMD or non-EMD category that exceeded 500 total calls from January 1, 2004, to December 31, 2006, in a suburban California county were matched with their prehospital electronic patient care record. These records (N = 69,541) were queried for the following prehospital interventions: basic life support (BLS) care only, intravenous line placement only, medication given, and procedures. Advanced life support (ALS) interventions were defined as the administration of a medications or a procedure. The numbers of medications and procedures that were performed on patients in each EMD code were measured. RESULTS: Thirty-one of 141 EMD and non EMD codes met inclusion criteria and comprised 73% of all calls during the study period. Non-EMD codes accounted for 48% of all calls in this study. Patients with shortness of breath, chest pain, diabetic problems, and altered mental status received the most medications. High rates of medication administration were also seen in the following codes: 17A (fall, 27%), 17B (fall, 14%), EMDX (unable to complete EMD process, 22%), MED (medical aid requested--details to follow, 26%), and MED3 (medical aid requested by police--code 3, 18%). Procedures were performed on only 0.9% of all calls, of which 75% were related to advanced airways. Higher rates of ALS interventions in higher-acuity categories (Alpha, Bravo, etc.) were seen in a number of EMD categories, including seizure, laceration/hemorrhage, sick, and traffic accident, but not seen in many categories, including abdominal pain, falls, and chest pain. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated only a modest ability of the EMD system to predict which patients would require ALS intervention. There were limited differences noted in the ALS rates between the different codes (Alpha, Bravo, etc.) in the same complaint category, bringing into question the utility of the multiple subgroups. Non-EMD codes made up a large portion of calls (48%) and should be included in future studies. PMID- 18924012 TI - Can emergency medical dispatch systems safely reduce first-responder call volume? AB - OBJECTIVES: Emergency medical dispatch (EMD) protocols are intended to match response resources with patient needs. In a small city that previously sent a first-responder basic life support (BLS) engine company lights-and-siren response to every emergency medical services (EMS) call, regardless of nature or severity, an EMD system was implemented in order to reduce the number of such responses. The study objectives were to determine the effects of the EMD system on first responder call volume and to assess the safety of the system. METHODS: This was a prospective, before-after trial. Using computer-assisted dispatch (CAD) records, all EMS calls in the 120 days before implementation of the EMD protocol and the 120 days after implementation were identified (excluding a one-month wash-in period). In the "after" phase, patient care reports of a random sample of cases in which an ambulance was dispatched with no first responders was manually reviewed to assess whether there might have been any benefit to first-responder dispatch. Given the lack of accepted clinical criteria for need for first responders, the investigators' clinical judgment was used. Paired t-tests were used to compare groups. RESULTS: There were 9,820 EMS calls in the "before" phase, with 8,278 first-responder engine runs (84.3%), and 9,943 EMS calls in the "after" phase, with 3,804 first-responder engine runs (39.1%). The first responder companies were dispatched to a median of 5.65 runs/day (range 1.1-12.7) in the "before" phase, and 3.17 runs/day (range 0.6-5.0) in the "after" phase (p = 0.0008 by paired t-test). Review of 1,816 "after" phase ambulance-only patient care reports (PCRs) found ten (0.55%) in which first-responder dispatch might have been beneficial, but review of EMS and emergency department (ED) records found no adverse outcomes in these ten patients. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that a formal EMD system can reduce first-responder call volume by roughly one half. The system appears to be safe for patients, with an undertriage rate of about one-half of one percent. PMID- 18924013 TI - Prevention of pediatric drug calculation errors by prehospital care providers. AB - OBJECTIVE: Calculating weight-based drug doses for pediatric patients is difficult, with significant error potential. In the prehospital setting, few safeguards currently avert pediatric drug administration errors. We sought to determine whether use of a protocol-specific pediatric code card enables prehospital care providers to calculate more consistently accurate weight-based drug doses, volumes of administration, and age-appropriate endotracheal tube sizes. METHODS: Questionnaires requiring calculations of medication doses, volumes, and endotracheal tube sizes were administered to prehospital care providers between June and November 2006 in fire department continuing education classes in the State of Maryland and the District of Columbia. Half of the participants performed the calculations with the pediatric code card as an aid, and half without. Calculations done by the two groups were compared for rate and extent of errors. We evaluated the error frequency in calculations of pediatric medication doses and endotracheal tube sizes. RESULTS: Of the 523 advanced life support prehospital care providers questioned, 246 answered questions using the pediatric code card, and 277 answered questions without using the card. The mean individual percentages of correct responses were 94% for the group aided by the code card and 65% for the group unaided by the card (percentage difference, 29%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 25-31%; p < 0.001). Ninety-eight percent of the aided group and 23% of the unaided group calculated the correct endotracheal tube size (percentage difference, 75%; 95% CI, 70-81%; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The use of the pediatric code card enabled prehospital care providers to determine weight-based drug doses, volumes of administration, and endotracheal tube sizes more accurately than peers without access to the code card. PMID- 18924014 TI - Pay for performance improves rural EMS quality: investment in prehospital care. AB - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of a system of financial reward for emergency medical technicians (EMTs) who meet selected quality marker goals. METHODS: This project was reviewed by an institutional review board (IRB) and was found to be exempt from IRB review. Two operational and four clinical markers were targeted for improvement. Baseline performance measurements were retrospectively measured for the preceding year, and challenging but achievable goals for improvement were established. Operational markers included completing run reports within three hours after completion of the run and call-to-en route ("out-of-chute") times of less than 90 seconds for emergency calls on our first-line ambulance. Clinical markers included the use of aspirin in adults with nontraumatic chest pain, electrocardiogram (ECG) performance in adults with nontraumatic chest pain, documentation of pain assessment and intervention in patients with traumatic hip pain, and documentation of the time of onset of symptoms in stroke calls. Each full-time EMT could earn up to $1,000 in addition to baseline pay, with part-time EMTs eligible for prorated amounts. RESULTS: Postincentive run reports were completed within three hours 99.7% of the time, with 21 of 24 providers meeting the goal 100% of the time. Before the incentive, reports were completed within three hours 64% of the time, with only two of 23 providers meeting the goal 100% of the time. The out-of-chute goal of less than 90 seconds was met 98.7% of the time, compared with 90.1% before the incentive. Aspirin use in adult nontraumatic chest pain improved from 68% to 96.3%, and ECG performance in this group improved from 43% to 87.8%. Documentation of the time of onset of symptoms in stroke patients improved from 97% to 100%, and the assessment of and intervention for pain in traumatic hip pain patients improved from 56% to 100%. CONCLUSION: Financial motivation improved targeted quality measures in this rural emergency medical service. It appears to be a useful adjuvant to traditional quality improvement mechanisms. PMID- 18924015 TI - Is online pediatric continuing education effective in a rural state? AB - OBJECTIVE: This prospective study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of online pediatric education for prehospital emergency medical technicians (EMTs). METHODS: Online emergency medical services (EMS) continuing education modules, on various pediatric emergency topics, were developed for dissemination statewide. Pre- and posttest scores were compared by EMT level of training, rural versus urban location, and individual module performance. RESULTS: A total of 539 participants completed both the pre- and posttests. Of these, more than one-third (38.0%) reported Bernalillo County, the only urban county in the state, as the county in which they worked. Pretest scores ranged from 0 to 15 (mean = 8.5; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 8.2, 8.7), with a median of 8.0 and a mode of 8.0. Posttest scores were higher, ranging from 4 to 15 (mean = 11.6; 95% CI = 11.4, 11.7). For the posttest, the median score was 12.0 and the mode was 13.0. Urban and rural EMTs improved in posttests comparably. EMT-Basic participants' scores improved (mean change in score = 3.4, 95% CI = 3.1, 3.7) more than those of EMT Intermediates (mean = 2.9, 95% CI = 2.5, 3.2) or EMT-Paramedics (mean = 2.7, 95% CI = 2.2, 3.3). CONCLUSIONS: 1) The New Mexico EMS for Children (EMSC) online pediatric continuing education program increased EMTs' cognitive knowledge; 2) rural EMTs accessed the training more than urban EMTs; and 3) although pre- and posttest results varied by EMT licensure level, improvements in scores also varied such that posttest scores were more similar than pretest scores. PMID- 18924016 TI - Aortic dissection mimicking acute myocardial infarction: the perils of prehospital care. PMID- 18924017 TI - Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy--time for Nordic cooperation! AB - This editorial discusses arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) with respect to diagnosis and organisation of patient care. Two papers in the current issue are commented upon. Aneq and coworkers present a long-term echocardiographic study on ARVC patients. Baseline changes were seldom diagnostic, but over years, changes in right ventricular structure and function occurred; the most consistent being increasing diameter of the right ventricular outflow tract. Haapalaita and coworkers used body surface ECG, comparing right and left ventricular types of ECG. The duration of electrical systole (QT-end) and the dispersion of the action potentials (QT peak-end) was longer in the right sided compared to the left-sided leads in ARVC, at variance from in healthy controls, and the shortening effect of autonomic manoeuvres that activate sympathetic tone, was much more marked on the right side, compatible with the tendency of arrhythmias to occur under stress. An initiative to create a Nordic registry on ARVC has come from Denmark. This is highly welcomed; our individual institutions are too small to gain the experience needed for optimal patient care. PMID- 18924018 TI - Esomeprazole reduces gastroesophageal reflux after beer consumption in healthy volunteers. AB - OBJECTIVE: Patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) are advised to avoid alcoholic beverages since alcohol consumption induces gastroesophageal reflux in healthy volunteers and increases it in patients with GERD. Proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) are frequently administered for reflux symptoms but their effect on gastroesophageal reflux after alcohol consumption has not yet been fully studied. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate the effect of esomeprazole, an S-enantiomer of omeprazole, on gastroesophageal reflux after beer consumption. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this placebo-controlled, double blind, crossover study, 16 healthy male volunteers received 20 mg esomeprazole daily for one week. On day 7, in an acute experiment, the subjects then consumed 500 ml beer within 5 min. Subsequently, gastroesophageal reflux was monitored by pH-metry over a period of 3 h. In addition, gastric emptying was measured by ultrasonography and blood concentrations of ethanol, cholecystokinin and gastrin were determined. RESULTS: Gastroesophageal reflux was significantly (p=0.001) reduced by 93% after treatment with esomeprazole (0.2%, median percentage of time pH<4) as compared to placebo (2.6%), but gastric emptying, blood ethanol and cholecystokinin concentrations were not significantly different after esomeprazole treatment. Plasma gastrin levels were significantly (p=0.0003) higher after esomeprazole (98.6+/-19.7 pg/ml) than after placebo (22.7+/-3.8 pg/ml) before beer consumption. However, there was no difference in the increase in plasma gastrin after beer consumption between the esomeprazole treatment and placebo. CONCLUSIONS: Esomeprazole significantly reduces gastroesophageal reflux after beer consumption in healthy volunteers. Gastric emptying of beer is not prolonged after treatment with esomeprazole, although compared with placebo, this PPI induced significantly higher plasma gastrin concentrations. Moderate alcohol consumption does not worsen gastroesophageal reflux when a PPI is administered. PMID- 18924019 TI - Cost-effectiveness of mini-circuit cardiopulmonary bypass in newborns and infants undergoing open heart surgery. AB - BACKGROUND AND AIM: Miniaturisation of the extracorporeal circuit is a current trend in modern paediatric cardiac surgery. Many investigators stress that reduction of priming volume and artificial surface area of extracorporeal circulation could lead to clinical and economic benefits. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the costs of mini-circuit use in infants undergoing open heart surgery. METHODS: We assessed post-operative course and cost of treatment in 60 infants undergoing open heart surgery. This group was prospectively randomised and divided into 2 equal subgroups: with miniaturised (group M) and conventional cardio pulmonary bypass circuits (group C). The study groups were clinically comparable. Surgical complications, duration of hospitalisation and cost of postoperative treatment were assessed in both groups. RESULTS: Miniaturisation of the extracorporeal circuit led to a significant reduction of priming volume and artificial surface area (by 46.6% and 68.8% respectively, p=0.0000001). Post operative cardio-respiratory insufficiency (2 vs. 8, p=0.038), and infection (3 vs. 9, p=0.049) occurred less often in children from group M. Hospital stay was significantly shorter in group M. Total cost of treatment was significantly lower in children from group M (median: 4361.4 vs. 6660.5 euro, p=0.037). CONCLUSIONS: Miniaturisation of the extracorporeal circulation significantly improve post operative outcome in infants undergoing open heart surgery. The mini-circuit significantly reduces cost of treatment in small children undergoing open heart surgery. PMID- 18924020 TI - Efficacy of intra-operative radiofrequency ablation in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation undergoing concomitant mitral valve replacement. AB - BACKGROUND: Permanent atrial fibrillation (AF) is present before operation and persists after surgery in 30-40% of patients undergoing mitral valve surgery. Using the maze procedure, 75-82% of patients can be cured of AF, but the procedure is difficult and long lasting. Percutaneous radiofrequency (RF) ablation has emerged as an effective therapy for AF in recent years. AIM: To assess the efficacy of intra-operative RF ablation of AF in patients undergoing mitral valve surgery. METHODS: 100 adults with permanent AF underwent mitral valve replacement. Patients were divided into two groups: the RF group--50 patients qualified for mitral valve replacement and RF ablation; and the control group--50 patients selected for mitral valve replacement without ablation. Odds ratio and 95% confidence interval were examined to assess the influence of several factors on the outcome (free from AF during one-year follow-up based on symptoms and serial Holter ECG recordings). RESULTS: Baseline clinical, demographic and echocardiographic characteristics were similar in both groups. Electrical cardioversion following surgery was required in 76% of patients from the RF group compared with 94% from the control group (p<0.002). In those who underwent cardioversion, sinus rhythm was restored more frequently in RF than control patients (32 vs. 16%, p<0.002). Sinus rhythm at hospital discharge was present in 56% of RF patients compared with 22% of controls (p=0.0001), and after one-year follow-up in 54 vs. 16% (p<0.001), respectively. The use of amiodarone was significantly lower in RF patients compared with controls (32 vs. 70%, p<0.05). NYHA class III (OR 8.5, CI 1.0-394) or IV (OR 36, CI 1.2-1958) and left atrial diameter >6 cm (OR 9.3, CI 0.5-5230) were identified as predictors of AF. CONCLUSIONS: Intra-operative RF ablation performed in the left atrium in patients with chronic AF undergoing mitral valve replacement significantly improves sinus rhythm restoration rate. Advanced heart failure (NYHA class IV) and left atrial diameter >6 cm are negative prognostic factors for sinus rhythm maintenance. PMID- 18924021 TI - Percutaneous closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects with Amplatzer occluders--a single centre experience. AB - BACKGROUND: Perimembranous ventricular septal defect (VSD) is the most common congenital heart defect. Percutaneous transcatheter closure of VSD is one of the greatest challenges in interventional cardiology. AIM: Presentation of our experience in transcatheter closure of perimembranous VSD. METHODS: Eighteen patients were treated. Nine patients (group I) had VSD closed with implant Amplatzer Perimembranous VSD Occluder (PMVSDO) whereas the other nine had VSD closed with Muscular VSD Occluder (MVSDO). In the second group the presence of at least 4 mm rim from aortic valve was mandatory to undergo the procedure. Average patients age was 17.1 (3.2-40) years, defect diameter--4.7 (4-8) mm and Qp/Qs ratio--1.84 (1.5-4.6). Perimembranous interventricular septum aneurysm was noted in 5 cases. Only patients who had hemodynamically important defect (Qp/Qs ratio >1.5) were selected for interventional VSD closure. Patients with subarterial VSDs, pulmonary hypertension or/and aortic regurgitation were excluded. Ventricular septal defect closure was performed with standard techniques. RESULTS: Procedures were completed successfully in 16 of 18 patients. There was no early or late implant embolisation. After the procedure in every case complete closure or important reduction of the shunt was observed. In the group I there was a trend towards more frequent occurrence of rhythm disturbances (p=0,08), including two cases with severe arrhythmias occurring during VSD closure requiring abandoning of procedure. In other 2 cases (patients age 12 and 14 years) in the second week after PMVSDO placement complete atrio-ventricular block occurred. In one patient sinus rhythm was restored after steroid treatment whereas another patient required pacemaker implantation. In group II mild nonprogressive tricuspid regurgitation was noted in 3 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous perimembranous VSD closure is an interesting alternative to surgical treatment. In selected cases closure of the defect with muscular VSD implant is effective and safe. PMID- 18924022 TI - Indications, results of therapy and factors which influence survival in patients treated with intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation. AB - BACKGROUND AND AIM: During nearly 40 years of intraaortic balloon counterpulsation (IABP) application in advanced medical therapy more and more indications for this treatment have been proposed. Despite increasing experience with IABP, the clinical effects of IABP use are still unclear. The aim of this study was to determine results of IABP use and factors which influence survival in cardiogenic shock (CS) caused by different clinical disorders when treated with IABP. METHODS: 73 patients (mean age 58.3+/-12.6 years, 54 males) undergoing IABP were included in the study. Data were collected retrospectively. After analysis of the whole population a subgroup of patients admitted due to acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was evaluated. The in-hospital and overall mortality rates were assessed. RESULTS: In-hospital death occurred in 31 (42.5%) patients. Over half of these patients (n=17; 54.8%) died during first 7 days from admission. The main reason for IABP introduction was CS due to acute coronary syndrome (ACS) at admission in 62 (84.9%) patients. The in-hospital mortality in patients with AMI complicated by CS was 40.7%. The features which significantly influenced survival in patients with AMI were age--patients who died were older (64+/-8.9 vs. 58.6+/-9,1; p=0.0285), and ST segment changes--there was lower mortality rate in a subgroup with ST elevation AMI (18 vs. 6 patients, p=0.003). We also observed slightly higher incidence of anterior wall AMI in survivors than in non-survivors (p=0.06). CONCLUSION: Our study presents several disorders which may be treated with IABP. Acute MI still remains the most frequent indication for IABP insertion. In the present study, AMI survivors and non-survivors, differed mainly in age, ST segment changes and infarction site. Non ST segment elevation AMI was associated with worse prognosis. PMID- 18924023 TI - Episodes of atrial fibrillation and meteorological conditions. AB - BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia encountered in clinical practice. The natural history of AF tends to begin with short paroxysms which gradually evolve into longer episodes, frequently treatment-resistant, and finally take a permanent form. It is a polyaetiological condition and single paroxysms may be caused by a variety of factors. There is a prevailing belief that weather is a vital element affecting the functioning of the human organism. Accordingly, high variability in hospital admissions due to AF paroxysms may be associated with meteorological conditions. AIM: To investigate the relationship between the incidence of AF paroxysms and atmospheric phenomena. METHODS: A total of 739 patients participated in the study [52% females, aged 18-91 (mean=65 years)], hospitalised for AF paroxysms in the Cardiac Care Unit (CCU) in 2005 2006. Patients with AF secondary to acute coronary syndrome, recent myocardial infarction, myocarditis, pericarditis, thyrotoxicosis, and disorders of the respiratory system, were excluded from the analysis. Statistical relationships were sought between the frequency of AF paroxysms and meteorological elements, such as: temperature change, atmospheric pressure, relative humidity, cloudiness, and wind speed. Using synoptic maps, such phenomena as weather fronts occurrence and baric systems were analysed. RESULTS: A considerable influence of a cold front and occlusion of cold front type on increases in admissions to CCU for AF paroxysms was observed. The absence of arrhythmia for many consecutive days was noted during the presence of stationary high-pressure areas. There were no significant relationships between meteorological elements and AF paroxysms. A seasonal distribution of AF episodes was found, with the maximum incidence in winter months and a decrease in the number of patients hospitalised from May to August. The impact of cold fronts may be explained by the effect of electromagnetic waves occurring in the zone of atmospheric changes, which may penetrate into buildings. On account of the translocation speed of electromagnetic waves, the effects may be felt many hours before an atmospheric front approaches. CONCLUSIONS: Meteorological conditions may have some influence on the occurrence of paroxysms of atrial fibrillation. This study could serve as a starting point for further research investigating relationships between weather conditions and heart rhythm disorders. PMID- 18924024 TI - [Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura with myocardial ischaemia: two case reports]. AB - Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is mainly perceived by cardiologists as a rare complication of ticlopidine or clopidogrel treatment. However, this life threatening disease is provoked not only by antiplatelet drugs and may lead to myocardial ischaemia and necrosis caused by microvascular thrombosis and anaemia. We present two thienopiridine-naive patients who had acquired TTP and myocardial ischaemia, and were successfully treated by plasma exchanges. PMID- 18924025 TI - [Pulmonary embolism suspicion in a young female patient with the Paget-von Schrotter syndrome]. AB - Deep upper limbs veins thrombosis is a relatively rare condition in comparison to the lower limbs thrombosis. Most commonly occurs as a complication of major veins catheterisation. It may also be caused by stenosis of axillar or subclavian veins due to neoplastic infiltration, enlarged lymph nodes or congenital thrombophilia. The Paget-von Schrotter syndrome caused by exercise-induced thrombosis described in this case report is very infrequent. PMID- 18924026 TI - [Multiple left descending artery fistulas drained into left ventricle--a case report]. AB - We present a case of a 65-year-old male with multiple coronary artery fistulas draining into left ventricle. PMID- 18924027 TI - Cavernous hemangioma of the right atrium. AB - Cardiac hemangioma is a rare primary benign tumour, localised in the right atrium in 23% of cases. In a 60-year-old patient, who complained of remote chest discomfort and recent exertional palpitation, a right atrial mass was discovered by magnetic resonance imaging and echocardiography. A selective operation was performed and the tumour was resected. Histology revealed it to be a cavernous hemangioma. Due to the potential risks associated with cardiac hemangioma, surgical resection and postoperative follow-up are recommended. PMID- 18924028 TI - [Acute prosthetic valve thrombosis in a patient with neoplastic disease- difficulties with anticoagulation therapy]. AB - A case of a 50-year-old woman with prosthetic mitral valve complicated by severe thrombosis as an effect of incorrect anticoagulation treatment during rectal cancer biopsy, is presented. During echocardiographic evaluation a dysfunction prosthetic mitral valve with extremely high maximal mitral gradient (50.2 mmHg) was found. The patient was qualified for surgical intervention and mechanical prosthetic mitral valve was replaced by a biological one. This report underlines the difficulties in the anticoagulation therapy in patients with prosthetic heart valves. PMID- 18924030 TI - [Usefulness intima-media thickness of carotid arteries in diagnosis of vascular diabetic complications]. PMID- 18924029 TI - [Myopericarditis complicated with cardiogenic shock mimicking acute coronary syndrome with ST elevation in a patient with hyperthyroidism and diabetes mellitus]. AB - We describe a case of a 56 year old man with myopericarditis complicated with cardiogenic shock within first 3 days, mimicking on admission acute myocardial infarction with ST elevation in inferior ECG leads. Additionally, patient presented hyperthyroidism and totally decompensated diabetes mellitus. He required during the first 3 days intravenous infusion of inotropic agents. Cardiac enzymes levels were elevated. Akinesia in mid-inferior and mid-posterior regions in ECHO was observed. On the 10th day ST segment elevation in I, II, V3 V6 and ST depression in aVR was observed in ECG. After stabilisation patient underwent coronarography which showed normal coronary arteries. The final diagnosis was acute myopericarditis complicated with acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock. PMID- 18924031 TI - [Congenital coronary artery fistulas]. PMID- 18924032 TI - [T-wave variability in the long QT syndrome]. PMID- 18924033 TI - [Patent ductus arteriosus in a 61-year-old male patient after myocardial infarction]. PMID- 18924034 TI - [Restenosis in a cobalt-chromium stent 36 months after implantation into the right coronary artery]. PMID- 18924035 TI - ['Weak' and 'strong' palpitations in a girl with atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia--a case report]. AB - We present a case of a 16-year-old girl with AVNRT with 1:1 or 2:1 conduction from the atria to ventricles which was perceived by the patient as two different types of palpitations. PMID- 18924036 TI - [Congenital heart defects in children and adults--new goals for team work]. PMID- 18924037 TI - [What is evidence based in hernia surgery?]. PMID- 18924038 TI - [The groin hernia: in- or outpatient surgery?]. AB - Because of the standardization of different surgical procedures, the surgical treatment of inguinal hernias can be primarily performed on an outpatient basis. The surgical traditions, the hitherto existing financial plan as well as the pretensions of our society, however, have promoted in hospital treatment of hernias. Only since 1993, in accord with the "German Gesundheitsstrukturgesetz", has a new general framework come into existence that has enabled hospitals to opt for ambulant treatment, as well. Because of the discrepancy between stationary and ambulatory funding, the ambulant approach nevertheless has not become widely accepted. This might change after the introduction of the catalogue of feasible ambulant treatments and non-stationary procedures, as well as by the recent nation-wide decisions regarding extra budgetary funding for ambulant treatments. To what extent the "German Vertragsarztrechtsanderungsgesetz" constitutes a stronger tie between private medical practice and hospital-bound outpatient treatment remains to be seen. PMID- 18924039 TI - [Inguinal hernia: laparoscopic or open surgery?]. AB - BACKGROUND: Today, mesh repair is the preferred technique in surgery of inguinal hernia. Whether the mesh should be placed laparoscopically or by open techniques is still controversial. METHODS: A comparison of open mesh and laparoscopic techniques was made with the help of meta-analyses and prospective trials. Outcome variables analysed were recurrence, chronic pain, recovery, morbidity and costs. RESULTS: With regard to recurrence rates, both techniques gave comparable results. The laparoscopic technique shows advantages in terms of morbidity, recovery and especially a lower rate of chronic pain. Open mesh repair has the advantage of a lower risk of some rare severe intra-abdominal complications and seems to be more cost-effective. CONCLUSION: Both techniques of inguinal hernia repair are effective and safe. Each technique has its advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, today no single technique can be recommended as a gold standard. PMID- 18924041 TI - [Repair of bilateral inguinal hernias--sequential or simultaneous?]. AB - INTRODUCTION: Surgery of inguinal hernia has changed dramatically with the introduction of tension-free hernia repair. There is still some controversy regarding the treatment of bilateral inguinal hernia, but simultaneous operation has gained popularity. The purpose of the present paper is to evaluate recent publications regarding treatment of bilateral inguinal hernia. METHODS: For this article, the "Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews", "BMJ Clinical Evidence", "Pubmed" and "Embase" were searched using the search terms "simultaneous", "bilateral", "inguinal" and "hernia". Number of patients, recurrence rate, complications, study type and authors' conclusions were evaluated. Analysis of the literature showed relevant results in two reviews of the "Cochrane Database", 4 items in "BMJ Clinical Evidence" and 17 clinical studies. RESULTS: No study showed a difference between recurrence and complication rate (simultaneous bilateral vs. unilateral repair). Recurrence rates were from 0.3 to 19 % (bilateral) and from 0.7 to 15 % (unilateral). Complications were defined heterogeneously and were in a range from 2.5 to 26.7 % (bilateral) and from 3 to 21 % (unilateral). All operative procedures (open suture: Shouldice; open mesh: Lichtenstein, Stoppa; laparoscopic techniques: TAPP / TEP) are adequate for the repair of bilateral hernia. CONCLUSION: The simultaneous operation of bilateral hernia is safe and effective. Postoperative pain and length of reconvalescence are comparable to those of the unilateral operation. Only symptomatic bilateral groin hernias should be operated. If no difficulties such as obesity and giant hernia are expected, bilateral hernias should be repaired simultaneously. The choice of the operative method should be made in accordance to the centre's standard procedure. A special operation for bilateral hernias is neither necessary nor justified. PMID- 18924043 TI - [Risk factors and prevention of incisional hernia--what is evidence-based?]. AB - Incisional hernia is a late complication of laparotomy for which an evidence based prohylactic approach is still lacking. Postoperatively, incisional hernias occur because of multiple factors. Preoperative comorbidities belong to these risk factors. A risk reduction related to concomitant diseases mostly does not succeed. There is a range of studies comparing the techniques of surgical wound closure. A consensus of these is that a running suture of the fascia with slowly absorbable or non-absorbable sutures results in the lowest incidence of incisional hernias. A one-cm distance between the stitches and a minimal distance of one cm to the fascial margin as well as a 4:1 suture length to wound length ratio are still valid principles. In any case, solely optimising the surgical technique of the abdominal wall closure is not able to reduce the incidence of incisional hernias. Prevention of postoperative complications by adequate pain management, respiratory training and early mobilisation are procedures to reduce the incidence of incisional hernias. However, systematic studies are lacking. To avoid an incisional hernia, only a practical approach remains which, however, does not meet the requirements of evidence-based medicine. PMID- 18924040 TI - [Inguinal hernia: mesh or no mesh in open repair?]. AB - The operative repair of inguinal hernias is the most common surgical procedure in general surgery. This review gives a survey of the current data on the "mesh or no mesh" question in open inguinal hernia surgery. The Cochrane Database Systematic Review of 2002 has the highest level of evidence. Five randomised controlled trials were published after the Cochrane analysis and in a retrospective study, 1,513,008 patients were summarised accordingly. According to these data, the incidence of postoperative complications (haematoma, seroma, wound infection and serious complications like bowel/vessel injury and bleeding) does not depend on the operative technique used. The implantation of meshes significantly decreases the overall recurrence rate, the occurrence of chronic pain and the time of return to normal activity, as compared to non-mesh techniques. The published data shows significant advantages for mesh techniques. PMID- 18924044 TI - [Incisional hernia repair: sublay or intraperitoneal onlay mesh (IPOM)?]. AB - The last decade has brought new technical developments to incisional hernia repair. Agreement has been achieved that tension-free hernia repair using prostheses reduces recurrence rates significantly. Currently, discussion focusses on laparoscopic (intraperitoneal onlay mesh = IPOM) versus open (sublay) approach, and on the question as to which mesh should be used. We have evaluated publications of the last years comparing the IPOM and the sublay techniques. All studies concern small cohorts and only short follow-up times. Nevertheless, in a descriptive analysis both techniques are associated with low recurrence rates (< 5 %). Furthermore, it seems that laparoscopic repair leads to a better quality of life and reduced total hospital costs. None of the available materials can be described as the "ideal mesh", so far. Due to the quality of the available studies, the question concerning the best approach and the best mesh cannot be answered sufficiently yet. For these decisions, prospective, randomised studies are urgently needed. PMID- 18924045 TI - [Surgical treatment and prophylaxis of parastomal hernias]. AB - Despite the progress concerning operative techniques, parastomal hernias remain a surgical challenge. The high risk for recurrence demands precise indications for operative repair. Mesh implants reduce the recurrence rate. Among such procedures, the retromuscular mesh augmentation represents an established method, whereas the value of other techniques still has to be defined. Also, the prophylactic use of meshes is able to reduce the incidence of parastomal hernias. With regard to short- and long-term complications, their general recommendation must be proven in further studies. PMID- 18924046 TI - [Selection criteria for peritonectomy with hyperthermic intraoperative chemotherapy (HIPEC) in peritoneal carcinomatosis]. AB - BACKGROUND: Cytoreductive peritonectomy with hyperthermic intraoperative chemotherapy (HIPEC) is an established therapy for patients with gastrointestinal, gynaecological metastasised peritoneal carcinomatosis as well as primary peritoneal carcinomatous tumours. METHODS: On the basis of a literature review and our personal experience, selection criteria for peritonectomy are discussed. RESULTS: Computed tomography (CT) scans and diagnostic laparoscopy are not sufficient for the diagnosis of peritoneal carcinomatosis. The combination of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) and CT seems to be the most reliable diagnostic imaging method. In our institution, all patients undergo PET / CT prior to peritonectomy. CONCLUSION: The PET / CT scan may play an important role in forecasting the operability of patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis. PMID- 18924048 TI - [Liberalisation of preoperative fasting guidelines: effects on patient comfort and clinical practicability during elective laparoscopic surgery of the lower abdomen]. AB - INTRODUCTION: In this study, the recently liberalised national guidelines for preoperative fasting were evaluated from the view point of the patients and according to their clinical usability. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients undergoing elective laparoscopic gynaecological surgery were randomised into two groups. Patients in the long-time NPO-group (LTNPO-group) had nothing per mouth after midnight whereas patients in the short-time NPO-group (STNPO-group) did not receive any oral nutrition after midnight but were allowed an unlimited intake of Pfrimmer Nutricia preOP up to 2 hours before scheduled surgery. Patients were asked to assess the incidence of 12 symptoms of perioperative discomfort prior to and 4-6 hours after surgery using a standardised questionnaire. Gastric fluid volume, vital signs during the induction period of anaesthesia and the actual duration of fasting were registered and compared. RESULTS: 42 patients were included into the study (LTNPO-group: n = 23, STNPO-group: n = 19). The actual duration of fasting for solid nutritition was 11.3 h in the LTNPO-group and 10.9 h in the STNPO-group, respectively. The time of fasting for fluids was in the STNPO-group significantly shorter (4.5 h) compared to the LTNPO-group (11.3 h). The patients of the STNPO-group reported preoperatively a significant lower incidence of "feeling cold" and pre- and postoperatively of "thirst / having a dry mouth". No significant differences were reported between the groups with respect to heart rate, blood pressure, gastric volume, need of vasopressors and infusion requirements. DISCUSSION: The liberation of the national guidelines for preoperative fluid administration with unlimited intake of a carbohydrate drink offers the benefit of a significantly lower incidence of the preoperative item "feeling cold" and of the pre- and postoperative item "thirst / having a dry mouth". However, in daily clinical practice the length of fasting for fluids was conspicuously longer than that postulated by the new recommendations. PMID- 18924047 TI - [Quality assurance in bariatric surgery in Germany--results of the German multicentre trial 2005 and 2006]. AB - BACKGROUND: Since January 1st 2005, the situation of bariatric surgery in Germany has been examined. The data are registered in cooperation with the Institute of Quality Assurance in Surgery at the Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg. METHODS: The data registration took place prospectively in an internet online data base. All primary bariatric procedures performed since January 1st 2005 were detected as well as re-operations in patients who had been operated before. RESULTS: 629 patients underwent bariatric surgery in 21 hospitals in 2005 and 828 patients were operated in 32 hospitals in 2006. The mostly performed operation was gastric banding with 46.8 %, followed by Roux-Y gastric bypass with 38.5 %. 74.4 % of the patients were female. The medium BMI of all patients was 48.5 kg/m2 in 2005 and 48.4 kg/m2 in 2006. Follow-up data were available for 71.2 % of the patients operated in 2005. These data show a higher reduction of BMI after malabsorptive than after restrictive bariatric procedures. CONCLUSION: A trend from restrictive bariatric procedures to a malabsorptive approach could be observed. In Germany the BMI of patients undergoing bariatric surgery is higher than in most countries world-wide. No differences could be detected in intraoperative and short-term complications as well in the complication rate in the first year of follow-up in comparison with the literature. PMID- 18924049 TI - ["Fast-track" rehabilitation to enhance recovery after ileostomy closure--a prospective clinical trial]. AB - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: After colorectal resections, concepts for early recovery (ERAS or fast-track) could reduce the length of the hospital stay. Whether or not such a multimodal treatment can shorten the hospitalisation after loop ileostomy closure was investigated in the present study. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All patients admitted for elective closure of a loop ileostomy were prospectively investigated. The first group (n = 20) was postoperatively treated in a conventional manner. In the other group (n = 20), a concept for "fast-track" rehabilitation including early oral feeding, early mobilisation and abandonment of opioid analgesia was used. RESULTS: Oral feeding with liquids and solid food was tolerated in the "fast-track" group earlier than after conventional treatment. There was no increase in the incidence of postoperative complications. Patients of the "fast-track" group could be discharged 3 days earlier on average (p = 0,01). CONCLUSION: "Fast-track" rehabilitation can shorten the length of hospitalisation after elective ileostomy closure. PMID- 18924050 TI - [Epidural analgesia in thoracic surgery--optimising postoperative rehabilitation]. AB - INTRODUCTION: A multimodal perioperative therapy strategy (fast-track) decreases the morbidity of general thoracic interventions and increases postoperative reconvalescence after lung resections. Thoracic surgery is associated with relevant pain and sufficient pain relief is essential for postoperative recovery. Epidural analgesia leads to adequate pain control with only minor side effects and complications and can therefore be a reasonable supplementation in a modern fast-track setting. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the benefits and risks of an epidural catheter placed prior to surgery and to analyse the postoperative recovery of patients undergoing thoracic surgery. METHODS: 277 patients undergoing pulmonary resection through an anterolateral thoracotomy were included in our study. Epidural analgesia was carried out through placement of an epidural catheter equipped with Naropine-Sufenta perfusor prior to surgery. Perioperative clinical parameters as well as postoperative management were evaluated. Pain intensity was documented using the visual analogue scale (VAS). Side effects and complications were summarised in five grades of severity (1-5). Insufficient pain relief was recognised when a VAS > 4 was registered. RESULTS: Median patient age was 59 years, the male / female relation was precisely 2 : 1, on average epidural analgesia was carried out for 4.9 days. Severe complications (grade 4 or 5) were not found. In 37 % of the cases, minor complications and side effects were found, in 1 % clinical relevant complications led to further diagnostic measures. For sufficient pain relief, 10 % of the studied population needed additional treatment with systemic opioids. CONCLUSION: We have shown that epidural analgesia in patients undergoing thoracotomy leads to sufficient pain control with only minor disadvantages and complications. These are easily mastered without expensive diagnostic or therapeutic interventions. Therefore, epidural analgesia is a safe and helpful tool for increased postoperative recovery within a modern fast-track setting. PMID- 18924051 TI - [Risk scores and outcomes after cholecystectomy: a comparison between a university hospital and a short-stay clinic--a prospective observational study]. AB - BACKGROUND: This study was designed to compare the risks of morbidity and mortality of patients in a surgical department of an academic medical centre and a short-stay clinic. Furthermore, economic and patient-related parameters were assessed. METHODS: A number of 50 respectively 33 consecutive patients scheduled for a cholecystectomy were included in this prospective study. Data were collected well-assorted against the POSSUM score, the duration of the operation, complications and the length of stay as well as quality of life and patient satisfaction. RESULTS: No differences among patients of the two hospitals became apparent as they were referenced against the POSSUM score, nor were any discrepancies in expected respectively ex-post complications upon cholecystectomy observed. The continuance of the operative procedure was found to be significantly lengthened in the university hospital as compared with the non academic clinic (120.1 +/- 34.3 min vs. 65.6 +/- 16.3 min; p < 0.001). The difference in durability splits up in 1.2 days pre-operatively versus 2.4 days post-operatively. In return, the post-operative pain therapy was esteemed much better in the university hospital. CONCLUSION: The POSSUM score is a reliable tool to assess morbidity and mortality in surgical patients. The scores were found to be equal for patients in a university hospital and those in a short-stay clinic. Complications likewisely were equally low in both hospitals. The longer duration of the operation and the higher length of stay revealed structural benefits of the smaller unit. Advantages of the academic centre were found in the standards for pain therapy. The present study is taken both as a reference and as a basis for a fundamental process-redesign to the benefit of involved parties e. g. patients, relatives, staff in the university hospital. PMID- 18924052 TI - [Do wrist protectors reduce injuries in snowboarding?]. PMID- 18924053 TI - [Effects of a telephone intervention in patients with type 2 diabetes]. AB - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: While there are evermore therapeutic options, a continuous rise in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus has been demonstrated in epidemiological studies and is leading to an increasing financial burden on health care systems. It has been shown in a number of studies that health-related lifestyle may be influenced by a telephone intervention program. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The effect of a telephone intervention on physical activity and other important cardiovascular risk factors was investigated over a period of three months in patients with type 2 diabetes. Those in the intervention group (n=22) were phoned once weekly and only matters concerning their physical activity were discussed. The patients in a matching control group (n=20) were not phoned. RESULTS: Physical activity increased in the intervention group with a significant difference when compared to the control group at the end of the three months' intervention. At the end of the intervention weight, body mass index, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, triglycerides and fasting blood sugar where either significantly different between the intervention and control groups (absolute values) or showed a significantly greater decrease in the intervention group. In addition there was a tendency (not statistically significant) towards an improvement in the intervention group regarding other risk factors (body fat, diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, HbA1c). CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that a telephone intervention can increase physical activity and reduce cardiovascular risk factors. As a result it may reduce health care-related costs. PMID- 18924055 TI - [41-year-old patient with dermal changes on both lower legs. Cutaneous metastatic Crohn disease]. PMID- 18924054 TI - [Suspicion of a newly appearing hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy in a patient treated for hepatocellular carcinoma]. AB - HISTORY AND ADMISSION FINDINGS: A 42-year-old women presented with shortness of breath, tachycardia and weakness to our department. Five years ago she had been diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma for which an extended hemihepatectomy had been performed. INVESTIGATIONS, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT: The clinical examination revealed a systolic murmur over the artic region. Echocardiography showed an hypertrophed interventricular septum with signs like those in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Ultrasound demonstrated a cystic mass in the pelvis highly suspicious of a metastasis of a hepatocellular carcinoma. Fine needle biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of a metastatic lesion of hepatocellular carcinoma. Computed tomography demonstrated metastase in the lung and a space occupying in the interventricular septum. The patients underwent resection of the lung and pelvic metastasis and died a few weeks later. CONCLUSION: This case demonstrates the rare occurence of a metastasis to the heart, imitating obstructive cardiac myopathy, in a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma. PMID- 18924056 TI - [Malignant goiter--thyroid cancer]. PMID- 18924058 TI - [Thrombocyte aggregation inhibitor after surgery for an abdominal aortic aneurysm]. PMID- 18924057 TI - [Sitagliptin. DPP-4 inhibitors as a useful extension of oral diabetes therapy?]. PMID- 18924059 TI - [Therapeutic options for weight management in schizophrenic patients treated with atypical antipsychotics]. AB - Extensive, selective literature review of 2500 articles from the last years (up to December 2007) predominantly from Medline and Cochrane, using as search terms "antipsychotic or schizophrenia or individual drug names (amisulpride, aripiprazole, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, ziprasidone)" and the terms "BMI, weight gain, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, lipid(s), cholesterol, triglycerides" was conducted. Regardless of the advantages ascribed to atypical antipsychotics and the special effectiveness of clozapine in patients resistant to therapy and at risk for suicide, the probability of weight gain is considerably increased for some of these substances. Patients with schizophrenia have a considerably reduced life expectancy associated with an increased prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors. There is a lack of practical guidelines integrated into clinical psychiatric care for the management of cardiovascular risk factors. The monitoring of patients treated with atypics, which has been recommended in the APA/ADA Consensus Paper in light of these facts, is insufficiently established in clinical practice. A regular monitoring can convey self control and motivation to the patient. In the case of corresponding risk constellations further decisions regarding indication and therapy have to be considered. Especially patients with a high cardiovascular risk profile are highly recommended to participate in a weight-management program for prevention purposes. Such a special program should include elements of dietetic treatment and behaviour and exercise therapy. First controlled studies suggest an effective prevention of weight gain and metabolic changes when applying such a structured program. The practice oriented step by step concept presented here is meant to provide points of reference for the implementation of required medical and psychoeducative measures facilitating the management of weight and further cardiovascular risk factors in the context of psychiatric care in patients with schizophrenia. PMID- 18924060 TI - [Development and validation of an overall instrument to measure craving across multiple substances: the Mannheimer Craving Scale (MaCS)]. AB - OBJECTIVE: Based on the Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS) we developed and validated the Mannheimer Craving Scale (MaCS) for quantitative measurements of craving across different substances and suitable for multiple substance abuse. METHODS: The MaCS questionnaire measures obsessive-compulsive symptoms in the context of substance abuse and dependence similar to the OCDS. The MaCS consists of 12 items and 4 additional items. Validation of the instrument was performed by means of 3 assessments of each subject within a project for the evaluation of a detox treatment on n = 292 alcohol and drug-dependent patients with multiple substance abuse. RESULTS: The MaCS showed a very high measurement reliability (0.87 < alpha < 0.93). The MaCS total score correlated highly significant with the mean intensity of craving (0.47 < r (tc ) < 0.64, p < 0.0001), with the maximum of craving (0.52 < r (tc) < 0.69, p < 0.0001), and with the frequency of craving (0.43 < r (tc) < 0.65, p < 0.0001) measured by means of analogue scales. CONCLUSIONS: The MaCS for overall measurements of craving across multiple substances showed very good reliability and validity. In combination with a simple and universal feasibility of the MaCS these results indicate the applicability in everyday clinical settings as well as scientific settings. PMID- 18924061 TI - [The internet as an information source for family caregivers of dementia patients]. AB - OBJECTIVE: What significance has the Internet as a source of information for family caregivers of dementia patients? METHODS: In Middle Franconia (Germany), 391 family caregivers were requested to participate in a questionnaire-based postal survey about the significance of the Internet and other sources of information on dementia. The family caregivers in question were the relatives of patients of the Memory Clinic at Erlangen University Psychiatric Hospital, members of the Alzheimer's Society of Middle Franconia or the Nuremberg Family Counselling Society. RESULTS: Younger and better-educated family caregivers more often own a computer with Internet access than older ones. The Internet is in 4th place on their list of sources of information. Although doctors are by far the most important source, counselling centres and literature are rated only just before the Internet. CONCLUSIONS: The Internet is particularly significant for the younger better-educated family caregivers, independent of gender, as a source of information on the diagnosis and treatment of dementia. PMID- 18924062 TI - [Combination of dialectic and behavioral therapy (DBT) and duloxetin in kleptomania]. AB - OBJECTIVE: Kleptomania is characterized by repetitive stealing of things not needed for personal use. Comorbidity with affective disorders, personality disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is often described. Pharmacological treatment options are serotonin reuptake inhibitors, naltrexone or mood stabilizers. There are no controlled studies for cognitive-behavioral (CBT) and psychodynamic psychotherapies. However, literature suggests that patients respond to CBT, especially when combined with pharmacological strategies. Dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT) is successfully applied in the treatment of borderline personality disorder. and, in a modified manner, of ADHD. METHOD/RESULTS: We report a treatment of an in-patient with kleptomania, depressive episode, combined personality disorder and ADHD. Under combined treatment with DBT, which has been successfully used in the treatment of impulsive disorders, and duloxetine, the patient's urge to steal decreased markedly, and no corresponding actions were detectable in follow-up examinations. CONCLUSIONS: Particularly for the kleptomania subtype with comorbid ADHD and / or personality disorder, DBT may be a promising approach. In addition, duloxetine as a serotonin-epinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) might fit into a complementary treatment strategy. PMID- 18924063 TI - [Coherences between the metabolic syndrome, depression, stress and physical activity]. AB - OBJECTIVE: Analysis of coherences between metabolic syndrome (MTS) and depression. METHODS: Literature research in Medline. RESULTS: The metabolic syndrome (MTS) is characterized by the coexistence of (abdominal) obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidaemia while insulin resistance is one pathophysiological key factor. MTS is a risk factor for the development of depressive disorders and vice versa. MTS (usually) and depression (quite often) are associated with insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, obesity and increased risk of myocardial infarction. Environmental factors like lack of physical exercise, malnutrition and stress may play an important role in the genesis of both disorders. CONCLUSIONS: On the one hand, physical activity has positive effects on all elements of MTS, especially insulin resistance, on the other hand, mild antidepressant effects of physical activity have been demonstrated. The results of animal experiments refer to the essential relevance of physical activity concerning "brain health", specifically with respect to hippocampal neuroplasticity. PMID- 18924064 TI - On "Perforator-based anterolateral thigh adipofascial or dermal fat flaps for facial contour augmentation (J Reconstr Microsurg 2007;23:497-503)". PMID- 18924065 TI - On "Noninvasive tissue oximetry for flap monitoring: an initial study (J Reconstr Microsurg 2007;23:189-197)". PMID- 18924066 TI - Maximizing the reliability and safety of the distally based sural artery flap. AB - Variations of the distally based sural artery flap have been used in the literature with varying success rates. This article stresses the axiality of this flap based on the sural nerve and the short saphenous vein. Forty distally based sural artery flaps were used for a variety of defects in the distal leg. In the proximal leg, the groove between the medial and lateral heads of the gastrocnemius muscle was explored to include the subfacial part of the medial sural nerve with the flap. The subfascial part of the nerve can consistently be included with the flap and gives off cutaneous supply to the tip of the flap to increase reliability of the distal part of the flap. The short saphenous vein should be harvested with an additional length to allow for supercharging or intermittent bleeding in the event of flap congestion. With this approach our success rate with this flap was 98%. To maximize the reliability of the distally based sural artery flap, the sural nerve and short saphenous vein must be included with the flap along its entire length. PMID- 18924067 TI - The posterior tibial artery perforator flap: an alternative to free-flap closure in the comorbid patient. AB - Wounds of the distal third of the leg with exposed bone traditionally require free flaps for coverage. Although this often provides good results, patients with multiple comorbidities cannot undergo the long operating times and multiple surgical sites required for these complex procedures. We reviewed the use of posterior tibial (PT) perforator flaps as an alternative to free flaps for distal leg wound coverage in ill patients. Six patients (mean age, 53 years) with multiple comorbidities that precluded free-flap closures were treated with PT perforator flaps to cover complex distal leg wounds. The most common comorbidity was cardiac disease. Five patients had Gustilo grade IIIB open tibial fractures and one had a chronic wound. Mean flap size was 8x5.5 cm with a mean of one perforator per flap. Mean operating room time was 103 minutes. Four flaps were done without general anesthesia. There were no perioperative cardiopulmonary events. With a mean follow-up of 15 months, all flaps survived and all patients were ambulatory. There were no cases of malunion, nonunion, infection, wound breakdown, or partial flap loss. The PT perforator flap is a reliable choice for patients with open leg wounds and comorbidities precluding free-flap closure. PMID- 18924068 TI - Vascularized scapular grafting for treatment of osteonecrosis of the humeral head. AB - Eight dissections in four embalmed cadavers were performed to investigate the possibility of vascularized scapular grafting for osteonecrosis of the humeral head. When the angular branch was used as the nutrient vessel, the mean length of the vascular pedicle was 12.4 cm, which was sufficient for transferring the scapula into the humeral head. Based on the anatomical study, a 27-year-old man with corticosteroid-induced osteonecrosis of the right humeral head was treated by vascularized scapular grafting. The pedicled vascularized scapula was successfully transferred into the humeral head using the angular branch. The patient's right shoulder pain disappeared following surgical recovery. He had no limitations of right shoulder motion 3 years after the surgery. Magnetic resonance imaging at 1 year after the surgery indicated revascularization of the humeral head. The humeral head did not collapse during a 3-year follow-up with radiographic evaluation. This procedure has the potential to be a new joint preserving procedure for osteonecrosis of the humeral head. PMID- 18924070 TI - Cortical brain mapping of peripheral nerves using functional magnetic resonance imaging in a rodent model. AB - The regions of the body have cortical and subcortical representation in proportion to their degree of innervation. The rat forepaw has been studied extensively in recent years using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), typically by stimulation using electrodes directly inserted into the skin of the forepaw. Here we stimulate the nerve directly using surgically implanted electrodes. A major distinction is that stimulation of the skin of the forepaw is mostly sensory, whereas direct nerve stimulation reveals not only the sensory system but also deep brain structures associated with motor activity. In this article, we seek to define both the motor and sensory cortical and subcortical representations associated with the four major nerves of the rodent upper extremity. We electrically stimulated each nerve (median, ulnar, radial, and musculocutaneous) during fMRI acquisition using a 9.4-T Bruker scanner (Bruker BioSpin, Billerica, MA). A current level of 0.5 to 1.0 mA and a frequency of 5 Hz were used while keeping the duration constant. A distinct pattern of cortical activation was found for each nerve that can be correlated with known sensorimotor afferent and efferent pathways to the rat forepaw. This direct nerve stimulation rat model can provide insight into peripheral nerve injury. PMID- 18924069 TI - Buried deep inferior epigastric perforator flaps for complex head and neck contour defects. AB - The deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap is presented as a potential source of tissue for head and neck reconstruction. It has been sparingly reported for pharyngeal reconstruction and to provide a large bulk of skin but not previously described for buried contour defects. We present a retrospective study of a consecutive series of six buried DIEP flaps performed between 2005 and 2007 with a review of their indications, results, and complications. Three patient defects had previous radiation. All flaps were used in the delay setting as secondary reconstructions. Soft tissue defects addressed in this study were the result of a variety of different pathologies, including temporal fossa meningioma, fibrous dysplasia of the skull and orbit, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, neck scar repair, sinus cancer, and osteomyelitis. We report a 100% success rate with primary flap survival, secondary contouring, minimal donor site, provision of moldable bulk soft tissue fill, and ability to fillet and redistribute. Patient-reported satisfaction at 6 months and 1 year was good to excellent in all cases. We concluded that in select cases, the functional and aesthetic advantages of the DIEP flap for head and neck reconstruction of soft tissue defects are superior to implants, fillers, and nonvascularized fat grafts. During revisions, these flaps are amendable to liposuction as a contouring tool with portions that can be redistributed on pedicles. The subcutaneous fat of the DIEP flap has resilience that tends to last and retain its shape with maintenance of residual volume over muscle flaps. PMID- 18924071 TI - Complex mincer hand injury in a 4-year-old girl: successful revascularization. AB - We report on a four-year-old girl who suffered a complex mincer injury to the left hand, resulting in a partial amputation of her hand. To salvage the injured hand, revascularization was performed. The indication, advantages and outcome of the procedure are discussed. PMID- 18924073 TI - Splenogonadal fusion. AB - We report a case of an 11-year-old boy who presented with a painless left scrotal mass of one year's duration. Clinical examination and diagnostic modalities indicated a solid left testicular mass. Exploration was done and a complete splenogonadal fusion was found. The ectopic splenic tissue was completely removed with preservation of the testis. Splenogonadal fusion is a rare and infrequently reported entity in the paediatric surgical literature. This was our first encounter with this condition. A review of the literature is briefly presented here. PMID- 18924072 TI - Isolated enteric duplication cyst with respiratory epithelium: case report and review of the literature. AB - Enteric duplication cysts are uncommon congenital abnormalities. We report a case of an enteric cyst duplication located a few centimeters proximal to the ileocecal valve in a patient with vague abdominal symptoms. Histological examination showed an ileal duplication cyst lined with ciliated bronchial epithelium. Duplication cysts of the alimentary tract are uncommon, and their epithelial lining varies. Bronchial respiratory epithelium is extremely rare at the terminal ileum. Our case is only the second case described in the literature. PMID- 18924074 TI - Medium-to-long term DEXA analysis of an uncemented (AML) femoral component. AB - We present medium-to-long-term bone mineral density studies assessing bone resorption and remodelling around the cementless femoral component of a total hip arthroplasty (Depuy AML prosthesis). Bone mineral densities were compared with the unoperated side at a time interval of eight years between scans using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Initial proximal stress shielding is known but we show that this response continues into the medium to long term in relative terms. We have also found an overall trend for bone mineral density to increase around the prosthesis with the greatest changes occurring distally. The greatest real increase in bone mineral density occurred in Gruen zones 2, 3 and 5 with smaller increases in zones 1, 4, 6 and 7. However, when compared with the contralateral unoperated femur (thus considering systemic changes in bone mineral density), we found these changes only reached statistical significance in Gruen zones 5, 6 and 7. PMID- 18924075 TI - Varus proximal femoral osteotomy for hip dysplasia in adults. AB - A retrospective study was carried out to evaluate the role of varus proximal femoral osteotomy in relieving symptoms and improving function in adults affected by hip dysplasia. A group of 24 patients were identified that underwent 26 varus proximal femoral osteotomies between the period May 1979 and January 2001. All were investigated by dynamic hip arthrography to confirm restoration of congruency in the abducted position and the position of ''best fit''. The mean age of the patients at the time of operation was 26 years (range 16 to 47) and the median duration of follow-up was 5.1 years (range 1.6 to 23.1 years). Clinical improvement was evaluated by determining the Harris Hip Score at the time of admission with a further assessment at the most recent follow-up. Additionally, radiological change was evaluated by measuring acetabular femoral head index, the centre-edge angle of Wiberg and the Tonnis grade of osteoarthritis. The results revealed an improvement in Harris hip score from a mean of 72.1 pre-operatively (range 58.8 to 88.53) to 96.83 at the most recent follow-up (range 85.1 to 100). The centre edge angle and acetabular head index also increased in all patients. The results were statistically significant (p value <0.05). The procedure was found to reduce discomfort and improve function in patients affected by hip dysplasia. No patients required further intervention to alter disease progression during the follow-up period. The best results were found when the operation was performed for long leg dysplasia. Only one patient required surgery for non-union at the osteotomy site. Varus proximal femoral osteotomy appears to be a good treatment option in young adults with hip dysplasia, even when early degenerative change is present. PMID- 18924076 TI - The use of LISS femoral locking plates and cabling in the treatment of periprosthetic fractures around stable proximal femoral implants in elderly patients. AB - A retrospective review was performed of Vancouver type C periprosthetic femoral fractures treated using the Less Invasive Stabilisation System (LISS) femoral locking plate system. Five patients with stable hip prostheses (only one of which was an uncomplicated primary arthroplasty) were treated with the LISS plating system in combination with bone grafting and cables. The average age at the time of fixation was 87 years (range 83-93). All fractures united and all but one of the patients was able to mobilise independently. One case was complicated by superficial wound infection, but there were no other significant complications. One patient is still alive 50 months after surgery; the remaining four died a mean of 27 months postoperatively. Our results indicate that the LISS system is effective in the management of Type C periprosthetic fractures around well-fixed proximal femoral implants in the elderly, even in complex cases. PMID- 18924077 TI - Cup inclination angle of greater than 50 degrees increases whole blood concentrations of cobalt and chromium ions after metal-on-metal hip resurfacing. AB - A cup inclination angle greater than 45 degrees is associated with increased wear rates of metal on polyethylene (MOP) hip replacements. The same maybe true for metal on metal (MOM) hips yet this has not been clearly shown. We measured the acetabular inclination angle from plain radiographs, and whole blood metal ion levels using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry of 26 patients (mean Harris Hip Score 94 and mean time post op of 22 months) with Birmingham Hip Resurfacings. We identified a threshold level of 50 degrees cup inclination. Below this threshold, the mean whole blood cobalt and chromium were 1.6 ppb and 1.88 ppb respectively; above this threshold, the mean blood cobalt and chromium were 4.45 ppb and 4.3 ppb respectively. These differences were significant cobalt (p<0.01) and chromium (p=0.01). All patients above the threshold had metal levels greater than any of the patients below the threshold. For 14 patients, who returned one year later for a repeat blood metal level measurement, cobalt and chromium levels were very similar. The effect of an acetabular inclination angle of greater than 50 degrees on wear rates of MOM hips, as measured through blood metal ion levels, appears to be similar to that seen with MOP hips. Additionally, our new analytical methods may allow blood metal levels to be used as a realistic biomarker of in vivo wear rate of MOM hips. The implication is that metal levels can be minimised with optimal orientation of the acetabular component. PMID- 18924078 TI - Revision of the Birmingham Hip Resurfacing cup: technical notes and the use of a novel technique to overcome unique problems. AB - The number of hip resurfacing procedures performed in the United Kingdom has doubled in the last four years reflecting its popularity among orthopaedic surgeons. Of the available options the Birmingham Hip Resurfacing (BHR) prosthesis has been the most popular choice in this country. Despite this revision rates have been shown to be higher in the resurfacing group compared to the total hip arthroplasty group particularly in the early postoperative period. Revision of the BHR acetabular component is technically demanding due to several unique design features of this component. We discuss these features and describe a novel reliable and reproducible technique for revision of the BHR cup. PMID- 18924079 TI - Reactive synovitis following hip resurfacing: a case presentation. AB - We report a case of metal-on-metal hip resurfacing complicated by a reactive synovitis and a large effusion resulting in dislocation, peripheral oedema and groin discomfort. Histological analysis of the retrieved specimens revealed an intense lymphocytosis. Conversion to a traditional hip replacement resulted in resolution of the symptoms. PMID- 18924080 TI - Cement venogram: as a result of high femoral cement pressurisation. A report of 3 cases. AB - Current femoral cementing techniques for total hip arthroplasty (THA) have improved over recent years. High pressurisation is achieved using a cement gun with a proximal seal and a cement restrictor, maximising the microinterlock at the bone cement interface. However, there are concerns regarding over pressurisation of the femoral canal resulting in an increased risk of cardiorespiratory collapse secondary to embolic phenomena. We report on three cases over a one year period of cement within a vein (cement venogram) on a post operative radiograph following THA. We feel that the cement venogram is an important indicator of high pressurisation and that its incidence may be on the increase with improved cementing techniques. PMID- 18924082 TI - Complication of an insufficiency fracture of the acetabulum. AB - An 83-year-old woman presented to the emergency department with a history of pain in the left hip of gradual onset over several days. There was no history of trauma and the X rays showed degenerative changes in the hip joint but no apparent fracture. She was sent home after being given reassurance, analgesics and a cane. Three weeks later she returned unable to mobilise after falling while getting out of bed and injuring the left hip. On this occasion the X-rays showed an acetabular fracture with femoral head protrusio. A CT scan confirmed the diagnosis and also demonstrated the absence of a haematoma in the surrounding soft tissues. The latter is characteristic of insufficiency fractures. Orthopaedic surgeons require a high index of suspicion for insufficiency fractures of the pelvis, femoral head and femoral neck in elderly osteoporotic patients who complain of hip pain without any history of trauma. PMID- 18924081 TI - Pseudoaneurysm of a branch of the profunda femoris artery following distal locking of an intramedullary hip nail: an unusual anatomical location. AB - Vascular complications following internal fixation of trochanteric femoral fractures are extremely rare. Iatrogenic injury to the profunda femoris artery or one of its branches and resultant pseudoaneurysm formation has been documented, most commonly following sliding hip screw fixation and typically arises on the posteromedial aspect of the femur. We report an unusual variation, following proximal femoral nailing of an intertrochanteric femoral neck fracture, where the pseudoaneurysm presented four weeks following surgery on the posterolateral aspect of the femur. The mechanism of injury, clinical presentation and potential preventative measures are discussed. PMID- 18924083 TI - Rare mode of dynamic hip screw failure. AB - The sliding hip screw (SHS) has been the orthopaedic surgeon's implant of choice for repairing intertrochanteric femur fractures for nearly 30 years. Breakage of SHS is very rare and is seen mainly at the plate screw junction. Here we report a rare case of SHS failure; in this case the patient was asymptomatic after apparently uneventful fracture healing and the failure of SHS took place at the junction of barrel and screw. PMID- 18924085 TI - Still stuck in the slime. AB - The role of biofilm in implant infections and the genetic control of its production are still giving rise to great interest and controversial new results are continuing to emerge from widespread investigations. Bacteria embedded in biofilms are more resistant to most antibiotics. Hypotheses regarding the mechanisms of antibiotic multi-resistance in biofilm are brought to light, including the onset of persister cells during the attachment of bacteria to implant surfaces.This 2008 special issue ''Focus on Implant Infections'', presents new strategies for combating biofilm infections,such as the use of staphylococcal quorum-sensing inhibitors or the ''bioelectric effect'': the phenomenon by which electric current can enhance the activity of some antimicrobial agents against bacteria in biofilms. PMID- 18924086 TI - Biofilm formation is not necessary for development of quinolone-resistant "persister" cells in an attached Staphylococcus epidermidis population. AB - Staphylococcus epidermidis is a common pathogen in device-associated infections which is able to attach onto polymeric surfaces and develop multilayered biofilms. Attached S. epidermidis displays reduced susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. In this study we investigated the influence of ciprofloxacin and the group IV quinolones gatifloxacin, gemifloxacin, and moxifloxacin with the minimal attachment killing (MAK) assay. MAK concentrations were determined for three biofilm-positive wild-type strains and their isogenic biofilm-negative mutants Depending on strain and investigated quinolone, it was possible to distinguish between a heterogeneous MAK (MAKhetero), and a homogeneous resistance (MAKhomo) which corresponds to the model of a few persisting cells under antibiotic treatment. A lower MAKhomo was detected for the biofilm-negative mutants as well as for the corresponding wild-types for some of the tested quinolones, which seems to be a result of higher bacterial inocula, whereas the MAKhetero concentrations were comparable for mutants and wild-types for nearly all of the tested antibiotics and strains. These data indicate that biofilm formation is not necessary for persistence of attached S. epidermidis cells under treatment with quinolones and could explain therapeutic failure in foreign body-associated infections due to biofilm-negative S. epidermidis isolates. The individual resistance phenotypes of investigated strains indicate that the determination of MAK concentrations might help to predict the therapy outcome of foreign body-associated infections with both biofilm-positive and biofilm-negative S. epidermidis. Thus, the relatively high activity displayed by group IV quinolones against individual attached staphylococcal isolates indicates a possible treatment option with the respective quinolones for foreign body associated infections due to these isolates. PMID- 18924087 TI - Suppression of biofilm related, device-associated infections by staphylococcal quorum sensing inhibitors. AB - Staphylococcal spp. are notorious for causing biofilm-related device-associated infections, leading to tens of thousands of deaths per year. In this paper, we review quorum sensing inhibitors as potential therapeutics for even the most persistent infections. The animal models reviewed are subcutaneous graft, central venous catheter (CVC), ureteral stent and wound models, and a wound case study. The therapeutic approaches reviewed are the use of RNAIII inhibiting peptide (RIP) and its non-peptide analog. These have been shown to prevent or treat infections caused by any staphylococcal strain tested, including antibiotic resistant strains like CA-MRSA USA300. PMID- 18924088 TI - Nanostructured materials for inhibition of bacterial adhesion in orthopedic implants: a minireview. AB - Orthopedic implants may fail owing to different reasons: poor osseointegration at the tissue-implant interface, generation of wear debris, stress and strain imbalance between implant and surrounding tissues, and infections. To ensure success in orthopedics, implant materials must not evoke an undesirable inflammatory response, they must be habitable by bone-forming cells (favoring adhesion of osteoblasts), hinder formation of soft connective tissue (hindering adhesion of fibroblasts), and be anti-infective (discouraging bacterial adhesion). Recent studies have suggested that nanophase materials have a better efficacy as bone implants in favoring osseointegration compared to conventional orthopedic implant materials. This minireview discusses studies on nanophase materials as bone implants, focusing on the effect of these materials in inhibiting bacterial adhesion for the prevention of implant infections. PMID- 18924089 TI - Bioactive titanium implant surfaces with bacterial inhibition and osteoblast function enhancement properties. AB - Infection in orthopedic implant surgery is a serious complication and a major cause of implant failure. Upon implant insertion, a contest between microbial colonization and tissue integration of the implant surface ensues. This race for the surface determines the probability of tissue integration or infection, and the surface properties of the substrate have an important role to play in determining the outcome. A number of strategies have been developed for the modification of implant surfaces to promote bone cell (osteoblast) functions and inhibit bacterial adhesion and growth. In this article, a review is given of these surface modification strategies, in particular those which can achieve the dual aim of bacterial inhibition and simultaneous enhancement of osteoblast functions.Surfaces of these types can be expected to have excellent potential for orthopedic applications. PMID- 18924090 TI - Bioelectric effect and bacterial biofilms. A systematic review. AB - Bacteria growing in biofilms cause a wide range of human infections. Biofilm bacteria are resistant to antimicrobics at levels 500 to 5,000 times higher than those needed to kill non-biofilm bacteria. In vitro experiments have shown that electric current can enhance the activity of some antimicrobial agents against certain bacteria in biofilms; this has been termed the ''bioelectric effect''. Direct electrical current has already been safely used in humans for fracture healing. Application of direct electric current with antimicrobial chemotherapy in humans could theoretically abrogate the need to remove the device in device related infections, a procedure associated with substantial morbidity and cost. In this article, we review what has been described in the literature with regards to the bioelectric effect. PMID- 18924091 TI - The extracellular polymer substance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: too slippery for neutrophils to migrate on? AB - PURPOSE: Biofilm formation is increasingly recognized as the cause of persistent infections and there is evidence that P. aeruginosa organized into biofilms are quite resistant toward host defence mechanisms, particularly against an attack by polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN). Apparently, the migration of PMN through the biofilms is impaired, and thus the bactericidal activity remains highly localized. The aim of this study was to directly investigate the interaction of PMN with the biofilm and the extracted extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) of P. aeruginosa. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Chemotaxis and random migration of PMN through P. aeruginosa biofilms was tested, as was their migration through and along the EPS. RESULTS: We found that the EPS and mature biofilms, but not immature or developing ones, reduced the chemotactic migration of PMN. On EPS, rather than immobilize the cells, their random, spontaneous migration was enhanced. CONCLUSION: We propose that on EPS, the PMN lose their capacity to sense the direction and just slide over the EPS in a disoriented manner. PMID- 18924092 TI - Implant retention in infected joint replacements: a surgeon's perspective. AB - There is no standard treatment for infected joint replacements. The surgical options are varied and treatment choices may pose problems in relation to both efficacy and cost effectiveness. Surgical debridement combined with antibiotic therapy is an appealing option for surgeons and patients as it can lead to eradication of the infection with implant retention and good functional outcome. It avoids major revision surgery which can result in significant morbidity and mortality in an elderly group of patients.The author reviewed 73 patients with hip and knee periprosthetic infections and the data was analyzed in terms of outcome of primary treatment and final outcome, including bacteriology and prosthesis retention. Out of the 73 patients (53 hips and 20 knees), the majority (69%) were managed by primary surgical debridement followed by antibiotics and about one third (34%) lost their implants as a result of the infection. Retention of implants was higher in acute infections (85-100%) as opposed to late infections (20-50%). The microbiological analysis showed that Staphylococcus and Streptococcus caused the majority (76%) of infections. In this series, patients with an infected joint replacement had roughly the same probability (30%) of retaining the original prosthesis, undergoing a successful revision, or having no implants in situ at the end of treatment. PMID- 18924093 TI - Prevention of infections associated with vascular catheters. AB - The expanding use of vascular catheters has increased the need to prevent hazardous infectious complications. Since bloodstream infection is the most common serious complication of indwelling vascular catheters, the proof that a potentially preventive approach is truly protective against clinical infection requires a significant reduction in the incidence of this infectious complication.Although catheter colonization is a prelude to infection, most colonized catheters do not result in catheter-related infection and, therefore, a mere reduction in catheter colonization does not, in and by itself, confirm protection against clinical infection. Adherence to optimal infection control guidelines is the primary measure for preventing infection, but in most instances the level of adherence to guidelines drops subsequent to the initial surge that follows the institutional adoption of educational programs. This explains the need to assess the potential clinical protection afforded by anti-infective technologies. In addition to improving patient care, a clinically protective anti infective approach can also bring tremendous cost savings. PMID- 18924094 TI - Intra-catheter leukocyte culture to monitor hemodialysis catheter colonization. A prospective study to prevent catheter-related bloodstream infections. AB - The most serious problem related to the use of tunneled catheters in hemodialysis is bacteremia. The aim of this study was to detect hemodialysis catheter colonization and, establish a preemptive therapy based on a catheter antibiotic lock in order to prevent development of catheter-related bloodstream infections. During a 24-month period, all patients with tunneled catheters in our hemodialysis unit were evaluated by extracting a through-catheter leukocyte culture every 15 days.There were 28 episodes of catheter colonization occurring in 13 patients (2.2 colonization episodes per 1000 catheter patient-days). At the time of colonization, catheters had been in place for a mean of 562 days (range: 16 to 1475 days). Coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) were the most common microorganisms to be isolated. A preemptive therapy consisting in teicoplanin locks (10 mg/mL) for 21 days was able to eradicate catheter colonization in 89% of the cases when CNS were isolated. However, relapse of colonization occurred in 61.2% of these cases. The mean duration of catheter use was 239 days (range: 9 to 483 days) after treatment of a colonization episode. The incidence of catheter related bloodstream infection in our population was 0.78 episodes per 1000 catheter patient-days (IC 95%: 0.374-1.434). This study shows the utility of intra-catheter leukocyte culture for early detection of hemodialysis catheter colonization. Moreover, it establishes that the eradication of biofilm-related CNS is possible without the removal of the catheter, thus enabling a longer catheter lifespan. PMID- 18924095 TI - Catheter-related bacteremia in hemodialysis patients: the role of the central venous catheter in prevention and therapy. AB - Infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with end stage renal disease. Infections in hemodialysis patients are strongly associated with the use of an indwelling central venous catheter. S. aureus, coagulase negative staphylococci and Gram-negative rods account for the majority of these infections. The outcome of catheter-related bacteremia depends on appropriate antibiotic therapy and management of the hemodialysis catheter. Most studies note that there is no difference in outcome if the catheter is changed over a guidewire in addition to antibiotic therapy or if the catheter is completely removed and reinserted at a later date. However, bacteremia with certain organisms, particularly S. aureus, is associated with complications. Thus, the data suggests that the catheter needs to be promptly removed in patients developing S. aureus bacteremia.Bacterial biofilm likely has a critical role in the pathogenesis of these infections. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated both a reduction in infection rate with the use of antibiotic catheter locks as well as a reduction in the production of or eradication of bacterial biofilm. Future studies ought to target, firstly, a reduction in the reliance on central venous catheters; and secondly, the formulation of practical strategies to reduce patient risk for developing catheter-related bacteremia. PMID- 18924096 TI - The Alpha-like surface proteins: an example of an expanding family of adhesins. AB - The Alpha-like protein (Alp) family, repeat-containing surface proteins once thought to be important adhesion factors confined to pathogenic streptococci and enterococci, is broader than previously known. Analysis of the annotated microbial genomes has identified new potential members of the Alp family not only in other Gram- positive opportunistic pathogens but also in commensal microflora of the human gut and the skin. This finding has highlighted the importance of genome sequencing projects for unraveling in greater detail lateral gene transfer events involving virulence factors between pathogens and commensals. These should receive constant attention not only as part of infectious disease prevention programs, but also in the food and biotechnology industries. PMID- 18924097 TI - The selection of appropriate bacterial strains in preclinical evaluation of infection-resistant biomaterials. AB - Implant-related infections are broadly recognized as one of the most serious and devastating complications associated with the use of biomaterials in medical practice. The growing interest and need for the development of implant materials with reduced susceptibility to microbial colonization and biofilm formation has necessitated the development of a series of in vitro and in vivo models for evaluation and preclinical testing. Current technologies provide these investigations with an ample choice of qualitative and quantitative techniques for an accurate assessment of the bioactivity and anti-infective efficacy of any new compound or device. These tests are typically performed using a reference bacterial strain designated as the test or reference strain. Recent molecular epidemiological studies have identified the complex clonal nature of most prevalent etiological agents implicated in implant-associated infections. New information which is continually emerging on the identity and the characteristics of both sporadic and epidemic clones must be considered when selecting a reference. A new emerging requirement is that the strain should be representative of the clones causing clinically relevant infections; they should, therefore, belong to the most prevalent epidemic clones rather than to sporadic ones, which may occur in only 1 out of 200 infections or even fewer. The correct choice of reference strain for preclinical tests is of crucial importance for the clinical significance of the achieved results. In this paper we report our experience and recommendations regarding this issue. PMID- 18924098 TI - Photodynamic action of merocyanine 540 on Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms. AB - Photodynamic treatment (PDT) has been proposed as a new approach for inactivation of biofilms associated with medical devices that are resistant to chemical additives or biocides. In this study, we evaluated the antimicrobial activity of merocyanine 540 (MC 540), a photosensitizing dye that is used for purging malignant cells from autologous bone marrow grafts, against Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms. Effect of the combined photodynamic action of MC 540 and 532 nm laser was investigated on the viability and structure of biofilms of two Staphylococcus epidermidis strains, RP62A and 1457. Significant inactivation of cells was observed when biofilms were exposed to MC 540 and laser simultaneously. The effect was found to be light dose-dependent but S. epidermidis 1457 biofilm proved to be slightly more susceptible than S. epidermidis RP62A biofilm. Furthermore, significant killing of both types of cells was attained even when a fixed light dose was delivered to the biofilms. Confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) analysis indicated damage to bacterial cell membranes in photodynamically treated biofilms, while disruption of PDT-treated biofilm was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). PMID- 18924099 TI - Combating implant infections. Remarks by a women's team. AB - Research on implant infections requires cooperative efforts and integration between basic and clinical expertises. An international group of women scientists is acting together in this field. The main research topics of the participants of this group are described. Formation of bacterial biofilms, antibiotic resistance and production of virulence factors like adhesins and toxins are investigated. New biomaterials, coatings and drugs designed to inhibit microbial adhesion are evaluated, and infection-resistant biomaterials are under study, such as a novel heparinizable polycarbonate-urethane (Bionate) or incorporation of diamino diamide-diol (PIME) to reduce bacterial attachment. The correlation between biofilm production and the accessory-gene-regulator (agr) is investigated in Staphylococcus aureus. The ability to form biofilm has also been shown to be one of the important virulence factors of Enterococcus faecalis, favouring colonization of inert and biological surfaces. The study of quorum sensing has led to the discovery of a quorum sensing inhibitor termed RIP that suppresses staphylococcal biofilm and infections. The immune response and the local defence mechanisms of the host against implant-associated infections, activation and infiltration of immunocompetent cells into the sites of infection have been studied in patients with implant-associated osteomyelitis. Production of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as possible vaccines against the staphylococcal collagen-binding MSCRAMMs is in progress. PMID- 18924100 TI - Analysis of high molecular mass proteins larger than 150 kDa using cyanogen bromide cleavage and conventional 2-DE. AB - Proteomic approaches including high-resolution 2-DE are providing the tools needed to discover disease-associated biomarkers in complex biological samples. Although 2-DE is an extremely powerful approach to analyze the proteome, the separation of proteins with extreme molecular masses still remains an issue requiring improvement. Because high molecular mass (HMM) proteins larger than 150 kDa have already been observed to be differentially expressed in several pathologies such as cancer, we developed an original strategy to analyze this part of the proteome that is not easily separated by 2-DE in polyacrylamide gels. This strategy is based on the 2-DE separation of cyanogen bromide (CNBr) fragments of purified HMM protein fractions, and combines techniques including SEC fractionation, TCA precipitation, CNBr cleavage, 2-DE and MS analysis. The method was first tested on a model protein, the BSA. Preliminary results obtained using colonic tissues led to the identification of six HMM proteins with M(r) comprised between 163 and 533 kDa in their reduced state. These results demonstrated that our CNBr/2-DE approach should provide a powerful tool for identification of new biomarkers larger than 150 kDa. PMID- 18924101 TI - Measurement of the differences in electrophoretic mobilities of individual molecules of E. coli beta-galactosidase provides insight into structural differences which underlie enzyme microheterogeneity. AB - The electrophoretic mobility and catalytic activity of individual molecules of Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase were measured using CE-LIF detection. Both the mobility and activity were reproducible for each molecule but differed between individual molecules. Assays were performed using uncoated capillaries and capillaries coated with different polymers, using enzymes from different sources and by three different experimental protocols. In all cases the observed ranges in electrophoretic mobilities were similar. The observed range in the electrophoretic mobility may be explained by structural microheterogeneity resulting in a gain or loss of up to 1.6 suppressed charge units. There was no observed relationship between the observed activities and electrophoretic mobilities. If the finding that individual beta-galactosidase molecules have heterogeneous electrophoretic mobility can be extended to other proteins, this may limit the resolution possible for capillary zone electrophoresis protein separations. PMID- 18924102 TI - A continuous wavelet transform algorithm for peak detection. AB - Contactless conductivity detector technology has unique advantages for microfluidic applications. However, the low S/N and varying baseline makes the signal analysis difficult. In this paper, a continuous wavelet transform-based peak detection algorithm was developed for CE signals from microfluidic chips. The Ridger peak detection algorithm is based on the MassSpecWavelet algorithm by Du et al. [Bioinformatics 2006, 22, 2059-2065], and performs a continuous wavelet transform on data, using a wavelet proportional to the first derivative of a Gaussian function. It forms sequences of local maxima and minima in the continuous wavelet transform, before pairing sequences of maxima to minima to define peaks. The peak detection algorithm was tested against the Cromwell, MassSpecWavelet, and Linear Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of flight-mass spectrometer Peak Indication and Classification algorithms using experimental data. Its sensitivity to false discovery rate curve is superior to other techniques tested. PMID- 18924103 TI - Enantiomeric separation of some flavanones using shinorhizobial linear octasaccharides in CE. AB - Succinoglycan, a shinorhizobial exopolysaccharide produced by Shinorhizobium meliloti, is composed of an octasaccharide subunit. S. meliloti produces both high-molecular-weight and low-molecular-weight (M(r)<10 000) succinoglycans that consisted of monomer, dimer, or trimer of an octasaccharide unit. We isolated and purified the monomer among low-molecular-weight succinoglycans and used this microbial linear octasaccharide as a novel chiral additive for enantiomeric separation of some flavanones such as homoeriodictyol, hesperetin, naringenin, and isosakuranetin in CE. Throughout the present investigation, we firstly used noncyclic oligosaccharides for the chiral separation of flavanones. We also found that successful enantioseparation of four flavanones depends on the presence of succinate substituents of the linear monomeric octasaccharide in CE, suggesting that succinylation of succinoglycan monomer is decisive for the effective enantiomeric separation. PMID- 18924104 TI - Non-uniform surface charge distributions in CE: theoretical and experimental approach based on Taylor dispersion. AB - The control of the EOF direction and magnitude remains one of the more challenging issues for the optimization of separations in CE. In this work, we investigated the possibility to use non-uniform surface charge distribution for the modulation of the EOF in CE. Non-uniform zeta potentials were obtained by modifying a section of the capillary surface using adsorption of polyelectrolytes. Three different methods were studied: (i) partial polycation coating on a fused silica capillary, (ii) partial polycation (or polyanion) coating on polyelectrolyte multilayers, and (iii) partial polycation coating on a capillary previously modified with poly(ethylene oxide). The magnitude and the direction of the EOF as a function of the coated capillary length were first studied. The stability of the EOF and the separation performances were also considered taking two dialanine diastereoisomers as model compounds. In partially coated capillaries, the average solvent flow is the sum of two contributions: a non-dispersive electroosmotic contribution related to the capillary surface charge, and a dispersive hydrodynamic contribution that depends on the difference of surface charge between the coated and the non-coated capillary zones. To get a better insight into the influence of the hydrodynamic contribution to the total peak dispersion, the peak variances corresponding to the Taylor dispersion, the injection plug, and the axial diffusion were calculated. This work demonstrates that peak dispersion in a capillary partially coated by the inlet end is different from that obtained when the coating is performed by the outlet end. Experimentally, the combination of a partially coated capillary with a large volume sample stacking preconcentration step can be used for injecting up to 95% of the capillary volume. This approach leads to a preconcentration factor of 60 compared with CZE with classical injection. PMID- 18924105 TI - Proteomic analysis of conditioned media from glucose responsive and glucose non responsive phenotypes reveals a panel of secreted proteins associated with beta cell dysfunction. AB - Media conditioned by dysfunctioning pancreatic beta cells offer an excellent source of potential protein markers associated with this phenotype. Proteins identified from cell culture model systems are often found to be of importance clinically. Previous work by us and others have shown that low-passage MIN-6 cells (MIN-6(L)) respond to changes in glucose concentrations, producing an approximately 5.5-fold glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in response to 26.7 mmol/L, compared with 3.3 mmol/L, glucose. After continuous culture or high passage (MIN-(H)), this GSIS was no longer present and thus represents an excellent model system for investigating beta cell dysfunction. Employing 2-D difference gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry a panel of protein markers were identified in conditioned media (CM) from MIN-6(L) and MIN-6(H) beta cells. These proteins, including secretogranin II, secretogranin III and transthyretin, are associated with secretory granule biogenesis and were found to have substantially increased levels in the CM from the non-responsive high-passage MIN 6 beta cells. A panel of protein markers found to have increased abundance levels in CM from MIN-6(H) compared with MIN-6(L) beta cells may have the potential to be used clinically for assessing beta cell function and to monitor the effects of specific therapeutics. PMID- 18924106 TI - Determination of cocaine and its metabolites using cation-selective exhaustive injection and sweeping-MEKC. AB - We have employed a high-sensitivity on-line preconcentration method, cation selective exhaustive injection (CSEI) and sweeping MEKC, for the analysis of cocaine, benzoylecgonine, norcocaine, and cocaethylene. We monitored the effects of several of the CSEI-sweeping-MEKC parameters - including the pH, the concentrations of SDS and organic modifier, the injection length of the high conductivity buffer, and the injection time of the sample - to optimize the separation process. The optimal BGE was 100 mM phosphoric acid (pH 1.8) containing 75 mM SDS with 10% 2-propanol and 10% tetrahydrofuran as the organic modifier. In addition, electrokinetic injection of the sample at 15 kV for 900 s provided both high separation efficiency and enhanced sweeping sensitivity. The sensitivity enhancements for cocaine, norcocaine, and cocaethylene ranged from 2.06 x 10(4) to 3.96 x 10(4); for benzoylecgonine it was 1.75 x 10(3); the coefficients of determination exceeded 0.9958. The LODs, based on an S/N ratio of 3:1, of sweeping-MEKC ranged from 33.5 to 52.8 ng/mL; in contrast, when using CSEI-sweeping-MEKC the sensitivity increased to range from 29.7 to 236 pg/mL. Under the optimal conditions, we analyzed cocaine in a human urine sample prepared using off-line SPE to minimize the influence of the matrix. The recovery of the SPE efficiency was satisfactory (ca. 74.9-87.6%). Our experimental results suggest that, under the optimal conditions, the CSEI-sweeping-MEKC method can be used to determine cocaine and its metabolites with high sensitivity in human urine. PMID- 18924108 TI - Functions of defense-related proteins and dehydrogenases in resistance response induced by salicylic acid in sweet cherry fruits at different maturity stages. AB - We report here a comparative analysis of sweet cherry (Prunus avium) fruits proteome induced by salicylic acid (SA) at different maturity stages. The results demonstrated that SA enhanced the resistance of sweet cherry fruits against Penicillium expansum, resulting in lower disease incidences and smaller lesion diameters, especially at earlier maturity stage. Based on proteomics analysis, 13 and 28 proteins were identified after SA treatment at earlier (A) and later (B) maturity stage, respectively. Seven antioxidant proteins and three pathogenesis related-proteins were identified at both A and B stages, while five heat shock proteins and four dehydrogenases were only detected at B stage. SA treatment also stimulated higher transcript levels of peroxidase, but repressed that of catalase. Moreover, some proteins regulated by SA at B maturity stage were identified as enzymes involved in glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle. These findings indicated that younger sweet cherry fruits showed stronger resistance against pathogen invasion after SA treatment. It further indicated that antioxidant proteins were involved in the resistance response of fruits at every maturity stage, while heat shock proteins and dehydrogenases might potentially act as factors only at later maturity stages. PMID- 18924107 TI - PTPepsilon has a critical role in signaling transduction pathways and phosphoprotein network topology in red cells. AB - Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are crucial components of cellular signal transduction pathways. Here, we report that red blood cells (RBCs) from mice lacking PTPepsilon (Ptpre(-/-)) exhibit (i) abnormal morphology; (ii) increased Ca(2+)-activated-K(+) channel activity, which was partially blocked by the Src family kinases (SFKs) inhibitor PP1; and (iii) market perturbation of the RBC membrane tyrosine (Tyr-) phosphoproteome, indicating an alteration of RBC signal transduction pathways. Using the signaling network computational analysis of the Tyr-phosphoproteomic data, we identified seven topological clusters. We studied cluster 1 containing Fyn, SFK, and Syk another tyrosine kinase. In Ptpre(-/ )mouse RBCs, the activity of Fyn was increased while Syk kinase activity was decreased compared to wild-type RBCs, validating the network computational analysis, and indicating a novel signaling pathway, which involves Fyn and Syk in regulation of red cell morphology. PMID- 18924110 TI - Quantitative assessment of the structural bias in protein-protein interaction assays. AB - With recent publications of several large-scale protein-protein interaction (PPI) studies, the realization of the full yeast interaction network is getting closer. Here, we have analysed several yeast protein interaction datasets to understand their strengths and weaknesses. In particular, we investigate the effect of experimental biases on some of the protein properties suggested to be enriched in highly connected proteins. Finally, we use support vector machines (SVM) to assess the contribution of these properties to protein interactivity. We find that protein abundance is the most important factor for detecting interactions in tandem affinity purifications (TAP), while it is of less importance for Yeast Two Hybrid (Y2H) screens. Consequently, sequence conservation and/or essentiality of hubs may be related to their high abundance. Further, proteins with disordered structure are over-represented in Y2H screens and in one, but not the other, large-scale TAP assay. Hence, disordered regions may be important both in transient interactions and interactions in complexes. Finally, a few domain families seem to be responsible for a large part of all interactions. Most importantly, we show that there are method-specific biases in PPI experiments. Thus, care should be taken before drawing strong conclusions based on a single dataset. PMID- 18924109 TI - Structural features and the persistence of acquired proteins. AB - ORFan genes can constitute a large fraction of a bacterial genome, but due to their lack of homologs, their functions have remained largely unexplored. To determine if particular features of ORFan-encoded proteins promote their presence in a genome, we analyzed properties of ORFans that originated over a broad evolutionary timescale. We also compared ORFan genes to another class of acquired genes, heterogeneous occurrence in prokaryotes (HOPs), which have homologs in other bacteria. A total of 54 ORFan and HOP genes selected from different phylogenetic depths in the Escherichia coli lineage were cloned, expressed, purified, and subjected to circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. A majority of genes could be expressed, but only 18 yielded sufficient soluble protein for spectral analysis. Of these, half were significantly alpha-helical, three were predominantly beta-sheet, and six were of intermediate/indeterminate structure. Although a higher proportion of HOPs yielded soluble proteins with resolvable secondary structures, ORFans resembled HOPs with regard to most of the other features tested. Overall, we found that those ORFan and HOP genes that have persisted in the E. coli lineage were more likely to encode soluble and folded proteins, more likely to display environmental modulation of their gene expression, and by extrapolation, are more likely to be functional. PMID- 18924111 TI - Improvement of bacterial two-hybrid vectors for detection of fusion proteins and transfer to pBAD-tandem affinity purification, calmodulin binding peptide, or 6 histidine tag vectors. AB - The original vectors of the bacterial two-hybrid technique developed by Karimova et al. in 1998 did not enable detection of the recombinant proteins. Here, we propose two methods resolving this problem, either using new plasmids containing the Flag epitope, or using a trick to detect the T18 domain of adenylate cyclase. Furthermore, we describe a set of vectors for TAP, CBP or 6-histidine tagging that possess the same cloning site as our two-hybrid vectors. PMID- 18924112 TI - Alternating current-assisted on-plate proteolysis for MALDI-TOF MS peptide mapping. AB - In this report, alternating current-assisted on-plate proteolysis has been developed for rapid peptide mapping. Protein solutions containing trypsin were allowed to digest directly on the spots of a stainless steel MALDI plate with the assistance of low-voltage alternating current electricity. Alternating current (AC) was allowed to pass through the protein solutions via the MALDI plate and a platinum disc electrode. The feasibility and performance of the novel proteolysis approach were investigated by the digestion of BSA and cytochrome c (Cyt-c). It was demonstrated that AC substantially enhanced the efficiency of proteolysis and the digestion time was significantly reduced to 5 min. The digests were identified by MALDI-TOF MS with sequence coverages of 42% (BSA) and 77% (Cyt-c) that were comparable to those obtained by using conventional in-solution tryptic digestion. The present proteolysis strategy is simple and efficient, offering great promise for MALDI-TOF MS peptide mapping. PMID- 18924113 TI - A male-specific effect of dominant-negative Fos. AB - The transcription factor Fos contains a basic DNA binding domain combined with a leucine zipper (bZip). Expression of a truncated form of Fos in Drosophila that contains only the bZip region (Fos bZip) elicits phenotypes resembling fos mutations. These effects presumably derive from competition between wild-type and truncated forms for dimerization partners, with the truncation acting in a dominant-negative manner. We found that expression of Fos bZip elicits male specific phenotypes. Moreover, genetic interactions occur between Fos bZip and mutations in loci encoding the X chromosome dosage compensation complex. Fos bZip effects are correlated with aberrant male X chromosome structure and depressed signaling through the X-linked Notch locus. Unexpectedly, the male-specific effects are not reproduced with Fos RNAi, suggesting that Fos bZip can be neomorphic in nature. These results provide insight into how mutations in bZip proteins can exhibit gain of function activity. PMID- 18924114 TI - Drug utilisation study of antimalarials for the treatment of hospitalised children under five in south-eastern Nigeria. AB - PURPOSE: This study aimed at describing the trend in the use of antimalarials for the treatment of malaria in children under 5 years from year 2000 to 2006 in south-eastern Nigeria. Adherence to the 2005 National Antimalarial Treatment Policy was assessed. Quality of drug use was also evaluated. Quality indices studied were the use of international non-proprietary name (INN) in prescription, number antimalarials per episode and use of drugs from essential drug list. METHODS: The study was retrospective and longitudinal, using data obtained from in-patients folders of children under 5 years, hospitalised for malaria infection in 11 secondary health care centres in south-eastern Nigeria. RESULTS: The result of the study showed that chloroquine was mostly used for treating severe malaria in children less than 5 years despite the indication of a switch to quinine and parenteral artemisinins by the National Treatment Policy. Prescriptions of drugs were also not by INN names. However, many prescribers do not practice polypharmacy and most of the drugs used in secondary health care centres for treatment of severe malaria were in the essential drug list. CONCLUSION: There is a need for further studies to establish factors that affect the dissemination and use of treatment guidelines in Nigeria. PMID- 18924115 TI - Prognostic impact of tumour-infiltrating Th2 and regulatory T cells in classical Hodgkin lymphoma. AB - Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma (cHL) is morphologically characterized by a small number of tumour cells, Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells, surrounded by numerous tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL). The functional role of these TIL is still controversial. While generally considered to represent an anti-tumour immune response, TIL in cHL might result from the profoundly deregulated immunity of cHL patients. Eighty-seven cases of cHL were available to evaluate the prognostical significance of tumour-infiltrating cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), T helper 1 (Th1) cells, T helper 2 (Th2) cells and regulatory T cells (Treg). We confirm that in cHL the microenvironment is dominated by Th2 cells and Treg and show that large numbers of Th2 cells are associated with significantly improved disease-free survival (p = 0.021) and event-free survival (p = 0.012). Furthermore, a high ratio of Treg over Th2 cells resulted in a significantly shortened disease-free survival (p = 0.025). These observations suggest that Treg may exert inhibitory effects on anti-tumour immune responses mediated through Th2 cells and that Th2 cells may be more important for effective anti-tumour immunity than anticipated. PMID- 18924116 TI - Computer-assisted distraction osteogenesis by Ilizarov's method. AB - BACKGROUND: The Taylor spatial frame is a fixation device used to implement the Ilizarov method of bone deformity correction to gradually distract an osteotomized bone at regular intervals, according to a prescribed schedule. METHODS: We modify conventional technique by: (a) preoperatively planning a virtual three-dimensional (3D) correction; (b) basing the correction on the actual location of the frame with respect to the anatomy, immediately compensating for frame mounting errors; and (c) calculating the correction based on 3D CT data rather than measurements from radiographs. We have performed a laboratory study using plastic phantoms, and a pilot clinical study involving five patients. RESULTS: In 20 tibial phantom experiments, we achieved average correction errors of < 2 degrees total rotation and < 0.5 mm total lengthening. We observed clinically acceptable corrections with no complications in our pilot clinical study. CONCLUSIONS: Our method achieved high accuracy and precision in a laboratory setting, and produced acceptable outcomes in a pilot clinical study. PMID- 18924117 TI - Evaluation of ELISA for imidacloprid detection in eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) wood and needle tissues. AB - BACKGROUND: Imidacloprid is the primary insecticide used against the exotic invasive insect hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand, a pest of eastern hemlock [Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carriere] trees in the eastern United States. A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was evaluated for quantification of imidacloprid in eastern hemlock wood and needle tissues. RESULTS: Matrix effects in the form of false positives and overestimated imidacloprid concentrations were observed in both wood and needle extracts. Tissues required a 100-1000-fold dilution with water in order to reduce matrix effects. Standard curves in 1% wood or needle extract were not significantly different from standard curves prepared in water. Matrix effects were more pronounced at concentrations in the lower working range of the kit, with recovery of 5 microg L(-1) imidacloprid more accurate than recovery of 0.2 microg L(-1). CONCLUSION: ELISA remains a valuable tool for semi-quantitative imidacloprid detection within the hemlock system because of its sensitivity, cost and ease of use. However, a 1000-fold dilution of hemlock tissue extract is recommended to ensure accurate imidacloprid determinations. PMID- 18924118 TI - Lentivirus gene therapy for purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency. AB - BACKGROUND: Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) deficiency causes the accumulation of toxic purine metabolites and lethal T cell immune defects, which might be corrected by expressing PNP by transplanting bone marrow (BM) cells transduced with lentiviral vectors containing the human PNP gene (lentiPNP). METHODS: Lymphocytes from a single PNP-deficient patient as well as lymphocytes, fibroblasts and BM from PNP-deficient (PNP (-/-)) mice were transduced with lentiPNP. Female PNP (-/-) mice were transplanted with lentiPNP transduced BM cells from male PNP (-/-) mice or normal BM. RESULTS: LentiPNP transduction significantly increased PNP expression in PNP-deficient human lymphocytes, murine lymphocytes, fibroblasts and BM cells. LentiPNP transduction also significantly improved the proliferation of PNP (-/-) murine lymphocyte and survival of irradiated PNP (-/-) fibroblasts. Polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated efficient transduction of lentiPNP into total and lineage-depleted BM cells grown ex vivo. LentiPNP transduced PNP (-/-) BM cells transplanted into PNP (-/-) mice expressed PNP in vivo, partially restored urinary uric acid secretion, improved thymocytes maturation, increased weight gain and extended survival of the mice. However, 12 weeks after transplant, the benefit of lentiPNP transduced cells and normal BM diminished and the percentage of engrafted donor cells decreased. CONCLUSIONS: This short-term observational study provides the first in vivo proof that gene therapy may correct some of the abnormalities associated with PNP deficiency. Better gene transduction and expression, as well as improved cell engraftment, are required to further advance PNP gene therapy. PMID- 18924119 TI - Conformational properties of the macrocyclic trichothecene mycotoxin verrucarin A in solution. AB - Phase-sensitive nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy (NOESY) experiments, (3)J couplings and computational molecular modeling (MM2* and MMFF force fields) were employed to examine the conformational properties of verrucarin A in chloroform solutions. The MMFF force field calculations resulted in a family of 12 low-energy structures along with their populations, the latter being determined by the NMR analysis of molecular flexibility in solution(NAMFIS) deconvolution analysis. The concluded model was capable of reproducing successfully the experimental NOESY cross-peak volumes and the proton-coupling constants. Among the 12 conformers, the one which was similar to the structure of verrucarin A in the solid state was the predominant accounting for 75% of the total relative population, although other low-energy conformations contributed to a lesser degree in order to explain the experimental data. PMID- 18924120 TI - A dopant introduction device for atmospheric pressure photoionization with liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. AB - This technical note describes in detail the fabrication, operation and characterization of a pneumatically driven dopant introduction device, with a solvent reservoir capacity of 300 mL. Dopant flow rates and stability for this device are governed by the simple regulation of gas pressure rather than the progression of a stepper motor and syringe diameter, as is the case for typical infusion pumps. The device has the potential to provide days or even weeks of continuous, uninterrupted dopant flow at rates commonly adopted for atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) experiments without the need to replenish the dopant supply. Although not a refined instrumental design, this device was developed as an alternative cost-effective means of introducing stable dopant flow to an APPI source. The device was designed such that all components would be commercially available and easily procurable from common scientific part vendors. Figures and suggested part numbers are provided to allow those interested to fabricate similar devices to suit their individual experimental needs. Device characterization was performed while monitoring such factors as flow rate calibration, overall flow stability and reproducibility. In addition, a standard mixture of three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was employed as a model sample for a typical reversed-phase liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry (LC/APPI-MS) application in order to demonstrate device performance. PMID- 18924121 TI - NMR elucidation of a novel (S)-pentacyclo-undecane bis-(4-phenyloxazoline) ligand and related derivatives. AB - The NMR elucidation of a novel ligand (S)-pentacyclo-undecane bis-(4 phenyloxazoline) and related pentacyclo-undecane (PCU) derivatives is reported. Two-dimensional NMR proved to be a powerful technique in overcoming the difficulties associated with the elucidation of these compounds when only one dimensional NMR data is utilized. A chiral substituent was introduced to both 'arms' of the PCU skeleton to produce derivatives 1-3. These derivatives display C(1) symmetry with all thecage atoms being nonequivalent. Owing to overlapping of peaks in the (1)H spectra, identification of these diastereomeric protons was very difficult. The (13)C spectra gave rise to clear splitting of the nonequivalent carbons. This is unusual compared to similar PCU derivatives with chiral substituents as splitting of all the diastereomeric cage carbons has not yet been reported. Nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy (NOESY) correlations of derivatives 1-3 confirm the different conformations of the molecule in which the side 'arms' occupy different orientations with respect to cage moiety. PMID- 18924122 TI - Aragonite crystalline matrix as an instructive microenvironment for neural development. AB - The ability to mimic cell-matrix interactions in a way that closely resembles the natural environment is of a great importance for both basic neuroscience and for fabrication of potent scaffolding materials for nervous tissue engineering. Such scaffolding materials should not only facilitate cell attachment but also create a microenvironment that provides essential developmental and survival cues. We previously found that porous aragonite crystalline matrices of marine origin are an adequate and active biomaterial that promotes neural cell growth and tissue development. Here we studied the mechanism underlying these neural cell-material interactions, focusing on the three-dimensional (3D) surface architecture and matrix activity of these scaffolds. We introduced a new cloning technique of the hydrozoan Millepora dichotoma, through which calcein or (45)Ca(2+) were incorporated into the organism's growing skeleton and neuronal cells could then be cultured on the labelled matrices. Herein, we describe the role of matrix 3D architecture on neural cell type composition and survival in culture, and report for the first time on the capacity of neurons and astrocytes to exploit calcium ions from the supporting biomatrix. We found that hippocampal cells growing on the prelabelled aragonite lattice took up aragonite-derived Ca(2+), and even enhanced this uptake when extracellular calcium ions were chelated by EGTA. When the aragonite-derived Ca(2+) uptake was omitted by culturing the cells on coral skeletons coated with gold, cell survival was reduced but not arrested, suggesting a role for matrix architecture in neural survival. In addition, we found that the effects of scaffold architecture and chemistry on cell survival were more profound for neurons than for astrocytes. We submit that translocation of calcium from the biomaterial to the cells activates a variety of membrane bound signalling molecules and leads to the subsequent cell behaviour. This kind of cell-material interaction possesses great potential for fabricating advanced biomaterials for neural tissue-engineering applications. PMID- 18924128 TI - Doping-free nanoscale complementary carbon-nanotube field-effect transistors with DNA-templated molecular lithography. PMID- 18924129 TI - New insight into carbon-nanotube electronic-structure selectivity. AB - The fundamental role of aryl diazonium salts for post-synthesis selectivity of carbon nanotubes is investigated using extensive electronic-structure calculations. The resulting understanding for diazonium-salt-based selective separation of conducting and semiconducting carbon nanotubes shows how the primary contribution comes from the interplay between the intrinsic electronic structure of the carbon nanotubes and that of the anion of the salt. We demonstrate how the electronic-transport properties change upon the formation of charge-transfer complexes and upon their conversion into covalently attached functional groups. The results are found to correlate well with experiments and provide for the first time an atomistic description for diazonium-salt-based chemical separation of carbon nanotubes. PMID- 18924130 TI - Nanoparticle-decorated nanocanals for surface-enhanced Raman scattering. PMID- 18924131 TI - Biomimetic antireflective Si nanopillar arrays. PMID- 18924132 TI - Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) orchestrates the defense program of innate immune cells. AB - The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) can be viewed as cellular master complex scoring cellular vitality and stress. Whether mTOR controls also innate immune defenses is currently unknown. Here we demonstrate that TLR activate mTOR via phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt. mTOR physically associates with the MyD88 scaffold protein to allow activation of interferon regulatory factor-5 and interferon regulatory factor-7, known as master transcription factors for pro-inflammatory cytokine- and type I IFN-genes. Unexpectedly, inactivation of mTOR did not prevent but increased lethality of endotoxin-mediated shock, which correlated with increased levels of IL-1beta. Mechanistically, mTOR suppresses caspase-1 activation, thus inhibits release of bioactive IL-1beta. We have identified mTOR as indispensable component of PRR signal pathways, which orchestrates the defense program of innate immune cells. PMID- 18924133 TI - Annexin A2 positively contributes to the malignant phenotype and secretion of IL 6 in DU145 prostate cancer cells. AB - Several groups, including ours, have reported that annexin A2 (ANXA2) expression is reduced in most prostate cancer (CaP). More recently, however, we reported that ANXA2 is expressed in some high-grade tumors, but the biologic consequence of this is currently unknown. To elucidate the function of ANXA2 in CaP, we reduced its expression in DU145 cells using shRNA and tested the impact on characteristics of malignancy. Reduction of ANXA2 suppressed anchorage-dependent and -independent cell growth without affecting invasiveness. Interestingly, interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretion was reduced concomitantly with the reduction of ANXA2 but independently of S100A10. IL-6 expression was restored when wild type but not mutant ANXA2 was reexpressed in these cells. In a retrospective study of radical prostatectomy specimens from patients with nonmetastatic CaP, 100% of patients with ANXA2-positive tumors (n = 4) had a biochemical relapse while only 50% of patients with ANXA2 negative tumors (n = 20) relapsed, suggesting that ANXA2 expression in prostate tumors may be predictive of biochemical relapse. Significant cytoplasmic staining of ANXA2 was detected in 3 of 4 ANXA2-positive tumors, whereas ANXA2 is localized to the plasma membrane in benign prostatic glands. These finding, taken together, suggests a possible mechanism whereby ANXA2 expression positively contributes to an aggressive phenotype in a subset of CaP and suggest that ANXA2 has markedly different functions depending on its cellular context. Finally, this is the first description of a role for ANXA2 in IL-6 expression, and ANXA2 represents a new therapeutic target for reducing IL-6 in high-grade prostate cancer. PMID- 18924134 TI - NO-sulindac inhibits the hypoxia response of PC-3 prostate cancer cells via the Akt signalling pathway. AB - Nitric oxide-donating non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are safer than traditional NSAIDs and inhibit the growth of prostate cancer cells with greater potency than NSAIDs. In vivo, prostate cancer deposits are found in a hypoxic environment which induces resistance to chemotherapy. The aim of this study was to assess the effects and mechanism of action of a NO-NSAID called NO-sulindac on the PC-3 prostate cancer cell line under hypoxic conditions. NO-sulindac was found to have pro-apoptotic, cytotoxic, and anti-invasive effect on PC-3 cells under normoxia and hypoxia. NO-sulindac was significantly more cytotoxic than sulindac at all oxygen levels. The sulindac/linker and NO-releasing subunits both contributed to the cytotoxic effects of NO-sulindac. Resistance of PC-3 cells to NO-sulindac was induced as the oxygen concentration declined. Hypoxia-induced chemoresistance was reversed by knocking-down hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) mRNA using RNAi. Nuclear HIF-1alpha levels were upregulated at 0.2% oxygen but reduced by treatment with NO-sulindac, as was Akt phosphorylation. NO sulindac treatment of hypoxic PC-3 cells transfected with a reporter construct, downregulated activation of the hypoxia response element (HRE) promoter. Co transfection of PC-3 cells with the HRE promoter reporter construct and myr-Akt (constitutively active Akt) plasmids reversed the NO-sulindac induced reduction in HRE activation. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of hypoxic, NO sulindac treated PC-3 cells showed downregulation of lysyl oxidase and carbonic anhydrase IX mRNA expression. Collectively, these novel findings demonstrate that NO-sulindac directly inhibits the hypoxia response of PC-3 prostate cancer cells by inhibiting HIF-1alpha translation via the Akt signalling pathway. The ability of NO-sulindac to inhibit tumour adaption to hypoxia has considerable relevance to the future management of prostate cancer with the same cellular properties as PC-3. PMID- 18924136 TI - Studying protein structure and function using semisynthesis. AB - In this review, which is more or less a transcript of my du Vigneaud Award Lecture, I cover the development and application of the protein semisynthesis technique, Expressed Protein Ligation (EPL). EPL allows the assembly of modified proteins from recombinant and synthetic peptide building blocks. The approach has been widely used since its introduction in 1998 and has allowed a number of biochemical problems to be solved through the use of CEdesigner proteins. In this article, the utility of the approach is illustrated through work in my own lab and with an emphasis on the use of EPL to study the role of protein post translational modifications. PMID- 18924135 TI - Bivariate association analyses for the mixture of continuous and binary traits with the use of extended generalized estimating equations. AB - Genome-wide association (GWA) study is becoming a powerful tool in deciphering genetic basis of complex human diseases/traits. Currently, the univariate analysis is the most commonly used method to identify genes associated with a certain disease/phenotype under study. A major limitation with the univariate analysis is that it may not make use of the information of multiple correlated phenotypes, which are usually measured and collected in practical studies. The multivariate analysis has proven to be a powerful approach in linkage studies of complex diseases/traits, but it has received little attention in GWA. In this study, we aim to develop a bivariate analytical method for GWA study, which can be used for a complex situation in which continuous trait and a binary trait are measured under study. Based on the modified extended generalized estimating equation (EGEE) method we proposed herein, we assessed the performance of our bivariate analyses through extensive simulations as well as real data analyses. In the study, to develop an EGEE approach for bivariate genetic analyses, we combined two different generalized linear models corresponding to phenotypic variables using a seemingly unrelated regression model. The simulation results demonstrated that our EGEE-based bivariate analytical method outperforms univariate analyses in increasing statistical power under a variety of simulation scenarios. Notably, EGEE-based bivariate analyses have consistent advantages over univariate analyses whether or not there exists a phenotypic correlation between the two traits. Our study has practical importance, as one can always use multivariate analyses as a screening tool when multiple phenotypes are available, without extra costs of statistical power and false-positive rate. Analyses on empirical GWA data further affirm the advantages of our bivariate analytical method. PMID- 18924137 TI - Ultrastructural observations on Fasciolopsis buski and its alterations caused by shoot extract of Alpinia nigra. AB - The ultrastructural alterations in the tegument of Fasciolopsis buski in response to incubation in the alcoholic extract of Alpinia nigra were evaluated using transmission electron microscopy. The body tegument of the trematode is composed of an external syncytial layer, musculature, and an inner layer containing tegumental cells. The syncytium comprises various organelles like mitochondria, lysosomes, and tegumentary bodies of the type 2 kind with rare sighting of the type 1. Severe distortion and disorganization of the tegument was revealed in the parasite exposed to the A. nigra extract in the current study. The extent of vacuolization was such that vacuoles proceeded down to the basal lamina causing the syncytium to separate from the tegument at different places. There was depletion of parenchyma material and loss of connecting tubules running down from the syncytium to the tegumental cells causing the cells to be deprived of any proper boundaries. PMID- 18924138 TI - Increased AMPA receptor GluR1 subunit incorporation in rat hippocampal CA1 synapses during benzodiazepine withdrawal. AB - Prolonged benzodiazepine treatment leads to tolerance and increases the risk of dependence. Flurazepam (FZP) withdrawal is associated with increased anxiety correlated with increased alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid-type glutamate receptor (AMPAR)-mediated synaptic function and AMPAR binding in CA1 pyramidal neurons. Enhanced AMPAR synaptic strength is also associated with a shift toward inward rectification of synaptic currents and increased expression of GluR1, but not GluR2, subunits, suggesting augmented membrane incorporation of GluR1-containing, GluR2-lacking AMPARs. To test this hypothesis, the postsynaptic incorporation of GluR1 and GluR2 subunits in CA1 neurons after FZP withdrawal was examined by postembedding immunogold quantitative electron microscopy. The percentage of GluR1 positively labeled stratum radiatum (SR) synapses was significantly increased in FZP-withdrawn rats (88.2% +/- 2.2%) compared with controls (74.4% +/- 1.9%). In addition, GluR1 immunogold density was significantly increased by 30% in SR synapses in CA1 neurons from FZP withdrawn rats compared with control rats (FZP: 14.1 +/- 0.3 gold particles/mum; CON: 10.8 +/- 0.4 gold particles/mum). In contrast, GluR2 immunogold density was not significantly different between groups. Taken together with recent functional data from our laboratory, the current study suggests that the enhanced glutamatergic strength at CA1 neuron synapses during benzodiazepine withdrawal is mediated by increased incorporation of GluR1-containing AMPARs. Mechanisms underlying synaptic plasticity in this model of drug dependence are therefore fundamentally similar to those that operate during activity-dependent plasticity. PMID- 18924140 TI - Low-magnitude high-frequency vibration accelerates callus formation, mineralization, and fracture healing in rats. AB - Fracture healing is a biological regenerative process that follows a well orchestrated sequence. Most healing is uneventful and enhancement of normal fracture healing is not commonly done, although it is clinically important in the recovery and regain of functions after fracture. This study investigated the osteogenic effect of low-magnitude high-frequency vibration (LMHFV, 35 Hz, 0.3 g) on the enhancement of fracture healing in rats with closed femoral shaft fracture by comparing with sham-treated control. Assessments with plain radiography, micro CT as well as histomorphometry showed that the amount of callus was significantly larger (p = 0.001 for callus area, 2 weeks posttreatment); the remodeling of the callus into mature bone was significantly faster (p = 0.039, 4 weeks posttreatment) in the treatment group. The mechanical strength of the healed fracture in the treatment group at 4 weeks was significantly greater (p < 0.001). The results showed the acceleration of callus formation, mineralization, and fracture healing in the treatment group. It is concluded that LMHFV enhances healing in the closed femoral shaft fracture in rats. The potential clinical advantages shall be confirmed in the subsequent clinical trials. PMID- 18924139 TI - Interplay among catecholamine systems: dopamine binds to alpha2-adrenergic receptors in birds and mammals. AB - Dopaminergic and adrenergic receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors considered to be different based on their pharmacology and signaling pathways. Some receptor subtypes that are members of one family are actually closer in phylogenetic terms to some subtypes belonging to the other family, suggesting that the pharmacological specificity among these receptors from different families is not perfect. Indeed, evidence is accumulating that one amine can cross-talk with receptors belonging to the other system. However, most of these observations were collected in vitro using artificial cell models transfected with cloned receptors, so that the occurrence of this phenomenon in vivo as well as its distribution in the central nervous system is not known. In this study the pharmacological basis of possible in vivo interactions between dopamine and alpha(2)-adrenergic receptors was investigated in quail, zebra finches, and rats. Binding competitions showed that dopamine displaces the binding of the selective alpha(2)-adrenergic ligand, [(3)H]RX821002, in the brain of the three species with an affinity approximately 10-28-fold lower than that of norepinephrine. Dopamine also displaces with an affinity 3-fold lower than norepinephrine the binding of [(3)H]RX821002 to human alpha(h2A)-adrenergic receptors expressed in Sf9 cells. The anatomical distribution of this interaction was assessed in brain slices of quail and rat based on autoradiographic methods. Both norepinephrine and dopamine significantly displace [(3)H]RX821002 binding in all brain nuclei considered. Together, these data provide evidence for an interaction between the dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems in the vertebrate brain, albeit with species variations. PMID- 18924141 TI - Increase in cell migration and angiogenesis in a composite silk scaffold for tissue-engineered ligaments. AB - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of silk and collagen-hyaluronan (HA) in vitro by assessing anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) cell and T-lymphocyte cultures on scaffolds. The use of composite scaffolds as artificial ligaments in ACL reconstruction and their effects on angiogenesis were evaluated in vivo. The silk scaffold was knitted by hand and dry coated with collagen-HA, whereas the composite silk scaffold was made by covering a silk scaffold with a lyophilized collagen-HA substrate. The initial attachment and proliferation of human ACL cells on the composite silk scaffold was superior to the attachment and proliferation observed on the silk scaffold. The immune response was higher in both scaffolds after 72 h (p < 0.05) compared with the control culture condition without scaffolding, as assessed by T-lymphocyte cultures in vitro. There was no significant difference in the immune response in vitro between the silk and composite silk scaffolds. Silk and composite silk scaffolds were implanted as artificial ligaments in ACLs removed from the knees of dogs, and they were harvested 6 weeks after implantation. On gross examination, the onset of an inflammatory tissue reaction, such as synovitis, was seen in both the silk scaffold and the composite silk scaffold groups. An histological evaluation of the artificial ligament implants revealed the presence of monocytes in the silk composite scaffold and the absence of giant cells in all cases. MT staining in the composite silk scaffold-grafted group showed granulation tissue consisting of fibroblasts, lymphocytes, monocytes, and collagen fibers. In addition, CD31 staining revealed the formation of new blood vessels. On the other hand, no reparative tissues, such as blood vessels, collagen, and cells, were observed in the silk scaffold-grafted group. These results suggest that the lyophilized collagen-HA substrate is biocompatible in vitro and enhances new blood vessel and cell migration in vivo. PMID- 18924142 TI - Single high-energy impact load causes posttraumatic OA in young rabbits via a decrease in cellular metabolism. AB - Articular cartilage deterioration commonly occurs following traumatic joint injury. Patients with posttraumatic osteoarthritis (PTA) experience pain and stiffness in the involved joint causing limited mobility and function. The mechanism by which PTA occurs has not been fully delineated. The goal of this study was to determine if a single high-energy impact load could cause the development of PTA in 3-month-old NZ White rabbits. Each rabbit underwent the application of a single, rapid, high-energy impact load to the posterior aspect of their right medial femoral condyle using a previously validated mechanism. At regular intervals (0, 1, 6 months) the injured cartilage was harvested and analyzed for the presence of PTA. Each specimen was assessed histologically for cell and tissue morphology and chondrocyte metabolism, including BMP-2 production and synthesis of extracellular matrix (type II procollagen mRNA). Cartilage from the contralateral sham limb, as well as uninjured cartilage from the experimental limb served as internal controls for each animal. Significant changes were found in the morphology of the cartilage including proteoglycan loss along with decreased BMP-2 and type II procollagen mRNA staining. These findings confirm that a single high-energy impact load can cause the development of PTA by disrupting the extracellular matrix and by causing a decrease in chondrocyte metabolism. PMID- 18924143 TI - Mechanical properties of the long-head of the biceps tendon are altered in the presence of rotator cuff tears in a rat model. AB - Rotator cuff tears are disabling conditions that result in changes in joint loading and functional deficiencies. Clinically, damage to the long-head of the biceps tendon has been found in conjunction with rotator cuff tears, and this damage is thought to increase with increasing tear size. Despite its importance, controversy exists regarding the optimal treatment for the biceps. An animal model of this condition would allow for controlled studies to investigate the etiology of this problem and potential treatment strategies. We created rotator cuff tears in the rat model by detaching single (supraspinatus) and multiple (supraspinatus + infraspinatus or supraspinatus + subscapularis) rotator cuff tendons and measured the mechanical properties along the length of the long-head of the biceps tendon 4 and 8 weeks following injury. Cross-sectional area of the biceps was increased in the presence of a single rotator cuff tendon tear (by approximately 150%), with a greater increase in the presence of a multiple rotator cuff tendon tear (by up to 220%). Modulus values decreased as much as 43 and 56% with one and two tendon tears, respectively. Also, multiple tendon tear conditions involving the infraspinatus in addition to the supraspinatus affected the biceps tendon more than those involving the subscapularis and supraspinatus. Finally, biceps tendon mechanical properties worsened over time in multiple rotator cuff tendon tears. Therefore, the rat model correlates well with clinical findings of biceps tendon pathology in the presence of rotator cuff tears, and can be used to evaluate etiology and treatment modalities. PMID- 18924144 TI - Acetylcholine innervation of the adult rat thalamus: distribution and ultrastructural features in dorsolateral geniculate, parafascicular, and reticular thalamic nuclei. AB - The acetylcholine (ACh) innervation of thalamus arises mainly from the brainstem pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei. By using immunocytochemistry with a monoclonal antibody against whole rat choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), we quantified the distribution and characterized the ultrastructural features of these nerve terminals (axon varicosities) in the dorsolateral geniculate (DLG), parafascicular (PF), and reticular thalamic (Rt) nuclei of adult rat. The regional density of ACh innervation was the highest in PF (2.1 x 10(6) varicosities/mm(3)), followed by Rt (1.7 x 10(6)) and DLG (1.3 x 10(6)). In single thin sections, ChAT-immunostained varicosity profiles appeared comparable in shape and content in the three nuclei, but significantly larger in PF than in DLG and Rt. The number of these profiles displaying a synaptic junction was also much higher in PF than in DLG and Rt, indicating that all ChAT-immunostained varicosities in PF were synaptic, but only 39% in DLG and 33% in Rt. The hypothesis that glutamate corelease might account for the maintenance of the entirely synaptic ACh innervation in PF was refuted by the lack of colocalization of ChAT and vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2) in PF axon varicosities after dual immunolabeling. These data suggest that diffuse as well as synaptic transmission convey modulatory effects of the ACh input from brainstem to DLG and Rt during waking. In contrast, the entirely synaptic ACh input to PF should allow for a direct relaying of the information from brainstem, affecting basal ganglia function as well as perceptual awareness, including attention and pain perception. PMID- 18924145 TI - Noninvasive diagnosis of solitary pulmonary lesions in cancer patients based on 2 fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose avidity on positron emission tomography/computed tomography. AB - BACKGROUND: 2-Fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) imaging is highly accurate for assessing solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs) in patients without known malignancy. In the current study, the authors evaluated FDG-positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) for the characterization of SPN in cancer patients. METHODS: FDG-PET/CT was performed in 56 cancer patients to evaluate SPNs that measured 15 +/- 8 mm in greatest dimension. The diagnosis was confirmed by histology (n = 34 patients), or by CT or clinical follow-up (n = 22 patients). The performance of PET/CT was calculated for visual and semiquantitative assessment and was related to SPN size, location, histology, and time after initial cancer diagnosis. RESULTS: Malignancy was diagnosed in 27 of 56 SPNs (48%; 18 second primary tumors and 9 metastases). There were 26 true-positive PET/CT studies (17 second primaries and 9 metastases), 5 false-positive studies, 24 true-negative studies, and 1 false-negative study. The sensitivity of PET/CT for diagnosing malignant SPN in patients with cancer was significantly greater for visual analysis than for semiquantitative analysis (96% vs 89%, respectively; P < .05). Specificity and accuracy were similar for both methods (83% and 89% vs 93% and 91%, respectively). The presence of low-intensity FDG uptake increased the detection rate of malignancy from 4% in non-FDG-avid SPNs to 40%, mainly in second primary tumors. False-positive results were more frequent with lower than mediastinal uptake versus higher than mediastinal uptake (3 of 5 SPNs vs 2 of 26 SPNs, respectively; P < .01) and in SPNs >10 mm. CONCLUSIONS: FDG imaging was highly accurate for the diagnosis of malignant SPNs in patients with cancer, similar to the general population. The presence of any FDG avidity had significantly greater sensitivity than semiquantitative analysis. The current results indicated that lower than mediastinal uptake should be explored cautiously, particularly for second primary tumors, whereas no FDG avidity was a better predictor of SPN benignity than very low uptake. PMID- 18924147 TI - Developmental toxicity assessment of d,l-methylphenidate and d-methylphenidate in rats and rabbits. AB - BACKGROUND: Previous investigations reported no teratogenicity for methylphenidate (MPH). These studies investigated potential teratogenicity of d MPH and d,l-MPH as commitments to the FDA. METHODS: Rabbits received 15, 50, 150 mg/kg/day (mkd) d-MPH or 20, 60, 200, 300 mkd d,l-MPH on gestation days 7-20. Rats received 2.5, 10, 40 mkd d-MPH, or 7, 25, 75, 80 mkd d,l-MPH on gestation days 6-17. RESULTS: d-MPH-In rabbits, mortality occurred at 150 mkd. Dilated pupils, increased activity, biting/chewing, respiration, and salivation occurred at >or=15 mkd in rabbits and >or=10 mkd in rats. Decreased food consumption occurred at 40 mkd in rats. Decreased body weight parameters occurred at 150 mkd in rabbits and >or=10 mkd in rats. There were no fetal findings in rabbits. In rats, skeletal variations occurred at 40 mkd. d,l-MPH-In rabbits, mortality occurred at >or=200 mkd. Dilated pupils, increased activity, biting/chewing, respiration, and salivation occurred at >or=20 mkd in rabbits and >or=25 mkd in rats. Decreased food consumption occurred at >or=200 mkd in rabbits and >or=25 mkd in rats. Decreased body weight parameters occurred at >or=200 mkd in rabbits and >or=25 mkd in rats. In rabbits, two fetuses (separate litters) had spina bifida and malrotated hindlimbs at 200 mkd. In rats, skeletal variations occurred at >or=75 mkd. CONCLUSIONS: There was no teratogenicity with d-MPH. There was a low teratogenic risk with d,l-MPH in only the rabbit. Higher C(max) may explain differences in results from previous studies. PMID- 18924148 TI - Review of reproductive and developmental toxicity studies with isopropanol. AB - Published studies for reproductive and developmental toxicity conducted with isopropanol have been conducted by the inhalation and oral gavage routes of administration. Interpretation of the data from these studies has resulted in discussions regarding NOAELs and additional benchmark dose modeling publications. Unpublished reproductive and developmental toxicity studies administered in the drinking water were also conducted by BIBRA, and the results of those studies are presented here. In addition, all of the reproductive and developmental toxicity studies conducted with isopropanol are summarized and evaluated for concordance of effects and NOAELs. Endpoints of concern for regulatory agencies were decreases in male mating index and reductions in postnatal pup survival. Original study reports were evaluated and data collated to address these two endpoints, and the data summarized. Data are presented suggesting that there were technical problems in the study that implied a decrease in male mating index, and based on the results from the drinking water studies, the weight of evidence suggests that isopropanol does not affect male mating or fertility at dose levels of up to 1000 mg/kg/day. The weight of evidence suggests that isopropanol can cause decreases in postnatal pup survival following oral gavage administration of 1000-1200 mg/kg/day to the dams. The NOAEL for this endpoint with oral gavage administration was 700 mg/kg/day. Indications of maternal toxicity were also an important predictor for decreased postnatal survival. Decreased postnatal pup survival was also noted in the drinking water studies with isopropanol with a LOAEL of 2278 mg/kg/day and a NOAEL of 1947 mg/kg/day. PMID- 18924146 TI - Cervical prephrenic interneurons in the normal and lesioned spinal cord of the adult rat. AB - Although monosynaptic bulbospinal projections to phrenic motoneurons have been extensively described, little is known about the organization of phrenic premotor neurons in the adult rat spinal cord. Because interneurons may play an important role in normal breathing and recovery following spinal cord injury, the present study has used anterograde and transneuronal retrograde tracing to study their distribution and synaptic relations. Exclusive unilateral, first-order labeling of the phrenic motoneuron pool with pseudorabies virus demonstrated a substantial number of second-order, bilaterally distributed cervical interneurons predominantly in the dorsal horn and around the central canal. Combined transneuronal and anterograde tracing revealed ventral respiratory column projections to prephrenic interneurons, suggesting that some propriospinal relays exist between medullary neurons and the phrenic nucleus. Dual-labeling studies with pseudorabies virus recombinants also showed prephrenic interneurons integrated with either contralateral phrenic or intercostal motoneuron pools. The stability of interneuronal pseudorabies virus labeling patterns following lateral cervical hemisection was then addressed. Except for fewer infected contralateral interneurons at the level of the central canal, the number and distribution of phrenic-associated interneurons was not significantly altered 2 weeks posthemisection (i.e., the point at which the earliest postinjury recovery of phrenic activity has been reported). These results demonstrate a heterogeneous population of phrenic-related interneurons. Their connectivity and relative stability after cervical hemisection raise speculation for potentially diverse roles in modulating phrenic function normally and postinjury. PMID- 18924149 TI - Activation of Src and Src-associated signaling pathways in relation to hypoxia in human cancer xenograft models. AB - The hypoxic response in vitro involves alterations in signaling proteins, including Src, STAT3 and AKT that are considered to be broadly pro-survival. The involvement of these signaling proteins in the hypoxic microenviroments that occur in solid tumors was investigated by the use of multicolor fluorescence image analysis to colocalize signaling proteins and regions of hypoxia in 4 human tumor xenografts, pancreatic carcinoma BxPC3 and PANC1 and cervical squamous cell carcinoma ME180 and SiHa. Expression levels of total Src protein (mean intensity x labeled region fraction) were higher in hypoxic regions, identified using the nitroimidazole probe EF5, relative to non-EF5 regions in all 4 tumor models. This was associated with higher levels of phosphorylated (p-) Y419p-Src and its substrate Y861p-FAK in EF5 positive regions of BxPC3 tumors. This effect was also seen in tumor-bearing mice continuously breathing 7% oxygen for 3 hr which markedly increased the extent of EF5 positive labeling. In contrast, the hypoxia treatment resulted in a significant decrease in S727p-STAT3 in BxPC3 xenografts and suggested that STAT3 activity is responsive to acute hypoxia, whereas Src-FAK signaling is associated with predominantly chronically hypoxic EF5 positive regions. Src activity in both hypoxic and nonhypoxic BxPC3 tumor regions was suppressed when mice were treated with the Src inhibitor AZD0530 (25 mg/kg/day, 5 days), suggesting that both hypoxic and normoxic tumor regions are accessible to pharmacological Src inhibition. These results show that signaling pathways are responsive to tumor hypoxia in vivo, although the effects appear to differ between individual tumor types. PMID- 18924151 TI - The pH sensitive probe 5-(and-6)-carboxyl seminaphthorhodafluor is a substrate for the multidrug resistance-related protein MRP1. AB - Cellular function is dependent on tight regulation of intracellular pH and numerous reports show cancer cells have abnormal pH values in the cytosol and organelles, such as lysosomes. 5-(and-6)-carboxyl seminaphthorhodafluor (SNARF-1) is a commonly used pH sensitive probe and was used here to determine cytosolic pH of HL-60 leukemia cells and a drug-resistant variant overexpressing multidrug resistance related protein 1 (MRP1). Resistant cells accumulated significantly less SNARF-1 compared to parental cells but near control levels of probe accumulation were observed by preincubating cells with the specific MRP1 inhibitor MK571. Two new drug-resistant cell lines were generated following exposure to doxorubicin or daunorubicin and these upregulated MRP1 or P glycoprotein expression, respectively. Experiments in these cells showed that reduced SNARF-1 accumulation was specific to MRP1 overexpression, as cells upregulating P-glycoprotein accumulated control levels of the probe. Confirmation that SNARF-1 is a MRP1 substrate was obtained using K562 and KG1a cells that have been shown to, respectively, constitutively express MRP1 and P-glycoprotein. Together, the data suggest that SNARF-1 is a substrate for MRP1 but not P glycoprotein, and could therefore be used as a probe to distinguish between expression and activity of these 2 efflux proteins. Finally, we confirm that doxorubicin but not daunorubicin challenged MRP1 overexpressing HL-60 cells have elevated cytosolic pH. PMID- 18924150 TI - Defining a role for Sonic hedgehog pathway activation in desmoplastic medulloblastoma by identifying GLI1 target genes. AB - A subgroup of medulloblastomas shows constitutive activation of the Sonic hedgehog pathway with expression of GLI1. We identified the subset of GLI1 transforming target genes specifically expressed in medulloblastomas by comparing GLI1 targets in RK3E cells transformed by GLI1 with the gene expression profile of Sonic hedgehog signature medulloblastomas. We identified 1,823 genes whose expression was altered more than 2-fold in 2 independent RK3E + GLI1 cell lines. We identified 25 whose expression was altered similarly in medulloblastomas expressing GLI1. We identified potential GLI binding elements in the regulatory regions of 10 of these genes, confirmed that GLI1 binds the regulatory regions and activates transcription of select genes, and showed that GLI1 directly represses transcription of Krox-20. We identified upregulation of CXCR4, a chemokine receptor that plays roles in the proliferation and migration of granule cell neuron precursors during development, supporting the concept that reinitiation of developmental programs may contribute to medulloblastoma tumorigenesis. In addition, the targets suggest a pathway through which GLI1 may ultimately affect medulloblastoma cell proliferation, survival and genomic stability by converging on p53, SGK1, MGMT and NTRK2. We identify a p53 mutation in RK3E + GLI1 cells, suggesting that p53 mutations may sometimes shift the balance toward dysregulated tumor cell survival. PMID- 18924152 TI - NG2-expressing cells in the nervous system revealed by the NG2-EYFP-knockin mouse. AB - The NG2 glycoprotein is a type I membrane protein expressed by immature cells in the developing and adult mouse. NG2+ cells of the embryonic and adult brain have been principally viewed as oligodendrocyte precursor cells but have additionally been considered a fourth glial class. They are likely to be a heterogeneous population. In order to facilitate studies on the function of NG2+ cells and to characterize these cells in situ, we generated an enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) "knockin mouse." EYFP-expressing cells in heterozygous knockin mice expressed the NG2 protein in all regions and at all ages studied. The EYFP+ cells did not express markers of mature glia, developing or mature neurons or microglia, but expressed markers typical for immature oligodendrocyte-lineage cells. Examination of the hippocampus showed heterogeneity in the population with regard to expression of S100ss and glutamine synthetase. Furthermore, different subpopulations of NG2+ cells in the hippocampus could be recognized by their electrophysiological properties. PMID- 18924153 TI - Introduction: survivors of childhood cancer: the new face of developmental disabilities. PMID- 18924154 TI - Neurodevelopmental sequelae of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia and its treatment. AB - This review will describe the neurocognitive outcomes associated with pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and its treatment. The literature is reviewed with the aim of addressing methodological issues, treatment factors, risks and moderators, special populations, relationship to neuroimaging findings, and directions for future research. It is concluded that neurocognitive outcomes for the majority of children with standard-risk ALL treated according to current chemotherapy protocols is relatively good, but subgroups of children are more significantly compromised. As medical treatments advance and survival rates continue to improve, neurocognitive outcomes and other quality of life indicators will become increasingly important. Preventing or ameliorating treatment-related neuropsychological sequelae represents the next major challenge in pediatric ALL. PMID- 18924155 TI - Cranial radiation therapy and damage to hippocampal neurogenesis. AB - Cranial radiation therapy is associated with a progressive decline in cognitive function, prominently memory function. Impairment of hippocampal neurogenesis is thought to be an important mechanism underlying this cognitive decline. Recent work has elucidated the mechanisms of radiation-induced failure of neurogenesis. Potential therapeutic interventions are emerging. PMID- 18924156 TI - Developmental perspectives on optimizing educational and vocational outcomes in child and adult survivors of cancer. AB - Over the last few decades, long-term survival rates of children diagnosed with the two most common forms of childhood cancer, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and brain tumors have improved substantially. Neurodevelopmental and psychosocial sequelae resulting from these diseases and their treatment have a direct impact on the developing brain and on the quality of life of these children and their families. The focus of this article is on optimizing neuropsychological and adaptive outcomes for children who have been successfully treated for these cancers and whose prospects for long-term survival are increasingly encouraging. We present a model for understanding systemic interactions among the multiple factors that influence the child's development over time and take into account contextual variables. Strategies for optimizing cognitive and psychosocial outcomes or ameliorating late effects need to consider treatment histories, specific stages of development, the contextual demands/developmental challenges associated with each, and the resources (internal and external to the child) available to meet these challenges. The challenges faced by survivors at the early childhood, middle childhood, adolescent, and emerging adulthood stages are discussed. We review different types of interventions and discuss how these can contribute to optimal functioning in survivors of childhood ALL and brain tumors. PMID- 18924157 TI - Interventions to improve neuropsychological functioning in childhood cancer survivors. AB - A very brief historical review on the identification of neurocognitive deficits in patients treated for a pediatric malignancy that involved CNS disease, treatment, or a combination is provided. This review is particularly directed toward providing a foundation upon which the introduction of specific brain injury rehabilitation efforts and subsequent research were introduced into this population of patients. Three primary methods by which clinicians and researchers have attempted to improve neurocognitive functioning with survivors of pediatric cancer that have suffered a CNS insult are identified. From a pharmacological perspective, research is reviewed that documents the potential beneficial effects of stimulant medication. Results of two drug trials that used double-blind crossover methodology are reviewed, and it is highly likely that medications may be of significant benefit to pediatric cancer survivors who are experiencing attentional deficits, impairment in social functioning, and also declines in academic achievement. We next describe psychologically based brain injury rehabilitation efforts, including on-treatment schooling and reentry, within the survivor population. A phase III clinical trial of a comprehensive rehabilitation approach is discussed in detail. New directions in the area of brain injury rehabilitation for childhood cancer survivors are presented, and the need for professionals in this area to work toward a team approach is emphasized. PMID- 18924158 TI - Neurodevelopmental outcomes of children with low-grade gliomas. AB - As a group, children with low-grade gliomas (LGGs) enjoy a high rate of long-term survival and do not require the intensity of neurotoxic treatments used with higher risk pediatric brain tumors. Because they are generally considered to have favorable neurobehavioral outcomes, they have not been studied as thoroughly as higher-grade brain tumors by late-effects researchers. In this article, we review the literature on the neurobehavioral effects associated with low-grade gliomas and conclude that, (1) this is a large, understudied group of survivors of pediatric brain tumors; (2) recent small- and large-scale studies document increased risk in multiple cognitive-behavioral domains after treatment for LGGs compared with healthy peers; (3) such risk is not uniform but varies with tumor location and treatments; and (4) a life span development perspective is essential to a complete understanding of the risks faced by these children. More research on the most efficacious biopsychosocial treatment models for improving the outcomes of survivors of low-grade glioma is recommended, informed by a better understanding of theireducational needs. Investigations of genetic influences on outcome as well as prospective studies of these patients as they age are also recommended. PMID- 18924159 TI - Neurodevelopmental impact on children treated for medulloblastoma: a review and proposed conceptual model. AB - The population of survivors following diagnosis and treatment for medulloblastoma is thankfully on the rise. An increased focus on the quality of that survivorship has expanded the concept of cure to include efforts aimed at improving long-term cognitive outcome. It is well established in the literature that decline in overall intellect and academic performance is experienced by a majority of those undergoing treatment for pediatric medulloblastoma. This decline is believed to be secondary to decline in core cognitive abilities, which in turn are related to underlying damage to neuroanatomical substrates. A review of research on neurodevelopmental impacts following diagnosis and treatment for pediatric medulloblastoma is presented. Particular consideration is given to studies recently published that also reflect critical collaboration among those within the fields of neuropsychology and neuro-imaging. Results from the review are combined within a conceptual model upon which to guide future research and clinical efforts. PMID- 18924160 TI - Pharmacogenetics of the neurodevelopmental impact of anticancer chemotherapy. AB - Pharmacogenetics holds the promise of minimizing adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes of cancer patients by identifying patients at risk, enabling the individualization of treatment and the planning of close follow-up and early remediation. This review focuses first on methotrexate, a drug often implicated in neurotoxicity, especially when used in combination with brain irradiation. The second focus is on glucocorticoids that have been found to be linked to adverse developmental effects in relation with the psychosocial environment. For both examples, we review how polymorphisms of genes encoding enzymes involved in specific mechanisms of action could moderate adverse neurodevelopmental consequences, eventually through common final pathways such as oxidative stress. We discuss a multiple hit model and possible strategies required to rise to the challenge of this integrative research. PMID- 18924161 TI - The cerebellar mutism syndrome and its relation to cerebellar cognitive function and the cerebellar cognitive affective disorder. AB - The postoperative cerebellar mutism syndrome (CMS), consisting of diminished speech output, hypotonia, ataxia, and emotional lability, occurs after surgery in up to 25% of patients with medulloblastoma and occasionally after removal of other posterior fossa tumors. Although the mutism is transient, speech rarely normalizes and the syndrome is associated with long-term adverse neurological, cognitive, and psychological sequelae. The clinical, neuroradiographic, and neuropsychological findings associated with CMS as well as possible mechanisms of injury are reviewed. Theories about the pathophysiology of CMS have evolved along with our understanding of the cerebellum as an important structure in the distributive neurocircuitry underlying complex speech, cognition, and behavior. CMS shares many similarities with the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome, more commonly described in adults and consisting of disturbances of executive function, visuospatial skills, nonmotor language, and affect regulation. Future directions include more thorough neuropsychological characterization, functional and diffusion tensor imaging studies, and investigations into the underlying differences that may make some patients more vulnerable to CMS. PMID- 18924162 TI - Inherited disorders as a risk factor and predictor of neurodevelopmental outcome in pediatric cancer. AB - Each year in the United States, an average of one to two children per 10,000 develop cancer. The etiology of most childhood cancer remains largely unknown but is likely attributable to random or induced genetic aberrations in somatic tissue. However, a subset of children develops cancer in the setting of an underlying inheritable condition involving a germline genetic mutation or chromosomal aberration. Despite overall improved survival rates for children with cancer over recent decades, many patients experience neurological and neurocognitive complications during the course of their illness and/or as late effects of treatment. Improvements in therapy, longer survival times, and improved imaging techniques have all increased both the time that patients are at risk and the ability to detect such complications. How an underlying inherited disorder influences the incidence, timing, etiology, and treatment of such sequelae has not been extensively documented, but evidence exists for an increased risk for secondary malignancies and in some cases life-threatening sensitivity/toxicity to conventionally dosed cancer treatments, thus emphasizing the need for the early recognition of such syndromes. This review outlines the major tumor- and treatment-related neurodevelopmental sequelae in pediatric cancer patients, with particular attention to children with an underlying inheritable disorder. PMID- 18924163 TI - Hip extensor EMG and forelimb/hind limb weight support asymmetry in primate quadrupeds. AB - Higher weight support on the hind limb than forelimb is among the distinctive characteristics of primate quadrupeds. Although often assumed to be due to a more posteriorly positioned whole body center of mass, there are little data to support such a difference. Reynolds (1985. Am J Phys Anthropol 67:335-349) notes that the distribution of forces on the limbs can also be influenced by average limb posture, but suggests that this effect is too small to account for the asymmetry in weight support observed in primates. Instead, he proposes that high hind limb forces are brought about by an active process of shifting weight off the forelimbs and onto the hind limbs through use of hind limb retractors. In this study, we use video records of walking animals to explore the degree to which average limb posture in primates and other quadrupedal mammals deviates from vertical, and use electromyography to test Reynolds' model of hind limb retractor activity and posterior weight shift. The limb posture results indicate that primate forelimbs oscillate about a vertical or slightly retracted axis, and though the hind limbs are slightly protracted, the magnitude of deviation from vertical is too small to have a major effect on weight support distribution. The electromyographic results reveal higher levels of hip extensor activity in antipronograde primates that bear a higher proportion of weight on their hind limbs. This lends support to Reynolds' suggestion that some primates use muscles to actively shift weight onto hind limbs to relieve stresses on forelimbs less well structured for weight support. PMID- 18924165 TI - Sex determination from the occipital condyle: discriminant function analysis in an eighteenth and nineteenth century British sample. AB - Fragmentary human remains compromised by different types of inhumation, or physical insults such as explosions, fires, and mutilations may frustrate the use of traditional morphognostic sex determination methods. The basicranium is protected by a large soft tissue mass comprising muscle, tendon, and ligaments. As such, the occipital region may prove useful for sex identification in cases of significantly fragmented remains. The aims of this paper are to (1) evaluate sexual dimorphism in British cranial bases by manually recorded unilateral and bilateral condylar length and width as well as intercondylar measurements and (2) develop discriminant functions for sex determination for this cranial sample. The crania selected for this study are part of the 18th-19th century documented skeletal collection of St. Bride's Church, Fleet Street, London. Adult human skulls (n = 146; male75/female71) were measured to derive statistical functions. Results indicated that expression of sexual dimorphism in the occipital condylar region within the St. Bride's population is demonstrable but low. Crossvalidated classification accuracy ranged between 69.2 and 76.7%, and sex bias ranged from 0.3 to 9.7%. Therefore, the use of discriminant functions derived from occipital condyles, especially in British skeletal populations, should only be considered in cases of fragmented cranial bases when no other morphognostic or morphometric method can be utilized for sex determination. PMID- 18924164 TI - Stenting and angioplasty with protection in patients at high-risk for endarterectomy: SAPPHIRE Worldwide Registry first 2,001 patients. AB - BACKGROUND: Previously, the Stenting and Angioplasty with Protection of Patients with High Risk for Endarterectomy (SAPPHIRE) randomized trial showed that carotid artery stenting (CAS) was not inferior to carotid endarterectomy (CEA) in the treatment of high-surgical risk patients. OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of the SAPPHIRE Worldwide Registry is to evaluate 30-day major adverse events (MAE) after CAS performed by physicians with varied experience and utilizing a formal training program. Data will be analyzed on the overall patient population and by high-risk inclusion criteria. METHODS: SAPPHIRE Worldwide is a multicenter, prospective, postapproval registry to evaluate CAS with distal protection in patients at high-risk for surgery using the Cordis PRECISE Nitinol Stent and ANGIOGUARD XP/RX Emboli Capture Guidewire. Participating physicians are encouraged to treat patients according to their standard of practice and consistent with current Food and Drug Administration-approved labeling. RESULTS: Enrollment began in October 2006. Data are available on the first 2,001 patients enrolled and followed to 30 days. Of these patients, the mean age was 72.2 +/- 9.75 yr; 62% were male; and 27.7% were symptomatic. Entry criteria for surgical high-risk included anatomic (n = 716), physiologic (n = 918), or both risk factors (n = 327). At 30-day follow-up, the MAE was 4.4% (death 1.1%, stroke 3.2%, MI 0.7%) for the overall population. Patients with anatomic risk had a significantly lower 30-day MAE than patients with physiologic risk (2.8% vs. 4.9%, P = 0.0306), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: While the number of physicians performing CAS continues to increase, MAE rates seen in this registry (4.4%) are well within an acceptable range, as was first seen in the SAPPHIRE randomized trial (4.8%). A significant decrease in MAE was seen in patients with anatomic risk compared with physiologic risk factors. The SAPPHIRE Worldwide Registry supports the use of CAS as an alternative to CEA in patients who are at high-risk for surgery due to anatomic risk factors. PMID- 18924166 TI - Cytogenetic and array CGH characterization of de novo 1p36 duplications and deletion in a patient with congenital cataracts, hearing loss, choanal atresia, and mental retardation. AB - We describe a 14-year-old boy with congenital bilateral cataracts, blepharophimosis, ptosis, choanal atresia, sensorineural hearing loss, short, webbed neck, poor esophageal motility, severe growth and mental retardation, skeletal anomalies, seizures, and no speech. As an infant, he had transient hypogammaglobulinemia requiring IVIG therapy. Cytogenetic studies show an apparently de novo visible duplication at 1p36.3. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) studies confirm that the common region for the 1p36 deletion syndrome (p58) is duplicated. Probes for D1Z2 at 1p36.3 and the subtelomeric region of 1p (TEL1p) are also duplicated. Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) studies were done at three separate laboratories, each with somewhat different results. BAC whole genome array CGH suggests a single clone gain at the 1p terminus and a single clone deletion at 1p36.3. A targeted BAC array panel with higher resolution at the distal 1p36 region detects a telomeric duplication and an interstitial deletion. Oligonucleotide whole genomic aCGH shows the highest resolution and a more complex rearrangement: two duplications, an interstitial deletion, and a normal region. The MMP23A/B "matrix metalloproteinase 23A/B" genes are within the distal duplication region in our patient, and this patient does not have craniosynostosis. This is the first association of congenital cataracts, choanal atresia, and transient immune abnormalities with 1p36 duplication/deletion. This case illustrates the limitations of different cytogenetic technologies, and shows how three separate aCGH platforms allow for refined delineation and interpretation of the complex cytogenetic rearrangement which would not have been discovered by standard high resolution chromosome analysis. PMID- 18924167 TI - A de novo GJB2 (connexin 26) mutation, R75W, in a Chinese pedigree with hearing loss and palmoplantar keratoderma. PMID- 18924168 TI - Triphalangeal thumbs with brachyectrodactyly: a sporadic case. PMID- 18924169 TI - Association between cerebral shape and social use of language in Williams syndrome. AB - Williams syndrome (WS) is a neurogenetic disorder resulting from a hemizygous microdeletion at band 7q11.23. It is characterized by aberrant development of the brain and a unique profile of cognitive and behavioral features. We sought to identify the neuroanatomical abnormalities that are most strongly associated with WS employing signal detection methodology. Once identified with a Quality Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (QROC), we hypothesized those brain regions distinguishing subjects with WS from controls would be linked to the social phenotype of individuals with this disorder. Thirty-nine adolescents and young adults with WS and 40 typically developing controls matched for age and gender were studied. The QROC identified a combination of an enlarged ventral anterior prefrontal cortex and large bending angle of the corpus callosum to distinguish between WS and controls with a sensitivity of 85.4% and specificity of 75.0%. Within the WS group, bending angle significantly correlated with ventral anterior prefrontal cortex size but not with other morphometric brain measures. Ventral anterior prefrontal size in subjects with WS was positively associated with the use of social engagement devices in a narrative task assessing the use of social and affective language. Our findings suggest that aberrant morphology of the ventral anterior prefrontal cortex is a pivotal contributing factor to the abnormal size and shape of the cerebral cortex and to the social-affective language use typical of individuals with WS. PMID- 18924170 TI - Two further cases of spondyloenchondrodysplasia (SPENCD) with immune dysregulation. AB - Although the diagnosis of spondyloenchondrodysplasia (SPENCD) can only be made in the presence of characteristic metaphyseal and vertebral lesions, a recent report has highlighted the pleiotropic manifestations of this disorder which include significant neurological involvement and variable immune dysfunction. Here we present two patients, one of whom was born to consanguineous parents, further illustrating the remarkable clinical spectrum of this disease. Although both patients demonstrated intracranial calcification, they were discordant for the presence of mental retardation, spasticity and white matter abnormalities. And whilst one patient had features consistent with diagnoses of Sjogren syndrome, polymyositis, hypothyroidism and severe scleroderma, the other patient had clinical manifestations and an autoantibody profile of systemic lupus erythematosus. These cases further illustrate the association of SPENCD with immune dysregulation and highlight the differential diagnosis with Aicardi Goutieres syndrome and other disorders associated with the presence of intracranial calcification. Undoubtedly, identification of the underlying molecular and pathological basis of SPENCD will provide important insights into immune and skeletal regulation. PMID- 18924171 TI - Phenotypic consequences of a novel SCO2 gene mutation. AB - SCO2 is a cytochrome c oxidase (COX) assembly gene. Mutations in the SCO2 gene have been associated with fatal infantile cardioencephalomyopathy. We report on the phenotype of a novel SCO2 mutation in two siblings with fatal infantile cardioencephalomyopathy. The index patient died of heart failure at 25 days of age. Muscle biopsy was performed for histology and biochemical study of the oxidative phosphorylation system complexes. The entire coding region of the SCO2 gene was sequenced. Autopsy was performed on the index patient and on a female sibling delivered at 23 weeks of gestation following termination of pregnancy during which amniocentesis and genetic testing had been performed. Muscle biopsy and biochemical analysis of heart and skeletal muscle detected a severe isolated COX-IV deficiency. Pathologic findings in both patients confirmed hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Sequencing of the SCO2 gene showed compound heterozygous mutation; the common E140K mutation and a novel W36X nonsense mutation. Newborns with a combination of hypotonia and cardiomyopathy should be evaluated for multiple congenital anomaly syndromes, inborn errors of metabolism and mitochondrial derangements, and may require extensive diagnostic testing. Mutations in the SCO2 gene are a cause of prenatal-onset hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. PMID- 18924172 TI - Mosaic ring chromosome 8: clinical and array-CGH findings in partial trisomy 8. PMID- 18924173 TI - Autosomal dominant inheritance of aplasia cutis congenita and congenital heart defect: a possible link to the Adams-Oliver syndrome. PMID- 18924175 TI - Molecular cytogenetic characterization of an 8p22-8p23.2 duplication derived from a maternal intrachromosomal insertion in a child with congenital heart malformation, delayed puberty, and learning disabilities. PMID- 18924174 TI - Human umbilical cord blood cells directly suppress ischemic oligodendrocyte cell death. AB - Previous reports have shown that human umbilical cord blood cells (HUCBCs) administered intravenously 48 hr following middle cerebral artery occlusion reduce infarct area and behavioral deficits of rodents. This cellular therapy is potently neuroprotective and antiinflammatory. This study investigates the effect of HUCBC treatment on white matter injury and oligodendrocyte survival in a rat model of ischemia. Intravenous infusion of 10(6) HUCBCs 48 hr poststroke reduced the amount of white matter damage in vivo as seen by quantification of myelin basic protein staining in tissue sections. To determine whether HUCBC treatment was protective via direct effects on oligodendrocytes, cultured oligodendrocytes were studied in an in vitro model of oxygen glucose deprivation. Active caspase 3 immunohistochemistry and the lactate dehydrogenase assay for cytotoxicity were used to determine that HUCBCs provide protection to oligodendrocytes in vitro. Based on these results, it is likely that HUCBC administration directly protects oligodendrocytes and white matter. This effect is likely to contribute to the increased behavioral recovery observed with HUCBC therapy. PMID- 18924176 TI - Imidazolium-based ionic liquids for the efficient treatment of iron gall inked papers. AB - Iron gall inks have been known since Roman times, were widely used in the Medieval Age, and became the most used ink in the Renaissance period. They were still officially used by the German Government as recently as 1973. The two main constituents of the ink are tannic acid and ferrous sulfate (vitriol). The vitriol normally used was not very pure and likely contained a mixture of iron sulfate with traces of other metals, in particular, copper. Certain transition metal ions contained in iron gall inks and their acidity are known to deteriorate paper. Therefore, stabilization treatments consist of deacidification and the addition of antioxidants. To this end, the use of tetraalkylammonium bromides was recently proposed. Here, it is shown that 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium bromide both in aqueous and in alcoholic solution can prevent the oxidative deterioration of cellulose. Furthermore, it does not lead to the yellowing of paper nor does it significantly affect the colour of the ink. PMID- 18924179 TI - A rapid approach for phenotype-screening and database independent detection of cSNP/protein polymorphism using mass accuracy precursor alignment. AB - The dynamics of a proteome can only be addressed with large-scale, high throughput methods. To cope with the inherent complexity, techniques based on targeted quantification using proteotypic peptides are arising. This is an essential systems biology approach; however, for the exploratory discovery of unexpected markers, nontargeted detection of proteins, and protein modifications is indispensable. We present a rapid label-free shotgun proteomics approach that extracts relevant phenotype-specific peptide product ion spectra in an automated workflow without prior identification. These product ion spectra are subsequently sequenced with database search and de novo prediction algorithms. We analyzed six potato tuber cultivars grown on three plots of two geographically separated fields in Germany. For data mining about 1.5 million spectra from 107 analyses were aligned and statistically examined in approximately 1 day. Several cultivar specific protein markers were detected. Based on de novo-sequencing a dominant protein polymorphism not detectable in the available EST-databases was assigned exclusively to a specific potato cultivar. The approach is applicable to organisms with unsequenced or incomplete genomes and to the automated extraction of relevant mass spectra that potentially cannot be identified by genome/EST based search algorithms. PMID- 18924180 TI - In vivo proteome dynamics during early bovine myogenesis. AB - Myogenesis is a complex process of which the underlying mechanisms are conserved between species, including birds and mammals. Despite a good understanding of the stages of myogenesis, many of the mechanisms involved in the regulation of proliferation of the successive myoblast generations, the cellular transitions cell proliferation/alignment of myoblasts/fusion of myoblasts into myotubes/differentiation of myofibres and the control of total myofibre number still remain unknown. An in vivo proteomic analysis of the semitendinosus muscle from Charolais foetuses, at three specific stages of myogenesis (60, 110 and 180 days postconception), was conducted using 2-DE and MS. Expression profiles of more than 170 proteins were revealed and analysed using two way hierarchical clustering and statistical analysis. Our studies identify, for the first time, distinct proteins of varied biological functions and protein clusters with myogenic processes, such as the control of cell cycle activity and apoptosis, the establishment of cellular metabolism and muscle contractile properties and muscle cell reorganisation. These results are of fundamental interest to the field of myogenesis in general, and more specifically to the control of muscle development in meat producing animals. PMID- 18924181 TI - Comparative proteomics profile of osteoblasts cultured on dissimilar hydroxyapatite biomaterials: an iTRAQ-coupled 2-D LC-MS/MS analysis. AB - Hydroxyapatite (HA) and its derived bioceramic materials have been widely used for skeletal implants and/or bone repair scaffolds. It has been reported that carbon nanotube (CNT) is able to enhance the brittle ceramic matrix without detrimental to the bioactivity. However, interaction between osteoblasts and these bioceramics, as well as the underlying mechanism of osteoblast proliferation on these bioceramic surfaces remain to be determined. Using iTRAQ coupled 2-D LC-MS/MS analysis, we report the first comparative proteomics profiling of human osteoblast cells cultured on plane HA and CNT reinforced HA, respectively. Cytoskeletal proteins, metabolic enzymes, signaling, and cell growth proteins previous associated with cell adhesion and proliferation were found to be differentially expressed on these two surfaces. The level of these proteins was generally higher in cells adhered to HA surface, indicating a higher level of cellular proliferation in these cells. The significance of these findings was further assessed by Western blot analysis. The differential protein profile in HA and CNT strengthened HA established in our study should be valuable for future design of biocompatible ceramics. PMID- 18924183 TI - Electrophilic bromination of alkenes: environmental, health and safety aspects of new alternative methods. AB - More than twenty new alternative methods for bromination of alkenes have been evaluated taking into consideration their resource demands, waste production as well as environmental, health and safety aspects. The cost of bromine and the substances designated to circumvent the application of molecular bromine have also been taken into account. As bromine is only one of several problematic substances being used, its avoidance-by applying bromine supported on solid material or by performing the in situ generation of bromine-does not significantly reduce the technological requirements. On the contrary, the resource demands and amount of waste produced by most new methods are significantly higher compared to the standard methods, especially if the recycling of a carrying agent is not efficient. The method using hydrobromic acid and hydrogen peroxide can be regarded as a competitive alternative to the standard method. The application of certain carrying agents could be interesting, because solvents such as carbon tetrachloride or chloroform used during synthesis could be replaced with less problematic ones during work-up. However, problems associated with these alternatives are not resolved as yet. PMID- 18924184 TI - A comparison of the magnetic structures of KMn(4)(PO(4))(3) and KCo(4)(PO(4))(3) based on the connectivity of the coordination polyhedra. AB - The crystal structures of KMn(4)(PO(4))(3) and KCo(4)(PO(4))(3) have been determined by neutron diffraction at room temperature. Both compounds are orthorhombic with similar cell parameters, but they crystallize in different space groups, Pnam for the Mn phosphate and Pnnm for the Co analogue. On the basis of the metal cation polyhedra and their connectivity, the crystal structures have been rationalised, which allow interpretation of the main magnetic interactions between them. Magnetic measurements show ferromagnetic behaviour for the Co compound, whereas in the Mn derivative antiferromagnetism is observed. Both magnetic structures are described and qualitatively analysed in terms of superexchange and super-superexchange interactions. PMID- 18924185 TI - Metal-catalyzed one-step synthesis: towards direct alternatives to multistep heterocycle and amino acid derivative formation. AB - The growing understanding of transition-metal catalysis has provided the opportunity to design reactions that convert simple, readily available building blocks in one step into an array of biologically relevant products. Described herein is the application of this approach to the construction of various biologically relevant products, including pyrroles, imidazoles, beta-lactams, oxazoles, alpha-amino acids, propargyl amides, functionalized pyridines, and others. These catalytic reactions rely upon several synthetic operations occurring in sequence, in which the reactivity of transition-metal complexes both activates basic building blocks towards reaction, and controls how multiple versions of these substrates come together. Overall, this allows the synthesis of each these products in one step, in high yield, with minimal waste, and with straightforward access to product diversity. PMID- 18924186 TI - Valence-state analysis through spectroelectrochemistry in a series of quinonoid bridged diruthenium complexes [(acac)(2)Ru(mu-L)Ru(acac)(2)](n) (n=+2, +1, 0, -1, -2). AB - The quinonoid ligand-bridged diruthenium compounds [(acac)(2)Ru(mu-L(2 ))Ru(acac)(2)] (acac(-)=acetylacetonato=2,4-pentanedionato; L(2-)=2,5-dioxido-1,4 benzoquinone, 1; 3,6-dichloro-2,5-dioxido-1,4-benzoquinone, 2; 5,8-dioxido-1,4 naphthoquinone, 3; 2,3-dichloro-5,8-dioxido-1,4-naphthoquinone, 4; 1,5-dioxido 9,10-anthraquinone, 5; and 1,5-diimido-9,10-anthraquinone, 6) were prepared and characterized analytically. The crystal structure analysis of 5 in the rac configuration reveals two tris(2,4-pentanedionato)ruthenium moieties with an extended anthracenedione-derived bis(ketoenolate) pi-conjugated bridging ligand. The weakly antiferromagnetically coupled {Ru(III)(mu-L(2-))Ru(III)} configuration in 1-6 exhibits complicated overall magnetic and EPR responses. The simultaneous presence of highly redox-active quinonoid-bridging ligands and of two ruthenium centers capable of adopting the oxidation states +2, +3, and +4 creates a large variety of possible oxidation state combinations. Accordingly, the complexes 1-6 exhibit two reversible one-electron oxidation steps and at least two reversible reduction processes. Shifts to positive potentials were observed on introduction of Cl substituents (1-->2, 3-->4) or through replacement of NH by O (6-->5). The ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) absorptions in the visible region of the neutral molecules become more intense and shifted to lower energies on stepwise reduction with two electrons. On oxidation, the para-substituted systems 1-4 exhibit monocation intermediates with intervalence charge transfer (IVCT) transitions of Ru(III)Ru(IV) mixed-valent species. In contrast, the differently substituted systems 5 and 6 show no such near infrared (NIR) absorption. While the first reduction steps are thus assigned to largely ligand-centered processes, the oxidation appears to involve metal-ligand delocalized molecular orbitals with variable degrees of mixing. PMID- 18924182 TI - Proteomic analysis of circulating monocytes in Chinese premenopausal females with extremely discordant bone mineral density. AB - Osteoporosis (OP) is a major public health problem, mainly characterized by low bone mineral density (BMD). Circulating monocytes (CMCs) may serve as progenitors of osteoclasts and produce a wide variety of factors important to bone metabolism. However, the specific action mechanism of CMCs in the pathogenesis of OP is far from clear. We performed a comparative protein expression profiling study of CMCs in Chinese premenopausal females with extremely discordant BMD, identified a total of 38 differentially expressed proteins, and confirmed with Western blotting five proteins: ras suppressor protein1 (RSU1), gelsolin (GSN), manganese-containing superoxide dismutase (SOD2), glutathione peroxidase 1(GPX1), and prolyl 4-hydroxylase beta subunit (P4HB). These proteins might affect CMCs' trans-endothelium, differentiation, and/or downstream osteoclast functions, thus contribute to differential osteoclastogenesis and finally lead to BMD variation. The findings promote our understanding of the role of CMCs in BMD determination, and provide an insight into the pathogenesis of human OP. PMID- 18924187 TI - Artificial enzyme catalysis controlled and driven by light. AB - Bio-inspired chemistry based on photoresponsive molecules is a rapidly developing new strategy to mimic the function of various biological systems. The interaction of electromagnetic radiation with molecular systems is ideally suited for the control and powering of dynamic processes at the speed of light. Besides typical applications in artificial photosynthesis, many other aspects, such as the catalytic turnover of substrates or the controlled release or uptake of small bioactive molecules, are readily verified with light-driven model systems. The potential of this novel approach in biomimetic chemistry is briefly explored in this concept article. PMID- 18924188 TI - Rapid ketone transfer hydrogenation by employing simple, in situ prepared iridium(I) precatalysts supported by "non-N--H" P,N ligands. AB - The catalytic utility in ketone transfer hydrogenation (TH) of the preformed complexes [Ir(cod)(kappa(2)-2-NMe(2)-3-PiPr(2)-indene)](+)X(-) ([2 a](+)X(-); X: PF(6), BF(4), and OTf; cod: eta(4)-1,5-cyclooctadiene; OTf: trifluoromethanesulfonate), [Ir(cod)(kappa(2)-1-PiPr(2)-2-NMe(2)-indene)](+)OTf( ) ([2 b](+)OTf(-)), [Ir(cod)(kappa(2)-2-NMe(2)-3-PiPr(2)-indenide)] (3), and [Ir(cod)(kappa(2)-o-tBu(2)P-C(6)H(4)-NMe(2))](+)PF(6) (-) ([4](+)PF(6) (-)), as well as of related mixtures prepared from [{IrCl(cod)}(2)] and various P,N substituted indene or phenylene ligands, was examined. Whereas [2 a](+)X(-), [2 b](+)OTf(-), 3, and related in situ prepared Ir catalysts derived from P,N indenes proved to be generally effective in mediating the reduction of acetophenone to 1-phenylethanol in basic iPrOH at reflux (0.1 mol % Ir; 81-99 % conversion) in a preliminary catalytic survey, the structurally related Ir catalysts prepared from (o-R(2)P-C(6)H(4))NMe(2) (R: Ph, iPr, or tBu) were observed to outperform the corresponding P,N-indene ligands under similar conditions. In the course of such studies, it was observed that alteration of the substituents at the donor fragments of the supporting P,N ligand had a pronounced influence on the catalytic performance of the derived catalysts, with ligands featuring bulky dialkylphosphino donors proving to be the most effective. Notably, the crystallographically characterized complex [4](+)PF(6) (-), either preformed or prepared in situ from a mixture of [{IrCl(cod)}(2)], NaPF(6), and (o tBu(2)P-C(6)H(4))NMe(2), proved to be highly effective in mediating the catalytic transfer hydrogenation (TH) of ketones in basic iPrOH, with near quantitative conversions for a range of alkyl and/or aryl ketones and with very high turnover frequency values (up to 230 000 h(-1) at >50 % conversion); this thereby enabled the use of Ir loadings ranging from 0.1 to 0.004 mol %. Catalyst mixtures prepared from [{IrCl(cod)}(2)], NaPF(6), and the chiral (alphaS,alphaS)-1,1' bis[alpha-(dimethylamino)benzyl]-(R,R)-2,2'-bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)ferrocene (Cy-Mandyphos) ligand proved capable of mediating the asymmetric TH of aryl alkyl ketones, including that of the hindered substrate 2,2-dimethylpropiophenone with an efficiency (0.5 mol % Ir; 95 % conversion, 95 % ee) not documented previously in TH chemistry. PMID- 18924189 TI - Gold(I)-catalyzed cycloisomerization of arylvinylcyclopropenes: an efficient synthetic protocol for the construction of indene skeletons. PMID- 18924190 TI - High diversity on simple substrates: 1,4-dihalo-2-butenes and other difunctionalized allylic halides for copper-catalyzed S(N)2' reactions. AB - Enantioselective allylic alkylation with an organomagnesium reagent catalyzed by copper thiophene carboxylate (CuTC) was carried out on difunctionalized substrates, such as commercially available 1,4-dichloro-2-butene and 1,4-dibromo 2-butene, and on similar compounds of higher substitution pattern of the olefin for the formation of all-carbon chiral quaternary centers. The high regioselectivity obtained throughout the reactions favored good regiocontrol for the addition of phenyl Grignard reagents. Other difunctionalized substrates (allylic ethers and allylic alcohols) also underwent asymmetric S(N)2' substitution. PMID- 18924191 TI - Endocyclic extension of porphyrin pi-system by interior functionalization of N confused porphyrins. AB - Internally alkynylated or cyanated N-confused porphyrins have been prepared, and these have been characterized by NMR, UV/Vis/NIR absorption, and X-ray analysis. The desired porphyrins have been synthesized by interconversion between an N confused porphyrin and an N-fused porphyrin. In the case of terminal alkyne derivatives, intramolecular addition of a pyrrolic NH moiety to the triple bond occurred at ambient temperature to give etheno-bridged N-confused porphyrins. Significant bathochromic shifts in the absorbances of these compounds may be reasonably explained in terms of an increase in their HOMO energy levels due to effective overlap of the porphyrin pi-orbital and the bridged alkene pi-orbital. The corresponding rhodium(I) complexes have also been prepared, and these have been characterized by NMR and X-ray analysis. PMID- 18924192 TI - NO dismutase activity of seven-coordinate manganese(II) pentaazamacrocyclic complexes. PMID- 18924193 TI - Solvent effects on environmentally coupled hydrogen tunnelling during catalysis by dihydrofolate reductase from Thermotoga maritima. AB - Protein motions may be perturbed by altering the properties of the reaction medium. Here we show that dielectric constant, but not viscosity, affects the rate of the hydride-transfer reaction catalysed by dihydrofolate reductase from Thermotoga maritima (TmDHFR), in which quantum-mechanical tunnelling has previously been shown to be driven by protein motions. Neither dielectric constant nor viscosity directly alters the kinetic isotope effect of the reaction or the mechanism of coupling of protein motions to tunnelling. Glycerol and sucrose cause a significant increase in the rate of hydride transfer, but lead to a reduction in the magnitude of the kinetic isotope effect as well as an extension of the temperature range over which "passive" protein dynamics (rather than "active" gating motions) dominate the reaction. Our results are in agreement with the proposal that non-equilibrium dynamical processes (promoting motions) drive the hydride-transfer reaction in TmDHFR. PMID- 18924194 TI - Effects of asymmetric arginine dimethylation on RNA-binding peptides. PMID- 18924195 TI - Multiple-replica exchange with information retrieval. AB - The parallel tempering simulation method was recently extended to allow for possible exchanges between non-adjacent replicas. We introduce a multiple exchange variant which naturally incorporates the information from all replicas when calculating statistical averages, building on the related virtual-move method of Coluzza and Frenkel (ChemPhysChem 2005, 6, 1779). The method is extensively tested on three model systems, namely, a Lennard-Jones cluster exhibiting a finite size phase transition, the Lennard-Jones fluid, and the 2D ferromagnetic Ising model. In all cases, the present method performs significantly better and converges faster than conventional parallel tempering Monte Carlo simulations. The standard deviations are also systematically decreased with respect to virtual moves. PMID- 18924196 TI - Chemical imaging of monolayers on metal surfaces: applications in corrosion, catalysis, and self-assembled monolayers. AB - In situ techniques are indispensable to understanding many topics in surface chemistry. As a consequence, several spectroscopic methods have been developed to provide molecular-level information that only spectroscopy can supply. However, as important as this information is, it is just as critical to realize that nearly all surfaces under investigation have spatial heterogeneities of the order of nanometers to millimeters; thus, spatial analysis is very important to the overall interpretation. This Minireview focuses on a few of the recent developments in spectroscopic techniques that can provide spatial, spectroscopic, and in situ information. These techniques include photo-electron microscopy, infrared and Raman imaging, and nonlinear optical imaging vibrational spectroscopy as applied to topics in corrosion, catalysis and self-assembled monolayers. PMID- 18924197 TI - Lipid thermodynamics: melting is molecular. PMID- 18924198 TI - Effect of osmolytes on pressure-induced unfolding of proteins: a high-pressure SAXS study. AB - Herein, we explore the effect of different types of osmolytes on the high pressure stability and tertiary structure of a well-characterized monomeric protein, staphylococcal nuclease (SNase). Changes in the denaturation pressure and the radius of gyration are obtained in the presence of different concentrations of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), glycerol and urea. To reveal structural changes in the protein upon compression at various osmolyte conditions, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments were carried out. To this end, a new high-pressure cell suitable for high-precision SAXS studies at synchrotron sources was built, which allows one to carry out scattering experiments up to maximum pressures of about 7 kbar. Our data clearly indicate that the osmolytes that stabilize proteins against temperature-induced unfolding drastically increase their pressure stability and that the elliptically shaped curve of the pressure-temperature-stability diagram of proteins is shifted to higher temperatures and pressures with increasing osmolyte concentration. A drastic stabilization is observed for the osmolyte TMAO, which exhibits not only a significant stabilization against temperature-induced unfolding, but also a particularly strong stabilization of the protein against pressure. In fact, such findings are in accordance with in vivo studies (for example P. J. Yancey, J. Exp. Biol. 2005, 208, 2819-2830), where unusually high TMAO concentrations in some deep-sea animals were found. Conversely, chaotropic agents such as urea have a strong destabilizing effect on both the temperature and pressure stability of the protein. Our data also indicate that sufficiently high TMAO concentrations might be able to largely offset the destabilizing effect of urea. The different scenarios observed are discussed in the context of recent experimental and theoretical studies. PMID- 18924199 TI - Inductive heating for organic synthesis by using functionalized magnetic nanoparticles inside microreactors. PMID- 18924200 TI - A stereospecific palladium-catalyzed route to monoalkyl diazenes for mild allylic reduction. PMID- 18924201 TI - Dinuclear dysprosium(III) single-molecule magnets with a large anisotropic barrier. PMID- 18924202 TI - One- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy with a magnetic-resonance force microscope. PMID- 18924203 TI - A facile way to control the number of walls in carbon nanotubes through the synthesis of exposed-core/shell catalyst nanoparticles. PMID- 18924204 TI - Probing the aglycon promiscuity of an engineered glycosyltransferase. PMID- 18924205 TI - Effect of the configuration of the active center on comonomer reactivities: the case of epsilon-caprolactone/L,L-lactide copolymerization. PMID- 18924206 TI - A reactive oxide overlayer on rhodium nanoparticles during CO oxidation and its size dependence studied by in situ ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. PMID- 18924207 TI - Allergy therapy: the therapeutic potential of targeting sphingosine kinase signalling in mast cells. AB - Mast cell activation is a central event in allergic diseases, and investigating the signalling pathways triggered during mast cell activation may lead to the discovery of novel therapeutic targets. Mast cells can be activated by a multitude of stimuli including antibodies/antigen, cytokines/chemokines and neuropeptides, resulting in a variety of responses including the immediate release of potent inflammatory mediators. Moreover, recent data suggest that mast cell-mediated responses are also influenced by the differential sphingolipids/sphingosine to sphingosine-1-phosphate ratio. The importance of sphingolipids as potent biological mediators of both intracellular and extracellular responses is being increasingly recognized and accepted; it is now appreciated that activation of mast cells, via the high-affinity IgE-receptor (FcepsilonRI) leads to the activation of sphingosine kinases (SphK), resulting in increased formation of sphingosine-1-phosphate. Furthermore, FcepsilonRI activates SphK-dependent calcium mobilization in mast cells, leading to degranulation, cytokine, and eicosanoid production, and chemotaxis. In the past two years a critical role for SphK in allergic responses in vivo has emerged. In this review, I focus on the current understanding of the role of sphingosine kinases during mast cell signalling in vitro and their role during hypersensitivity responses in vivo, and discuss the potential of these enzymes as novel therapeutic targets to treat allergic diseases. PMID- 18924208 TI - IL-4-mediated fine tuning of IL-12p70 production by human DC. AB - IL-4 is expressed at high levels in allergic diseases and dominates the early phases of multiple acquired immune responses. However, the precise role of IL-4 during early inflammation and its impact on the differentiation of newly recruited DC precursors remains elusive. In order to characterize the impact of IL-4 on the differentiation of human DC, we investigated the role of IL-4 on the differentiation of monocytes into DC. Human DC were differentiated from peripheral blood precursors under either low or high concentrations of IL-4. We analyzed their cytokine profile and capacity to polarize T-cell differentiation. Concentrations of 5 (low) and 50 (high) ng/mL IL-4 induced two distinct types of DC. DC differentiated under low-dose IL-4 (5 ng/mL) produced almost no IL-12p70, and primed naive CD4+ T cells allowing IL-4 secretion and Th2 induction. In contrast, DC generated under high concentrations of IL-4 (50 ng/mL) produced large amounts of IL-12p70, low IL-10 and primed naive CD4+ T cells to become Th1 cells. Thus, we demonstrate that the Th2 cell cytokine IL-4 decisively determines the phenotype of ongoing immune responses by orchestrating the functional phenotype of newly immigrating DC precursors. PMID- 18924209 TI - Defective B-cell response to T-dependent immunization in lupus-prone mice. AB - Lupus anti-nuclear Ab show the characteristics of Ag-driven T-cell-dependent (TD) humoral responses. If autoAg elicit the same response as exogenous Ag, lupus should enhance humoral responses to immunization. Blunted responses to various immunizations have, however, been reported in a significant portion of lupus patients. In this study, we show that lupus-prone C57BL/6.Sle1.Sle2.Sle3 (B6.TC) mice produce significantly less Ab in response to TD immunization than congenic controls, while producing significantly more total Ig. This blunted Ab response to TD Ag could be reconstituted with B6.TC B and CD4+ T cells. Multiple defects were found in the B6.TC response to 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetyl-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (NP-KLH) compared with total Ig, including a smaller percentage of B cells participating in the NP-response, a reduced entry into germinal centers, and highly defective production of NP-specific long-lived plasma cells (PC) in the bone marrow. B6.TC PC expressed reduced levels of FcgammaRIIb, which suggests that reduced apoptosis in resident PC prevents the establishment of newly formed NP-specific PC in bone marrow niches. Overall, these results show that lupus prone mice responded differently to auto- and exogenous Ag and suggest that low FcgammaRIIb, hypergammaglobulinemia, and high autoAb production would be predictive of a poor response to immunization in lupus patients. PMID- 18924210 TI - Decreased IL-10 and IL-13 production and increased CD44hi T cell recruitment contribute to Leishmania major immunity induced by non-persistent parasites. AB - Leishmaniasis is currently classified as category 1 disease, i.e. emerging and uncontrolled. Since the importance of persistent infection for maintaining an effective long-lasting protective response is controversial, the present study asks whether immunisation with non-persistent parasites leads to protection against Leishmania infection and to the recruitment of T cells of a specific phenotype. Our study shows that vaccination of susceptible BALB/c mice with live Leishmania major phosphomannomutase-deficient parasites, which are avirulent and non-persistent in vivo, leads to protection against infection. Immunisation with phosphomannomutase-deficient parasites neither leads to differences in IFN-gamma, IL-12, IL-4 production nor alters the expression of effector and memory markers, including CD62L, IL-7Ralpha and IL-2Ralpha, when compared with unvaccinated controls. Observed protection is due to the ability of vaccinated animals to suppress early IL-10 and IL-13 production and to recruit a higher number of antigen-experienced CD44hiCD4+ and CD44hiCD8+ T cells into draining LN following infection. Thus, expansion of T-cell numbers and their rapid recruitment to LN upon infection as well as the restriction of IL-13 and IL-10 production leading to high IFN-gamma/IL-10 ratio play an important role in protection against Leishmania affecting the outcome of the disease in favour of the host. PMID- 18924211 TI - CXCL12 is essential for migration of activated Langerhans cells from epidermis to dermis. AB - The initial step in Langerhans cell (LC) migration from the epidermis to the lymph node involves migration of maturing LC into the dermis. Here, we investigated the migration of LC out of the epidermis after exposure of the skin to contact allergens. Ex vivo intact human skin, epidermal sheets, and LC derived from the MUTZ-3 cell line (MUTZ-LC) were used to determine whether dermal fibroblasts play a role in mediating LC migration towards the dermis. Exposure of epidermal sheets or MUTZ-LC to allergens (nickel sulphate, 2,4 dinitrochlorobenzene, and cinnamaldehyde) or a cytokine maturation cocktail resulted in LC migration towards dermal fibroblasts. This was due to upregulation of CXCR4 on maturing LC and secretion of CXCL12/stromal derived factor-1 chemokine by fibroblasts. Neutralizing antibodies to either CXCL12 or CXCR4 completely blocked migration. Injection of CXCL12 neutralizing antibodies into intact human skin totally inhibited LC migration into the dermis. In contrast, neutralizing antibodies to CCL19/CCL21 did not inhibit migration into the dermis. We describe a novel and essential role of dermis-derived CXCL12 in initiating migration of maturing human LC to the dermis thus permitting their further journey to the draining lymph nodes. PMID- 18924212 TI - Targeting Val 216 in class A beta-lactamases with tricyclic 6-methylidene penems. PMID- 18924213 TI - Tr1 and naturally occurring regulatory T cells induce IgG4 in B cells through GITR/GITR-L interaction, IL-10 and TGF-beta. AB - Regulatory T cells exert their function through the modulation of both T and B cell responses. Our previous studies demonstrated that IL-10-producing Treg (Tr1) can induce B cells to secrete IgG4 in a cell-contact-dependent manner. The benefit of such non-inflammatory B-cell responses is apparent in the hyporesponsive state of patients with helminth infections such as Onchocerciasis. Here, we investigated the mechanisms involved to induce IgG4, within B:Tr-cell co cultures, using IL-10-producing tetanus-toxoid-specific regulatory T cell lines and clones (Tr-TCC) from human PBMC. During the generation process, we found that increasing Foxp3 levels in regulatory T cell lines correlated with their ability to induce IgG4 in B cells. Using Tr-TCC, we found that blocking glucocorticoid induced tumour necrosis factor receptor-related protein (GITR) molecules selectively prevented IgG4 production as did neutralizing Ab to glucocorticoid induced tumour necrosis factor receptor-related protein ligand (GITR-L), IL-10 and TGF-beta. Furthermore, the prevention of IgG4 induction by anti-GITR Ab was reversed by excess rIL-10 but not rTGF-beta. In contrast, anti-ICOS and anti-CTLA 4 Abs had no effect. When compared with Tr-TCC, freshly isolated CD4+CD25+ T cells, but not effector T cell populations, induced low levels of IgG4, which were also blocked by anti-GITR and anti-GITR-L Ab. Thus, the mechanism of IgG4 induction by regulatory cells involves GITR-GITR-L interactions, IL-10 and TGF beta. PMID- 18924214 TI - The green fluorescent protein: a key tool to study chemical processes in living cells. PMID- 18924215 TI - Inhibition of dicing of guanosine-rich shRNAs by quadruplex-binding compounds. AB - RNA interference is triggered by small hairpin precursors that are processed by the endonuclease dicer to yield active species such as siRNAs and miRNAs. To regulate the RNAi-mediated suppression of gene expression, we imagined a strategy that relies on the sequence-specific inhibition of shRNA precursor processing by immediate RNA-small molecule interactions. Here, we present a first step in this direction by augmenting shRNAs with guanosine-rich sequences that are prone to fold into four-stranded structures. The addition of small molecules that selectively bind to such quadruplex sequences should allow for the specific inhibition of dicing of shRNAs that contain suitable G-rich elements. In an attempt to find compounds that protect against dicer processing, we have examined the effects of quadruplex-binding compounds on the dicer processing of shRNAs containing G-quadruplexes. Although a variety of small molecules that are known to bind to quadruplexes inhibited in vitro dicing of shRNAs, only two substance classes, namely certain porphyrazines and bisquinolinium compounds, showed selective inhibition of G-rich shRNAs compared to control sequences lacking guanine-rich elements. The G-rich shRNAs displayed a potent knockdown of gene expression in mammalian cell culture, but the effect was not influenced by addition of the respective quadruplex-binding compounds. PMID- 18924216 TI - Plasmodium telomeric sequences: structure, stability and quadruplex targeting by small compounds. AB - The increasing resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to the most commonly used antimalarial drugs makes it necessary to identify new therapeutic targets. The telomeres of the parasite could constitute an attractive target. They are composed of repetitions of a degenerate motif ((5')GGGTTYA(3'), where Y is T or C), different from the human one ((5')GGGTTA(3')). In this report we investigate the possibility of targeting Plasmodium telomeres with G-quadruplex ligands. Through solution hybridisation assays we provide evidence of the existence of a telomeric 3' G-overhang in P. falciparum genomic DNA. Through UV spectroscopy studies we demonstrate that stable G-quadruplex structures are formed at physiological temperature by sequences composed of the degenerate Plasmodium telomeric motif. Through a FRET melting assay we show stabilisation of Plasmodium telomeric G-quadruplexes by a variety of ligands. Many of the tested ligands display strong quadruplex versus duplex selectivity, but show little discrimination between human and Plasmodium telomeric quadruplexes. PMID- 18924217 TI - New peptolides from the cyanobacterium Nostoc insulare as selective and potent inhibitors of human leukocyte elastase. AB - Eight new cyanopeptolins (insulapeptolides A-H) were obtained from the cyanobacterium Nostoc insulare. Their isolation was guided by their bioactivity toward the target enzyme human leukocyte elastase, molecular biological investigations, and MALDI-TOF analysis. These peptides are selective inhibitors of human leukocyte elastase with activities in the nanomolar range. Insulapeptolide D was the most potent compound with an IC(50) value of 85 nM (K(i) value of 36 nM). PMID- 18924218 TI - Evasion of macrophage scavenger receptor A-mediated recognition by pathogenic streptococci. AB - PRR recognize conserved structures on pathogenic microbes and are important for the defense against invading microorganisms. However, accumulating evidence indicates that many pathogens have evolved mechanisms to avoid recognition by PRR. One type of PRR is the macrophage scavenger receptor A (SR-A), which has been shown to play an important role in recognition and non-opsonic phagocytosis of pathogenic bacteria. The bacterial ligands for SR-A have been suggested to be LPS or lipoteichoic acid. Here, we use murine bone marrow-derived macrophages to analyze the role of SR-A in non-opsonic phagocytosis of two major Gram-positive pathogens, Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococcus; GBS) and Streptococcus pyogenes. We show that the polysaccharide capsule of GBS and the surface M protein of S. pyogenes, two important virulence factors, prevent SR-A mediated non-opsonic phagocytosis of streptococci. The sialic acid moiety of the GBS capsule was crucial for its ability to prevent recognition by SR-A. Moreover, we show that a ligand on GBS recognized by SR-A in the absence of capsule is the surface lipoprotein Blr. These findings represent the first example of a microbial strategy to prevent recognition by SR-A and suggest that bacterial surface proteins may be of importance as ligands for SR-A. PMID- 18924219 TI - B7-H1 up-regulation impairs myeloid DC and correlates with disease progression in chronic HIV-1 infection. AB - Impaired myeloid dendritic cells (mDC) fail to elicit host antiviral immune responses, leading to disease progression in HIV-1 infection. However, mechanisms underlying mDC suppression remain elusive. In this study, we found that the T cell co-stimulatory molecule programmed death-1 ligand-1 (B7-H1) is significantly up-regulated on peripheral mDC in HIV-1-infected typical progressors and AIDS patients, but is maintained at a relatively low level in long-term non progressors. Successful immune reconstitution after highly active antiretroviral therapy, indicated by full suppression of HIV-1 replication and substantial increases of CD4 T-cell counts, correlated with a decrease in B7-H1 expression. Importantly, we also found that X4 HIV-1 isolates directly induced B7-H1 expression on mDC in vitro, while adding antiviral agents hampered this B7-H1 up regulation. Blockade of B7-H1 in vitro strongly enhanced mDC-mediated allostimulatory capacity and IL-12 production. In contrast, B7-H1 ligation with soluble programmed death-1 (PD-1) reduced mDC maturation and IL-12 production but increased mDC apoptosis and IL-10 production. Thus, B7-H1 up-regulation may inhibit mDC-mediated immune response, thereby facilitating viral persistence and disease progression in HIV-1-infected patients. This study provides new evidence that B7-H1 inhibitory signaling may reversely mediate functional impairment of mDC in HIV-1 infection, which further supports the notion that B7-H1 blockade represents a novel therapeutic approach to this disease. PMID- 18924220 TI - Determination of the critical amino acids involved in the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) delta selectivity of phenylpropanoic acid-derived agonists. PMID- 18924221 TI - A DFT-based investigation of hydrogen abstraction reactions from methylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. AB - The growth of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is in many areas of combustion and pyrolysis of hydrocarbons an inconvenient side effect that warrants an extensive investigation of the underlying reaction mechanism, which is known to be a cascade of radical reactions. Herein, the focus lies on one of the key reaction classes within the coke formation process: hydrogen abstraction reactions induced by a methyl radical from methylated benzenoid species. It has been shown previously that hydrogen abstractions determine the global PAH formation rate. In particular, the influence of the polyaromatic environment on the thermodynamic and kinetic properties is the subject of a thorough exploration. Reaction enthalpies at 298 K, reaction barriers at 0 K, rate constants, and kinetic parameters (within the temperature interval 700-1100 K) are calculated by using B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) geometries and BMK/6-311+G(3df,2p) single-point energies. This level of theory has been validated with available experimental data for the abstraction at toluene. The enhanced stability of the product benzylic radicals and its influence on the reaction enthalpies is highlighted. Corrections for tunneling effects and hindered (or free) rotations of the methyl group are taken into account. The largest spreading in thermochemical and kinetic data is observed in the series of linear acenes, and a normal reactivity-enthalpy relationship is obtained. The abstraction of a methyl hydrogen atom at one of the center rings of large methylated acenes is largely preferred. Geometrical and electronic aspects lie at the basis of this striking feature. Comparison with hydrogen abstractions leading to arylic radicals is also made. PMID- 18924222 TI - Liquid-crystalline kagome. PMID- 18924223 TI - Identification of proteins to predict the molecular basis for the observed gender susceptibility in a rat model of alcoholic steatohepatitis by 2-D gel proteomics. AB - Females are reported to be highly susceptible to alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) compared to the males. Although a variety of mechanisms have been proposed to explain this higher sensitivity of females, the precise mechanism is not well understood. The objective of this study was to identify changes in global protein expression in liver tissues of male and female rats with pathologically evident ASH by 2-DE (dimensional electrophoresis). ASH was induced in the SD (Sprague Dawley) rats by feeding ethanol (EtOH) containing Lieber-DeCarli diet for 6 wk followed by a single injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 10 mg/kg, i.p.). Higher liver injury in females in the ASH group as compared to the males was confirmed by HE stained liver sections. As identified by 2-DE, 22 protein-spots were differentially expressed in the females in the ASH group as compared to the males. Following identification of these proteins by MALDI-MS, they were mainly categorized into metabolism and oxidative stress-related proteins. The expression pattern of a few of these oxidative stress-related proteins like Ferritin Heavy chain (Ferritin-H chain), ER stress protein 60 (ER 60) and Heat-shock protein-60 (HSP 60) were verified by Western blotting. To conclude, the current study has identified a set of proteins that highlights potential novel mechanisms associated with higher liver injury noted in the female rat ASH model. PMID- 18924224 TI - Protein-resistant surfaces through mild dopamine surface functionalization. AB - The synthesis and evaluation of new dopamine-based catechol anchors coupled to poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) for surface modification of TiO(2) are reported. Dopamine is modified by dimethylamine-methylene (7) or trimethylammonium methylene (8) groups, and the preparation of mPEG-Glu didopamine polymer 11 is presented. All these PEG polymers allow stable adlayers on TiO(2) to be generated through mild dip-and-rinse procedures, as evaluated both by variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The resulting surfaces substantially reduced protein adsorption upon exposure to full human serum. PMID- 18924225 TI - Clinicopathological analysis of the homozygous p.W1327X AGL mutation in glycogen storage disease type 3. AB - We report on clinicopathological and whole body MRI analyses of the index patient of a large nonconsanguineous German-Ukraine family with homozygous and heterozygous AGL gene mutations at position p.W1327X (c.3980G > A). There are only limited reports on this phenotype with a homozygous genotype. The index patient, a 49-year-old woman presented with hepatomegaly, cardiomyopathy and moderate progressive proximal limb myopathy. Skeletal muscle showed severe vacuolar myopathy with storage of PAS-positive non-membrane-limited glycogen. An increase in glycogen content and completely decrease of debranching enzyme activity was measured in erythrocytes. Mutational analysis of the AGL gene showed a homozygous p.W1327X mutation. In the family, two brothers had been affected by severe infantile onset hepatomegaly and died within their first years of life by fatal liver cirrhosis. Furthermore, another sister severely affected by hepatomegaly, cardiomyopathy and proximal skeletal myopathy died at age 33. Three younger heterozygous sisters and a brother noticed exercise-induced myalgia and weakness since their teens. In sum, a homozygous p.W1327X mutation leads to a severe generalized glycogenosis types 3a and 3b within the same family. Even heterozygous p.W1327X mutation carriers may present with mild non-progressive neuromuscular symptoms, such as exercise-induced myalgia and fatigue. PMID- 18924226 TI - Polyneuropathy, scoliosis, tall stature, and oligodontia represent novel features of the interstitial 6p deletion phenotype. PMID- 18924227 TI - Ethical and policy lessons to be learned from a family with inherited bone marrow failure. PMID- 18924228 TI - Treating hepatitis C in the prison population is cost-saving. AB - The prevalence of chronic hepatitis C infection in U.S. prisons is 12% to 31%. Treatment of this substantial portion of the population has been subject to much controversy, both medically and legally. Studies have demonstrated that treatment of chronic hepatitis C with pegylated interferon (PEG IFN) and ribavirin is a cost-effective measure in the general population; however, no study has addressed whether the same is true of the prison population. The aim of this study was to determine the cost-effectiveness of hepatitis C treatment with PEG IFN and ribavirin in the U.S. prison population. Cost-effectiveness was determined via a decision analysis model employing Markov simulation. The cohort of prisoners had a distribution of genotypes and stages of fibrosis in accordance with prior studies evaluating inmate populations. The probability of transitioning from one health state to another, reinfection rates, in-prison and out-of-prison mortality rates, sustained viral response rates, costs, and quality of life weights were also obtained from the literature. Sensitivity analysis was performed. In a strategy without a pretreatment liver biopsy, treatment was cost-effective for all ages and genotypes. This model was robust to rates of disease progression, mortality rates, reinfection rates, sustained viral response rates, and costs. In a strategy employing a pretreatment liver biopsy, treatment was also cost-saving for prisoners of all ages and genotypes with portal fibrosis, bridging fibrosis, or compensated cirrhosis. Treatment was not cost-effective in patients between the ages of 40 and 49 with no fibrosis and genotype 1. CONCLUSION: Treatment of chronic hepatitis C with PEG IFN and ribavirin in U.S. prisons results in both improved quality of life and savings in cost for almost all segments of the inmate population. If the decision to treat hepatitis C is based on pharmaco economic measures, this significant proportion of infected individuals should not be denied access to therapy. PMID- 18924229 TI - Comparative expression analysis of the murine palladin isoforms. AB - Palladin fulfils a crucial function as a molecular scaffold in organizing and stabilizing the actin cytoskeleton. At least four major palladin isoforms exist due to different promoter usage and alternative splicing: a 200-kDa isoform, a 140-kDa isoform, and two isoforms with a size of 90-92 kDa. Here, we describe their expression during mouse development and in adult tissues. The 200-kDa isoform is predominantly expressed in developing heart and skeletal muscle. The 140-kDa isoform is expressed in various mesenchymal tissues, and also represents the major isoform of the brain. The 90-92-kDa isoforms are almost ubiquitously expressed with the highest levels in smooth muscle-rich tissues. Immunohistochemical and immunofluorecence staining with an anti-200-kDa isoform specific antiserum localizes the large isoform to the Z-discs of cardiac and skeletal muscle cells. Interestingly, the expression of this isoform is initiated and increasing during in vitro differentiation and fusion of C2C12 myoblasts, suggesting that the 200-kDa palladin isoform may play a scaffolding role during sarcomeric organization. PMID- 18924230 TI - Molecular cytogenetic characterization of a de novo mosaic supernumerary ring chromosome 7: report of a new patient. PMID- 18924232 TI - Definitive erythropoiesis in chicken yolk sac. AB - The first wave of erythropoiesis in amniotic animals generates all primitive erythrocytes and takes place exclusively in yolk sac mesoderm. It is less clear, however, to what extent and for how long the yolk sac contributes to the second wave of erythropoiesis which gives rise to definitive erythrocytes for later embryonic and adult use. Here, we examine the initiation, duration, and site of definitive erythrocyte formation in chicken yolk sac. We show that the earliest definitive erythrocytes are generated in yolk sac venous vessels surrounding major arteries at embryonic day (E) 4-4.5, and that mature definitive erythrocytes enter circulating at E4.5-E5. This takes place at a time when yolk sac vasculature remodels extensively to generate paired arterial/venous vessels. The yolk sac remains the predominant site for definitive erythropoiesis from E5 to E10, and continues to generate definitive erythrocytes at least until E15. Similar to primitive erythropoiesis, definitive erythropoiesis in the yolk sac is accompanied by the expression of transcriptional regulators gata1, scl, and lmo2. Furthermore, our data suggest that one main source of definitive erythropoietic cells is the pre-existing vascular endothelial cells. It remains unclear whether yolk sac derived hematopoietic progenitors that do not undergo erythropoiesis in the yolk sac may take up intraembryonic niches and contribute to erythropoietic stem cell population after hatching. PMID- 18924231 TI - Anterior regeneration in the hemichordate Ptychodera flava. AB - Ptychodera flava is a hemichordate whose anterior structures regenerate reproducibly from posterior trunk pieces when amputated. We characterized the cellular processes of anterior regeneration with respect to programmed cell death and cell proliferation, after wound healing. We found scattered proliferating cells at day 2 of regeneration using a proliferating cell nuclear antigen antibody. On day 4, most proliferating cells were associated with the nerve tract under the epidermis, and on day 6, a small proboscis derived from proliferated cells was regenerated, and a mouth had broken though the epidermis. TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridinetriphosphate nick end labeling) detected elevated levels of apoptosis in the endoderm that began furthest away from the region of wound healing, then moved anteriorly over 8 days. Posterior to anterior apoptosis is likely to remove digestive endoderm for later differentiation of pharyngeal endoderm. We hypothesize that P. flava regeneration is nerve dependent and that remodeling in the gut endoderm plays an important role in regeneration. PMID- 18924233 TI - Lateral fast muscle fibers originate from the posterior lip of the teleost dermomyotome. AB - The predominant source of myogenic cells in vertebrates is the dermomyotome (DM). In teleost fish, recent research has provided a useful but limited picture of how myogenic precursors originate from the DM and how they develop into muscle fibers. Here, we combine detailed morphological analysis with examination of molecular markers in trout to describe the cellular mechanisms by which the lateral fast muscle growth zone is created during second phase myogenesis. Results suggest that this occurs by lateral-to-medial immigration of myogenic cells de-epithelializing from the posterior DM lip. These cells then appear to stop proliferation and migrate anteriorly to finally differentiate into muscle fibres. This seems to be a continuation of the rotational cell movement that creates the teleost DM during early somite development. These findings suggest an evolutionary conserved role of the posterior DM lip in amniotes and fish. PMID- 18924234 TI - Expression of AP-2delta in the developing chick retina. AB - AP-2 is a family of transcription factors that play important roles during embryonic development. Two AP-2 genes, AP-2alpha and AP-2beta, have previously been characterized in chick retina. Here, we demonstrate that a third member of the chicken AP-2 family, AP-2delta, is primarily expressed in the retina and brain, with highest levels at embryonic days 7 to 11. By in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical analysis, we show that AP-2delta RNA and protein are found in a subset of ganglion cells in embryonic chick retina. Co-immunostaining with anti-Brn3a and anti-AP-2delta antibodies indicates that approximately one third of Brn3a-positive ganglion cells express AP-2delta. AP-2delta RNA but not AP-2delta protein is also found in cells located in the outer half of the inner nuclear layer. The spatial and temporal distribution of AP-2delta protein in the retina suggests a transient role in a subset of late-born ganglion cells likely involving axonal trafficking or pathfinding. PMID- 18924235 TI - BMP4 is required in the anterior heart field and its derivatives for endocardial cushion remodeling, outflow tract septation, and semilunar valve development. AB - The endocardial cushions play a critical role in septation of the four-chambered mammalian heart and in the formation of the valve leaflets that control blood flow through the heart. Within the outflow tract (OFT), both cardiac neural crest and endocardial-derived mesenchymal cells contribute to the endocardial cushions. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) is required for endocardial cushion development and for normal septation of the OFT. In the present study, we show that anterior heart field (AHF)-derived myocardium is an essential source of BMP4 required for normal endocardial cushion expansion and remodeling. Loss of BMP4 from the AHF in mice results in an insufficient number of cells in the developing OFT endocardial cushions, defective cushion remodeling, ventricular septal defects, persistent truncus arteriosus, and abnormal semilunar valve formation. PMID- 18924236 TI - Biphasic Ngn3 expression in the developing pancreas. AB - Ngn3 is a bHLH transcription factor critical for the specification of endocrine cells in the pancreatic Islets of Langerhans. Previous studies in mouse embryos have reported transient expression of Ngn3 in scattered cells within the developing pancreatic epithelium during midgestation (Schwitzgebel et al. [2000] Development 127:3533-3542). Specifically, these Ngn3-expressing cells have been shown to be progenitor cells fated to give rise to islet endocrine cells (Gradwohl et al. [2000] Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:1607-1611). Here, we characterize the expression of Ngn3 transcripts and protein throughout pancreatic development. Interestingly, we identify and define a dramatic and previously unnoticed gap in developmental Ngn3 expression. We show that both Ngn3 transcript and protein expression occur in two distinct temporal waves, the first occurring early from approximately E8.5 to E11.0, and the second initiating at approximately E12.0. Strikingly, this observed biphasic expression correlates with the "first" and "second" transitions, which encompass two distinct waves of embryonic endocrine differentiation. In addition, our studies demonstrate that Ngn3 transcripts are markedly more widespread in the pancreatic epithelium than NGN3 protein, indicating that post-transcriptional regulation is likely to play a critical role during endocrine differentiation. PMID- 18924237 TI - Frizzled 8a function is required for oligodendrocyte development in the zebrafish spinal cord. AB - Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells in the central nervous system. The development of oligodendrocytes is mediated by complex signaling networks, including Wnt signaling. Although Wnt signaling has been studied in various aspects of neurogenesis, the distinct roles of various Frizzled receptors that mediate the Wnt signaling in the CNS remain virtually unknown. In order to understand the specific function of Wnt signaling in oligodendrocyte development, we focused on the Frizzled 8a (Fz8a) receptor. Here we show that Fz8a plays a critical role in the specification and maturation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) in the ventral spinal cord. Loss of Fz8a function perturbed the proliferation and organization of radial glial cells that give rise to OPCs in the ventral precursor region of spinal cord. In addition, we demonstrate that Wnt signaling activation after the specification of OPCs blocks the formation of mature oligodendrocytes and results in the elimination of OPCs. PMID- 18924239 TI - Cysteine-rich secretory proteins are not exclusively expressed in the male reproductive tract. AB - The Cysteine-RIch Secretory Proteins (CRISPs) are abundantly produced in the male reproductive tract of mammals and within the venom of reptiles and have been shown to regulate ion channel activity. CRISPs, along with the Antigen-5 proteins and the Pathogenesis related-1 (Pr-1) proteins, form the CAP superfamily of proteins. Analyses of EST expression databases are increasingly suggesting that mammalian CRISPs are expressed more widely than in the reproductive tract. We, therefore, conducted a reverse transcription PCR expression profile and immunohistochemical analyses of 16 mouse tissues to define the sites of production of each of the four murine CRISPs. These data showed that each of the CRISPs have distinct and sometimes overlapping expression profiles, typically associated with the male and female reproductive tract, the secretory epithelia of exocrine glands, and immune tissues including the spleen and thymus. These investigations raise the potential for a role for CRISPs in general mammalian physiology. PMID- 18924238 TI - High prevalence of abnormal alanine and aspartate aminotransferases in a "worried well" population in the United Kingdom: rationale for a liver screening program? PMID- 18924240 TI - Annual Drosophila research conference, 2008. PMID- 18924241 TI - Expression patterns of the lysophospholipid receptor genes during mouse early development. AB - Lysophospholipids (LPs) such as lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine-1 phosphate (S1P) are known to mediate various biological responses, including cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. To better understand the role of these lipids in mammalian early development, we applied whole-mount in situ hybridization techniques to E8.5 to E12.5 mouse embryos. We determined the expression patterns of the following LP receptor genes, which belong to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family: EDG1 to EDG8 (S1P1 to S1P5 and LPA1 to LPA3), LPA4 (GPR23/P2Y9), and LPA5 (GPR92). We found that the S1P/LPA receptor genes exhibit overlapping expression patterns in a variety of organ primordia, including the developing brain and cardiovascular system, presomitic mesoderm and somites, branchial arches, and limb buds. These results suggest that multiple receptor systems for LPA/S1P lysophospholipids may be functioning during organogenesis. PMID- 18924242 TI - Fluid dynamics in zebrafish Kupffer's vesicle. AB - Work in mouse has implicated cilia motility and leftward nodal flow as the mechanism for breaking left-right symmetry. In zebrafish, it is assumed that Kupffer's vesicle is analogous to the mouse node. However, its architecture is different and the fluid dynamics inside Kupffer's vesicle is not completely understood. We show that cells lining both the dorsal roof and the ventral floor of Kupffer's vesicle possess posteriorly pointed cilia that rotate clockwise when viewed apically. Analysis of bead movements within Kupffer's vesicle shows a net circular flow but the local flow differs in direction depending on the location within the vesicle. Histological analysis suggests that the orientation of the cells at anterior-dorsal region likely direct net flow in the vesicle. Our data suggest that the plane of the circular net flow is tilted with respect to the D-V axis, which may be converted to a local leftward flow in the anterior-dorsal region of the vesicle. PMID- 18924243 TI - The angiogenic makeup of human hepatocellular carcinoma does not favor vascular endothelial growth factor/angiopoietin-driven sprouting neovascularization. AB - Quantitative data on the expression of multiple factors that control angiogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are limited. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying angiogenesis in HCC will improve the rational choice of anti-angiogenic treatment. We quantified gene and protein expression of members of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiopoietin systems and studied localization of VEGF, its receptors VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2, Angiopoietin (Ang)-1 and Ang-2, and their receptor, in HCC in noncirrhotic and cirrhotic livers. We employed real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT PCR), western blot, and immunohistology, and compared the outcome with highly angiogenic human renal cell carcinoma (RCC). HCC in noncirrhotic and cirrhotic livers expressed VEGF and its receptors to a similar extent as normal liver, although in cirrhotic background, VEGFR-2 levels in both tumor and adjacent tissue were decreased. Ang-1 expression was slightly increased compared with normal liver, whereas Tie-2 was strongly down-regulated in the tumor vasculature. Ang-2 messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were also low in HCCs of both noncirrhotic and cirrhotic livers, implying that VEGF-driven angiogenic sprouting accompanied by angiopoietin-driven vascular destabilization is not pronounced. In RCC, VEGF-A levels were one order of magnitude higher. At the same time, endothelially expressed Ang-2 was over 30-fold increased compared with expression in normal kidney, whereas Ang-1 expression was decreased. CONCLUSION: In hepatocellular carcinoma, tumor vascularization is not per se VEGF/angiopoietin driven. However, increased CD31 expression and morphological changes representative of sinusoidal capillarization in tumor vasculature indicate that vascular remodeling is taking place. This portends that therapeutic intervention of HCC at the level of the vasculature is optional, and that further studies into the molecular control thereof are warranted. PMID- 18924244 TI - Performance parameters of the diagnostic scoring systems for autoimmune hepatitis. AB - The diagnostic criteria for autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) have been codified by an international panel, and a revision of the original scoring system based on 12 clinical components has been promulgated. A simplified scoring system has been proposed recently that is based on four clinical components. The goals of this study were to compare the performance parameters of the revised original and the simplified scoring systems and to determine the prowess of each as a diagnostic instrument. Diagnostic scores were determined using each scoring system in 435 patients with diverse chronic liver diseases, including 153 individuals with AIH by codified clinical criteria. The sensitivity, specificity, and predictability of each scoring system for the pretreatment diagnosis of AIH were determined. The revised original scoring system had greater sensitivity for the diagnosis than the simplified scoring system (100% versus 95%), and seven patients diagnosed as AIH using the revised original system were nondiagnostic by the simplified system (5%). The revised original scoring system also ascribed a diagnosis of AIH to 20 of 21 patients with cryptogenic chronic hepatitis, whereas only five patients were similarly classified by the simplified system (95% versus 24%). The simplified system had greater specificity (90% versus 73%) and predictability (92% versus 82%) for AIH than the revised original system, and it more commonly excluded the diagnosis in other diseases with concurrent immune features (83% versus 64%). CONCLUSION: The revised original scoring system performs better in patients with few or atypical features of AIH, and the simplified system is better at excluding the diagnosis in diseases with concurrent immune manifestations. Each system has attributes that can be exploited. PMID- 18924245 TI - Suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS-3) and a deficit of serine/threonine (Ser/Thr) phosphoproteins involved in leptin transduction mediate the effect of fructose on rat liver lipid metabolism. AB - There is controversy regarding whether fructose in liquid beverages constitutes another dietary ingredient of high caloric density or introduces qualitative changes in energy metabolism that further facilitate the appearance of metabolic diseases. Central to this issue is the elucidation of the molecular mechanism responsible for the metabolic alterations induced by fructose ingestion. Fructose administration (10% wt/vol) in the drinking water of Sprague-Dawley male rats for 14 days induced hyperleptinemia and hepatic leptin resistance. This was caused by impairment of the leptin-signal transduction mediated by both janus-activated kinase-2 and the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. The subsequent increase in activity in the liver of the unphosphorylated and active form of the forkhead box O1 nuclear factor, which transrepresses peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha activity, and a lack of activation of the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, led to hypertriglyceridemia and hepatic steatosis. These alterations are attributable to two key events: (1) an increase in the amount of suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 protein, which blocks the phosphorylation and activation of janus-activated kinase-2 and Tyr(985) on the long form of the leptin receptor; and (2) a common deficit of phosphorylation in serine/threonine residues of key proteins in leptin-signal transduction pathways. The latter is probably produced by the early activation of protein phosphatase 2A, and further sustained by the accumulation in liver tissue of ceramide, an activator of protein phosphatase 2A, due to incomplete oxidation of fatty acids. CONCLUSION: Our data indicate that fructose ingestion as a liquid solution induces qualitative changes in liver metabolism that lead to metabolic diseases. PMID- 18924246 TI - Is there a meaningful serum hepatitis B virus DNA cutoff level for therapeutic decisions in hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B virus infection? AB - The diagnosis of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-negative chronic hepatitis B indicating therapeutic intervention currently requires serum hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA >or=2,000 IU/mL. We evaluated the severity of liver histology and the presence of histological indication for treatment in patients with HBeAg-negative chronic HBV infection focusing on those with low viremia and/or normal alanine aminotransferase (ALT). In total, 399 patients with increased ALT and detectable serum HBV DNA (chronic hepatitis B patients) and 35 cases with persistently normal ALT and HBV DNA >2,000 IU/mL (inactive carriers) were included. Histological indication for treatment (grading score >or=7 and/or stage >or=2 in Ishak's classification) was found in 91% (185/203), 82% (75/91), 75% (47/63), and 62% (26/42) of chronic hepatitis B patients with HBV DNA >or=200,000, 20,000 199,999, 2,000-19,999, and <2,000 IU/mL, respectively (P < 0.001). Histological indication for treatment was more frequent in chronic hepatitis B patients with persistently elevated ALT (86% or 275/321), but it was also found in 74% (58/78) of those with transiently normal ALT (P = 0.025). All inactive carriers had HBV DNA <20,000 IU/mL. Histological indication for treatment was present in 17% (6/35) of inactive carriers always due to moderate (stage 2) fibrosis without active necroinflammation. CONCLUSION: HBeAg-negative chronic HBV patients with persistently or transiently increased ALT and HBV DNA >or=20,000 IU/mL almost always require therapeutic intervention, but histological indications for treatment are also present in the majority of such cases with HBV DNA <20,000 and even <2,000 IU/mL. In contrast, minimal histological lesions are observed in the majority of HBeAg-negative patients with persistently normal ALT and HBV DNA >2,000 IU/mL, who may not require immediate liver biopsy and treatment but only close follow-up. PMID- 18924247 TI - Ninety-six week data released on TMC278. PMID- 18924248 TI - Changes to Norvir labeling. PMID- 18924249 TI - Accuracy, efficacy and ethics of abstinence-only programs questioned. PMID- 18924250 TI - Malnutrition Matters, Joint BAPEN and Nutrition Society Meeting, 27-28 November 2007. Abstracts. PMID- 18924251 TI - Low genetic variability, female-biased dispersal and high movement rates in an urban population of Eurasian badgers Meles meles. AB - 1. Urban and rural populations of animals can differ in their behaviour, both in order to meet their ecological requirements and due to the constraints imposed by different environments. The study of urban populations can therefore offer useful insights into the behavioural flexibility of a species as a whole, as well as indicating how the species in question adapts to a specifically urban environment. 2. The genetic structure of a population can provide information about social structure and movement patterns that is difficult to obtain by other means. Using non-invasively collected hair samples, we estimated the population size of Eurasian badgers Meles meles in the city of Brighton, England, and calculated population-specific parameters of genetic variability and sex-specific rates of outbreeding and dispersal. 3. Population density was high in the context of badger densities reported throughout their range. This was due to a high density of social groups rather than large numbers of individuals per group. 4. The allelic richness of the population was low compared with other British populations. However, the rate of extra-group paternity and the relatively frequent (mainly temporary) intergroup movements suggest that, on a local scale, the population was outbred. Although members of both sexes visited other groups, there was a trend for more females to make intergroup movements. 5. The results reveal that urban badgers can achieve high densities and suggest that while some population parameters are similar between urban and rural populations, the frequency of intergroup movements is higher among urban badgers. In a wider context, these results demonstrate the ability of non-invasive genetic sampling to provide information about the population density, social structure and behaviour of urban wildlife. PMID- 18924252 TI - Where to float? PMID- 18924253 TI - Recent developments in philosophy of psychopathology. AB - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To survey recent developments in the English-language philosophy of psychopathology. RECENT FINDINGS: First, we present books - by Gallagher and Zahavi (2008) and by Thompson (2007) -that integrate phenomenology with cognitive science and neuroscience. This is followed by discussion of critical assessments of the DSM-III operational legacy and practical consequences recently offered by various psychiatrists, including Andreasen, Mullen,and Maj. These very bleak assessments are considered in light of certain new trends in explanatory models of psychiatry and associated metaphysical concerns. Finally, we concentrate on the phenomenological approach to schizophrenia, enjoying a renaissance in psychiatric literature. We emphasize the recent work on the issue of self disorders as a core aspect of psychopathology of schizophrenia and criticize the accuracy of a recent survey (published in this journal) of phenomenological approaches to schizophrenia, thereby rectifying important misunderstandings. SUMMARY: The review emphasizes the fundamental importance of philosophy of psychopathology in clarifying concepts, highlighting epistemological problems, and helping to provide adequate distinctions at the phenomenological level for use in empirical research. PMID- 18924254 TI - Social disparities in periodontitis among United States adults 1999-2004. AB - OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether race/ethnicity, income, and education are independently associated with periodontitis; and to investigate the effect of adjusting for income and education on the association between race/ethnicity and periodontitis in the National Health and Examination Nutrition Surveys 1999-2004. METHODS: Analyses were limited to records of non-Hispanic black, non-Hispanic white or Mexican-American adults (n = 10 648). SUDAAN was used to estimate the strength of the association of race/ethnicity, education, and income with the prevalence of periodontitis before and after adjusting for selected characteristics and risk factors. RESULTS: The prevalence of periodontitis was 3.6%, with Black people (7.2%) exhibiting significantly higher prevalence than Mexican Americans (4.4%) and White people (3.0%, P < 0.01). After adjusting for selected sociodemographic characteristics, black adults, those with less than a high school education and those with low income were 1.94 (95% CI 1.46-2.58), 2.06 (95% CI 1.47-2.89) and 1.89 (95% CI 1.18-3.04) times more likely to have periodontitis than White people, those with more than a high school diploma and those with high income, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that inequalities in periodontitis associated with race/ethnicity, education and income continue to be pervasive in the US over the years. PMID- 18924255 TI - The management of incipient or suspicious occlusal caries: a decision-tree analysis. AB - OBJECTIVE: To perform a comprehensive decision-tree analysis for the management of the suspicious/incipient occlusal lesion on a molar tooth. METHODS: A quantitative decision tree was constructed to assess the expected utility value of three global strategies to dentally manage the incipient or suspicious occlusal carious lesion. RESULT: A preventive strategy offered an optimal expected utility value (0.98 utile) compared with the other two strategies of visual inspection (0.84 utile) or referring to one of four diagnostic tests (0.74 0.82 utile). CONCLUSION: Although the general conclusion of this analysis agrees with current recommendations, this analysis offers a more complete mathematical model that provides a unified value for each strategy (i.e. expected utility value) thus allowing for complex quantitative comparison between strategies. This paper provides a specific example of how decision-tree analysis can be a powerful tool in guiding dental practice. PMID- 18924256 TI - Parsimonious prediction model for the prevalence of dental visits. AB - OBJECTIVES: To analyze the prevalence of dental visits within the last year in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System or BRFSS (2003) national database by simple sociodemographic factors, and to predict prevalence in States that have not participated in BRFSS 2003. METHODS: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System is a cross-sectional telephone survey conducted by the state-level authorities in the United States and based on a standardized questionnaire to determine the distribution of risk behaviors and health practices among noninstitutionalized adults. A multivariable logistic regression model considers the complex sample design of the BRFSS was used to predict the prevalence of dental visits based on four nonclinic parsimonious variables. RESULTS: White race, high income (>or=$35 000), education above high school, and marital status were associated with an annual dental visit with odds ratios of 1.38, 2.09, 1.61, and 1.18, respectively. Utah had the highest percentage (78%) of estimated annual users, while 'Virgin Islands' had the lowest percentage (59%). The model's correct classification rate was 61.5%. CONCLUSIONS: State and local governments, health promotion organizations, insurance companies, and organizations that administer public health programs (such as Medicare and Medicaid in the U.S.) will benefit by applying this model to the available nonclinical databases, and will be able to improve planning of dental health services and required dental workforce. PMID- 18924258 TI - Concordance of chart and billing data with direct observation in dental practice. AB - OBJECTIVES: The commonly used methods of chart review, billing data summaries and practitioner self-reporting have not been examined for their ability to validly and reliably represent time use and service delivery in routine dental practice. A more thorough investigation of these data sources would provide insight into the appropriateness of each approach for measuring various clinical behaviors. The aim of this study was to assess the validity of commonly used methods such as dental chart review, billing data, or practitioner self-report compared with a 'gold standard' of information derived from direct observation of routine dental visits. METHODS: A team of trained dental hygienists directly observed 3751 patient visits in 120 dental practices and recorded the behaviors and procedures performed by dentists and hygienists during patient contact time. Following each visit, charts and billing records were reviewed for the performed and billed procedures. Dental providers characterized their frequency of preventive service delivery through self-administered surveys. We standardized the observation and abstraction methods to obtain optimal measures from each of the multiple data sources. Multi-rater kappa coefficients were computed to monitor standardization, while sensitivity, specificity, and kappa coefficients were calculated to compare the various data sources with direct observation. RESULTS: Chart audits were more sensitive than billing data for all observed procedures and demonstrated higher agreement with directly observed data. Chart and billing records were not sensitive for several prevention-related tasks (oral cancer screening and oral hygiene instruction). Provider self-reports of preventive behaviors were always over-estimated compared with direct observation. Inter-method reliability kappa coefficients for 13 procedures ranged from 0.197 to 0.952. CONCLUSIONS: These concordance findings suggest that strengths and weaknesses of data collection sources should be considered when investigating delivery of dental services especially when using practitioner survey data. Future investigations can more fully rely on charted information rather than billing data and provider self report for most dental procedures, but nonbillable procedures and most counseling interactions will not be captured with routine charting and billing practices. PMID- 18924259 TI - Clostridium difficile colitis: wash your hands before stopping the proton pump inhibitor. AB - Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) have revolutionized the management of acid-related disorders. The potential adverse effects related to PPI use fall into four main categories: idiosyncratic reactions, drug-drug interactions, drug-induced reflex hypergastrinemia, and drug-induced hypochlorhydria. Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) colitis, an epidemic of major importance among hospitalized individuals, is potentially facilitated by the fourth mechanism in PPI users. This article interprets the results of the accompanying study by Aseeri et al. that demonstrated a positive association between PPI exposure and C. difficile colitis by examining the findings according to the Bradford Hill criteria. Instead of stopping PPIs when patients are admitted to hospital, I propose continuing the therapy at the lowest effective maintenance dose and adhering to careful barrier nursing and hand washing among patients. PMID- 18924257 TI - Dental anxiety and quality of life: the effect of dental treatment. AB - OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to determine the association between dental anxiety and quality of life (QoL) and to test the hypothesis that treatment of highly anxious patients would significantly enhance QoL. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Subjects were 35 highly anxious dental patients of a Dutch dental fear clinic who were assessed on dental trait anxiety (DAS and S-DAI) and QoL (oral health-related QoL with the use of OHIP-14, dental anxiety-related QoL with the SADAS, and general aspects of QoL using Global Assessment of Functioning, while five different aspects of life satisfaction were quantified on a VAS-scale) both prior to and after treatment (an average of six sessions of 45-60 minutes each). Also, both objective (DMFT and dentists' judgement) and subjective (patients' judgement) indices of oral health status were recorded. RESULTS: Higher dental anxiety was significantly associated with lower OH-QoL as indexed by the OHIP-14 (r = 0.51-0.56, P < 0.01). Treatment was associated with marked improvement on oral health status, reduction of dental anxiety, and improvements regarding a variety of aspects of QoL (all Ps < 0.001). Reduction of dental anxiety, rather than improved oral health, was found to predict enhanced OH-QoL. CONCLUSION: The results underline the importance of applying effective treatment methods for dentally anxious patients, not only with the purpose to alleviate their dental anxiety and to improve their oral health, but also because it contributes to an enhancement of their QoL. PMID- 18924260 TI - Is there a need for autopsies in the management of fungal disease? AB - The autopsy rates in Germany became low like in other European, American and Asian countries. Main reasons for this development are the lack of acceptance of autopsy in the society as well as in the medical profession, the introduction of a requirement for consent, unclear legal position, the public health system, pressure of costs and a change in the field of activity in pathology with much more diagnostics of surgical and biopsy material. The autopsy is missing with respect to the reliability of causes of death and morbidity statistics and other epidemiological studies. Published data indicate that up to 20-30% of patients who die in hospitals have important diseases/lesions that remain undetected before death but that are found at autopsy. For infectious diseases, the data are similar. Therefore, a higher incidence of invasive fungal infections was found. Some rare fungal disorders are diagnosed by autopsy. Only exact death statistics makes specific health care possible and is cost saving in a public health system in the long term. Autopsy remains an important tool for quality control in medical diagnostic and therapeutic activity. It is also essential for fundamental medical education and further training. PMID- 18924261 TI - Antimicrobial activity of a protein purified from the latex of Hevea brasiliensis on oral microorganisms. AB - This study aimed at screen for antimicrobial activity present in the non-rubber constituents of rubber latex of Hevea brasiliensis against various microbial strains. An antimicrobial protein, hevein was extracted from the bottom fraction after centrifugation and purified by acetone fractionation and anion exchange chromatography on a DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow column. This procedure was more efficient and rapid than the previously described procedures. The antimicrobial activity was investigated and revealed that hevein, a small (4.7 kDa) cysteine rich protein, had strong antimicrobial activity, especially against Candida spp. including Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis and Candida krusei. The MIC80 value for hevein was as low as 12 microg ml(-1) with C. tropicalis ATCC 750. Higher MIC80 values were obtained for C. albicans ATCC 10231 (95 microg ml(-1)) and C. krusei ATCC 6258 (190 microg ml(-1)). To confirm the antifungal activity, hevein also inhibited the growth of those fungi in a disk diffusion assay and its inhibition was enhanced when a Hevea latex protease inhibitor was also included. Hevein at a concentration of 30 microg ml(-1) also caused a Ca2+-dependent aggregation of C. tropicalis yeast cells. These data indicate that hevein can inhibit the growth of certain potential oral fungal pathogens. PMID- 18924262 TI - Proceedings of the 27th Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals, May 1 4, 2005, Denver, Colorado, USA. PMID- 18924263 TI - Positive association between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level and diabetes mellitus among US non-Hispanic black adults. AB - BACKGROUND: Previous epidemiologic studies have demonstrated a positive association between serum C-reactive protein (CRP) level and diabetes mellitus. However among US race-ethnicities, the putative association between CRP and diabetes mellitus in non-Hispanic Blacks is not clear. We specifically examined the association between high-sensitivity CRP level and diabetes mellitus in a representative sample of US non-Hispanic blacks. METHODS: Cross-sectional study among 1,479 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002 non Hispanic black participants aged > or = 20 years. Main outcome-of-interest was the presence of diabetes mellitus (fasting plasma glucose > or = 126 mg/dL, non fasting plasma glucose > or = 200 mg/dL, or self-reported current use of oral hypoglycemic medication or insulin) (n=204). RESULTS: Higher CRP levels were positively associated with diabetes mellitus, independent of smoking, waist circumference, hypertension, and other confounders. Multivariable odds ratio (OR) [95% confidence intervals (CI)] comparing elevated CRP level (>3 mg/L) to low CRP level (<1 mg/L) was 3.12 (1.77-5.48), p-trend<0.0001. This association persisted in separate analysis among men and women. The results were consistent in subgroup analyses by categories of age, smoking, body mass index, and hypertension status. In nonparametric models, the positive association between serum CRP and diabetes mellitus appeared to be present across the full range of CRP, without any threshold effect. CONCLUSIONS: Higher serum high-sensitivity CRP levels are positively associated with diabetes mellitus in a sample of US non-Hispanic blacks. Inflammatory processes previously shown to be related to diabetes mellitus in other race-ethnicities may be involved in non-Hispanic blacks also. PMID- 18924264 TI - Astragalus polysaccharides: an effective treatment for diabetes prevention in NOD mice. AB - BACKGROUND: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic autoimmune disease that is related to the disequilibrium state of Th1 and Th2 subgroups of helper T lymphocyte (Th) and their cytokines. Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) are bioactive components extracted from one of the traditional Chinese herbs, used to enhance the function of human immune system. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of APS on preventing type 1 DM and Th1/Th2-subtype cytokines, we compared the results of administration of APS and normal saline (NS) on non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: APS or NS was administered to 4-week-old mice at a dose of 2.0 g/kg per day for 10 weeks. At 40 weeks, blood glucose, serum C peptide (C-P) and GAD antibody were measured; pancreas was examined histologically; the intra-islet lymphocyte infiltration and T lymphocyte subsets in the spleen were analysed; the gene expression of IL-1 beta, IL-2, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-alpha, INF-gamma, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, TGF-beta, Bcl-2, SOD, Fas and iNOS were measured by RT-PCR. RESULTS: The results showed that APS-administered NOD mice had a lower incidence rate of type 1 DM, lower serum C-P level, better histologic findings of pancreatic islets, and a lower D4+/CD8+ ratio of T lymphocytes from the spleen and the infiltrated islets. RT-PCR analysis showed gene expression levels are lower in IL-1 beta, IL-2, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-alpha, INF-gamma, Fas, iNOS, and higher in IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, TGF-beta, Bcl-2, SOD in the pancreatic tissue from APS-administered NOD mice as compared to the NS group. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrated the effects of Astragalus polysaccharides on the prevention of type 1 DM in NOD mice by correcting the imbalance between the Th1/Th2 cytokines. PMID- 18924265 TI - Proceedings of the 28th Symposium on Biotechnology for fuels and chemicals, April 30-May 2, 2006, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. PMID- 18924266 TI - [An aphasic man with high fever; difficulty with diagnostic procedure]. PMID- 18924267 TI - [No advantage of the combination of ACE-inhibition and angiotensin receptor blockade in patients with high cardiovascular risk]. PMID- 18924268 TI - 10%+ cut in Medicare reimbursement. PMID- 18924269 TI - Editorial for the June/July issue. PMID- 18924270 TI - 10% plus cut in Medicare reimbursements to physicians. PMID- 18924271 TI - 19% reduction on their fixed fee schedule over a period of 2 years? PMID- 18924272 TI - Goal is health, not 'production'. PMID- 18924273 TI - From your president (spring 2008). PMID- 18924274 TI - Oral pathology quiz #60. Case number 3. Congenital gingival granular cell epulis. PMID- 18924275 TI - Oral pathology case #60. Case number 4. Florid cemento-osseous dysplasia. PMID- 18924276 TI - Concern about our public image. PMID- 18924277 TI - Concern about our public image. PMID- 18924278 TI - Cartoon deemed inappropriate. PMID- 18924279 TI - Aluminum-activated oxalate secretion does not associate with internal content among some oxalate accumulators. AB - Although aluminum (Al)-activated secretion of oxalate has been considered to be an important Al-exclusion mechanism, whether it is a general response in oxalate accumulators and related to oxalate content in roots are still not clear. Here, we examined the oxalate secretion and oxalate content in some oxalate accumulators, and investigated the role of oxalate secretion in Al resistance. When oxalate content in amaranth roots was decreased by about 50% with the increased ratio of NH4(+)-N to NO3(-)-N in nutrient solution, the amount of Al activated oxalate secretion still remained constant. There was no relationship between the content of the water soluble oxalate in four species of oxalate accumulators and the amount of the Al-activated oxalate secretion in roots. Furthermore, oxalate secretion is poorly associated with Al resistance among these species. Based on the above results, we concluded that although all of the oxalate accumulators tested could secrete oxalate rapidly, the density of anion channels in plasma membrane may play a more important role in Al-activated oxalate secretion. PMID- 18924280 TI - Effects of population size on reproductive success of the endangered and endemic species Primula merrilliana. AB - The reproductive ability related to the population size of the endangered and endemic species Primula merrilliana Schltr. was investigated. In 26 populations observed, only four contain more than 500 flowering individuals, whereas most of them (53.8%) consist of less than 100 flowering individuals. Though the ratio of pin and thrum plants keeps its balance at 1:1 for all populations, the frequency of pin and thrum flowers was significantly biased in most small populations. Population size strongly affected reproductive success; plants in small populations produced significantly fewer flowers and fruits per plant and fewer seeds per fruit, and therefore fewer seeds per plant. The floral density was another important factor that influenced the reproductive success of P. merrilliana, because four main reproductive success parameters (fruits per plant, seeds per fruit, seeds per plant, and the proportion of flowers setting fruit) were all positively correlated with floral density. The size of plants and the number of leaves per plant (measure of habitat quality) were not influenced by the variation of population size, suggesting that the reduced fecundity in small populations may not be a consequence of lower habitat quality. Inbreeding depression and pollen limitation as a result of less attractiveness in small populations are therefore likely explanations for these patterns. PMID- 18924281 TI - Covariance of floral and vegetative traits in four species of Ranunculaceae: a comparison between specialized and generalized pollination systems. AB - Theory predicts that tighter correlation between floral traits and weaker relationship between floral and vegetative traits more likely occur in specialized flowers than generalized flowers, favoring by precise fit with pollinators. However, traits and trait correlations frequently vary under different environments. Through detecting spatiotemporal variation in phenotypic traits (floral organ size and vegetative size) and trait correlations in four Ranunculaceae species, we examined four predictions. Overall, our results supported these predictions to a certain degree. The mean coefficient of variation (CV) of floral traits in two specialized species (Delphinium kamaonense and Aconitum gymnandrum) was marginally significantly lower than that of another two generalized species (Trollius ranunculoides and Anemone obtusiloba). The two specialized species also showed marginally significantly smaller CV in floral traits than vegetative size across the two species. The absolute mean correlation between floral and vegetative traits, or that between floral traits in species with specialized flowers was not significantly lower, or higher than that in generalized plants, weakly supporting the predictions. Furthermore, we documented a large variation in trait correlations of four species among different seasons and populations. Study of covariance of floral and vegetative traits will benefit from the contrast of results obtained from generalized and specialized pollination systems. PMID- 18924282 TI - Demographic genetic structure of Cryptomeria japonica var. sinensis in Tianmushan Nature Reserve, China. AB - Genetic changes over space and time provide insights into the relative roles of evolutionary factors in shaping genetic patterns within plant populations. However, compared with spatial genetic structure, few studies have been conducted on genetic changes over time. In this study, we used six polymorphic microsatellite loci to assess genetic variation of six size-classes of the population of Liushan, Cryptomeria japonica var. sinensis, in the Tianmushan National Nature Reserve, whose origin was debatable. The mean number of alleles per locus and expected heterozygosity were 4.583 and 0.599 9 respectively, lower than other conifers with the same life history characteristics. FST was 0.002+/ 0.003, and the pairwise test revealed no significant differentiation in any pair of size classes. Significant heterozygosity excesses were detected in five size classes except the oldest one, indicating bottleneck event(s). The above results support the hypothesis that Tianmushan population was introduced and followed by natural regeneration. PMID- 18924283 TI - Discovery of gynoecium color polymorphism in an aquatic plant. AB - Flower color polymorphism exhibited by natural populations provides an opportunity for understanding the evolutionary mechanisms contributing to the diversity of floral morphology. However, little is known about the color polymorphism of female organs in flowering plants. Here we report gynoecium color polymorphism in Butomus umbellatus (Butomaceae), an emergent, aquatic monocot. Populations from Mishan, northeastern China comprised two morphs; gynoecia are either pink, as observed in other areas, or white. We measured floral traits and female fecundity in the two gynoecium color morphs in the field. There was no significant difference in plant height, pedicel length, and flower size including petal, sepal and gynoecium between the two morphs, but plants with pink gynoecia had wider inflorescence stalks, larger inner whorl anthers and produced more pollen and ovules than those with white gynoecia. Correspondingly, we found that seed production was significantly higher in the pink than in the white morph. This new finding suggested selection against white gynoecia in part because of low fecundity, consistent with the rarity of the white gynoecium morph in this species. PMID- 18924284 TI - Chromatin - a new, old drug target? AB - Chromatin is the therapeutic target for DNA-binding medicinal agents, yet we know substantially more about the interaction of drugs with naked DNA. Current research is unraveling a dynamic gene- and transcription state-dependent structure for human chromatin and also unveiling differences in nucleosome positioning between cancer and normal cells. Considering observations on the modulation of DNA drug binding and adduct repair by histone packaging suggests potential for targeting specific sites within nucleosomes that coincide with weak points of cancer cells. PMID- 18924285 TI - Comparison of the anti-inflammatory activities of imidazole antimycotics in relation to molecular structure. AB - The objective of this study was to compare the anti-inflammatory potencies of the imidazole antimycotics, fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole and voriconazole (0.5 and 5 microM) in relation to their molecular structures. Anti-inflammatory activity was determined according to the magnitude of inhibition of production of leukotriene B4 and influx of Ca2+ following activation of the cells with the chemo-attractant platelet-activating factor (200 nM), using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and spectrofluorometric procedures, respectively. Treatment of platelet-activating factor-activated neutrophils with the imidazole antimycotics resulted in inhibition of production of leukotriene B4 and attenuation of Ca2+ influx, the order of potency being itraconazole > ketoconazole > fluconazole = voriconazole. These observations demonstrate the requirement for both the diazole/triazole moiety (all four agents), and the substituted phenylpiperazinyl ether side chain (itraconazole and ketoconazole only) for maximal anti-inflammatory activity of this class of pharmacological agents. PMID- 18924286 TI - Two hitherto unidentified copies of the Livre des proprietes des choses, from the Royal Library of the Louvre and the library of Jean de Berry. PMID- 18924287 TI - More in-depth examination of important topics in cardiovascular medicine. PMID- 18924288 TI - Is it time to switch to radial access? PMID- 18924289 TI - The cipher alphabet of John de Foxton's Liber cosmographiae. PMID- 18924290 TI - Parentally bereaved children's grief: self-system beliefs as mediators of the relations between grief and stressors and caregiver-child relationship quality. AB - We investigated whether 3 self-system beliefs--fear of abandonment, coping efficacy, and self-esteem--mediated the relations between stressors and caregiver child relationship quality and parentally bereaved youths' general grief and intrusive grief thoughts. Cross-sectional (n = 340 youth) and longitudinal (n = 100 youth) models were tested. In the cross-sectional model, fear of abandonment mediated the effects of stressors and relationship quality on both measures of grief and coping efficacy mediated the path from relationship quality to general grief. Fear of abandonment showed a marginal prospective mediational relation between stressors and intrusive grief thoughts. After excluding the mediators, relationship quality showed a direct prospective relation to intrusive grief thoughts. PMID- 18924291 TI - Meaning in life and personal growth among pediatric physicians and nurses. AB - Studies examining medical teams indicate that exposure to the terminally ill often has detrimental effects on their physical and emotional well-being. However, recent theoretical developments suggest that this exposure might also have positive implications. The current study sought to examine 2 positive outcomes, meaning in life and personal growth, among physicians and nurses working with hospitalized children and exposed to different levels of patient mortality. In addition, the contribution of level of secondary traumatization and the personal resources of professional self-esteem and optimism were examined. The sample consisted of 58 physicians and 66 nurses working in pediatric hemato oncology, pediatric intensive care units, and pediatric internal medicine wards in Israel. The findings indicate that a higher level of exposure to patient death, higher optimism, and professional self-esteem, and lower secondary traumatization predicted the sense of meaning in life, whereas occupation, as well as higher professional self-esteem and higher level of secondary traumatization, especially among lower professional self-esteem individuals, predicted a higher experience of personal growth. In addition, nurses reported higher levels of professional self-esteem, secondary traumatization, and personal growth than physicians. The theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed. PMID- 18924292 TI - Assessment of requests for assisted suicide by a Swiss right-to-die society. AB - Non-physician volunteers of Exit, the largest right-to-die organization in Switzerland, play an important role in assisted suicide. They conduct assessments and deliver lethal medications for a member to self-administer. This study analyses the content of 114 intake sheets (checklists) of Exit members whose requests for assisted suicide were granted in an effort to examine the frequency of depression and whether their relatives agreed with the member's decision to commit suicide (2 questions that can help increase the likelihood that the member's decision was both informed and voluntary). Exit's paperwork indicated that depression was found to exist in 27% of the cases, was more common among those under 65, and relatives explicitly disagreed with the member's decision in 5% of the cases. PMID- 18924293 TI - The continuing process of parental grief. AB - The death of a child is an incomprehensible and devastating loss. Grief for parents is lifelong, becoming the connection between parent and child. To extend and deepen current understanding of parental grief, a new survey instrument was developed, combining quantitative and qualitative measures. The qualitative findings from this combined methodological study are presented. Parental grief themes are derived from the respondents' descriptions of their grief resulting in a reformulation of parental grief. PMID- 18924294 TI - Treatment of complicated grief using virtual reality: a case report. AB - This is the first work exploring the application of new technologies, concretely virtual reality, to facilitate emotional processing in the treatment of Complicated Grief. Our research team has designed a virtual reality environment (EMMA's World) to foster the expression and processing of emotions. In this study the authors present a description of EMMA's World, the clinical protocol, and a case report. The treatment program was applied in eight sessions. We present a brief description of the session agendas including the techniques used. We offer short-term (from pre-test to post-test) and long-term (2-, 6- and 12-month follow ups) efficacy data. Our results offer preliminary support of the use of EMMA's World for the treatment of Complicated Grief. PMID- 18924295 TI - It's that time again! PMID- 18924296 TI - [Burnout in volunteer health workers]. AB - While diverse studies carried out in nursing and medical personnel have demonstrated that health workers can be subject to burnout, little effort has been focused on investigating burnout in volunteer hospital workers. The aim of the present study was to verify if burnout exists with volunteer auxiliary personnel and investigate what organizational conditions may favour it. The study was carried out on 80 volunteer workers of the Red Cross of Mortara (PV), subdivided into two categories: those performing emergency interventions and those performing routine services. For the evaluation of burnout, the Italian version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory was used, together with a qualitative type of methodology. A 5-factor multivariate analysis (sex x shift x team x seniority x role), having as dependent variables the three scales of the MBI, showed that the highest values of depersonalization and fulfillment are found in the emergency team, and that subjects with least seniority are those who are least satisfied or fulfilled. The category of team-leader resulted as that with the highest values of emotional burnout, while sex- and shift-based differences were restricted to routine service workers. Despite these differences, findings showed that subjects are minimally affected by problems linked to burnout, although some relational and organizational difficulties emerged with the medical staff that underlie a certain degree of professional dissatisfaction. PMID- 18924297 TI - Reliability of verbal descriptors of dyspnea and their relationship with perceived intensity and unpleasantness. AB - Verbal descriptors of dyspnea have been suggested as being useful in providing information on the underlying pathophysiology. However, little is known about the reliability of these descriptors. The present study examined the reliability of a German language list of respiratory symptom descriptors and studied the association of these descriptors with the intensity and unpleasantness of perceived dyspnea. Fourteen healthy volunteers performed cycle-ergometer exercise and voluntary breath-holding during which they rated the perceived intensity (VAS I) and unpleasantness (VAS-U) of dyspnea on visual analog scales. Following this, they judged their sensations of dyspnea using the list of symptom descriptors. Both conditions were repeated in reverse order on a subsequent occasion 10 days apart. Ventilatory measures, heart rate, blood lactate, VAS-I and VAS-U during cycle-exercise as well as breath-holding time, VAS-I and VAS-U during breath holding showed no differences between both occasions. Separate hierarchical cluster analyses identified four clusters of verbal descriptors of dyspnea which were widely comparable between both occasions: effort, speed, obstruction and suffocation. Separate multidimensional scaling analyses (MDS) confirmed these four clusters for each occasion. On both days, perceived unpleasantness of dyspnea was correlated with all four clusters during cycle-exercise, while perceived intensity showed only correlations with effort or speed, respectively. No such correlations were obtained for breath-holding. The results suggest that separable clusters of German language descriptors of dyspnea are reliably used by healthy volunteers. The obtained clusters are widely comparable to previously described clusters in other languages and are differently related to the intensity and unpleasantness of perceived dyspnea. PMID- 18924298 TI - [Impulsiveness as a multidimensional construct: an analysis in alcoholic patients]. AB - Impulsiveness is multifactorial in nature; hence, to investigate its components diverse theoretical models supported by different measurement tools have been proposed. Attention has been particularly focused on the effects that impulsiveness can have in determining and/or maintaining a behaviour of dependence. In the present study a group of subjects with alcohol dependence in treatment (N = 20) were compared with a control group (N = 21); the two groups were administered three different instruments designed to investigate the dimension of impulsiveness. A significant difference was found concerning the performance on the Iowa Gambling Task. This is a test that simulates a gambling situation and so evaluates the capacity to discern, in a decisional task, advantageous vs. non-advantageous options, where the former permit an immediate modest gain but also a future modest loss while the latter carry a heavier penalty than they allow to gain, even if the gains are very big. The alcoholics persisted in making impulsive choices significantly more than the control group, preferrng thus the higher wins but risking also greater losses. This result, in line with what is reported by the present contributions on the decisional style of subjects characterized by drug abuse, may be important in understanding the factors that predispose to and maintain excessive drinking behaviour. PMID- 18924299 TI - The elderly and quality of life: current theories and measurements. AB - The rapid evolution of biomedical knowledge and techniques has resulted in new life expectations, nourishing hope not only of adding years to life, but also quality of life (QoL) to years. The aim of the present study was to review the national and international literature concerning QoL and the elderly, and to outline the conceptual developments of QoL that have guided the research and development of different measurement instruments used for the assessment of QoL among the elderly population. From the review it emerged that the questionnaires most used to assess QoL in the research on the elderly are: the Short Form 36 (SF36), the Short Form 12 (SF12), the EuroQol (EQ5D), Life-Quality-Gerontology Centre Scale (LGC-Scale), and Quality of Life-Alzheimer's Disease (QoL-AD). PMID- 18924300 TI - The psychometric and psychosocial dimension of Albanian immigration: data from a preliminary study. AB - The present study is part of a wider ministerial project aimed at analysing--both the healthcare and psychological aspects--the phenomenon of illegal immigration, in particular Albanian immigration in Apulia. The CBA 2.0 Primary Scale was duly translated, in accordance with the guidelines set out in literature, to allow for identification and future use of psychological tools in Albanian and therefore assess the psychological dimension of a sample group of adult Albanians. Moreover, the eventual presence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) in subjects who arrived in Italy after a traumatic journey was studied. 82 Albanians were chosen (47 male and 35 female) having lived in Italy for over a year. All subjects were given the Albanian version of CBA 2.0 Primary Scale; subjects who had entered Italy illegally were asked to answer the DSM-IV questionnaire to assess PTSD and MDD and a semi structured questionnaire made up to evaluate their experiences, before, during and after the trauma of their journey. CBA 2.0 translated into Albanian does not reveal psychological disturbances of clinical significance but did reveal values of hardship significantly lower than the normal Italian standards. Only 3 cases of PTSD and 6 of MDD arose from the questionnaire regarding the assessment of PTSD and MMD. PMID- 18924301 TI - [Akrasia in ancient and modern thought--towards a cognitive model of akrasia]. AB - Akrasia is a philosophical concept that denotes the tendency to act in contradiction with one's best judgement. This study aimed to clarify the phenomenon in psychological terms through a working construct drawn from the available philosophical and sociological literature. After redefining akrasia in terms more appropriate to cognitive science, the authors designed a self description test suitable for measuring the latent dimensions hypothetically related to the akratic process. The questionnaire was administered to a group of 197 subjects aged between 18 and 60 years and the collected data underwent a confirmatory factorial analysis involving Structural Equations Models. The successive verification of the instrument's reliability and coherence showed the questionnaire to be a good indicator of the construct examined and confirmed that akratic behaviour--as the authors have defined it--is in fact explained by the factors which emerged. PMID- 18924302 TI - [A traumatic brain injury patient: from rehabilitation to social-familial re integration. Case report focusing on quality of life aspects]. AB - WHO recommends that the biopsychosocial model be adopted in the rehabilitation and, particularly, in the multidisciplinary care of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) patients. The neuropsychological, psychological, and Quality of Life (QoL) assessment of TBI patients follows the evolution of their clinical conditions. The following evaluation battery is administered in our Unit: Specific Neuropsicological Tests, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales Revised (WAIS-R), and the Short Form-36 (SF-36) and Satisfaction Profile (SAT-P), two generic questionnaires measuring respectively health status and subjective aspects of QoL. Mauro is an 18-year old patient with TBI, complicated after one and a half years by epilepsy. The clinical report is divided into three phases (3, 5 and 18 months post-TBI)--ranging from the first psychological-neuropsychological assessment to the patient's socio-educational re-integration--and includes self reports by the patient and/or his mother, a discussion of the QoL and neuropsychological data, and a presentation of the work carried out in the cognitive behavioural rehabilitation. The psychological topics that emerged are: memories of the traumatic event and the hospitalization period, enthusiasm about the "return to life", and difficulties and suffering due to the fact of "being different". This paper offers an example of both the assessment and treatment of TBI patients--following its course from where it begins in the Rehabilitation Center to its continuation in the patient's social environment. The purpose of such a global clinical management is to effectuate a psychosocial re-integration that is adequate in terms of the patient's cognitive resources and residual behavioural abilities. PMID- 18924303 TI - Agrammatism: a rehabilitative programme centered on treatment of verbal inflections. AB - Agrammatism is a clinical syndrome characterised by the omission or substitution of bound morphemes (prefixes, inflectional and derivational suffixes) and function words (articles, prepositions, auxiliary verbs). It is a composite reality with different features involved in differing degrees in each patient. Therefore, treatment should be individually tailored and based on an accurate analysis of the specific pathological manifestations. This study describes a rehabilitative programme used in the treatment of an agrammatic patient. Inflectional morphology training was the core of the programme. For the cognitive rehabilitation of the patient AM we followed the idea that the identification of vulnerable skills should be followed by targeted interventions which constitute the phases of a complete rehabilitation programme. Results showed an improvement of AM's performance in each of the verbal abilities treated (output lexicon, phonological programming and verbal inflections). The global amelioration was also evident in the analysis of samples of spontaneous speech and/or picture descriptions in which both quantitative and qualitative improvement was observed at different steps of the rehabilitative programme and at the 1-year follow-up evaluation (after treatment maintenance). AM's aftertreatment amelioration was generalized and prolonged in time. This result even if from the clinical point of view very encouraging, from the experimental point of view constitute a problem, given that the amelioration cannot unambigously be ascribed to the treatment administered. However, our results, considering that our treatment started one year after onset of symptoms and that the aphasic picture of AM seemed to be stable in the inter-treatment period (our treatment started six months after a post-acute period of treatment) we consider our results and the rehabilitative paradigm here applied worth of interest. PMID- 18924304 TI - Innovative strategies and biomarkers to assess occupational lung cancer risk. Foreword. PMID- 18924305 TI - Carbon dioxide, the unseen pollutant. PMID- 18924306 TI - Molecular diagnosis of lung cancer: an overview of recent developments. AB - Health surveillance of workers occupationally exposed to lung carcinogens calls for screening procedures which may not be fully justified, owing to current uncertainties about the outcome of early detection. Indeed, bias-free designs are difficult to set up, and the effects of lead time, length and screening biases can all result in an overestimation of the benefits of screenings, which certainly increase survival, but without any actual reduction of mortality. A major issue with modern imaging techniques is the very high incidence of discovery of lung nodules, usually false positive, but still calling for additional and sometimes painful examinations. Currently, the differential diagnosis is mainly based on additional imaging approaches, particularly positron emission tomography, which is very expensive and also shows limitations in terms of sensitivity and specificity. Therefore, purely morphological criteria seem to be insufficient to distinguish lung cancer at early stages from benign nodules with sufficient confidence. A molecular approach to the diagnosis of lung cancer through biomarkers measured by non-invasive means could greatly improve the specificity of imaging procedures. Extremely sensitive mass spectrometric techniques and polymerase chain reaction-based methods are available to detect, in accessible media, molecular alterations which characterise lung cancer at an early stage, thereby reducing the rate of false positives. The lessons learnt from decades of screening programmes based on imaging and the future prospects possibly enhanced by using biomarkers are briefly discussed in this overview. (www.actabiomedica.it) PMID- 18924307 TI - Occupational exposure and lung cancer in Italy: estimating the number of workers potentially at risk. AB - BACKGROUND: In 2001, a comprehensive and standardised list for occupations or jobs known or suspected to be associated with lung cancer was prepared. The aim of this study was to assess the number of potentially exposed workers using this list. METHODS: A detailed and unique list of codes has been developed on the basis of the national standard classification of economic activities. The list is divided into two categories: one of occupations definitely entailing carcinogenic risk and another of those which probably/possibly entail a risk. Firms have been selected from ISPESL database of enterprises and the number of workers has been estimated on the basis of this list. RESULTS: The number of potentially exposed workers in "industry and services" sector, related to lung cancer risk, is 650,886 blue-collars and the number of firms censused in Italy is 117,006 units. These figures--based on administrative sources rather than on direct measures of exposure--are likely to overestimate potential exposure to carcinogenic agents. CONCLUSIONS: The list founded on a standard classification permits the creation of databases to control occupational exposure to carcinogens and to increase comparability between epidemiologic studies based on job-exposure matrices. PMID- 18924308 TI - Exposure to occupational carcinogens and lung cancer risk. Evolution of epidemiological estimates of attributable fraction. AB - BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE WORK: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death world-wide. Among the possible causes, occupational risk factors play a major role and are potentially preventable. We reviewed the scientific evidence about lung cancer burden due to occupation. METHODS: We reviewed the literature and selected population case-control and cohort studies which provided estimates of the proportion of lung cancers attributable to occupational carcinogens (population attributable fraction, PAF). Different methods were used to evaluate occupational exposure to suspected/known lung carcinogens: lists of high-risk occupations, job-exposure matrix (JEM), expert assessment. Only studies which adjusted for tobacco smoking were included. RESULTS: The PAFs reported by the 32 selected Italian and international studies among men vary greatly in time and space: they ranged between 0 to 40% according to different geographical prevalence of hazardous industries (e.g., basic metal industries, shipbuilding and railroad equipment manufacturing). The PAFs estimated using JEM and expert assessment were on average higher. Data for women were usually few and insufficient to calculate stable estimates. CONCLUSIONS: A significant proportion of lung cancers is attributable to occupational carcinogens. The estimates are extremely variable in time and place and mainly depend on the industrial setting of the area under study; caution is therefore required in generalizing these results to the whole country. Alternative approaches to evaluate occupational lung cancer burden among women are necessary. PMID- 18924309 TI - Metallic elements in pulmonary biopsies from lung cancer and control subjects. AB - Occupational/environmental exposure to some metallic elements is a risk factor for the development of lung diseases, including lung cancer. We aimed at investigating the levels of arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, nickel and lead in the lung tissue of patients affected by early stage non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A small number of patients without a diagnosis of lung cancer were also included as control group. Lung tissue biopsies were collected from 45 NSCLC patients (both cancerous and unaffected tissues) and 8 control subjects undergoing surgery. Patients were stratified for smoking habits, histopathology and cancer sites. Metallic elements were determined in dry tissue after digestion by means of ICP-MS. Cd, Ni and Pb levels were higher in unaffected than in control tissues (0.52 vs 0.18 microg/g dry, p < 0.05 for Cd; 4.49 vs 1.8 microg/g dry,p < 0.05 for Ni; 0.21 vs 0.06 microg/g dry, p < 0.01 for Pb). The three elements, and particularly Cd, were influenced by smoking habits; Pb levels were higher in squamocellular carcinoma than adenocarcinomas; Ni distributed in the lungs in an inhomogeneous way. This study demonstrates that the unaffected lung tissue is more representative than the cancerous tissue of the pulmonary content of metallic elements. Tobacco smoke is a main factor affecting the concentration levels of Cd, Pb, and to a lesser extent Ni in the lung tissues of NSCLC patients. The role of past environmental-occupational exposures could not be fully elucidated, due to the limited sample size and the retrospective nature of the study. PMID- 18924310 TI - Metallic elements in lung tissues: results of a meta-analysis. AB - Several studies have investigated the levels of metallic elements in the pulmonary tissues of healthy subjects, patients with lung diseases and occupationally exposed subjects. The present meta-analysis was aimed at both assessing the possible contribution of metal exposure to the development of lung diseases, including lung cancer, and evaluating systematically the role and the weight of variability factors affecting the results of such studies. A literature research covering the period 1980-2007 was conducted using the public database PubMed. A standard scoring method was elaborated with a minimum score of 5 for inclusion and evaluation. Selected papers underwent a meta-analytical assessment. Fifty-eight papers were retrieved, but 21 of them could not be admitted to further analysis, due to failure to achieve the minimum score. The main limitations of individual studies included: limited sample sizes, poor control of smoking habits and differences in subjects' ages, lung tissue topography, sampling methods, storage procedures and data analysis. Copper and zinc were the most represented elements (121.96 +/- 0.74 and 12.98 +/- 0.07 microg/g dry weight, respectively). Among toxic metals, the highest concentrations were observed for chromium and lead (2.42 +/- 0.12 and 2.14 +/- 0.04 microg/g, respectively). Tissue concentrations were similar in unaffected tissues from both controls and lung cancer patients, whereas they were lower in lung tumor samples. A considerable intra- and inter-individual variability was noted. Such a variability of measures, combined with the very low metal concentrations calls for the definition and use of standardized procedures of sample collection, storage, and analysis. PMID- 18924311 TI - Breath analysis in non small cell lung cancer patients after surgical tumour resection. AB - Exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs), mainly aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, have been proposed as a diagnostic test for early lung cancer detection, but the effect of lung cancer surgical re-moval on exhaled VOCs pattern has never been specifically addressed. The aim of this study was to compare VOC levels measured in non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients before surgery (T0), one month (T1) and 3 years (T2) after surgical removal of tumour. In order to better understand the pathophysiological meaning of exhaled aromatic hydrocarbons, the same exhaled biomarkers were also assessed in cancerous and macroscopically unaffected lung tissue samples collected during surgical operation. Exhaled breath was collected in a specially designed Teflon bulb trapping the last 150 ml of a single slow vital capacity. After solid phase micro extraction, VOCs were analysed in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. VOC levels were unaffected by surgical removal, except for isoprene, whose concentration was significantly reduced. Three years after surgical operation, some VOCs significantly changed from baseline: in particular, we noted a decrease in isoprene and benzene concentrations, whereas the levels of pentane, toluene and ethylbenzene were increased in comparison with baseline values. Finally, lung tissue analysis showed that all aromatic hydrocarbons, except xylenes, were significantly higher in cancerous than in unaffected tissue. This study showed that surgical operation can influence the concentration of some exhaled VOCs opening a new scenario in the use of exhaled VOCs in lung cancer patients, not only for diagnostic but also for follow up purposes. PMID- 18924312 TI - Comparison between exhaled and bronchoalveolar lavage levels of hydrogen peroxide in patients with diffuse interstitial lung diseases. AB - The aim of the present study was to compare hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels resulting from oxidative stress in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) supernatants of subjects with different diffuse interstitial lung diseases (DILDs). Twenty-one patients who underwent BAL procedure for various DILDs were studied. EBC, which was collected the day before bronchoscopy, was obtained by cooling exhaled breath; BAL was processed for differential cellular count and supernatant was stored. H2O2 in both fluids was measured using a commercial fluorimetric kit with a limit of detection of 0.01 microM. No difference in H2O2 levels in EBC and in BAL was observed [median (range), 0.07 microM (0.01-0.6) and 0.08 microM (0.01-0.8), respectively]. No correlation was observed between BAL and EBC levels. H2O2 in BAL did not correlate with differential cellular count, whereas H2O2 EBC did correlate positively with the percentage of epithelial cells (r = 0.5, p = 0.007) and negatively with the number of macrophages (r = -0.4, p = 0.03). No correlation was observed between H2O2 levels either in EBC or BAL and lung function data. The data show that in DILDs H2O2 can be detected in both EBC and supernatants of BAL and that their relative concentrations are similar but not correlated with each other. The positive correlation between H2O2 levels in EBC and percentage of epithelial cells leads to the speculation that airway epithelia may play a relevant contribution in H2O2 production in the airway lumen. PMID- 18924313 TI - Urea in exhaled breath condensate of uraemics and patients with chronic airway diseases. AB - Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is composed mainly by water and also contains non volatile mediators, which are expired in small droplets of airway fluid. Urea has been proposed as a normalization factor for EBC non-volatile biomarkers. Aim of this study was to assess volatility and diffusivity of urea ex vivo and to measure its EBC concentrations in different clinical conditions. Volatility was assessed quantifying EBC concentrations collected at 4 different temperatures, whereas diffusivity was tested by measuring urea concentrations in both plasma and EBC from uraemic patients on intermittent haemodialysis. Urea was also measured in EBC from patients with chronic airway diseases, i.e., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and cystic fibrosis. The concentration of urea but not its absolute amount in EBC increased with condensation temperature. Haemodialysis influenced EBC and plasma urea concentrations in a similar way. The concentrations of urea in chronic airway diseases did not significantly differ from those of controls. Urea is a non-volatile molecule ex vivo and EBC urea depends on its concentrations in plasma. Urea concentrations in EBC are unaffected by three chronic airway diseases. We suggest that there is no need to normalize non-volatile biomarkers in EBC for urea concentrations to account for inter-individual variability. However, in repeated measurements within the same individual, the use of urea either as a normalizing factor or as covariate variable could be proposed to control intra-individual variability. PMID- 18924314 TI - Genotoxic and oxidative effects induced on A549 cells by extract of PM10 collected in an electric steel plant. AB - The present study was aimed at assessing the carcinogenic risk of occupational exposure to PM10 in electric steel plants. PM10 was collected on cellulose filter respectively outside (site 1) and inside (site 2) the furnace area, was measured, extracted and its metal content was analysed by ICP-MS. Cells were exposed for 30 min, 2 and 4 hours to extract of filter from each site diluted at 0.004, 0.008 and 0.02%. The direct/oxidative DNA damage caused by PM10 was evaluated on A549 cells by Fpg-modified comet assay, analysing Tail moment (TM) and comet percentage. Air samples contained 1.08 mg/m3 of PM10 in site 1 and 5.54 mg/m3in site 2 and different amounts of metals with higher levels of Zn, Al, Ni, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ba in site 2 and of Fe, Mn, Sb in site 1. In cells exposed for 2h to PM10 from both sites, an oxidative DNA damage was found concentrations of 0.008% and 0.02%. For site 2, a direct DNA damage at 0.02% was also found. After 4h a direct/oxidative DNA damage was detected at 0.02% for site 2 and an oxidative DNA damage for site 1. The results indicate a moderate DNA damage induction by used diluitions of PM10 extracts with higher extent for more polluted site 2. These findings show the suitability of this experimental model to evaluate early DNA damage induced by complex mixtures containing metals on target organ, suggesting its use to study biological effects of occupational exposure to such substances. PMID- 18924315 TI - Evaluation of DNA damage induction on human pulmonary cells exposed to PAHs from organic extract of PM10 collected in a coke-oven plant. AB - Occupational exposure of coke oven workers, classified by IARC as human carcinogen, is characterized by the presence of PAHs emitted during pyrolysis of coal. We aimed to clarify the mechanism of action of complex mixtures of PAHs and to identify biomarkers of early biological effect, evaluating on lung epithelial cells (A549) genotoxic and oxidative damage of airborne particulate matter collected in a coke plant. Particulate matter was collected in the oven area on glass filter, extract and analysed by GC/MS. Direct/oxidative DNA damage induced by exposure to extract were evaluated by Fpg comet assay. The cells were exposed for 30 min, 2h and 4h to extract of half filter diluted at 0.004%, 0.008% and 0.02%. We evaluated comet percentage and analysed tail moment values of cells treated with Fpg enzyme (TMenz) and untreated (TM) that indicate respectively oxidative and direct DNA damage. Air sample contained 0.328 microg/m3 of pyrene, 0.33 microg/m3 of benzo(a)anthracene, 1.073 microg/m3 of benzo(b)fluoranthene, 0.22 microg/m3 of benzo(k)fluoranthene, 0.35 microg/m3 of benzo(a)pyrene, 0.079 microg/m3 of dibenzo(a,h)anthracene and 0.40 microg/m3 of benzo(g,h,i)perylene. The dose-dependent increase of TM and TMenz in exposed cells was not significant, indicating only a slight direct and oxidative DNA damage in exposed cells. A small dose-time dependent increase of comet percentage was found. The study shows the high sensitivity of comet assay to measure early DNA damage also at low doses suggesting its use on lung epithelial cells to evaluate the effects of complex mixtures of genotoxic substances on target organ. PMID- 18924316 TI - Exposure to low levels of hexavalent chromium: target doses and comparative effects on two human pulmonary cell lines. AB - Intracellular reduction of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is associated with the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequent oxidative damage to different intracellular molecules like DNA, proteins and lipids is believed to contribute to the process of carcinogenesis. Aim of this study was to develop a model to establish a relationship between intracellular and macromolecule-bound chromium and some biomarkers of oxidative stress in two in vitro cell lines. Human lung adenocarcinoma (A549) and human bronchial epithelial (BEAS2B) cells were exposed for 3, 8 and 24 hours to relatively low doses (0.5--1--2 microM) of Cr(VI), i.e., to concentrations similar to what measured and reported by some authors in unexposed subjects and chromate workers. The results show that the differential cytotoxicity of Cr(VI) on the A549 and BEAS2B cell lines may be related both to their different polymorphism of Glutathione S-transferases genes and probably to their unlike permeability to Cr(VI). The glutathione decrease and the induction of HO-1 observed only in BEAS2B cells after Cr(VI) exposure strengthen the idea that glutathione S-transferases activity may accelerate the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) with the concomitant induction of oxidative stress. In conclusion, the determination of intracellular Cr in cellular models can be considered an important step in comparing in vitro and in vivo models on the basis of target doses and a promising approach to study the effects of pneumotoxic compounds. PMID- 18924317 TI - A new focus on assessing and treating asthma control in the African-American community: a call to action. AB - Asthma continues to be a highly prevalent disease characterized by significant morbidity, unnecessary mortality, and substantial cost to the health care system. After decades of increasing prevalence, the number of current asthmatics in recent years has plateaued at approximately 22 million people in the United States. An additional 10 million Americans have a past history of asthma that is not active. The burden of asthma is higher among African Americans than in any other racial or ethnic group in America. The African-American community continues to experience a disproportional increase in asthma prevalence, morbidity, and mortality. The educational initiatives stemming from the newly revised National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) guidelines provide the opportunity to address the increased burden of asthma in the African American community. These new guidelines, released in August 2007, focus on asthma control as the primary goal of therapy, routine monitoring of asthma control, and use of asthma control assessments to direct treatment. The present review discusses the following: I. The impact of health disparities on outcomes of African Americans with asthma, II. The barriers that prevent asthmatic patients from achieving optimal control, III. The unique factors that challenge practitioners and patients in achieving optimal asthma control in the African American Community, IV. The impact of good asthma control and the need for patients and clinicians to assess asthma control in with a standardized assessment tool, and V. Strategic initiatives and the role of the End The Attacks NOW program in improving outcomes for African American patients with asthma. PMID- 18924318 TI - [Criminal irresponsibility of mentally-disordered patients: current data and debate issues]. AB - Adopted by the French Parliament on February 25th 2008, law No 2008-174 about safety detention and declaration of penal irresponsibility on account of mental trouble has changed the process of declaration of irresponsibility on account of mental trouble. The law notably provides for the institution of a public and contradictory hearing, so that the victim can know what really happened, can debate about it, listen to the witnesses, the experts, the different sides, the barristers and the Director of Public Prosecutions. To be found in the law is a list of measures which can be taken by the penal courts on the occasion of a declaration of irresponsibility on account of mental trouble. Rather than stating the practical applications, partially contained in decree No 2008-361 (April 16th 2008), we offer the readers of this clarification to bring up again the foundations of that penal responsibility in France. The objective here is to understand what is at stake in the debate which for many months has opposed the different protagonists: psychiatrists, experts or not, magistrates, and plaintiff claiming damages. PMID- 18924319 TI - [Trigeminofacial zoster]. PMID- 18924320 TI - [Gastroesophageal diseases. Controversial issues]. PMID- 18924321 TI - [Gastroesophageal reflux disease and malignancy]. AB - Severe gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) predisposes to the development of Barrett's esophagus defined by the replacement of the squamous epithelium of the distal esophagus by a columnar epithelium. Barrett's esophagus is a precancerous condition which has a risk of malignant transformation to adenocarcinoma. Barrett's adenocarcinoma remains a relatively rare condition. Its incidence among patients followed up for Barrett's esophagus is approximately 0.5% patients per year. Besides GERD, obesity, male gender and age are the main risk factors for the development of Barrett's mucosa and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Men above 50 presenting with ancient and frequent GERD symptoms could benefit from an upper-GI endoscopy to detect Barrett's esophagus. Though still controversial, surveillance of Barrett's mucosa could allow detection of high grade dysplasia and esophageal adenocarcinoma at an early stage, enabling a curative treatment. Patients who cannot undergo surgery may be treated using endoscopic techniques such as endoscopic mucosal resection. PMID- 18924322 TI - [Pathophysiology of hiatal hernia]. PMID- 18924323 TI - [Impact of bariatric surgery on gastroesophageal reflux]. PMID- 18924324 TI - [Extra-esophageal manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease in adults]. AB - In adults, several extra-digestive manifestations (cough, asthma, angina-like chest pain, ENT symptoms, dental erosions and even sleep disturbances) may be due to gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD). In some cases, symptoms are triggered by an oesophageal reflex vagally mediated, while other symptoms are mainly related to the irritant effect of the refluxed material. The link with GORD is often difficult to establish because of the lack of typical digestive symptoms of GORD and of erosive oesophagitis in most of the cases. An empirical trial of double dose PPI therapy for 2 to 3 months can be done as the initial step in the diagnosis and treatment while oesophageal 24-hour pH monitoring is recommended by others to establish a temporal relationship between symptoms and reflux events. The optimal management algorithm remains to be determined. In some case, oesophageal luminal impedance monitoring could be useful to demonstrate a link between symptoms and a non-acid GORD. Traditionally, management of extra oesophageal GORD manifestations relies on prolonged high doses of PPIs but the symptomatic efficacy of such treatment has been discussed recently. In case of adequate response, treatment can be tapered down to determine the minimal required maintenance dose. Anti-reflux surgery could be an alternative in some cases. PMID- 18924325 TI - [Esophageal impedance testing]. PMID- 18924326 TI - [Dysphagia with no apparent cause]. AB - Dysphagia can be caused by a number of disorders, benign or malignant, that involve either the oropharynx or the esophagus. The cause of dysphagia can be determinated with an accuracy on the basis of a careful history alone in most cases. In patients without endoscopic abnormality, eosinophilic esophagitis must be suspected. Esophageal manometry is especially useful for the diagnosis of achalasia. There are no specific treatment for motility disorders other than achalasia and its variants. PMID- 18924327 TI - [Risk and prevention of gastrointestinal complications due to low-dose aspirin and other antiplatelet agents]. AB - Upper and lower gastrointestinal (GI) haemorrhages are the main complications associated with low-dose aspirin or anti-thrombotic drugs. In France, low-dose aspirin or anti-thrombotic agents use has been found in 30% of upper GI and 40% of lower GI bleeding episodes. Main causes of GI bleeding with low-dose aspirin are gastroduodenal peptic ulcer and colonic diverticulosis. Recent cohort studies have shown that the relative risk of GI bleeding with low-dose aspirin was comprised between 2 and 4 and the absolute risk comprised between 1 per 100 and 1 per 1000 aspirin users per year. Main risk factors for upper GI bleeding with low dose aspirin are concomitant antiplatelet agents, anticoagulants, non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or steroids use, and recent history of complicated or non complicated gastroduodenal ulcer. Helicobacter pylori infection increases the risk for upper GI bleeding with low-dose aspirin, but infection should be searched and treated only in patients with peptic ulcer. Despite eradication of H. pylori in the latter patients, gastroprotection with PPI is strongly recommended. In patients presenting with peptic ulcer bleeding with low-dose aspirin, aspirin should be continued in association with PPI rather than replaced with clopidogrel. Discontinuation of low-dose aspirin which exposes to increased cardiovascular complications and mortality should be avoided, even in cases of peptic ulcer bleeding. PMID- 18924328 TI - [Helicobacter pylori infection: what to do after first intent treatment failure?]. AB - First intent therapy of H. pylori infection is triple therapy combining PPI, amoxicillin and clarithromycin for 7 to 10 days. Due to the increasing rate of primary resistance to clarithromycin, expected eradication rates are below 70%. Consequently, treatment effect has to be systematically assessed by urea breath test: in case of failure, a second line triple therapy combining PPI, amoxicillin and metronidazole instead of clarithromycin for 14 days should be prescribed. Using this strategy, the global eradication rate after two lines of treatment is 90%. Rescue triple therapies combine PPI and amoxicillin with either levoloxacin or rifabutin for 10 days. Levofloxacin should be used first in order to prevent development of rifabutin resistance among mycobacteria. The increasing rate of quinolone resistance led to the proposal to perform culture with susceptibility testing prior to third line therapy. PMID- 18924329 TI - [Premalignant gastric lesions (except lymphomas)]. AB - Atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, autoimmune corpus atrophic gastritis, gastric remnant man 15 years after gastrectomy, hyperplastic or adenoma polyps and gastric ulcer are conditions associated with an increased risk of gastric carcinoma of intestinal or diffuse type. The role of Helicobacter pylori infection is major but the usefulness of H. pylorieradication to revert precancerous lesions is questionable. Except for patients with dysplasia, no consensus exists for endoscopic surveillance of these premalignant conditions in countries with low incidence of gastric cancer. PMID- 18924330 TI - [Risk of long-term treatment with proton pump inhibitors]. AB - Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) have become the mainstay of therapy in acid-related upper gastrointestinal disorders including gastroesophageal reflux disease and peptic ulcer disease. Alltough these medications are generally accepted as safe, the long-term clinical consequences of the inducing hypochlorhydria are not completely clear. Gastric acid production is mainly controlled by the hormone gastrin through a negative feedback in which hypochlorhydria induces an increase in serum gastrin. PPIs have been shown to increase serum gastrin levels. Gastric endocrine cell hyperplasia can occur in 10 to 30% of patients without carcinoid tumors. Recent studies indicate no association between PPI use and the risk of colorectal and gastric cancers. Proton pump inhibitor-associated gastric polyps are totally benign tumors that should not be followed. There is an association between PPIs-induced acid suppression and an increased risk of enteric infection. PPIs do not inhibit intestinal absorption of lipids, iron, phosphorus, magnesium or zinc from food but can affect vitamin B12 status in older patients. Despite the undoubted benefits of PPIs, the practitioner always needs to consider risks and benefits before initiating them. PMID- 18924331 TI - [Patient education handout. Gastroesophageal reflux]. PMID- 18924332 TI - [To grade the national ranking exam ... and beyond]. PMID- 18924333 TI - [Child abused and neglect. Maternal and child protection]. PMID- 18924334 TI - [Erectile dysfunction]. PMID- 18924335 TI - [Psychiatric disorders during pregnancy and post-partum]. PMID- 18924336 TI - [Methodology of clinical research]. PMID- 18924337 TI - [Management of a patient with cancer during all stages of disease]. PMID- 18924338 TI - [Experiment or prevention? Use of pneumococcal vaccines by the French troops during World War I]. PMID- 18924339 TI - [Influence of spontaneous ventricular premature beat coupling interval on the value of heart rate turbulence]. AB - The heart rate turbulence is promising marker of a sudden cardiac death. The aim of the study is to evaluate the influence of the ventricular premature beat (VPB) coupling interval on the values of turbulence onset (TO) and turbulence slope (TS) parameters in the three groups of patients--"healthy" with ventricular premature beats, pts post myocardial infarction (MI) and pts with chronic heart failure with the left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) < 0.35. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 382 pts were examined: healthy--149, post MI--123 and LVEF < 0.35 - 110. The distribution ofVPB was analyzed and the values ofTO and TS were evaluated according to the coupling intervals of VPB--in the intervals 00-50, 51-100 (% of RR interval) and in the intervals 34-66 and 67-100 (% of RR interval). RESULTS: The coupling interval of spontaneous ventricular premature beats cause the statistically significant variability HRT values in all three groups of pts. CONCLUSION: The values of TO in the groups of post MI pts and pts with chronic heart failure are higher (risky for sudden cardiac death) after VPB with longer coupling intervals (50-100%, event. 67-100% of RR interval). The TS values are lower (risky for sudden cardiac death) after VPB with longer coupling interval, too. For evaluation of HRT we should use the VPBs with long coupling intervals. PMID- 18924340 TI - [Coronary artery disease with premature manifestation in young patients]. AB - INTRODUCTION: Coronary artery disease (CAD) affects in lower percentage even younger individuals. This paper describes group of young patients aged 40 years or less with premature manifestation of CAD, including analysis of risk factors, severity of coronary arteries affection, management and follow-up lasting up to 7 years. PATIENTS AND METHODS: There were 98 patients included retrospectively, in whom macroscopic affection of coronary arteries was diagnosed by coronary angiography within the years 2000-2007. 68 of the patients were indicated to coronary angiography urgently due to acute coronary syndrome (ACS), 44 of them due to acute myocardial infarction with ST elevations. The patients were called for further co-operation and 45 of them (45.9%) were re-examined completely and they will be observed prospectively. The results show overall good short-term prognosis of these patients and confirm importance of early invasive management and revascularisation. One-year mortality of the patients with ACS was 1.9%. 80% out of 45 completely re-examined patients have ejection fraction of left ventricle better than 50% and 84% ofthem is without any anginal symptoms. However, our results show inadequate secondary prevention in these patients. 15 patients (33%) still smoke, 20 (44%) is over-weighted. Only 22 patients (49%) had LDL-cholesterol level bellow 2.5 mmol/l and even only 15 patients (33%) had blood pressure below 130/80 mm Hg. CONCLUSIONS: Management of these basic risk factors should improve even the long-term prognosis of our patients. PMID- 18924341 TI - [The relation between nutritional risk category identified by the modified Nutritional Screening 2002 and mortality in metabolic intensive care unit]. AB - INTRODUCTION: The presence of malnutrition is connected with the significantly higher mortality and morbidity. Its early detection is very important for the institution of nutrition intervention that has favourable impact on patient's prognosis. The nutrition screening is the simple and fast way of nutrition risk assessment. The aim of our study was to evaluate the relation of the modified Nutrition Risk Screening 2002 (NRS 2002) with mortality of patients admitted to metabolic intensive care unit (MICU) in prospective study. METHODS: Nutrition screening has been examined in all the patients admitted to MICU over half year period since January till June 2006. According to the screening result the patients were divided into three groups: with low, moderate and high nutrition risk. The relation of nutrition screening result with mortality in MICU was statistically evaluated. RESULTS: Data of 291 patients admitted to MICU have been collected. The modified nutrition screening revealed low risk in 130 (45%), moderate risk in 111 (38%) and high nutrition risk in 50 (17%) patients. 28 patients (9.6%) died during stay in MICU. 3 patients (2.3%) with low, 10 (9%) with moderate and 15 (30%) with high nutrition risk passed away in MICU (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The significant relation between the grade of nutrition risk evaluated by modified NRS 2002 and mortality in MICU has been found in our study. PMID- 18924342 TI - [Inflammatory reaction and its importance in the course of tumour process]. AB - This article gives basic information about the formation and the course of the inflammatory reaction, which is the important adaptation mechanism of the organism on the various external and internal injurants. The main attention is fixated on the role of the immune system in the course of the inflammatory reaction. It deals with the presence and the sense of the inflammatory reaction in the tumour environment in more detail. It gives the short information about the mechanisms of the antitumour defence. The influence ofthe inflammatory reaction on the genesis, the course and the progression of the tumour disease is discussed in the third chapter. PMID- 18924343 TI - [Hypertension in dialysis patients]. AB - Hypertension in long-term dialysis patients has a significant effect on cardiovascular morbidity and the mortality of such patients. Important factors in the pathogenesis of hypertension in dialysis patients include retention of sodium and water, activation of the rennin-angiotensin system and the sympathetic nervous system, disorders of calcium and phosphate metabolism with osteogenic differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells and calcification of arteries, vasoactive substance imbalance, endothelium dysfunction and erythropoietin therapy. The basis of treatment is diet with limited salt and fluid intake, restriction of phosphorus in the diet and treatment with phosphate binders, correct dialysis tactics and anti-hypertension medication. Unrestricted salt consumption and a high concentration of sodium in the dialysis solution, alongside reduced residual dieresis, lead to thirst and increased intake of fluids and subsequent water retention. In dialysis it is important to achieve an optimal "dry weight", i.e. body mass excluding surplus water in the organism. A sufficient length ofhaemodialysis ensures the removal (ultrafiltration) of excess fluid without episodes of hypotension. If the target blood pressure (< 140/90 mm Hg) cannot be achieved through diet and the maintenance of dry weight, anti hypertension therapy is used. The optimal choice are blockers for the rennin angiotensin system: they reduce the mortality of dialysis patients, reduce hypertrophy of the left ventricle, reduce the activity of the sympathetic nervous system, improve endothelial function and reduce oxidative stress. Some anti hypertension medications (certain ACEIs and beta-blockers) are eliminated by dialysis and it is therefore necessary to adapt the choice of medication and the time of administration. There is a need for further controlled studies to determine the optimal therapy for hypertension in dialysis patients. PMID- 18924344 TI - [BK viral infection after renal transplantation]. AB - Viral infections have been a subject of great interest in patients after organ transplantations. Post-transplant immunosuppressive therapy is often associated with transfenction or reactivation of viruses. The human polyomavirus type I, also called BKvirus (BKV), causes polyomavirus-associated nephropathy (PVAN) in 1 10% of renal transplant recipients. Thanks to increased PVAN awareness and improved diagnostic techniques, the rate of graft loss has lowered, more consistently in centres with active screening and intervention programs. The risk factors for PVAN are not conclusively defined and likely involve complementing determinants of recipient, graft, and virus. Central element seems to be the failing balance between BKV replication and BKV-specific immune control, which can result from intense triple immunosuppression, HLA-mismatches, prior rejection and anti-rejection treatment, or BKV-seropositive donor/seronegative recipient pairs. PVAN diagnosis requires the evaluation of a renal biopsy showing polyomavirus cytopathic changes and confirming BKV through an ancillary technique such as immunohistochemistry. The success rate of the intervention is increased with earlier diagnosis. Therefore, it is recommended that all renal transplant recipients should be screened for BKV replication in urine and serum. The treatment of BKVN consists mainly of reduction in immunosuppressive therapy. Currently, in the clinical management of PVAN, no satisfactory antiviral treatment has been defined. Retransplantation after renal allograft loss to PVAN remains a treatment option for patients clearing polyomavirus replication. PMID- 18924345 TI - [Budd-Chiari syndrome--hematologists' part in the multidisciplinary approach]. AB - Budd-Chiari syndrome presents a serious disease with a complex etiology and clinical manifestations, which is associated with high morbidity and mortality. An early diagnosis and therapy is mandatory due to the severity of disease and therapy contains the treatment of underlying disorder, anticoagulation therapy and therapy of liver impairment. We discuss hematologists' contribution to the diagnostic approach and therapy of this syndrome. PMID- 18924346 TI - [Kidney damage in multiple myeloma and other monoclonal gammopathies]. AB - Multiple myeloma typically damages the skeleton in the form of osteolytic lesions or diffuse osteoporosis and causes a decrease in blood production. Renal insufficiency is diagnosed immediately at the onset of illness when establishing diagnosis in up to 20% of patients. Where patients suffer from an advanced form of the illness, it occurs in up to 40%. The predominant cause of damage to the kidneys is the monoclonal light chains. Most frequently, nephropathy is caused by the precipitation of light chains with the Tamm-Horsfall protein in the distal part of the loop of Henle and subsequent tubular ruptures and the creation of fibrous changes in the interstitium. Less frequently, there is clinically serious damage to tubular functions without indication of renal insufficiency. In some patients monoclonal immunoglobulin induces changes in the glomeruli. A rare type of damage is deposits of light chains in the form of AL-amyloid and subsequent nephritic syndrome. A very rare form is the deposition of monoclonal immunoglobulin in the form of amorphous matter (light-chain deposition disease) or in the form of crystals within tissue histiocytes (crystal storing histiocytosis). Both of these disorders cause renal insufficiency and less frequently nephritic syndrome such as AL amyloidosis. With timely and intensive treatment of multiple myeloma, which quickly suppresses the creation of light chains, a significant proportion of patients experience reparative changes and improved kidney function. The benefit of plasmapheresis for patients with severe kidney damage has not been confirmed by randomised studies. At the present time the first positive results are becoming available from tests of the use of pre emptive haemodialysis with special columns that are permeable for light chains. The aim of the text is to provide information on the various forms of nephropathy whose closer analysis can reveal multiple myeloma and contribute to the timely diagnosis of the cause of the nephropathy. PMID- 18924347 TI - [67Ga-citrate SPECT imaging of the isolated right ventricle heart metastatic malignant melanoma in a patient with chest pain]. AB - AIM: To present a rare case report about a woman with a right heart ventricle malignant melanoma metastasis who presented with chest pain and that was successfully detected by 67Ga-citrate single photon emission computer tomography (SPECT). MATERIAL AND METHOD: A 73-years-old woman with a past history of excision of a malignant melanoma from the right calf, 6 years later, was admitted to hospital with chest pain. The examination excluded myocardial ischemia. The chest CT and MR imaging detected a large tumour mass in the right heart ventricle. The CT and MR finding was evaluated as a suspect benign, mesenchymal intracardiac tumour. The 67Ga-citrate scintigraphy for restaging of malignant melanoma was performed. The double-head gamma camera VariCam (Elscint) with infrared body countouring and the large field of view was used. The gamma camera was fitted with medium-energy, parallel-hole collimators. Images were evaluated by processing system Xpert-Pro (Elscint). RESULTS: The whole body planar scintigraphy from anterior and posterior view was negative without pathological uptake of 67Ga-citrate, but the subsequent chest SPECT revealed oval focus (4 x 5 x 4 cm) of the pathological uptake in the right heart ventricle. The SPECT slices and whole body planar scans were evaluated as the suspect isolated metastasis of a malignant melanoma in the right ventricle (it was proven by biopsy) without others metastases. The woman underwent percutaneous transcatheter biopsy from the right heart ventricle and malignant melanoma metastasis was proven. CONCLUSION: The chest SPECT improved the sensitivity of 67Ga-citrate scintigraphy. The suspect malignant character of cardiac involvement was proven by 67Ga-citrate scintigraphy. PMID- 18924348 TI - [Acute pericarditis as an organic manifestation of the acute infection Chlamydia pneumoniae]. AB - The article presents the case of a 52-year-old patient who was treated in our clinic for very serious acute Chlamydia pericarditis (a Chlamydia pneumonia infection) with a large pericardial exudate. The clinical progression was that of an acute systematic illness. The article describes the differential diagnostic algorithm used during hospitalisation and the corresponding treatments provided. Similar cases are very rarely described in the literature. The discussion includes an analysis of the possible organic manifestations of acute and chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infections. This bacterium most frequently attacks the respiratory tract but in humans may also cause separate organic complications such as effects on joints, the lungs, the CNS and the heart. The medicine of choice is always long-term antibiotic therapy (macrolides, fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines). PMID- 18924349 TI - [Superior mesentery artery embolization as a complication of the primary angioplasty solved by local thrombolysis]. AB - Acute mesentery artery embolization is a rare complication of invasive catheterizations. The incidence is unknown. In case of late diagnosis the mortality may reach up to 93%. Acute abdominal pain, vomitus, rapid and sudden bowel evacuation with or without blood are the typical symptoms of the disease. Plain X-Rays of abdomen or CT tomography may show no signs of intestinal ischaemia. The diagnostic method to choose is either spiral CT angiography or contrast angiography, respectively. The most common therapeutical approach is surgical revascularization but in selected cases it is feasible to perform local thrombolysis with a microcatheter placed directly into the artery with embolus. We report a case of a man who was admitted with an acute myocardial infarction who underwent primary angioplasty with implantation ofa bare-metal stent. After the procedure he developed severe and progressive abdominal pain as a result of acute superior mesentery artery embolization. In this patient we performed a local thrombolysis with rt-PA (alteplase) with a great technical success and immediate pain relief, with no need of surgical revision. Our approach was concordant to recommendations cited in this article. PMID- 18924350 TI - [Presentation of "treated about internal medicine"]. AB - A historical study of the Internal Medicine of the Complutense University during the 20th century was completed alongside an updated report of the same University. PMID- 18924351 TI - [Advances in biotechnologies applied to the reproduction of the human species: ethical considerations]. AB - In the last decades, we have seen the emergence of new biotechnologies designed to assist reproduction in domestic animals. More restraint consi- derations of each technological advance should be made before its application to human medicine. This article discussed the moral status of the embryo, the dehumanising aspects of procedures as well as the social implications and argue what regulation if any should restrict the use of these biotechnologies in the human species. PMID- 18924352 TI - [Surgical relevance of some aspects of heart's embriology]. AB - We consider some aspects of cardiac embriology which explain the formation of pericardial cysts, anomalies of venae cavae, types of atrial septal defect (ostium primum, secundum, foramen ovale), anomalies in septal ventricular development by absence of structures to perform the septum (atrio-ventricularis communis, truncus arteriosus), lack of alineation (Taussig-Bing's complex, transposition of the great vessels, Eisenmenger's complex, Fallot's tetralogy) or interruption in their development (isolated ventricular septal defect). Finally the evolution of aortic arcs, ductus, aorta's istmus and anomalies in coronary arteries, are also considered. PMID- 18924353 TI - [Indicators of cardiorespiratory physical activity in physical medicine and rehabilitation]. AB - Indications in cardiovascular and respiratory procedures, osteoporosis, Diabetes Mellitus and obesity and their specified actions with cardiorespiratory physical activity require parameters which are based on consumption of energy, on effort applied in the biomechanical kinetic activity and kinematics. Using three models of physical activity: 1. Aerobic resistance exercise; 2. Strength-Resistance; 3. Chronic overexertion. The results of neutrophils, proteinuria, LDH, CPK, GOT, GPT and blood iron levels correlate statistically with the results of trace minerals: Zinc and Copper. PMID- 18924354 TI - [Isolation and viability of human endothelial cells in tissue engineering]. AB - Construction of human blood vessels by tissue engineering is strongly dependent of the use of viable and fully functional cultured endothelial cells (ECs). In this work, we have determined in a preliminary study both cell viability and PGI2 activity in primary cell cultures of human ubilical vein ECs, to identify the specific cell passage that is more appropriate to be used in tissue engineering protocols. Cell viability was determined by quantification of the intracellular cocnentration of several ions by electron probe X-ray microanalysis, whereas PGI2 release was quantified by radioimmunoassay. The results of our analyses demonstrate that the K/Na ratio was different for each cell passage, suggesting that the highest cell viability corresponds to the third passage. In contrast, PGI2 production was higher at the first two cell passages, with a significant decrease at the third passage. These data suggest that cells corresponding to the second cell passage show the best ratio viability/ functionality and should therefore be used for tissue engineering protocols. PMID- 18924355 TI - [Peculiarities of the surgery in the elderly. I. General considerations]. AB - Geriatric surgery has experienced a great development over the past decades, not only because of the aging of the population, but also because of the better understanding of the aging process and technical progress. All these circumstances have expanded surgical supply to the elderly, as well as similar results to those earned in younger patients. In this paper, we review the concept of elderly, population aging, pathophysiology of aging, the peculiarities of illness in the elderly and the impact of aging on surgical practice. After considering the concept of surgical risk, we discuss preoperative evaluation of the old patient, plus aspects related to the surgery itself and postoperative recommendations. Finally, we conclude with some ethical considerations about surgery in the elderly. PMID- 18924357 TI - [Advances of capsule endoscopy. Presentation of the book: "Atlas of capsule endoscopy"]. AB - Capsule endoscopy is a new technique which has meant a real change in clinical medicine regarding diagnosis and therapy applied to many illnesses in the digestive tract. Nowadays, thanks to the different prototypes available, capsule endoscopy can be used to study esophageal, intestinal and colonic pathologies, being mainly recommended for obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. The aim of Capsule Endoscopy Atlas, directed by Professors Herrerias and Mascarenhas, in which the inventors of the technique have also taken part together with some other worldwide re-known experts, is to spread the current step-forwards in this new form of endoscopy. PMID- 18924356 TI - [Spondylosis: diseases of the vertebral column]. AB - Frequent and transcendent diseases for the difficulties of his diagnosis and treatment. The components of the vertebral column, vertebral bodies, discs and unvertebral joints, spondylosis ligaments must be considered to be a functional Unit. The Patology of each one of their parts concerns or reverberates in others. PMID- 18924358 TI - [Roberto Novoa Santos, 75 years later 1885-1993]. AB - In the first quarter of the twentieth century, a period known as "The Silver Age of Spanish culture," Prof. D. Roberto Novoa Santos (La Coruna, 1885 -Santiago de Compostela, 1933) stands out as a key figure in the so-called "Generation Maranon" (Granjel, 1986, Gracia (1987). Chairman Professor of General Pathology at the University of Santiago (1912) and later at the Central University of Madrid (1927), Dr. Novoa Santos exercised the mastery and dedication to teaching until his untimely death at the age of forty-eight. His most important academic work: Manual de Patologia General (Handbook of General Pathology), with eight published editions, was a text book reference for several generations of physicians and students since its first edition in 1916 until the 50's. The Psychopathology General is a chapter included into the pathophysiology. A profound philosophical and thoughtful connotation is evident in all his production, with more than 250 manuscripts in which he reflects an ongoing debate between Positivism and Spiritualism in search for the ultimate Truth. Dr Novoa's work is enhanced 75 years after his death. Reproducing Maranon's words: "The most transparent and emotive word that passed through the Spanish University." PMID- 18924359 TI - [Reflexes, instincts, emotions and passions]. AB - In animals of the same species, the reflexes, having evolved similarly, in a few milliseconds, automatically activate the corresponding reflex arch and without the intervention of the animal generate the adequate response: medullary, mesencephalic or trans-hemispheric. These neurophysiological functions have allowed the animals to be free from predators and increasy their longevity and, as a consequence, the appearance of numerous species during millions of years. A further step in the reflexes evolution, the instincts emerged and their activity, a result of neuro-hormonal functions, stimulates the male's sexual appetite when the females are receptive for their copulation and fecundation. PMID- 18924360 TI - [The Charles Bonnet syndrome]. AB - The Charles Bonnet syndrome characterizes by the presence of very vivid hallucinations that occur in otherwise normal people with vision problems. Patients are aware that their hallucinations are unreal and proceed from their brain. The most plausible hypothesis may be the presence of two streams of information: one from the periphery to the centre and its opposite. As the flow from the periphery to the centre diminishes, the flow in the opposite direction rises up. PMID- 18924361 TI - TMN staging for prostate cancer update. PMID- 18924362 TI - Coronary artery bypass surgery--a mortality advantage in the era of drug-eluting stents? PMID- 18924363 TI - A breath of fresh air for COPD. PMID- 18924364 TI - Comparison of body mass index and waist circumference as predictors of all-cause mortality in a male insured lives population. AB - Obesity assessed by body mass index (BMI) is associated with increased mortality risk, but there is uncertainty about whether BMI is the best way to measure obesity. Waist circumference (WC) has been proposed as a better measure. The Swiss Re BMI/WC Study was conducted to determine whether BMI or WC is a better predictor of future all-cause mortality in a large male insurance population. Using Cox proportional hazard models, risk ratios for increasing BMI and WC were 1.033 (P < .001) and 1.027 (P < .001), respectively. Risk ratios for obesity defined by BMI > or = 30 kg/m2 and WC > or = 40 inches were 1.33 (P < .001) and 1.20 (P = .002), respectively. In this study, BMI and WC are essentially equivalent in their ability to predict mortality risk in a male insurance population. Obesity, measured by either BMI or WC, has important underwriting and pricing implications. PMID- 18924365 TI - Long-term mortality after coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a mortality abstract. PMID- 18924366 TI - Mortality in older adults in relation to daily activity energy expenditure. AB - INTRODUCTION: The authors of the article forming the basis of this mortality abstract refer to past observational studies, which have shown that older subjects with limited daily activity have a higher mortality than those with greater physical activity. However, in these studies degree of activity was assessed by answers to a questionnaire. The authors of the source article utilized an isotopic method that measured total energy expediture (TEE), from which daily activity energy expenditure (DAEE) could be derived, after measurement of basal metabolic rate (BMR) and adjustment for the thermic energy of meals. The equation used for this derivation is: DAEE = 0.9TEE - BMR. METHODOLOGY: Expected 7-year survival rates were calculated from the 1989-1991 US Life Tables, and from these mean annual survival and mortality rates were derived as geometric means, for white male, white female, nonwhite male and nonwhite female cohorts, with age 75 the initial age and age 82 the terminal age. There were minor race differences but major sex differences in the race/sex distribution in each DAEE group; the weighting calculations are described in detail. Weighting is utilized not only for the expected but also for the observed mean annual rates. Mean annual mortality rates per 1000 person-years are given in the article, but no exposure data. Exposure has been estimated as E = d/(decimal q). RESULTS: The 302 patients followed were divided into approximately equal groups, but the proportion of females was highest (71/101) in the group with lowest DAEE, 53/102 in the middle DAEE group, and only 26/99 in the group with maximum DAEE. The disparity in sex distribution resulted in a disparity in expected mortality and the need to adjust the observed survival and mortality rates. The group with the highest DAEE (> 770 kcal/ day) had the lowest adjusted annual mortality rate (21.2 deaths per 1000 person-years). This was used as the reference "expected" mortality rate for the intergroup comparisons of excess mortality. The excess death rate (EDR) for the group with intermediate DAEE (521 770 kcal/day) was 7.3 extra deaths per 1000 per year; the EDR for the group with lowest DAEE (< 521 kcal) was 14.8 per 1000 per year. When mortality in the total cohort of 302 subjects was compared with that expected in the matched US population, the mortality ratio was only 49%, and the EDR was -31 per 1000 per year. PMID- 18924367 TI - MMLC - ISCS aviation and hazardous sports study. AB - OBJECTIVE: This study used the Impairment Study Capture System (ISCS) to examine the relationship between mortality and participation in aviation and/or hazardous sports in an insured population. BACKGROUND: With ever improving mortality in the industry, the significance of mortality from these "risky" activities may be more impactful than ever. This study fills a 20-year gap in intercompany studies of these risks. METHODS: We studied 45,206 policies submitted through the ISCS between 1989 and 2004 with codes signifying recent or anticipated participation in aviation or hazardous sports. Aviation activity included both private and commercial flying and was crudely stratified by hours flown. Hazardous sports included motor vehicle racing, flying in other than conventional aircraft, underwater sports, and other. Excess death rates per thousand, relative to the 2001 VBT were computed. Results were stratified by underwriting factors of interest. RESULTS: Sixty-nine deaths were observed in the aviation study and 60 in hazardous sports over an average followup of 3.2 years. An additional 6 deaths were observed in policies belonging to both studies. Extra mortality was observed for aviation in early durations only whereas mortality from hazardous sports persisted longer. Mortality was higher for policies rated for these activities vs those issued at standard rates. No other variable of underwriting significance was meaningful. CONCLUSIONS: Life insurance underwriting identifies the least risky of these activities and classifies them appropriately. The absence of extra mortality in later durations may be real or could be the artifact of study design. PMID- 18924368 TI - Assessing mortality risk in COPD. PMID- 18924369 TI - Atrial septal aneurysm. AB - As we begin to see more echocardiograms in the medical records that are available to us, we are faced with assessing some findings that leave us with questions about their significance. One such finding is the atrial septal aneurysm (ASA). PMID- 18924370 TI - "Complicated" right bundle branch block. AB - Isolated right bundle branch block is generally regarded as a benign finding in the absence of underlying structural heart disease. The presence of "electrocardiographically-complicated" right bundle branch block should alert the medical director to occult heart disease, which might impact on long-term survival. PMID- 18924371 TI - Tuberculosis. AB - Tuberculosis is the number one infectious disease killer worldwide: 2 billion people have latent TB, and 3 million people die of the disease annually. PMID- 18924372 TI - Screening life insurance applicants with hemoglobin A1c. PMID- 18924373 TI - Storage of samples at high temperatures reduces the amount of amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis DNA detectable by PCR assay. AB - Chytridiomycosis, caused by the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), is an emerging infectious disease responsible for amphibian declines on several continents. In laboratory conditions, optimal temperatures for Bd growth and survivorship are between 17 and 25 degrees C. We investigated the effect of different storage temperatures, both in field and laboratory conditions, on detection of Bd from swabs stored for 7 d. We sampled 52 wild Litoria wilcoxii males for Bd by simultaneously running 2 cotton swabs along the skin of the frog. One group of swabs was stored in a freezer within 2 h of sampling and the other was kept in a car in an exposed environment for 7 d before being stored in the freezer. In the laboratory experiment, swabs were inoculated with zoospores of Bd and underwent one of 4 treatments: immediate DNA extraction, or storage at 27, 38 or 45 degrees C for 7 d prior to DNA extraction. Swabs from all treatments were analyzed by quantitative (real-time) PCR test. Though prevalence of Bd did not differ significantly between swabs that were frozen and those that remained in a car for 7 d (19.2 vs. 17.3%, respectively), the number of Bd zoospores detected on car swabs taken from infected frogs was, on average, 67% less than that detected on the corresponding frozen swab. In the laboratory experiment, the number of zoospore equivalents varied significantly with treatment (F(3,35) = 4.769, p = 0.007), indicating that there was reduced recovery of Bd DNA from swabs stored at higher temperatures compared with those stored at lower temperatures or processed immediately. We conclude that failure to store swabs in cool conditions can result in a significant reduction in the amount of Bd DNA detected using the PCR assay. Our results have important implications for researchers conducting field sampling of amphibians for Bd. PMID- 18924375 TI - Reduced Lepeophtheirus salmonis larval abundance in a sea loch on the west coast of Scotland between 2002 and 2006. AB - A survey for planktonic sea louse larvae was carried out in Loch Shieldaig, Scotland, between 2002 and 2006, and spanned 2 successive production cycles (Cycles 1 and 2) at a local Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. farm. The vast majority of the caligid copepodids recovered were Lepeophtheirus salmonis; however, the methodology was unable to determine the species of the caligid nauplii. Greatest densities of nauplii were found at the sampling station adjacent to the salmon farm, and larval densities were low during the fallow period of both cycles. Peaks in nauplius densities occurred around the same time in the 2 cycles, but the peaks were significantly lower during Cycle 2 than Cycle 1. Lepeophtheirus salmonis copepodid densities varied temporally, but not spatially. During most of Cycle 2, copepodid densities were significantly lower than those recovered during Cycle 1. Numbers of gravid L. salmonis at the local salmon farm correlated significantly with densities of louse nauplii and L. salmonis copepodids in the water at time lags of 0 and 1 wk, and 1 and 2 wk, respectively. This survey demonstrated a reduction in densities of L. salmonis larvae in the plankton (an indication of L. salmonis infectious pressure) between the 2 cycles and indicated that the farm was an important source of L. salmonis larvae. The application of anti-louse treatments using emamectin benzoate reduced the numbers of gravid L. salmonis at the farm, and this was the main factor influencing the apparent reduction in L. salmonis infectious pressure in the loch between cycles. PMID- 18924374 TI - Methods for investigating patterns of mortality and quantifying cause-specific mortality in sea-farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. AB - Methods for investigating patterns of mortality and quantifying cause-specific mortality in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar farming were developed. The methods were further used to investigate mortality and patterns of mortality for the first 3 mo after sea transfer in the 2006 year-class autumn smolts (SO) of Norwegian farmed Atlantic salmon. In the study population, which consisted of 20 pens at 10 sites, cause-specific mortality was examined by 11 fish health professionals during 8 visits to each pen. Cause-specific mortality proportions were used to convert crude mortality into cause-specific mortality. Cumulative mortality in the study period was 2.1% in the study population compared with 3.7% for the 2006 year-class SOs in the national database. Of this cumulative mortality, 73 and 59% took place in 20% of the pens in the study and the reference population, respectively. Daily mortality rates in the study population showed a variation from 0 to 2376 per 100,000 fish where the majority of mortality was observed during disease outbreaks. All study pens had periods of low baseline mortality and some pens had no increased mortality during the study period. Of 2088 dead fish examined, 92% (1929 fish) were assigned a specific cause of death, and in 97% of these 1929 fish the investigators reported the given cause of death to be likely or very likely. Ulcers were the main cause of death, accounting for 43% of the assigned mortality, and infectious agents were involved in 64% of the total mortality. The study shows that probable causes of death can be established in Atlantic salmon farming and their contribution to total mortality measured. PMID- 18924376 TI - Gonadal alterations in male whitefish Coregonus fatioi: no evidence for genetic damage reducing viability in early life stages. AB - In recent years, numerous cases of morphological gonadal alterations in fish have been recorded throughout the world and across a wide range of species. In the whitefish Coregonus fatioi from the pre-alpine Lake Thun (Switzerland), the frequency of gonadal alterations is particularly high and the variety of alteration types large. Little is known about the proximal causes and the direct consequences of these morphological features on population persistence. In particular, the potential for the observed alterations to be the phenotypic expression of reduced genetic quality has not yet been addressed. In this study, we used offspring survival during embryogenesis as a proximate indicator of male genetic quality and tested whether the presence of gonadal alterations in males is an indicator of reduced quality. Embryos resulted from in vitro fertilizations of gametes from 126 males and females. We found no significant correlation between embryo survival and gonadal alteration in adults. Our findings suggest that in C. fatioi of Lake Thun, alterations in gonad morphology are not a phenotypic expression of variation in genetic quality. PMID- 18924377 TI - Mortality and physical damage of angled-and-released dusky flathead Platycephalus fuscus. AB - We completed 2 experiments to quantify the mortality and physical damage (fin, blood and scale loss) of angled dusky flathead Platycephalus fuscus during a live weigh-in tournament (Expt 1) and after being immediately released by anglers (Expt 2). In each experiment, 84 and 79 angled P. fuscus were placed into up to 6 replicate tanks and, along with appropriate numbers of controls, monitored for mortalities over 5 d. Five and 7 of the angled fish died within 12 h, providing mortalities of 3.6 and 8.9% in Expts 1 and 2, respectively. One control fish died, which was attributed to an incorrectly inserted tag. None of the continuous or categorical variables collected during angling and subsequent release, or the experimental design, could explain the few observed mortalities to treatment fish. However, knotted large-mesh landing nets caused significantly greater fin damage than knotless fine-mesh designs in both experiments (p < 0.05). Furthermore, although water quality had no measured impact on the confined fish, the samples taken from anglers' live wells (mostly for Expt 1) were significantly poorer than the environment from which the fish were caught (p < 0.05). These latter differences may have had a cumulative negative impact on fish that manifested as the observed deaths. Simple changes to the post-capture handling of P. fuscus, involving appropriate landing nets and live wells, should reduce some angling impacts on this species. PMID- 18924378 TI - Influence of carp intestinal mucus molecular size and glycosylation on bacterial adhesion. AB - The first step of the pathogenesis of many infectious diseases is the colonisation of the mucosal surface by the pathogen. Bacterial colonisation of the mucosal surface is promoted by adherence to high molecular weight mucus glycoproteins. We examined the effect of carp intestinal mucus glycoproteins on the adhesion of different bacteria. The bacteria used were 3 strains of Aeromonas hydrophila, and A. salmonicida, Edwardsiella tarda and Yersinia ruckeri. All bacteria adhered to mucus, but at varying intensities. All tested bacteria adhered best to molecules of 670 to 2000 kDa in size, less to molecules larger than 2000 kDa and weakest to molecules of 30 to 670 kDa. In general, bacteria that showed a stronger adhesion to intestinal mucus were cytotoxic to cells in vitro, and bacteria that showed a weaker adhesion to intestinal mucus did not lead to alterations of monolayers of EPC-cells. Furthermore, the involvement of glycan side chains of the glycoproteins for bacterial adhesion was analysed for one A. hydrophila strain. After cleavage of terminal sugar residues by treatment of mucus glycoproteins with different glycosidases, binding of bacteria was modulated. When mannose was cleaved off, adhesion significantly increased. Blocking of glycan receptors by incubation of bacteria with different oligosaccharides had no clear effect on bacterial binding to mucus glycoproteins. Our results suggest that bacteria interact with carbohydrate side chains of mucus glycoproteins, and that the carbohydrates of the core region are involved in bacterial binding. PMID- 18924379 TI - Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for rapid detection of Renibacterium salmoninarum, the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease. AB - A loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was developed for rapid, specific and sensitive detection of Renibacterium salmoninarum in 1 h without thermal cycling. A fragment of R. salmoninarum p57 gene was amplified at 63 degrees C in the presence of Bst polymerase and a specially designed primer mixture. The specificity of the BKD-LAMP assay was demonstrated by the absence of any cross reaction with other bacterial strains, followed by restriction digestion of the amplified products. Detections of BKD-LAMP amplicons by visual inspection, agrose gel electrophoresis, and real-time monitoring using a turbidimeter were equivalently sensitive. The BKD-LAMP assay has the sensitivity of the nested PCR method, and 10 times the sensitivity of one-round PCR assay. The lower detection limit of BKD-LAMP and nested PCR is 1 pg genomic R. salmoninarum DNA, compared to 10 pg genomic R. salmoninarum DNA for one-round PCR assay. In comparison to other available diagnostic methods, the BKD-LAMP assay is rapid, simple, sensitive, specific, and cost effective with a high potential for field application. PMID- 18924380 TI - Vibrio tapetis-like strain isolated from introduced Manila clams Ruditapes philippinarum showing symptoms of brown ring disease in Norway. AB - The Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum was introduced to Norway in 1987 and was produced in 2 hatcheries until 1991. Clam seed was planted at 6 sites. Two sites were on the Island of Tysnes, south of Bergen. Surviving adult Manila clams were recovered in 1995 and 1996. In the present study, Manila clams from the original seeding that displayed morphological signs of brown ring disease (BRD) were recovered in June 2003 (n=7) and in June 2004 (n=17). Samples from extrapallial fluid, tissues and haemolymph were inoculated on marine agar. Replicate subcultures on selective media were used to select potential Vibrio tapetis strains, and in total, 190 bacterial strains were isolated. One of these strains clustered within the V tapetis clade and was named NRP 45. DNA:DNA hybridisation with the type strain CECT4600 showed 52.7 and 57.3% DNA:DNA similarity. Hybridisation of NRP 45 and the V tapetis LP2 strain, isolated from corkwing wrasse Symphodus melops, produced 46.6 and 44.4% re-association. Partial gene segments encoding 16S rRNA, gyrase B protein (GyrB) and chaperonin 60 protein (Cpn60) were characterised and compared to CECT 4600. NRP 45 showed 5 differences in the 1416 nucleotides (nt) of the 16S rRNA encoding gene (99.6% similarity), while the GyrB encoding gene had 62 substitutions of 1181 nt compared (94.8% similarity) and the Cpn60 encoding gene had 22 substitutions out of 548 nt compared (96% similarity). This is the first finding of BRD and the first isolation of a V. tapetis-like bacterial strain from a bivalve in Norway. PMID- 18924381 TI - Loose shell syndrome of farmed Penaeus monodon in India is caused by a filterable agent. AB - Loose shell syndrome (LSS) of farmed black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon has been reported from Indian shrimp farms since 1998 and is recognized as a major disease problem causing significant economic loss to the shrimp aquaculture sector. Unlike the rapid mortalities associated with viral pathogens such as white spot syndrome virus and yellow head virus, progression of LSS is gradual, leading to low-level progressive mortalities. The signs of LSS include a flaccid spongy abdomen due to muscular dystrophy, space between the exoskeleton and muscle, and a shrunken hepatopancreas. The feed conversion efficiency is reduced, and shrimp have poor meat quality, caused by impairment of the hepatopancreatic functions such as digestion and absorption as evidenced by the atrophy of the hepatopancreas. Histopathological investigations on LSS-affected shrimp showed shrinkage of extensor and flexor muscles with occasional hemocytic infiltration. The hepatopancreas showed inflammation of hepatopancreatic tubules with enlargement of intertubular spaces, hemocytic infiltration, and low levels of lipid reserves in the R cells. In advanced stages of LSS, many tubules were in highly necrotic condition with a sloughed epithelium, reflecting the dysfunction of the digestive gland. LSS could be induced in healthy tiger shrimp by challenge studies using membrane-filtered LSS-affected shrimp tissues, suggesting involvement of a filterable infectious agent. PMID- 18924382 TI - Emerging infectious disease in sea stars: castrating ciliate parasites in Patiria miniata. AB - Orchitophrya stellarum is a holotrich ciliate that facultatively parasitizes and castrates male asteriid sea stars. We discovered a morphologically similar ciliate in testes of an asterinid sea star, the northeastern Pacific bat star Patiria miniata (Brandt, 1835). This parasite may represent a threat to Canadian populations of this iconic sea star. Confirmation that the parasite is O. stellarum would indicate a considerable host range expansion, and suggest that O. stellarum is a generalist sea star pathogen. PMID- 18924383 TI - Journal of gerontological social work. Hanbook of psychosocial interventions with older adults: evidence-based approaches. Preface. PMID- 18924384 TI - Overview of evidence-based practice with older adults and their families. AB - Over the past decade, there has been tremendous growth in the movement to enhance the delivery of quality services through the use of evidence-based interventions. While a growing number of reviews have examined the effectiveness of pharmacological interventions for older adults, few have examined the status of psychosocial interventions for the older population. The purpose of this special volume is to increase researchers' and practitioners' knowledge of evidence-based treatments for older adults and their family members. To this end, a thorough review of the extant research on psychosocial interventions available to address the varied health, mental health/cognitive, and social role challenges faced by older adults and family caregivers is provided. PMID- 18924385 TI - Evidence-based interventions for health conditions. PMID- 18924386 TI - Cardiac conditions. AB - Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the US. The growth of the older population in coming decades will inevitably increase the incidence of age-related cardiac disease. Increasing evidence has shown the prevalence of co-morbid mental health conditions in CVD patients. Specifically, depression and anxiety have been linked with CVD mortality. Due to the risk of psychosocial conditions with cardiac patients, mental health practitioners in health and gerontology need to be well-informed about CVD-related mental health comorbidity and current research developments. Accordingly, this article provides a systematic review of the clinical evidence about the efficacy, cost effectiveness, and any potential risk of psychosocial intervention with cardiac patients. PMID- 18924387 TI - Cancer treatments. AB - Cancer is of particular importance to gerontology due to the changing nature of the disease. Survival rates are at all time highs as a result of technological advances in early detection and treatment of cancer. Some less aggressive or invasive forms of cancer are now seen as chronic illnesses rather than acute, terminal diseases. As a result, demand is increasing for evidence-based psychosocial interventions designed to improve the health and well-being of people living with cancer. This article reviews evidence-based psychosocial interventions designed to address the needs of persons with cancer and their family members. Traditional and technology enhance interventions are discussed as are complementary and alternative therapies designed to augment traditional interventions. PMID- 18924388 TI - Arthritis pain. AB - Arthritic pain is a common and disabling problem for many older adults. There is widespread evidence that despite its prevalance and debilitating effects on the physical, emotional and cognitive status of older adults, arthritic pain remains under-treated in those age 65 and older. This condition significantly and negatively impacts older adults' quality of life and is a critical problem that requires the attention of gerontological social work. This chapter provides a brief summary of arthritic pain in older adults. It also discusses the treatment efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy and psycho-educational programs for older adults with this type of pain. PMID- 18924389 TI - Diabetes treatments. AB - With the aging of the population, physical inactivity, and growing rates of obesity, there has been a dramatic rise in the incidence of diabetes. Diabetes and its treatment is a holistic and dynamic experience, shaping many aspects of a person's life and well-being. Despite the biopsychosocial nature of this chronic disease, medications tend to be the principal intervention among medical professionals. Over the past fifteen years, however, diabetes researchers and clinicians have begun to develop interventions addressing the psychosocial aspects of diabetes. The majority of these interventions fall within the knowledge base and clinical abilities of social work practitioners. This paper systematically reviews psychosocial intervention studies with older adults, identifying and summarizing treatment protocols. PMID- 18924390 TI - HIV/AIDS treatments. AB - Although fewer people are being diagnosed with AIDS in the U.S. and deaths continue to decline, the number of adults age 50 and older who are living with HIV/AIDS is larger than ever. It is likely that older people will continue to comprise an increasingly larger proportion of individuals diagnosed with HIV/AIDS, reflecting both the ineffective prevention efforts targeting older adults and the highly effective antiretroviral therapies that allow many people to live for significantly longer periods of time. These recent trends have created two distinct populations of older persons with HIV/AIDS: those who were infected later in life and those infected earlier and now aging with HIV disease. Aging with HIV/AIDS presents unique psychosocial challenges that may be exacerbated by the aging process. HIV-related stigma, social support and coping issues and evidence-based psychosocial interventions for older adults with HIV/AIDS are reviewed in this paper and suggestions for future research are discussed. PMID- 18924391 TI - Evidence-based interventions for cognitive and mental health issues. PMID- 18924392 TI - Depression and anxiety. AB - Depression and anxiety are the most common psychiatric conditions in late life. Despite their prevalence, we know relatively little about their unique manifestation in older adults. And, Although the most common intervention for late-life depression and anxiety continues to be medication, research on psychosocial interventions for late-life depression and anxiety has burgeoned in the past several years. Unfortunately, this growing body of intervention research has yet to be widely translated into improved systems of care for late-life depression. This article is one step toward synthesizing the knowledge in this growing area of research. The review of literature presents the conclusions of several meta-analyses that have reviewed psychosocial interventions for late-life depression and anxiety. In addition, intervention studies concerning the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy, reminiscence therapy, and alternative therapies with depressed and/or anxious older adults are reviewed. A brief description of various approaches to psychosocial intervention with anxious and/or depressed older adults is also presented. PMID- 18924393 TI - Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. AB - The number of individuals with Alzheimer's disease or a related dementia is growing at a staggering rate. Thus, it is essential that social workers in geriatric settings are knowledgeable about this disorder and the appropriate interventions to use at all stages of the disease. The purpose of this article is to examine the types of non-pharmacological, psychosocial treatments that are used to manage the behavioral manifestations and changes in the mood of individuals with Alzheimer's disease or a related dementia. While great strides have been made in pharmacological treatments of Alzheimer's disease, less attention has been given to the types of psychosocial interventions that are readily employed in community-based and long-term care settings to assist in the care of these individuals. This article provides an overview of psychosocial interventions, as well as identifies the direction for future evidence-based treatment studies, for individuals with Alzheimer's disease and related dementia. PMID- 18924395 TI - Evidence-based interventions for social functioning. PMID- 18924394 TI - Substance abuse. AB - Alcohol abuse poses special risks for increased morbidity and mortality among older adults, contributing to the heightened use of medical resources and the related increase in medical costs. Although the prevalance of alcohol use disorders in the older adults is generally less than that found in younger groups, it is expected to increase with the aging of the "baby-boom" generation. In spite of this, little attention has focused on developing, and evaluating the efficacy of, treatment programs for older adults with alcohol related disorders. This article discusses the availability of effective treatment strategies for older alcohol abusers and reviews the epidemiological and outcomes research literatures related to alcohol abuse and older adults. The few empirical studies that examine outcomes associated with the treatment of older substance abusers reveal positive outcomes, especially when "age-specific," cognitive-behavioral, and less confrontational treatment approaches are employed. PMID- 18924396 TI - Individuals with developmental disabilities and their caregivers. AB - Adults with Developmental Disabilities (DD) are experiencing increased longevity and the projected number of older persons with DD is expected to double by 2020. As a result, concerns have been raised that agencies and professional staff are ill-prepared to address the increased needs of an older population with lifelong disabilities. The caregiving life of familis of person with DD now spans multiple decades and is increasingly a feature of advanced age for parents and grandparents, and of old age for siblings. Problem behaviors, onset or poor management of mental health concerns and inadequate planning for their aging years are the biggest barriers to successful aging for persons with developmental disabilities. However, psychosocial interventions have the potential to alleviate these barriers and promote positive aging for older persons with developmental disabilities. The evidence for the effectiveness of such interventions will be examined within this article. PMID- 18924397 TI - Treatment at the end of life. AB - End-of-life care has gained recognition as an important interdisciplinary clinical domain during the past three decades largely because scientific and medical advances have changed the nature of dying in the US. Advances in the treatment of life-limiting ilness have typically focused on medical issues and on treating the physical symptoms that accompany the final stage of a terminal illness. However, because the lengthening life span has made more choices available at the end of life, there is also greater need for evidence-based psychosocial treatment to diminish some of the prolonged emotional, psychological treatment to diminish some of the prolonged emotional, psychological, social, and spiritual distress that accompanies dying. Both terminally ill older adults and their caregivers can be helped by interventions that address the need for information, education, preparation, communication, emotional support, and advocacy. This paper preents a review of evidence-based psychosocial treatments at the end of life for both older adults and their caregivers. PMID- 18924398 TI - Familial caregivers of older adults. AB - Caregivers of older adults face many obstacles as they balance family, career, and caregiving demands. Caregivers are at an increased risk for burden, stress, depression, and a variety of other mental and physical health complications. It is not uncommon for caregivers to receive some form of pharmacological therapy to treat the physical and mental health changes that may occur throughout their caregiving career. However, while pharmacological forms of treatment are invaluable, medications only may not be sufficient to treat the needs of caregivers. As such, geriatric professionals also have a responsibility to intervene with caregivers through psychosocial interventions. This paper provides an overview of caring, a summary of evidence-based psychosocial interventions for family caregivers of older adults, and recommendations for future interventions. PMID- 18924399 TI - Grandparent caregivers. AB - Although grandparent caregiving is not a new phenomenon in the United States, there has been a dramatic increase in grandparent-headed households in the last two decades. Many of these care providers are older and feel somewhat unprepared to raise a new generation of children. As a result, grandparent caregivers are at risk for multiple physical, mental, and emotional problems due to the stresses and strains of care provision. This article summarizes characteristics of grandparent caregivers in our society, the challenges that they face, and how organizations are attempting to assist these older adults with their care provision responsibilities. Recommendations for future research and intervention design will also be discussed. PMID- 18924400 TI - Evidence-based interventions with older adults: concluding thoughts. AB - Taken collectively, the articles in this volume provide a method to assess psychosocial outcome research in aging. Although the outcome literature on effective interventions with older adults is uneven across condition and treatment approaches, there are some particular intervention methods that have received consistent research support. This article condenses the rich analyses presented by the volume authors and summarizes the interventions for which some evidence base exists by life issue/condition (health, mental health/cognitive and social rules) and outcomes achieved. PMID- 18924401 TI - [Development of ophthalmology in Bosnia and Herzegovina]. AB - Organized health services in Bosnia and Herzegovina started with the foundation of several vakuf hospitals (in Sarajevo, Tuzla, Banja Luka, Mostar and Travnik) financed by the fund of the Gazi Husrev-beg vakuf. In these hospitals services was provided by the qualified health professionals, mainly educated at the schools of medicine in Turkey, Italy, Austria, Hungary, Switzerland and other countries. Majority of them worked as civil and military physicians in the above mentioned vakuf hospitals, but also in the Turkey army hospitals situated in the all larger settlements in Bosnia and Herzegovina. During the period when B&H was managed by the Turkey and Austro-Hungarian empire there was no specialized ophthalmology services. During the Austro-Hungarian management there was a Surgical-oculist department within the Land Hospital in Sarajevo, which treated 4.47% of patients with eye diseases, among total number of in-patients, and according to the health service at the end of year 1900, during that year there there was 3238 general surgeries and 633 ophthalmology surgeries performed. In the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, beside establishment of the independent Eye department within the General State hospital in Sarajevo, in1923, also started development of the ophthalmology service within Surgical Department in Mostar, which was lead in 1929 by the ophthalmologist, and which grew in 1931 into independent Eye Department, as the second of that type in B&H. Specialized ophthalmology service in Banja Luka started to develop within the Surgery Department in 1931, and independent Eye Department was founded in 1945. Medical Faculty in Sarajevo was founded on 16th November 1946. Also on founded on the same day is the Eye Clinic, and appointed as its first director was Professor Vladimir Cavka MD., one of the first full time professors of the Medical Faculty in Sarajevo, founder of the Peoples society of B&H (Academy of Sciences and Arts of B&H) and the magazine, Medicinski arhiv" (Medical Archives). Founded afterwards was the medical faculties in Tuzla (1976), Banja Luka (1978), Foca (1994) and Mostar (1997) as well as Eye clinic with the departments for ophthalmology. At the time when the Medical Faculty and Eye Clinic in Sarajevo was formed there was three other eye departments in B&H: Mostar, Banja Luka, and Army hospital in Sarajevo, while the other regions and larger cities during the early post war period, did not have ophthalmology services. Prominent development of eye department at the general hospitals within regional medical centers, and later in few larger municipalities in B&H started at the eighties of the last century. Large and important role in promotion of ophthalmology in B&H have Association of ophthalmologist of B&H, which organized series of scientific and professional meetings, and medical ophthalmology journal "Yugoslav ophthalmology archives" which, while it was continuously published, published more than 1000 scientific and professional papers from field of ophthalmology, by authors from all republics of former Yugoslavia. PMID- 18924402 TI - [Non-heme iron proteins as an alternative system of antioxidant defense in the cells of strictly anaerobic microorganisms: a review]. AB - Enzymatic systems accounting for the relative oxygen resistance of multiple strict anaerobes are reviewed, with emphasis on molecular-biological properties and action mechanisms of non-heme iron proteins (neelaredoxins, desulfoferrodoxins, and rubrerythrins). These unique proteins, which are widespread in anaerobes, comprise a system of antioxidant defense against toxic effects of oxygen and products of its incomplete reduction (an alternative to the classic antioxidant system involving superoxide dismutase and catalase). The role of the superoxide reductase-mediated elimination of endogenous superoxide radicals is discussed. This extremely efficient means of rapid superoxide radical detoxification underlies the preferred mechanism for maintaining the optimum balance between oxidized and reduced forms of some proteins in the cells of strict anaerobes. PMID- 18924403 TI - [Identification of catalytically active groups of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) germ lipase]. AB - The active site of wheat germ lipase was studied by the Dixon method and chemical modification. The profile of curve logV = f(pH), pK and ionization heat values, lipase photoinactivation, and lipase inactivation with diethylpyrocarbonate and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide led us to assume that the active site of the enzyme comprises the carboxylic group of aspartic or glutamic acid and the imidazole group of histidine. Apparently, the OH-group of serine plays a key role in catalysis: as a result of incubation for 1 h in the presence of phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, the enzyme activity decreased by more than 70%. It is shown that ethylenediamine tetraacetate is a noncompetitive inhibitor of lipase. Wheat germs are very healthful because they are rich in vitamins, essential amino acids, and proteins. For this reason, wheat germs are widely used in food, medical, and feed mill industries [1-3]. However, their use is limited by instability during storage, which is largely determined by the effect of hydrolytic and redox enzymes. Representative enzymes of this group are lipase (glycerol ester hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.3), which hydrolyzes triglycerides of higher fatty acids, and lipoxygenase (EC 1.13.11.13), which oxidizes polyunsaturated higher fatty acids. PMID- 18924404 TI - Isolation and biochemical characterization of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase from Streptomyces yokosukanensis ATCC 25520. AB - In this study, delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase from Streptomyces yokosukanensis ATCC 25520, producer of an unusual purine riboside antibiotic called nebularine, was purified and characterized. Purification procedures involved with ammonium sulphate precipitation and gel filtration techniques by use of Sephacryl S-200. After gel filtration a 90.76-fold purification was obtained. The maximum enzymic activity was observed in the supernatant after 100% precipitation. According to the data obtained from investigation, the enzyme was found to be a single polypeptide having molecular mass around 34.8 kDa. This was determined by SDS-PAGE. Its optimal temperature around 45 degrees C, and optimal pH was found to be 8.0. Some heavy metals, Pb2+, Zn2+, Fe3+, Co2+, Mn2+, Mg2+ inhibited its activity between 20-51%, Ni2+ increased its activity up to 15%. PMID- 18924406 TI - [The thermophilic bacteria hydrolyzing agar: characterization of thermostable agarase]. AB - Three strains of anaerobic thermophilic bacteria capable of growing on agarose as a source of energy and carbon were isolated from hot springs near Lake Baikal (Barguzin National Park) and the caldera Uzon (Kamchatka). Cells of all the three strains were spore bacilli with peritrichous flagellation. These isolates grew at a temperature of 55-60 degrees C and pH 6.5-7.0 and fermented a wide range of organic substrates. Analysis of the 16S rRNA sequences allowed us to ascribe the strains B5 and K14 to the genus Thermoanaerobacter and the strain K67 to the genus Caldoanaerobacter. According to the results of DNA-DNA hybridization, B5 was determined as belonging to the species Thermoanaerobacter wiegelii. Agarase was isolated by preparative PAGE and subsequent gel chromatography from the culture liquid of strain B5 grown on the medium containing 0.5% agarose and 0.3% galactose. The molecular weight of this enzyme amounted to 67 kDa and pI, to 4.2. The T. wiegelii B5 agarase was active in the pH range of 3.5 to 7.0 (optimum, 5.2) and temperature range of 50 to 80 degrees C (optimum, 70 degrees C). The preincubation of this enzyme at 90 degrees C for 60 min did not reduce the agarase activity. This activity increased in the presence of metal ions; the maximal effect was observed in the presence of 5 mM Mg2+ and 25 mM Co2+. PMID- 18924405 TI - [Oligonucleotide primers for detection and amplification of the emoA gene encoding bacterial ethylenediaminetetraacetate monooxygenase]. AB - A system of primers was designed on the basis of analysis of nucleotide sequences of the emoA gene encoding ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) monooxygenase, which are deposited in GenBank. This system of primers makes it possible to obtain emoA gene fragments approximately 750 bp long for bacterial destructors of EDTA. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of total DNA isolated from enrichment and pure cultures showed that this system can be effectively used for detecting the emoA gene in representatives of Alpha- and Gammaproteobacteria. Partial sequences of emoA genes of bacteria of the genera Chelativorans and Stenotrophomonas, which are able to degrade this pollutant, have been sequenced and deposited in GenBank. PMID- 18924408 TI - [Biotests for mineral waters with natural and recombinant luminescent microorganisms]. AB - We have developed methods of biotesting mineral waters involving use of natural or recombinant luminescent strains with elimination of the effect of salt concentration and pH. To overcome the adverse effect of high salt concentrations, disguising the action of chemical pollutants, a special method of mineral water sample preparation is proposed. In this method, the marine luminescent bacterium Photobacterium phosphoreum (Microbiosensor B17 677f) is used as a test object. Samples to be analyzed are supplemented with NaCl depending on their natural salt concentration to adjust it to 3 g/l. Another approach, more universal and efficient, involves pH adjustment in the samples to 7.5. This value is suitable for application of both Microbiosensor B17 677f and the recombinant Escherichia coli strain harboring the cloned lux operon of P. leiognathi (Ecolum 9). It has been shown that this treatment, retaining the natural luminescence level of the bacterial biosensors, allows bioluminescent detection of exogenous pollutants added to the samples, including benzene and Cr(VI). PMID- 18924407 TI - [Piezoquartz immunosensors for assessing the interactions between Yersinia enterocolitica lipopolysaccharides and antibodies to them]. AB - The utility of a piezoquartz immunosensor coated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) for the quantification of antibody specificities was demonstrated. Immunochemical reactions were monitored according to the changes in the weight of sensor bioreceptor layer with high sensitivity (detection limit, 1.3 microg/ml) and assay rate (10 min) without any additional labels. The capabilities of this sensor were demonstrated by the example of quantifying the cross-reactivity of blood serum antibodies with the LPS of Yersinia enterocolitica serotypes O:3, O:5, O:5.27, O:6.30, and O:6.31. The proposed approach is promising for clinical diagnostics of yersiniosis, an infectious intestinal disease. PMID- 18924410 TI - [Comparison of efficiencies of oil-oxidizing Dietzia maris strain and stimulation of natural microbial communities in remediation of polluted soil]. AB - Two approaches to bioremediation of oil-polluted soils are compared: use of active degrader strain Dietzia maris AM3 and stimulation of natural microflora. Introduction of D. maris AM3 to soil freshly polluted with oil accelerated its remediation twofold within the first month in comparison with the stimulation. After three months, the purification degrees were approximately equal. By the end of bioremediation, the soil with the introduced strain had higher dehydrogenase and catalase activities. In soil with multiyear pollution, introduced strain D. maris AM3 did not affect the rate of oil product degradation, and no significant differences between the two bioremediation methods were detected in purification degree and biological activity of soil after three months. PMID- 18924409 TI - [Degradation of hydrocarbons and their derivatives by a microbial association based on Canadian pondweed]. AB - The degrading action of an aquatic plant-microbial association on the base of Canadian pondweed (Elodea canadensis) and its components (sterilized plant and two periphytonic strains, Pseudomonas fluorescens E1-2.1 and Brevundimonas diminuta E1-3.1) on crude oil, the water-soluble crude oil fraction, and individual test compounds (phenol, toluene, benzene, decalin, and naphthalene) was studied. It was found that the native association had a wider range and higher degree of degrading activity than individual species. Bacterial strains were significantly more active only towards naphthalene. The ability of the sterilized plant to degrade crude oil and phenol was no less than that of microorganisms and much more for toluene. Enzymatic activity towards the pollutants studied was found in E. canadensis exudates and buffer extracts of its cells. PMID- 18924411 TI - [Effect of nitric oxide and other nitrogen compounds on the adhesion and penetration of nodule bacteria into root tissues and on growth of etiolated pea seedlings]. AB - The action of sodium nitroprusside, a nitric oxide donor, and other nitrogen compounds (KNO3, KNO2, and (NH4)2SO4) on adhesion and penetration of nodule bacteria into root tissues of etiolated pea seedlings was studied. Only nitroprusside displayed a clearly negative effect on rhizobium adhesion and penetration and seedling growth. This effect was not observed with other nitrogen compounds even at high (20 mM) concentrations. Hemoglobin attenuated the negative effect of nitroprusside on bacteria and seedlings. The results are discussed in the context of the role of nitric oxide in the life of plants and nodule bacteria. PMID- 18924412 TI - [The effect of Azotobacter vinelandii on plant seed germination and adhesion of these bacteria to cucumber roots]. AB - Bacterization of seeds of several plant species with Azotobacter vinelandii suspension stimulates their germination to different degrees. This demonstrates that seeds of different species display different sensitivity to the biologically active substances accumulating in the culture liquid of these bacteria. The adhesion patterns of these bacteria to cucumber roots were studied. The maximal number of cells adhered to the root surface at the phase of culture logarithmic growth (24 h), when they were motile. The loss of motility in the stationary growth phase (72 h) decreased the number of cells adhered to roots by 80%. PMID- 18924414 TI - [Effects of conditions for obtaining sporangiospores of the inoculum on the morphology and productivity of the fungus Mucor circinelloides var. lusitanicus 12 M, a producer of gamma-linolenic acid]. AB - Effects of lipid composition of sporangiospores of the fungus Mucor circinelloides var. lusitanicus 12 M, obtained within diverse time frames using distinct nutritive media, on the morphology of the fungus in submerged cultures, the yield of the biomass, and its content of gamma-linolenic acid have been studied. The levels of base phospholipids and individual fractions of neutral lipids in sporangiospores were correlated with the character of their germination. The spores characterized by a high rate of germination and giving rise to a well-developed mycelium contained more phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine, but the level of diacylglycerols was low. An increase in diacylglycerols, free fatty acids, and sterols in lipids of sporangiospores of the inoculate was associated with deterioration of the mycelium development, dimorphism, and lowering of the yield of the biomass of the fungus. PMID- 18924413 TI - [Effect of Coriolus hirsutus laccase on atrazine adsorption and desorption by different types of soil ]. AB - Study of adsorption-desorption behavior of herbicide atrazine in soils of different geographical zones in the presence of Coriolus hirsutus laccase was performed. Laccase was shown to significantly increase adsorption coefficient and to facilitate irreversible adsorption of atrazine to soil. Supposably, laccase catalyzes oxidative binding of atrazine to soil. PMID- 18924415 TI - [Genetic aspects of the interrelation between alkaloids and chemical elements in Atropa belladonna L. and Glaucium flavum Grantz. plants]. AB - The variability of the contents of tropane and isoquinoline alkaloids, ashes, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Co, Mo, Cr, Al, Ba, V, Ni, Sr, Cd, Pb, J, and Ag was studied in individual plants of the industrial population of belladonna (Atropa belladonna L.) and yellow horned poppy (Glaucium flavum Crantz.). Numerous linear and nonlinear correlations of isoquinoline and tropane alkaloids with ashes and mineral elements were revealed by means of correlation and regression analyses. Alkaline earth elements (especially Sr and Ba) were shown to have a major role in the regulation of tropane alkaloid accumulation in belladonna leaves. K and Ni were of particular importance in the aerial part of yellow horned poppy. These elements at the suboptimal concentrations were most favorable for isoquinoline alkaloid accumulation in yellow horned poppy. Analytical mathematical models were derived for the regulation of alkaloid metabolism in test plants by some mineral elements (Ba, Mg, Al, Sr, Ni, Mn, and K). Our results indicate that the interrelation between alkaloids and elements in these plants is genetically determined. PMID- 18924416 TI - [Calixarenes: effects on energy exchange in plant tissues]. AB - The distinctive features of the influence of synthetic compounds of a new class, calixarenes, on the energy exchange of the plant tissues and on the ionic permeability of the plant membranes were investigated. Calixarenes of the different chemical structure were shown to sufficiently influence the oxygen consumption by wheat roots, pH of the incubation mixture, and the potassium ions release. Aminomethylated calyx[4]resorcinaren showed the highest effect. The influence of these compounds on the wheat roots was pH dependent. PMID- 18924417 TI - [Effect of melafen on the function of endoplasmic reticulum and plasmalemmal H+ ATPase in the regulation of growth processes in potato tubers]. AB - The mechanism of the stimulatory effect of melafen on potato tuber sprouting was studied. The treatment with 10(-8) M melafen intensified division and stretching and activated granular endoplasmic reticulum of apical meristem cells. An increase in the activity of membrane-bound H+-ATPase in the plasmalemma of parenchymal cells of melafen-treated potato tubers and enhancement of passive proton permeability of the plasmalemma was observed. In vitro studies showed that melafen at concentrations of 10(-5-10-12) M stimulated the activity of plasmalemmal H+-ATPase in a concentration-dependent manner. PMID- 18924418 TI - [Protein markers for identification of different species and varieties of cotton]. AB - Reference electrophoretic spectra that allow compiling electrophoretic formulas of certain cotton species and varieties were obtained on the basis of analysis of the electrophoretic spectrum of water-soluble and barely soluble proteins of seeds of diploid cotton species of genomic group A (Gossypium arboretum var. indicum, G. arboreum ssp. obtusifolum, G. herbaceum ssp. africanum, and G. herbaceum Harga), group C (G. australe, G. bickii, G. nelsone, and G. sturtianum), group D (G. davidsonii. G. harknessii. G. klotzschianum, G. raimondii, G. thurberi, and G. trilobum), and amphidiploid species of group AD (G. mustelinum, G. hirsutum ssp. palmeri, G. tricuspidatum Bagota, G. tricuspidatum Mari Galanta, G. barbadense L., and G. hirsutum L.). PMID- 18924419 TI - [Antioxidant properties of essential oils from lemon, grapefruit, coriander, clove, and their mixtures]. AB - Antioxidant properties of individual essential oils from lemon (Citrus limon L.), pink grapefruit (Citrus paradise L.), coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), and clove (Caryophyllus aromaticus L.) buds and their mixtures were studied by capillary gas-liquid chromatography. Antioxidant activity was assessed by oxidation of the aliphatic aldehyde hexanal to the carboxylic acid. The lowest and highest antioxidant activities were exhibited by grapefruit and clove bud essential oils, respectively. Mixtures containing clove bud essential oil also strongly inhibited oxidation of hexanal. Changes in the composition of essential oils and their mixtures in the course of long-term storage in the light were studied. The stability of components of lemon and coriander essential oils in mixtures increased compared to individual essential oils. PMID- 18924420 TI - [Unsaturated fatty acids and aldehydes during treatment of oak wood]. AB - The use of considerable amounts of ground oak to accelerate maturation of strong drinks was accompanied by the appearance of an undesirable taste due to the presence of unsaturated aldehydes (2-nonenal and 2,4-nonadienal). The greater the degree of wood grinding, the higher was the content of C18-unsaturated acids and C9-aldehydes. Wood heating was accompanied by a decrease in the content of C18 acids, but had no effect on the amount of aldehydes. An undesirable taste decreased during the maintenance of alcoholic tinctures in 70% ethyl alcohol for 6 months. It was related to the formation of acetals and ethoxy and hydroxy derivatives of unsaturated aldehydes. PMID- 18924421 TI - [Interhemispheric EEG interrelations in recognition of noise blocking visual images accompanied by music]. PMID- 18924422 TI - [Characteristics of smooth pursuit in children and adults in conditions of apparent motion]. PMID- 18924423 TI - [The psychophysiological cost of intense information load in 5- to 14-year-old children and adolescents]. PMID- 18924424 TI - [Psychophysiological study of the effects of adaptation to tactile interaction with dolphins in six- to seven-year-old children]. PMID- 18924426 TI - [Estimation of the involvement of subconsciousness in heartbeat perception in healthy volunteers]. PMID- 18924425 TI - [Effect of sociobiological factors on the formation of adaptive responses in school students during puberty]. PMID- 18924427 TI - [Analysis of heart rate variability and arterial blood pressure in different functional tests in men and women]. PMID- 18924428 TI - [Changes in parameters of tachography and heart rate variability in students differing in the level of psychoemotional stress and type of temperament during an academic test week]. PMID- 18924429 TI - [Analysis of the heart rate variability using stress tests]. PMID- 18924430 TI - [Relationship between the time of the beginning of the anticipatory postural components and the latent period of raising the arm in the vertical posture]. PMID- 18924431 TI - [Polymorphism of the vascular endothelial growth factor gene (VEGF) and aerobic performance in athletes]. PMID- 18924432 TI - [Functional and clinical significance of the architecture of human skeletal muscles]. PMID- 18924433 TI - [The effect of age on the maximum moments of strength of the muscles of the lower extremities in patients with lumbar disc hernia]. PMID- 18924434 TI - [The concept of typological variability of physiological individuality: I. Intrapopulation diversity of human habitual physical activity and its typological estimation]. PMID- 18924435 TI - [Effect of increased motor activity on the cardiohemodynamic stability in adolescents under a high information load]. PMID- 18924436 TI - [Reaction of the gastric glands in wrestlers aged 7-32 years to threshold-power bicycle ergometer exercise]. PMID- 18924437 TI - [Dependence of the perception of emotional information of speech on the acoustic parameters of the stimulus in children of various ages]. PMID- 18924438 TI - [Changes in normal body temperature in adolescents after psychotherapy as dependent on its initial value]. PMID- 18924439 TI - New vistas on gastrointestinal motility: from physiology to therapy an international symposium in Rome. PMID- 18924440 TI - Architecture of enteric neural circuits involved in intestinal motility. AB - This short review describes the conceptual development in the search for the enteric neural circuits with the initial identifications of the classes of enteric neurons on the bases of their morphology, neurochemistry, biophysical properties, projections and connectivity. The discovery of the presence of multiple neurochemicals in the same nerve cells in specific combinations led to the concept of "chemical coding" and of "plurichemical transmission". The proposal that enteric reflexes are largely responsible for the propulsion of contents led to investigations of polarised reflex pathways and how these may be activated to generate the coordinated propulsive behaviour of the intestine. The research over the past decades attempted to integrate information of chemical neuroanatomy with functional studies, with the development of methods combining anatomical, functional and pharmacological techniques. This multidisciplinary strategy led to a full accounting of all functional classes of enteric neurons in the guinea-pig, and advanced wiring diagrams of the enteric neural circuits have been proposed. In parallel, investigations of the actual behaviour of the intestine during physiological motor activity have advanced with the development of spatio-temporal analysis from video recordings. The relation between neural pathways, their activities and the generation of patterns of motor activity remain largely unexplained. The enteric neural circuits appear not set in rigid programs but respond to different physico-chemical contents in an adaptable way (neuromechanical hypothesis). The generation of the complex repertoire of motor patterns results from the interplay of myogenic and neuromechanical mechanisms with spontaneous generation of migratory motor activity by enteric circuits. PMID- 18924441 TI - Role of extrinsic afferent neurons in gastrointestinal motility. AB - Capsaicin-sensitive extrinsic afferent nerves have been demonstrated to release biologically active substances in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. This fact may be useful for identifying sensory transmitter substances in isolated organ experiments. In the GI tract of animals neuropeptides like tachykinins and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) mediate specific excitatory and inhibitory effects of capsaicin; some evidence indicates a participation of purinergic mechanisms as well. The human gut (especially the circular musculature) is powerfully relaxed by capsaicin, and this effect seems to have a completely different transmitter background (nitric oxide (NO) and maybe VIP, neither of them of intrinsic neuronal origin). We propose that NO may be a sensory neurotransmitter. The "local efferent" (mediator-releasing) effect of extrinsic afferent neurons can also be demonstrated in vivo, both in animals and man. Yet, nearly normal motility of the small and large intestines (i.e., the most "autonomous" part of the GI tract) is maintained in animals with functionally inhibited capsaicin-sensitive nerves. The importance of this system in regulating GI movements may be exaggerated under pathopysiological conditions, first of all inflammation. The afferent function of capsaicin-sensitive nerves plays a role in sympathetic reflexes, such as the inhibition of GI motility after laparotomy or by peritoneal irritation. PMID- 18924442 TI - New insights in the neural regulation of the lower oesophageal sphincter. AB - Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) is caused by disordered control of the gastro-oesophageal reflux barrier, comprised internally of the lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) and externally the crural diaphragm (CD). Both relax briefly to allow bolus passage during oesophageal peristalsis. Brief relaxation also occurs prior to gastro-oesophageal reflux, known as transient LOS relaxation (TLOSR), normally allowing venting of gas. TLOSRs also account for up to 90% of acid reflux episodes. The development of GORD therefore depends upon the rate of TLOSR and the physical and chemical nature of refluxate. We established an animal model of reflux in ferrets, in which similar patterns of TLOSR are seen to humans. TLOSRs are mediated via a vago-vagal pathway initiated by tension receptors in the gastric musculature. They have central terminals in the brainstem which provide input to a central program generator. The program has 3 simultaneous outputs: 1. brief activation of vagal motor neurones to the LOS, which activate inhibitory enteric motorneurones, leading to smooth muscle relaxation: 2. suppression of oesophageal peristalsis: 3. suppression of motor output to the CD. We have investigated several aspects of the TLOSR pathway in ferrets, and determined that the optimal site for therapeutic pharmacological intervention is at gastric vagal tension receptor endings. Their responses to distension are potently inhibited by gamma-aminobutyric acid type B (GABAB) receptor agonists and metabotropic glutamate type 5 receptor (mGluR5) antagonists. These effects translate to inhibition of TLOSR and reflux in animal models and humans. Clinical studies indicate both types of drug may have potential in the treatment of GORD. PMID- 18924443 TI - Motor control of the stomach. AB - Gastric motility is controlled at various levels including the enteric nervous system (ENS). The gastric ENS is involved in the regulation of accommodation reflexes as well as of the peristaltic waves which are responsible for grinding and emptying. Polarised projections consisting of ascending cholinergic and descending nitrergic muscle motor neurons make up the hard wired circuits for control of muscle activity. In an isolated flat sheet preparation of the gastric corpus we investigated stretch evoked responses. The responses at the site of the distension as well as proximal and distal to the distension consisted of a cholinergic excitation whereas a nitrergic inhibition was only observed at the site of the distension stimulus. At all sites the responses were significantly reduced by the neurotoxin tetrodotoxin suggesting a neural component. In addition the nicotinic blocker hexamethonium reduced the responses at all sites to the same degree as tetrodotoxin which indicated the strong contribution of ascending and descending cholinergic interneurons. The reflexes of isolated gastric corpus preparations to distension are dominated by excitatory responses. Only the muscle response at the site of distension exhibited an inhibitory response which is usually dominated by the cholinergic excitatory response. PMID- 18924444 TI - Neurotransmitters of the non-adrenergic non-cholinergic relaxation of proximal stomach. AB - The proximal third of the stomach (fundus plus oral corpus) relaxes during swallowing so that it can hold large amounts of food with limited increases in intraluminal pressure. This mechanism has been called "receptive relaxation" and is mediated by a vago-vagal reflex. When the food bolus reaches the stomach, gastric relaxation is maintained by another reflex starting from mechanoreceptors in the gastric wall. This second mechanism has been named "adaptive relaxation" or "gastric accommodation" and involves both intramural and vagal reflex pathways, whose inhibitory neurons are always intramural. There was initially a great deal of controversy about the identity of the neurotransmitter/s released by inhibitory neurons, but at present nitric oxide (NO) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) are considered to be the most likely candidates. Several lines of evidence indicate that adenosine triphosphate (ATP) might be implicated too. It seems that these neurotransmitters are co-released from the inhibitory motor neurons and are responsible for the different features of the NANC relaxation induced by low- or high-frequency neuronal firing. NO (and perhaps ATP) would be responsible for the rapid beginning and the initial rapid development of the relaxation evoked by neuronal firing at low- or high-frequency and VIP for the long duration of the relaxation evoked by high-frequency neuronal activation. This review will deal mainly with the physiological characteristics and pharmacological features of the NANC relaxation of the proximal stomach and the evidences favoring or excluding a role as inhibitory neurotransmitters of ATP, NO and VIP in different species. PMID- 18924445 TI - 5-HT system in the gut: roles in the regulation of visceral sensitivity and motor functions. AB - 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a major transmitter molecule within the gastrointestinal tract. It is contained in enterochromaffin (EC) cells, which form part of the epithelial lining of the gut and in enteric neurones in the submucosal and myenteric plexuses. 5-HT is present in murine mucosal mast cells in the lamina propria and some studies have suggested that human mast cells may also contain 5-HT especially in conditions associated with mastocytosis. The strategic positioning of the enteric and extrinsic sensory innervation in close proximity to these sources of 5-HT, in conjunction with their demonstrated sensitivity to this mediator, suggests the involvement of 5-HT in the transduction of visceral stimuli and reflex responses affecting motor and secretory function. Under physiological conditions, the release of 5-HT from these storage sites may result in the orchestration of reflexes responsible for transit of material along the bowel at a rate that is appropriate for digestion and absorption of nutrients. However, in the pathophysiological state, 5-HT acting together with other inflammatory mediators may cause inappropriate intestinal secretomotor activity and/or initiate sensations such as nausea or discomfort/pain. Current evidence suggests that the bioavailability of 5-HT within the gut wall is altered in a number of post-inflammatory models of gut dysfunction with increased numbers of EC cells and mast cells with increased 5-HT content in proximity to sensory nerve endings, and decreased serotonin reuptake mechanisms. Changes may also occur in the sensory innervation or pathways within the central nervous system. These processes may contribute to pain mechanisms in the irritable bowel syndrome, in which visceral hypersensitivity is a predominant feature and may also contribute to motor dysfunction leading to altered bowel habit. PMID- 18924446 TI - Tachykinin receptors and gastrointestinal motility: focus on humans. AB - Peptides of the tachykinin (TK) family were first discovered in the gastrointestinal tissue about 75 years ago and supposed to be involved in gastrointestinal (GI) motility. This hypothesis has been repeatedly proven, although the role of TKs on motility is modulatory rather than pivotal. Furthermore, beyond the well known excitatory role, it has been acknowledged that TKs can also inhibit GI motility. TKs act at 3 receptors termed as TK NK1 (NK1r), NK2 (NK2r), and NK3 (NK3r) receptors. The view gained through intense preclinical research suggested that motor effects induced by the stimulation of NK2r were prominently mediated by a direct action on smooth muscle, those produced by the stimulation of NK1r were due to both muscular and neuronal effects, whereas the motor effects induced by NK3r were exclusively mediated by neuronal effects. Recent functional and anatomical findings in humans are challenging this concept since NK2r have been found in several kinds of myenteric neurons and selective NK2r antagonists can, in particular conditions, produce GI motor effects likely related to a neuronal site of action. Furthermore, the evidence for a myotropic role of NK1r is scarce, and very few studies, if any, have documented a functional role for NK3r. The findings that an acute or a long lasting blockade of NK2r does not alter normal GI functions and that these receptors can modulate visceral sensitivity are good starting points for testing this class of drugs in GI diseases characterised by altered GI motility. PMID- 18924447 TI - Cannabinoids and gastrointestinal motility: animal and human studies. AB - The plant Cannabis has been known for centuries to be beneficial in a variety of gastrointestinal diseases, including emesis, diarrhea, inflammatory bowel disease and intestinal pain. delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, the main psychotropic component of Cannabis, acts via at least two types of cannabinoid receptors, named CB1 and CB2 receptors. CB1 receptors are located primarily on central and peripheral neurons (including the enteric nervous system) where they modulate neurotransmitter release, whereas CB2 receptors are concerned with immune function, inflammation and pain. The discovery of endogenous ligands [i.e. anandamide and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG)] for these receptors indicates the presence of a functional endogenous cannabinoid system in the gastrointestinal tract. Anatomical and functional evidence suggests the presence of CB1 receptors in the myenteric plexus, which are associated with cholinergic neurons in a variety of species, including in humans. Activation of prejunctional CB1 receptors reduces excitatory enteric transmission (mainly cholinergic transmission) in different regions of the gastrointestinal tract. Consistently, in vivo studies have shown that cannabinoids reduce gastrointestinal transit in rodents through activation of CB1, but not CB2, receptors. However, in pathophysiological states, both CB1 and CB2 receptors could reduce the increase of intestinal motility induced by inflammatory stimuli. Cannabinoids also reduce gastrointestinal motility in randomized clinical trials. Overall, modulation of the gut endogenous cannabinoid system may provide a useful therapeutic target for disorders of gastrointestinal motility. PMID- 18924448 TI - Protease activated receptor 2: a new target for IBS treatment. AB - Proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) are G-protein-coupled receptors that are activated by the proteolytic cleavage of their N-terminal domain. The new N terminal sequence that is exposed by proteolysis acts as a tethered ligand, which binds to and activates the receptor. PAR-2 is highly expressed in the gastrointestinal tract, where it is found in endothelial cells, colonic myocytes, enterocytes (both on basolateral and apical membranes), enteric neurons, terminals of mesenteric afferent nerves and immune cells. In the gastrointestinal tract, PAR-2 may be activated by tryptase from mast cells but also by luminal proteases such as trypsin and possibly bacterial proteases. In addition to effects on motility, ion and mucus secretion, activation of PAR-2 receptors from luminal affects visceral pain. In rats, the intracolonic infusion of PAR-2 agonists (SLIGRL, trypsin) initiates a delayed hypersensitivity to colonic distension. These effects are locally mediated since they are not observed for systemic administration. Interestingly, such pronociceptive effect of local activation of PAR-2 is associated with increased colonic paracellular permeability. Blockade of such increase in permeability, prevents the occurrence of hypersensitivity to rectal distension suggesting that activation of the local immune system by luminal toxins and antigens is responsible for the sensitization of primary afferent terminals to mechanical stimuli. Consequently, blockade of PAR-2 receptors at the periphery and/or inhibition of colonic luminal protease activity may be new interesting targets for the treatment of gut hypersensitivity and IBS. A recent study has evidenced that stool supernatants from diarrhea predominant IBS patients have a high level of serine-protease activity that increases permeability and colonic hypersensitivity when infused intra colonically in mice, and these effects are linked to activation of PAR-2 receptors. These data support a possible role of luminal proteases in the pathogenesis of IBS and give a rationale to target PARs and more specifically PAR 2 as future treatment of IBS. PMID- 18924449 TI - Novel treatments of GERD: focus on the lower esophageal sphincter. AB - Up to 50% of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) still suffer from GERD symptoms despite proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy, indicating a need for new treatments. The lower esophageal sphincter (LES) plays a crucial role in maintaining the mechanical barrier necessary for prevention of gastric reflux. Transient LES relaxation (TLESR) is an important factor behind the occurrence of reflux, and preclinical studies have identified a number of targets for pharmacologic modification of TLESR. However, only gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type B receptor (GABA(B)) agonists and metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) modulators have shown positive proof of concept in the clinical setting. The mGluR5 negative allosteric modulator ADX10059 improved symptoms in GERD patients, but was associated with central side effects such as dizziness. Baclofen, a GABA(B) receptor agonist, reduces the incidence of TLESR and improves GERD symptoms in both adult and pediatric GERD patients. However, the utility of baclofen is similarly limited by poor tolerability and recent research has focused on the development of GABA(B) receptor agonists with improved tolerability. XP19986, a prodrug of R-baclofen, reduced the number of reflux episodes in a dose-ranging study and was similarly tolerated to placebo. AZD3355 and AZD9343 are GABA(B) receptor agonists with limited central nervous system activity that have been shown in preclinical studies to reduce the incidence of TLESR and decrease esophageal acid exposure; data from clinical studies of these agents in GERD patients are awaited with interest. Agents that target TLESR activity may therefore offer a promising new add-on treatment for patients who suffer from GERD symptoms despite PPI therapy. PMID- 18924450 TI - New insights into the pathophysiology of IBS: intestinal microflora, gas production and gut motility. AB - Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a complex disorder clinically characterized by abdominal pain and altered bowel habit. Its pathogenetic mechanisms are still incompletely known; genes, psychosocial factors, changes in gastrointestinal motility and visceral hypersensitivity are traditionally thought to play a crucial role in symptom generation. Recent studies have identified new additional factors that can interact with the established mechanisms. Dysregulation of brain gut axis, gastrointestinal infection, low-grade infiltration and activation of mast cells in the intestinal mucosa with consequent release of bioactive substances, and altered serotonin metabolism are the emerging factors of IBS pathogenesis. Finally, modification of small bowel and colonic microflora and altered gas balance may be of relevance in at least some subgroups of IBS patients. New therapies can be developed only on the basis of a better understanding of the heterogeneous picture of the pathophysiology of IBS. PMID- 18924452 TI - Rhythmic electrical activity and regulation of gut motility. PMID- 18924453 TI - Structural basis of sensory nerve pathways from the gut. PMID- 18924451 TI - New approaches to the treatment of opioid-induced constipation. AB - Opiates are indispensable for the treatment of moderate to severe pain. The gastrointestinal tract is one of the major victims of the undesired effects of opiates, because the enteric nervous system expresses all major subtypes of opioid receptors. As a result, propulsive motility and secretory processes in the gut are inhibited by opioid analgesics, and the ensuing constipation is one of the most frequent and troublesome adverse reactions. Many treatments involving laxatives, prokinetic drugs and opioid-sparing regimens have been explored to circumvent opioid-induced bowel dysfunction, but the outcome has in general been unsatisfactory. Specific antagonism of peripheral opioid receptors offers a more rational approach to the management of the adverse actions of opioid analgesics in the gut. This goal is currently addressed by the use of opioid receptor antagonists with limited absorption such as oral naloxone and by the development of peripherally restricted opioid receptor antagonists such as methylnaltrexone and alvimopan. These investigational drugs hold considerable promise in preventing constipation due to opiate treatment, whereas the analgesic action of opiates remains unabated. Postoperative ileus associated with opioid-induced postsurgical pain control is likewise ameliorated by the compounds. With this proof of concept, several phase III studies are under way to define optimal dosage, dosing regimen as well as long-term efficacy and safety of methylnaltrexone and alvimopan. In addition, there is preliminary evidence that these peripherally restricted opioid receptor antagonists may act as prokinetic drugs in their own right. PMID- 18924454 TI - Novel aspects of enteric neural regulation of colonic motility. PMID- 18924455 TI - Ion channels as targets for treatment of gastrointestinal motility disorders. PMID- 18924456 TI - Old and new targets for prokinetic drugs: motilin and ghrelin receptors. PMID- 18924457 TI - Overlapping functional syndromes: a way forward for medical therapy? PMID- 18924458 TI - New therapeutic approaches in irritable bowel syndrome. PMID- 18924459 TI - The role of health technology assessment in the comprehensive evaluation of the impact of immunotherapy on real practice. AB - The increasing development of new health care technologies, along with the ageing of the population and the increasing patients' expectations, cause a significant raise in medical costs, inducing in policy makers the need for well-funded information to support their decisions. The development of Health Technology Assessment (HTA), which is the systematic evaluation of properties, effects or other impacts of health technology and can be considered as a bridge between the world of research and the world of policy-making, reflects this high level of demand. HTA requires a multidisciplinary approach, that covers many different disciplines, in order to assess various aspects of health technologies, as technical properties, safety, efficacy/effectiveness, economic aspects, social, legal, ethical and political impacts. Allergic diseases show a worldwide increasing prevalence and consequent increasing costs, which result very high in recent evaluations. Specific immunotherapy is the only treatment able to alter, differently from drugs, the natural course of allergic diseases, exerting a long lasting therapeutic effect, that persists also after stopping the therapy. This has a potential great impact in the cost of disease, which only recently was considered in properly designed studies. These issues claim for a larger use of HTA, which may provide a more comprehensive approach to the evaluation of the impact of immunotherapy on allergic patients. PMID- 18924460 TI - Health technology assessment (HTA): definition, role and use in the changing healthcare environment. AB - The increasing availability of health care technology--boosted by considerable advances in areas like biotechnology, biomaterials, surgical techniques and computer technology--has accompanied burgeoning health care costs, and for this reason an increasing number of subjects (clinicians, health product makers, regulators, patients, hospitals, managers, payers, government leaders) demand for well-founded information to support decisions about development, adoption, acquisition and use of new and existing technologies. Technology assessment is a form of policy research that identifies policy issues, assesses the impact of alternative courses of action, and presents findings. This article is aimed at describing the historical development, reviewing the various definition and classifications, illustrating the purposes Fnd actors of Health Technology Assessment and its possible applications in the current healthcare scenario. PMID- 18924461 TI - Pharmacoeconomics and immunotherapy. AB - Pharmacoeconomics is a relatively new discipline whose scope is to describe, measure and compare costs and outcomes of alternative healthcare programmes from a variety of perspectives. This article is aimed at describing the various types of pharmacoeconomics analyses, indicating what types of costs and outcomes could be measured within each type of study, summarising the value of modelling techniques in pharmacoeconomics studies and finally suggesting what kind of pharmacoeconomic research can usefully be conducted in order to appreciate the burden of respiratory allergic disease and to evaluate the economic impact of health technologies that can effectively be used to manage it. Pharmacoeconomics is a relatively recent discipline whose use has been spread by the necessity of decision makers in most industrialised countries, to gain understanding of the economic effect of medical technologies in parallel with their clinical performance: only a wider use of the techniques of pharmacoeconomics analysis, together with an increasing willingness of the scientific community to understand the mechanics and appreciate the added value of pharmacoeconomics analysis, can help the discipline to proceed and provide further improvement to the healthcare system and to the society. PMID- 18924462 TI - Pharmacoeconomics of subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy. AB - The current burden of allergic diseases, estimated by both direct and indirect costs, is very relevant. In fact the cost estimation for rhinitis amount globally to 4-10 billion dollars/year in the U.S. and to an average annual cost of 1089 euros per child/adolescent and 1543 euros per adult in Europe. The estimated annual costs in Northern America for asthma amounted to 14 billion dollars. Consequently, preventive strategies aimed at reducing the clinical severity of allergy are potentially able to reduce its costs. Among them, specific immunotherapy (SIT) joins to the preventive capacity the carryover effect once treatment is discontinued. A number of studies, mainly conducted in the US and Germany demonstrated a favourable cost-benefit balance. In the nineties, most surveys on patients with allergic rhinitis and asthma reported significant reductions of the direct and indirect costs in subjects treated with SIT compared to those treated with symptomatic drugs. This is fully confirmed in recent studies conducted in European countries: in Denmark the direct cost per patient/year of the standard care was more than halved following SIT; in Italy a study on Parietaria allergic patients demonstrated a significant difference in favor of SIT plus drug treatment for three years versus drug treatment alone, with a cost reduction starting from the 2nd year and increasing to 48% at the 3rd year, with a highly statistical significance which was maintained up to the 6th year, i.e. 3 years after stopping immunotherapy, corresponding to a net saving for each patient at the final evaluation of 623 euros per year; in France a cost/efficacy analysis comparing SIT and current symptomatic treatment in adults and children with dust mite and pollen allergy showed remarkable savings with SIT for both allergies in adults and children. PMID- 18924464 TI - [Structural and functional conception of alcohol disease]. AB - A new conception of alcohol disease (AD) as a disease in which the prolonged ethanol intoxication leads to the development of changes of organs and systems- from minimal changes of the microcircular bed to the polyorganic pathology with symptoms characteristic of alcoholism is proposed. The pathogenesis of AD comprises three stages: the 1st one--episodic alcoholic intoxications; the 2nd- heavy drinking; the 3rd--alcoholism and its complications. At the 3rd stage, the morphological changes are irreversible that makes this stage incurable. At the 2nd stage, these changes appear to be reversible provided that amount of drinking will not exceed the basal metabolic level in the liver of the patient. Therefore, the author suggests that the solution of the problem of AD depends in large on the attention that general practitioners and experts will draw to treatment of alcoholism on the stage of heavy drinking. PMID- 18924463 TI - Economic evaluation of sublingual immunotherapy: an analysis of literature. AB - Allergic rhinitis and asthma constitute a global health problem because of their very high prevalence and the consequent burden of disease, concerning medical and economical issues. Among the treatments of allergy, specific immunotherapy has the capacity to favourably alter the natural history of the disease both during and after its performance and thus to reduce the direct and indirect costs of allergic rhinitis and asthma. A number of studies reported such cost reduction for traditional, subcutaneous immunotherapy and recent data demonstrate that also sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) is associated to economic advantages and/or monetary savings, specifically in terms of reduction of disease economic burden. Only few formal economic assessments of SLIT have been carried out so far, this article will present and discuss the published studies addressed to this issue. The data obtained, although the number of studies is still limited, provide preliminary evidence supporting a SLIT effect on sparing costs for respiratory allergy. PMID- 18924465 TI - [To 120th anniversary of the Korsakov' clinic: the modern state of the Korsakov's conception on alcoholic polyneuritic psychosis]. PMID- 18924466 TI - [Nosologic comorbidity in addictive medicine]. AB - The results of the study of 158 patients with alcohol dependence, comorbid in 85 cases with slow progressive schizophrenia and in 75 cases with affective disorders (cyclothymia), are viewed in the aspect of a theory of comorbidity. The psychopathological peculiarities of each nosologic form are singled out. The author stresses that establishing of the comorbid pathology is important for the right therapeutic strategy. The effectiveness of using the combinations of neuroleptics, either typical or atypical, and antidepressants (tricyclic, SSRIs etc) is revealed. PMID- 18924467 TI - [Forced medical care for convicts with drug addiction]. AB - An analysis of the dynamics of unlawful activity of alcohol and drug addicts is carried out. All forms of treatment of drug addictions, either voluntary or forced, are considered as relevant to the prevention of repeated unlawful activity of convicts with drug addiction. Principles and basic criteria for the assignment of forced treatment of alcoholism and drug addiction to convicts are presented. PMID- 18924468 TI - [Clinical, pathogenetic and therapeutic aspects of panic disorder in patients with chronic alcoholism (review)]. AB - Comorbid diagnosis of panic disorder and alcoholism is common in clinical practice. There are several theories that explained the comorbidity but no one of them has been completely proved. Sequence of disease manifestation in patients with comorbid pathologies remains unclear but different combinations may exist. Many studies suggest that anxiety disorders precede the development of alcoholism. Moreover, the prospective research has revealed that panic disorder is a highly significant predictor of alcoholism. The effectiveness of therapy was shown to be several times lower in the presence of comorbid anxiety disorders. At the same time, the problems of adequate therapy of patients with comorbid pathology remain unsolved. PMID- 18924469 TI - [Assessment of treatment efficacy for addictive diseases]. AB - Criteria of treatment efficacy for addictive diseases at the Russian and world practice are considered. Total abstinence as the only aim of therapy in the framework of "relapse-remission" dichotomy is called into question. It is proposed to use a wider range of all positive changes in the process of treatment. PMID- 18924470 TI - [To some controversial questions of the course and prognosis of alcoholism]. AB - The reports of studies of alcoholism conducted by the Rand Corporation (an independent American non-profit organization) are analyzed. The most controversial conclusions of the reports, including the absence of correlation between duration and character of treatment and frequency of alcoholism; the possibility of controlled drinking in some alcoholics; the deterioration of treatment efficacy in some patients subjected to the sobriety-oriented rehabilitation, are considered. The author suggests the necessity of diversification of alcoholism treatment goals and assessment of its efficacy in Russian clinical practice. PMID- 18924471 TI - [Cognitive disturbances after the operative treatment of intracranial arterial aneurisms in the acute stage of hemorrhage]. AB - To assess the cognitive impairment in patients operated for intracranial arterial aneurisms rupture and specify factors influencing the formation of aneurisms, 93 patients were followed up. Patients were divided into 2 groups by the period of surgery. Methods of operative treatment were compared. Patients underwent the expand neuropsychological testing, clinical and neurological study, CT, angiography, EEG. The control group consisted of 31 healthy volunteers. All patients had mild and moderate cognitive disturbances in the early post-operative period. The follow-up revealed the more complete rehabilitation of cognitive functions in patients operated in the acute stage of hemorrhage. In the remote post-operative period, the frequency of cognitive dysfunction was higher in patients after endovascular surgery comparing to open surgery. Main and additional risk factors of cognitive impairment in different periods of the operative treatment were specified. PMID- 18924472 TI - [Pneumonia in patients with acute brain stroke]. AB - One hundred and thirty-two patients, 86 men and 46 women, aged from 46 to 78 years, mean age 67 +/- 9 years, with ischemic stroke have been studied, the diagnosis confirmed using CT or section study. Pneumonia was developed in 15 (11%) of patients, its frequency was significantly higher in patients with hemorrhage stroke and brain infarction of the complex genesis as compared with other types of stroke (chi2 = 10.42, p < 0.05). Pneumonia was developed more often in patients with total infarction in the system of inner carotid artery than in patients with partial infarction in the carotid system (26.9 and 4.8%, respectively, p < 0.05) as well as in patients with consciousness and swallowing disorders in the acute period of disease. The correlation between the frequency of pneumonia and neurologic deficit has been studied. Higher mortality and disability rates were observed in the group of patients with pneumonia. PMID- 18924473 TI - [Assessment of implication of transcranial ultrasonography in the diagnostics of acute disturbances of cerebral blood circulation in adults]. AB - Implication of transcranial ultrasonography (TUS) in diagnostics of acute disturbances of cerebral blood circulation (ADCBC) was studied in 324 subjects, aged from 20 to 83 years, including group I (208 subjects without neurological disturbances), group II (56 subjects without the structural intracranial changes which, along with TUS, underwent MRT), group III (60 patients with diagnosis of ADCBC which underwent TUS and then CT of the brain). The brain areas where intracranial hemorrhages (ICH) were most often localized in hemorrhage stroke (HS) were found in 166 subjects (80%) of group I. The second and third cerebral ventricles were seen in 187 (90%) people. The third ventricular was seen in 19 patients (the effectiveness was corresponded to Echo-EG). The comparison of US-, CT- and MRT-images did not reveal significant differences as in the total assessment of the intracranial structural state of the brain as well in the most relevant measurements. TUS revealed no significant changes in 40 patients from group III but the diagnosis of infarction was confirmed by CT. The specific US signs of ICH were found in HS. In 19 patients the CT revealed and verified the ICH of supratentorial localization. In conclusion, TUS with using portative US equipment provides the possibility of screening-diagnostics and monitoring of ICH in strokes. PMID- 18924474 TI - [Circulating immune complexes in families with positive history of ischemic stroke]. AB - The concentrations and protein composition of immune complexes circulating in the blood of patients with residuals of ischemic stroke and their healthy relatives from families with positive history of stroke have been determined. The data obtained have been compared with the results of our previous study on determination of concentration and protein composition of immune complexes circulating in the blood of patients with acute ischemic stroke and healthy subjects. Basing on the results obtained we conclude that the elevated level of immune complexes in the blood of patients with residuals of stroke is not genetically determined but rather reflects alterations developing as the result of previous stroke. However, the protein composition of the immune complexes, particularly the presence of C-reactive protein, may, to a certain degree, reflect genetic predisposition to stroke. PMID- 18924476 TI - [Resolution of the XX inter-regional research and practical conference "The State of Public Health in the Central Federal Okrug. Actual Problems of Neurology"]. PMID- 18924475 TI - [Factors influencing the effectiveness of ergotherapy in the early rehabilitation stage in patients with cerebral stroke]. AB - An objective of the study was to assess factors influencing the effectiveness of ergotherapy in the early rehabilitation stage depending on the character and localization of cerebral stroke, degree of brain damage, age and sex of the patient. One hundred patients, 47 men and 53 women, with verified ischemic or hemorrhage cerebral stroke were examined. The Functional Independence Scale was used to assess the degree of rehabilitation of cognitive and psychosocial functions. After the evaluation of disturbances of patient's daily activity, the individual complexes of ergotherapy were worked out in order to improve this kind of activity and self-service. The data obtained revealed that age, sex, degree of brain damage and character of stroke influenced the effectiveness of ergotherapy in the early rehabilitation stage. The best effectiveness was observed in men (p < 0.05), in cases up to 59 years (p < 0.05), in hemiparesis (p < 0.05) and in hemorrhage stroke. PMID- 18924477 TI - [The biomechanics of dental implants and dentures]. AB - INTRODUCTION: Osseointegrated implants are actually replacements for natural teeth, and, like natural teeth, they are exposed to various forces. Rejection and bad osseointegration of implants rarely occur today because oral implants are made from biocompatible materials. Most complications are a consequence of badly planned implant loading. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this work was the optimization of the process of planning and inserting oral implants and dentures based on the analysis of the biomechanical problems in implantology. METHOD: In order to determine the influence of the number of cantilevered superstructures, the number of implants and implant microdesign on tensions within the implant and in the peri-implant tissue, a calculation of tensions and deformations was made in a virtual model (control model) using the finite elements analysis. The obtained values served as reference values in the analysis of the results from three experimental models. RESULTS: In the control model, as well as in the experimental models, the first implant bears the heaviest load with dominant contraction tensions, the second one carries significantly weaker straining tensions, the third one carries weak contraction tensions and the fourth one the weakest straining tensions. The values of tensions and deformations have the same sign (-/+), but the absolute values depend on the number of cantilevered superstructures, implant microdesign and the number of inserted implants. CONCLUSION: Knowing the biomechanics of oral implants and the dentures on them allows for proper indication, a good choice of implants and good superstructure design. The prevention measures for bone resorption caused by biomechanical factors are: insertion of symmetrical screw implants and root-shaped cylindrical implants as long and as wide as possible, insertion of implants with the total supporting area expanded, choosing materials that are rigid enough, the right direction of implants, narrowing of the denture occlusal surfaces and location of the contact point at the centre. PMID- 18924478 TI - [Hospital mortality trend analysis of patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction in the Belgrade area coronary care units]. AB - INTRODUCTION: Mortality in ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) ranges from 4-24% and is dependent on the variety of patients' clinical characteristics (CC) that are present prior to and within the first hours of the onset of MI, affecting reliability of the diagnosis. The higher mortality rate of patients with STEMI should be associated with a higher rate of applied reperfusion therapy according to guidelines and randomized study results, which is in opposition to everyday hospital practice. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze the mortality of STEMI patients in relationship to their clinical characteristics at presentation, their age, sex, risk factors, prior coronary disease, and time interval from symptom onset to hospital presentation, complications and administered therapy. METHOD: The analysis involved patients treated in five coronary care units, four Belgrade Hospital Centres and the Belgrade Emergency Centre of the Clinical Centre of Serbia. Evaluated data was obtained from the Serbian National Registry for Acute Coronary Syndrome (REAKSS) and databases of local coronary care units (CCU). RESULTS: During 2005 and 2006, a total of 2739 patients with STEMI, of average age 63.3 +/- 11.7, with 64.9% males aged 61.3 +/- 11.7 and 35.1% females aged 67.0 +/- 10.7 (p < 0.01) who underwent treatment. Most of the patients (80.5%) were distributed within the elderly groups of 60, 70 and 80 years of age, with the highest percent of mortality rate (45.9%) noted at age 80 years. Anterior localization of myocardial infarction was observed in 40.2% of patients, with lethal outcome in 21.4% patients, while 59.8% of patients suffered inferiorly localized MI with much lower mortality rate (12.2%, p < 0.01). In 2005, STEMI was registered in 48.7%, while in 2006 in 44.7% of patients. Prior angina pectoris was present in 19.9% of patients, more frequently among women (p < 0.05), prior MI in 14.5% of patients, more often among males (p < 0.05), while aortocoronary revascularization was found in 3.9% of patients. Hospital mortality rate due to STEMI was higher in the group of patients with a history of prior MI (19.1% vs. 15.7%; p > 0.05). Regarding risk factors, hypertension was present in 61.8% of patients, more often among women (69.1% vs.57.9%) (p < 0.01), carrying a higher mortality rate of 18.9% vs. 9.9% among males (p < 0.01). Hyperlipidemia was found in 31.9% of patients; more frequently among women 34.8% vs. 30.4% males (p < 0.05), as well as diabetes mellitus observed in 25.1% of patients; 22.4% males and 30.1% females (p < 0.01). 39.6% of patients were smokers; 46.9% males and 28.0% females (p < 0.01). Heart failure had 33.4% of patients; mortality rate was registered in 28.2% of patients, and was significantly higher than in the non heart failure group (7.9%, p < 0.01). Heart rhythm disorders were registered in 21.3% of patients, more frequently involving posterior MI 55.3% vs 44.7% of anterior MI (p > 0.05), and was significantly higher among females 23.5% vs. 20.1% in males (p < 0.05). In 2005 in Belgrade hospitals, reperfusion therapy (RT) was performed in 34.6% of patients, mostly as thrombolytic therapy (TT) (in 99.0% of patients), and as percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in 1.0% of patients. STEMI mortality rate was 12.8%. In 2006, in the CCU of the In the Emergency Center RT was applied in 48.0% of patients, TT in 13.8% and PCI in 34.2%, while classical therapy without RT was applied in 52.0% of patients. CONCLUSION: Clinical characteristics significantly influence mortality in STEMI; a significantly higher mortality is among women, patients in their 80's and 90's, anterior MI localization and prior coronary disease. RT significantly lowers mortality in STEMI compared to the use of classical therapeutic approach and therefore STEMI patients with a higher mortality determined by their prehospital charactheristics, i.e. higher risk, are those who have higher benefit of RT, which should be taken into consideration when making decision about the therapy of choice. PMID- 18924479 TI - [Ulcus venosum cruris--etiopathogenesis, clinical features and surgical treatment]. AB - INTRODUCTION: Treatment of venous ulcerations should be based on etiopathogenetic characteristics. Previous biochemical, histological and clinical investigations show that there are two types of venous ulcerations: caused by superficial venous insufficiency (SU) and by deep venous insufficiency or obstruction (DU). Both types include communicative (perforate) vein incompetence. Different procedures are used to block pathological blood reflux and they depend on the type of ulceration. OBJECTIVE: Aim of the study was to evaluate short-term and long-term follow-up of different surgical procedures in superficial, communicant and deep veins that depend on the type of ulceration. METHOD: Patients with venous ulcerations are divided into two groups: C(5-6)EpsAspPr (equivalent to SU) and C(6-6)EpsAdpPro (equivalent to DU) according to CEAP classification. In the first group operative treatment involved superficial and perforating veins, and in the second group operative treatment involved deep and perforating veins. We used chi2 test to compare the groups. RESULTS: Venous ulcerations are more often in women (59.1%) than men (40.9%), on the average in their late sixties. Clinical signs of venous stasis and trophic changes are more often in DU than SU. Patients with SU were operatively treated on superficial (136 partial or complete stripping of main veins), communicating (25 ligatures, 22 subfascial shearing) or by combined procedures on superficial and communicating veins (80). Patients with DU were operatively treated by perforator's ligature (17), subfascial perforator's shearing (12), superficial vein operations (4), sapheno-popliteal anastomoses (18), de Palma bypass (13) and interposition of healthy saphena segment (1). Long-term follow-up was registered after 5-15 (on average 3.7) years in 75 (58 SU and 17 DU) patients. Relapse of ulcerations were detected in 9 (15.5%) SU and 3 (17.6%) DU, i.e. (16.0%) of all operated patients with venous ulcers. CONCLUSION: In patients undergoing surgery for chronic venous insufficiency (2.274) more often present with SU (263) than DU (65). Patients with DU had more significant trophic changes and pathological blood reflux that required reconstructive procedures of deep veins. CEAP classification is equivalent to etiopathogenetic types of venous ulcerations and it is appropriate for follow-up of clinical characteristics and results of venous ulceration treatment. PMID- 18924480 TI - [Cesarean delivery--Vejnovic modification]. AB - INTRODUCTION: Cesarean delivery is the most common obstetric surgery today. Improvement of operative techniques, anaesthesia, care and transfusion has contributed to the safety of the procedure and expansion of indications. The operative technique usually consists of opening the abdominal wall by inferior transverse incision, isthmococervical transverse incision, and closing the uterus by continuous suture after delivering the neonate. Peritonisation is not obligatory. The last is the repair of the abdominal wall. The main characteristic of Vejnovic modification is shortening uterus suture so the subsequent scar is smaller. The fascia is opened by sharp dissection, the uterus is opened with scissors at the 20-30 degrees angle, the neonate is spontaneously expulsed (not taken out), the placenta is delivered by cord traction with simultaneously massage of the fundus, peritonisation is not performed and the skin is sutured with a continuous intradermal suture. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to point out the advantages ofVejnovic modification vs. commonly used operative techniques. METHOD: A retrospective and prospective random study was designed, which comprised 1886 subjects delivered by C-section, a modification developed at the Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Novi Sad, from 2000-2006. A control group comprised 100 patients delivered from 1991 to 2006 by "common" operative technique (s.c. Doerfler, abdominal opening by Pfannenstielu, transversal incision o of the lower uterine segment, peritonisation using continuous sutures to repair the abdomen). We used Student's t-test for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The modified technique showed to be twice shorter that the usually used technique, the used suture material was twice lower, hospital stay was shorter, with blood loss lower for 30.9%, and there were less complications, which was all of statistical significance (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The modified technique proved to have both medical and economic advantages. In the future, we plan to conduct a prospective study with more subjects (both in control and experimental groups) in order to evaluate the number and size of adhesions after laparatomy by Pfannenstiel (s.c. Doerfler elaparotomies and modified repeated laparotomies. PMID- 18924481 TI - [Anaesthesiological approach to the patient in early stage of trauma disease]. AB - INTRODUCTION: The paper presents 20-year long experience gained in work with traumatized patients at the Emergency Centre in Belgrade. The paper is primarily related to analysis of the so-called secondary approach to the patient in the Resuscitation Unit of the Emergency Centre Admission Department. Secondary approach is carried out in resuscitation room, and implies the restoration of patient's vital parameters to physiological frame, observation of the patient and application of diagnostic procedures, set up of definitive agenda of treatment and preparation of the patient for surgery. OBJECTIVE: The objective of our study was to define doctrinal postulations in reanimation of traumatized patients considering the specifics of our region. METHOD: Statistical analysis of the patients was based on a one-year period (2006) and the obtained results were compared with the large 10-year mega American study (Scanel Waxman, Steven Baker). RESULTS: The comparison evidenced certain specificities characteristic for our settings. Trauma related death is the leading cause of mortality in population up to 30 years of age in our milieu. According to our statistics, injuries caused by traffic traumatism were most prevalent. Injuries caused by fire-arms were the second, and stabs were in the third place. Resuscitation measures were carried out according to strictly defined agenda based on 20-year experience, in relation to the extentof injuries,jeopardy of vital functions of the injured body and in the line with the definite plan of further treatment of the patient. CONCLUSION: All traumatized patients were hypovolemic, most of them were haemodynamically unstable, consciousness disorders of different degrees were present and in all of the patients morbidity was increased due to trauma. Resolution of each of the above disorders during early admission to hospital is frequently vital for the patient. PMID- 18924482 TI - [Contemporary implantology--challenges, possibilities, limits]. AB - The loss of teeth, which is a frequent occurrence, is followed by functional, aesthetic and psychological problems. Dentistry has very important role to enable adequate rehabilitation as soon as possible. Removable dentures or fixed bridges on dental implants are most modern and best mode of rehabilitation for the patient. The advantages of implant anchored tooth restorations compared with classical procedures are multiple. Among others, there is prevention of bone resorption, correction of the stability and retention of the restorations, elimination of the preparation of adjacent teeth, as well as the improvement of the patient's psychological status. In order to achieve successful implantation, the following principles have to be taken into consideration: indications and contraindications; biocompatibility; osseointegration; the protocol of implant loading and the assessment of implant success. One of the biggest challenges is implantology under unfavourable anatomical conditions, as well as the implantation on irradiated tissue. However, these conditions are not absolute contraindications for implantation. The adequate choice of adequate implantological system enables successful implantation under different conditions. PMID- 18924483 TI - [Complications in laparoscopic surgery]. AB - The development of technology and improvement of laparoscopic equipment enhanced expansion laparoscopic surgeries. Various operations performed using classical operative approach are nowadays done laparoscopic technique. The expansion of the repertoire, the performance of most complicated surgical procedures and increase in the number of laparoscopic interventions result in the increased number of intraoperative and postoperative complications. They occur due to the basic disease that is the cause of surgery and surgical procedure, but also due to other factors. We cannot influence the very disease - it is the reason for surgical treatment. However, we can make some changes in approach concerning the laparoscopic technique, which can considerably influence possible development of complications. This involves a different approach to the operative field, but also to very surgery. In laparoscopic surgery such approach causes specific intraoperative and postoperative complications. These complications are mainly caused by technical factors, such as the quality of the equipment, instruments and human factors, such as inexperience, insufficient education and excessive self-assurance. To decrease the frequency of intraoperative and postoperative complications in laparoscopic operations we require perfect equipment and instruments, education in a referent institution, but also everyday training with laparascopic equipment and experimental animals. PMID- 18924484 TI - [Cardiovascular diseases in patients with chronic renal diseases]. AB - The risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic renal disease appears to be far greater than in the general population and the risk of cardiovascular death is much higher than the risk of eventually requiring renal replacement therapy. Heart failure is important finding and it is evident even before the initiation of dialysis; the frequency of heart failure is 10 to 30 times higher in patients on dialysis than in the general population. Left ventricular hypertrophy has incidence of nearly 75-80% and is closely related to heart failure, ventricular arrhythmias, fatal myocardial infarction, aortic root dilatation and cerebrovascular event. Ischaemic heart disease is usually the consequence of coronary artery disease, but 27% of haemodialysis patients may have symptoms without atherosclerotic changes in coronary arteries. Silent myocardial ischemia is more frequent in dialysis population. Hypertension is present in 80-85% of patients and its prevalence is linearly related to glomerular filtration rate. Patients with end-stage renal disease are more likely to have an increase in pulse pressure and isolated systolic hypertension and they may not demonstrate the normal nocturnal decline in blood pressure. Patients on dialysis are prone to calcification of media and intima due to disbalance of promoters and inhibitors of calcification process. Now, there are no valid data about the privilege of one dialysis method over another in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Numerous traditional and non-traditional risk factors urge for preventive measures for cardiovascular diseases in patients with chronic renal diseases. PMID- 18924485 TI - [Renal tumours of childhood: the last 100 years and where to from here]. AB - Renal tumours of childhood represent a fascinating group of tumours in which very significant discoveries have been made in the last 100 years, leading to better understanding of these not only tumours but also tumour in general. By studying a large series of renal tumours of childhood collected through international multicentre trials, their clinico-pathological features have been better recognised resulting in more appropriate treatment and better prognosis, numerous new tumour entities have been identified, and thank to new molecular biology studies and techniques, many tumour genes and genetic abnormalities which are important in tumorigenesis have been found. The most common renal tumour of childhood is Wilms' tumour, which is now regarded as the most treatable tumour in children with overall survival of 90%. New multicentre trials are focused on reduction of treatment in order to avoid long-term sequalae of treatment, but without jeopardising these excellent survival results. Histopathological studies are searching for subtypes of Wilms' tumour, which could be treated with milder therapy, and in a recently launched trial patients will be stratified in different treatment groups on the basis of molecular features of their tumours. Molecular biology studies have helped us recognising that some renal tumours are identical to tumours of other sites (such as cellular mesoblastic nephroma and infantile fibrosarcoma of soft tissue, renal and extra-renal rhabdoid tumour), as well as that some tumours of other sites may also occur in the kidney (primitive neuroectodermal tumour, desmoplastic small round cell tumour, synovial sarcoma). Finally, some new, kidney-specific entities have been recognised too (metanephric stromal tumour, metanephric adenofibroma, anaplastic sarcoma of the kidney). It is very likely that new advances in molecular biology will result in identification of features, which are going to be even more important in predicting tumour behaviour, response to treatment and prognosis. PMID- 18924486 TI - [Celiac disease in children--modern diagnostic approach]. AB - Celiac disease presents a hereditary disorder of gluten tolerance, i.e. of gliadin and related prolamins of wheat, rye and barley. It primarily occurs in Caucasians (1:100-300),while it is considerably or exceptionally rare in colored races. It is particularly frequent in close relatives of the patient, as well as in persons with congenital IgA deficiency and in patients with autoimmune and some chromosomal diseases. The basis of the disease, as well as the key finding in its diagnostics, lies in small bowel inflammation, which withdraws on gluten free diet. Beside clinically manifest or non-manifest enteropathy, changes involving other organs and systems are also frequently seen. The diagnosis of the manifest form of the disease is based on characteristic pathohistological finding detected by the examination of small bowel mucosa in patients on standard diets and their clinical improvement after the introduction of gluten free diet. However, in the diagnosis of the asymptomatic form of the disease, it is necessary to perform enterobiopsy, which confirms the normalization of the appearance of small bowel mucosa in patients on the elimination diet. In children with gluten sensitive enteropathy detected in the first two years of life, as well as in cases in which mucosa samples taken on the first enterobiopsy do not have typical appearance or are inadequate for a reliable interpretation, a definite diagnosis is made based on biopsy finding during the provocation of gluten tolerance. As the quality of permanent teeth can be disturbed, this procedure is not suggested to be done before the completed age of 6 years, and due to adverse effects on the growth and development of the child, it should not be done during puberty. Due to incomplete sensitivity and specificity, the serological indicators of the disease do not have diagnostic value. Therefore, they are primarily used in the disclosure of asymptomatic and atypical forms of celiac disease, as well as in the assessment of the consistency of elimination diet in cases with already verified disease. In addition, the application of these tests makes easier passing the decision to perform pathohistological examination of small bowel mucosa in patients with provoked gluten tolerance, which also gives a more complete understanding into the remission of the disease during the initial phase of treatment. PMID- 18924487 TI - [Oxidative stress in human diseases]. AB - Oxidative stress is a "privilege" of aerobic organisms. It can be induced by endogenous and exogenous factors. Most often, it is characterized by the production of free radicals and nonradical oxygen and nitrogen products, referred to under a single term "reactive species" (RS). Oxidative stress is a deleterious process that can be an important mediator of damage to cell structures, including lipids and membranes, proteins and DNA. However, reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS) are "two-faced" products. Produced in low/moderate concentrations as molecular signals that regulate a series of physiological processes, such as a defence against infectious agents, the maintenance of vascular tone, the control of ventilation and erythropoietin production, and signal transduction from membrane receptors in various physiological processes. Many of ROS-mediated responses protect cells against oxidative stress and maintain "redox homeostasis". Then, both reactive species are produced by strictly regulated enzymes, such as nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and isoforms of NADPH oxidase, or as by-products from not so well regulated sources, such as the mitochondrial electron-transport chain. An excessive increase in ROS production has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, ischemia/reperfusion injury, diabetes mellitus, neurodegenerative and immuno-inflammatory diseases. Within the cells, ROS can act as secondary messengers in intracellular signalling cascades, which can induce the oncogenic phenotype of cancer cells, cellular senescence and apoptosis. PMID- 18924488 TI - [T lymphocytes are necessary for the peripheral phase of B lymphocyte maturation]. AB - Until recently, B lymphocyte maturation was considered to be independent of the thymus and T lymphocytes. However, using nude animals, which lack the functional thymus, we have shown that T lymphocytes are required for the peripheral phase of B lymphocyte maturation. We showed that the proportion of immature B lymphocyte subsets (CD90(high)IgM(high) and CD90(high)IgM(low)) was significantly increased, whereas that of mature B lymphocyte subsets (CD90-IgM(low) and CD90-IgM(high)) was decreased in the peripheral blood and lymph nodes of nude rats. In addition, the expression of functionally important surface molecules MHC class II, ICAM-1, CD44 and L-selectin was significantly down-regulated both on immature and mature B lymphocyte subsets. The implantation of thymic tissue under the kidney capsule of nude rats alleviated the block in B lymphocyte maturation and normalized of the defective expression of surface molecules. Comparable effects were seen after the adoptive transfer of T lymphocytes. This shows that in nude rats B lymphocytes do not mature properly due to the lack of T cell help and that T lymphocytes are required for the peripheral phase of B lymphocyte maturation, as well as for the appropriate expression of surface molecules. This should be considered when treating patients with T lymphocyte deficiencies. PMID- 18924489 TI - [Virology today and tomorrow]. AB - Virus infections are the most common human diseases, particularly acute respiratory infections (mostly in children and young adults). Virus infections of the upper respiratory tract in children are proved in 77.4%, viral bronchitis in 58.6%, viral pneumonia in 47.6% and febrile conditions with lymphadenopathy in 44.1% patients. Current studies show that virus infections can cause not only acute, but also persistent virus diseases. A certain number of viruses are able to incorporate their nucleic acid into the genome of the host-cell, leading to rearrangement of the cell genes and formation of malignant tumors. In women with cervical changes, by application of hybridization technique in situ, the most frequently identified virus genotypes are human papilloma viruses 16 and 18 (in 21.67%), genotypes 6 and 11 in 8.33% and genotypes 31, 33 and 35 in 3.33% examined women. Viral persistence can cause manifestations of latent or chronic infections, as well as prion-caused slow infections of the central nervous system. Defective particles play an important role in maintaining viral persistence. Viruses are important agents involved in various disorders of the immunological homeostasis of the organism. Recent knowledge described in SARS infected patients indicates that induction of the so-called TH2 cytokine profile can be responsible for death of infected patients. PMID- 18924490 TI - [Procedure in kidney injuries in children-- presentation of cases]. AB - In recent years the number of children hospitalised due to multi-organ injuries, including kidney injuries, has systematically risen. The aim of the article is to present the history of illness of three boys with kidney injuries, as well as to analyse the impact of the variety of symptoms and their consequences on the choice of treatment. Frequency of kidney injuries in children coupled with the lack of correlation between the extent of the injury, severity of kidney damage, clinical symptoms and the presence or the lack of haematuria, requires that ultrasound examination of abdominal cavity is carried out in every case of every child with an injury, not just in cases of injuries to the abdominal cavity, followed by a more detailed imaging diagnostics if necessary. At present, computer tomography should be treated as the treatment method of choice in all patients with multiorgan injuries. Children with kidney injuries should be treated according to world standards and nephrectomy should be limited to chosen cases. PMID- 18924491 TI - [Kidney tumor in 12-year-old girl--case study of the rare histopatologic form of neoplasm in children]. AB - The authors present an atypical case of MEST uncovered in 12-year-old girl diagnosed with recurrent pyuria and persistent albuminuria with concomitant hypertension. Urine changes persisted despite the antibiotics therapy and they were accompanied with aseptic urine cultures. While investigating these changes, USG, urography, CT and MRI were performed and these manifested tumor-like change in the right kidney. Right-side nefrectomy was performed. Microscopically MEST was found while infection was found in parenchyma. Mixed epithelial and stromal tumor is a very rare kidney tumor that occurs almost exclusively in perimenopausal women or women after a long-term estrogen replacement. There are only few cases of this tumor in premenarcheal girls described in literature. PMID- 18924492 TI - [Therapeutic team--a standard for peritoneal dialysis patent care--assumptions and reality]. AB - The close cooperation of all professionals dealing with peritoneal dialysis patient is essential to a adequate medical care. Doctors and nurses constitute the the "stem" of the therapeutic team. The aim of the study was to assess the therapautic cooperation in dialysis centres. The study group consist of 82 dialysis nurses, who filled out anonymous questionaires concerning interdisciplinary care, medical and non-medical support of the patient and adequate information exchange. The study showed that in 50% percent of dialysis units therapeutic teams were not present. In the other, these teams were small and rarely worked according to the accepted standards. PMID- 18924493 TI - [Endoscopic augmentation of neurogenic bladder with botulinum-A toxin in children]. AB - THE AIM: To present our experience with endoscopic intradetrusor injections of botulinum-A toxin. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Endoscopic treatment was proposed for children in which no improvement or side effects were observed. Botulinum-A toxin was injected in 25 children 3 to 7 years old. All children were evaluated with voiding-charts, in all of them urodynamic investigations were also performed in the pre and post-procedure period. RESULTS: Increased bladder volume was found in 18 patients, in 5 children bladder volume decreased. No major side effects were noted post BTX injections. CONCLUSIONS: Botulinum-A toxin in useful in children with neurogenic bladder overactivity. PMID- 18924494 TI - [24-hour pulse pressure in children with chronic kidney disease]. AB - The aim of the study was to assess 24-h pulse pressure (PP) and to determine relationships between PP and echocardiographic parameters of left ventricle in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The study population included 47 children (mean age: 13.11 yrs) with CKD treated conservatively (n=14), with hemodialysis (HD) (n=13) and automated peritoneal dialysis (APD) (n=20). Retrospectively, antropometrical data, office blood pressure, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) variables and LV parameters in echocardiogaphy were analyzed. In study subjects, hypertension (HTN) was present in 25 (53.19%) and in 29 (61.7%) when based on office blood pressure and ABPM respectively. The prevalence of HTN was the highest in predialysis patients. 21 (44.6%) of children had left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), which was the most frequently found in HD group. The mean PP value was 45.26 +/- 7.56 mmHg and was similar in all groups. Positive correlations were found between PP and weight (p < 0.001), height (p < 0.05), body surface area (p < 0.01) and LV measures (LV mass, LV posterior wall thickness and diastolic diameter of LV, all p < 0.05). Children with PP above median had tendency for greater LV mass (p = 0.06). There was no difference in severity of blood pressure and PP in children with/without LVH. However, in 45% of patients LVH was noted in whom the value of PP was greater than calculated normative value of PP (95 centile). HTN and LVH is common in children with CKD. A mean PP in children with CKD is lower when compared to adult population with CKD. The results confirm that PP increases with the age and an increasing PP has an influence on the changes of LV geometry. Assessment of PP in ABPM might help in identifying those with abnormal LV geometry. PMID- 18924495 TI - [Alport syndrome in 23-year-old woman]. AB - We report a case of Alport syndrome in a 23-year-old woman. Early-onset microscopic hematuria, nephrotic syndrome, arterial hypertension and the presence of extrarenal symptoms, e.g. hearing loss are risk factors of disease progression towards renal failure in the patient. This case report emphasizes the importance of electron microscopic studies in the diagnosis of hereditary nephropathies. PMID- 18924497 TI - [Prune-belly syndrome and therapeutic problems]. AB - Specific features of Prune-Belly syndrome (PBS) are deficiency of the abdominal muscles, urinary abnormalities and cryptorchidism. Diagnostics is possible prenatally. In order to inhibit kidney degradation process "in utero" intervention are performed. THE AIM OF OUR STUDY: Presentation of diseases development and therapeutic problems in 4 boys with PBS. RESULTS: In 3 cases this disease has been recognized before birth. In one case amniotic fluid has been supplemented. In other case abdominal-amniotic shunt has been introduced. Two children have been borne naturally, two children by cesarotomy in 31 weeks of gestation because there were intrauterine infection danger. After birth in all patients urinary infections and renal function have been observed. For three children surgical therapy has been applied. The following intervention: percutaneous nephrostomy (1 pt), cutaneocystostomy (2 pts), orchidopexy (1 pt), have been performed. One child died. Two children have renal disfunction (II degree of chronic renal disease). CONCLUSIONS: Children with PBS need permanent interdisciplinary medical care. Multistage surgical therapy inhibits kidney degradation process and improves life quality. PMID- 18924496 TI - [Osteopontin (OPN), PDGF-BB (platelet-derived growth factor) and BMP-7 (bone morphogenetic protein) as markers of atherogenesis in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) treated conservatively--preliminary results]. AB - Cardiovascular complications are the main cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with CKD. It is common knowledge that in atherogenesis the disorders of calcium--phosphate metabolism count. The molecules of paramount importance are OPN and BMP-7, inhibiting calcification, and PDGF-BB, facilitating this process. THE AIM OF THE STUDY: to assess the concentrations of the above mentioned factors and their correlation with other markers of atherogenesis in children with CKD. MATERIAL AND METHODS: OPN, PDGF-BB and BMP-7 plasma concentrations were assessed by ELISA in 18 patients with CKD (stage: I-IV) and in 12 patients from the control group. Ca-P parameters and the lipid profile were also estimated in both groups. RESULTS: OPN concentrations were comparable in both groups. PDGF-BB median values were lower (p < 0.05) and BMP-7 concentrations--higher in CKD patients than in the controls (p < 0.005). The PDGF-BB concentrations correlated negatively with OPN (R = -0.75, p < 0.001) and CRP (R = -0.71, p < 0.05) in CKD children. The negative correlation was also observed between OPN concentrations and hematocrit (R = -0.49, p < 0.04) and hemoglobin (R = -0.48, p < 0.04) values. In all patients the levels of Ca, P, alkaline phosphatase and PTH were within the normal range. CONCLUSIONS: The increase of BMP-7 concentrations and decrease of PDGF-BB values in children with CKD, coexisting with well controlled Ca-P metabolism parameters, may suggest early mobilization of mechanisms protecting against vascular calcification. These changes seem independent of dyslipidemia. PMID- 18924498 TI - [Carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in nasopharynx in children with nephrotic syndrome aged 2-5 years in Poland]. AB - Children with nephrotic syndrome (NS) are at increased risk of Streptococcus pneumoniae infections. Streptococcus pneumoniae carrier state in the nasopharynx is an early stage of this infections. The aim of the study was to assess carriage rate and characterise bacterial isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae among children with NS in a prospective multicentre study involving 10 nephrologic centres in Poland. We studied 95 children including 56 boys (59%) i 39 girls (41%) with NS in mean age 3 i 7/12 +/- 11 miesiecy. All children had throat and nasopharynx swabs taken in two epidemiological seasons (Oct-Dec 2006 and Feb-Apr 2007). Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates were serotyped with PCR. Carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae was diagnosed in 13 children (13.7%) including 13 boys (100%). Following serotypes were found: 6B (38.5%), 9V (15.3%), 23F (15.3%), 19F (7.6%). There were 23.3% isolates without identifiable serotype. Carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae was diagnosed mostly in boys with NS. Serotype 6B was dominant in this age group. PMID- 18924499 TI - [Do the results of renal biopsy depend on non-renal symptoms of Schonlein-Henoch nephropathy (SHN) in children?]. AB - The study population comprised 33 children with SHN, who underwent renal biopsy. Nephropathy was classified according to WHO classification, activity index (Ai) and chronicity index (CI). The patients were divided into 3 groups: Group 1- children with skin, abdominal and articular symptoms, Group 2--with isolated skin symptoms, Group 3--skin-articular or skin-abdominal symptoms. RESULTS: In Group 1 nephropathy was present significantly earlier (p < 0.05) than in Group 2, 3. We not observed any correlation between grade of WHO, IA, IP in Groups 1,2,3. CONCLUSION: The result of renal biopsy in children with SHN is not depend on non renal symptoms of this disease. PMID- 18924500 TI - [Usefulness of Pak's test in Stapleton's modification in diagnosis of hypercalciuria in children]. AB - Recognition of the type of hypercalciuria in children in Pak's test in Stapleton's modification was performed. 26 children with hypercalciuria was enrolled to the study. 15/26 had positive family history. In all Pak's test in Stapleton's modification was done, blond tests of renal function (urea, creatinine), calcium-phosphate balance (Ca, P, ALP, PTH, Vit D3 metabolites) and in 24 hr urine collection: promoters and inhibitors of crystallization, 24 hr urine pH measurement was performed. RESULTS: In 18 children--absorptive hipercalciuria: type II, in 1--type I, renal in 4; complex mechanism in 3, hypocitraturia was recognized in 4. Normalization of calciuria was obtained in 16 out of 26. In 3 others new formation of kidney stones was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Performation of Pak's test in Stapleton's modification allows to establish a type of hypercalciuria in children and recognize a pathomechanism of disease. PMID- 18924501 TI - [Importance of different imaging methods in diagnosis of significant urodynamically uretropelvic junction obstruction in children with congenital hydronephrosis]. AB - There are many controversies related to diagnosis of significant urodynamically uretropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) in children with congenital hydronephrosis (CHN). We compared three imaging methods: ultrasonography (US), diuretic renography (DR) and urography. We studied 23 children with CHN in mean age 6.8 +/- 10.4 months. Despite similar antero-posterior kidney diameter in US, an obstruction of urinary flow was seen significantly more often in urography than in DR. Agreement between DR and urography was noticed only in 32% of the kidneys. CONCLUSIONS: Recognition of UPJO in small children can be very difficult. An obstruction of urinary flow in DR can be associated not only with UPJO, but with immaturity of kidney and distensibility of the renal pelvis. Urography for imaging of CHN in small children can cause overdiagnosis of urodynamically significant UPJO and therefore too early surgical treatment. PMID- 18924502 TI - [Evaluation of growth hormone treatment results in children with chronic renal failure--one center experience]. AB - The study aimed at the retrospective evaluation of rhGH treatment results in children with chronic renal failure CRF and short stature treated at Dpt. and Clinic of Pediatrics, Dialysis Unit and Ambulatory in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice. Medical records of 21 children at mean age of 11.0 years (7 girls and 14 boys) were analysed. Eleven children remained on renal replacement therapy. The mean dose of rhGH was 1.1 UI/kg/week). Five children are still on rhGH treatment. RESULTS: Mean growth velocity during rhGH treatment was 15.2 cm/ total period of treatment, 6.98 cm/year. Mean SDS of growth at the beginning of treatment was: -3.25, at the end of treatment: -2.76 (p < 0.02). PTH value 123.6 pg/ml, at the end of treatment 241.29 pg/mL (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: RhGH treatment in children with CRF gives the opportunity to gain the final height compared to healthy children. PMID- 18924503 TI - [Diagnostic value and safety of percutaneous kidney biopsy in experience of one clinical center]. AB - Percutaneous kidney biopsy is a widely applied diagnostic procedure providing with kidney tissue for microscopy. AIM OF THE STUDY: The assessment of diagnostic value of kidney tissue specimens gained by percutaneous biopsy and the assessment of that method's safety. MATERIAL: 119 percutaneous kidney biopsies performed on patients of Pediatric Clinic in Zabrze from 1998 through 2007 were analysed. RESULTS: Histopathological diagnosis was assessed in 107 cases (90%). The other 12 specimens (10%) were described by the pathomorphologist as non-diagnostic. In analysed group of patients serious complications were noted in 5 cases (4.2%): massive haematuria (in 2 cases), massive bleeding in perirenal space (in 3 cases including 1 resulting in nephrectomy). CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous kidney biopsy is a valuable diagnostic procedure. Because of possible complications it is very important to comply with indications and contraindications established for that procedure. PMID- 18924504 TI - [The evaluation of urinary tract dysfunction in children with monosymptomatic primary nocturnal enuresis]. AB - The reason for our search was various investigations about urinary tract dysfunctions in enuretic children. AIM: The aim of our study was estimation of lover urinary tract function in children with monosymptomatic primary nocturnal enuresis without positive reaction for a long non pharmacological therapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 54 children after 9-12 months behavioral therapy and short pharmacological treatment (desmopresin) was undergoing urodynamic investigation (uroflowmetry and cystometry). RESULTS: Urodynamic disorders was found in 44/54 of estimated children. In 34 of children it was overactive bladder, in 6 patients we found detrusor-sphincter discoordination. Five children had decreased bladder capacity. Next to non pharmacological treatment we used anticholinergic or Baclofen depending on the results of urodynamic tests. The response to the treatment (non bedwetting at all) we observed in 34 children (in 9 of them after 3 months of therapy, in 16 after 6 months of therapy and in 12 after 12 months of therapy). The rest of children had decreased number of wet night per month. CONCLUSION: The pharmacological treatment of urodynamic disorders helps to children with monosymptomatic primary nocturnal enuresis to lost this symptom. PMID- 18924505 TI - [Estimation of glomerular filtration rate in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on the basis of cystatin C clearance]. AB - Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the best marker of renal function. Creatinine and cystatin C are accepted as endogenous parameters of GFR. THE AIM: Comparison between cystatin C clearance and other methods used for estimation of GFR. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study group consist of 73 children mean age 12.26 +/- 4.18, with CKD stage 1-4. We determined clearance of creatinine using Schwartz formule (Cl(Sch)), Counahan-Barratt formule (Cl(C-B)), cystatin C clearance (Cl(cystC)) and referred them for nuclear clearance investigations--technetium diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Cl(99m)Tc-DTPA). RESULTS: Mean values of GFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) amounted to: Cl(Sch) 113.87 +/- 36.98; Cl(C-B) 84.74 +/- 29.73; Cl(cystC) 89.55 +/- 25.87; Cl(99m)Tc-DTPA 87.28 +/- 30.71. Significant correlations were found (p < 0.00001) between Cl(99m)Tc-DTPA and Cl(Sch) r = 0.72; Cl(C-B) r = 0.71 and Cl(cystC) r = 0.72. Receiver-operating characteristics analysis showed that there where no significant differences between these methods for estimation GFR. CONCLUSION: Cystatin C clearance is an alternative method for determination of GFR. PMID- 18924506 TI - [Fetuin A in children with nephrotic syndrome]. AB - AIM OF THE STUDY: To estimate concentration of fetuin A in children with nephrotic syndrome (NS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: 53 children with NS aged from 2.5 to 17.2 years (mean age 7.7 +/- 4.4 years), 27 in remission of NS, 26 in relapse of NS were involved into the study. The control group consisted of 22 healthy children, aged from 6.5 to 17.5 years, mean age 10.8 +/- 3.3 years. In all children serum concentration of fetuin A, calcium, phosphorus, total cholesterol, albumin, triglycerides, and total daily urine protein loss were measured. RESULTS: The concentration of fetuin A in children in relapse was significantly lower compared to children in remission and control group (65.9 +/- 28; 87.2 +/- 23.2; 101.9 +/- 11.6 ng/mL, respectively, p < 0.0001). Significant correlation was found between concentrations of fetuin A and albumin level (r = 0.36, p < 0.05) and calcium concentration (r = 0.30, p < 0.05) and negative correlation between concentration of fetuin A and daily proteinuria (r = -0.36, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Low concentration of fetuin A in children in relapse of NS it may depends on proteinuria. PMID- 18924507 TI - [Treatment of first incidences of urolithiasis in children]. AB - Unlike adults urolithiasis in children is a rare disease. For this reason medical treatment in this age group is still a serious therapeutic challenge. The aim of the study was to analyze the results of the applied treatment in the first incidences of urinary stones disease. A group of 143 patients aged 1.5 to 17 years was enrolled in this study. Spontaneous stone passage was obtained in case of 65 patients, which amounts to 63% of patients, who received conservative treatment. 17% were qualified to the ESWL treatment, 5.6% underwent the URS procedure, and in 2.8% of patients open surgery was performed. In 29% of cases stones were left for further observation. Conservative therapy was effective in the majority of children with small urinary stones. Preferred treatment in remaining patients were minimally invasive urological procedures. PMID- 18924508 TI - [Urodynamic disturbances among children with vesico-ureteral reflux (VUR)]. AB - Lower urinary tract dysfunction plays significant role in patogenesis of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). Thus, urodynamic assessment is very useful in diagnosis and treatment of VUR. AIM: Assessment of the incidence of urodynamic disturbances among children with VUR. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective assessment of 125 children with VUR including 93 assessed urodymically. RESULTS: Urodynamic disturbances were found in 58 patients (70.9% of examined children), of which--detrussor hyperactivity in 25 (43.1% of children with urodynamic disturbances), detrussor hyperactivity with subvesical obstruction or dysfunctional voiding in 6 (10.3%), dysfunctional voiding in 17 (29.3%), anatomical subvesical obstruction in 9 (15.5%), detrussor hypotony in 1 (1.7%). No disturbances were found in 27 (29.1% of examined children). Children with detrussor overactivity were the prevalent group among all children with lower urinary tract dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS: Children with lower urinary tract dysfunction constitute a significant part of children with VUR. PMID- 18924509 TI - [Severe hypercalcemia as a complication of intensive treatment for osteoporosis due to steroid therpay in 17-year-old girl with the nephrotic syndrome]. AB - In the article, 17-year-old girl with iatrogenic severe hipercalcemia was presented. The girl was treated since the age of 12 years for steroid-sensitive minimal change disease. Due to steroid therapy osteoporosis developed and intensive treatment with active form of vitamin D and high doses of calcium was started. She was admitted to our clinic in severe general state with abdominal pain, vomiting, dehydration, muscle weakness, hypertension and mental confusion. Severe hipercalcemia with nephrocalcinosis was diagnosed. The history revealed that the girl had increased the doses of drugs intentionally. The authors emphasized the need for careful monitoring of prophylaxis and treatment for osteoporosis due to steroid therapy. PMID- 18924510 TI - [24-hour urinary oxalate excretion in healthy children and in children with calcium urolithiasis]. AB - Hyperoxaluria is one of the crucial risk factors for calcium stone formation. AIM: Estimation of own reference range for 24-hour urinary oxalate (OX) excretion and evaluation of incidence of primary and secondary hyperoxaluria in children with calcium urolithiasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study comprised 128 healthy children aged 4-17,9 years and 137 children aged 3.7-18 years with calcium urolithiasis. RESULTS: In healthy children, the mean 24-hour urinary OX excretion was 0.305 +/- 0.109 mmol/ 1.73 m2/ 24 h. An upper normal limit for urinary OX excretion was assumed at 0.474 mmol/1, 73 m2 / 24 h (95th percentile). Patients with stones had significantly higher urinary OX excretion (0.381 +/- 0.173 mmol / 1.73 m/ 24 h) in comparison to healthy children. Secondary hyperoxaluria was revealed in 37 (27%) children, whereas primary hyperoxaluria type I was diagnosed in only 1 (0.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Secondary hyperoxaluria occurred in a significant percentage of children with calcium urolithiasis, predominantly in males, whereas primary hyperoxaluria is casuistic. PMID- 18924511 TI - [Coexistence of nephrocalcinosis and renal failure in children--own experiences]. AB - Nephrocalcinosis (NC) is defined by increased calcium content of the kidney. To be identified radiologically it must be substantially gross accumulation of calcium within renal tissue. The incidence of NC in children is very low. The main causes of NC are hypercalcemic states with hypercalciuria and various tubular disorders. Although renal calcification may induce interstitial and tubular damage, NC is relatively rare associated with renal failure. We present three children with such an association. In those patients, primary distal tubular acidosis, hyperoxaluria type I and familial hypomagnesemia with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis were diagnosed. The former two patients developed terminal renal failure in the school age whereas in the latter one, only moderate renal insufficiency was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The coexistence of nephrocalcinosis and renal failure is caused by extremely rare metabolic disorders. Therefore, this condition requires careful examinations. PMID- 18924512 TI - [Malformations of urinary system in our series of children--treatment approaches]. AB - The purpose of the study was to analyze treatment approaches in children with malformations of urinary system. The retrospective study comprised 557 children (196 boys and 361 girls) aged 1-18 years with malformations of urinary system hospitalized in 2000-2007 in the Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University Children's Hospital, Lublin. Primary and secondary vesicoureteral reflux (269 children), ureteral obstruction (102 children), urethral obstruction (91 children) and renal duplication (83 children) were the most common malformations observed. In 26 children, multiple urinary system malformations were diagnosed. 332 children required surgery including 113 with vesicoureteral reflux. However, in the majority of children with vesicoureteral reflux, on an average 18-month pharmacologic treatment resulted in complete recovery. PMID- 18924513 TI - [Ormond's disease in 17-year-old girl: a case study]. AB - Ormond's disease (RPF) is chronic inflammatory process characterized by intensive fibrosis and inflammatory cells infiltration in retroperitoneal space. RPF in most cases possess idiopathic origin and is rare in children. The histopathologic verification is needed for establishing a proper diagnosis of disease. In this study a case of RPF in 17-year-old girl was reported which caused many diagnostical and therapeutical difficulties. In our patient streptococcal tonsillitis was recognized as a primary cause of disease. PMID- 18924514 TI - [Urinary tract infections--pediatric urologist point of view]. AB - Urinary tract infections (UTI) could present with different clinical forms dependent on intensity and localization of infection and child's age. The symptoms could be non specific in children. Condition that provoke to urinary stasis, especially voiding dysfunction is the favourable factor for UTI appearance. Gram-negative enteric bacteria is the most common pathogen. Urine culture is the basic investigation that allow to identify pathogen and its drug sensitiveness but simultaneous urinalysis is necessary to recognize the inflammation of urinary organs. In addition, the number of leukocytes gives an idea about inflammation intensity. Ultrasonographic (USG) scan is necessary to examine urostasis. DMSA study performed during febrile UTI allow to identify children with acute pyelonephritis and when repeated 6 months later - those with renal scars. A normal USG and DMSA scan during infection makes voiding cystourethrography (VCU) unnecessary in the primary examination. The presence of vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) not always predispose children to renal lesions. Early and appropriate treatment of UTI, especially during the first 24 hours, diminishes the likelihood of renal involvement during the acute phase of infection but does not prevent scar formation. The proper hygiene of the urethral meatus, voiding and drinking habits and preventing of constipation are crucial in UTI prophylaxis. PMID- 18924515 TI - [Vesicoureteral reflux and urinary tract infections]. AB - Understanding the role of urodynamic conditions in the bladder with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) have changed the cause-effect relationship between vesicoureteral reflux and urinary tract infections (UTI) in children. It is not a presence of UTI itself that decides on VUR appearance but accompanying voiding dysfunction. Dysfunctional voiding causes functional urinary tract obstruction which increases intravesical pressure during storage and voiding, and contributes post-voiding residuals. When intravesical pressure exceed ureteric opening pressure the VUR occurs and UTI develops because of urinary stasis. It was noticed that high voiding pressure contributed 90% of VUR in infants. If bladder dysfunction is a fundamental factor in VUR creation, the treatment of VUR should focus on elimination of this dysfunction. Endoscopic subureteric injection could be used as an additional treatment, particularly reducing recurrences of febrile UT. PMID- 18924516 TI - [The assessment of heart function in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD)]. AB - THE AIM OF THE STUDY: The echocardiography evaluation of cardiac function in children with CKD. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 30 children (17 males, 13 females), aged 2-20 yrs with CKD 2-5. Left ventricular (LV) dimensions, LV ejection fraction (EF) and LV mass index (LVMI), as well mitral inflow velocity (E/A waves) and isovolumetric relaxation time (IRT) were evaluated. RESULTS: Impaired diastolic heart function were ascertained in 12 patients (in 2 from 5 with CKD 3, in 3 from 10 with 4 and 7 from 14 with 5). Left ventricular hypertrophy was observed in 13 children with CDD 3-5 (4, 4, 5), and decreased ejection fraction in 2. CONCLUSIONS: The vast majority of children with chronic kidney disease demonstrate an impairment of diastolic cardiac function. PMID- 18924517 TI - [Reflux and obstructive nephropathy as a cause of renal failure in chronic dialysis children]. AB - We carried out a retrospective analysis of medical files to evaluate causes of chronic renal failure in 80 children (M--49, F--31), age 1 month to 20 years) who started renal replacement therapy in the Department of Nephrology and Dialysis of the Polish Mothers Memorial Hospital in the years 1990-2007. In 28 children (35%) reflux and obstructive nephropathy was a cause of renal failure. In 5 children the disease was secondary to the neurogenic bladder. The incidence of these nephropathies in our population was constant in the analyzed years. In our group there were 2 neonates and 7 adolescent who were diagnosed with nephropathy as late as in the endstage phase. Boys with posterior urethral valve required renal replacement therapy earlier (146 +/- 55 months). We conclude that obstructive and reflux nephropathy are still the essential cause of end stage renal disease in children. PMID- 18924518 TI - [Long-term results of treatment of vesicoureteral refluxes]. AB - AIM OF THE STUDY: To estimate the results of treatment of vesicoureteral refluxes (VUR) in children. 156 children were involved into the study. 68 children aged 10 years and above (mean age 13.1 +/- 2.4 years) were analysed in detail. The patients were divided into groups depending on method of treatment: surgical (26 children), transurethral injection of teflon/collagen (11 children), conservative (31 children). The results of treatment were evaluated on basis of subsidence of VUR, kidney function, renal scarring on DMSA scan and arterial hypertension. RESULTS: Persistence of VUR was observed in 6 patients treated conservatively (19.4%), 5 of them had voiding disturbances, in 1 patient treated with injections (9.1%) and in no operated patients. There was no significant difference between groups in kidney function and in presence of hypertension. Operated patients had significantly higher grade of VUR and grade of renal scarring on DMSA scan. CONCLUSION: Method of treatment of vesicoureteral refluxes does not influence kidney function or occurence of hypertension. PMID- 18924519 TI - [Program of early diagnosis of chronic renal disease in children--SopKard 15 nephrological project]. AB - The Sopot Program of Cardiac Infarct and Stroke Prevention--SopKard 1999-2009 was established for health promotion to decrease cardio-vascular diseases mortality. To serve these purposes a new project SopKard 15 for adolescents was created. The main aim of SopKard 15 is evaluation of health status with particular attention to risk factors of civilization diseases, with chronic kidney disease (CKD) among them. In population of 14-year-old students a complex nephrological examination including medical history, blood pressure measurements, ultrasound examination, and laboratory tests with e.g. albuminuria, urinalysis, and serum creatinine and cystatin C levels was performed. Nephrology part of Program SopKard 15 aspired to early detection of CKD and verifies normal value for this age group. PMID- 18924520 TI - [Evolving pattern of bladder dysfunction in boys with posterior urethral valves (PUV)]. AB - Bladder dysfunction is present in 50-80% boys born with PUV. THE AIM OF THE STUDY: To assess the effect of age on the pattern of voiding dysfunction. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An analysis of urodynamic findings was performed in 62 boys with PUV divided into younger (mean 6.02 yrs) and older (mean 15.6 yrs) age groups. RESULTS: In younger boys a higher prevalence of decreased bladder compliance (p < 0.0001), detrusor instability (p < 0.001) and detrusor sphincter dyssynergy (p < 0.05) was noted. In older boys a higher prevalence of low detrusor pressure was observed (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The pattern of bladder dysfunction in boys with PUV evolves with age. PMID- 18924521 TI - [Pre-emptive renal transplantation in a boy with obstructive uropathy following reconstruction procedures]. AB - Patients with bladder dysfunction comprise over 30% of pediatric patients on renal replacement therapy. We report on a successful cadaveric pre-emptive renal transplantation performed in a boy born with posterior urethral valve. Following bilateral ureterocutaneostomies, left nephrectomy and valve resection, at 6 years of age a continent ileocolonocystoplasty was performed. The boy started intermittent daytime catheterization, passing urine both via urethra and fistula. At the age of 18 he received a renal transplant. Continuing the previous regime, at 1.5 years follow up his graft is well functioning (GFR >75 ml/min/1.73 m2) with sporadic episodes of urinary tract infection. PMID- 18924522 TI - [Kidney transplantation into a neurogenic bladder in myelomeningocele patient (MMC)]. AB - We report a 24-year-old patient with neurogenic bladder due to myelomeningocele (MMC) who received a kidney transplant without prior bladder reconstruction. Following transplantation recurrent episodes of febrile pyelonephritis were observed with elevations of creatinine. A year after Tx a bladder augmentation was performed with appendicostomy to enable intermittent catheterization. Following surgery only sporadic episodes of UTI have been observed and his renal function is stable. CONCLUSION: bladder reconstruction surgery in patients with neurogenic bladder is feasible post transplantation though the optimal timing is prior to a kidney Tx. PMID- 18924523 TI - [Estimation of GFR from serum creatinine and cystatin C-A comparison of 2 methods in patients with neurogenic bladder due to myelomeningocle (MMC)]. AB - Glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) calculated from serum creatinine can be overestimated in patients with muscle mass deficits. AIM: The aim of this study was to compare eGFR calculated from serum levels of creatinine and cystatin C in a group of patients with neurogenic bladder due to MMC. MATERIAL AND METHODS: GFR calculations were performed for 67 patients using Schwartz formula for creatinine measured by colorimetric method and Filler formula for cystatin C measured by immunonephelometric method. RESULTS: Statistically significant lower eGFR values were obtained with calculations based on cystatin C levels. CONCLUSION: Cystatin C is a useful marker for GFR estimations in patients with reduced muscle mass. PMID- 18924524 TI - [Preparation of the children with lower urinary tract pathology to the kidney transplantation]. AB - Kidney transplantation (KTx) is the best method of the treatment in the end stage renal disease (ESRD). Children with persistent uropathy were disqualified from registration on the waiting list till now. Posterior urethral valves (puv), neurogenic bladder, persistent vesico-ureteral reflux, prune belly syndrome, persistent urogenital sinus, congenital urethral atresia were among these pathology. Methods and possibilities of the preparation of the children with uropathy to the KTx are presenting in this paper. Basic investigations in pretransplant preparation of a patient are cystography and urodynamic study. On the ground of the results of these investigations proper therapeutic approach is undertook. Drug treatment, surgical treatment are to be designed for bladder preparation for KTx. If there is no possibility to obtain a good bladder function, the child is qualified to kidney transplantation with non-standard urinary drainage into augmented bladder or ileal conduit. PMID- 18924525 TI - [Neuropathic bladder dysfunction]. AB - The knowledge that after closure of the spinal cord defect, function of pelvic floor can change from hypocontractility to overactivity within the first months of life, is very important for successful treatment. All newborns at that time have residual urine after a spontaneous void. The most authors therefore recommend to start all newborns on intermittent catheterisation every 3 hours. The pattern of bladder dysfunction (Sillen 1996) changes within the first year of life towards moderate or severe overactivity with accompanying bladder-sphincter dyssynergy. Bauer (2000) observed that 14% of children with synergy initially deteriorated due to a conversion to dyssynergy, 30% of infants with absent sphincter activity in the beginning developed reflux or hydronehrosis due to denervation fibrosis of the external sphincter and high outlet resistance. One third of these changes were seen before one year of age, but 82% before age two. From these reasons highly beneficial is immediately, after closure of spinal cord defect, to perform ultrasound examination with calculation of residual urine and urodynamic evaluation. It clearly proves the beneficial role of anticholinergics and CIC with 63% of refluxes treated successfully. In patients whose reflux resolved bladder volume and bladder compliance improved and leak point pressure was markedly reduced. PMID- 18924526 TI - [Non-neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction]. AB - Functional bladder disorders in children are a common condition and they are observed in 5-15% of pediatric population. Recent observations of bladder function of the healthy newborns have changed our viewpoint on its behaviour in older children. By the age of 4 years, many if not most children have matured their urinary tract function and developed an adult pattern of urinary control. They are generally dry during the day and the night. The adult pattern is characterized during bladder filling by an absence of unstable or uninhibited (involuntary) detrusor contractions. Urodynamic studies have confirmed that even at bladder capacity and when the desire to void is strong, detrusor contraction will not occur unless it is voluntarily initiated. The voiding symptoms and urinary incontinence or urinary infection and are thought to be caused by behavioral factors that affect toilet training and prevent successful transition from the infantile to the adult pattern of urinary control. These syndromes of dysfunctional elimination differ greatly in manifestation, prognosis, and pathophysiology and comprise a clinical spectrum that varies widely. At the severe end of the spectrum are a small group of patients with Hinman's syndrome, also termed the non-neurogenic neurogenic bladder, dysfunctional voiding, or occult neuropathic bladder. Less severe uropathology is observed in the large group of children who present with refractory and often severe symptoms that reflect incomplete toilet training with diminished urinary control. Their obstruction is caused by an incoordination between bladder and sphincter that occurs only during bladder filling in the presence of unstable bladder contractions and is, therefore, of less potential risk to the urinary tract. Unstable bladder, the most common pattern of urinary dysfunction in childhood, occurs in up to 57% of symptomatic children aged 3 to 14 years. Voluntary constriction of the urinary sphincter during unstable bladder contractions produces urinary obstruction with high intravesical pressures. The assessment of children with lower urinary tract disorders should consist of a detailed history, a frequency/volume chart and a physical examination. Uroflowmetry and ultrasound examination can be added. Treatment of functional bladder disorders in children can be divided in urotherapy, consisting of standard therapy and some specialized types of urotherapy like biofeedback, neuromodulation, pharmacotherapy and botulinum toxin injections. PMID- 18924527 TI - [Complex etiology of acute renal failure in a newborn]. AB - Acute renal failure (ARF), which is diagnosed in 3.4-20% of newborns, is polyetiological in most cases. We present a newborn with non-oliguric ARF diagnosed in the first day of life, and caused by asphixia, intrauterine infection (IUI) and nephrotoxic effects of metotrexate treatment during pregnancy. Antibiotics, including netilmicin and vankomycin, were given because of IUI and infected central venous catheter. Dosage of drugs was adjusted to renal failure parameters, but monitoring of their serum levels was not available. It could cause augmented acute tubular necrosis and interstitial nephritis. Analysis of ARF risk factors in newborns helps in early diagnosis of renal damage and in prompt implementation of therapy. PMID- 18924529 TI - [Burden and need for assistance in parents of autistic children]. AB - This article presents results from an in-depth interview study with parents of children suffering from autism, focusing burden, coping resources, and need for professional assistance. The results show that parents feel extremely burdened by the intensive care for their autistic child. Based on the results of this study, the article outlines a concept of assisting parents of autistic children. Components of the concept are e. g. counseling, initiation of self-help potentials, cooperation and integration of existing services, and public relations work. PMID- 18924528 TI - [Without fists--violence prevention in primary school]. AB - Faustlos is a violence prevention program for primary school and preschool children for the promotion of social and emotional competences. The curriculum focuses on the promotion of empathy, impulse control and anger management. The program was evaluated over a period of three years in 13 first and second grade classes. Positive effects of the curriculum were shown especially on aggressive behaviour for boys and children with high aggression scores and on the promotion of empathy. PMID- 18924530 TI - [Children of depressive parents and psychiatrically inconspicuous parents in the child and adolescent psychiatry--a comparison study]. AB - The present study evaluates the pathogenetic effects of parentally depressions on the children and adolescents in this families. Tested were 100 patients from the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy at the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE). 50 children and adolescents with at least one depressive parent were related to the investigation group. In addition the control group consisted of 50 children and adolescents with psychiatrically normal parents. We assume that children with a depressive parent need more and longer treatment and the diagnosis will differ from the control group. Furthermore we assume that children of the investigation group are environed more by psychosocial strains. In fact the results proof that children with a depressive parent need significant longer outpatient treatment and a significant increased number of inpatient treatment, appearing syndromes are not specific though. All in all the children of the investigation group are exposed more by psychosocial strains. Further results show, that this children consult more mental institutions and attending therapists commend more often an aftertreatment. Advising to our results children and adolescents with a depressive parent need obviously more treatment than the control group. Therefore an extension of therapeutic and preventive treatment as well as psychological attendance for families with a depressive parent is necessary. PMID- 18924531 TI - [Child neglect and maltreatment, "early aid" and the contribution of early intervention]. AB - Child neglect and maltreatment is--following the death of Kevin in Bremen - a major theme in german society. The improvement of prevention has a professional as well as a political dimension. In both fields, the possible contribution of early intervention services is hardly recognized. The experience of these services concerning the development of children in high risk constellations, and their diagnostic, intervention and networking techniques are a major Plus of early intervention programs and should be integrated in "early aid"--initiatives which are actually brought up. PMID- 18924532 TI - [On the psychoanalytic view of Harry Potter]. AB - This paper analyzes the exemplary mental development that Harry Potter undertakes after the massive traumatic loss of his parents at the early age of 15 months and the following neglect by his relatives until he becomes a mature adult. On the basis of his internalized mothers love and by identification with his father and his paternally friend Dumbledore Harry gains increasing self-confidence and new friends in his peer group in the course of time. After passing numerous conflicts and experiencing friendship Harry reaches the stage of initiation into the world of the adults. On the oedipal level he finally is able to deidealize his father and Dumbledore. And at the end Harry is not seduced by absolute power and the triumph over death itself. On the contrary he is ready to sacrifice himself for his friends and thus can overcome the fragmented Voldemort. Readers can identify with Harry, can recognize their own experiences and conflicts and can deal with the proposed conflict resolution patterns on different levels. This contemporary "Bildungsroman" deals with important typical interpersonal and cultural issues for young people. This is what leads young readers to strong resonance and identification processes and explains the great success of the Harry Potter story. PMID- 18924533 TI - Longevity and diet in Okinawa, Japan: the past, present and future. AB - Japan has the longest life expectancy at birth (LEB) in the world. Okinawa, Japan's poorest prefecture, previously had the highest longevity indices in the country. However, the latest LEB for men in Okinawa is no higher than the national average. The purpose of this study is to examine why the longevity indices in Okinawa were once the highest in Japan, and to examine the reasons for their recent decline. In 1990, in Okinawa, the age-adjusted death rates (ADR) of the three leading causes of death were lower than their national averages. By 2000, the standard mortality ratios (SMR, Japan=100) of heart disease and cerebrovascular disease for both sexes in Okinawa had increased, compared to their 1990 levels. Both of the ADR of ischemic heart disease and the ADR of cerebrovascular disease for men increased to 45.5 and 63.5 in 2000, up from 42.9 and 59.1 in 1990, respectively, and the SMR of ischemic heart disease for men in Okinawa reached 101 in 2000. Consequently, the national ranking of Okinawa prefecture for LEB of men has dropped. As of 1988, in Okinawa, daily intake of meat and daily intake of pulses were both approximately 90 grams, which is about 20% and 30% higher than the national average, respectively. Also, as of 1988, daily intake of green and yellow vegetables in Okinawa was about 50% higher than the national average. However, by 1998, daily meat intake and fat energy ratio had surpassed 100 grams and 30%, respectively, and daily intake of pulses and green and yellow vegetables had declined to the level of the national average. Recently, young Japanese, particularly young men in Okinawa, have shown a tendency to avoid the traditional dishes of stewed meat and champuru. PMID- 18924534 TI - Single nucleotide polymorphism and lifestyle-related diseases in the Asia-Pacific region: comparative study in Okinawa, Palau and Thailand. AB - Genetic differences between Asians and Caucasians may be involved in the rapid increase in lifestyle-related diseases in the Asia-Pacific region that has coincided with Westernisation of diets in the region. In the present study, we assessed correlation between 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and chronic disease risk factors in age-matched and population-based groups in four Asian-Pacific locations: Okinawa, Palau and Thailand (two areas). The following allelic SNP profiles significantly differed (p<0.01) among the four populations, in both men and women: uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2), uncoupling protein 3 promoter (UCP3p), leptin receptor (LEPR) exon 6, and angiotensinogen (AGTa-20c). Multiple regression analyses showed significant associations between SNPs and clinical data. For men, these associations were between beta3 adrenergic receptor (beta3AR) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (p<0.01), UCP3p and total cholesterol (p<0.01), UCP2 and age (p<0.05), and AGTa-20c and age (p<0.01). For women, these associations were between LEPR exon 14 and body mass index (BMI) (p<0.05), UCP2 and systolic blood pressure (p<0.05), UCP3p and DBP (p<0.05), UCP2 and DBP (p<0.01), apolipoprotein E (ApoE)nd total cholesterol (p<0.01), beta3AR and triglyceride (p<0.05), AGTa-20c and triglyceride (p<0.05), and UCP2 and age (p<0.05). These results illustrate the interrelationships among SNPs and risk factors in the Asia-Pacific including China and Japan. PMID- 18924535 TI - Breastfeeding, body mass index, asthma and atopy in children. AB - The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between breastfeeding, asthma and atopy, and any influence of child body mass index (BMI). Prospective birth cohort data were used to model the association between breastfeeding duration, BMI, asthma and atopy in children at six years. After adjustment for BMI and associated covariates, breastfeeding (per additional month of feeding) was marginally associated with decreased BMI (p=0.083). BMI was significantly associated with current asthma (p=<0.0005) and atopy (p=0.055). Exclusive breastfeeding for less than four months was a risk for current asthma (p=0.033) and atopy (p=0.005). The early introduction of formula leads to an increase in child BMI and early asthma and atopy. Increased BMI is a risk factor for childhood asthma and atopy. These findings suggest that public health interventions to optimise breastfeeding duration and reduce overweight in children may help attenuate the community burden of wheezing illness early in life. PMID- 18924536 TI - Is there a role for monounsaturated fat in the dietary management of obesity? AB - Animal and human studies indicate that high saturated fat (SFA) diets can be obesogenic. Monounsaturated fat (MUFA) has acute (meal related) effects that influence energy metabolism. These include increased postprandial fat oxidation and greater diet induced thermogenesis, factors that attenuate weight gain. Chronic (diet related) studies for 12 weeks or more, demonstrate that people following high MUFA diets do not gain excessive weight even when eating ad libitum. In fact, we have observed greater body weight and fat loss in men following an ad libitum MUFA diet, when compared to a SFA diet. High MUFA diets designed for weight loss should also incorporate a high vegetable intake according to traditional Mediterranean patterns. Such diets will promote the utilisation of fat and also have a low energy density. In our experience these diets are well accepted, and offer the prospect of greater long-term adherence to dietary advice. PMID- 18924537 TI - Breastfeeding and the prevention of obesity. AB - Obesity will be the greatest challenge for nutrition and is probably the greatest overall challenge to public health facing us in the next few decades. Being overweight or obese is a risk factor for many chronic diseases and the impact on wellbeing and mortality is well documented. Breastfeeding exclusively to six months of age is the most appropriate way to feed infants. A review of the international literature and an analysis of Australian data support the hypothesis that breastfeeding reduces the prevalence of obesity. Breastfeeding promotion should become a part of public health programmes for the prevention of obesity. PMID- 18924538 TI - Ethnic differences in the BMI-%BF relationships between young Japanese and Australian-Caucasian males living in Australia using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. AB - The Body Mass Index (BMI) has been used worldwide as an indicator of fatness. However, the universal cut-off points by the World Health Organisation (WHO) classification may not be appropriate for every ethnic group when consider the relationship with their actual total body fatness (%BF). The application of population-specific classifications to assess BMI may be more relevant to public health. Ethnic differences in the BMI-%BF relationship between 45 Japanese and 42 Australian-Caucasian males were assessed using whole body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan and anthropometry using a standard protocol. Japanese males had significantly (p<0.05) greater %BF at given BMI values than Australian males. When this is taken into account the newly proposed Asia-Pacific BMI classification of BMI >23 as overweight and >25 as obese may better assess the level of obesity that is associated increased health risks for this population. To clarify the current findings, further studies that compare the relationships across other Japanese populations are recommended. PMID- 18924539 TI - Dealing with obesity: an Australian perspective. AB - Over half of all Australians are classified as overweight or obese and this is increasing by 1% of the population per year. Obesity is linked with a range of health ailments including type 2 diabetes, heart diseases and some cancers. At a population level it is well accepted that obesity is a result of the increasing use of modern technology, resulting in decreased energy expenditure, in combination with easily available high energy density foods, the "obesogenic environment". In the modern environment, there are two major areas of management to assist the overweight and obese. Both include a change in lifestyle. Future strategies in weight management should include reduction in energy density and increase in daily physical activity. PMID- 18924540 TI - New insights into cardiovascular disease risk in subjects with visceral obesity. AB - Obese insulin resistant individuals often present with a dyslipidemic phenotype characterised by hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL cholesterol levels, essentially normal total- and LDL-cholesterol, but a propensity for smaller, denser LDL particles. We have reported that concentrations of chylomicrons are two to three folds greater than in age-matched lean controls. We have recently observed that in lean free-living subjects the flux of chylomicrons over a 12h period was just 25% greater in these subjects than basal chylomicron production. Constitutive secretion of chylomicrons appears to be of greater relevance to arterial exposure than postprandial fluctuations. Insulin critically regulates the metabolism of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and hence it would be expected that the hormone is also involved in the regulation of chylomicron metabolism. Impaired insulin action may therefore be responsible for the associated hyperchylomicronaemia. In this review we examine the hypothesis that insulin chronically modulates chylomicron metabolism and present evidence suggesting that hyperchylomicronaemia primarily results from impaired chylomicron production. PMID- 18924541 TI - Breaking down the acne management timeline: clinical consideration and challenges. Introduction. PMID- 18924542 TI - Clinical presentation and diagnosis of acne: patient-centric considerations. AB - Acne is a common dermatologic condition that primarily affects adolescents and young adults. Advances in research have led to more in-depth understanding of the pathophysiology of this condition and the development of new therapeutic interventions. Acne is now recognized as a multifactorial disease requiring a multifaceted approach to therapy. Acne can affect individuals of either gender, any ethnicity, and any age group. Nuances in the underlying pathophysiology, distribution, clinical presentation, and differential diagnosis are important to appreciate, as they may substantially contribute to the choice of therapy. PMID- 18924544 TI - Beyond first-line treatment: management strategies for maintaining acne improvement and compliance. AB - The management of acne vulgaris is a long-term process that must be individualized to each patient. Relevant factors influencing treatment include the age and gender of the patient, the severity and extent of disease, the efficacy and tolerability of prior interventions, and the degree of compliance with recommended therapies. The follow-up phase of acne management requires a framework for approaching treatment modification that may include concepts such as up-titration, add-on, or switching of available agents to improve efficacy and tolerability. Whenever oral antibiotics are used, abrupt discontinuation in favor of topical maintenance therapy rather than gradual tapering is recommended. Strategies for assessing and optimizing medical adherence are reviewed. PMID- 18924543 TI - Addressing patient variability: clinical challenges in the initiation of acne treatment. AB - Aligning an acne diagnosis with a therapeutic strategy is the cornerstone of acne management. The challenges associated with treatment selection include the type and severity of the patient's acne as well as the mechanism of action of each medication and its ability to address one or more of the pathogenic factors of acne. Beyond the efficacy of treatment, the clinician must be able to address a number of factors that also will influence treatment success, the most important being compliance. The characteristics of treatment (e.g., tolerability profiles, dosing, vehicle) have a profound effect on compliance. In addition, patient characteristics, such as level of expectation, acne treatment knowledge, and willingness to be treated, impact a clinician's approach to management. First line treatment sets the tone in the overall management of acne; thus, medication choice, patient education, and communication are critical to treatment success. PMID- 18924545 TI - Antibiotic use in acne vulgaris and rosacea: clinical considerations and resistance issues of significance to dermatologists. AB - Antibiotics are commonly prescribed in dermatology practice for a variety of disorders, including acne vulgaris and rosacea. Importantly, they often are used long-term for these inflammatory dermatoses. Changes in bacterial ecology related to antibiotic prescribing have led to the decreased sensitivity of some bacterial organisms, such as Propionibacterium acnes, to antibiotics commonly prescribed by dermatologists. The potential clinical outcomes of altered bacterial sensitivities may vary among specific disease states and include decreased therapeutic response and the need to alter approaches in disease management. Additionally, changing patterns of antibiotic sensitivity and the emergence of more virulent pathogens, such as community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, macrolide-resistant staphylococci and streptococci, and mupirocin-resistant S aureus, have led to marked changes in how clinicians use antibiotics in clinical practice. This article reviews antibiotic prescribing in dermatology practice and provides important clinical perspectives and recommendations to preserve the therapeutic value of antibiotics based on a thorough review of current literature and clinical experience. PMID- 18924546 TI - Handling a community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus outbreak: emerging data. AB - Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CAMRSA) strains continue to emerge as important causes of sepsis, folliculitis, skin abscesses, necrotizing pneumonitis, empyema, and bone and joint infections. Community acquired methicillin-resistant S aureus often affects young, previously healthy individuals, including athletes and children in day care. Drainage remains the most important intervention for an abscess. The most common CAMRSA strains in the United States, Canada, and Europe remain sensitive to sulfonamides and tetracycline. Rates of clindamycin resistance vary widely geographically, and physicians should be familiar with their local antibiogram data. Multidrug resistant strains of CAMRSA are emerging, and the routine addition of antibiotics such as tetracycline to animal feed is contributing to the emergence of resistance. Recurrence and spread of infection can be reduced by addressing the carrier state. Strategies for treatment and elimination of staphylococcal carriage are discussed. PMID- 18924547 TI - Striatal D-neurons: in new viewpoints for neuropsychiatric research using post mortem brains. PMID- 18924548 TI - Contractile responses of prostatic and epididymal portions of isolated rabbit vas deferens to electrical field stimulation. AB - The prostatic and epididymal portions of rabbit vas deferens were different in the reactivity to electrical field stimulation (EFS), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and noradrenaline (NA). The EFS produced biphasic contractile response; VIZ. the first rapid twitch like (phasic) and the second slow sustained (tonic) contraction. The ratio of the amplitude of the phasic contraction to that of the tonic contraction in response to the EFS was higher in the prostatic portion than that in the epididymal portion. The increase of stimulation frequency from 5 to 10 and 20 Hz more markedly augmented the tonic contractile response than the phasic contractile response. Then, the ratio of the amplitude of the phasic contraction to that of the tonic contraction decreased according to the increase of the stimulation frequency. The tension development of the phasic and the tonic contractile responses to the EFS in the prostatic portion was significantly larger than those in the epididymal portion. The administration of 1 mM ATP produced phasic contraction. The contractile response to 1 mM ATP was more remarkably appeared in the prostatic portion than in the epididymal portion. The administration of 10 microM NA produced slow sustained tonic contraction, which also more markedly appeared in the prostatic portion than in the epididymal portion. The findings may indicate that the prostatic portion of rabbit vas deferens was more strongly innervated by purinergic nerves, and had higher reactivity to EFS, ATP and NA than the epididymal portion. PMID- 18924549 TI - Traffic of infused bone marrow cells after genetically-labeled syngeneic bone marrow transplantation following lethal irradiation in mice. AB - Bone marrow (BM) cells are considered the source of stem cells for various organs. However, how quickly BM cells can penetrate and constitute lymphoid organs remains elusive. In the present study, we addressed this issue in a model using genetically-labeled syngeneic BM transplantation (BMT). METHODS: Donor BM cells were obtained from "green mice", transgenic mice with enhanced GFP. Lethally irradiated C57BL/6 mice were infused with 1 x 10(6) BM cells from the green mice through the tail vein. BM chimerism was analyzed by FACS and the presence of donor BM cells in thoracoabdominal organs was assessed by fluorescence microscopy. The commitment of BM cells was examined by immunohistochemical staining using epithelium-, macrophage-, B and T-lymphocyte, and endothelium-specific antibodies. RESULTS: BM chimerism reached 40+/- 18.5%, 82.6 +/- 23.4%, and 72 +/- 18% (mean +/- SD) at 1, 4, and 12 wks after BMT, respectively. GFP-positive cells were detected in all organs in the course of chimeric formation. Most GFP-positive cells were T and B lymphocytes in lymphoid systems including spleen, thymus, mesenteric lymph nodes and microvilli, and some were positive for macrophage and endothelial cell markers. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that BM-derived cells migrate rapidly into various thoracoabdominal organs after BMT, and that lymphoid tissues are predominantly replaced with infused BM in lethally-irradiated mice. This confirmed the previous finding by others and suggests high interest of this model for further studies to characterize kinetics and roles of infused cells. PMID- 18924550 TI - Acute myocardial infarction in Fukushima area of Japan. AB - Although acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is the most serious coronary disease, the background of its onset and the mortality are not fully understood, especially in Japan. From June 1999 to May 2005, we mailed an annual questionnaire to eighteen hospitals in which emergency cardiac catheterization and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were available in the Fukushima area of Japan. A total of 1,590 patients were included. The onset time of AMI had two peaks, i.e., from 9:00 AM to 10:00 AM and 9:00 PM to 10:00 PM. As for reperfusion therapy, four groups were analyzed, the non-reperfusion therapy group (Group N, n = 233), thrombolysis alone group (Group T, n = 80), PCI without thrombolysis group (Group P, n = 1106), and PCI with thrombolysis group (Group TP, n = 151). The in-hospital mortality rate was significantly reduced in Group P (8.4%) compared with that in Group N (33.0%, p < 0.01) and Group T (18.8%, p < 0.01). However, the in-hospital mortality in Group P did not differ from that in Group TP (9.9%). The in-hospital mortality was analyzed by the logistic regression analysis among age, arrival time after onset, peak creatine kinase (CK) values, coronary risk factors, reperfusion therapy, PCI, and thrombolysis. There were significant differences in age (P < 0.01), peak CK values (p < 0.01), hypertension (p < 0.05), and diabetes mellitus (p < 0.01). These results suggest that the onset of AMI may be partly related to human biorhythms, and that PCI would be effective in reducing the in-hospital mortality. PMID- 18924551 TI - Usefulness of intraoperative esophagogastroduodenoscopy in a patient with lupus enteritis. AB - A 19-year-old Japanese woman had melena 2 months after systemic lupus erythematosus was diagnosed. Colonoscopy showed diffuse ulceration with bleeding in the ileum, suggesting that the melena was due to ischemic enteritis associated with lupus enteritis. Because treatment with high doses of steroid, anticoagulants, and cyclophosphamide pulse was ineffective, surgical intervention was planned. On exploration, it was impossible to determine the extent of resection visually. Intraoperative esophagogastroduodenoscopy clearly revealed the border between the ulcer and normal area, permitting successful resection of the ileum and ileostomy. This is the first report to document the usefulness of esophagogastroduodenoscopy in surgical treatment of ischemic enteritis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. PMID- 18924552 TI - The attitude of patients with mental disorders towards pharmacological and non pharmacological treatments: emerging implications for clinical practice, service organization and research. PMID- 18924553 TI - Subjective effects of antipsychotic drugs and their relevance for compliance and remission. AB - Only recently, success criteria became more ambitious and include a more thorough consideration of negative symptoms and cognitive dysfunction. The most important change within the last decade is the long overdue consideration of the patient's perspective. His/her subjective well-being, often unchanged or even worsened by typical antipsychotics, was neglected for a long time. One reason was the prejudice that schizophrenic patients are not able to self-rate their quality of life. Another reason was the belief that such data are not necessary because the psychiatrists' perspective, "objective" psychopathology, includes these domains. Among other scales, a self-report instrument has been constructed to evaluate "subjective well-being under neuroleptics" (SWN). This scale was used in numerous open and controlled trials, indicating: a) patients, if no longer acutely psychotic or suffering from severe cognitive deficits, are able to reliably assess their subjective well-being, b) high SWN is correlated with high compliance, c) atypical antipsychotics increase SWN, and d) individual improvements of SWN and of PANSS are not strongly related. Moreover, several studies found that early improvement of subjective well-being is a major predictor for the chance of remission. All these data indicate that a better consideration of the patient's perspective is possible and necessary. PMID- 18924554 TI - What's in it for me? The utility of psychiatric treatments from the perspective of the person in recovery. AB - The aim of this contribution is to explore how different treatments are experienced from the perspective of individuals with mental illnesses. We used data drawn from qualitative, narrative interviews. When asked to discuss their lives, people rarely discuss their psychiatric treatment. When asked about treatment, they describe hospitalization and medication but not outpatient care. What is described as most helpful are relationships with others, especially in 24 hour centers, clubhouses, and user-run organizations; places where they report feeling that they are accepted, understood, and cared about. Also important are experiences of "giving back" to others and employment as ways of increasing participants' sense of self-worth and value. Participants also indicated the importance of medication, but described protracted processes of having to find the right prescriber, the right medication, at the right dosage, and taking the medication long enough to derive its benefits. For others, symptoms were described as being an integral part of who they were and not something they wanted to eliminate. Traditional treatments (e.g., medication), if given by a practitioner who understands the person and is willing to try to find the right medication and dosage, may serve as a foundation for instrumental experiences of being accepted, understood, valued, and being able to give back to others. PMID- 18924555 TI - Tolerability of antipsychotic drugs: does patient perspective deserve consideration? AB - This contribution initially describes some traditional tools that are commonly used to measure drug tolerability, including measures that take into considerations both clinicians' and patients' views. Subsequently, it highlights a few studies that compared the patient and clinician's perspective in the evaluation of drug tolerability, trying to understand whether health care providers and patients perceive antipsychotic tolerability in different ways, and whether these different ways may have implications in terms of treatment adherence and outcome. Finally, some clinical and research implications are suggested and discussed. PMID- 18924556 TI - A simple approach to manage dosages in drug-epidemiology research. PMID- 18924557 TI - The use and meaning of the continuous performance test in schizophrenia. PMID- 18924558 TI - Development and spatial representation of synthetic indexes of outpatient mental health care in Andalusia (Spain). AB - INTRODUCTION: There is a need to develop composite indicators to monitor mental health care in countries such as Spain, where there is wide variability of care systems in 17 different regions. The aim of this study is to generate and to test the usability of synthetic indexes in Andalusia (Southern Spain). METHOD: Seven mental health indicators were selected by expert opinion from a previous list of simple indicators used to compare mental health care systems across Spain (Psicost-74). A Geographical Information Systems (GIS) was used to delineate 71 sectors based on the catchment areas of the mental health centers in Andalusia. Synthetic indexes were obtained through linear combinations of simple indicators via Principal Components Analysis (PCA), using activity data from the Mental Health Information System of Andalusia (SISMA). Maps of these indexes were drawn for 71 catchment areas. RESULTS: Two synthetic indexes were obtained and showed high consistency in the PCA. The Care Load Index (component 1) related to population size and total outpatient care provided within the area. The Case Load Index (component 2) related to assisted morbidity in relation to the population size. The care load index was higher in populated urban areas, whereas the case load was higher in rural areas. DISCUSSION: Care and case load indexes show a different pattern in urban and rural areas. This may be related to a different underlying model of care related to the degree of urbanisation. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) improved recognition and assessment of the spatial phenomena related to the mental health care system, and support policy decision making process in mental health. PMID- 18924560 TI - Measurement validity in cross-cultural comparative research. AB - BACKGROUND: The purpose of this article is to review the procedures to establish measurement validity in cross-cultural comparative research, including recent developments in the quantitative assessment of cross-cultural construct validity. METHODS: A narrative review, illustrated by selected examples, of methods in four areas--formative conceptual research, translation and adaptation, criterion validity and construct validity. RESULTS: Valid assessment across cultures requires qualitative research to investigate the cultural relevance of the construct, a careful translation and adaptation of a common measure, followed by pre-testing and cognitive interviews on the populations to be tested. Full criterion validation across diverse cultures may be a chimera given the difficulty in establishing a universally applicable 'gold standard'. Quantitative analyses can, however, have a part to play in establishing construct validity across cultures. Scale internal consistency, inter-item and item-total correlations and test-retest reliability provide basic support for the viability of a measure in a new cultural setting. Exploratory factor analysis can be used to compare factors and factor loadings. The hypothesis of 'measurement invariance' across countries and cultures can be tested explicitly using confirmatory factor analysis (common underlying factors and factor loadings) and Rasch models (common hierarchality of items). Despite measurement invariance, threshold effects arising from cultural differences in norms, or expectations, or expressions of mental distress may still be a problem. CONCLUSIONS: There are few examples in the cross-cultural mental health literature of demonstrably valid culture-fair comparison. Much more, could, in principle, be done either to demonstrate measurement invariance, or to identify and explore sources of heterogeneity. PMID- 18924559 TI - Genetic opportunities for psychiatric epidemiology: on life stress and depression. AB - AIMS: Genetics can offer new resources to epidemiology. This review will consider recent findings regarding the link between stress and depression as an example to illustrate the added value of employing genetics in epidemiological studies. METHODS: Systematic review of medical and psychological databases. RESULTS: Genetic and environmental factors may correlate. This suggests the potential for genetic mediation of the exposure to the environment. Gene-environment correlations can help epidemiologists to better understand causal pathways and suggest effective therapeutic strategies. Genetic and environmental factors may also interact. This suggests the potential for genetic modification of environmental effects on disease risk. Gene-environment interactions can help epidemiologists to identify vulnerable individuals and strata-specific environmental effects. CONCLUSIONS: New models of disease based on the interplay between genes and environments are providing epidemiology with a new set of testable hypotheses that will advance our understanding of mental health and illness. PMID- 18924561 TI - The metabolic implications of long term cannabis use in patients with psychosis. AB - AIMS: The aim of this paper is to summarise the effects of cannabis use on appetite and energy balance, and to subsequently investigate the possible implications this may have in patients with psychosis, in whom a high prevalence of cannabis use has been reported. METHODS: A narrative review based on the recent literature regarding cannabis use in the general population and patients with psychosis. RESULTS: The short-term abilities of cannabis to increase appetite and body weight, through actions on the endogenous endocannabinoid system, have been well characterised throughout the literature. The long term effects of cannabis use are however unclear and only a minority of studies have been conducted in the general population with overall conflicting results. In terms of the effects of cannabis in patients with psychosis, there has only been one study to date that has investigated this and interestingly found cannabis use to be associated with increased body weight and blood glucose levels, thus providing evidence that cannabis use may be an important contributing factor to the reduced life expectancy, as is currently observed in this vulnerable patient group. CONCLUSIONS: It is clear from the literature that patients with psychosis are at a high risk of metabolic and cardiovascular disease in comparison to the general population. However the contribution of cannabis use to this risk is as of yet undetermined and further long term studies are need to confirm current findings and evaluate hypothesised mechanisms. PMID- 18924562 TI - Is early intervention in psychosis effective? AB - AIMS: Psychosis is a traumatic experience for both sufferers and their families. The morbidity and mortality associated with psychosis may be improved by an assertive, specialised, multidisciplinary approach to care, provided at the earliest opportunity. Early Intervention in Psychosis (EIP) uses such approach to improve the individual's short and long-term symptomatic and functional outcome, as well as quality of life. However, there is still controversy about whether this type of intervention is effective enough to justify its associated costs. METHODS: We reviewed evidence from the literature on EIP for schizophrenia spectrum and non-affective psychoses, with particular attention to evidence on its effectiveness in reducing the duration of untreated symptoms, preventing relapses and reducing admission rates, reducing suicide rates, and reducing treatment costs. RESULTS: There is preliminary evidence that EIP may be effective in delaying transition to psychosis, reducing DUP, preventing relapses, reducing admission and suicidal rates, and reducing treatment costs. DISCUSSION: EIP remains a stimulating multidisciplinary approach to psychosis and a demanding commitment for mental health professionals and service developers. PMID- 18924563 TI - Understanding antipsychotic non-classical prescriptions: a quantitative and qualitative approach. AB - AIMS: To date only a few studies investigated the clinical reasons supporting and explaining non-classical antipsychotic prescriptions. The present study was carried out to develop concepts which help understand this phenomenon in a natural setting, giving emphasis to views of clinicians according to quali - quantitative research methodologies. SUBJECTS: From the South-Verona Psychiatric Case Register all antipsychotic prescriptions issued during 2005 were extracted. Concurrent prescribing of two or more antipsychotics, prescribing antipsychotic drugs outside the licensed indications, and outside the licensed ranges of doses reported in the Italian National Formulary, were considered non-classical prescriptions. Reasons for non-classical prescriptions were collected by means of brainstorming sessions with clinicians. Non-classical prescriptions and the corresponding reasons were grouped according to whether they were "clinically sound" or "clinically not sound". RESULTS: During 2005 a total of 259 patients received 376 non-classical prescriptions. The most frequently reported reasons for non-classical prescribing were that prescriptions were inherited from another clinician with or without benefit, and that prescriptions were motivated by the need of reducing psychotic symptoms. More than 60% of these non-classical prescriptions were categorised as "clinically sound". Clinically not sound prescriptions were related with negative clinicians' views and opinions about the patient/clinician relationship. CONCLUSION: Clinically not sound prescriptions appeared just a reflection of a problematic doctor/patient relationship, where no individual treatment plan existed and psychiatric visits had the only goal of monitoring ongoing prescriptions. PMID- 18924564 TI - [The Community Assessment Psychic Experience (CAPE): evaluation study of the Italian version]. PMID- 18924565 TI - The hyo-laryngeal complex of Tarsius bancanus (Mammalia, Primates): a developmental and phylogenetic aspect. AB - The present approach reconstructed the hyo-laryngeal complex of fetal Tarsius bancanus by using the AMIRA 3.1.1 software. Our work fills a gap of ontogenetic research as this region has only been superficially described for an adult specimen representing the same genus. Furthermore, based on 51 characters we conducted several cladistic analyses considering the "Prosimii"/Haplorrhini debate. Some anatomical information has been taken from the literature. MacClade 4.06 was used in order to measure TL-, CI-, and RC-values of these two competing hypotheses, however, resulting in equal support. A PAUP 4.02b parsimony analysis based on the Haplorrhini-hypothesis showed a significant bootstrap-value: the Pan and Alouatta-clade was supported with 90 % in spite of the highly derived morphology of the howler monkey. This fact reflects the importance of fetal data for systematic research. The study might serve as a morphological basement for further experimental studies of vocal communication. PMID- 18924566 TI - Dermatoglyphic studies in Romania. AB - The distribution of 12 dermatoglyphic variables has been studied in 22 populations of Romania. The results of the neighbor joining tree analysis are discussed by means of geographical and historical relationships. PMID- 18924567 TI - Finger dermatoglyphics and their asymmetry in Bulgarian right-, mixed- and left handers. AB - Since Bulgarians have never been investigated concerning the relationship between handedness and dermatoglyphics, the present study was aimed to investigate the aforementioned relationship in a Bulgarian sample. Digital dermatoglyphics and their asymmetries have been studied in 870 apparently healthy students from randomly selected Bulgarian secondary schools: 264 right-handers (RH), 246 mixed handers (MH) and 360 left-handers (LH). The whorls were significantly less frequent and the ulnar loops more frequent in RH than in the other two handedness categories. Right-handers exceeded significantly MH and LH in the ulnar fluctuating asymmetries of the first and the fourth finger pairs. As compared to the number of investigated variables and especially to the important psychological and behavioral differences between handedness categories reported earlier in the same sample, the presented significant findings are rather scarce. Nevertheless they could contribute to the accumulation of data concerning the investigated relationship and to its better understanding. PMID- 18924568 TI - Quantitative characterization of finger and palm dermatoglyphics in Bulgarians. AB - In the present paper data on finger and palm ridge counts of both hands are reported from representative samples of healthy Bulgarian males and females. Dermatoglyphic prints from both hands of 2431 Bulgarians (1161 males and 1270 females) have been taken in 116 settlements all over the country. The investigated males and females were healthy, not related persons of Bulgarian origin. The results of finger and palm ridge counts include basic statistics and correlations between ridge counts on separate fingers and the correlations between ridge counts in separate interdigital areas. The results, presented together with data on other dermatoglyphic features elaborated and published till now by the same authors for representative samples of Bulgarian males and females, can serve for the set up of a detailed data basis of the dermatoglyphic status of the Bulgarian population. At the same time they could serve as a norm for clinical and medico-biological investigations with theoretical and scientific applied purposes. PMID- 18924570 TI - Changes of the body mass index during childhood. AB - This article is devoted to the age changes of the Body Mass Index in Czech and Slovak children from 1.5 to 15 years of age. The anthropological survey was carried out in 1976-1978 in the whole region of the former Czechoslovakia. At the beginning of the research period children with normal weight predominate. After the seventh year of age there is a change and the BMI is increasing. As late as pre-puberty and puberty there is a change in a fractional part of the population, as children with overweight are increasing, more frequently in girls than in boys. However, its presence is not fundamentally increasing up to 15 years. The frequency differences in the different BMI categories between both sexes in the Czech and Slovak populations are only rarely statistically significant. PMID- 18924569 TI - Longitudinal differences and trends in body fat and running endurance in Hungarian primary schoolboys. AB - Long-range repeated-measure sample differences in body dimensions, body composition and physical performance are considered accurately describing the changes in a population's life standards and lifestyle. The aim of our study was to analyse such changes in longitudinal studies repeated after a 15-year interval. Two six-monthly repeated data collections (1987-1991 and 2002-2006, respectively; n = 136 and n = 147, respectively) were carried out in non-athletic boys aged between 6.51 and 11.00 decimal years in the same schools of the city of Gyor, Hungary. The means of height, body mass, body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage and running distance in the Cooper-Test were compared as well as the slopes of the changes. The children of the second series of studies were significantly taller and heavier, had more depot fat and showed poorer cardio respiratory endurance than their peers 15 years before. The increases with age in weight, BMI and depot fat were steeper in the second series. The significant differences that developed in body weight, fat content and physical performance between the two samples during these 15 years are regarded as an indirect evidence for how severely the average physical condition had declined, respectively how the health risks of the schoolchildren of the respective middle socio-economic strata had increased. Recent adverse changes in lifestyle are too strong, so that the presently obligatory physical education classes at school (four times in 10 days, 45 minutes per class) cannot be expected to provide any solution. Daily 90 minutes blocks of exercise only may promise some improvement. PMID- 18924571 TI - Biocultural aspects of gender differences in body composition and obesity during childhood and adolescence. AB - Gender differences in body composition, the prevalence in overweight and obesity as well as in physical activity patterns were tested among 3003 children and adolescents aging between 6 and 18 years (x = 12.1 +/- 3.6) in Vienna and rural parts of Eastern Austria. As to be expected, the absolute and relative amount of body fat was significantly higher among girls of nearly all age groups, while boys exhibited a significantly higher amount of lean or fat free body mass. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was markedly higher among prepubertal girls, however significantly lower among younger and older adolescent girls aging 11 years and older in comparison to their male counterparts. This was however only true of adolescents originating from Austria. Considering adolescents with a background of migration originating from Turkey or the Near East, a significantly higher amount of overweight and/or obesity was found among girls. Therefore, biocultural factors have to be considered to explain gender differences in obesity during childhood and adolescence. PMID- 18924572 TI - Relationship between anthropometric measures and body composition among Muslim females of West Bengal, India. AB - The human body composition is assessed to determine percent body fat (PBF), fat mass (FM), and lean body mass or fat free mass (FFM). The topological distribution of body fat has been the subject of many studies in the world and India. To the best of our knowledge the present paper is the first report on the body composition in terms of PBF and FM, and their relationship with anthropometric measures in Muslim females in India. The present study examines anthropometric measurements and their relationship with the body composition among Muslim females of West Bengal, India. A cross-sectional study of 100 female, Muslim students of Howrah and Kolkata was undertaken to compare the relationships of biceps and triceps skinfold, waist, hip and upper arm circumference, waist hip ratio and conicity index with their body composition variables (PBF and FM). All anthropometric measures displayed significant (p < 0.05) correlation with body composition measures. The triceps skinfold, however, demonstrated a significant correlation with PBF (r = 0.90) and FM (r = 0.93). The greatest amount of variation of PBF (81.3 %) and FM (89.2 %) was explained by the triceps skinfold. In addition, a considerable amount of variation of PBF (72.8 %) and FM (86.0 %) was explained by the mid upper arm circumference. In conclusion, the present study displays a tendency of regional adiposity in the upper arm, triceps skinfold and mid upper arm circumference are much more strongly associated with body fat. PMID- 18924573 TI - Undernutrition among the tribal children in India: tribes of Coastal, Himalayan and Desert ecology. AB - The purpose of the present cross-sectional investigation was to assess the nutritional condition in children of three tribal communities namely Dhodia, Kinnaura and Bhil, which belong to Coastal, Himalayan and Desert ecology, respectively, in India. A total of 989 tribal children in the age group 0-1 years through 5+ years (below 6 years) was examined. There were 306 Dhodia children (164 boys and 142 girls), 327 Kinnaura children (177 boys and 150 girls) and 356 Bhil children (168 boys and 188 girls) out of 989 subjects. Crown-heel length was measured using infantometer with the child lying supine, height with Martin's anthropometer and body weight using standard weighing machine. Body mass index (BMI) was subsequently computed. 'Z' score was undertaken to obtain comprehensive pictures of undernutrition in terms of wasting, stunting and underweight in these communities. The chi2-test test was also undertaken to compare nutritional indicators by the sexes. It was observed that maximum wasting (85.3%), stunting (86.6%) and underweight (93.3%) was recorded in Kinnaura girls, who belong to Himalayan ecology. The results revealed also that so far as wasting and stunting was concerned, the situation was worst for desert dwelling Bhil, where only 7.3% wasted and 5.6% stunted pre-school children fall in between -1 SD to < or = median as compared to 11.7% wasted and 18.3% stunted pre-school children in Dhodia and 11.3% wasted and 15.3% stunted pre-school children in Kinnaura, who fall in the same category (-1 SD to < or = median). It was important to note that the prevalence of undernutrition in terms of wasting, stunting and underweight was similar in both the sexes (chi2(2) = 1.745, p > 0.05). The findings of the present study revealed the widespread prevalence of undernutrition among the children of Dhodia, Kinnaura and Bhil tribal communities and highlight a need for an integrated approach towards improving the child health as well as the nutritional status in these areas. PMID- 18924574 TI - Fat and the beanstalk. PMID- 18924575 TI - Exercise interventions in obese youth: are they effective? AB - Given the increasing prevalence of childhood obesity, effective and cost efficient strategies to enhance children's physical activity levels are needed. Unfortunately, exercise interventions evaluated to date have had little impact on overweight and obesity in youth. Physical activity counseling interventions have emerged as an effective and inexpensive alternative to traditional, structured exercise programs in adults, and may be an interesting option for the treatment of obesity in youth. PMID- 18924576 TI - Reference body mass index curves for Turkish children 6 to 18 years of age. AB - AIM: To determine reference body mass index (BMI) curves for Turkish children 6 to 18 years old and to compare with BMI in other countries. METHODS: A cross sectional study conducted in Kayseri, Turkey. A total of 5,727 children (2,942 girls, 2,785 boys) aged between 6 and 18 years were selected to construct a reference curve using LMS method. RESULTS: BMI age reference charts of Turkish children were constructed. The 50th percentile curve of Turkish girls is lower than Italian and Turkish girls in The Netherlands but higher than Iranian girls. The 50th percentile curve of Turkish boys is lower than Italian and Turkish boys in The Netherlands and similar to Iranian boys after 13 years of age. CONCLUSION: BMI references of Turkish children are lower than in South East Europe, UK and North American populations, but higher than in Central European and Scandinavian countries. PMID- 18924577 TI - Changes in hepatic risk factors, metabolic variables, body composition, and physical fitness in obese children after a one-year weight loss program. AB - Obesity can cause insulin resistance and cardiovascular and liver disease. The aim of this study was to analyze changes in laboratory values, body composition, and physical fitness before and after a one-year weight loss program with nutritional education, psychological care, and physical exercise. Twenty-two obese children (16 boys, 6 girls; median age 11.9 [range 7-15] years; BMI SDS +2.4 [1.6-3.1]) participated in the program. Outcome measures included liver enzymes, insulin resistance (HOMA), lipids, body composition, physical strength and endurance. All children had an inverse HOMA/body composition correlation; Group 1 (reduced BMI SDS after one year) had lower triglycerides, liver enzymes and improved body composition and fitness (p < 0.05). Group 2 (unchanged or increased BMI SDS) had worse body composition and increased endurance and strength of trunk extension (p < 0.05). Weight loss reduced risk factors for liver disease and improved insulin sensitivity. Body composition proved useful as a non-invasive indicator for insulin sensitivity. PMID- 18924578 TI - Alterations of glucoregulation in childhood obesity--association with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. AB - AIM: To study the prevalence of alterations of glucoregulation in childhood obesity. PARTICIPANTS: 250 obese children. Oral glucose tolerance test was performed, serum glucose and insulin were determined, and HOMA-IR was calculated. RESULTS: Impaired fasting glucose (IFG) was found in 1.2% according to World Health Organisation criteria and 4.4% according to the criteria of the International Diabetes Federation. Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) was found in 13.6%, type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) in 2.4%. Frequency of fasting glucose (FG) above 7.0 mmol/l was 1.2%. Basal hyperinsulinemia was increased in 70%, reactive hyperinsulinemia in 88%, frequency of elevated HOMA-IR was 78%. 120' insulin was increased in all cases with abnormal FG, IGT and DM2, HOMA-IR was elevated in 79% of patients with IGT and all patients with abnormal FG and DM2. Significant positive correlations were demonstrated between body mass index and insulin levels. CONCLUSION: Our data show that hyperinsulinemia can successfully compensate for insulin resistance in the majority of the obese children. Since IFG is less frequent than IGT there is a need for performing OGTT to demonstrate abnormality of glucoregulation in obese children. PMID- 18924579 TI - Insulin-like growth factor-I is inversely related to adiposity in overweight Latino children. AB - The purpose of this study was to examine interrelationships between IGF-I, IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) and adiposity in 178 overweight Hispanic adolescents (11.2 +/- 1.7 yr; body mass index: 28.2 +/- 5.4 kg/m2). Immunoradiometric assays were used to measure IGF-I, IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-3. Total fat and lean tissue mass were measured by DEXA and visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue by MRI. IGF-I and IGFBP-3 remained inversely correlated with total body fat mass (r = -0.52, p < 0.001 and r = -0.25, p < 0.01, respectively) after controlling for covariates. IGFBP-1 was inversely correlated to total fat mass (r = -0.55, p < 0.001) in simple correlations; however, this relationship was eliminated after controlling for covariates (r = 0.02, p = 0.85). Correlations with visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue yielded similar results. These results demonstrate that IGF-I, IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-3 are all inversely related to adiposity in Hispanic children. PMID- 18924580 TI - Impact of weight status on the onset and parameters of puberty: analysis of three representative cohorts from central Europe. AB - It is controversial whether obesity in children is associated with earlier onset of puberty and advanced appearance of distinct parameters of pubertal development. To investigate the impact of obesity on markers of the onset and parameters representing stages of puberty, we analyzed auxological parameters and secondary sex characteristics in three representative cohorts of Caucasian children. Body weight, height, peak height velocity and pubertal stages were evaluated in two recent German cohorts (CrescNet and Leipzig Schoolchildren), and a historical Swiss cohort. According to body mass index (BMI), children were classified into three weight groups of lean, overweight, or normal weight with limits defined below -1.28 and above +1.28 BMI SDS. Peak height velocity (PHV) occurred significantly later in lean compared to normal weight children in the CrescNet and Swiss cohort, while there was no difference between obese and normal weight children. There was a trend towards acceleration of parameters of puberty onset and progression in obese children in all three cohorts. Height SDS was significantly higher in obese children compared to normal weight peers, but after completion of pubertal development it was similar in adolescents. The impact of overweight on the acceleration of puberty seems to be slightly stronger in boys. Once girls have reached a critical weight for entering the process of maturation, further increase in body weight does not seem to advance the onset of puberty. PMID- 18924581 TI - Nutrition-induced catch-up growth at the growth plate. AB - The effect of 40% food restriction (FR) and replenishment on the growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) axis in the epiphyseal growth plate (EGP) was examined in a mouse model. Changes in RNA and protein levels were evaluated with real time PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively, and serum levels of IGF-I and leptin were measured with radioimmunoassay. Dramatic changes in weight, tibial length and EGP height were observed following 10 days of 40% FR. The protein levels of IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) and GH receptor (GHR), which were reduced during FR, increased during catch-up growth without an apparent change in the level of their RNA. The levels of type II and X collagens were unchanged. Serum IGF-I and leptin levels were reduced during FR and increased during catch-up growth. Following 40% FR, there was a significant decrease in the level of GHR and IGF-IR in the EGP which may explain the reduced effect of GH treatment in malnourished animals and children. PMID- 18924582 TI - Familial permanent neonatal diabetes with KCNJ11 mutation and the response to glyburide therapy--a three-year follow-up. AB - We describe 3 years follow-up of glyburide therapy in a child with permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus (PND) born to a 19 year-old mother with congenital diabetes mellitus. Genetic analysis identified a KCNJ11 mutation (R201H) in both the child and her mother. After 2 years of insulin therapy, the patient was switched to oral glyburide. After initial stabilization, glyburide therapy resulted in a marked decrease in glucose excursions in comparison to insulin. The patient had 3-10 episodes of hypoglycemia per week, including a total of eight episodes resulting in seizures, while on insulin. In contrast, no severe hypoglycemia was reported on glyburide. The patient's basal C-peptide was undetectable on insulin therapy (< 166 pmol/l) but was easily detectable on glyburide (189-761 pmol/l). The range of HbA1c improved significantly from 8-12% on insulin to 4.7-6% on glyburide. The frequency of glucose monitoring was gradually decreased from 4-8 times to 2-3 times a day on oral glyburide. This report confirms the superiority of sulfonylurea therapy in the treatment of PND with Kir6.2 mutations and shows sustained improved glycemic control over a 3-year follow-up period. Genetic exploration in other family members with diabetes might provide further insight into the nature of familial neonatal diabetes. PMID- 18924583 TI - Cetrorelix suppression test in the diagnostic work-up of severe hyperandrogenism in adolescence. AB - Conventional diagnostic procedures failed to provide a definitive diagnosis in a 15 year-old girl presenting with severe hirsutism, oligomenorrhea, and markedly elevated serum testosterone levels. To examine whether androgen overproduction was luteinizing hormone (LH) dependent and thus likely of ovarian origin we performed a new test to suppress LH secretion based on the use of Cetrorelix, a short-acting gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist. Subcutaneous administration of Cetrorelix 250 microg once daily for 5 days resulted in partial suppression of serum LH and testosterone. The same dose administered twice daily for 5 days almost completely suppressed serum LH and testosterone, thereby supporting a diagnosis of ovarian androgen excess. This observation was confirmed by a positive human chorionic gonadotropin stimulation test and an MRI showing bilateral polycystic ovaries. CONCLUSION: The Cetrorelix suppression test appears to be a promising instrument to help solve the differential diagnosis of severe hyperandrogenism in adolescence. PMID- 18924584 TI - [Otitis media in children--a parallelism between the state-of-the-art knowledge and the context of real clinical practice]. AB - INTRODUCTION: Inflammation of the middle ear is the most common illness among children. It is commonly recurrent by its nature, causing transient or long-term hearing reduction. From the clinical aspect, the problem of recrudescence and chronicity of childhood otitis media is enormous. There are controversies and nonuniformities in defining the cause, conservative and surgical treatment, prevention, mostly due to morphofunctional specificities and dynamic developmental features of the tubotympanomastoid complex. Some open questions are as follows: is recurrent otitis media in childhood really recurrent, or we are dealing with clinical manifestations of exacerbation of the chronic process (chronic from the very beginning), which are the factors predisposing and/or reflecting inflammatory processes in the middle ear, which are the potentials of real clinical practice, which are the modalities of prevention of inflammatory processes in the middle ear in children, is there a parallelism between the real clinical, therapeutic practice and current knowledge of the etiopathogenesis of otitis media in children? DISCUSSION: This study reviews current knowledge and identifies potential etiopathogenetic factors in the development of inflammatory processes of the tubotympanomastoid complex. Special attention was given to external predisposing factors, as well as internal factors which include genetic, immunobiochemical, factors of increased adherence of pathogens and Eustachian tube dysfunction. The study also deals with the potentials of diagnostic morphofunctional procedures, as well as modalities of the real clinical practice. CONCLUSION: An open question remains with regard to the parallelism between real clinical therapeutic potentials and state-of-the-art knowledge, as well as the role of preventive procedures in the field of inflammatory processes of the tubotympanic complex in children. PMID- 18924585 TI - [Techniques end results of surgical treatment cholesteatoma of middle ear]. AB - INTRODUCTION: Basic surgical techniques in the treatment of middle ear cholesteatoma include the intact-canal-wall and canal-wall-down tympanoplasty and combined method, i.e. the "mobile-bridge" tympanoplasty. The techniques including reconstruction of the posterior bone wall of the external auditory canal are combination of formerly mentioned methods. These tympanoplasty procedures involve a partial or complete removal of the posterior bone wall of the meatus. Subsequently, after the elimination of pathological process, the reconstruction of the middle ear is performed. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 200 patients with middle ear cholesteatoma, who had undergone various microsurgical procedures, were monitored and evaluated in the period 1998-2006. The aim of this study was to present the main principles of tympanoplasty and outcomes of middle ear cholesteatoma surgery through a comparative analysis of the applied tympanoplasty techniques. The closed ICW and open CWD tympanoplasty were compared with the combined mobile-bridge technique with the reconstruction of the posterior bone wall of the external auditory canal. RESULTS: The incidence values for the recurrent cholesteatoma in closed tympanoplasty and in cases of open techniques with radical trepanation of the temporal bone were 6% and 10%, respectively. In cases of combined mobile-bridge tympanoplasty with the reconstruction of the posterior bone wall of the auditory canal the incidence of residual cholesteatoma was 2%. The postoperative rejection of the replanted bone was observed in 2% of. the patients. CONCLUSION: The selection of the appropriate surgical procedure is determined by the type and extent of pathological process, anatomic features of the pneumatic space of the middle ear, available microsurgical equipment and otosurgical skills of the surgeon. PMID- 18924586 TI - [Analysis of reasons for late diagnosis of hearing impairment in children]. AB - INTRODUCTION: Hearing loss in children will cause cognitive deficits in the central areas which are dependent upon hearing and is therefore responsible for delay in the speech development, poor language skills and disorders in psychological and mental behavior. An early identification of educationally significant hearing loss in infants and young children is an essential prerequisite for effective aural rehabilitation and educational intervention. Maturation of the auditory path takes place within the first 18 months of life and is dependant on the adequate acoustic stimulation. To ensure the optimal therapy a definite diagnosis of the hearing impairment should be made until the sixth month of life. Current health care standards recommend the confirmation of the neonatal hearing loss before the age of three months and the appropriate intervention before the age of six months. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study consisted of the prospective analysis of data collected for 70 children with suspected hearing loss. According to the hearing level determined by the objective diagnostic methods (Brainstem Evoked Response Audiometry) the whole group was divided into three subgroups. We analyzed the average age when the hearing loss was detected, the reasons for the late identification of the hearing loss, as well as the risk-factors for hearing difficulties. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Of 70 children with suspected hearing loss, we found normal hearing or mild hearing loss in 17 cases (group 1), 16 children were suffering from moderate and severe hearing loss (group II), and 37% children were suffering from profound hearing loss (group III). Until the age of 2, the diagnosis was made in 40% of 70 children, most in the group III 58.8%, 25% in the group II and 17.64% of children in the group I. The average age when the hearing loss was suspected was 1.62, 2.38 and 1.41 in the groups I, II and III respectively, whereas the average age when the hearing was examined was 2.83, 3.32 and 2.32 in the groups I, II and III respectively. In 22 children (21.5%) no cause of hearing impairment could be determined Nineteen children (15.7%) had the history of familial hearing loss, 37 (52.8%) children suffered from acquired hearing loss. Risk- factors: the presence of the hearing impaired in the family as well as risk-factors was not the reason for parents to check the hearing status of their child. CONCLUSION: The mean age of children diagnosed to have the hearing impairment is still over 2 years in our region. However, the introduction of a universal screening programme would result in significantly earlier detection of the hearing impairment in children. PMID- 18924587 TI - [Cochlear implantation--risk and complications]. AB - As any other medical procedure cochlear implantation could be risky and there are possibilities for the development of complications. Serious and adequate diagnostic as well as preoperative preparation is necessary for cochlear implantation. Omissions in the audiological, radiological or psychological diagnostic procedures could provoke far reaching consequences in rehabilitation process. The commonest intraoperative complications may be divided into major and minor complications. Minor complications are those that resolve without surgical intervention: flap infection, change in taste, transitory balance problems, transitory facial palsy, non excessive intraoperative bleeding and other. Major complications required revision surgery because of flap problems, device extrusion or migration and device failure. CSF leak, meningitis as well as facial palsy. Adequate flap design should insure prevention of the flap necrosis, which is a very unpleasant complication. Principles of prevention, management, and sequelae of complications are given in this paper. Data presented in this paper indicate that cochlear implant surgery in children is a reliable and safe procedure with a low percentage of severe complications. Problems related to ear surgery can occur and should be manageable with standard procedures. PMID- 18924588 TI - [Psychogenic hearing impairment in differential diagnosis of sudden hearing loss]. AB - INTRODUCTION: Acute hearing impairment or deafhess may manifest as unilateral or bilateral. The etiopathogenetic substrate may be organic, functional and of unknown origin, the so-called idiopathic. The functional causes of impaired hearing and deafness also include psychogenic factors, where the essential dysfunction exists between the conscious simulation of hearing impairment and deafness for benefits versus psychogenic hearing impairment in conversion disorders where physical symptoms result as a symbolic expression of long-term psychological problems or conflicts. Acute hearing impairment, pseudohypacusis, as a symptom of conversion disorder, where hearing impairment is without evidence of organic cause, is a rare pseudosensory form of this disease. Numerous literature data indicate that these disorders are most common among children, whereas in adults only individual cases are reported. In otorhinolaryngological practice, other symptoms of conversion disorders are much more common (psychogenic aphonia and dysphonia, globus pharyngeus, sensation disorder in the head and neck region). CASE REPORT: The paper includes a detailed presentation of the diagnostic procedure, clinical course, differential diagnostic dilemmas and therapeutic procedure in cases of acute bilateral psychogenic hearing impairment in adolescents. CONCLUSION: Acute hearing impairment caused by organic substrate is irreversible in most cases, whereas in psychogenic hearing impairment the prognosis is excellent, particularly among children and adolescents. Identification of the etiologic factors of reversible hearing loss, including psychogenic ones, by the otorhinolaryngologist is of utmost importance in order to provide early differential diagnosis and timely inclusion of a psychiatrist and a clinical psychologist into the diagnostic-therapeutic. PMID- 18924589 TI - [Rhinoplasty--five years retrospective analysis]. AB - Rhinoplasty is a specific surgical procedure, where the indication for surgery is not based only on the physician's professional judgment, but often on patient's wishes. Most patients have a deviated septum and a nasal pyramid deviation. Postoperative complications occur in 4%-18.8% of patients, whereas revision of rhinoplasty may be required in 5%-15% of patients. This 5-year retrospective study included 243 patients of both sexes, average age being 24 years, who underwent rhinoplasty at the Ear, Nose and Throat Clinic in Novi Sad in the period 2001-2006. There were 105 male, and 138 female patients. Most patients were aged between 18 and 22 years (54%). The deviation of the nasal pyramid and deviated septum were present in 81.1% of patients, while 18.9% of patients requested surgery for esthetic reasons. 227 patients underwent closed procedures, whereas decortication was the treatment of choice in 16 patients. Postoperative complications were recorded in 5.34% of patients; in 10 patients they were transient and managed in the early postoperative period, whereas 3 patients presented with nasal septum perforation. 3.29% of patients were scheduled for reoperation, either because of patient dissatisfaction, or due to objectively poor results. Five patients have already undergone reoperation with good results, and three patients are still awaiting reoperation. PMID- 18924590 TI - [Corrosive substance ingestions management]. AB - Acute poisonings with corrosive substances make 15-20% of all acute poisonings in our country. They are on the second place, after drug poisonings, which are far more often. After the ingestion of corrosives, corrosive lesions of the gastrointestinal tract appear. The oesophagus has lesions mostly in cases of ingestion of alkali, and the stomach (gaster) is damaged when an acid is ingested The first steps in the management of the patients having ingested a corrosive substance are to stabilise all vital parameters of the patient (reanimation) and to dilute the substance. The dilution can be done within 60 minutes, with water or milk. After the stabilisation of all vital parameters, the further treatment should start, meaning diagnostics and therapeutic measures. The best diagnostic procedure to determine the presence and severity of corrosive oesophageal lesions is oesophagoscopy. Basic therapeutic principles in the management of patients after corrosive substance ingestion must be applied. According to these principles, it is contraindicated to induce vomiting, diarrhoea and do corrosive substance neutralisation or gastric lavage. Charcoal has no effect, and is not indicated. It is important to identify the kind and quantity of ingested substance, as well as to withhold all oral feedings, and to assess fluid and electrolyte balance carefully and to watch for development of complications. This paper presents the complete treatment protocol of ENT Clinic, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Serbia. This protocol has been in use since the year 2000 and the results are excellent. PMID- 18924591 TI - Head-neck cancer drug therapy--could it be improved? AB - Head-neck cancer is an area requiring more attention to a highly demanding therapy which has not been fully developed yet. Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, including improvements of surgical techniques, radio- and chemotherapy and prevention strategies, the survival rates of patients with recurrent head neck cancer are low. New drugs, including those targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor, p53 gene, RAS protein post-translation modification, the proteosome, vascular endothelial growth factor, cyclooxigenase-2 and other molecular pathways, are promising agents for management of head-neck cancer. Their potential is being tested in various settings, including chemoprevention, recurrent and metastatic disease and combination with radiotherapy and/or cytotoxic agents. Cytotoxic drugs could produce better effects if administered locally--laser thermal cisplatin application. The metronomic low-dose chemotherapy will prove effective. The anticoagulant therapy undoubtedly has its place. The potential lies in sound ongoing academic clinical trial--biomarkers leading to maximally promising pharmacogenomic based therapy. Better comprehension of tumor biology and mechanisms of resistance is necessary as well as the institution of reliable assays for clinical use. PMID- 18924592 TI - [Difficulties and complications of using endo-extralaryngeal laterofixation of vocal cords in bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy]. AB - INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study is to show our experience in using the endo extralaryngeal laterofixation of vocal cords in treatment of bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy, and to point out the difficulties and complications of this procedure and the ways of their managing. MATERIAL AND METHODS: During the period from 2003 to 2006, 14 patients with bilateral palsy of the recurrent laryngeal nerve were treated with method of Lichtenberger's endo-extra laryngeal laterofixation of the vocal cord The patients were 12 female and 2 male from 26 to 78 (average 57.4) years old. The earliest intervention was performed 8 day after the onset of paresis and not later than 40 days. RESULTS: In 11/14 (78.6%) of the patients bilateral palsy of the recurrent laryngeal nerve occured as a result of thyroid gland surgery. At the admission 2 (14.3%) patients had tracheostomy while 12 (85.7%) had no tracheostomy. Edema was the most often complication of the endo extra laryngeal laterofixation and it appeared in 8/14 (57.1%) patients. The earliest swelling of the laryngeal tissue was recorded on the first postoperative day and the latest one started 7 days after the intervention. Edema developed in 7/11 (63.6%) after total thyreoidectomy, in 1/3 (33.3%) with traumatic injuries in the neck Because of progression of the edema which provoked narrowing of the airway at the laryngeal level tracheostoma was peformed in 2 patients. Inflammation of laryngeal tissue with sudden obstruction of the airway resulted in death in one patient. Malposition of the thread toward the midle part of the vocal cord happened very often if intervention was not performed in JET ventilation anesthesia. The vocal card function was repaired bilaterally in 2 patients and unilaterally in 1 patient (the total being 3 out of 14 patients, i.e. 21.4%) four months after the laterofixation, and the threads were removed. Lung functional test showed the increase in average value PEF% from 26.53 before to 39.43 after laterofixation, and PIF from 0.83 before to 1.19 after intervention. Resistance R% in the upper airway decreased from the average 257.95 as before to 215.83 after the intervention, while the index FEV1.0/PEF (ml/L/min) remained almost the same before 13.25 and after the intervention 13.50 and that showed that the upper airway obstruction, in spite of good clinical tolerance by the patients, still persisted in all patients after the laterofixation. CONCLUSIONS: Lichtenberger's endo-extra laryngeal laterofixation of the vocal cord is a good alternative method for bilateral palsy of the recurrent laryngeal nerve which provide sufficient upper airway without tracheostomy. PMID- 18924593 TI - [High Frequency Jet Ventilation and laryngeal surgery, clinical practice]. AB - High Frequency Jet Ventilation is one in a group of alternative ventilatory techniques characterized by the application of small tidal volumes delivered at higher than physiological rates, followed by the passive expiration. There are two groups of indications: first, High Frequency Jet ventilation was used as a special ventilation mode during diagnostic or surgical procedures in patients with airway pathology; and second, High Frequency Jet Ventilation was employed as a respiratory support technique to improve gas exchange during severe pulmonary failure in infants, children and adults. Diagnostic or surgery laryngoscopy requires a method that can give good exposure of the larynx, continuing control of the airway patency and immobility of the vocal cords. High frequency Jet Ventilation overcomes the disadventage of an anaesthetic technique using a tracheal tube which can hide the posterior part of the glottis and which carries the risk of the fire in the airway. Small plastic cannulae have been introduced by the nasotracheal, orotracheal or transtracheal route for supraglottic or subglottic application of jet streams, employing tubeless HFJV. Jet ventilation via a catheter placed through the cricothyroid membrane, is an easy and safe way to ventilate patients with an abnormality of the upper airway, such as in cases of head and neck cancer. Inappropriate airway pressure monitoring and/or an insufficient expiratory airflow enhances the risk of pulmonary barotrauma. Despite a large body of published evidence describing its benefits as an alternative ventilatory approach in anaesthesia and intensive care medicine, its application has not gained widespread acceptance and is restricted to specialized centres only. PMID- 18924596 TI - The Perkin-Elmer approach to computer-aided chemistry: an overview of the technological trends in laboratory computing. PMID- 18924594 TI - Editorial. PMID- 18924597 TI - A computerized automatic apparatus for determination of mercury in biological samples. PMID- 18924598 TI - An automated system of sample analysis for a total carbon analyser. PMID- 18924599 TI - Gamma photon attenuation measurement as a technique for monitoring liquid composition. PMID- 18924600 TI - Proposed international concept for instrument testing. PMID- 18924601 TI - Decision theory approach to establishing an in-house histology laboratory in small hospitals. PMID- 18924602 TI - Carry-over in automatic analysers. PMID- 18924603 TI - Meeting report. PMID- 18924606 TI - Prepartum Depressive Symptoms Correlate Positively with C-Reactive Protein Levels and Negatively with Tryptophan Levels: A Preliminary Report. AB - Prepartum and postpartum depression have negative, and sometimes devastating, effects on women and their families. As inflammatory processes are related to depression in general, we hypothesized that inflammatory perturbations, prepartum and postpartum, contribute to triggering and worsening of symptoms of peripartum depression. We conducted a longitudinal preliminary study on 27 women at high risk for developing postpartum depression measuring SIGH-SAD scores at three time points: 35-38 weeks gestation, 1-5 days postpartum, and 5-6 weeks postpartum. Serum C-reactive protein and interleukin-6, both markers of inflammation, as well as tryptophan, kynurenine, and the kynurenine/tryptophan ratio, as consequences of inflammation and pathophysiological steps towards depression, were measured at each time point. C-reactive protein levels were found to be positively related to atypical and total depression scores in the prepartum period and with atypical depression scores in the early postpartum period. Tryptophan was found to be negatively associated with total depression scores in the prepartum, as well. These findings warrant further investigation that could lead to novel interventions to decrease poor outcomes from peripartum depression. PMID- 18924607 TI - Endothelial cell O-glycan deficiency causes blood/lymphatic misconnections and consequent fatty liver disease in mice. AB - Mucin-type O-glycans (O-glycans) are highly expressed in vascular ECs. However, it is not known whether they are important for vascular development. To investigate the roles of EC O-glycans, we generated mice lacking T-synthase, a glycosyltransferase encoded by the gene C1galt1 that is critical for the biosynthesis of core 1-derived O-glycans, in ECs and hematopoietic cells (termed here EHC T-syn(-/-) mice). EHC T-syn(-/-) mice exhibited embryonic and neonatal lethality associated with disorganized and blood-filled lymphatic vessels. Bone marrow transplantation and EC C1galt1 transgene rescue demonstrated that lymphangiogenesis specifically requires EC O-glycans, and intestinal lymphatic microvessels in EHC T-syn(-/-) mice expressed a mosaic of blood and lymphatic EC markers. The level of O-glycoprotein podoplanin was significantly reduced in EHC T-syn(-/-) lymphatics, and podoplanin-deficient mice developed blood-filled lymphatics resembling EHC T-syn(-/-) defects. In addition, postnatal inactivation of C1galt1 caused blood/lymphatic vessel misconnections that were similar to the vascular defects in the EHC T-syn(-/-) mice. One consequence of eliminating T synthase in ECs and hematopoietic cells was that the EHC T-syn(-/-) pups developed fatty liver disease, because of direct chylomicron deposition via misconnected portal vein and intestinal lymphatic systems. Our studies therefore demonstrate that EC O-glycans control the separation of blood and lymphatic vessels during embryonic and postnatal development, in part by regulating podoplanin expression. PMID- 18924608 TI - Notch1 is an effector of Akt and hypoxia in melanoma development. AB - Melanomas are highly aggressive neoplasms resistant to most conventional therapies. These tumors result from the interaction of altered intracellular tumor suppressors and oncogenes with the microenvironment in which these changes occur. We previously demonstrated that physiologic skin hypoxia contributes to melanomagenesis in conjunction with Akt activation. Here we show that Notch1 signaling is elevated in human melanoma samples and cell lines and is required for Akt and hypoxia to transform melanocytes in vitro. Notch1 facilitated melanoma development in a xenograft model by maintaining cell proliferation and by protecting cells from stress-induced cell death. Hyperactivated PI3K/Akt signaling led to upregulation of Notch1 through NF-kappaB activity, while the low oxygen content normally found in skin increased mRNA and protein levels of Notch1 via stabilization of HIF-1alpha. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that Notch1 is a key effector of both Akt and hypoxia in melanoma development and identify the Notch signaling pathway as a potential therapeutic target in melanoma treatment. PMID- 18924610 TI - Human sperm devoid of PLC, zeta 1 fail to induce Ca(2+) release and are unable to initiate the first step of embryo development. AB - Egg activation, which is the first step in the initiation of embryo development, involves both completion of meiosis and progression into mitotic cycles. In mammals, the fertilizing sperm delivers the activating signal, which consists of oscillations in free cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)). Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is a technique that in vitro fertilization clinics use to treat a myriad of male factor infertility cases. Importantly, some patients who repeatedly fail ICSI also fail to induce egg activation and are, therefore, sterile. Here, we have found that sperm from patients who repeatedly failed ICSI were unable to induce [Ca(2+)](i) oscillations in mouse eggs. We have also shown that PLC, zeta 1 (PLCZ1), the sperm protein thought to induce [Ca(2+)](i) oscillations, was localized to the equatorial region of wild-type sperm heads but was undetectable in sperm from patients who had failed ICSI. The absence of PLCZ1 in these patients was further confirmed by Western blot, although genomic sequencing failed to reveal conclusive PLCZ1 mutations. Using mouse eggs, we reproduced the failure of sperm from these patients to induce egg activation and rescued it by injection of mouse Plcz1 mRNA. Together, our results indicate that the inability of human sperm to initiate [Ca(2+)](i) oscillations leads to failure of egg activation and sterility and that abnormal PLCZ1 expression underlies this functional defect. PMID- 18924609 TI - ABCG1 and HDL protect against endothelial dysfunction in mice fed a high cholesterol diet. AB - Plasma HDL levels are inversely related to the incidence of atherosclerotic disease. Some of the atheroprotective effects of HDL are likely mediated via preservation of EC function. Whether the beneficial effects of HDL on ECs depend on its involvement in cholesterol efflux via the ATP-binding cassette transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1, which promote efflux of cholesterol and oxysterols from macrophages, has not been investigated. To address this, we assessed endothelial function in Abca1(-/-), Abcg1(-/-), and Abca1(-/-)Abcg1(-/-) mice fed either a high-cholesterol diet (HCD) or a Western diet (WTD). Non-atherosclerotic arteries from WTD-fed Abcg1(-/-) and Abca1(-/-)Abcg1(-/-) mice exhibited a marked decrease in endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation, while Abca1(-/-) mice had a milder defect. In addition, eNOS activity was reduced in aortic homogenates generated from Abcg1(-/-) mice fed either a HCD or a WTD, and this correlated with decreased levels of the active dimeric form of eNOS. More detailed analysis indicated that ABCG1 was expressed primarily in ECs, and that these cells accumulated the oxysterol 7-ketocholesterol (7-KC) when Abcg1(-/-) mice were fed a WTD. Consistent with these data, ABCG1 had a major role in promoting efflux of cholesterol and 7-KC in cultured human aortic ECs (HAECs). Furthermore, HDL treatment of HAECs prevented 7-KC-induced ROS production and active eNOS dimer disruption in an ABCG1-dependent manner. Our data suggest that ABCG1 and HDL maintain EC function in HCD-fed mice by promoting efflux of cholesterol and 7 oxysterols and preserving active eNOS dimer levels. PMID- 18924613 TI - Is combinatorial chemistry on the right track for drug discovery? AB - Critical to the effective implementation of high throughput methods of synthesis is the necessity for a significant supporting level of automation. There are a number of critical issues associated with the successful introduction, and supporting role, of automation of small molecule chemical synthesis. Clearly there are needs for automation to increase drug candidate synthesis throughput. Automation of repetitive and laborious tasks associated with the synthesis process can release skilled chemists to apply their talents to the more challenging investigational aspects of developing new synthetic protocols. This provides continuity in the compound supply pipeline and ensures an optimal use of the automated platform for compound production. The very high fidelity of performing repetitive processes that can be managed through automation also removes some of the limitations and errors associated with more fallible human operators. This can include very difficult tasks associated with tracking data, and general information and inventory management. Taken collectively, these attributes associated with automation can lead to greater efficiencies, throughputs and improved allocation of human resources with concomitant reductions in costs associated with current day and future drug discovery. In our library development/synthesis paradigm, we feel that automation support must be invoked early in the process and that this automation support must continue throughout the project. PMID- 18924611 TI - The kinetics of CD4+Foxp3+ T cell accumulation during a human cutaneous antigen specific memory response in vivo. AB - Naturally occurring CD4(+)CD25(hi)Foxp3(+) Tregs (nTregs) are highly proliferative in blood. However, the kinetics of their accumulation and proliferation during a localized antigen-specific T cell response is currently unknown. To explore this, we used a human experimental system whereby tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) was injected into the skin and the local T cell response analyzed over time. The numbers of both CD4(+)Foxp3(-) (memory) and CD4(+)Foxp3(+) (putative nTreg) T cells increased in parallel, with the 2 populations proliferating at the same relative rate. In contrast to CD4(+)Foxp3( ) T cell populations, skin CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T cells expressed typical Treg markers (i.e., they were CD25(hi), CD127(lo), CD27(+), and CD39(+)) and did not synthesize IL-2 or IFN-gamma after restimulation in vitro, indicating that they were not recently activated effector cells. To determine whether CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T cells in skin could be induced from memory CD4(+) T cells, we expanded skin derived memory CD4(+) T cells in vitro and anergized them. These cells expressed high levels of CD25 and Foxp3 and suppressed the proliferation of skin-derived responder T cells to PPD challenge. Our data therefore demonstrate that memory and CD4(+) Treg populations are regulated in tandem during a secondary antigenic response. Furthermore, it is possible to isolate effector CD4(+) T cell populations from inflamed tissues and manipulate them to generate Tregs with the potential to suppress inflammatory responses. PMID- 18924612 TI - PMNs facilitate translocation of platelets across human and mouse epithelium and together alter fluid homeostasis via epithelial cell-expressed ecto-NTPDases. AB - Mucosal diseases are often characterized by an inflammatory infiltrate that includes polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), monocytes, lymphocytes, and platelets. A number of studies have suggested that the interaction of platelets with leukocytes has an essential proinflammatory role. Here, we examined whether platelets migrate across mucosal epithelium, as PMNs are known to do, and whether platelets influence epithelial cell function. Initial studies revealed that human platelets did not efficiently transmigrate across human epithelial cell monolayers. However, in the presence of human PMNs, platelet movement across the epithelium was proportional to the extent of PMN transmigration, and strategies that blocked PMN transmigration diminished platelet movement. Furthermore, platelet-PMN comigration was observed in intestinal tissue derived from human patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The translocated platelets were found to release large quantities of ATP, which was metabolized to adenosine via a 2-step enzymatic reaction mediated by ecto-nucleotidases, including CD73 and ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (ecto-NTPDases), expressed on the apical membrane of the intestinal epithelial cells. In vitro studies and a mouse model of intestinal inflammation were employed to define a mechanism involving adenosine-mediated induction of electrogenic chloride secretion, with concomitant water movement into the intestinal lumen. These studies demonstrate that ecto-NTPDases are expressed on the apical membrane of epithelial cells and are involved in what we believe to be a previously unappreciated function for platelets in the inflamed intestine, which might promote bacterial clearance under inflammatory conditions. PMID- 18924614 TI - Development and implementation of industrialized, fully automated high throughput screening systems. AB - Automation has long been a resource for high-throughput screening at Bristol Myers Squibb. However, with growing deck sizes and decreasing time lines, a new generation of more robust, supportable automated systems was necessary for accomplishing high-throughput screening goals. Implementation of this new generation of automated systems required numerous decisions concerning hardware, software and the value of in-house automation expertise. This project has resulted in fast, flexible, industrialized automation systems with a strong in house support structure that we believe meets our current high-throughput screening requirements and will continue to meet them well into the future. PMID- 18924615 TI - Gene discovery, gene expression and product manufacturing using an integrated fungal host system. PMID- 18924616 TI - Implementation of a low-cost Interim 21CFR11 compliance solution for laboratory environments. AB - In the recent past, compliance with 21CFR11 has become a major buzzword within the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries. While commercial solutions exist, implementation and validation are expensive and cumbersome. Frequent implementation of new features via point releases further complicates purchasing decisions by making it difficult to weigh the risk of non-compliance against the costs of too frequent upgrades. This presentation discusses a low-cost interim solution to the problem. While this solution does not address 100% of the issues raised by 21CFR11, it does implement and validate: (1) computer system security; (2) backup and restore ability on the electronic records store; and (3) an automated audit trail mechanism that captures the date, time and user identification whenever electronic records are created, modified or deleted. When coupled with enhanced procedural controls, this solution provides an acceptable level of compliance at extremely low cost. PMID- 18924617 TI - Managing smaller but flexible automation: back to the future. PMID- 18924618 TI - Proposed fibrinogen standard material with purified fibrinogen for plasma fibrinogen measurement on coagulation analyser. AB - A commercially available fibrinogen standard calibrated by a World Health Organization (WHO) reference material is widely used in Japan, and most clinical laboratories use the Clauss method for plasma fibrinogen measurement. However, a current issue in fibrinogen measurement is poor laboratory-to-laboratory variability. To improve the reliability of fibrinogen values and thereby solve the poor precision and accuracy of plasma fibrinogen testing, the present paper develops a simple and large preparation procedure for a suitable fibrinogen standard and quality control material and evaluates their basic performance. With a new procedure getting high purified fibrinogen by glycine precipitation, the calibrator determined by both the Clauss and Jacobson methods produced a fibrinogen concentration of 2.20 g l(-1). The total precision of the calibrator was excellent (coefficient of variation 1.4-2.1%) in comparison with current plasma fibrinogen materials from the WHO (#98/612) and with a commercial standard (CV 1.9-3.9%). The within-run precision of the calibrator on the coagulation analysers was 1.7-2.8%. Within-analyser variability among the five instruments had good consistency (mean 2.20 +/- 0.022 g l(-1); CV 1.0%). The degradation study of the calibrator suggested that storage at 9 degrees C for two years was as predicted. In conclusion, the results show that the calibrator prepared herein can be useful as a candidate Japanese fibrinogen standard and is applicable to automated and semi-automated coagulation analysers. Additionally, it is expected that it will be widely used in Japan by diagnostic manufacturers and clinical laboratories as a recommended secondary standard to estimate a fibrinogen value according to the WHO primary standard. PMID- 18924620 TI - Application of a catalytic combustion sensor (Pellistor) for the monitoring of the explosiveness of a hydrogen-air mixture in the upper explosive limit range. AB - A new technique is presented for continuous measurements of hydrogen contamination by air in the upper explosive limit range. It is based on the application of a catalytic combustion sensor placed in a cell through which the tested sample passes. The air content is the function of the quantity of formed heat during catalytic combustion of hydrogen inside the sensor. There is the possibility of using the method in industrial installations by using hydrogen for cooling electric current generators. PMID- 18924621 TI - Statistical method for the determination of equivalence of automated test procedures. AB - In the development of test methods for solid dosage forms, manual test procedures for assay and content uniformity often precede the development of automated test procedures. Since the mode of extraction for automated test methods is often slightly different from that of the manual test method, additional validation of an automated test method is usually required. In addition to compliance with validation guidelines, developers of automated test methods are often asked to demonstrate equivalence between the manual and automated test methods. There are problems associated with using the traditional zero-difference hypothesis tests (such as the Student's t-test) for demonstrating equivalence. The use of the Westlake Interval and Schuirmann's Two One-sided test as more rigorous methods of demonstrating equivalence is discussed. PMID- 18924619 TI - Multicommuted flow system for the determination of glucose in animal blood serum exploiting enzymatic reaction and chemiluminescence detection. AB - An automatic flow procedure based on multicommutation dedicated for the determination of glucose in animal blood serum using glucose oxidase with chemiluminescence detection is described. The flow manifold consisted of a set of three-way solenoid valves assembled to implement multicommutation. A microcomputer furnished with an electronic interface and software written in Quick BASIC 4.5 controlled the manifold and performed data acquisition. Glucose oxidase was immobilized on porous silica beads (glass aminopropyl) and packed in a minicolumn (15 x 5 mm). The procedure was based on the enzymatic degradation of glucose, producing hydrogen peroxide, which oxidized luminol in the presence of hexacyanoferrate(III), causing the chemiluminescence. The system was tested by analysing a set of serum animal samples without previous treatment. Results were in agreement with those obtained with the conventional method (LABTEST Kit) at the 95% confidence level. The detection limit and variation coefficient were estimated as 12.0 mg l(-1) (99.7% confidence level) and 3.5% (n = 20), respectively. The sampling rate was about 60 determinations h(-1) with sample concentrations ranging from 50 to 600 mg l(-1) glucose. The consumptions of serum sample, hexacyanoferrate(III) and luminol were 46 microl, 10.0 mg and 0.2 mg/determination, respectively. PMID- 18924622 TI - Development of a heating reactor for a continuous flow-through application in urea measurement. AB - In most biochemical analyses, a flow-through heating arrangement is needed to reduce the reaction time or maintain a constant temperature. A rectangular reactor is described that is constructed of aluminium, is hollow inside and is filled with silicone oil. The glass coil through which the solution flows is immersed in the silicone oil. The heater, a Peltier-effect heat pump, on one side and the temperature sensor on the other side of the reactor body are embedded for heating and temperature control. The brief performance evaluation of the reactor is discussed by measuring the absorbance of urea concentration at different temperatures. PMID- 18924623 TI - LabVIEW-based sequential-injection analysis system for the determination of trace metals by square-wave anodic and adsorptive stripping voltammetry on mercury-film electrodes. AB - The development of a dedicated automated sequential-injection analysis apparatus for anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) and adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV) is reported. The instrument comprised a peristaltic pump, a multiposition selector valve and a home-made potentiostat and used a mercury-film electrode as the working electrodes in a thin-layer electrochemical detector. Programming of the experimental sequence was performed in LabVIEW 5.1. The sequence of operations included formation of the mercury film, electrolytic or adsorptive accumulation of the analyte on the electrode surface, recording of the voltammetric current-potential response, and cleaning of the electrode. The stripping step was carried out by applying a square-wave (SW) potential-time excitation signal to the working electrode. The instrument allowed unattended operation since multiple-step sequences could be readily implemented through the purpose-built software. The utility of the analyser was tested for the determination of copper(II), cadmium(II), lead(II) and zinc(II) by SWASV and of nickel(II), cobalt(II) and uranium(VI) by SWAdSV. PMID- 18924624 TI - Automated analyser for monitoring the contents of hydrocarbons in gas emitted from exploratory bore-holes in the gas and oil industry. AB - An automated analyser for total hydrocarbon contents and hydrocarbon composition (from methane to pentanes) was constructed and tested in both laboratory and field exploitation. It used two-channel analysis: continuous measurements of total hydrocarbon contents and periodic (90 or 150 s) composition analysis after separation of hydrocarbons on a gas chromatographic column. Flame ionization detectors were used in both channels. A simple 16-bit analogue-to-digital converter was used (4.8, practically four orders of magnitude), while the full measuring range (six orders of magnitude) was ensured by automatic dilution of the sample (or standard) with clean air. Full control of the operating (calibration/analyses) cycle was performed by microcomputer. An external programme, based on a computer provided with full information on the instrument operating conditions, presents the results of calibrations/analyses and enables them to be archived in a standard database used in the oil/gas drilling industry (N-LAB) by providing a suitable link. The instrument measuring range was 1 ppm to 100% with precision not worse than 5% at the detection limit. The analyser can operate autonomously for two months, recalibrating itself daily. PMID- 18924626 TI - Modeling of fenton reaction for the oxidation of phenol in water. AB - Phenol is an organic pollutant found in various types of industrial wastewater. Due to its bactericidal properties, it is difficult to eliminate it by classic treatment methods. In this work, the degradation of this compound by Fenton reaction at mild temperature and pressure conditions is studied. An experimental design was applied in order to quantify the influence of operating parameters on the efficiency of this method. The field of study was defined between 20 and 50(;)C for the temperature, 1 and 4 g L(-1) for the phenol concentration, 10 and 28 for the H(2)O(2) to phenol molar ratio, and 0.02 to 0.08 for the Fe(II) to phenol concentration ratio. It was shown that the temperature and the amount of catalyst have a strong influence. A model giving the decrease of COD was established. The COD decrease was between 40% and 72% and phenol had totally disappeared. PMID- 18924628 TI - Automated Quality Assurance of Online NIR Analysers. AB - Modern NIR analysers produce valuable data for closed-loop process control and optimisation practically in real time. Thus it is highly important to keep them in the best possible shape. Quality assurance (QA) of NIR analysers is an interesting and complex issue because it is not only the instrument and sample handling that has to be monitored. At the same time, validity of prediction models has to be assured. A system for fully automated QA of NIR analysers is described. The system takes care of collecting and organising spectra from various instruments, relevant laboratory, and process management system (PMS) data. Validation of spectra is based on simple diagnostics values derived from the spectra. Predictions are validated against laboratory (LIMS) or other online analyser results (collected from PMS). The system features automated alarming, reporting, trending, and charting functions for major key variables for easy visual inspection. Various textual and graphical reports are sent to maintenance people through email. The software was written with Borland Delphi 7 Enterprise. Oracle and PMS ODBC interfaces were used for accessing LIMS and PMS data using appropriate SQL queries. It will be shown that it is possible to take actions even before the quality of predictions is seriously affected, thus maximising the overall uptime of the instrument. PMID- 18924627 TI - Design of an automated flow injection-chemiluminescence instrument incorporating a miniature photomultiplier tube for monitoring picomolar concentrations of iron in seawater. AB - A flow-injection (FI)-based instrument under LabVIEW control for monitoring iron in marine waters is described. The instrument incorporates a miniature, low-power photomultiplier tube (PMT), and a number of microelectric and solenoid actuated valves and peristaltic pumps. The software allows full control of all flow injection components and processing of the data from the PMT. The optimised system is capable of 20 injections per hour, including preconcentration and wash steps. The detection limit (3 sd of the blank) is 21 pM at sea and the linear range is 21-2000 pM with a 60-second sample load time. Typical precision between replicate FI peaks is 5.9 +/- 3.2 % (n =4) over the linear range. PMID- 18924629 TI - Mathematical modeling of perfect decoupled control system and its application: a reverse osmosis desalination industrial-scale unit. AB - This short paper outlines the computer simulation using real data of a decoupled control system for a desalination unit. The control strategy incorporated a perfect decoupled controller for the control of the fresh water flow and conductivity. The model was estimated using real data and empirical tools instead of mass balances. The success is demonstrated in the reduction of wide fluctuations in the variables of the process and decreasing of the sensibility to the changes of pressure and/or pH and allows predicting problems of quality of water and waste of energy in the future. PMID- 18924630 TI - A new analyzer based on pellistor sensor with neural network data postprocessing for measurement of hydrocarbons in lower explosive limit range. AB - We present the results of a first stage of development work on a new type of analyzer for hydrogen and C(1)-C(3) hydrocarbons concentration measurements in the lower explosive limit range, based on single pellistor sensor with artificial neural network data postprocessing. PMID- 18924631 TI - Abstracts of papers presented at the 2005 pittsburgh conference. AB - To attend or not to attend, that is the question. The Pittsburgh Conference continues to pose this conundrum to conferees and exhibitors alike. This year's conference was the first to be presented without a set of paper abstracts-a good thing some would say but this old codger always used the paper abstracts to select papers of interest to our readership and to seek a full publication. The exhibit took its usual format but it seemed that there were less manufacturers present. The information presented to the attendees was also lacking and many companies' details were missing from the final program book, an omission no doubt on their behalf-my company was one of these-however I feel sure that past Pittcon organizers would have been more persistent in getting the required details for the audience. As is now the norm, many of the presentations take the form of posters displayed within the exhibition area. Without a driver to get the audience there, the traffic was slow, to say the least. Lecture presentations were also attended in a mixed fashion. So the Pittsburgh Conference show moves on, and again next year it will be held in Orlando from 12 March to 17 March 2006. No doubt I will be there making it a straight 31 in a row; in Pittsburgh Conference terms I am just a beginner with many of the attendees making more shows in a run than that. Selected abstracts dealing with topics of interest to the readers of this journal follow-hopefully many of these groups will be willing to publish their work either within this journal or elsewhere. PMID- 18924632 TI - Hospitals we can't afford to lose. PMID- 18924633 TI - To screen or not to screen? Prostate cancer screening: why it's not for every man. PMID- 18924634 TI - Prostate cancer screening: why it's not for every man. PMID- 18924635 TI - Exploring factors in the decision to choose sterilization vs alternatives in rural El Salvador. AB - CONTEXT: To explore the factors that influence rural Salvadoran women to undergo tubal sterilization versus opting for alternative methods of family planning. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A moderator fluent in English and Spanish conducted eleven 90-minute focus groups consisting of 5-10 women each. Eligible women in the municipality of San Pedro Perulapan, El Salvador, were identified and recruited by local health workers. Participant demographics and information about family planning decisions were collected through detailed notes and tape-recorded sessions. The tapes were transcribed verbatim, and all data were analyzed using grounded theory procedures to identify common themes. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Eighty women aged 24-45 years who had previously been sterilized participated in the study. Three major themes influenced a woman's decision to undergo sterilization instead of opting for alternative forms of family planning: (1) availability: tubal sterilization is readily available, (2) fears about side effects of other methods: these women associated negative side effects with other forms of family planning, (3) effectiveness: the women in these focus groups thought sterilization was more effective than other forms of family planning. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that there is a lack of information, and misinformation, about other effective methods of contraception, especially the intrauterine device and oral contraceptives. Reproductive health education projects, especially those providing services in locations similar to rural El Salvador, should focus on providing accurate information about all forms of contraception, including tubal sterilization. PMID- 18924637 TI - You should treat patients over the age of 80 who have hypertension. PMID- 18924638 TI - The see-through doctor: sitting naked in the exam room. PMID- 18924636 TI - Diabetes screening, diagnosis, and therapy in pediatric patients with type 2 diabetes. AB - The dramatic rise in the incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the pediatric and adolescent populations has been associated with the ongoing epidemic of overweight, obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome seen in these age groups. Although the majority of pediatric patients diagnosed with diabetes are still classified as having type 1 diabetes, almost 50% of patients with diabetes in the pediatric age range (under 18 years) may have type 2 diabetes. Screening of high-risk patients for diabetes and prediabetes is important. Prompt diagnosis and accurate diabetes classification facilitate appropriate and timely treatment and may reduce the risk for complications. This is especially important in children because lifestyle interventions may be successful and the lifelong risk for complications is greatest. Treatment usually begins with dietary modification, weight loss, and a structured program of physical exercise. Oral antidiabetic agents are added when lifestyle intervention alone fails to maintain glycemic control. Given the natural history of type 2 diabetes, most if not all patients will eventually require insulin therapy. In those requiring insulin, improved glycemic control and reduced frequency of hypoglycemia can be achieved with insulin analogs. It is common to add insulin therapy to existing oral therapy only when oral agents no longer provide adequate glycemic control. PMID- 18924639 TI - When doctors are patients: is there such a thing as 'posttraumatic bliss'? PMID- 18924640 TI - Retooling for an aging America. PMID- 18924641 TI - Soft drinks and weight gain: how strong is the link? AB - CONTEXT: Soft drink consumption in the United States has tripled in recent decades, paralleling the dramatic increases in obesity prevalence. The purpose of this clinical review is to evaluate the extent to which current scientific evidence supports a causal link between sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption and weight gain. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: MEDLINE search of articles published in all languages between 1966 and December 2006 containing key words or medical subheadings, such as "soft drinks" and "weight." Additional articles were obtained by reviewing references of retrieved articles, including a recent systematic review. All reports with cross-sectional, prospective cohort, or clinical trial data in humans were considered. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Six of 15 cross-sectional and 6 of 10 prospective cohort studies identified statistically significant associations between soft drink consumption and increased body weight. There were 5 clinical trials; the two that involved adolescents indicated that efforts to reduce sugar-sweetened soft drinks slowed weight gain. In adults, 3 small experimental studies suggested that consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks caused weight gain; however, no trial in adults was longer than 10 weeks or included more than 41 participants. No trial reported the effects on lipids. CONCLUSIONS: Although observational studies support the hypothesis that sugar sweetened soft drinks cause weight gain, a paucity of hypothesis-confirming clinical trial data has left the issue open to debate. Given the magnitude of the public health concern, larger and longer intervention trials should be considered to clarify the specific effects of sugar-sweetened soft drinks on body weight and other cardiovascular risk factors. PMID- 18924642 TI - The case for cooperation in managing and maintaining the end of poliomyelitis: stockpile needs and coordinated OPV cessation. AB - CONTEXT: Achieving successful eradication of a disease requires global cooperation to obtain a shared goal. Coordination of the endgame may seem an obvious requirement for success, but that does not ensure that cooperation will occur. OBJECTIVE: To analytically explore the need for cooperation to maintain global polio eradication specifically related to creation of a global polio vaccine stockpile and coordination of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) cessation. DESIGN: Using risk and decision analysis and game theoretical concepts, we modeled the importance of global cooperation in managing the risks associated with polioviruses for a time horizon of 20 years after successful global disruption of circulation of wild polioviruses. RESULTS: Countries may wish to avoid the financial costs of vaccination and risks for vaccine-associated paralytic polio following eradication of wild polioviruses, which may lead them to reduce their use of OPV. However, reducing or stopping vaccination too soon and without coordination poses serious risks, including the possibility of reimportation of wild polioviruses and the possibility of vaccine-derived polioviruses. Analysis of the risks for potential outbreaks suggests the need for creation and maintenance of a global stockpile of vaccine for outbreak response. Game theoretical considerations show that coordination of OPV cessation optimizes expected costs and risks globally, despite the potential perceived incentives for countries to stop OPV earlier or later than other countries, or to continue OPV use indefinitely. CONCLUSIONS: This article makes the strong case for global cooperation on risk management and suggests that even though individual countries may perceive their own risks as small, risks at the global level warrant cooperative action and coordination of OPV cessation. PMID- 18924643 TI - Psychological stress during pregnancy may kill the fetus. PMID- 18924644 TI - Green healthcare. PMID- 18924645 TI - Does your patient's race affect the care that you deliver? PMID- 18924646 TI - The hardest news: death disclosure in the emergency department. PMID- 18924647 TI - A 9-month-old girl with chronic diarrhea. PMID- 18924650 TI - A principled partnership between academic medicine and industry. PMID- 18924649 TI - Does breast-feeding improve child cognitive development? PMID- 18924648 TI - Effectiveness and safety of generic fixed-dose combination of tenofovir/emtricitabine/efavirenz in HIV-1-infected patients in Western India. AB - OBJECTIVE: To assess effectiveness and safety of a generic fixed-dose combination of tenofovir (TDF)/emtricitabine (FTC)/efavirenz (EFV) among HIV-1-infected patients in Western India. METHODS: Antiretroviral (ARV)-naive and experienced (thymidine analog nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor [tNRTI] replaced by TDF) patients were started on a regimen of 1 TDF/FTC/EFV pill once a day. They were followed clinically on a periodic basis, and viral loads and CD4 counts were measured at 6 and 12 months. Creatinine clearance was calculated at baseline and at 6 months and/or as clinically indicated. Effectiveness was defined as not having to discontinue the regimen due to failure or toxicity. RESULTS: One hundred forty-one patients who started TDF/FTC/EFV before 1 June 2007 were eligible. Of these, 130 (92.2%) and 44 (31.2%) had 6- and 12-months follow-up, respectively. Thirty-five percent of the patients were ARV-naive. Eleven patients discontinued treatment (4 for virologic failure, 1 for grade 3-4 central nervous system disturbances, 4 for grade 3-4 renal toxicity, and 2 for cost). Ninety-six percent of patients were virologically suppressed at 6 months. Frequency of TDF associated grade 3-4 renal toxicity was 2.8%; however, 3 of these patients had comorbid conditions associated with renal dysfunction. CONCLUSION: A fixed-dose combination of generic TDF/FTC/EFV is effective in ARV-naive and experienced patients. Although frequency of severe renal toxicity was higher than has been reported in the literature, it was safe in patients with no comorbid renal conditions. PMID- 18924651 TI - Safeguarding muscle during weight reduction. PMID- 18924652 TI - Acardiac-acephalus twins: a report of 2 cases and review of literature. AB - Acardiac twinning, a rare congenital anomaly of monozygotic twin pregnancy, often results from abnormal placental vascular anastomoses. This leads to twin reversal arterial perfusion with complex pathophysiology. Current information on early recognition and treatment for salvation of the normal twin is based on individual case reports in the literature. We report 2 cases of acardiac-acephalus twins and briefly review the relevant literature. PMID- 18924653 TI - Thyroid swelling: an unusual presentation of a cervical sympathetic chain schwannoma. PMID- 18924654 TI - Is there a relationship between waist circumference and mortality? PMID- 18924655 TI - The meaning of life in medicine. PMID- 18924657 TI - Commentary: A view from down under. PMID- 18924656 TI - Electronic personal health records: should doctors worry? PMID- 18924658 TI - Commentary: From the Editor's desk. PMID- 18924659 TI - Abastracts/Sommaires/Zusammenfassungen. PMID- 18924660 TI - Automatic analysis: the laboratory manager's problems. PMID- 18924661 TI - A semi-automatic system for subsampling heterogeneous foods. PMID- 18924662 TI - The use of a simple 8 bit microprocessor as a flexible sequence controller for developing laboratory automation. PMID- 18924663 TI - Decision criteria for the selection of analytical instruments used in clinical chemistry: I Introduction. PMID- 18924664 TI - Decision criteria for the selection of analytical instruments used in clinical chemistry: II Definition of problems, types of instruments and their selection. PMID- 18924665 TI - Decision criteria for the selection of analytical instruments used in clinical chemistry: III Non-monetary criteria. PMID- 18924666 TI - Decision criteria for the selection of analytical instruments used in clinical chemistry: IV External and internal evaluation of analytical instruments in clinical laboratory sciences. PMID- 18924667 TI - Decision criteria for the selection of analytical instruments used in clinical chemistry: V The interaction of new instrumentation with laboratory infra structure: modelling and simulation for planning of laboratory functions. PMID- 18924669 TI - Meeting reports. PMID- 18924668 TI - Decision criteria for the selection of analytical instruments used in clinical chemistry: VI Techniques for the economic evaluation of automatic analysers. PMID- 18924670 TI - New literature. PMID- 18924674 TI - Index volume 1 1979. PMID- 18924675 TI - Notes for contributors. PMID- 18924676 TI - Evaluation of an automatic gas chromatographic system for the identification of bacterial infective agents. AB - The potential clinical application of gas chromatography to microbial identifcation was evaluated. A completely automated system, the MIS (Microbial Identification System; Hewlett- Packard) can analyse and identify pure strains by comparison of their cellular fatty acids patterns (C(9)-C(20)) with the reference parameters stored in a library. Three hundred and sixty-seven strains were tested, comparing the gas chromatographic results with those obtained by the traditional microbiological methods in the bacteriology laboratory of our Institute. A standardized extractive procedure was followed to obtain the fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), but some modifications to the recommended procedure were introduced in the bacterial growth procedures: colonies harvested not only from the recommended growth media but also from selective media routinely used in the bacteriology laboratory were successfully examined. These modifications did not influence the results but improved the ease for the user; good agreement with the comparison method was observed as far as identifications of genus and species are concerned for 238 cases. The major advantages of this computerized system are a reduction in the time required to obtain the final results, the elimination of human errors by using the autosampler and a better inter-laboratory comparability of results owing to a higher degree of objectivity. On the other hand, the limited throughput of MIS (only 40 samples in 24 h) prevents its use in a large routine laboratory; this technology is appropriate in emergency cases, in taxonomic studies and as a confirmatory method. PMID- 18924677 TI - Critical care analytes: pre-analytical factors affecting result quality for combined blood gas and electrolyte systems. PMID- 18924678 TI - Multicentre evaluation of the Monarch (IL) clinical chemistry analyser. AB - A multicentre evaluation of the Monarch centrifugal analyser is reported. Precision, linearity and accuracy were assessed by comparison with routine methods. Calibration stability, photometric and dispensing accuracy, and carry over related to samples and reagents were also evaluated. The overall performance of the instrument was good, showing an excellent photometric and dispensing accuracy, absence of sample-dependent carry-over, and almost negligible reagent carry-over. Good precision, linearity and correlation with routine methods were found for the parameters tested. The instrument is reliable and is now used as the routine clinical chemistry analyser in two of the three laboratories taking part in the evaluation. PMID- 18924679 TI - Computer-assisted automatic synthesis II. Development of a fully automated apparatus for preparing substituted N-(carboxyalkyl)amino acids. AB - A versatile automated apparatus, equipped with an artificial intelligence has been developed which may be used to prepare and isolate a wide variety of compounds. The prediction of the optimum reaction conditions and the reaction control in real time, are accomplished using novel kinetic equations and substituent effects in an artificial intelligence software which has already reported [1]. This paper deals with the design and construction of the fully automated system, and its application to the synthesis of a substituted N (carboxyalkyl)amino acid. The apparatus is composed of units for perfoming various tasks, e.g. reagent supply, reaction, purification and separation, each linked to a control system. All synthetic processes including washing and drying of the apparatus after each synthetic run were automatically performed from the mixing of the reactants to the isolation of the products as powders with purities of greater than 98%. The automated apparatus has been able to run for 24 hours per day, and the average rate of synthesis of substituted N-(carboxyalkyl)amino acids has been three compounds daily. The apparatus is extremely valuable for synthesizing many derivatives of one particular compound structure. Even if the chemical yields are low under the optimum conditions, it is still possible to obtain a sufficient amount of the desired product by repetition of the reaction. Moreover it was possible to greatly reduce the manual involvement of the many syntheses which are a necessary part of pharmaceutical research. PMID- 18924681 TI - International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC) Education Division, Expert Panel of Quantities and Units: A Protocol for the Conversion of Clinical Laboratory data. PMID- 18924680 TI - Evaluation of the Radiometer 'ABL4' pH/blood gas/K/Hb analyser. PMID- 18924682 TI - Computer-controlled apparatus for automated development of continuous flow methods. AB - An automated apparatus to assist in the development of analytical continuous flow methods is described. The system is capable of controlling and monitoring a variety of pumps, valves, and detectors through an IBM PC-AT compatible computer. System components consist of two types of peristaltic pumps (including a multiple pump unit), syringe pumps, electrically and pneumatically actuated valves, and an assortment of spectrophotometric and electrochemical detectors. Details of the interface circuitry are given where appropriate. To demonstrate the utility of the system, an automatically generated response surface is presented for the flow injection determination of iron(II) by its reaction with 1,10-phenanthroline. PMID- 18924683 TI - International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC): Scientific Division, Committee on pH, Blood Gases and Electrolytes: Guidelines for Transcutaneouspo(2)andpco(2)Measurement. AB - This document provides guidelines for the terminology, methodology, and for the interpretation of data obtained from the use of skin (transcutaneous) po(2) and pco(2) electrodes. The transcutaneous technique has found special application in newborn infants. The causes of analytical bias with respect to arterial blood gas values, and imprecision obtained with transcutaneous pco(2) electrodes, are reviewed. Electrode temperatures above 44 degrees C should not be used routinely, and, at a measuring temperature of 44 degrees C, the measuring site should be changed at least every 4 h to avoid skin burns. PMID- 18924684 TI - Nomenclature in laboratory robotics and automation (IUPAC Recommendation 1994). AB - These recommended terms have been prepared to help provide a uniform approach to terminology and notation in laboratory automation and robotics. Since the terminology used in laboratory automation and robotics has been derived from diverse backgrounds, it is often vague, imprecise, and in some cases, in conflict with classical automation and robotic nomenclature.These dejinitions have been assembled from standards, monographs, dictionaries, journal articles, and documents of international organizations emphasizing laboratory and industrial automation and robotics. When appropriate, definitions have been taken directly from the original source and identified with that source. However, in some cases no acceptable definition could be found and a new definition was prepared to define the object, term, or action. Attention has been given to defining specific robot types, coordinate systems, parameters, attributes, communication protocols and associated workstations and hardware. Diagrams are included to illustrate specific concepts that can best be understood by visualization. PMID- 18924685 TI - Unsegmented flow approach for on-line monitoring of pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen and determination of nitrite and ammonia in aquaculture. AB - A fully automated flow system for on-line monitoring of analytes/parameters of interest in aquaculture is described. The approach has been optimized for the photometric determination of nitrite and ammonia and the continuous monitoring of pH, conductivity and dissolved oxygen, but these analytes/parameters are readily changeable as required. The system has been tested by monitoring these species in the input and output sea water streams of tanks at a fish breeding farm and also by monitoring water containing high concentrations of fish feed. PMID- 18924686 TI - Enzyme reference materials: their place in diagnostic enzyrnology. AB - Estimations of the activities of various enzymes in clinical samples are routine tasks for clinical chemists. Most of this work is done by automatic analysis. The reference ranges against which patients' results are interpreted, however, have generally been defined in terms of manual methods and the conditions of a manual method cannot be reproduced in automated systems. This paper describes the possibility of translating the results of enzyme analysis into a common currency through the use of enzyme reference materials as calibrators. PMID- 18924687 TI - Increasing the biosafety of analytical systems in the clinical laboratory. AB - Biosafety is an important part of the know-how of all clinical laboratory professionals. Biosafely must have high priority in the design and use of analytical systems. Attention should be focused on reducing the handling of biological specimens, reducing biohazards to laboratory personnel, and on improving the labelling and containment of biohazardous materials. In this paper, biosafety issues are discussed in relation to the design of analytical systems, their use and maintenance. PMID- 18924688 TI - A multi-channel photometric detector for multi-component analysis in flow injection analysis. AB - The detector, a multi-channel photometric detector, described in this paper was developed using multi-wavelength LEDs (light emitting diode) and phototransistors for absorbance measurement controlled by an Intel 8031 8-bit single chip microcomputer. Up to four flow cells can be attached to the detector. The LEDs and phototransistors are both inexpensive, and reliable. The results given by the detector for simultaneous determination of trace amounts of cobalt and cadmium in zinc sulphate electrolyte are reported. Because of the newly developed detector, this approach employs much less hardware apparatus than by employing conventional photometric detectors. PMID- 18924689 TI - Managing laboratory automation: integration and informatics in drug discovery. AB - Drug discovery today requires the focused use of laboratory automation and other resources in combinatorial chemistry and high-throughput screening (HTS). The ultimate value of both combinatorial chemistry and HTS technologies and the lasting impact they will have on the drug discovery process is a chapter that remains to be written. Central to their success and impact is how well they are integrated with each other and with the rest of the drug discovery processes- informatics is key to this success. This presentation focuses on informatics and the integration of the disciplines of combinatorial chemistry and HTS in modern drug discovery. Examples from experiences at Neurogen from the last five years are described. PMID- 18924690 TI - High throughput drug profiling. AB - High throughput screening has significantly contributed to advances in drug discovery. The great increase in the number of samples screened has been accompanied by increases in costs and in the data required for the investigated compounds. High throughput profiling addresses the issues of compound selectivity and specificity. It combines conventional screening with data mining technologies to give a full set of data, enabling development candidates to be more fully compared. PMID- 18924691 TI - The planning and establishment of a sample preparation laboratory for drug discovery. AB - Nature has always been a productive source of new drugs. With the advent of high throughput screening, it has now become possible to rapidly screen large sample collections. In addition to seeking greater diversity from natural product sources (micro-organisms, plants, etc.), fractionation of the crude extracts prior to screening is becoming a more important part of our efforts. As sample preparation protocols become more involved, automation can help to achieve and maintain a desired sample throughput. To address the needs of our screening program, two robotic systems were designed. The first system processes crude extracts all the way to 96-well plates, containing solutions suitable for screening in biological and biochemical assays. The system can dissolve crude extracts, fractionate them on solid-phase extraction cartridges, dry and weigh each fraction, re-dissolve them to a known concentration, and prepare mother plates. The second system replicates mother plates into a number of daughter plates. PMID- 18924692 TI - The Zymark BenchMate. A compact, fully-automated solution-phase reaction work-up facility for multiple parallel synthesis. AB - The rapid growth of multiple parallel synthesis in our laboratories has created a demand for a robust, easily accessed automated system for solution-phase reaction work-up, since the manual work-up of large numbers of small-scale reactions is both time-consuming and tedious, and is a rate limiting step in the generation of large numbers of compounds for test. Work-up in chemical organic synthesis consists of a series of post-reaction operations designed using differential chemical properties to remove excess reagent or starting material, reagent products and, where possible reaction by-products. Careful consideration of post reaction operations as a clean-up step can obviate the requirement for purification. Generally, work-up can be resolved into four operations: filtration, solvent addition (dilution, trituration), washing and separation (partition) and it is the selection and ordering of these four basic operations that constitutes a chemical work-up. Following the proven success of centralized Zymate robotic systems in the compilation, execution and work-up of complex reaction sequences, a centralized chemical work-up service has been in operation for over 12 months. It now seemed prudent that the needs of multiple parallel synthesis would be better served by the development of a compact, automated system, capable of operating in a standard chemistry laboratory fume-hood. A Zymark BenchMate platform has been configured to perform the four basic operations of chemical solution work-up. A custom-built filtration station, incorporating an integrated tipping facility for the sample tube has also been developed. Compilation of each work-up is through a set of Visual Basic procedure screens, each dedicated to a particular work-up scenario. Methods are compiled at the chemist's own PC and transferred to the BenchMate via a diskette. PMID- 18924693 TI - A fully automated liquid-liquid extraction system utilizing interface detection. AB - The development of the Abbott Liquid-Liquid Extraction Station was a result of the need for an automated system to perform aqueous extraction on large sets of newly synthesized organic compounds used for drug discovery. The system utilizes a cylindrical laboratory robot to shuttle sample vials between two loading racks, two identical extraction stations, and a centrifuge. Extraction is performed by detecting the phase interface (by difference in refractive index) of the moving column of fluid drawn from the bottom of each vial containing a biphasic mixture. The integration of interface detection with fluid extraction maximizes sample throughput. Abbott-developed electronics process the detector signals. Sample mixing is performed by high-speed solvent injection. Centrifuging of the samples reduces interface emulsions. Operating software permits the user to program wash protocols with any one of six solvents per wash cycle with as many cycle repeats as necessary. Station capacity is eighty, 15 ml vials. This system has proven successful with a broad spectrum of both ethyl acetate and methylene chloride based chemistries. The development and characterization of this automated extraction system will be presented. PMID- 18924694 TI - A centralized global automation group in a decentralized organization. AB - In the latter part of the 1990s, many companies have worked to foster a 'matrix' style culture through several changes in organizational structure. This type of culture facilitates communication and development of new technology across organizational and global boundaries. At Glaxo Wellcome, this matrix culture is reflected in an automation strategy that relies on both centralized and decentralized resources. The Group Development Operations Information Systems Robotics Team is a centralized resource providing development, support, integration, and training in laboratory automation across businesses in the Development organization. The matrix culture still presents challenges with respect to communication and managing the development of technology. A current challenge for our team is to go beyond our recognized role as a technology resource and actually to influence automation strategies across the global Development organization. We shall provide an overview of our role as a centralized resource, our team strategy, examples of current and past successes and failures, and future directions. PMID- 18924695 TI - Implementation of and experiences with new automation. AB - In an environment where cost, timeliness, and quality drives the business, it is essential to look for answers in technology where these challenges can be met. In the Novartis Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance Department, automation and robotics have become just the tools to meet these challenges. Although automation is a relatively new concept in our department, we have fully embraced it within just a few years. As our company went through a merger, there was a significant reduction in the workforce within the Quality Assurance Department through voluntary and involuntary separations. However the workload remained constant or in some cases actually increased. So even with reduction in laboratory personnel, we were challenged internally and from the headquarters in Basle to improve productivity while maintaining integrity in quality testing. Benchmark studies indicated the Suffern site to be the choice manufacturing site above other facilities. This is attributed to the Suffern facility employees' commitment to reduce cycle time, improve efficiency, and maintain high level of regulatory compliance. One of the stronger contributing factors was automation technology in the laboratoriess, and this technology will continue to help the site's status in the future. The Automation Group was originally formed about 2 years ago to meet the demands of high quality assurance testing throughput needs and to bring our testing group up to standard with the industry. Automation began with only two people in the group and now we have three people who are the next generation automation scientists. Even with such a small staff,we have made great strides in laboratory automation as we have worked extensively with each piece of equipment brought in. The implementation process of each project was often difficult because the second generation automation group came from the laboratory and without much automation experience. However, with the involvement from the users at 'get-go', we were able to successfully bring in many automation technologies. Our first experience with automation was SFA/SDAS, and then Zymark TPWII followed by Zymark Multi-dose. The future of product testing lies in automation, and we shall continue to explore the possibilities of improving the testing methodologies so that the chemists will be less burdened with repetitive and mundane daily tasks and be more focused on bringing quality into our products. PMID- 18924698 TI - An improved automated immunoassay for C-reactive protein on the Dimension clinical chemistry system. AB - Recent clinical data indicate that the measurement of the concentration of C reactive protein (CRP) requires a higher sensitivity and wider dynamic range than most of the current methods can offer. Our goal was to develop a totally automated and highly sensitive CRP assay with an extended range on the Dimension((R)) clinical chemistry system based on particle-enhanced turbidimetric immunoassay (PETIA) technology. The improved method was optimized and compared to the Binding Site's radial immunodiffusion assay using disease state specimens to minimize interference. Assay performance was assessed on the Dimension((R)) system in a 12-instrument inter-laboratory comparison study. A split-sample comparison (n = 622) was performed between the improved CRP method on the Dimension system and the N Latex CRP mono method on the Behring Nephelometer, using a number of reagent and calibrator lots on multiple instruments. The method was also referenced to the standard material, CRM470, provided by the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC). The improved CRP method was linear to 265.1 mg/l with a detection limit between 0.2 and 0.5mg/l. The method detects antigen excess from the upper assay limit to 2000 mg/l, thereby allowing users to retest the sample with dilution. Calibration was stable for 60 days. The within-run reproducibility (CV) was less than 5.1% and total reproducibility ranged from 1.1 to 6.7% between 3.3 and 265.4 mg/l CRP. Linear regression analysis of the results on the improved Dimension method (DM) versus the Behring Nephelometer (BN) yielded the following equation: DM = 0.99 x BN - 0.37; r = 0.992. Minimal interference was observed from sera of patients with elevated IgM, IgG and IgA. The recovery of the IFCC standard was within 100 +/- 7 % across multiple lots of reagent and calibrator. The improved CRP method provided a sensitive, accurate and rapid approach to quantify CRP in serum and plasma on the Dimension clinical chemistry system. The ability to detect antigen excess eliminated reporting falsely low results caused by the 'prozone effect'. PMID- 18924699 TI - Automation--down to the nuts and bolts. AB - Laboratories that once viewed automation as an expensive luxury are now looking to automation as a solution to increase sample throughput, to help ensure data integrity and to improve laboratory safety. The question is no longer, 'Should we automate?', but 'How should we approach automation?' A laboratory may choose from three approaches when deciding to automate: (1) contract with a third party vendor to produce a turnkey system, (2) develop and fabricate the system in-house or (3) some combination of approaches (1) and (2). The best approach for a given laboratory depends upon its available resources. The first lesson to be learned in automation is that no matter how straightforward an idea appears in the beginning, the solution will not be realized until many complex problems have been resolved. Issues dealing with sample vessel manipulation, liquid handling and system control must be addressed before a final design can be developed. This requires expertise in engineering, electronics, programming and chemistry. Therefore, the team concept of automation should be employed to help ensure success. This presentation discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the three approaches to automation. The development of an automated sample handling and control system for the STAR System focused microwave will be used to illustrate the complexities encountered in a seemingly simple project, and to highlight the importance of the team concept to automation no matter which approach is taken. The STAR System focused microwave from CEM Corporation is an open vessel digestion system with six microwave cells. This system is used to prepare samples for trace metal determination. The automated sample handling was developed around a XYZ motorized gantry system. Grippers were specially designed to perform several different functions and to provide feedback to the control software. Software was written in Visual Basic 5.0 to control the movement of the samples and the operation and monitoring of the STAR microwave. This software also provides a continuous update of the system's status to the computer screen. The system provides unattended preparation of up to 59 samples per run. PMID- 18924700 TI - Case study of the automation options and decisions made in implementing a high throughput cell based screen using the FLIPR. AB - This case study examines the automation and process change options available to emerging discovery/development stage pharmaceutical companies when considering implementing sophisticated high-throughput screens. Generally there are both financial and personnel constraints that have to be addressed when implementing state-of-the-art screening technology in smaller companies which generally are not as significant as in large pharmaceutical companies. When NPS Pharmaceuticals considered installing a Molecular Devices FLIPR for high-throughput cell based screening it became clear that, to make the best decision, the whole screening process at NPS Pharmaceuticals from screen development and validation, tissue culture, compound distribution, data handling and screening had to be re-examined to see what automation options were possible and which, if any, made sense to implement. Large scale automated systems were not considered due to their cost and the lack of in-house engineering infrastructure to support such systems. The current trend towards workstation based laboratory automation suggested that a minimalist approach to laboratory automation, coupled with improved understanding of the physical process of screening, would yield the best approach. Better understanding of the work flow within the Biomolecular Screening team enabled the group to optimize the process and decide what support equipment was needed. To install the FLIPR, train users, set up the tissue culture protocols for cell supply, establish high-throughput screening database protocols, integrate compound distribution and re-supply and validate the pharmacology on four cell based screens took the team 3 months. The integration of the screening team at the primary, secondary and tertiary screening stages of the target discovery project teams at NPS has enabled us to incorporate minimal automation into the Biomolecular Screening Group whilst retaining an enriching work environment. This is reflected in our current consistent throughput of 64 96-well microplates per day on the FLIPR, a figure that is comparable with that achieved within most major pharmaceutical companies. This case study suggests that process optimization coupled with modern stand alone automated workstations can achieve significant throughput in a resource constrained environment. Significantly greater throughput could be achieved by coupling the process improvement techniques described above with 384-well microplate technology. PMID- 18924701 TI - An industrial engineering approach to laboratory automation for high throughput screening. AB - Across the pharmaceutical industry, there are a variety of approaches to laboratory automation for high throughput screening. At Sphinx Pharmaceuticals, the principles of industrial engineering have been applied to systematically identify and develop those automated solutions that provide the greatest value to the scientists engaged in lead generation. PMID- 18924702 TI - Dealing with the data deluge in high throughput screening. AB - Numerical taxonomy and pattern recognition analysis offer powerful tools that can greatly reduce the information burden of multiple-assay screening programs. These methods can be used to rationally design prescreens, identify assays that have similar chemical response patterns, select reporter assays for chemical response groups, evaluate drug selectivity, and predict a drug's likely mechanism of action. When combined with assays designed to identify lead compounds that have characteristics likely to cause failure at a later and more expensive stage of development, a simple three-stage primary discovery process consisting of a rational prescreen, reporters, and clinical failure assay can reduce the number of required culture wells by more than 20-fold and can eliminate all but 1-2 drugs per 1000 tested as leads for further evaluation and development. PMID- 18924703 TI - Drug discovery from nature: automated high-quality sample preparation. AB - Secondary metabolites from plants, animals and microorganisms have been proven to be an outstanding source for new and innovative drugs and show a striking structural diversity that supplements chemically synthesized compounds or libraries in drug discovery programs. Unfortunately, extracts from natural sources are usually complex mixtures of compounds: often generated in time consuming and for the most part manual processes. As quality and quantity of the provided samples play a pivotal role in the success of high-throughput screening programs this poses serious problems. In order to make samples of natural origin competitive with synthetic compound libraries, we devised a novel, automated sample preparation procedure based on solid-phase extraction (SPE). By making use of a modified Zymark RapidTrace SPE workstation an easy-to-handle and effective fractionation method has been developed which allows the generation of high quality samples from natural origin, fulfilling the requirements of an integration into high-throughput screening programs. PMID- 18924707 TI - Speciation of inorganic selenium and selenoamino acids by an HPLC-UV-HG-AFS system. AB - For the on-line speciation of selenocystine (SeCys), selenomethionine (SeMet), selenoethionine (SeEt), selenite (Se(IV)) and selenate (Se(VI)), a high performance liquid chromatography-UV irradiation-hydride generation-atomic fluorescence spectro- metric method is described. Separation was carried out on a conventional reversed-phase C18 column modified with didodecyl- dimethylammonium bromide with gradient elution applying two concentrations of ammonium acetate as the mobile phase. UV irradiation and hydride generation parameters were optimized. The obtained detection limits for SeCys, SeMet, SeEt, Se(IV) and Se(VI) were 0.31, 0.43, 0.7, 0.44 and 0.32 ng ml(-1), respectively, using a 100 microl loop. The method was tested with spiked mineral water and two volunteers' urine samples. PMID- 18924708 TI - Expediting the formulation development process with the aid of automated dissolution in analytical research and development. AB - The development of drugs in the generic pharmaceutical industry is a highly competitive arena of companies vying for few drug products that are coming off patent. Companies that have been successful in this arena are those that have met or surpassed the critical timeline associated with trial formulation development, analytical method development, and submission batch manufacturing and testing. Barr Laboratories Inc., has been successful in the generic pharmaceutical industry for several reasons, one of which includes automation. The analytical research and development at Barr has employed the use of automated dissolution early in the lifecycle of a potential product. This approach has dramatically reduced the 'time to market' on average for a number of products. The key to this approach is the network infrastructure of the formulation and analytical research and development departments. At Barr, the cooperative ability to work and communicate together has driven the departments to streamline and matrix their work efforts and optimize resources and time. The discussion will reference how Barr has been successful with automation and gives a case study of products that have moved with rapid pace through the development cycle. PMID- 18924709 TI - Optimizing production of serially diluted compounds and distribution to multiple targets. AB - The need for a multiple-target compound selectivity programme led to the establishment of a single robotic system that produces a compound's serial dilution and its distribution to multiple replicate assay plates. A Genesis RSP 150 integrated into a Zymate Laboratory Automation System XP produced the serial dilutions, and the subsequent replicate assay plates were produced quickly and accurately by an efficient use of the carousels and rapid plate. Currently, this process allows for the production of over 200 serial dilution assay plates in a workday. PMID- 18924710 TI - My continuing adventure with 21 CFR Part 11--the evolution of Zymark's compliance. AB - A renewed focus has been given to the 3-year-old regulation 21 CFR Part 11, Electronic Records and Electronic Signatures. This paper gives a chronology of the process of an equipment vendor, Zymark Corporation, validating laboratory automation equipment for compliance to the regulation 21 CFR Part 11. Zymark's Tablet Processing Workstation II (TPW) and Prelude are the instruments chronicled. The first instrument, the TPW, was developed before Zymark defined its strategy on how to meet its customer's need for 21 CFR Part 11 compliant equipment. The TPW has been available for several years, and in the summer of 1999 it received a major software upgrade to improve its security. The second instrument, the Prelude, is a new product. It had a design requirement to meet the regulation. Zymark's Part 11 strategy was already in place and used for this development project. This chronology will include all aspects of the exercise, including familiarization with the standard, development of the protocols, review of the protocols by industry experts, review of the protocols by pharmaceutical users, execution of the tests, preparation of the exception reports, and the release of any necessary product revisions. PMID- 18924711 TI - Laboratory 2000--the challenge of achieving efficiency and compliance. AB - Significant advances within the field of laboratory automation and instrumentation have greatly benefited the pharmaceutical industry in its quest to discover, develop and monitor the quality of its products. Necessitated by the need for efficiency and greater productivity, faster and more cost-effective means of analyses exist in the form of devices made up of complex electromechanical components, all logically controlled and most with the capability to interface with sophisticated information systems. This benefit does come with a price, a greater responsibility to ensure data quality while complying with increased regulatory requirements. Commitment to this responsibility presents a substantial challenge to scientists and managers throughout the industry. Due diligence must be demonstrated. A comprehensive evaluation of every laboratory system utilized, a solid plan of action for correcting any known deficiencies including upgrades or complete replacement, and an accurate monitoring procedure with the ability to measure progress are all absolute necessities to ensure success. Crossfunctional team effort and communication must transpire with full managerial support. Vendors need to be audited, made aware of any functional or quality inadequacies they possess as well as the pharmaceutical industry's expectation for these shortcomings to be rapidly corrected. Suppliers of these systems should also be encouraged to provide complete 'off-the-shelf solutions' to eliminate the need for in-house customization. The requirements for regulatory compliance in today's electronic environment have been well publicized. The players involved are not only listening, but also taking the necessary steps to retain and improve efficiency without sacrificing quality. With the proper measures, planning and action, a highly automated, cost-effective and compliant laboratory operation can become a reality. PMID- 18924712 TI - Computational chemistry, data mining, high-throughput synthesis and screening- informatics and integration in drug discovery. AB - Drug discovery today includes considerable focus of laboratory automation and other resources on both combinatorial chemistry and high-throughput screening, and computational chemistry has been a part of pharmaceutical research for many years. The real benefit of these technologies is beyond the exploitation of each individually. Only recently have significant efforts focused on effectively integrating these and other discovery disciplines to realize their larger potential. This technical note will describe one example of these integration efforts. PMID- 18924713 TI - Evaluation of the automatic ELISA Triturus analyser. PMID- 18924714 TI - Monte Carlo simulation for the prediction of precision of absorbance measurements with a miniature CCD spectrometer. AB - The precision characteristics of the absorbance measurements obtained with a low cost miniature spectrometer incorporating an array detector were evaluated. Uncertainties in absorbance measurements were due to a combination of non-uniform light intensity and detector response over the wavelength range examined (350-850 nm), in conjunction with the digitization of the intensity indications and the intrinsic noise of the detecting elements. The precision characteristics are presented as contour plots displaying the expected RSD% of absorbances on the absorbance versus wavelength plane. The minimum RSD% for the spectrometer configuration tested was observed within the 0.2-1.5 absorbance units and 500-750 nm wavelength range. Without invoking signal enhancement features of the data acquisition program (scan average, higher integration times, smoothing based on averaging the signal detected by adjacent pixels), the attainable precision within this range was 0.4-0.8%. A computer program based on Monte Carlo simulations was developed for the prediction of absorbance precision characteristics under various conditions of measurements. PMID- 18924715 TI - High-resolution laboratory lysimeter for automated sampling of tracers through a 0.5 m soil block. AB - A computer-controlled, automated sample collection from a 0.5-m lysimeter, designed to give superior temporal and spatial resolution for monitoring the movement of chemical tracers through a large undisturbed soil block, is described. The soil block, 0.5 x 0.5 x 0.5 m, was monitored for saturation using eight time domain reflectometry probes. Rainfall was applied at approximately 1600 ml h(-1) using a 12212 array of 23-gauge (0.318 mm internal diameter) hypodermic needles. Soil leachates were collected at the base of the soil block using a machined aluminium collection plate with a 10 x 10 grid of funnels that passed leachates to sample collection palettes. Sample collection was automated using a personal computer equipped with National Instruments LabVIEW software and linked to sensors for palette tracking. The automation of the lysimeter allowed sample collection and storage over a user-defined period with no human interaction. As an example of the use of the automated lysimeter, results show the distribution of phosphate within the soil. The eluted phosphate showed an initial and secondary peak, and only emerged from preferential flow channels. PMID- 18924716 TI - Development of a photometric system for continuous flow analysis. AB - Most chemical analyses carried out in a clinical laboratory are colorimetric. An improved photometric system is described where a tungsten lamp is the light source, a photo-diode is the detector and a microcontroller 8051 is used for processing and displaying absorbances. The performance characteristics of the instrument are reported. The parameters investigated are photometric linearity, precision and instrumental drift. PMID- 18924717 TI - Quality control material for plasma fibrinogen test produced from purified human fibrinogen. AB - Plasma fibrinogen measurement is a routine laboratory procedure commonly performed on automated coagulation analysers. Its determination is quantitative, not quantitative. Yet, a lack of precision has been an issue for fibrinogen measurement. A control material derived from plasma comprises many proteins, inhibitors and fatty acids, any or all of which can interfere in the fibrinogen assay. This study has attempted to develop a quality control material using purified human fibrinogen and has compared measurement precision between both purified and plasma materials. Purified fibrinogen was prepared using Cohn fraction 1 and glycine precipitation. Purified fibrinogen clottability was greater than 95%, with no main plasma proteins, lipids or fibrinogen degradation products observed. Two purified control materials were lyophilized at normal (2.30 g l(-1)) and abnormal (1.20 g l(-1)) levels of fibrinogen concentration. Precision was evaluated using a liquid-type reagent, Thrombocheck Fib(L), on automated coagulation analysers. Coefficient of variation for within-run, intraday and between-day precision of the purified materials was 0.7-3.5%. In comparison, the coefficient of variation for plasma materials ranged from 1.2 to 5.3%. These results suggest that materials prepared from purified fibrinogen can be useful to laboratory quality control by improving overall precision of fibrinogen measurement and are applicable to automated coagulation analysers. PMID- 18924718 TI - Auto-analysis system for graphite morphology of grey cast iron. AB - The current method to classify graphite morphology types of grey cast iron is based on traditional subjective observation, and it cannot be used for quantitative analysis. Since microstructures have a great effect on the mechanical properties of grey cast iron and different types have totally different characters, six types of grey cast iron are discussed and an image processing software subsystem that performs the classification and quantitative analysis automatically based on a kind of composed feature vector and artificial neural network (ANN) is described. There are three kinds of texture features: fractal dimension, roughness and two-dimension autoregression, which are used as an extracted feature input vector of ANN classifier. Compared with using only one, the checkout correct precision increased greatly. On the other hand, to achieve the quantitative analysis and show the different types clearly, the region segmentation idea was applied to the system. The percentages of the regions with different type are reported correctly. Furthermore, this paper tentatively introduces a new empirical method to decide the number of ANN hidden nodes, which are usually considered as a difficulty in ANN structure decision. It was found that the optimum hidden node number of the experimental data was the same as that obtained using the new method. PMID- 18924719 TI - Automation of a flow injection system for the determination of dissolved silver at picomolar concentrations in seawater with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. AB - An automated flow injection system for the determination of dissolved silver at ultratrace concentrations in seawater, and controlled under LabVIEW, is described. The flow injection system allows online processing of seawater samples before their analysis using a magnetic sector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MS-ICP-MS) instrument. Samples were analysed with a minimum amount of manipulation, thereby reducing the risk of contamination. In addition, the flow injection approach with incorporation of an anion exchange minicolumn allowed ready removal of analytical interferences caused by the saline matrix. The software allowed full control of all flow injection components (valves and pumps) and removed manual time control and, therefore, operator errors. The optimized system was capable of five sample injections per h, including preconcentration and wash steps. The limit of detection was 0.5 pM for a 240-s sample load time, which allowed the determination of dissolved silver in open ocean waters, where picomolar concentration levels are typically encountered. PMID- 18924720 TI - Determination of Zinc-Based Additives in Lubricating Oils by Flow-Injection Analysis with Flame-AAS Detection Exploiting Injection with a Computer-Controlled Syringe. AB - A flow-injection system is proposed for the determination of metal-based additives in lubricating oils. The system, operating under computer control uses a motorised syringe for measuring and injecting the oil sample (200 muL) in a kerosene stream, where it is dispersed by means of a packed mixing reactor and carried to an atomic absorption spectrometer which is used as detector. Zinc was used as model analyte. Two different systems were evaluated, one for low concentrations (range 0-10 ppm) and the second capable of providing higher dilution rates for high concentrations (range 0.02%-0.2% w/w). The sampling frequency was about 30 samples/h. Calibration curves fitted a second-degree regression model (r(2) = 0.996). Commercial samples with high and low zinc levels were analysed by the proposed method and the results were compared with those obtained with the standard ASTM method. The t test for mean values showed no significant differences at the 95% confidence level. Precision (RSD%) was better than 5% (2% typical) for the high concentrations system. The carryover between successive injections was found to be negligible. PMID- 18924722 TI - New Developments in the Field of Reaction Technology: The Multiparallel Reactor HPMR 50-96. AB - Catalytic high-pressure reactions play an important role in classic bulk chemistry. The optimization of common reactions, the search for new and more effective catalysts, and the increasing use of catalytic pressure reactions in the field of drug development call for high-parallel reaction systems. A crucial task of current developments, apart from the parameters of pressure, temperature, and number of reaction chambers, is, in this respect, the systems' integration into complex laboratory automation environments. PMID- 18924721 TI - MODULAR ANALYTICS: A New Approach to Automation in the Clinical Laboratory. AB - MODULAR ANALYTICS (Roche Diagnostics) (MODULAR ANALYTICS, Elecsys and Cobas Integra are trademarks of a member of the Roche Group) represents a new approach to automation for the clinical chemistry laboratory. It consists of a control unit, a core unit with a bidirectional multitrack rack transportation system, and three distinct kinds of analytical modules: an ISE module, a P800 module (44 photometric tests, throughput of up to 800 tests/h), and a D2400 module (16 photometric tests, throughput up to 2400 tests/h). MODULAR ANALYTICS allows customised configurations for various laboratory workloads. The performance and practicability of MODULAR ANALYTICS were evaluated in an international multicentre study at 16 sites. Studies included precision, accuracy, analytical range, carry-over, and workflow assessment. More than 700 000 results were obtained during the course of the study. Median between-day CVs were typically less than 3% for clinical chemistries and less than 6% for homogeneous immunoassays. Median recoveries for nearly all standardised reference materials were within 5% of assigned values. Method comparisons versus current existing routine instrumentation were clinically acceptable in all cases. During the workflow studies, the work from three to four single workstations was transferred to MODULAR ANALYTICS, which offered over 100 possible methods, with reduction in sample splitting, handling errors, and turnaround time. Typical sample processing time on MODULAR ANALYTICS was less than 30 minutes, an improvement from the current laboratory systems. By combining multiple analytic units in flexible ways, MODULAR ANALYTICS met diverse laboratory needs and offered improvement in workflow over current laboratory situations. It increased overall efficiency while maintaining (or improving) quality. PMID- 18924723 TI - Integrating automation and LC/MS for drug discovery bioanalysis. AB - A novel, integrated approach for automated sample handling in drug discovery bioanalysis is described. The process includes aspects of animal study design, biological sample collection, sample processing and high-throughput APILC/MS operating in under multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). A semi-automated 96-well liquid-liquid extraction technique for biological fluid sample preparation was developed and used in conjunction with the integrated sample-handling approach. One plate of samples could be prepared within 1.5 h compared with 4 h for a manual approach, and the resulting 96-well plate of extracts was directly compatible with the LC/MS. Feasibility studies for the development of the process included sample collection map generation and information management, sample collection formatting, evaluation of alternative dilution schemes for high concentration samples, choice of biological fluid, and evaluating the capabilities of the two liquid-handling workstations. Numerous comparisons between the new approach and conventional sample-handling approaches gave equivalent drug-quantitation results for several example compounds. This new sampling process has approximately doubled the efficiency (as measured by studies assayed per month) of drug discovery bioanalysis in our laboratory. The approach was also used in conjunction with time-of-flight mass spectrometry instrumentation (LC/TOF/MS) to quantify and characterize the disposition of simultaneously dosed example drug compounds in the rat. Likely strategies for future automated sample preparation workstations are described. PMID- 18924724 TI - Automated analyser for monitoring trace amounts of volatile chloro-organic compounds in recirculated industrial water. AB - An automated analyser of volatile chloro-organic compounds in water was constructed and tested using standard mixtures of dichloromethane and dichloroethane. It was based on continuous, countercurrent gas stripping of the liquid sample followed by periodic trapping of the analytes on two traps alternately connected to the bubbler outlet, and thermal desorption. When one trap performed adsorption, the other underwent desorption and cooling. Analytes were detected by an ECD detector. Integration, calibration, calculations and overall operating cycle control was performed by a microcomputer. The instrument guarantees a 0.02 ppm Cl (w/w) detection limit, a 0-2 ppm detection range and 2 months of autonomous operation. Results are reported every 13 min. PMID- 18924725 TI - To robotize chemistry laboratories. An example of organic synthesis: 2-Boc-amino N-hydroxy-3-phenyl-propionamide. AB - The paper describes the development of periodic modules used for the peptide synthesis of hydroxamic acid. A powder conveyor using the principle of positive weighing distribution is described. Purification is provided using automatic filtration and a liquid- liquid extraction module separation device. Device quality is improved using failure mode and effects analysis. PMID- 18924729 TI - Design of LabVIEW-based software for the control of sequential injection analysis instrumentation for the determination of morphine. AB - LabVIEW-based software for the automation of a sequential injection analysis instrument for the determination of morphine is presented. Detection was based on its chemiluminescence reaction with acidic potassium permanganate in the presence of sodium polyphosphate. The calibration function approximated linearity (range 5 x 10(-10) to 5 x 10(-6) M) with a line of best fit of y=1.05(x)+8.9164 (R(2) =0.9959), where y is the log10 signal (mV) and x is the log10 morphine concentration (M). Precision, as measured by relative standard deviation, was 0.7% for five replicate analyses of morphine standard (5 x 10(-8) M). The limit of detection (3sigma) was determined as 5 x 10(-11) M morphine. PMID- 18924730 TI - Design and development of a multichannel potentiometer for monitoring an electrode array and its application in flow analysis. AB - A versatile potentiometer that works with electrode arrays in flow injection and/or monosegmented flow systems is described. The potentiometer is controlled by a microcomputer that allows individual, sequential multiplexed or random accesses to eight electrodes while employing only one reference electrode. The instrument was demonstrated by monitoring an array of seven flow-through ion selective electrodes for Ag+ and for three electrodes for Cl(-), Ca2+ and K+. The figures of merit of the individual and multiplexed (summed) readings of the electrode array were compared. The absolute standard deviation of the measurements made by summing the potential of two or more electrodes was maintained constant, thus improving the precision of the measurements. This result shows that an attempt to combine the signals of the electrodes to produce a more intense signal in the Hadamard strategy is feasible and accompanied by a proportional improvement in the precision of individual measurements. The preliminary tests suggest that the system can allow for 270 determinations per hour, with a linear range from 1.0 x 10(-2) to 1.0 x 10(-4) mol l(-1) for the three different analytes. Detection limits were estimated as 3.1 x 10(-5), 3.0 x 10(-6) and 1.0 x 10(-5) mol l(-1) for Cl(-), Ca2+ and K+, respectively. PMID- 18924731 TI - Solvent effect modelling of isocyanuric products synthesis by chemometric methods. AB - Chemometric tools were used to generate the modelling of solvent effects on the N alkylation of an isocyanuric acid salt. The method proceeded from a central composite design applied on the Carlson solvent classification using principal components analysis. The selectivity of the reaction was studied from the production of different substituted isocyanuric derivatives. Response graphs were obtained for each compound and used to devise a strategy for solvent selection. The prediction models were validated and used to search for the best selectivity for the reaction system. The solvent most often selected as the best for the reaction is the N,N-dimethylformamide. PMID- 18924733 TI - Analysis of anions in beer using ion chromatography. AB - The majority of anions found in beer are a consequence of impurities derived from the water used during the brewing process. The process of beer manufacture consists of malting, brewing and fermentation followed by maturation before filtration and finally storage. Strict quality control is required because the presence of certain anions outside strictly defined tolerance limits can affect the flavour characteristics of the finished product. The anions present were quantified using the technique of ion chromatography with the Metrohm modular system following sample preparation. The analysis produced a result of the order 200 mg l(-1) for chloride, phosphate and sulphate and around 20 mg l(-1) for nitrate. If the chloride level exceeds 250 mg l(-1), then the sweetness of the beer is enhanced, but yeast flocculation can be hindered. An excess of sulphate can give a sharp, dry edge to hopped beers and excessive amounts of nitrate have been found to harm the yeast metabolism after conversion to the nitrite form. As water is a primary ingredient within beer, its quality and type is a fundamental factor in establishing many of the distinctive regional beers that can be found in the United Kingdom and is thus monitored carefully. PMID- 18924732 TI - Low-cost virtual instrumentation system of an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer for a scanning electron microscope. AB - The paper describes an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer for a scanning electron microscope (SEM-EDXS). It was constructed using the new architecture of a virtual instrument (VI), which is low-cost, space-saving, fast and flexible way to develop the instrument. Computer-aided teaching (CAT) was used to develop the instrument and operation rather than a traditional instrument technique. The VI was designed using the object-oriented program language C++ and compact programmable logical devices (CPLD). These include spectra collection and processing, quantitative analysis and X-ray-intensity distribution analysis. The procedure is described in detail. The VI system gives an e inverted exclamation markective and user-friendly human interface for the whole analytical task. Some examples are described. PMID- 18924734 TI - Abstracts of papers presented at the 2002 Pittsburgh Conference. PMID- 18924735 TI - Determination of mercury in an assortment of dietary supplements using an inexpensive combustion atomic absorption spectrometry technique. AB - The concentrations of mercury in forty, commercially available dietary supplements, were determined using a new, inexpensive analysis technique. The method involves thermal decomposition, amalgamation, and detection of mercury by atomic absorption spectrometry with an analysis time of approximately six minutes per sample. The primary cost savings from this approach is that labor-intensive sample digestion is not required prior to analysis, further automating the analytical procedure. As a result, manufacturers and regulatory agencies concerned with monitoring lot-to-lot product quality may find this approach an attractive alternative to the more classical acid-decomposition, cold vapor atomic absorption methodology. Dietary supplement samples analyzed included astragalus, calcium, chromium picolinate, echinacea, ephedra, fish oil, ginger, ginkgo biloba, ginseng, goldenseal, guggul, senna, St John's wort, and yohimbe products. Quality control samples analyzed with the dietary supplements indicated a high level of method accuracy and precision. Ten replicate preparations of a standard reference material (NIST 1573a, tomato leaves) were analyzed, and the average mercury recovery was 109% (2.0% RSD). The method quantitation limit was 0.3 ng, which corresponded to 1.5 ng/g sample. The highest found mercury concentration (123 ng/g) was measured in a concentrated salmon oil sample. When taken as directed by an adult, this product would result in an approximate mercury ingestion of 7 mug per week. PMID- 18924736 TI - Technical Considerations in Remote LIMS Access via the World Wide Web. AB - The increased dependency on the World Wide Web by both laboratories and their customers has led LIMS developers to take advantage of thin-client web applications that provide both remote data entry and manipulation, along with remote reporting functionality. Use of an LIMS through a web browser allows a person to interact with a distant application, providing both remote administration and real-time analytical result delivery from virtually anywhere in the world. While there are many benefits of web-based LIMS applications, some concern must be given to these new methods of system architecture before justifying them as a suitable replacement for their traditional client-server systems. Developers and consumers alike must consider the security aspects of introducing a wide area network capable system into a production environment, as well as the concerns of data integrity and usability. PMID- 18924737 TI - Design and development of microcontroller-based clinical chemistry analyser for measurement of various blood biochemistry parameters. AB - Clinical chemistry analyser is a high-performance microcontroller-based photometric biochemical analyser to measure various blood biochemical parameters such as blood glucose, urea, protein, bilirubin, and so forth, and also to measure and observe enzyme growth occurred while performing the other biochemical tests such as ALT (alkaline amino transferase), amylase, AST (aspartate amino transferase), and so forth. These tests are of great significance in biochemistry and used for diagnostic purposes and classifying various disorders and diseases such as diabetes, liver malfunctioning, renal diseases, and so forth. An inexpensive clinical chemistry analyser developed by the authors is described in this paper. This is an open system in which any reagent kit available in the market can be used. The system is based on the principle of absorbance transmittance photometry. System design is based around 80C31 microcontroller with RAM, EPROM, and peripheral interface devices. The developed system incorporates light source, an optical module, interference filters of various wave lengths, peltier device for maintaining required temperature of the mixture in flow cell, peristaltic pump for sample aspiration, graphic LCD display for displaying blood parameters, patients test results and kinetic test graph, 40 columns mini thermal printer, and also 32-key keyboard for executing various functions. The lab tests conducted on the instrument include versatility of the analyzer, flexibility of the software, and treatment of sample. The prototype was tested and evaluated over 1000 blood samples successfully for seventeen blood parameters. Evaluation was carried out at Government Medical College and Hospital, the Department of Biochemistry. The test results were found to be comparable with other standard instruments. PMID- 18924738 TI - Automated Microdosing System for Integration With a Miniaturized High-pressure Reactor System. AB - We present a new automated dosing system developed by the Institute for Automation of the University of Rostock, Germany. The new system is designed for the dosing of chemical liquids in the range of 50 muL-2.5 mL. It is integrated into a miniaturized reactor system to be used in the field of combinatorial synthesis. The reactor system can be pressurized up to 150 bar and tempered up to 200(;)C. A wide range of liquids with different physical properties can be handled with the new dosing system. A detailed description of the new dosing system in terms of function and operation as well as the relevant features and potential benefits is provided. PMID- 18924739 TI - Validation of platelet counting accuracy with the celltac f automated hematology analyzer. AB - Rapid and accurate analysis of platelet count plays an important role in evaluating hemorrhagic status. Therefore, we evaluated platelet counting performance of a hematology analyzer, Celltac F (MEK-8222, Nihon Kohden Corporation, Tokyo, Japan), that features easy use with low reagent consumption and high throughput while occupying minimal space in the clinical laboratory. All blood samples were anticoagulated with dipotassium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA-2K). The samples were stored at room temperature (18(;)C-22(;)C) and tested within 4 hours of phlebotomy. We evaluated the counting ability of the Celltac F hematology analyzer by comparing it with the platelet counts obtained by the flow cytometry method that ISLH and ICSH recommended, and also the manual visual method by Unopette (Becton Dickinson Vacutainer Systems). The ICSH/ISLH reference method is based on the fact that platelets can be stained with monoclonal antibodies to CD41 and/or CD61. The dilution ratio was optimized after the precision, coincidence events, and debris counts were confirmed by the reference method. Good correlation of platelet count between the Celltac F and the ICSH/ISLH reference method (r = 0.99, and the manual visual method (r= 0.93) were obtained. The regressions were y = 0.90 x+9.0 and y=1.11x+8.4, respectively. We conclude that the Celltac F hematology analyzer for platelet counting was well suited to the ICSH/ISLH reference method for rapidness and reliability. PMID- 18924740 TI - Simultaneous Determination of Dissolved Organic Carbon and Total Dissolved Nitrogen on a Coupled High-Temperature Combustion Total Organic Carbon-Nitrogen Chemiluminescence Detection (HTC TOC-NCD) System. AB - The marine biogeochemistries of carbon and nitrogen have come under increased scrutiny because of their close involvement in climate change and coastal eutrophication. Recent studies have shown that the high-temperature combustion (HTC) technique is suitable for routine analyses of dissolved organic matter due to its good oxidation efficiency, high sensitivity, and precision. In our laboratory, a coupled HTC TOC-NCD system with a sample changer was used for the automated and simultaneous determination of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) in seawater samples. TOC control software was used for TOC instrument control, DOC data acquisition, and data analysis. TDN data acquisition and manipulation was undertaken under LabVIEW. The combined system allowed simultaneous determination of DOC and TDN in the same sample using a single injection and provided low detection limits and excellent linear ranges for both DOC and TDN. The risk of contamination has been remarkably reduced due to the minimal sample manipulation and automated analyses. The optimised system provided a reliable tool for the routine determination of DOC and TDN in marine waters. PMID- 18924741 TI - Automated system to acquire fluorescence, polarization and anisotropy maps within liquid flows. AB - Maps of polarization and anisotropy can be helpful for flow analysis systems (FIA, CFA, etc.) with reactions dependent on the intermolecular alignment as well as for dispersion control. Maps can be acquired manually, but when a scan over a sample area is required, the acquisition becomes tiresome and has low precision. The paper describes an automatic flexible system for high-precision sample positioning with closed loop self control, remote data acquisition and storage controlled by a BASIC program. The system was developed to acquire maps up to 850 mm(2) of the sample (liquid flows, solids, interfaces, etc.), with up to 100 mum(2) precision. To evaluate the equipment, performance is presented as the scan of a thin liquid film of monoethylene glycol (MEG) flowing on borosilicate. Tests were performed with and without surfactantes at submicellar concentrations: two concentrations of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and one of polyethylene oxide (PEO). For pure MEG, the intermolecular alignment initially increased, then decreased. When SDS was added, both polarization and anisotropy only increased progressively with the flow. This might be explained by the surfactant decrease of interfacial interaction. When PEO was added, both polarization and anisotropy decreased pronouncedly over the entire map, which might be due to macromolecular aggregates within the bulk generating misaligned molecular domains. The system presented as sample positioning repeatability of 0.1% and a high polarization reproducibility (error margin < 6 in 1000). PMID- 18924743 TI - Development of a microprocessor-based biochemical sampler. AB - Modern medicine requires patients to be treated on the basis of precise data, which are often obtained from electronic equipment. An inexpensive and portable microprocessor-based sampler developed by the authors is described. It is comprised of the following units: sample plate assembly, probe-drive linkage system, wash fluid receptacle, timing system and 8085A microprocessor. PMID- 18924742 TI - Integrated luminometer for the determination of trace metals in seawater using fluorescence, phosphorescence and chemiluminescence detection. AB - The paper describes an integrated luminometer able to perform fluorescence (FL), room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) and chemiluminescence (CL) measurements on seawater samples. The technical details of the instrumentation are presented together with flow injection (FI) manifolds for the determination of cadmium and zinc (by FL), lead (RTP) and cobalt (CL). The analytical figures of merit are given for each manifold and results are presented for the determination of the four trace metals in seawater reference materials (NASS-5, SLEW-2) and Scheldt estuarine water samples. PMID- 18924744 TI - Analytical evaluation of two automatic methods to measure blood CK-MB mass and troponin I. AB - The lack of standardization of methods to measure cardiac markers for coronaria ischaemia, particularly troponin, led us to perform an analytical evaluation of two new immunoassays to quantify CK-MB mass and troponin I using the Dimension RxL automatic analyser. The reliability and analytical intervals of the methods were studied as well as reference values (0.010- 0.228 microg l(-1) for troponin I, 0.20-3.90 microg l(-1) for CK-MB mass) and cuto inverted exclamation mark values (0.77 microg l(-1) for troponin I, 5 microg l(-1) for CK-MB mass) established. The cutoff values were established from 37 patients with acute myocardial infarction and from 20 with unstable angina. The absence of method cross-reactivity was corroborated using myocardial, brain and skeletal muscle tissue. Both methods were highly specific and showed good reliability and practicability in the diagnosis of coronaria ischaemia after 6 h of precordial pain. PMID- 18924746 TI - Abstracts of papers presented at the ISLAR (International Symposium on Laboratory Automation and Robotics) 2001. PMID- 18924747 TI - Abstracts of papers presented at the 2002 Pittsburgh Conference. PMID- 18924749 TI - New software. PMID- 18924781 TI - Abstracts of papers presented at the 1995 Pittsburgh Conference. PMID- 18924783 TI - The automatic methods group newsletter. PMID- 18924782 TI - Integration of laboratory and process testing data. AB - The author describes ACS Inc.'s Pro-LIMS system which integrates laboratory and process procedures. The system has been shown to be an important toolfor quality assurance in the process manufacturing industry. PMID- 18924784 TI - Use of artificial intelligence in analytical systems for the clinical laboratory. AB - The incorporation of information-processing technology into analytical systems in the form of standard computing software has recently been advanced by the introduction of artificial intelligence (AI), both as expert systems and as neural networks.This paper considers the role of software in system operation, control and automation, and attempts to define intelligence. AI is characterized by its ability to deal with incomplete and imprecise information and to accumulate knowledge. Expert systems, building on standard computing techniques, depend heavily on the domain experts and knowledge engineers that have programmed them to represent the real world. Neural networks are intended to emulate the pattern-recognition and parallel processing capabilities of the human brain and are taught rather than programmed. The future may lie in a combination of the recognition ability of the neural network and the rationalization capability of the expert system.In the second part of the paper, examples are given of applications of AI in stand-alone systems for knowledge engineering and medical diagnosis and in embedded systems for failure detection, image analysis, user interfacing, natural language processing, robotics and machine learning, as related to clinical laboratories.It is concluded that AI constitutes a collective form of intellectual propery, and that there is a need for better documentation, evaluation and regulation of the systems already being used in clinical laboratories. PMID- 18924785 TI - Automatic calibration for on-line process monitoring in continuous-flow systems. AB - An automatic procedure for calibration in continuous-flow systems is proposed. A flow gradient unit in the sample channel, controlled via a switching valve, delivers a concentration gradient of the standard so that the standard concentration varies with time after the flow-rate gradient is started. Thus, the signal (absorbance)- concentration relationship can be determined and checked for (recalibration) as frequently as required. The procedure was applied to a simulated continuous monitoring of hydrazine in waters, as well as to specific water samples that were spiked with hydrazine at different concentrations. PMID- 18924786 TI - A PC-controlled module system for automatic sample preparation and analysis. AB - A simple automatic analytical system, consisting of separate modules, for liquid chromatography has been constructed. The different parts of the automatic machine are an auto sampler, an auto dispenser, a selector valve with eight channels, a heater/cooler, a mixing chamber and a pressure air driven injector valve. The process was controlled by a PC from an easily changeable run protocol. The system was applied to analysis of primary amines. The analysis was performed as a pre column derivatization reaction of the amines and separation by isocratic reversed phase HPLC with fluorescent detection. Reproducibility and analytical precision have been studied. Comparison between automatically and manually made derivatization reaction and injection was also made. The automatic system was easy to handle, cost-effective and gave good reproducibility. PMID- 18924787 TI - A fully automated flow injection atomic absorption system for the determination of copper traces in waters with on-line pre-concentration in an ion-exchange column. AB - The paper describes the development of an automatic on-line column pre concentration technique using a time based-flow injection atomic absorption spectrometry system. A manifold incorporating a micro-column containing 25 mg of Dowex 50W-X8 was used with a time-based injector for the pre-concentration and determination of copper in natural and drinking waters. The system features depend on the alternate positions of a solenoid valve. The 3sigma detection limits, enrichment factors, sampling frequency, relative standard deviations and linear calibration graphs were, respectively, in the range 0.6-1.5 mug/l, 25-60, 15-30 measurements/h, 1.0-3.1% and 1-65 mug/ml for pre-concentration times of 1 min. The procedure was successfully applied to a range of water samples and the accuracy was assessed through recovery experiments, the analysis of certified reference water samples and by independent analysis by atomic absorption spectrometry with electrothermal atomization. PMID- 18924788 TI - Abstracts of papers presented at Flow Analysis VI: Toledo, Spain (8-11 June 1994). PMID- 18924789 TI - Stabilized filter-supported bilayer lipid membranes (BLMs) for automated flow monitoring of compounds of clinical, pharmaceutical, environmental and industrial interest. AB - This paper describes the results of analytical applications of electrochemical biosensors based on bilayer lipid membranes (BLMs) for the automated rapid and sensitive flow monitoring of substrates of hydrolytic enzymes, antigens and triazine herbicides. BLMs, composed of mixtures of egg phosphatidylcholine (egg PC) and dipalmitoylphosphatidic acid (DPPA), were supported on ultrafiltration membranes (glass microfibre or polycarbonate filters) which were found to enhance their stability for flow experiments. The proteins (enzymes, antibodies) were incorporated into a floating lipid matrix at an air-electrolyte interface, and then a casting procedure was used to deliver the lipid onto the filter supports for BLM formation. Injections of the analyte were made into flowing streams of the carrier electrolyte solution and a current transient signal was obtained with a magnitude related to the analyte concentration. Substrates of hydrolytic enzyme reactions (acetylcholine, urea and penicillin) could be determined at the micromolar level with a maximum rate of 220 samples/h, whereas antigens (thyroxin) and triazine herbicides (simazine, atrazine and propazine) could be monitored at the nanomolar level in less than 2 min. The time of appearance of the transient response obtained for herbicides was increased to the order of simazine, atrazine and propazine which has permitted analysis of these triazines in mixtures. PMID- 18924790 TI - Evaluation of the Dimension XL clinical chemistry system. AB - The analytical performance of the Dimension XL clinical chemical system was evaluated. The XL is the latest addition to the Dimension family of instruments; it is a random access analyser with a throughput up to 740 tests/hour. Regression analysis of method comparison studies with Dimension AR yielded slopes of 0.93 to 1.03 and correlation coefficients >/=0.96 for 28 assays. Excellent precision performance was also observed. New instrument features of the XL are discussed. PMID- 18924791 TI - Optimization of control parameters of a hot cold controller by means of Simplex type methods. AB - This paper describes a hot/cold controller for regulating crystallization operations. The system was identified with a common method (the Broida method) and the parameters were obtained by the Ziegler-Nichols method. The paper shows that this empirical method will only allow a qualitative approach to regulation and that, in some instances, the parameters obtained are unreliable and therefore cannot be used to cancel variations between the set point and the actual values. Optimization methods were used to determine the regulation parameters and solve this identcation problem. It was found that the weighted centroid method was the best one. PMID- 18924792 TI - An automated system for liquid-liquid extraction in monosegmented flow analysis. AB - An automated system to perform liquid-liquid extraction in monosegmented flow analysis is described. The system is controlled by a microcomputer that can track the localization of the aqueous monosegmented sample in the manifold. Optical switches are employed to sense the gas-liquid interface of the air bubbles that define the monosegment. The logical level changes, generated by the switches, are flagged by the computer through a home-made interface that also contains the analogue-to-digital converter for signal acquisition. The sequence of operations, necessary for a single extraction or for concentration of the analyte in the organic phase, is triggered by these logical transitions. The system was evaluated for extraction of Cd(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) and concentration of Cd(II) from aqueous solutions at pH 9.9 (NH(3)/NH(4)Cl buffer) into chloroform containing PAN (1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol) . The results show a mean repeatability of 3% (rsd) for a 2.0 mg l(-1) Cd(II) solution and a linear increase of the concentration factor for a 0.5mg l(-1) Cd(II) solution observed for up to nine extraction cycles. PMID- 18924793 TI - An automatic system for determining the effects of temperature on the hysteresis curves of ion-selective electrodes. AB - This paper describes an automatic system which measures the effect of temperature variations on the response of ion-selective electrodes (hysteresis curves). The system is managed by a computer program which plots hysteresis curves following a pre-established temperature cycle, from setting and controlling the temperature of the water-bath, to acquiring the response potentials of up to five electrodes after temperature stabilization. PMID- 18924794 TI - Flow injection analysis of iron in rain water with thiocyanate and surfactant. AB - This paper explains a new procedure for flow injection analysis (FIA) determination of iron in rain water based on the colour reaction of Fe(3+) with thiocyanate ions in the presence of the cationic surfactant cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC). The value of apparent molar absorptivity of the complex in terms of iron is (2.00) x 10(4) l mole(-1) cm(-1) at an absorption maximum of 490 nm. The detection limit of the method is 8 ppb Fe. The sample throughput is 90 samples/h at a flow rate of 4.0 ml/min. The reaction mechanism, optimization of FIA variables, and effect of various types of surfactant are described. None of the tested anions and cations interfered with the determination of iron. The method was used for the quantification and flux determination of iron in rain water. PMID- 18924795 TI - Meeting report. PMID- 18924796 TI - The automatic methods group newsletter. PMID- 18924797 TI - Abstracts of papers presented at the ISLAR (International Symposium on Laboratory Automation and Robotics) 1996. PMID- 18924799 TI - The automatic methods group newsletter. PMID- 18924798 TI - Abstracts of papers presented at the 1997 Pittsburgh Conference. PMID- 18924801 TI - Semi-automatic determination of elemental sulphur in rubber. AB - Electro-active elemental sulphur dissolved in hydrazine hydrate solvent was studied by d.c. polarography, cyclic voltammetry and millicoulometry in sodium acetate, ammonium tartrate and sodium phosphate buffers in an aqueous medium. The method, which uses a mercury electrode, is highly sensitive with less interference than other polarographic methods. The method was extended to the determination of sulphur in pressure rubber tubing. This paper also suggests a mechanism of electrode reaction. PMID- 18924800 TI - Signal enhancement techniques for chromatography detection systems. AB - The Environmental Protection Act has created a growing need for the measurement and assessment of trace emissions to the environment. This encompasses three main areas of ground, water and the atmosphere. The need to achieve lower emissions has placed a large burden on analytical techniques, particularly in the areas of trace analysis to ppb and ppt levels. Chromatographic techniques are widely used for assessment and measurement of emissions in all three areas. Enhanced detectors using mass spectrometry principles are available to lower detection limits, but these are expensive. Standard chromatography detectors can be used for trace analysis, but this often leads to extensive sample preparation stages to achieve low detection limits. This paper describes the techniques developed by Thomas Swan & Company to introduce a cost effective way of lowering detection limits. The approach taken meets both BATNEEC and BPEO constraints. PMID- 18924802 TI - Single standard calibration and data processing in flow injection titration based on concentration gradients. AB - This paper describes use of gradients of concentration generated in flow injection (FI) systems to perform determinations based on points where the concentration of titrant and analyte are at stoichiometric ratio. Two procedures were developed. In one procedure the titrant is injected in a FI manifold and merges with the sample which is continuously pumped towards the detector. In the other procedure the sample is injected and merged with the titrant which is continuously pumped. Both techniques make use of concentration gradients of the sample or titrant generated in FI manifolds that contain a mixing chamber. This gradient is calibrated employing only one standard solution (usually the titrant) in order to convert any detector signal, obtained in the elapsed time after injection, to instantaneous concentration values. The flow system is microcomputer controlled and data are treated to locate points where the concentration of titrant and analyte are at the stoichiometric ratio. These points are found in abrupt changes of the signal x concentration curves obtained in the presence of the reaction. The method has been evaluated for determination of Fe(II) and acetic acid by spectrophotometric and conductimetric detection, respectively. Results show a mean relative standard deviation lower than 1%, an average accuracy of 1% and a high sampling processing capability (40 to 60 samples per hour). PMID- 18924803 TI - Use of nitrous oxide as a purge gas for automated nitrogen isotope analysis by the Rittenberg technique. AB - An apparatus that operates with an isotope-ratio mass spectrometer to automatically perform nitrogen isotope analyses by the Rittenberg technique was modified to permit the use of nitrous oxide (N(2)O) instead of Freon (CCl(2)F(2) or CHClF(2)) for the purging of air prior to hypobromite oxidation of ammonium-N to N(2) in a plastic microplate. Analytical performance was unaffected by the modifications. Up to 768 samples can be processed in a single loading, at a rate of 6 to 12 samples/h. Within the range of 0.2 to 20 atom % (15)N, isotope-ratio analyses of 50 to 200 mug of N using the automated Rittenberg apparatus (ARA) with a double-collector mass spectrometer were accurate to within 0.7%, as compared to manual Rittenberg analyses of 1 mg of N using the same mass spectrometer with a dual-inlet system. Automated analyses of 20mug of N were accurate to within 2%, and automated analyses of 10 mug of N were accurate to within 7%. The relative standard deviation for measurements at the natural abundance level (10 analyses, 20-200 mug of N) was < 0.04 %. PMID- 18924804 TI - Development and analytical performance of an automated screening method for cannabinoids on the Dimension clinical chemistry system. AB - A fully automated, random access method for the determination of cannabinoids (UTHC) was developed for the Dimension AR and XL clinical chemistry systems. The method utilizes Abuscreen ONLINE reagents and a multianalyte liquid calibrator containing 11-nor-Delta(9)-THC-9-carboxylic acid. Within-run and total reproducibility, determined using NCCLS protocol EP5- T2, was less than 0.6% and 1.6% CV, respectively, at all concentrations. Calibration stability was retained for at least 30 days. An extensive evaluation of non-structurally related drugs and various physiological substances indicated lack of interference in the method. No sample carry-over was observed following a specimen containing 1886 ng/ml 11-nor-Delta(9)-THC-9-carboxylic acid. A 99.1% agreement (N = 445 samples) was found between an EMIT based method on the aca discrete clinical analyser and the Dimension UTHC method.Dimension clinical chemistry system and aca discrete clinical analyser are registered trademarks of Dade International. PMID- 18924807 TI - The automatic methods group newsletter. PMID- 18924805 TI - Technical note: New applications for on-line automated solid phase extraction. AB - This technical note explains the disadvantages of manual solid phase extraction (SPE) techniques and the benefits to be gained with automatic systems. The note reports on a number of general and highly specific applications using the Sample Preparation Unit OSP-2A. PMID- 18924808 TI - 1. The Data Librarian: laboratories today-the need for the Librarian. AB - This first part of 'The Data Librarian' describes the current situation in analytical laboratories and the need for the Data Librarian. The second part of the paper (Liscouski, J., 1997, Journal of Automatic Chemistry, 19, 199-204) will examine the features of the Data Librarian. PMID- 18924809 TI - 2. The Data Librarian: introducing the Data Librarian. AB - This paper provides some initial considerations into the design and function of the Data Librarian. The first part (Liscouski, J., 1997, Journal of Automatic Chemistry, 19, 193-197) described the need for the Librarian. PMID- 18924810 TI - Distinction and quantification of carry-over and sample interaction in gas segmented continuous flow analysis. AB - The formulae for calculation of carry-over and sample interaction are derived for the first time in this study. A scheme proposed by Thiers et al. (two samples of low concentration followed by a high concentration sample and low concentration sample) is verified and recommended for the determination of the carry-over coeffcient. The derivation demonstrates that both widely used schemes of a high concentration sample followed by two low concentration samples, and a low concentration sample followed by two high concentration samples actually measure the sum of the carry-over coeffcient and sample interaction coefficient. A scheme of three low concentration samples followed by a high concentration sample is proposed and verified for determination of the sample interaction coeffcient. Experimental results indicate that carry-over is a strong function of cycle time and a weak function of ratio of sample time to wash time. Sample dispersion is found to be a function of sample time. Fitted equations can be used to predict the carry-over, absorbance and dispersion given sample times, and wash times for an analytical system. Results clearly show the important role of intersample air segmentation in reducing carry-over, sample interaction and dispersion. PMID- 18924811 TI - pH electrode performance under automated management conditions. AB - pH is frequently measured in laboratories, but to have confidence in the results it is necessary to know that it was measured properly. For an electrode to give accurate results it must be treated well and calibrated correctly. In this paper, an automated system for pH measurement is described; the system uses the operational pH scale and calibrates using two or three buffer solutions, taking proper account of the effects of temperature on the system. The system can be programmed with standard methods and procedures to ensure that the electrode gives the best possible performance. Calibrations and measurements within the system are reproducible, and the automated system is more robust than the manual pH meter, and requires less operator time. PMID- 18924812 TI - Application of experimental design to generate relevant information and representative calibration data. AB - The basic requirement for a good calibration is representative data. This paper outlines techniques for selecting samples from an existing population. The concept of factorial designs is explained, and three ways of applying experimental design to generate representative data are described. These are: to vary the experimental conditions; focus on some of the parameters of interest directly (reference values); to vary the underlying conditions which generate consistent variations in the spectra,for example production factors. Finally the paper gives an example of the use of the concept of experimental design to pick out samples from a population. PMID- 18924813 TI - Abstracts of papers presented at the ISLAR (International symposium on laboratory automation and robotics) 1997. PMID- 18924815 TI - Application of hand-held mobility spectrometers as sensors in manufacturing industries. AB - Ion mobility spectrometers (IMS) are small, lightweight, extremely robust devices with low power requirements, no moving parts, no absolute requirement for gases or vacuums, that can be operated at ambient temperatures and pressures, and yet are capable of measuring vapour phase concentrations of organic chemicals at very low levels (sub-mug/l). IMS are capable of analysing complex mixtures and producing a simple spectral output. Volatile components produce measurable negative and positive product ions in the spectrometer through chemical ionization. The spectra produced are essentially the vapour phase fingerprints of the target molecules/mixture. Quantitative data can be obtained provided instrument response is within the linear dynamic range of these instruments, but most practical applications of IMS have used the technology in a qualitative manner in situations which require just an above/below threshold or positive/ negative response.In the manufacturing industry there are many examples where the aroma/odour of raw materials has safety or product quality implications. IMS was not developed to replace traditional methods of analysis, e.g. GC/MS or sensory panels, but rather to provide a rapid, qualitative response complementary to more established methods. This paper reports on the use of a hand-held ion mobility spectrometer to characterize the vapours produced by volatile organic compounds,fresh herbs and retail spice mixtures at ambient temperature and pressure. The results show that by monitoring in both ion acquisition modes, ion mobility spectrometers are capable of discriminating between a wide range of products. PMID- 18924816 TI - Effects of experimental design on calibration curve precision in routine analysis. AB - A computational program which compares the effciencies of different experimental designs with those of maximum precision (D-optimized designs) is described. The program produces confidence interval plots for a calibration curve and provides information about the number of standard solutions, concentration levels and suitable concentration ranges to achieve an optimum calibration. Some examples of the application of this novel computational program are given, using both simulated and real data. PMID- 18924817 TI - Flow injection analysis of nitrogen dioxide using a galvanic detector. AB - A flow injection configuration (FIA) based on a galvanic detector for the determination of nitrogen dioxide is described. The gaseous sample is directly injected into a gaseous carrier. The sample is transported toward the detector. The steady state measurements are not required to obtain the reproducible peak signals. The features of FIA are compared with that of continuous flow monitoring application. The flow injection system is simple, rapid and capable of detecting NO(2) in the range of 1-500ppm (v/v). The measuring range and sensitivity of the galvanic detector in FIA depend on the sample volume. A relative standard deviation is 2.4% (n = 10) for 200ppm (v/v) of nitrogen dioxide. The sampling frequency is about 24 h(-1). PMID- 18924818 TI - Automation of a spectrophotometric method for measuring L -carnitine in human blood serum. AB - A spectrometric method for the determination of L-carnitine has been developed based on the reaction of the 5,5' dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic) acid (DTNB) and adapted to a Technicon RA-2000 automatic analyser Quimica Farmaceutica Bayer, S.A.). The detection limit of the method is 13.2 mumol/l, with a measurement interval ranging from 30 to 320 mumoll1. Imprecision and accuracy are good even at levels close to the detection limit (coeffcient of variation of 5.4% for within-run imprecision for a concentration of 35 mumol/l). A good correlation was observed between the method studied and the radiometric method. The method evaluated has suffcient analytical sensitivity to diagnose carnitine deficiencies. The short time period required for sample processing (30 samples in 40min), the simple methodology and apparatus, the ease of personnel training and the low cost of the reagents make this method a good alternative to the classical radiometric method for evaluating serum L-carnitine in clinical laboratories without radioactive installations. PMID- 18924819 TI - Conversion of a sequential inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer into a multichannel simultaneous system using a photodiode array detector. AB - A monochannel plasma emission spectrometer was converted to a multichannel instrument by the introduction of a detection system based on an array of 1024 photodiodes and a low-resolution dispersion device. The new, relatively inexpensive equipment, features both the high speed typical of simultaneous instruments and the versatility of scanning systems. This paper reports on an evaluation of the modified equipment for quantitative analysis with the simultaneous determination of Al, Mn, Mg, Ca, Fe and Cu in a natural water matrix. An average relative prediction error of 2.4% was found which is the same as the error obtained with the conventional analytical method. Data acquisition with the modified instrument is up to 40 times faster. PMID- 18924820 TI - LIS-lnterlink-connecting laboratory information systems to remote primary health care centres via the Internet. AB - A pilot study was performed to evaluate the feasibility of using the Internet to securely deliver patient laboratory results, and the system has subsequently gone into routine use in Poland. The system went from design to pilot and then to live implementation within a four-month period, resulting in the LIS-Interlink software product. Test results are retrieved at regular intervals from the BioLink(TM) LIS (Laboratory Information System), encrypted and transferred to a secure area on the Web server. The primary health-care centres dial into the Internet using a local-cell service provided by Polish Telecom (TP), obtain a TCP/IP address using the TP DHCP server, and perform HTTP 'get' and 'post' operations to obtain the files by secure handshaking. The data are then automatically inserted into a local SQL database (with optional printing of incoming reports)for cumulative reporting and searching functions. The local database is fully multi-user and can be accessed from different clinics within the centres by a variety of networking protocols. PMID- 18924821 TI - Planning and establishment of a high throughput screening site. AB - In 1996 and 1997, Glaxo Wellcome's US Research division planned and established their second generation research strategy. An important aspect of the strategy entailed development of two automated screening sites in Biochemistry in Research Triangle Park, NC. Development of the new operations required many decisions to be made very quickly, including automated process design, system selection and site preparation. Descriptions of the decision made in the development of one of the screening sites are presented in this paper. PMID- 18924822 TI - Available options for doing more with less: laboraory automation as one tool in the arsenal. AB - Projects that require analytical support can evolve from a number of different situations, for example new molecular entities from drug discovery; process changes; packaging changes; site changes; line extensions; and inlicensed projects and compounds. Laboratory automation has been shown to provide a viable and practical solution to assisting in analytical development. However, it is not always the most logical answer. A truly flexible and responsive analytical unit will make a decision on a case-by-case basis, when faced with a new project, whether it is best to: automate some or all aspects/testing involved; contract out to a reputable and approved contract research organization (CRO); hire temporary help; use available in-house resources; use a combination of the options shown above (for example to evaluate the complexity of the new project versus what the in-house resources are currently working on). The paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the various options with respect to providing analytical support and suggests optionsfor the most effective use of resources. The role of automation as one of the important tools in the arsenal of these options is highlighted. PMID- 18924824 TI - Abstracts of papers presented at the 1998 Pittsburgh Conference. PMID- 18924823 TI - Managing automation developrent in harmony with the rest of an international company-a QC laboratory manager's perspective. AB - Significant opportunities and challenges are presented when transitioning from managing laboratory automation development of pharmaceutical products at a single site to collaborative management with multiple domestic and international sites. Prior to integrating Glaxo and Burroughs Wellcome about two years ago, each company had expertise in laboratory automation, but neither had a strategy for consistent business-justified laboratory automation. The approach for international harmonization of automation development of pharmaceutical test methods that the integrated company has adopted is presented. Some items to consider before undertaking a company-wide automation development harmonization programme are offered for consideration. Experiences encountered and future planned benefits are discussed. PMID- 18924826 TI - Open focused microwave-assisted sample preparation for rapid total and mercury species determination in environmental solid samples. AB - This paper describes rapid, simple microwave-assisted leaching/ digestion procedures for total and mercury species determination in sediment samples and biomaterials. An open focused microwave system allowed the sample preparation time to be dramatically reduced to only 24 min when a power of 40-80 W was applied. Quantitative leaching of methylmercury from sediments by HNO(3) solution and complete dissolution of biomaterials by an alkaline solution, such as 25% TMAH solution, were obtained. Methylmercury compounds were kept intact without decomposition or losses by evaporation. Quantitative recoveries of total mercury were achieved with a two-step microwave attack using a combination of HNO(3) and H(2)0(2) solutions as extractant. The whole pretreatment procedure only takes 15 min, which can be further shortened by an automated robust operation with an open focused system. These analytical procedures were validated by the analysis of environmental certified reference materials. The results confirm that the open focused microwave technique is a promising tool for solid sample preparation in analytical and environmental chemistry. PMID- 18924827 TI - Success is not necessarily automatic. AB - There are a number of factors (planning, process optimization, organizational structure, people development and the need to see the total picture) that must be in place for automation to be as effective as possible. This paper discusses these factors and their relationship with automation. It evaluates less obvious areas associated with automation, as well as the more established ones, and discusses the premise that it is the integration of all these aspects that truly offers the biggest opportunities. PMID- 18924828 TI - Laboratory automation -some perspectives on the challenges in the implementation of the technology in pharmaceutical development. AB - The intensifying pressure on reducing the development time for new pharmaceutical products is resulting in an increasing need for laboratory automation. A key element for the successful implementation of robotics for drug product analysis is the establishment of a reliable process for interaction of the automation team with its various customers, for example development product team and manufacturing group. The reduction of cycle time for product development appears to be resulting in more stability studies to support NDA/MAA filings for several reasons. Key clinical information may not be available before initiation of the stability studies and simultaneous world-wide development may result in an increase in the number of product strength and pack options. PMID- 18924829 TI - Placing and preserving priorities: projects, productivity, progress and people. AB - High throughput screening (HTS) involves using automated equipment to test a large number of samples against a defined molecular target to identify a reasonable number of active molecules in a timely fashion. Major factors which can influence priorities for the limited resources of the HTS group are projects, productivity, progress and people. The challenge to the HTS group is to provide excellent and timely screening services, but still devote efforts to new technologies and personnel development. This article explains why these factors are so important. PMID- 18924830 TI - The automatic methods group newsletter. PMID- 18924832 TI - Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of manganese, zinc and cobalt by kernel partial least-squares method. AB - Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of Mn, Zn and Co was studied by two methods, classical partial least-squares (PLS) and kernel partial least-squares (KPLS), with 2-(5-bromo-2- pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminephenol (5-Br-PADAP) and cetyl pyridinium bromide (CPB). Two programs, SPGRPLS and SPGRKPLS, were designed to perform the calculations. Eight error functions were calculated for deducing the number of factors. Data reductions were performed using principle component analysis. The KPLS method was applied for the rapid determination from a data matrix with many wavelengths and fewer numbers of samples. The relative standard errors of prediction (RSEP) for all components with KPLS and PLS methods were the same (0.0247). Experimental results showed both methods to be successful even where there was severe overlap of spectra. PMID- 18924833 TI - An automated system for the measurement of hydrogen peroxide in industrial applications. AB - An automated sensor system for the continuous and in-line measurement of hydrogen peroxide in industrial applications is described. The hydrogen peroxide concentration can be measured over the entire pH range, over a wide concentration range of hydrogen peroxide (10(-3) 70 g/l), from 0 to 70( degrees )C, and with high precision and accuracy (errors less than 1% ). The system consists of a bypass in which the necessary electrodes are positioned and electronically controlled. The sensor is very selective for hydrogen peroxide, easy to instal, and it is stable for at least two months after calibration. The calibration can be done in the process solution during a running process. PMID- 18924834 TI - Automation photometer of Hitachi U-2000 spectrophotometer with RS-232C-based computer. AB - The interfacing of a commonly used spectrophotometer, the Hitachi U2000, through its RS-232C port to a IBM compatible computer is described. The hardware for data acquisation was designed by suitably modifying readily available materials, and the software was written using the C programming language. The various steps involved in these procedures are elucidated in detail. The efficacy of the procedure was tested experimentally by running the visible spectrum of a cyanine dye. The spectrum was plotted through a printer hooked to the computer. The spectrum was also plotted by transforming the abscissa to the wavenumber scale. This was carried out by using another module written in C. The efficiency of the whole set-up has been calculated using standard procedures. PMID- 18924835 TI - Diagnosis of infections in newborns using a new particle-mediated immunoassay for serum C-reactive protein. AB - C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were measured using a new particle-mediated immunoassay. Tests for precision and linearity of this method gave satisfactory results. The minimum sensitivity of the assay was 1 ng/ml. Interference by bilirubin (<220mg/l) and haemoglobin (<20g/l) was not observed. Using this method, CRP was assayed as a means of monitoring for infection in newborns up to 72 h after delivery. The pattern of time course elevation curves was similar for both groups (10 healthy subjects and 26 patients), but the serum CRP (ng/ml) of infected newborns rose significantly higher than in healthy subjects at 24 h after birth. The rate of increase of CRP (CRP; ng/ml/h) may be a more useful parameter to detect infection, since a significant change in CRP was apparent only 12 h after birth. The reported method was reliable and the parameters obtained were considered clinically useful for early detection of infection. PMID- 18924836 TI - Automated colorimetric determination of recombinant fungal laccase activity in fermentation sarples using syringaldazine as chromogenic substrate. AB - An automated Cobas Fara method was developed determining the activity of recombinant M. thermophila laccase (rMtL). The chromogenic substrate used was syringaldazine. Under aerobic conditions, rMtL catalyses the oxidation of syringaldazine forming tetrametoxy-azo bis methylene quinone. The developed violet colour was measured kinetically at 530 nm as an expression of the enzyme activity, rMtL is a very sensitive oxidoreductase, therefore many factors had to be carefully controlled in order to get a robust analytical assay. In order to stabilize rMtL, PEG 6000 was added to the enzyme dilution medium. Furthermore, Triton X-I00 was included in the enzyme incubation solution.The analytical as well as technical conditions have been optimized, resulting in a method with good precision, sensitivity and speed of analysis. The Michaelis-Menten constant, K(m), was determined to be 22muM syringaldazine. LOQ was determined to be 0.010 Uml(-1), LOD to be 0.0002 Uml(-1) The analytical range of the enzyme dilution curve was from 0.01 to 0.044 Uml(-1) The repeatability was 1.9%, the reproducibility 3.1%. Testing the robustness of the method showed that the most sensible factors in the rMtL analysis in decreasing range were: incubation temperature, concentration of Triton X-I00, molarity and pH of the incubation buffer, and finally the concentration of syringaldazine. PMID- 18924837 TI - A submersible battery-powered flow injection (FI) sensor for the determination of nitrate in estuarine and coastal waters. AB - The design, construction and performance of a remotely deployed submersible flow injection-based nutrient (total oxidized nitrogen) sensor are described. The sensor featured a custom-built microcomputer and a solid-state, flow-through spectrophotometric detector, and the derivatization chemistry was based on in line copper-cadmium reduction of nitrate to nitrite, and diazotization with N1NED and sulphanilamide. The limit of detection was 0.0014 mg l(-1) NO3-N and the linear range was 0.0014- 0.77 mg l(-1) with a 260 microl sample volume and a 20 mm path length flow cell. Results from submersed deployments in the Tamar estuary and North Sea are also reported. PMID- 18924838 TI - Determination of micromol l(-1) level of iron (III) in natural waters and total iron in drugs by flow injection spectrophotometry. AB - The equilibrium problems, characterized by recurring end-points, involved in the reaction of iron (III) with iodide make the batch iodometric determination of iron (III) unsuitable. Since the flow injection determination does not require attainment of steady state either for mixing of reagents or for the chemical reaction, the iodometric determination has been accurately and precisely performed using this technique in the present work. This method does not require any special reagent, including chelating agents or those which are loxic, and has a limit of detection of 0.2 micromol l(-1) (11 microg l(-1)) of iron (III). The interference of fluoride has been avoided by adding zirconyl nitrate to the test sample solution, and of copper (II) by complex formation with 2 mercaptobenzoxazole. The method has been applied to determine iron (III) in natural waters, and total iron in drugs. PMID- 18924839 TI - High current-density anodic electro-dissolution in flow-injection systems for the determination of aluminium, copper and zinc in non-ferroalloys by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. AB - An automatic procedure with a high current-density anodic electrodissolution unit (HDAE) is proposed for the determination of aluminium, copper and zinc in non ferroalloys by flame atomic absorption spectrometry, based on the direct solid analysis. It consists of solenoid valve-based commutation in a flow-injection system for on-line sample electro-dissolution and calibration with one multi element standard, an electrolytic cell equipped with two electrodes (a silver needle acts as cathode, and sample as anode), and an intelligent unit. The latter is assembled in a PC-compatible microcomputer for instrument control, and for data acquisition and processing. General management of the process is achieved by use of software written in Pascal. Electrolyte compositions, flow rates, commutation times, applied current and electrolysis time were investigated. A 0.5 mol l(-1) HN03 solution was elected as electrolyte and 300 A/cm(2) as the continuous current pulse.The performance of the proposed system was evaluated by analysing aluminium in Al-alloy samples, and copper/zinc in brass and bronze samples, respectively. The system handles about 50 samples per hour. Results are precise (R.S.D. < 2%) and in agreement with those obtained by ICP-AES and spectrophotometry at a 95% confidence level. PMID- 18924840 TI - Sequential determination of free and total cyanide by flow injection. AB - This study presents a flow injection system for the sequential determination of free (CN(-)) and total (CN(-)+ HCN) cyanide using a potentiometric method which employs two different processes for the determination of these two chemical species. The first process is based on direct detection of CN(-) using an ion selective electrode for cyanide. In the second process, the sample is mixed with acid, and the released HCN is transferred across a PTFE membrane. The flow system employs three solenoid valves, a gas diffusion chamber, an ion-selective electrode, a potentiometer, and a computer with an AID conversion card. A Turbo Pascal computer program automatically performs all the steps involved in data acquisition and processing. The standard deviation for the results obtained with the proposed method was 0.5%. PMID- 18924841 TI - Virtual instrumentation for electro-analytical measurements. AB - This paper deals with some applications of Virtual Instrumentation to electroanalytical measurements. Virtual Instruments (VIs) are software programmes that simulate the external appearance and functions of a real instrument on the screen of a computer. In this work, programmes have been developed to control the potential of a working electrode (through a suitable potentiostat), acquire the current response, process the acquired current signal, and control a peristaltic pump and injection valve. The sequence of operations was controlled by the VI. The programmes developed have been applied to amperometric and voltammetric measurements in static and flowing solutions. The Vl package that has been used was Lab VIEW 4.0.1 from National Instruments. PMID- 18924846 TI - Abstracts of papers presented at the 1999 Pittsburgh Conference. PMID- 18924842 TI - An approach to control of bioreactors. Application of the gain-scheduling method. AB - A control system based on a combination of the gain-scheduling control method and an adaptive PID controller was designed for the production of xylose from hardwood hemicellulose using a stirring tank reactor. Different operating conditions have been considered for estimating the adjustable parameter (theta) to take into account the changes of energy of the system. The performance of the control system was studied first by numerical simulation, and after implementation in the stirred tank reactor where the controller actually works. PMID- 18924847 TI - Optimization of an automated FI-FT-IR procedure for the determination of o xylene, toluene and ethyl benzene in n-hexane. AB - The development and optimization of an automated flow injection (FI) manifold coupled with a Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) detector for the determination of toluene, ethyl benzene and o-xylene in an n-hexane matrix is described. FT-IR parameters optimized were resolution and number of co-added scans; FI parameters optimized were type of pump tubing, carrier flow rate and sample volume. ATR and transmission flow cells were compared for the determination of o-xylene, the ATR cell was easier to use and gave better figures of merit, except for sensitivity, for which the transmission cell was twice as good. Multivariate calibration routines were applied to the FI-FT-IR data and the PLS1 algorithm gave relative root mean standard errors of crossvalidation (RRMSECVs) < 7% for all three analytes using mean-centred data and the first derivative for o-xylene. PMID- 18924848 TI - Flow-injection sandwich ELISA for bioprocess monitoring. AB - A fully automated flow-injection immunoassay based on sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is described for the model system: protein G sepharose, rabbit IgG and horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labelled protein A. After injecting rabbit IgG and HRP-labelled protein A into a cartridge containing protein G-sepharose sequentially, a mixture of hydrogen peroxide and the redox indicator, 2.2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) is passed through the cartridge. The HRP-labelled protein A bound in the cartridge is directly proportional to the concentration of rabbit IgG. The colour variation of ABTS caused during the reaction between HRP and H202 in the cartridge is detected photometrically. The whole assay procedure is controlled and evaluated by a computer. Rabbit IgG and HRP-labelled protein A are also detected by a fluorometer, which is introduced into the flow system. In the flow-injection sandwich ELISA, the slope of the calibration curve is 0.4491 in the range of 0 and 300 microg ml(-1) rabbit IgG, while it is 0.1274 in the heterogeneous immunoassay. So the flow-injection sandwich ELISA system is found to be more sensitive than a heterogeneous immunoassay for the monitoring of the model protein. PMID- 18924849 TI - First basic performance evaluation of the XE-2100 haematology analyser. AB - The newly developed XE-2100 haematology analyser can provide complete blood counts, leukocyte differentials, perform reticulocyte analysis, and obtain quantitative data on nucleated red blood cells (NRBCs). In this study, we evaluated the basic performance of this instrument using routinely obtained blood specimens treated with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-2K. Reproducibility, carryover, stability during storage at 4 degrees C and room temperature, and accuracy were evaluated. In this evaluation, reproducibility was good and little carryover was found. Accurate measurements were possible for up to 48 h of storage. A good correlation between findings with the XE-2100 and SE-9000 haematology analysers was found for complete blood count on 210 samples tested. The leukocyte differential obtained with the XE-2100 correlated well with eye counts and with the results obtained with the SE-9000 automated haematology analyser, with r values over 0.9 for the percentages of neutrophils, lymphocytes and eosinophils. The precision and accuracy of VRBC and reticulocyte counts by the XE-2100 were satisfactory. We used the XE-2100 to obtain differential counts for bone marrow aspirates, and good correlations with manual differentials were obtained for total nucleated cell count, percentage of myeloid cells and percentage of erythroid cells. The performance of the XE-2100 was excellent, and this instrument should be able to provide reliable data to clinical laboratories. PMID- 18924853 TI - Abstracts of papers presented at the 1999 Pittsburgh Conference. PMID- 18924850 TI - A computer-controlled multi-electrode switch. AB - A computer-actuated switch was built to control, simultaneously, two automatic titration assemblies each consisting of an electrode pair and a burette, and using only one measuring device. This switch is modular, simple and versatile allowing easy adaptation and expansion; apart from its application in multiple titration systems, this device can also be used for standard addition analysis and multi-component analysis using ion-selective electrodes (ISE). The repeatability as well as the accuracy of the measurements made with this switch were ensured using high-quality relays, and very high electrical insulation, attained through the use of two separate printed circuit boards (pcb) of good quality and careful design of these pcbs. This low-cost multi-electrode switch is controlled through the parallel port of a PC that collects the data via an inexpensive 12-bit ADC board (8-bit ISA type), and is easily programmable in any high-level language. This type of device allows the collection of a large amount of data in relatively short periods, which can be analysed later allowing the choice of the best compromise of time versus accuracy for the study of any particular system. PMID- 18924856 TI - Arsenic speciation in beverages by direct injection-ion chromatography--hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry. AB - This paper reports the advantages of coupling strong anion exchange high performance liquid chromatography hydride generation and atomic fluorescence spectrometry for the speciation of four arsenic species in wine and mineral water. The procedure developed allows the direct speciation of arsenic in these samples with good sensitivity, selectivity, precision and accuracy. Detection limits determined using the optimized conditions were found to be between 0.16 and 2.9 ng ml(-1) for arsenite, dimethylarsinic acid, monomethylarsonic acid and arsenate, while standard addition studies showed that the procedure is free from matrix interferences. As no certified reference materials are available for these analytes or matrices, validation was carried out by studying spike recoveries and by comparison of results with an alternative technique. PMID- 18924857 TI - Implementation of analytical technologies in a pharmaceutical development organization--looking into the next millennium. AB - Managing the implementation of new technology in a pharmaceutical development environment has provided challenges and opportunities to obtain benefits from technologies, e.g. laboratory automation. Successful application of new techniques requires a dedicated resource. Within Pharmaceutical Technologies, this was initially a single person, who has since evolved into a team dedicated to the investigation and development of robotics and non-invasive analytical techniques. Pharmaceutical development is an important interface between research and commercial manufacturing. In research, the success of genomics and combinatorial chemistry will result in a significant increase in the number of development compounds, and this, combined with the desire of commercial manufacturing to move towards parametric release, puts an emphasis on the need for rapid analytical methods. Some ideas on the techniques that will be required to meet these goals will be described together with their impact on automation. PMID- 18924858 TI - The importance of the laboratory to the pharmaceutical business. AB - Understanding the contributions that the laboratory can make in product/process development, process improvement, market surveillance and general business is key to the pharmaceutical business today. Poor laboratory practice yields compliance issues, increased cost, increased cycle time and delayed product introductions. This paper covers key areas of customer satisfaction, the role of quality control and quality assurance laboratories, measures of account ability and progress, and an example of how laboratory robotics can help meet important goals. PMID- 18924859 TI - Multicentre evaluation of the Boehringer Mannheim/Hitachi 917 analysis system. AB - The new selective access analysis system BM/Hitachi 917 was evaluated in an international multicentre study, mainly according to the ECCLS protocol for the evaluation of analysers in clinical chemistry. Forty-three different analytes, covering 56 different methods--enzymes, substrates, electrolytes, specific proteins, drugs and urine applications--were tested in seven European clinical chemistry laboratories. Additionally, the practicability of the BM/ Hitachi 917 was tested according to a standardized questionnaire. Within-run CVs (median of 3 days) for enzymes, substrates and electrolytes were <2% except for creatine kinase MB isoform and lipase at low concentration. For proteins, drugs and urine analytes the within-run CVs were < 4% except for digoxin and albumin in urine. Between-day median CVs were generally < 3% for enzymes, substrates and electrolytes, and < 6% for proteins, drugs and urine analytes, except for lipase, creatine kinase and MB isoform, D-dimer, glycosylated haemoglobin, rheumatoid factors, digoxin, digitoxin, theophylline and albumin in urine in some materials. Linearity was found according to the test specifications or better and there were no relevant effects seen in drift and carry-over testing. The interference results clearly show that also for the BM/Hitachi 917 interference exists sometimes, as could be expected because of the chemistries applied. It is a situation that can be found in equivalent analysers as well. The accuracy is acceptable regarding a 95-105% recovery in standard reference material, with the exception of the creatinine Jaffe method. Most of the 160 method comparisons showed acceptable agreement according to our criteria: enzymes, substrates, urine analytes deviation of slope +/- 5%, electrolytes +/- 3%, and proteins and drugs +/- 10%. The assessment of practicability for 14 groups of attributes resulted in a grading of one-three scores better for the BM/Hitachi 917 than the present laboratory situation. In conclusion, the results of the study showed good analytical performance and confirmed the usefulness of the system as a consolidated workstation in medium-sized to large clinical chemistry laboratories. PMID- 18924860 TI - An improved leaping detector for flow analysis applied to iron speciation in drugs. AB - A low inner volume (ca. 64 ml) probe was built up in an injector-commutator in order to behave as a photometric leaping detector in flow analysis. It comprises a bicolour light-emitting diode (BLED), as a source of pulsed radiation in the red and green visible region, and two phototransistors as transducers. Sample injection, detector relocation, analytical signal recording, data treatment and definition of the spectral working range were computer-controlled. The feasibility of the system was initially demonstrated in the flow-injection speciation of iron, and the overall standard deviation of results was estimated as +/- 1.6 and +/- 1.4% for 1.6-4.0 mg l(-1) Fe(II) or total iron after eightfold processing of synthetic samples. The system was further applied to drug analysis: the mean deviations of results for typical samples were estimated as +/- 5.2 and +/- 3.3%, and the relative standard deviation as +/- 1.6 and +/- 1.3% for Fe(II) and total iron, respectively. Results were compared with those obtained by a conventional spectrophotometric procedure and no statistic differences at the 95% confidence level were found. In relation to an earlier system with multi-site detection, the proposed system is more stable, presenting low drift with a relative standard deviation of 0.026% and 0.039% for measurements (n=120 during 4 h of observation) with green and red emission. It is also faster with a sampling rate of 133 h(-1) and carryover problems are not found. The possibility of compensating the Schlieren noise by dual-wavelength spectrophotometry is discussed. PMID- 18924861 TI - Automated bone marrow analysis using the CD4000 automated haematology analyser. AB - At present, bone marrow analysis is performed microscopically, but is time consuming and labour intensive. No automated methods have been successfully applied to classification of bone marrows cells because automated blood cell analysers have been incapable of identifying erythroblasts. The present study was designed to evaluate automated analysis of bone marrow aspirates with the CELL DYN 4000 (CD4000) haematology analyser, which enables automated determination of erythroblast counts in both the normal mode (haemolytic time; 11.5 s) and the resistant RBC mode (34.0 s). The percentages of subpopulations including lymphocytes, neutrophils and erythroblasts were obtained with the CD4000, and as a reference, differential counts by microscopic observation of May-Grunwald-Giesa stained films of bone marrow aspirates were performed (n=98). Significant correlations (P < 0.01) between the results obtained with the two methods were observed for total nucleated cell count and lymphocytes, neutrophils, erythroblasts and myeloid/erythroid (M/E) ratio. However, there were biases in the average percentages of erythroblasts, lymphocytes and M/E ratio obtained using the normal mode with the CD4000 toward values lower than those obtained with the microscopic method. Using the RBC resistant mode with the CD4000, the average percentages of erythroblasts, lymphocytes and M/E ratio approximated those obtained with the microscopic method. In conclusion, the CD4000 in resistant RBC mode is more useful for analysis of bone marrow aspirates than is the normal mode, because the former better approximates the M/E ratio than the latter. PMID- 18924863 TI - Performance characteristics of a low-cost, field-deployable miniature CCD spectrometer. AB - Miniature spectrometers incorporating array detectors are becoming a viable, low cost option for field and process deployments. The performance characteristics of one such instrument are reported and compared with those of a conventional benchtop instrument. The parameters investigated were wavelength repeatability, photometric linearity, instrumental noise (photometric precision) and instrumental drift. PMID- 18924864 TI - Development of a method for the determination of ultra-trace level mercury in adipose tissue by cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectrometry. AB - A method for the determination of total mercury in rat adipose tissue by cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectrometry (CVAFS) has been developed. Adipose samples were initially subjected to a lyophilization procedure in order to facilitate the homogenization and accurate weighing of small tissue aliquots (approximately 50 mg). A closed vessel microwave digestion procedure using a mixture of sulphuric and nitric acids was used to liberate mercury from the adipose matrix. All mercury species were quantitatively oxidized to Hg(II) by a potassium bromate/bromide oxidation, then reduced to Hg(0) vapour by stannous chloride prior to fluorescence detection. The CVAFS exhibited a linear range of 10 pg Hg/ml to 120 pg Hg/ml. The method detection limit in solution was 2 pg Hg/ml, or 1 ng Hg/g adipose tissue, based on a nominal 50 mg sample and a final volume of 25 ml. A reference material from the National Research Council of Canada (DOLT-2, trace metals in dogfish liver) was prepared in quadruplicate in order to assess the accuracy and precision of the method. Mercury in this material was recovered at 2.22 +/- 0.08 microg/g, which is 104% of the certified level (2.14 +/- 0.10 microg/g). PMID- 18924865 TI - Hirudin as an anticoagulant for both haematology and chemistry tests. AB - Hirudin, an extract from the leech, has powerful antithrombin activity affecting the blood coagulation pathway. We evaluated the usefulness of hirudin in anticoagulating specimens for routine laboratory tests. Results using blood anticoagulated with hirudin corresponded well with results with blood treated with ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) in the complete blood count (CBC), including white blood cell (WBC) differential count and morphology of blood cells, when CBC was performed within 2 h of blood collection. Clinical chemistry results from hirudin-treated samples were similar to results obtained with serum specimens. Thus, hirudin may be a useful anticoagulant for emergency laboratory medicine. PMID- 18924868 TI - Abstracts of papers and posters presented at the 2001 Pittsburgh Conference. PMID- 18924871 TI - New publication. PMID- 18924873 TI - New software. PMID- 18924872 TI - Abstracts of papers presented at the ISLAR (International Symposium on Laboratory Automation and Robotics) 2000. PMID- 18924875 TI - Abstracts of paper presented at the 2000 Pittsburgh Conference. PMID- 18924877 TI - Book received. PMID- 18924878 TI - Measurement of blood acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate in an automatic analyser. AB - beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate as well as lactate and pyruvate are intermediary metabolites normally present in blood. The beta hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate ratio is an expression of the mitochondrial oxido reduction state. This ketone body ratio can provide a clue to diagnosis and metabolic status in congenital errors of the electron transport chain and pyruvate metabolism. The standardization of these analytical procedures improves the interpretation of the results helping in the difficult diagnosis of mitochondrial diseases in children. This study describes an adaptation to a Dimension R 2 L (Dade Behring, Newark, Delaware, USA) automatic analyser for a method to measure blood ketone bodies (beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate). The method allows the metabolites to be measured directly in nondeproteinized plasma (fluoride/ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid). This adaptation simplifies the analytical procedure and limits the turnaround time to 20 minutes. With a sample volume of 200 mu l metabolite concentrations ranging from 12 to 1300 micromol L( 1) of g-hydroxybutyrate and from 10 to 450 micromol L(-1) of acetoacetate may be measured with a reliable analytical response. PMID- 18924879 TI - Evaluation of use of the optional unit QA-810V for the determination of five-part leukocyte differentials. AB - The newly developed QA-810V is an optional unit for the determination of five part white blood cell differentials. It can be used together with the same manufacturer's haematology analyser which has been used in relatively small-sized laboratories. The present study evaluates the basic performance of the QA-810 V and the MEK-8118 haematology analyser using routinely obtained blood specimens treated with ethylenedioaminetetraacetic acid-2K. In this evaluation, reproducibility was good and little carryover was found. Accurate measurements were possible for up to 24h of storage. Storage at 4 degrees C yielded more stable measurements of complete blood counts and five-part differentials than storage at room temperature. A good correlation between findings with the MEK 8118 haematology analyser and those with the SE-9000 haematology analyser was found for complete blood counts. The leukocyte differential obtained with the QA 810 V correlated well with eye counts, with r > 0.9 for percentages of neutrophils, lymphocytes and eosinophils. Scattergrams obtained with the QA-810 V reflected the presence of abnormal cells. The performance of the QA-810 V was excellent and it can improve the quality of testing in clinical laboratories. PMID- 18924880 TI - Simultaneous multiple injection to perform titration and standard addition in mono-segmented flow analysis. AB - An automated system to perform titration and standard addition in monosegemented flow analysis by employing the simultaneous multiple injection is described. The system was controlled by aPC-AT-386 microcomputer through a home-made parallel interface, employing a diode array spectrophotometer as detector. Software was written in QuickBasic 4.5 to control the system and for data acquisition. A three way solenoid valve was used in conjunction with a proportional injector to add the titrant solution or the standard solution to the sample, to carry out titration or standard addition, respectively. Only one standard solution was used in each procedure and different quantities of titrant or standard were added to the sample by controlling the time interval in which the solenoid valve was switched on. Titration and standard addition curves similar to those of the manual methods were obtained in both cases, since the sample dispersion was very low due to the air bubbles of the monosegment. The titration system was evaluated through the determination of Fe(II) with a KMnO4 standard solution in pharmaceutical preparations. The standard addition process was assessed by determining Cr(VI) in natural waters and domestic wastewater using the diphenylcarbazide method. The results obtained in both methodologies did not differ significantly from the reference methods at a 95% confidence level. PMID- 18924883 TI - Abstracts of papers and posters presented at the 2001 Pittsburgh Conference. PMID- 18924884 TI - Automatic flow system for simultaneous determination of iron and chromium in steel alloys employing photometers based on LEDs as radiation source. AB - A multicommutated flow system for simultaneous determination of iron and chromium in steel alloys by photometry is described. The flow network consisted of an automatic injector and four solenoid valves assembled to form two independent analytical pathways, each one comprising reaction coils and a flow cell. The light source (LED) and detector (photodiode) were attached to the flow cells to form a compact unit. The flow system was microcomputer controlled by Quick BASIC 4.5 software, which carried out all steps of the analytical procedure. The feasibility of the system was proved by the determination of iron and chromium in steel alloys and its accuracy was accessed by comparing results with those obtained by plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). No significant difference at the 95% confidence level was observed. Other profitable features such as low reagent consumption (0.33 mg 1,10-phenantroline and 0.03 mg 1,5 diphenylcarbazide per determination); relative standard deviations (n = 5) of 0.4% for iron and 1.2% for chromium; and an analytical throughput of 160 determinations per h were also achieved. PMID- 18924885 TI - Automation of dissolution tests. AB - Dissolution testing of drug formulations was introduced in the 1960s and accepted by health regulatory authorities in the 1970s. Since then, the importance of dissolution has grown rapidly as have the number of tests and demands in quality control laboratories. Recent research works lead to the development of in-vitro dissolution tests as replacements for human and animal bioequivalence studies. For many years, a lot of time and effort has been invested in automation of dissolution tests. There have been a number of in-house solutions from pharmaceutical companies and many have created task forces or even departments to develop automation. Robotic solutions with sequential operation were introduced as well as the simultaneous operation concept developed by SOTAX. Today, pharmaceutical companies focus their resources mainly on the core business and in house engineering solutions that are very difficult to justify. Therefore, it is important to know the basic considerations in order to plan an automation concept and implement it together with a vendor. PMID- 18924886 TI - CTAD as a universal anticoagulant. AB - The feasibility of CTAD (a mixture of citrate, theophylline, adenosine and dipyridamole) as a new anticoagulant for medical laboratory use was studied prospectively. Whole blood anticoagulated with CTAD exhibited results very similar to those of blood anticoagulated with EDTA on complete blood count and automated white cell differential except for a slight decrease in platelet count and mean platelet volume. Chemistry test data for plasma obtained from CTAD whole blood were close to those obtained for matched sera. Among coagulation tests, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time and fibrinogen concentrations were close to those obtained with citrate plasma. Based on the results, CTAD was judged to be a good candidate as a new anticoagulant. PMID- 18924887 TI - Modelling of influential parameters on a continuous evaporation process by Doehlert shells. AB - The modelling of the parameters that influence the continuous evaporation of an alcoholic extract was considered using Doehlert matrices. The work was performed with a wiped falling film evaporator that allowed us to study the influence of the pressure, temperature, feed flow and dry matter of the feed solution on the dry matter contents of the resulting concentrate, and the productivity of the process. The Doehlert shells were used to model the influential parameters. The pattern obtained from the experimental results was checked allowing for some dysfunction in the unit. The evaporator was modified and a new model applied; the experimental results were then in agreement with the equations. The model was finally determined and successfully checked in order to obtain an 8% dry matter concentrate with the best productivity; the results fit in with the industrial constraints of subsequent processes. PMID- 18924888 TI - Versatile IEEE-488 data acquisition and control routines for a diode array spectrophotometer. AB - The UV-visible diode array spectrophotometer is a work-horse instrument for many laboratories. This article provides simple data acquisition and control routines in Microsoft QuickBasic for a HP-8452A diode array spectrophotometer interfaced to an IBM PC/XT/AT, or compatible, microcomputer. These allow capture of full spectra and measure absorbance at one or several wavelengths at preset time intervals. The variance in absorbance at each wavelength is available as an option. PMID- 18924889 TI - The hydrolysis of proteins by microwave energy. AB - Microwave energy, at manually-adjusted, partial power settings has been used to hydrolyse bovine serum albumin at 125 degrees C. Hydrolysis was complete within 2 h, except for valine and isoleucine which were completely liberated within 4 h. The aminoacid destruction was less than that observed at similar hydrolysis conditions with other methods and complete hydrolysis was achieved more rapidly. These results provide a basis for automating the process of amino-acid hydrolysis. PMID- 18924890 TI - Laboratory evaluation of the COBAS MIRA S random access analyser. AB - The random access analyser COBAS MIRA S (Roche Diagnostics) was evaluated for two months. The instrument is a computer-controlled discrete analyser which can be run in a combination profile and single test mode. This instrument has special features, including an automatic cuvette segment changer, a reagent rack cooling system, an external keyboard and monitor, as well as a bar-code facility for the entry of test parameters, worklists and sample identification numbers. Study of within-run and between-run precision gave values of % CV 0.54-3.37 and 0.61-3.65, respectively, for a variety of assays. Linearity testing to the upper limit of each test was also studied and were found to cover the necessary pathological range. Within the two-month period, no major problems were encountered. The instrument required minimum operator attention during operation. Correlation studies with the Hitachi 705 using six clinical chemistry tests (glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, ALP, AST, ALT) gave correlation coefficients ranging from 0.95-0.99 and slopes of 0.91-1.17. PMID- 18924891 TI - Assessing the ABL 500 blood gas analyser. AB - The ABL 500 blood gas analyser from Radiometer has cordless electrodes and does not use a humidifier for calibrating gases. During the evaluation of the analytical performance of this instrument, the problem of p0(2) accuracy was approached by comparing the values obtained with two kinds of tonometry (film and bubble). An acceptable level of imprecision was demonstrated for all measured parameters. For within-run precision, with tonometry, coefficients of variation (CV) were similar, not equals0.37% for pO(2) and similar, not equals0.52% for pCO(2). A CV of 1.76% was found for day-to-day precision for both p0(2) and pCO(2). In the linearity study, with both tonometry methods, and in the inter instrument comparisons (the ABL was compared with the Ciba Corning 178), pO(2) values obtained on the ABL 500 exhibited a slight overestimation above 150 mmHg (2.2-3.4% at 600 mmHg). This minor discrepancy is discussed with reference to the new design of the pO(2) electrode, the algorithm for pO(2) correction and the tonometry procedure. The results reported in this paper stress the importance of pO(2) accuracy assessment for the evaluation of blood gas analysers. PMID- 18924892 TI - Automatic system for the determination of boron in ceramic frits. AB - An automatic system for the potentiometric determination of boron in ceramic frits was developed. The system includes a personal computer for instrumental control, data acquisition and processing, which allows up to 13 samples to be analysed sequentially with no human intervention.The system performance was tested on the titration of standard solutions, which it carried out with low errors and RSD. It was subsequently applied to the determination of the B(2)0(3) content in various types of ceramic frits with good results. PMID- 18924893 TI - Automation of photochemical kinetic determinations without irradiation of the detection cell. AB - This paper reports on the development of an open-closed configuration for continuous kinetic methods based on photochemical reactions; the configuration removes the need to use special flow cells for simultaneous irradiation and detection. The sample plug was recirculated through a circuit including the detector and a coil irradiated with an ultra-violet source. A multipeak recording per injected sample was obtained which allowed signal increments between peaks (whether successive or not) to be measured. The configuration was applied to the fluorimetric determination of thioridazine. The log-log calibration curve obtained was linear in the range over 0.1-20.0 mug/ml of the analyte. The sampling frequencies achieved were between 24 and 13 h(-1), depending on the peaks which were selected for measurement. The method was applied to the determination of the analyte in pharmaceuticals. PMID- 18924894 TI - Comparison of capillary gas chromatographic method and automated spectrophotofluorometric methods for measuring content uniformity of conjugated oestrogens in pharmaceutical preparations. AB - To measure the content uniformity of conjugated cestrogens tablets, the USP XXII monograph specifies a capillary gas chromatographic method. This involves separation of the trimethylsilyl derivatives of the various oestrogens found in a typical conjugated oestrogens tablet using a fused-silica 0V 225 bonded phase column. Hydrogen is used as the carrier gas with FID detection. A more rapid spectrophotofluorometric method of analysis has been developed in which the oestrogens are extracted from the dosage form into water, then transferred into organic solvent as the dicyclohexylamine complex. Fluorescence is developed by heating the solution of the complex in the presence of 70% sulphuric acid. The chemistry and detection are carried out using a segmented-flow analyser.The spectrophotofluorometric method is preferred as a routine control for content uniformity because considerable time is saved during sample preparation and analysis compared to gas chromatography. Coefficients of variation show that both methods produce acceptable results. These results fall well within the USP XXII [1] monograph, limits and also well within the tighter limits imposed by the USP XXII, section 905. PMID- 18924895 TI - Computer-controlled ion-selective electrode switch. AB - The construction of a microcomputer-controlled electrode switch for use in potentiometric determinations is described. This can be coupled to most of the analytical equipment usually found in laboratories, to enable a setting up of automatic systems capable of performing sequential determinations with several ion-selective electrodes. The assessment of its analytical usage and behaviour are discussed. PMID- 18924896 TI - Editorial: The necessity of adult learning methods in programs of intensive study. AB - This article presents the educational methodologies that prove effective in adult educational programmes of intensive study. The many facets of a quality educational programme are discussed and I will focus on four topics that any adult educational programme must have: an adult learner, an instructor of adults, a curriculum, and a response to outside forces.These topics become increasingly critical when one examines the components of technical education and, especially, an intensive training programme in laboratory automation systems. The adult will be discussed as a learner and the associated myths and principles. Next, I will focus on the instructor and his/her necessary personal and professional qualities, including essential skills and psychological elements required. Aspects of curriculum will then be studied. The conventional and the innovative approaches to curriculum design, development, and delivery differ markedly. Development and delivery are so closely linked to the curriculum that both will be discussed under the one title of 'curriculum'. The final discussion will focus on the outside forces that directly and indirectly affect adult education; since these are many, they are limited to a few salient ones. PMID- 18924897 TI - A computer-controlled data acquisition and analysis system for use in the characterization of plasma atomic emission sources. AB - The characterization of new spectroscopic plasma sources for use in atomic emission spectroscopy often presents the need for information about the spatial emission characteristics of the source. In addition, information about the variation of the emission over time is often beneficial. It is also useful to be able to graphically see, in real-time, the effects of varying a particular experimental parameter. This paper describes a flexible data acquisition system in which an echelle spectrometer is interfaced to an IBM-PC compatible microcomputer. The FORTH-based ASYST software, which proves real-time display of acquired data, allows any point in the emission source to be imaged on the entrance slit of the spectrometer by using the cursor keys of the PC and a computer-controlled mirror. The different acquisition modes of the system are illustrated with examples of two-dimensional spatial profiles of the plasma and monitoring of plasma stability over time. In addition, an illustration of the optimization of the echelle's aperture plate and photomultiplier tube positions in the focal plane is presented. PMID- 18924898 TI - Designing optimized industrial process analysers for closed loop control. AB - Manufacturers are now looking closely at ways of optimizing 'quality' and increasing process efficiency while reducing manufacturing costs. Near infra-red (NIR) technology is a popular solution to this challenge: it provides manufacturers with rapid and reliable in-process analysis and thousands of systems have already been installed in the food, chemical, pharmaceutical and agricultural markets.For over 10 years, NIR has been successfully applied to at line process analysis. Rugged and easy-to-operate filter analysers are traditionally located in the control room-process operators can then 'grab samples' and obtain results in less than a minute. There are many practical advantages to using at-line filter systems. Products from many lines can be run on one system, and, since there is no direct process interface, installation, operation and maintenance are quite simple.Many manufacturers, however, are now striving to achieve on-line closed loop control, in these cases the benefit of obtaining continuous measurement is well worth the effort required to automate the analysis. PMID- 18924899 TI - Operator-free flow injection analyser. AB - A flow injection analyser has been constructed to allow an operator-free determination of up to 40 samples. Besides the usual FIA apparatus, the analyser includes a home-made sample introduction device made with three electromechanical three-way valves and an auto-sampler from Technicon which has been adapted to be commanded by an external digital signal. The analyser is controlled by a single board SDK-8085 microcomputer. The necessary interface to couple the analyser components to the microcomputer is also described. The analyser was evaluated for a Cr(VI)-FIA determination showing a very good performance with a relative standard deviation for 15 signals from the injection of 100 mul of a 1.0 mg.ml( 1) standard Cr(VI) solution being equal to 0.5%. PMID- 18924900 TI - A novel approach to non-segmented flow analysis: Part 4. Aluminium in river waters. AB - A rapid and precise method is developed for the determination of aluminium in water. The results demonstrate that the calibration range of the assay can be extended by a simple manipulation of the control program of the flow analyser. An RSD of 1.8% is achieved for injection of standards and the theoretical limit of detection is estimated at 0.33 ppm alum (equivalent to 18 ppb Al(3+)). The method is applied to monitoring of environmental samples. PMID- 18924902 TI - CAEv-A program for computer aided evaluation. AB - The evaluation of new reagents and instruments in clinical chemistry leads to complex studies with large volumes of data, which are difficult to handle. This paper presents the design and development of a program that supports an evaluator in the definition of a study, the generation of data structures, communication with the instrument (analyser), online and offline data capture and in the processing of the results. The program is called CAEv, and it runs on a standard PC under MS-DOS. Version 1 of the program was tested in a multicentre instrument evaluation. The concept and the necessary hardware and software are discussed. In addition, requirements for instrument/host communication are given. The application of the laboratory part of CAEv is described from the user's point of view. The design of the program allows users a high degree of flexibility in defining their own standards with regard to study protocol, and/or experiments, without loss of performance. CAEv's main advantages are a pre-programmed study protocol, easy handling of large volumes of data, an immediate validation of the experimental results and the statistical evaluation of the data. PMID- 18924903 TI - Automation of Vapour Pressure Osmometry measurements. AB - A program has been developed for the control of Vapour Pressure Osmometry (VPO) measurements. The output signal of a Vapour Pressure Osmometer is read by an A/D converter card installed in one of the expansion slots of a PC microcomputer. The stability of the measurements is checked by analysing the first derivative of the smoothed signals, which is calculated in real time. Sets of repeated measurements are carried out under the supervision of a computer program as a check for their reproducibility. When the set is ended the program calculates the average and its standard deviation.The program is particularly valuable for evaluating VPO measurements for solution equilibria studies. This interfacing strategy may be applied to any kind of technique in which the time stability of the signals is the basis for defining measurement stability. The automated VPO has other advantages, including low cost and time saving. PMID- 18924904 TI - Computer-assisted automated synthesis. III. Synthesis of substituted N (carboxyalkyl) amino-acid tert-butyl ester derivatives. AB - A versatile automated synthesis apparatus, equipped with a chemical artificial intelligence, was developed to prepare and isolate a wide variety of compounds. The apparatus was to the synthesis of substituted N-(carboxyalkyl)amino-acids. The apparatus [1,2] is composed of units for performing various tasks,for example reagent supply, reaction, purification and separation, each linked to a control system. All synthetic processes, including washing and drying of the apparatus after each synthetic run, were automatically performed from the mixing of the reactants to the isolation of the products as powders or crystals. The reaction of an amino-acid tertbutyl ester acetic acid salt with a 2-keto acid sodium salt produces an unstable intermediate, Schiff base, which is reduced with sodum cyanoborohydride to give a substituted N-(carboxyalkyl)aminoacid tert-butyl ester sodium salt. The equilibrium and the consecutive reactions were controlled by adding sodium cyanoborohydride using the artificial intelligence software, which contained novel kinetic equations [3] and substituent effects [4].Substitued N (carboxyalkyl)amino-acid tert-butyl esters, 90 derivatives, were automatically synthesized using the computerassisted automated synthesis apparatus. The syntheses were performed unattended 24 hours a day, except for supplying the raw materials, reagents and solvents. The apparatus is extremely valuable for synthesizing many derivatives of a particular compound. The configurations of the products were determined by circular dichroism measurements. PMID- 18924905 TI - Construction and evaluation of an automated flow injection-stopped flow analyser for multipoint reaction rate spectrophotometric methods. Determination of ammonia nitrogen, creatinine and phosphate. AB - The construction and evaluation of a fully automated Flow Injection-Stopped Flow (FI-SF) spectrophotometric analyser is described. A microcomputer (Rockwell AIM 65) is used to control the analyser (sample injection, stop and start of the pump) through a suitable interface. Data acquisition is achieved using a 12 bit ADC card and a suitable subroutine in 6502 assembly language, allowing data sampling at a frequency of 7.5 kHz. The measurement interface and software were evaluated using a voltage ramp generator. A precision of 0.02-1.1% RSD (N =10) was obtained for voltage ramps in the range of 1-37 mVs(-1). The FI-SF analyser was evaluated in routine analysis by developing FI-SF kinetic spectrophotometric methods for the determination of ammonia nitrogen (20-250 ppm, 0.4-2.5% RSD) based on the Berthelot reaction, creatinine (20-220 ppm, 0.9-3.6% RSD) based on the Jaffe reaction, and phosphate (5-30 ppm, 1.0-3.3% RSD) based on the phosphomolybdenum blue reaction. The reaction rate is measured by linear fitting of multiple absorbance readings vs time. Algorithms for automated estimation of the residence time, the linear range of the reaction curve, and data treatment are presented. PMID- 18924906 TI - The effects of common matrices for assay standards on performance of 'ultra sensitive' immunometric assays for TSH: Report of a joint WHO/IFCC collaborative study. AB - This report describes the results of a collaborative study organized by a joint working group of the IFCC and WHO and involving nine manufacturers of TSH immunometric assay kits. The study was designed to determine whether a calibrator with a common matrix gives better between-laboratory agreement for calibration of serum samples than the various kit calibrators, and to assess various materials for their suitability for use as common matrices. Kit calibrators, or calibrators consisting of the IRP for TSH made up in two common matrices: (a) serum from patients with untreated thyrotoxicosis or (b) serum taken from subjects treated with suppressive doses of triiodothyronine, gave similar results for the between laboratory variation of estimates of TSH concentration for a range of serum samples. Dose-response curves for the two calibrators in 'common' matrices were similar to one another and to those for the kit calibrator. However, the occurrence of non-specific serum effects is shown by the comparison of results for these calibrators with results for calibrators made up in a third common matrix: serum treated with wheat germ lectin. Dose response curves for this calibrator were dissimilar to those for the other calibrators and between laboratory variation for estimates in terms of this latter calibrator showed a substantial increase. Moreover, although the between-laboratory variances for estimates of the TSH concentration in terms of each of these calibrators (except those made up in serum treated with the wheat germ lectin) were similar for any one sample from five hyperthyroid patients, the variances were not consistent between samples, even for samples with similar mean TSH concentrations. These results suggest that a major factor in the between-laboratory variation, especially in the region near 'zero dose', is sample-related, and is caused by particular samples interacting differently with different assay systems.In general, it would appear that for the well-controlled 'ultrasensitive' TSH immunometric assay kits, included in this study, between-laboratory agreement of estimates of the TSH concentration in serum samples is not likely to be substantially improved by use of a common matrix for the standards. PMID- 18924907 TI - Evaluation of the Olympus AU-510 analyser. AB - The selective multitest Olympus AU-510 analyser was evaluated according to the recommendations of the Comision de Instrumentacion de la Sociedad Espanola de Quimica Clinica and the European Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. The evaluation was carried out in two stages: an examination of the analytical units and then an evaluation in routine work conditions. The operational characteristics of the system were also studied.THE FIRST STAGE INCLUDED A PHOTOMETRIC STUDY: dependent on the absorbance, the inaccuracy varies between +0.5% to -0.6% at 405 nm and from -5.6% to 10.6% at 340 nm; the imprecision ranges between -0.22% and 0.56% at 405 nm and between 0.09% and 2.74% at 340 nm. Linearity was acceptable, apart from a very low absorbance for NADH at 340 nm; and the imprecision of the serum sample pipetter was satisfactory.TWELVE SERUM ANALYTES WERE STUDIED UNDER ROUTINE CONDITIONS: glucose, urea urate, cholesterol, triglycerides, total bilirubin, creatinine, phosphate, iron, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyl transferase.The within-run imprecision (CV%) ranged from 0.67% for phosphate to 2.89% for iron and the between-run imprecision from 0.97% for total bilirubin to 7.06% for iron. There was no carryover in a study of the serum sample pipetter. Carry-over studies with the reagent and sample pipetters shows some cross contamination in the iron assay. PMID- 18924908 TI - IFCC Guidelines (1990) for selection of safe laboratory centrifuges and for their safe use with general purpose appendices concerning centrifuge nomenclature, quantities and units, and calculation of centrifugal acceleration. PMID- 18924909 TI - IFCC recommendation: The theory of reference values. Part 4. Control of analytical variation in the production, transfer and application of reference values. AB - This paper is the fourth in a series of Recommendations on the Theory of Reference Values. The others cover:Part 1. The Concept of Reference Values [1].Part 2. Selection of Individuals for the Production of Reference Values [2].Part 3. Preparation of Individuals and Collection of Specimens for the Production of Reference Values [3].Part 5. Statistical Treatment of Collected Reference Values. Determination of Reference Limits [4].Part 6. Presentation of Observed Values Related to Reference Values [5].A Guide to the Documents is currently in preparation.The Expert Panel of Theory of Reference Values (EPTRV) was created in 1970 by the Committee on Standards (at present: Scientific Division) of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC). Its task was to develop a nomenclature and recommend procedures for the production of reference values and their treatment, and presentation of observed values in relation to reference data.The first document in the above-mentioned series describes the subject of reference values and defines various terms. It would be best to read it for a thorough understanding of the present document. PMID- 18924911 TI - Journal of automatic chemistry: editorial board. PMID- 18924910 TI - IFCC recommendation on sampling, transport and storage for the determination of the concentration of ionized calcium in whole blood, plasma and serum. AB - The substance concentration of ionized calcium (c(Ca) (2+)) in blood, plasma or serum preanalytically may be affected by pH changes of the sample, calcium binding by heparin, and dilution by the anticoagulant solution.pH changes in whole blood can be minimized by anaerobic sampling to avoid loss of Co(2), by measuring as soon as possible, or by storing the sample in iced water to avoid lactic acid formation. c(Ca) (2+) and pH should be determined simultaneously.PLASMA OR SERUM: If centrifuged in a closed tube, and measured immediately, the pH of the sample will be close to the original value. If a delay has occurred between centrifugation and the measurement, causing substantial loss of Co(2), equilibration of the sample with a gas mixture corresponding to pCO2= 5.3 kPa prior to the measurement is recommended. Conversion of the measured values to c(Ca) (2+) (7.4) is only valid if the pH is in the range 7.2-7.6.Ca(2+) binding by heparin can be minimized by using either of the following:(1) A final concentration of sodium or lithium heparinate of 15 IU/ml blood or less(2) Calcium titrated heparin with a final concentration of less than 50 IU/ml blood.Dilution effect can be avoided by use of dry heparin in capillaries or syringes. When heparin solutions are used, errors due to dilution or calcium binding can be reduced by using syringes with a heparin solution containing free calcium ions corresponding to the mean concentration of ionized calcium in normal plasma.Conditions for blood collection, storage, and transport to avoid preanalytical errors are described in this paper. PMID- 18924912 TI - The 1991 international symposium on laboratory automation and robotics. PMID- 18924913 TI - Automated cold vapour flow-injection analysis of mercury at high concentrations. AB - Continuous-flow cold vapour- atomic fluorescence spectrometry is shown to be an extremely sensitive technique for the determination of mercury with detection limits typically below 0.01 mug l(-1). Linear calibration ranges were found to be at least four orders of magnitude (i.e. up to 0.1 mg l(-1)). Samples with concentrations exceeding the linear range are susceptible to self-absorption, and may, in severe cases, cause carry-over problems between samples. The flow injection approach has been utilized to extend the upper limit of the linear calibration range allowing determinations up to 10 mg l(-1) of mercury. A range of certified reference materials and zinc battery anodes have been successfully analysed with a minimal number of sample dilutions. PMID- 18924914 TI - Refinement and evaluation of an automated mass spectrometer for nitrogen isotope analysis by the Rittenberg technique. AB - An apparatus designed to automatically perform hypobromite oxidations of ammonium salt samples for nitrogen isotope analyses with a mass spectrometer was modified to improve performance and reduce analysis time. As modified, reference N(2) is admitted to the mass spectrometer between samples from a dedicated inlet manifold, for calibration at the same pressure as that of the preceding sample. Analyses can be performed on samples containing 10 mug to 1 mg of N (or more), at a rate of up to 350 samples/day. When operated with a double-collector mass spectrometer, the standard deviation at the natural abundance level (10 analyses, 50-150 mug N) was <0.0001 atom % (15)N. Very little memory was observed when natural abundance samples (0.366 atom % (15)N) were analysed. following samples containing 40 atom % (15)N. Analyses in the range, 0.2 to 1 atom % (15)N (50-150 mug N), were in good agreement with manual Rittenberg analyses (1 mg N) using a dual-inlet system, and precision was comparable. For enrichments of 2 to 20 atom % (15)N, automated analyses were slightly lower than manual analyses, which was attributed to outgassing of N(2) from the plastic microplate used to contain samples. PMID- 18924915 TI - On-line analyte preconcentration with atomic spectrometric detection. AB - Pre-concentration of analytes, or matrix removal to overcome interferences using mini- or micro-columns of exchange media prior to atomic spectrometric detection is becoming increasingly more common. This paper is a review of some of the more recent applications of chelating, ion exchange and other resins and gels that have been used to accomplish this. PMID- 18924917 TI - Quantities and units for electrophoresis in the clinical laboratory. AB - Electrophoretic techniques have been developed and refined over decades, and are now widely used in clinical laboratories. For example, electrophoresis is routinely used to separate many different components, including proteins, lipoproteins, and isoenzymes. More recently, the applications of molecular biology in diagnosis have increased the use of electrophoresis to separate DNA components in the clinical laboratory. Various kinds of quantities are used for the description of separation procedures. It is the purpose of this document to provide manufacturers and users of electrophoretic techniques with a list of relevant quantities and units consistent with the International System of Units (SI) and standards of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). PMID- 18924918 TI - Simple in-line stopped flow photolysis of copper complexes in natural waters using a flow injection system. AB - The development of an in-line digestion system based on simple UV lamp is reported. The effect of photolysis on the preconcentration of copper was investigated using an in-line Chelex-l00 ion-exchange column linked to an atomic absorption spectrometer. Three model ligands, glycine, NTA and EDTA, have been used to demonstrate the effect of the digestion system. In a stopped-flow mode, over 90% of the complexed copper was recovered in the presence of any of the three ligands. When the UV lamp was turned off, this changed to 84, 45 and 2% recovery for the glycine, NTA and EDTA complexed copper, respectively. The ability to analyse samples with the UV lamp on or off means that the device may be used to study the speciation of the copper. PMID- 18924919 TI - The expanding role of robotics in the clinical laboratory. AB - This paper provides an in-depth description of the current applications of robotics in clinical laboratories. The trends and impact of the use of robotics in clinical chemistry in the forseeable future are also discussed. PMID- 18924920 TI - The applications of a commercial gas/liquid separator coupled with an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. AB - A commercially available hydride generator, with a novel membrane gas-liquid separator, has been coupled to a new ICPMS instrument which itself features many unique design considerations. Little or no optimization of the mass spectrometer or ionization source was required to obtain excellent analytical data; and a variety of matrices have been analysed.The elements As and Se are usually used to demonstrate the effectiveness of a hydride generation system, and these are of particular importance, bearing in mind potential Ar molecular overlaps with isotopes of interest. The flexibility of the hydride generation ICP-MS system is highlighted, with the inclusion of analytical figures of merit for the elements Sn, Sb, Ge and Hg, as well as As and Se. Data obtained by 'standard' pneumatic nebulization on the ICP-MS is compared with that obtained with the hydride generator for all of the elements.Improvements of between 50 and 100 times were gained in measurements of three sigma detection limits for all elements in the determinations, including Hg. Measurements were made on several isotopes for particular elements, and the data is included for the purposes of comparison. Stabilities of between 1 and 2.5% were obtained for 0.5 ppb solutions over 10 min measurement periods, all data is presented without using an internal standard.Finally, analytical data from seawater standards, spiked with low levels of As and Se and calibrated against aqueous standards, demonstrate excellent recoveries. This is of particular interest bearing in mind the well-documented molecular interferences from high chloride matrices on As and Se analysis. PMID- 18924921 TI - Technical note: A nonparametric outlier rejection scheme. AB - Experimental data always contains measurement errors (or noise, in signal processing). This paper is concerned with the removal of outliers from a data set consisting of only a handful of points. The data set has a unimodal probability distribution function, the mode is thus a reliable estimate of the central tendency. The approach is nonparametric; for the data set (x(i), y(i)) only the ordinates (y(i)) are used. The abscissa (x(i)) are reparametrized to the variable i = 1, N.THE DATA IS BOUNDED USING A CALCULATED MODE AND A NEW MEASURE: the mean absolute deviation from the mode. This does not seem to have been reported before. The mean is removed and low frequency filtering is performed in the frequency domain, after which the mean is reintroduced. PMID- 18924923 TI - Introduction. PMID- 18924922 TI - Meeting report: Fifth Italo-Hungarian Symposium on Spectrochemistry Quality Control and Assurance in Life Sciences. PMID- 18924924 TI - Managing robotics in the generic pharmaceutical arena. AB - Robotics was introduced by Danbury Pharmacal, Inc. in 1987 in order to improve laboratory throughput for several new products. The author uses Danbury Pharmacal's experience to give an overview of various issues, such as acceptance by senior management and chemists, political confrontation, validation and product throughput. PMID- 18924925 TI - The laboratory of the 1990s-Planning for total automation. AB - The analytical laboratory of the 1990s must be able to meet and accommodate the rapid evolution of modern-day technology. One such area is laboratory automation. Total automation may be seen as the coupling of computerized sample tracking, electronic documentation and data reduction with automated sample handling, preparation and analysis, resulting in a complete analytical procedure with minimal human involvement. Requirements may vary from one laboratory or facility to another, so the automation has to be flexible enough to cover a wide range of applications, and yet fit into specific niches depending on individual needs.Total automation must be planned for, well in advance, if the endeavour is to be a success. Space, laboratory layout, proper equipment, and the availability and access to necessary utilities must be taken into account. Adequate training and experience of the personnel working with the technology must also be ensured. In addition, responsibilities of installation, programming maintenance and operation have to be addressed. Proper time management and the efficient implementation and use of total automation are also crucial to successful operations.This paper provides insights into laboratory organization and requirements, as well as discussing the management issues that must be faced when automating laboratory procedures. PMID- 18924926 TI - Strategic planning for bioanalytical automation: managing growth successfully. AB - Bioanalytical automation expanded at Glaxo Inc. from 1987 to 1991 by cycling through periods of justification, planning, implementation, obstacle-jumping and success, which justified continued cycling. In 1990 it became evident that the technology and its growth needed to be planned and the resources had to be managed. A Strategic Plan was researched and prepared. The plan describes the mission, values, goals and structure of the Bioanalytical Automation Group and the most important requirements for achieving those planned goals, including: (1) Long-term management commitment; (2) Trained, dedicated personnel; (3) Quality facilities; (4) Teamwork; and (5) Investment in automationcompatible equipment. The strategic plan has been in effect for over a year; current status, history, and the future are discussed in this article. PMID- 18924927 TI - Selection criteria for laboratory robotic application personnel. AB - Norwich Eaton Pharmaceutical recognized the benefits of using automation systems in the laboratory over seven years ago and created a robotic development area within the analytical method development group. They now have eight complete robotic systems and a large number of semi-automated systems in routine operation.This level of activity has provided many challenges for the automation group. The success of this group has been very dependent on the talents of people working these assignments. You can have the best equipment and the vendor's promises of success, but it is the people who understand the products and the requirements that get systems on line.Assembling an effective robotics organization requires prework on the part of management. There must be a clear vision of the specific types of activities the group will perform. This vision can be used to establish a skills profile for the members of the team. It appears that at least four people are required to provide the variety of skills and keep the group going.Each member's personality is an important component of establishing a new team. In robotics, one of the most critical talents is the ability to work on long term projects that constantly present new challenges. The group members need to balance consistency of purpose with the ability to creatively solve a variety of problems. The group will not be effective in delivering new technologies unless they have the talent to train the novice in a highly technical environment.People who are successful in automation development are unique. They should have the ability to work comfortably in a logic-based environment, to become very creative on demand, and to communicate highly technical information effectively. People do not usually possess all these skills, providing their manager with challenging coaching opportunities. PMID- 18924929 TI - Jumping into the 20th century before it is too late: is laboratory robotics still in its infancy? AB - Successful management of laboratory robotic automation programmes in the environment of research and drug discovery within the pharmaceutical industry may perhaps be best compared to a chef preparing the perfect hollandaise sauce. All the ingredients must be available at the same time and be of highest quality for the right price. However, if components are not added in the right quantities and in the proper order, no amount of whipping together by the product champion will create the best product. In the past, managerial scepticism surrounding useful implementation of cost-effective, high-throughput robotic systems often placed these 'modern toys' at low priorities for research development laboratories. Management now recognizes the unique contributions of robotics in the research environment. Although the scientific director must still play the role of product champion, new questions are being proposed and new commitments are being made to bring the potential of robotic automation to every laboratory where repetitive functions can benefit from new applications. Research laboratory directors have become both the key ingredient, as well as the rate-limiting determinant in the development of new applications. Having fulfilled the promise of robotic automation to release talented personnel, the challenge now is for the 'end users', the bench scientists, to be provided with opportunities to invest the time and effort required for future applications and new career functions. PMID- 18924928 TI - Measuring the effects of laboratory automation: The power of empirically derived models. AB - Laboratory data systems are automated for a variety of scientific and management reasons. A key part to maintaining these systems is to regularly assess the impact that automation has had on the laboratory and the organization as a whole. Smith Kline Beecham R&D is using a number of different types of measurement, as well as a number of different tools, for measuring how automated laboratory systems are affecting the workflow and information flow in the laboratory. This targeted programme of metrics has increased management confidence in laboratory automation efforts, helped anticipate data processing bottlenecks, and highlighted end-user support needs. PMID- 18924931 TI - Pittcon 1992 - abstracts. PMID- 18924930 TI - Quality control in the year 2000. AB - 'Just-in-time' production is a prerequisite for a company to meet the challenges of competition. Manufacturing cycles have been so successfully optimized that release time now has become a significant factor. A vision for a major quality control (QC) contribution to profitability in this decade seems to be the just-in time release. Benefits will go beyond cost savings for lower inventory. The earlier detection of problems will reduce rejections and scrap. In addition, problem analysis and problem-solving will be easier. To achieve just-in-time release, advanced automated systems like robots will become the workhorses in QC for high volume pharmaceutical production. The requirements for these systems are extremely high in terms of quality, reliability and ruggedness. Crucial for the success might be advances in use of microelectronics for error checks, system recording, trouble shooting, etc. as well as creative new approaches (for example the use of redundant assay systems). PMID- 18924932 TI - Application and automation of flow injection analysis (FIA) using fast responding enzyme glass electrodes to detect penicillin in fermentation broth and urea in human serum. AB - An enzyme immobilization technique has been developed to determine the concentration of biological compounds. This technique has been applied to penicillinase and urease, which are crosslinked as very fine films directly onto the sensitive ends of pH glass electrodes, thereby dispensing with the need of an on-line enzyme reactor. The biosensor is incorporated in an FIA system within a magnetically stirred detection cell. Penicillin-V in fermentation broth and urea in human serum samples were detected and the results were compared with HPLC and spectrophotometric methods. On-line measurement is achieved through the automation of this FIA system. PMID- 18924933 TI - Plasma amino-acid determinations by reversed-phase HPLC: Improvement of the orthophthalaldehyde method and comparison with ion exchange chromatography. AB - Reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RPHPLC) determination of amino-acids with on-line pre-column ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA) derivatization and fluorescence detection is rapid and sensitive. However, high-performance ionexchange chromatography (HP-IEC) with post-column ninhydrine reaction is the most widely used amino-acid (AA) assay for biological samples. These two methods have been compared for the determination of individual plasma AA concentrations.An excellent correlation (p 0.9997 for five consecutive sets of standards. The average RSD for individual standards is 0.76%, and a sample throughput rate of >80 h(-1) was achieved. The study of beta galactosidase, using a novel substrate, was carried out in a simple single-line manifold. The enzyme-substrate reaction mixture was injected into a pH 10 buffer carrier to stop the reaction, and at the same time, propel the reaction zone to the flow cell. K(m) and V(max) values were calculated. PMID- 18924936 TI - A computer-enhanced pH study of the formaldehyde-sulphite clock reaction. AB - The formaldehyde-sulphite clock reaction was studied using an Orion SA 720 pH/ISE meter interfaced to an IBM PC. The laboratory software 'ASYST' was employed to facilitate data acquisition and data treatment. Experimental pH profiles thus obtained for the first time were simulated by invoking a theoretical model based on the reaction mechanism suggested by Burnett [1]. The variation of rate constants with compositions of reaction mixtures was also discuseed in light of the empirical expression proposed by Bell and Evans [2] for instantaneous rate constant of the clock reaction. PMID- 18924937 TI - Testing urine for drugs. PMID- 18924938 TI - Quantities and units for centrifugation in the clinical laboratory. AB - The centrifuge is widely used in clinical laboratories for the separation of components. For example in laboratories performing biochemical analyses on body fluids it is routinely used to separate blood cells from plasma, to separate sediment from urine, to measure the volume fraction of erythrocytes in blood (the haematocrit), and to separate bound from free components in protein binding and immunoprocedures. Less routinely, centrifugation is used for separation of lipoproteins in reference procedures for their measurement, separation of cellular components, and separation of DNA fragments. Various quantities are used for the description and the calculation of the separation processes at centrifugation. The aim of this document is to provide manufacturers and users of centrifuges with a list of quantities and units for centrifugation consistent with the International System of Units, SI, and standards of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). PMID- 18924939 TI - Spectrophotometric determination of creatinine by monosegmented continuous-flow analysis. AB - A monosegmented continuous-flow system (MCFS) has been evaluated for determination of creatinine in urine using the Jaffe reaction. The analyser is compact and allows 130 determinations to be performed per hour, with a relative standard deviation of the peak height better than 1.5% (N =10). The results for real samples agree with those obtained by. the standard manual Jaffe procedure and with the kinetic automatic method. PMID- 18924940 TI - A versatile injection system for flow-injection analysis. AB - Analyser injection systems based on the principle of flow-injection analysis depend on the technique used. They generally take the form of an injection loop valve; the injected sample volume is determined by the volume of the valve. Injection systems are seldom designed with a time factor to define this volume. The authors report on an original injection system, which enables the two techniques to be used. The paper describes the evaluation of this system using both injection techniques and the comparison between them. The results show good linearity (r = 0.999 to 1.000) and an average precision (CV = 1.04 to 1.51%) for the volume-based injection technique; (ii) good linearity (r = 1.000) and better precision (CV = 0.73 to 1.30%) for the time-based injection technique. The system can be used equally well by the loop and by the clock; however, the latter is preferable because of its practicability. PMID- 18924943 TI - Abstracts of papers presented at the International Symposium on Laboratory Automation and Robotics (October 1992). PMID- 18924942 TI - The 1992 international symposium on laboratory automation and robotics. PMID- 18924944 TI - Integrated laboratory information system in a large hospital laboratory in Singapore. AB - This paper describes an integrated approach to the computerization of all major disciplines of laboratory medicine and pathology. Installed in the Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital (SGH), the computer system discussed comprises a RISC-based Data General Aviion 6200 computer and Meditech MAGIC software. The system has been interfaced with the hospital host IBM computer and supports patient information transfer, result reporting, phlebotomy management, and compilation of laboratory and financial management reports. The main functions of the system include: on-line and off-line acquisition of patient information and test data; preparation of single/combined/cumulative reports; transmission of reports within and between laboratories; instantaneous provision of data in response to telephone enquiries; calculations of quality control/workload/productivity statistics and indices; and generation of billing lists. The computer enables reports to be provided on patient tests results in individual wards, at various specialist out-patient clinics, and in the Accident and Emergency Department of the SGH through the IBM mainframe, as well as to remote printers installed at several other major hospitals.The use of the MAGIC integrated laboratory information system has resulted in a significant increase in laboratory efficiency and productivity. PMID- 18924945 TI - Quantities and units for metabolic processes as a function of time (Recommendations 1992). AB - In order to standardize time-related reports in clinical chemistry, basic concepts like system, component and kind-of-quantity are recalled. Changes of a quantity, and of chemical and physical processes involved in these changes are refined. Starting from the general format recommended by IUPAC and IFCC, including system, component and kind-of-quantity, recommendations are formulated. Specifications, especially time-related information, may be added in parentheses after each part of the format. Interrelated specifications are given after the kind-of-quantity. This paper provides examples of various specifications which show that all these elements are necessary for reporting time-related data. PMID- 18924946 TI - Simultaneous multiwavelength study of the reaction of phenolphthalein with sodium hydroxide. AB - A photodiode array (PDA) spectrophotometer was used to study the fading reaction of phenolpthalein in dilute sodium hydroxide solution. The principal component analysis (PCA) method was employed to identify the number of light absorbing species in the kinetics system. The target factor analysis (TFA) procedure, coupled with the Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfard-Shanno (BFGS) optimization method, was applied to the observed data to deduce the rate constants and the concentration time profile of the reaction. The internal referencing method was shown to be essential in improving the quality of data obtained by a single beam PDA spectrophotomer. PMID- 18924947 TI - Determination of nutrients in seawater by segmented-flow analysis with higher analysis rate and reduced interference on ammonia. AB - A microbore continuous-flow analyser was used to determine ammonia, nitrite, nitrate and phosphate in seawater. Ninety samples per hour were measured by optimizing the hydraulic conditions and using a cadmium coil for nitrate reduction. The analysis range was extended and the detection limit was reduced by using two analytical ranges with automatic range-changing. Interference from magnesium on ammonia was investigated and reduced by using a different complexing agent. The results correlated well with a Japanese reference method. PMID- 18924948 TI - Automated sampling and analysis in research product synthesis. AB - The information obtained about relevant reaction parameters can be greatly increased by monitoring concentration changes during a reaction. To achieve this goal, a fully automated system was designed which handles both sampling and analysis. The sampling system takes samples at predefined intervals, and also performs a number of tasks such as dilution, neutralization, filtration and analysis.The examples show the universal applicability of the device regarding to solvents, reaction media and reaction type. It is also demonstrated that the information, included in the concentration profiles, greatly increases our knowledge about the reaction. This increase in information, in conjunction with other data,for example calorimetry, could be used for reaction simulation software. PMID- 18924949 TI - Sequential automatic on-line determination of aquiculture nutrients: phosphate and nitrate. AB - A continuous-flow method for the determination of nitrate and phosphate in water is proposed. The method is based on insertion of reagents and sample solutions into a single channel through a programmable switching valve. The method depends upon heteropolyacid with phosphate and on the modified Griess reaction for nitrate, and permits the determination of PO(-3) (4) in the range 1-20 mug/ml and NO(-) (3) between 5 and 100 mug/ml, the achievable sampling frequency being 45/hour. The two analytes can be determined in N/P ratios between 0.25 and 100. The method has been applied to the determination of nitrate and phosphate in the sea-water used in fish farms. PMID- 18924950 TI - An automatic system for crystal growth studies at constant supersaturation. AB - An automatic system for growing crystals from seeded supersaturated solutions at constant supersaturation is described. Control of burettes and data acquisition are controlled by computer. The system was tested with a study of the calcium oxalate kinetics of crystal growth. PMID- 18924951 TI - Flow-injection analysis for on-line monitoring of nutrients (ammonia and nitrite) in aquaculture. AB - This article describes photometric flow injection (FI) methods for the determination of ammonia and nitrite in aquaculture. The methods are based on the use of normal and reversed FI approaches and show the potential of this technique for monitoring the input and output streams of small tanks at young fish-breeding farms. The methods meet the requirements of fish hatcheries, particularly in terms of the high sampling rate allowable (40/h). PMID- 18924952 TI - Evaluation of the performance of microprocessor-based colorimeter. AB - Colorimetric estimations have an important role in quantitative studies. An inexpensive and portable microprocessor-based colorimeter developed by the authors is described in this paper. The colorimeter uses a light emitting diode as the light source; a pinphotodiode as the detector and an 8085A microprocessor. Blood urea, glucose, total protein, albumin and bilirubin from patient blood samples were analysed with the instrument and results obtained were compared with assays of the same blood using a Spectronic 21. A good correlation was found between the results from the two instruments. PMID- 18924953 TI - Technical note:Beyond Good Laboratory Practice. PMID- 18924954 TI - Introduction. PMID- 18924956 TI - Rational drug design, medicinal chemistry, planned serendipity and the impact of automation on the drug discovery process. PMID- 18924955 TI - Practical aspects of laboratory automation in pharmaceutical development. PMID- 18924957 TI - Laboratory automation: changing the role of the technical professional. PMID- 18924958 TI - Managing the design and implementation of an agrochemical central sample preparation laboratory. PMID- 18924959 TI - Superior productivity- in the laboratory and beyond. PMID- 18924960 TI - Computerized data treatment for an HPLC-GFAAS system for the identification and quantification of trace element compounds. AB - Liquid chromatographs, coupled with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometers, have been widely used for the identification and quantification of trace element compounds. The quantification of the discontinuous signals from the spectrometer defining a chromatographic band is very much a matter of judgement and therefore prone to error. This paper describes a system which links a high performance liquid chromatograph via a 'Brinckman' flowthrough cup to a Hitachi Zeeman graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer equipped with an autosampler. The introduction of aliquots from the column effluent and the analysis sequence is computer-controlled through a home-built interface. The signals from the spectrometer are passed through an analoguedigital converter and processed by selectable algorithms. The software offers a variety of options for processing the chromatographic data, such as data smoothing, Gaussian or spline interpolation, and trapezium or Simpson integration.This system was used to separate and determine selenite and selenate in aqueous solution with absolute detection limits (3 sigma) of 23 ng Se for selenite and 16 ng Se for selenate. This system can be adapted to other spectrometers, provided that the required connections to the electronics can be made. PMID- 18924961 TI - Analytical performance of the selective multianalyser Olympus AU 5200. AB - The analytical performance of a selective, automatic multianalyser- the Olympus A U5200 - was tested and assessed for practicability, following ECCLSguidelines. Twenty-two analytes were tested and compared with the Olympus A U5000 analyser. A Hitachi 747 analyser was also included in this survey in order to obtain correlation data for ISE measurements.The imprecision data, expressed as median CV values, were found to be below 2% in series for 21 parameters, and below 3% for 19 paramaters from day to day. Creatinine measured with the kinetic Jaffe method obtained a median CV value of 4% in series, creatine phosphokinase showed the worst imprecision from day to day with a CV of 9%. Slightly better precision values for the majority ofall tests were found on the Olympus AU5200 than on the AU 5000 analyser.The recovery of the assigned values in 32 commercial control sera was between 95% and 105% for 14 tests. Five of the remaining tests yielded recoveries with deviations between 5% and 10%, deviations above 10% showed albumine, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and creatine phosphokinase. The accuracy of most test parameters was slightly better on the AU5200 analyser than on the comparison instrument.The range of linearity ofthe tested methods covered the range stated by the manufacturers; and no sample carry over was detected. Most parameters tested yielded close correlation to those on the comparison instrument. Amylase measurements on both analysers correlate well but are not comparable without data correction due to different test methods. In addition, no drift effects were observed over a period of 9 hours.The ion selective-electrode unit performed well in terms of throughput, precision and stability over time. The whole system showed good practicability with respect to patient sample and reagent handling, a short training period of technicians, ease of system software, maintenence, a robust barcode reader and a flexible host communication procedure. PMID- 18924963 TI - Technical note: Identification system for production line tracking of pharmaceuticals. PMID- 18924962 TI - An automated method for the determination of deoxyribonuclease activity as exemplified by fractionation of the components of the medicament Varidase. AB - The activity of most deoxyribonuclease enzymes can be monitored by measuring the change in absorbance at 260 nm which accompanies the breakdown of the double stranded structure of native DNA. An automated method for determining deoxyribonuclease activity, based on such an absorbance change, which can overcome problems of inhibition arising from the presence of inorganic cations, is described. Variations in inorganic cation concentration is a particular problem when measuring the activity of chromatographic fractions eluted via a salt gradient. A comparison is made between the automated and a manual method for the assay of deoxyribonuclease active constituents, of the medicament 'Varidase', eluted from a Cellex-D (Bio-Rad Laboratories Ltd) anionic exchange resin using a 0.05-1.0 M sodium chloride gradient. PMID- 18924964 TI - The role of atomic fluorescence spectrometry in the automatic environmental monitoring of trace element analysis. AB - Considerable attention has been drawn to the environmental levels of mercury, arsenic, selenium and antimony in the last decade. Legislative and environmental pressure has forced levels to be lowered and this has created an additional burden for analytical chemists. Not only does an analysis have to reach lower detection levels, but it also has to be seen to be correct. Atomic fluorescence detection, especially when coupled to vapour generation techniques, offers both sensitivity and specificity.Developments in the design of specified atomic fluorescence detectors for mercury, for the hydride-forming elements and also for cadmium, are described in this paper. Each of these systems is capable of analysing samples in the part per trillion (ppt) range reliably and economically. Several analytical applications are described. PMID- 18924965 TI - Abstracts of papers presented at the 1993 Pittsburgh Conference. PMID- 18924966 TI - Automatic simultaneous determination of copper and lead in biological samples by flow injection/stripping voltammetric analysis. AB - An automatic-continuous method for the simultaneous determination of copper and lead based on flow injection analysis (FIA) and stripping voltammetry (SV) is proposed. The method affords the determination of the analytes at the ng/ml level (linear ranges 0.64 to 64.0 ng/ml and 2.1 to 62.2 ng/ml for copper and lead, respectively) with good precision (r.s.d. values smaller than 4%). The selectivity of SV allows the method to be applied to the determination of these analytes in bovine liver fresh samples and certified reference materials from the National Institute for Standards and Technology and the Community Bureau of Reference. The performance of the method was assessed by repeatability and validation statistical studies. PMID- 18924967 TI - Evaluation of the IL-Phoenix chemistry electrolyte analyser. AB - This paper reports an evaluation of the IL-Phoenix Chemistry/Electrolyte Analyser; the evaluation was carried out in accordance with internationally recognized guidelines. The evaluation was performed in three steps: evaluation in routine conditions; assessment of interferences; and study of practicability. Seven constituents were studied under routine working conditions. Within-run imprecision rangedfrom 0.6% (CV) for chloride to 3.1% (CV) for glucose. Between run imprecision ranged from 0.9% for sodium to 6.0% (CV) for urea. Sample-related carryover was not significant. The relative inaccuracy was acceptable; drift was negligible; linearity was agreed with the range showed by the supplier. Haemoglobin produced negative interferences with sodium and chloride. Turbidity interfered negatively with sodium, chloride, potassium and total calcium, andpositively with glucose. Bilirubin showed a negative interference with sodium, chloride and creatinine. PMID- 18924968 TI - An automated GC/MS system for the analysis of volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds in water. AB - This paper describes a GC/MS system capable of performing Volatile Organic Analysis on liquids, solids, and air. When combined with a syringe auto-injector, the system is completely automated for both volatile and semi-volatile analyses. An OI Analytical Model 4551 Vial Multisampler and an OI Analytical DPM-16 Multisampler are interfaced and then connected to an OI Analytical Model 4560 Sample Concentrator, an HP Model 5971 MSD, an HP Model 7673 Auto-Injector, and an HP Model 5890 Series II GC to form a multi-tasking GC/MS system. This system is shown to allow greater versatility in the laboratory. PMID- 18924969 TI - Flow injection analysis of water. Part 1: Automatic preconcentration determination of sulphate, ammonia and iron(II)/iron(III). AB - This paper describes a simple flow-injection (FI) manifold for the determination of a variety of species in industrial water. The chemical systems involved in the determination of ammonia (formation of Indophenol Blue), sulfate (precipitation with Ba(II)), and iron (complexation with 1,10-phenanthroline with the help of a prior redox reaction for speciation) were selected so that a common manifold could be used for the sequential determination of batches of each analyte. A microcolumn of a suitable ion exchange material was used for on-line preconcentration of each analyte prior to injection; linear ranges for the determination of the analytes at the ng/ml levels were obtained with good reproducibility. The manifold and methods are ready for full automation. PMID- 18924970 TI - Flow injection analysis of water. Part 2: Integrated system for automatic multideterrnination. AB - This paper describes an integrated flow injection (FI) system for the determination of ammonia, sulphate and Fe(II)/Fe(III) which can work unattended for long periods. The system was designed for the determination of individual analytes in long series of samples. Each batch of samples requires manual selection of parameters and units, such as wavelength for monitoring, preconcentration column, loops and switching of three valves to select the carrier, reagents and eluent. The system then works automatically. PMID- 18924971 TI - A portable battery-powered flow injection monitor for the in situ analysis of nitrate in natural waters. AB - The design and performance of a portable, automated flow injection (FI)-based photometric monitor are described. The system is controlled by an in-house microcomputer system that enables the monitor (including a solid state detector) to operate from a 12 V battery supply. The monitor uses the cadmium reduction/diazotization method to analyse for nitrate with a linear range of 0 to 12 mg l(-1) and a limit of detection of 0.05 mg l(-1) (NO(3)-N). The hardware and software design, monitor performance and results obtained during unattended operation are presented. PMID- 18924972 TI - Criteria for the assessment of analyser practicability. AB - This article lists the theoretical criteria that need to be considered to assess the practicability of an automatic analyser. Two essential sets of criteria should be taken into account when selecting an automatic analyser: 'reliability' and 'practicability'. Practibility covers the features that provide information about the suitability of an analyser for specific working conditions.These practibility criteria are classsified in this article and include the environment; work organization; versatility and flexibility; safely controls; staff training; maintenance and operational costs. PMID- 18924973 TI - Fully-automated system for dissolution rate of solid oral dosage forms according to the paddle method. AB - This paper describes a fully-automated system (AUTO DISS((R))) for the determination of active ingredient release of solid oral dosage forms according to the paddle method of the US Pharmacopoeia (USP) and European Pharmacopoeia.Twenty batches can be tested continuously, with the six individuals (tablets, capsules etc.) of one batch being examined synchronous. The components of the AUTO DISS((R)) system are presented and the operating steps of automatic filling with dissolution medium, dropping in of tablets, sampling and cleaning of vessels are described. Suitability for testing controlled-release drugs by means of automated buffer change from simulated gastric fluid to simulated intestinal fluid according to USP is also demonstrated. On-line determination of active ingredient concentration, as well as evaluation and documentation of measured values, is possible using an integrated automatic sampler in combination with various measuring instruments.The AUTO DISS((R)) system is shown to be both rugged and accurate. PMID- 18924974 TI - Fluorimetric methods for the measurement of intermediate metabolites (lactate, pyruvate, alanine, beta-hydroxybutyrate, glycerol) using a COBAS FARA centrifugal analyser. AB - Intermediate products of the metabolism of glucose, fat and amino-acid are important in the evaluation of such metabolic disorders as diabetes mellitus, liver disease and metabolic acidosis. In the present study, methods for the measurement of intermediate metabolites (lactate, pyruvate, alanine, beta hydroxybutyrate and glycerol) have been adapted to a fast centrifugal analyzer: the COBAS FARA. Correlation coeffcients rangedfrom 0.90 to 0.99, compared to established manual spectrophotometric methods. Within-run coeffcients of variation (CVs) ranged between 2.9 and 8.8% at low levels, between 1.5 and 5.7% at medium levels and between 1.2 and 5.6% at high levels. Between-run CVs were between 4.0 and 15.0% at low levels, between 1.7 and 7.0% at medium levels and between 1.3 and 2.7% at high levels. These fluorimetric assays for the determination of intermediate metabolites on COBAS FARA (Roche) have a good sensitivity and precision, are less costly than manual methods and can be used on a routine basis. PMID- 18924975 TI - Development of an intelligent motion controller and its application to the automation of a McBain-Bakr balance. AB - This paper presents a modular approach to motion control using a microconlroller based stepper motor driver. As an application of the driver, an inexpensive and portable one-dimensional robot was built to automate an existing experimental setup for measurement of adsorption isotherms using the McBain-Bakr technique. Automatic recording of position versus time yields data for the sludy of adsorption/desorption dynamics. PMID- 18924976 TI - Multicentre evaluation of the Boehringer Mannheim/Hitachi 911 Analysis System. AB - The analytical performance and practicability of the Boehringer Mannheim (BM)/Hitachi 911 analysis system have been assessed in a multicentre evaluation, which involved six laboratories from European countries. Analytes commonly used in classical clinical chemistry were tested in a core programme, which mainly followed the ECCLS guidelines. In addition, a satellite programme covered other analytes, such as proteins, drugs and urine analytes. In total, the study comprised more than 100 000 data items collected over a three-month period. The evaluation was supported with 'Computer Aided Evaluation' (CAEv) and telecommunications.Acceptance criteria for the results were established at the beginning of the study. Nearly all of the analytes met the imprecision limits: within-run imprecision (as CVs) was 2% for enzyme and substrate assays, 1% for ISE methods and 5% for immunoassays; between-day imprecision was 3l% for enzyme and substrate assays, 2% for ISE methods and 10% for immunoassays.No relevant drift effects (systematic deviation >/= 3%) were observed over eight hours. The methods were linear over a wide range. Sample-related and reagent-dependent carry over can be reduced to a negligible amount by integration of a softwarecontrolled wash-step.Endogenous interferences were found for creatinine (Jaffe method) and uric acid assays (caused by bilirubin), for creatine kinase, creatine kinase MB isoform and gamma-glutamyltransferase (caused by haemoglobin), and for immunoglobulin A (caused by lipaemia)Accuracy was checked by an interlaboratory survey, recovery studies in control materials and method comparison studies. The survey showed that, with the exception of cholesterol and iron in two laboratories, the recovery of analytes did not deviate by more than 5%. Sixty-six of the 77 method comparisons performed met the acceptance criteria. The deviations of the remaining 11 results could be explained by differences in either calibration, application or by the use of different methods.Practicability was assessed using a questionnaire which covered all of the important aspects of an analysis system in the clinical laboratory. Twelve groups of attributes out of 14 were rater higher for the BM/Hitachi 911 than for the present situation in the laboratories concerned. Especially high scores were given for the versatility group.The acceptance criteria for the analytical performance of the BM/Hitachi 911 analysis system were fulfilled in all laboratory segments with few exceptions. The practicability exceeded the requirements in most of the attributes. The results of the study confirmed the usefulness of the system as a consolidated workstation in small- to medium-sized clinical laboratories and in STAT laboratories, or as an instrument for special analytes like proteins and drugs, or for urinalysis in large laboratories. PMID- 18924977 TI - A PC-based titrator for flow gradient titrations. AB - This paper describes a PC (personal computer) based titrator which was developed for gradient flow titrations. Concentration gradients were generated electrolytically or volumetrically in small tubes. Complete titration curves can be recorded on-line and evaluated automatically. The titrator can be used with all liquid flow detectors with low axial dispersion. The titrator was evaluated for the titration of thiosulphate with electrogenerated triiodide and for the titration of ammonia with electrogenerated hypobromite after continuous gas dialytic separation of ammonia from the sample solution. PMID- 18924978 TI - Systematic top-down approach to clinical chemistry. AB - This paper introduces a systematic approach to organizing the discipline of clinical chemistry. The approach is called a top-down, systems approach because it starts at the top with the most general concepts and works down through less general concepts to the most specific details and techniques. The hypothesis is that the discipline can be organized into hierarchical levels of functional processes and operational approaches to those processes. The functional processes represent what clinical scientists do; the operatinal approaches represent how they do it. Because functional processes change little, if at all, with time, they are used to develop a stable infrastructure or framework for the discipline. That infrastructure is then used to organize and understand operational approaches that tend to change rapidly with time in response to technological advances. The paper begins with the most general functional processes and then uses selected examples of the more general functions to illustrate lower hierarchical levels or functional processes and operational approaches. PMID- 18924979 TI - Signal-to-noise optimization and evaluation of a home-made visible diode-array spectrophotometer. AB - This paper describes a simple low-cost multichannel visible spectrophotometer built with an RL512G EGG-Reticon photodiode array. A symmetric Czerny-Turner optical design was employed; instrument control was via a single-board microcomputer based on the 8085 Intel microprocessor. Spectral intensity data are stored in the single-board's RAM and then transferred to an IBM-AT 3865X compatible microcomputer through a RS-232C interface. This external microcomputer processes the data to recover transmittance, absorbance or relative intensity of the spectra. The signal-to-noise ratio and dynamic range were improved by using variable integration times, which increase during the same scan; and by the use of either weighted or unweighted sliding average of consecutive diodes. The instrument is suitable for automatic methods requiring quasi-simultaneous multiwavelength detections, such as multivariative calibration and flow-injection gradient scan techniques. PMID- 18924980 TI - Abstracts of papers presented at the International Symposium on Laboratory Automation and Robotics (October 1993). PMID- 18924981 TI - Guidelines for the identification and distribution of patient samples in the medical laboratory. PMID- 18924982 TI - Development of fully-automated synthesis systems. AB - This paper describes the development of fully-automated synthesis systems for preparing and isolating various kinds of pharmaceutical compounds. The systems are versatile, and are able to perform most of the chemical reactions currently used in organic chemistry, with the exception of hydrogenation which requires high pressure. An additional benefit is the very user-friendly software. PMID- 18924983 TI - Abstracts of papers presented at the 1994 Pittsburgh Conference. PMID- 18924984 TI - University of plymouth: inaugural lectures. PMID- 18924985 TI - Environmental monitoring - a flow-injection approach. PMID- 18924986 TI - Developments in laboratory automation-just a matter of time. PMID- 18924987 TI - Polymer characterization with a fuzzy classification algorithm. AB - The classification of polymer samples from their infra-red spectra has been achieved by the application of a fuzzy c-means cluster algorithm. The generation of a fuzzy classifier allows the characterization of samples which are a combination of more than one pure polymer. PMID- 18924988 TI - IFCC methods for the measurement of catalytic concentration of enzymes. Part 8. IFCC method for lactate dehydrogenase (L-lactate: NAD oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.27). AB - Human lactate dehydrogenase is a tetramer made up of two types of subunits, either H (heart) or M (muscle). Combination of these subunits gives rise to the five isoenzymes of lactate dehydrogenase which are found in mammalian tissues. The relative proportions of the individual isoenzymes found in serum of patients is related to the severity of the lesion in the organ or tissue from which they originate and the half-life of the individual tissue-specific enzymes. Thus, one cannot predict the relative proportions of the different isoenzymes in any one patient sample.Lactate dehydrogenase catalyses the reversible oxidation of lactate to pyruvate and either reaction can be measured readily. However, in this method, the lactate to pyruvate reaction has been selected because of the following reasons; the time-course of the reaction is more linear, the reaction results in an increase in absorbance and optimization of substrates is possible (see appendix A).The principles applied in the selection of the conditions of measurement are those stated in previous publications by the IFCC's Committee on Enzymes [1]. Human serum and tissue extracts have been used as the sources of enzymes. The final concentration of substrates and the pH have been selected on the basis of experiments and empirical optimization techniques and have been confirmed by calculation from rate equations. The catalytic and physical properties of the isoenzymes differ, but because of the importance of the heart specific isoenzyme (LD1) in the assessment of coronary heart disease and as a tumour marker, this method has been optimized for this isoenzyme. However, the method is also suitable, although less optimally, for the determination of the other isoenzymes of lactate dehydrogenase which may be present in serum. PMID- 18924989 TI - Use of a robotic station for full automation of the determination of organic matter in soil and fertilizers. AB - A fully automatic method for the determination of organic matter has been implemented using a robotic station. The overall process involves weighing, dilution, oxidation in very harsh working conditions (K(2)Cr(2)O(7) + concentrated H(2)SO(4)) dilution, centrifugation and photometric monitoring of the Cr(III) formed. Batches of six samples are manipulated by the robot, which also calibrates and delivers the results of the sample determination, both in soil and fertilizers, as percentages of organic matter which require slightly different sample treatment. The precision and validation of the method have been established using both types of samples and the results obtained compare well with those of the method used for routine analysis in official agricultural laboratories. PMID- 18924990 TI - Automation of a fixed-bed continuous-flow reactor. AB - This paper describes the design and operation of a laboratory plant with a fixed bed continuous-flow reactor, fully automated and controlled from a personal computer. The automated variables include two gas flows, one liquid flow, six temperatures, two pressures, one circulation of a cooling liquid, and 10 electrovalves. An adaptive-predictive control system was used. The chemical process chosen to run the automated reactor was the conversion of methanol to gasoline over a ZSM-5 catalyst. This is a highly exothermal process, so a cascade control system had to be used to control the reactor internal temperature. Pressure and weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) were fixed at 1 arm and 1.5h(-1) respectively. Accurate control (+/-0.2( degrees )C) of the reactor's internal temperature was achieved and repeatability for the conversion of methanol to gasoline was good. PMID- 18924991 TI - Automated synthesis of radiopharmaceuticals for PET: an apparatus for [1 C]labelled aldoses. AB - This paper describes an instrumentation system for positron emission tomography (PET). A variety of [1-(11)C]labelled aldoses, such as [1-(11)C]-D-glucose, and galactose by a modification of the Kiliani-Fischer method have been produced. The instrumentation is fully automatic and consists of a synthesis system and control system. The synthesis system has the following functions: supplying reagents; performing reactions; purifying (11)C labelled aldose; and preparing an injectable solution of (11)C labelled aldose. These operations are performed by the control system in a remote control room. In a preliminary, hot experiment an injectable solution of [1-(11)C]-D-glucose was obtained. In addition, the operator is exposed to minimal radiation. The radioactivity of [1-(11)C]-Dglucose was 47 MBq, and the preparation time was 49 min. PMID- 18924992 TI - Automated sirulated distillation using an articulated laboratory robot system. AB - An automated method, based on the Hewlett-Packard ORCA (Optimized Robot for Chemical Analysis) system, for sample preparation and analysis of petroleum samples by simulated distillation (SIMDIS) is described. Results obtained for the robotically prepared samples show excellent agreement with those obtained from the same samples prepared manually. The application, based on ASTM method D 2887, is the foundation for a more fully automated system that can perform a variety of SIMDIS samples and methods. PMID- 18924993 TI - Automation of environmental ELISAs. AB - ELISAs for pesticides and herbicides in environmental and agricultural samples are becoming very important in screening applications [1-3]. Traditional chromatographic methods are expensive and results need long turnaround times, making them incompatible with rapid on-site decision making. ELISA methods have been shown to meet or exceed the performance of gas chromatography-they offer rapid low-cost analysis, thereby increasing the frequency of sampling and enhancing data quality. Automated ELISA workstations allow the full benefit of these kits to be realized. Sample preparation, reagent pipetting, incubation, and photometric evaluation can be performed without user intervention. Reliability is increased through the elimination of operator error, better accuracy and precision, and often higher speed. Much larger batch sizes are possible and these systems can provide sample tracking with report generation for documentation requirements. In this paper the manual procedures and ELISA methods are compared and some critical aspects of automating these ELISA kits are discussed. PMID- 18924994 TI - Automated synthesis of radiopharmaceuticals for positron emission tomography: an apparatus for labelling with [C] methyl iodide (MIASA). AB - A fully automated apparatus for the routine synthesis and formulation of short lived (11)C (t(1/2) = 20 min) labelled radiopharmaceuticals for positron emission tomography (PET) has been developed. [(11)C]Carbon dioxide is converted to [(11)C]methyl iodide, which can be used to label a wide variety of substrates by methylation at C, N, O, or S electron rich centres. The apparatus, MIASA (methyl iodide automated synthesis apparatus), was designed to operate as part of an automated labelling system in a shielded 'hot' laboratory. The apparatus was designed without the size constraints of typical instrumentation used in hot cells, although it is compact where necessary. Ample use of indicators and sensors, together with compact design of the reaction flasks for small dead space and efficient evaporation, led to good reliability and performance. The design of the hardware and software is described in this paper, together with a preparation of 3-N-[(11)C]methylspiperone as a sterile injectable solution in physiological saline. PMID- 18924995 TI - Positioning laboratory automation for today's dynamic climate. AB - Laboratory automation has existed and matured at Eli Lilly and Company for well over a decade. The author's section serves as a developer of laboratory automation systems for customers within Lilly and embodies 'robotic friendly' laboratories with highly technical and experienced personnel. With several systems showing signs of age, second generation 'smart systems' have been developed and delivered during the last three years. These systems were built with an ideology different from previous systems. Upon their delivery, the 'smart systems' met the customer's functional requirements but the overall acceptance of this ideology is still being debated due to the perception of failure. Much of this perception can be attributed to the delivery of a system heavily dependent on system maintenance, something totally unexpected by the customer. This paper discusses the ideology of a'smart systems' and the results following implementation. The events that led to the review and subsequent departure of the 'smart systems' ideology are also described. PMID- 18924996 TI - Key issues for establishing a robotics laboratory in the pharmaceutical industry. AB - The Analytical Research and Development Department of Bristol-Myers Squibb has a laboratory dedicated to robotic analysis of solid dose forms. It consists of eight individuals responsible for nine robotic systems. The laboratory is dedicated to the support of Phase III stability studies that require dissolution, potency, content. uniformity and Karl Fischer moisture assays. The group performs about 15000 assays a year for approximately six long-term stability programs. The key issues for success were personnel selection, methods development (methods transfer), routine assay support, documentation, validation, training and support services. This paper discusses the establishment of the laboratory and the future issues important to continued success. PMID- 18924997 TI - Bioanalytical automatlon: history and future plans. AB - Bioanalysis is determining the concentration of drugs and metabolites in biological fluids (i.e. plasma and urine). During the past 15 years tremendous advances in bioanalysis, for example HPLC, auto injectors, data collection systems and robotics has enabled the productivity of the bioanalyst to increase but it still requires considerable manual intervention. This paper describes the rationale, the justification and the plans Bristol-Myers Squibb has to completely automate the entire bioanalytical process. PMID- 18924998 TI - Laboratory automation: a challenge for the 1990s. AB - THERE IS TREMENDOUS PRESSURE ON INDUSTRY AND LABORATORIES TO DEVELOP INCREASINGLY COMPLEX PROCUCTS: for example catalysts, chiral chemicals, drugs and ceramics; conform to regulations; cope with increasingly severe competition; and meet steadily increasing costs. It is difficult, in this situation, to remain productive and competitive. It is vital to be equipped with, and be able to use appropriately, all the suitable methodologies and technologies. Working methods and personnel have to be appropriate. The future depends on three interdependent domains: automation in the broadest sense of the word, instrumentation and information systems. The easy work has already been done. Between 1984 and 1990, it was a question of going from nothing to something; now, it is necessary to increase and optimize.THEREFORE, THE CRUCIAL QUESTION IS NOW: 'how can we go quicker in experimentation and acquire more knowledge, while spending less money?' One solution is to use all the aspects of automation (robotics, instrumentation, data). Successful laboratory automation depends.on: shortened time to market; improved efficiency/cost ratio; motivation/competence/ expertise; communication; and knowledge acquisition. This paper examines some of the major technological areas of application. PMID- 18924999 TI - The role of the automation development group in analytical research and development at Dupont Merck. AB - Laboratory robotics has been firmly established in many non-QC laboratories as a valuable tool for automating pharmaceutical dosage form analysis. Often a single project or product line is used to justify an initial robot purchase thus introducing robotics to the laboratory for the first time. However, to gain widespread acceptance within the laboratory and to justify further investment in robotics, existing robots must be used to develop analyses for existing manual methods as well as new projects beyond the scope off the original purchase justification. The Automation Development Group in Analytical Research and Development is a team of analysts primarily devoted to developing new methods and adapting existing methods for the robot. This team approach developed the expertise and synergy necessary to significantly expand the contribution of robotics to automation in the authors' laboratory. PMID- 18925000 TI - Decentralized management of laboratory automation. AB - It is generally believed that successful robot users have dedicated centralized robotic groups. While such a generalization holds some merit historically, the availability of newer more user-friendly robots and workstations in recent years and a more computer-literate work force today is changing the way that automation can be managed. Decentralization recognizes robots and workstations as additional tools for all analysts, not a select few. Such an approach initiates involvement and education of more staff with respect to automation. This further ushers the development of automated methods instead of the automation of manually-developed methods. Decentralization also provides local control of resources to address the priorities of a specific functional group within the department. Both a vision of the future, as well as a look at the past, should be considered when determining how to manage robotic and other means of automation. This paper discusses decentralized management of robots as currently applied and envisioned in a large pharmaceutical analytical R & D department. PMID- 18925001 TI - Prejudice, segregation and immigration laws -integration of the robot into the laboratory society. AB - This paper addresses some serious issues about personnel morale, fears and hopes associated with and attributed to the laboratory robot. The introduction of the laboratory robot into the laboratory is examined from a managerial perspective. Human-rights and robot-rights issues are identified and addressed. Real world examples of how the integration of two high through-put robots affected the routine of a major industrial food laboratory are discussed. PMID- 18925002 TI - Development of a user-oriented completely open in vitro diagnostics system. PMID- 18925003 TI - Automation of a plane grating spectrograph. PMID- 18925005 TI - Abstracts of papers presented at the ISLAR (International Symposium on Laboratory Automation and Robotics) 1995. PMID- 18925004 TI - FIA automatic dilution system for the determination of metallic cations in waters by atomic absorption and flame emission spectrometry. PMID- 18925006 TI - The automatic methods group newsletter. PMID- 18925007 TI - Abstracts of papers presented at the 1996 Pittsburgh Conference. PMID- 18925008 TI - A report on the LASFs 3rd Annual Conference on the Validation of Laboratory Systems. PMID- 18925009 TI - Field evaluation and automation of a method for the simultaneous determination of nitrogen oxides, aldehydes and ketones in air. PMID- 18925010 TI - Introduction: Laboratory automation at Schering-Plough-increased productivity today and foundation for the future. AB - The following is the introductory presentation to the 1994 ISLAR meeting held in Boston from 16 to 19 October 1994. The Editor is again grateful to the organizer, the Zymark Corporation, for permission to publish the papers in the Managing Laboratory Automation Session read at ISLAR. PMID- 18925011 TI - Automation in the pharmaceutical analysis laboratory: a centralized/decentralized approach. AB - It has been over 10 years since robots have appeared in the pharmaceutical analysis laboratory. In the early days, it was common for one selected individual to be responsible for the programming, usage and maintenance of the robots(s). However, the increasing use of robotics has prompted the formation of robotics 'laboratories' and/or 'groups'. This is especially true when multiple robotic systems and applications are involved.Over the past several years at ISLAR, many champions of robotics have given presentations on the setup and usage of robotics within their organizations. These managers have described both the 'centralized' and 'decentralized' approaches to the implementation of robotics. In the centralized system, a single group is charged with all aspects of the robotic project, including justification, purchase, validation, use and maintenance. Under such an arrangement, samples are usually given to the robotics group for analysis. In contrast, a totally decentralized approach to robotics would have units interspersed throughout the organization, with each individual group responsible for their respective unit(s), in much the same way as liquid chromatographs are considered.At Hoffmann-La Roche, aspects of both the centralized and decentralized approaches to robotics are used which make our combined system the 'best of both worlds'. This paper describes the Roche philosophy towards robotics and highlights the advantages to the system used. PMID- 18925012 TI - Moving up the automation S-curve: The role of the laboratory automation support function in successful pharmaceutical R&D. AB - The political and economic climate that exists today is a challenging one for the pharmaceutical industry. To effectively compete in today's marketplace, companies must discover and develop truly innovative medicines. The R&D organizations within these companies are under increasing pressure to hold down costs while accomplishing this mission. In this environment of level head count and operating budgets, it is imperative that laboratory management uses resources in the most effective, efficient ways possible. Investment in laboratory automation is a proven tool for doing just that.This paper looks at the strategy and tactics behind the formation and evolution of a central automation/laboratory technology support function at the Glaxo Research Institute. Staffing of the function is explained, along with operating strategy and alignment with the scientific client base. Using the S-curve model of technological progress, both the realized and potential impact on successful R&D automation and laboratory technology development are assessed. PMID- 18925013 TI - The trials and tribulations of a robotic screening core. AB - It is well recognized within the pharmaceutical industry that high throughput screening is a valuable and rapid tool to identify novel chemical compounds that may lead to tomorrow's drugs. High throughput screening involves testing as many chemical compounds as quickly as possible against a defined molecular or cellular 'target' (for example an enzyme) in the hope that interacting compounds may provide significant therapeutic benefits.At Wyeth-Ayerst Research, a Robotics and Automation Research Core Group has been established which serves as the in-house resource for high throughput screening. The robotics group has three missions: (1) develop and perform high throughput screens for customers in all therapeutic departments in the company; (2) educate customers in issues related to screen design; and (3) help customers to bring automated workstations into their laboratories. The mission, therefore, requires the effective use of automation, as well as building a strong collaboration with customers.THE CHALLENGES THAT HAVE BEEN FACED FALL INTO TWO CATEGORIES: technology limiting and customer relations. Technological challenges arise because it is necessary to develop and implement assays with very different formats and biochemical endpoints within extremely shortened time frames. The primary means to meet these challenges is with flexible robotics and flexible people. Challenges in the area of customer relations include setting realistic expectations, maintaining a sense of collaboration (and not merely service), educating investigators as to how to deal with the huge amount of data generated and seeking feedback. Effective and frequent communication, and an awareness of each individual's perspective, are essential to provide the most appropriate service. PMID- 18925014 TI - Managing laboratory automation in a changing pharmaceutical industry. AB - The health care reform movement in the USA and increased requirements by regulatory agencies continue to have a major impact on the pharmaceutical industry and the laboratory. Laboratory management is expected to improve effciency by providing more analytical results at a lower cost, increasing customer service, reducing cycle time, while ensuring accurate results and more effective use of their staff. To achieve these expectations, many laboratories are using robotics and automated work stations. Establishing automated systems presents many challenges for laboratory management, including project and hardware selection, budget justification, implementation, validation, training, and support. To address these management challenges, the rationale for project selection and implementation, the obstacles encountered, project outcome, and learning points for several automated systems recently implemented in the Quality Control Laboratories at Eli Lilly are presented. PMID- 18925015 TI - Atomic fluorescence determination of mercury in fresh water ecosystems. AB - This paper reports on an investigation into determining nanogram/l quantities of mercury in marine and fresh water matrices using a cold vapour generation of mercury, followed by fluorescence detection. Samples were prepared for analysis using a free bromine oxidation technique. A high efficiency gas-liquid separator was used to enhance the detection of mercury. For fresh water, typical method detection limits (MDL) were determined at less than 1 nanogram/l (ng/l). For near shore seawater, the MDL was 1.2 ng/l. Method spikes, which were performed at 20 ng/l, showed mean recoveries within US EPA Contract Laboratory Protocol (CLP) acceptance criteria. System blanks averaged 0.12 ng/l, and recoveries of NIST 1641c diluted to 29.4 ng/l averaged 93.4%. A number of local rivers and streams were sampled, and mercury was determined. All results to date indicate mercury levels below the US EPA chronic water quality criteria for mercury. PMID- 18925016 TI - Evaluation of an automatic HPLC analyser for thalassemia and haemoglobin variants screening. AB - In this paper the authors report the evolution of a new automatic HPLC analyser for screening haemoglobinopathies. HbA(2) and F determinations are accurate and reproducible. The analysis time is short (6.5 min) and there is a good separation between the HbA(2) values of beta-thalassemia carriers from normals and alpha thalassemia carriers, with no overlap between these groups. In addition, the system is also able to detect and quantitate most of the haemoglobin variants, particularly those (HbS, HbC, HbE and Hb Lepore) able to interact with beta thalassemia and could make haemoglobin electrophoresis unnecessary in all samples. The ease of operation and the limited technical work make this system especially suitable for laboratories with a high workload and allow the cost of screening to be reduced. PMID- 18925017 TI - A Hadamard transform UV absorption detection for high performance liquid chromatography. Part I. Preliminary experiments. AB - The principles and design of a Hadamard transform UV absorbance detector for liquid chromatography are outlined, and some spectra of aromatic compounds passing through its flow cell are presented. This approach could be valuable in providing a low-cost multi-wavelength detection method for liquid chromatography. PMID- 18925018 TI - Managing laboratory automation. AB - This paper discusses the process of managing automated systems through their life cycles within the quality-control (QC) laboratory environment. The focus is on the process of directing and managing the evolving automation of a laboratory; system examples are given. The author shows how both task and data systems have evolved, and how they interrelate. A BIG picture, or continuum view, is presented and some of the reasons for success or failure of the various examples cited are explored. Finally, some comments on future automation need are discussed. PMID- 18925019 TI - Reality in the 1990s and beyond-more with less. AB - It is no secret that the pharmaceutical industry is undergoing rapid and revolutionary change. The impact of managed care and threatened pricing caps by the US Congress on new products has caused many companies to re-evaluate their short and long term business and research strategies. In too many cases, this has resulted in down-sizing by both lay-offs and attrition. For most analytical laboratories, this has meant doing more with less resources. There are several major 'realities' that are having a significant influence on the amount and type of analytical support required to bring a new product to the market place in today's regulatory climate. They are pre-approval inspections, the Barr decision and the proposed ICH guidelines. Other realities of the 1990s are also influencing the operation of the analytical laboratory. To cope with these realities, wise use of resources is mandatory. The strategies employed by each company differ, but laboratory automation is usually one of the important elements of the equation. Other elements include contract laboratories, consultants and temporaries. Each of these elements provides part of the solution to doing more with less, but each has its own positives and negatives which must be considered. This paper looks at the relationships between these factors and their impact on the analytical laboratory. PMID- 18925020 TI - The human side of automation: experience in clinical pharmacology. PMID- 18925021 TI - Centrifugation and capillarity integrated into a multiple analyte whole blood analyser. AB - A unique clinical chemistry analyser is described which processes 90 mul of whole blood (fingerstick or venous) into multiple aliquots of diluted plasma and reports the results of 12 tests in 14 min. To perform a panel of tests, the operator applies the unmetered sample directly into a single use, 8 cm diameter plastic rotor which contains the required liquid diluent and dry reagents. Using centrifugal and capillary forces, the rotor meters the required amount of blood, separates the red cells, meters the plasma, meters the diluent, mixes the fluids, distributes the fluid to the reaction cuvettes and mixes the reagents and the diluted plasma in the cuvettes. The instrument monitors the reagent reactions simultaneously using nine wavelengths, calculates the results from the absorbance data, and reports the results. PMID- 18925022 TI - Determination of total carbon dioxide in beer and soft drinks by gas diffusion and flow injection analysis. AB - A gas diffusion FIA method for determination of total CO(2) in beer and in soft drinks is described. The composition of the acceptor stream for diffused carbon dioxide is critical. Bromocresol purple has been selecled among a large number of tested pH indicators and if the detection is made at a wavelength of 430 nm, stable baseline conditions and positive deflections of the resulting FIA peaks are obtained. The selected indicator is combined with a linear pH buffer. A simple and practical graphical method for determining a suitable starting pH of the acceptor stream, as well as the expected dynamic range and the linearity of the calibration graph, is presented. PMID- 18925023 TI - Automated synthesis of radiopharmaceuticals for positron emission tomography: an apparatus for [1-C] labeled carboxylic acid. AB - A fully automated apparatus for the synthesis and formulation of short-lived (11)C (t(1/2) = 20 min)-labeled carboxylic acids for positron emission tomograpy (PET) has been developed. Injectable solutions of [1-(11)C]acetic acid, [1 (11)C]octanoic acid and [1-(11)C]palmitic acid wilh radioactivities of 6.36-8.29 GBq, 0.070-1.43 GBq and 0.42-0.89 GBq were obtained. The preparation time was under 40 min after the end of bombardment. An automatic washing function means that labeled compound of the same or different kinds can be produced several times a day without any maintenance of the system. The control system is sited away from the 'hot laboratory', so operator exposure to radiation is minimized. PMID- 18925024 TI - Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of copper(II), lead(II) and cadrnium(II). AB - The full spectrum technique in the fourier domain was studied for simultaneous determination of Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cd(II) with 4-(2-pyridylazo) resorcinol (PAR). A program called SPGRFSQ. was designed to perform the calculations. Seven error functions were calculated for deducing the number of factors. Data reduction was performed using principal component analysis (PCA) algorithm. Experimental results showed the method to be successful even where there was severe overlap of spectra. PMID- 18925025 TI - Team building and leadership in the successful implementation of automation for high throughput screening. PMID- 18925026 TI - Re-engineering the laboratory. PMID- 18925027 TI - A team approach to the transfer of robotics from technical services to a QC environment. PMID- 18925028 TI - Regrouping, reforming and re-engineering: applying robotics to new challenges. PMID- 18925029 TI - Digging out with a robot. PMID- 18925030 TI - The role of discrete sample injection in trace mercury analysis by atomic fluorescence spectrometry. PMID- 18925031 TI - Evaluation of the SF-3000 haematology analyser. PMID- 18925032 TI - LIMS and chromatographic data acquisition in the manufacturing environment. PMID- 18925033 TI - Multicomponent analysis of stripping voltammograms by target transformation factor analysis. PMID- 18925035 TI - The automatic methods group newsletter. PMID- 18925034 TI - Flow analysis determination of iodide at nanogram levels in water. PMID- 18925036 TI - A new approach to mixing techniques for enhanced performance in automated sample preparation. AB - In the automation of sample dilution or derivatization, the performance of the mixing technique employed when adding solvents or reagents to samples is critical. This paper presents a newly developed mixing method, based on conventional aspiration and dispensing of liquid techniques, but which considerably improves the precision of mixing. The paper discusses the results of a comparison of the technique with other methods and describes the application of the technique to several different types of sample solutions, including a highly concentrated glucose solution. The mixing technique was performed on a Gilson XL Sampling Injector, with a 1/25 dilution of a paraben solution in 2 ml vials to give relative standard deviations of 0.2 to 0.3% (N =10). PMID- 18925037 TI - The speciation of copper (II)/ethylenediamine/oxalate system by evolving factor analysis. AB - Principal component analysis and evolving factor analysis were applied to the study of the speciation of Cu (II)/ethylenediamine/ oxalate. Two programs were designed, based on mathematical algorithms. Error functions were calculated for evaluating the number of species. Submatrix analysis plots were constructed to estimate the species present in the system. The method should prove useful in studies of complex systems in environmental samples. PMID- 18925038 TI - The electronic NOSE and its application to the manufacture of food products. AB - The Electronic NOSE (Neotronics Olfactory Sensing Equipment) is an instrument which mimics the human olfactory sensory system. It analyses complex vapours and produces a simple output. In the food industry there are numerous examples where the aroma from the raw ingredients through to the final product are important. These aromas are currently analysed using human sensory panels or analytical equipment such as gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS).The Electronic NOSE described in this paper was not developed to replace the GC/MS or the sensory panel but to provide an instrumental measure of aroma quality which would be related to and complement the current methodology. The Electronic NOSE is a robust system which can detect complex vapours at levels similar to the human, which means typically in the parts per billion range. The system produces an output which can be easily related to sensory data and is easy to interpret by a non-skilled operator. No part of this system reacts with the sample under test. PMID- 18925040 TI - Collaboration with the laboratory automation standards foundation. PMID- 18925039 TI - Upgrade of a semi-automatic flow injection analysis system to a fully automatic one by means of a resident program. AB - The program and the arrangement for a versatile, computer-controlled flow injection analysis system is described. A resident program (which can be run simultaneously and complementary to any other program) controls (on/off, speed, direction) a pump and a pneumatic valve (emptying and filling position). The system was designed to be simple and flexible for both research and routine work. PMID- 18925041 TI - The automatic methods group newsletter. PMID- 18925042 TI - Automatic determination of mercury in samples of environmental interest. PMID- 18925043 TI - Time-based injection approach for monosegmented continuous flow systems and related techniques. PMID- 18925044 TI - Evaluation of the COBAS Core II immunochemistry analyser. PMID- 18925045 TI - Technical Note: Determination of mercury in blood by on-line digestion with FIMS. PMID- 18925046 TI - Technical Note: Using FIMS to determine mercury content in sewage sludge, sediment and soil samples. PMID- 18925047 TI - Automation of flow injection gas diffusion-ion chromatography for the nanomolar determination of methylamines and ammonia in seawater and atmospheric samples. AB - The automation and improved design and performance of Flow Injection Gas Diffusion-Ion Chromatography (FIGD-IC), a novel technique for the simultaneous analysis of trace ammonia (NH(3)) and methylamines (MAs) in aqueous media, is presented. Automated Flow Injection Gas Diffusion (FIGD) promotes the selective transmembrane diffusion of MAs and NH(3) from aqueous sample under strongly alkaline (pH > 12, NaOH), chelated (EDTA) conditions into a recycled acidic acceptor stream. The acceptor is then injected onto an ion chromatograph where NH(3) and the MAs are fully resolved as their cations and detected conductimetrically. A versatile PC interfaced control unit and data capture unit (DCU) are employed in series to direct the selonoid valve switching sequence, IC operation and collection of data. Automation, together with other modifications improved both linearily (R(2) > 0.99 MAs 0-100 nM, NH(3) 0-1000 nM) and precision (<8%) of FIGD-IC at nanomolar concentrations, compared with the manual procedure. The system was successfully applied to the determination of MAs and NH(3) in seawater and in trapped particulate and gaseous atmospheric samples during an oceanographic research cruise. PMID- 18925048 TI - Evaluation of a random access analyser: BM/Hitachi 911. AB - The performance of Boehringer Mannheim's BM/Hitachi 911 was evaluated for three months. The mean coeffcient of variation (CV) of the within-run and between-run imprecision of the 16 analytes were less than 1.16% (range 0.47-2.38%) and 1.35% (range 0.62-2.93,%), respectively. A linearity study for the various assays covered clinically important levels. No relevant drift was observed during an eight-hour assay nor was any sample-related carry-over detected. In all cases, the regression analyses (slopes) of the results obtainedfrom BM/Hitachi 911 and 717 were between the extreme values of 0.94 and 1.05. During the three months of operation, no major problem was encountered. The BM/Hitachi 911 was found to be easily operated, to require minimal attention and simple daily maintenance during operation. PMID- 18925049 TI - Validation of an ion selective electrode system for the analysis of serum fluoride ion. AB - A high impedance unit was developed for use with a fluoride/pH electrode system for the measurement of serum fluoride. The linearity, accuracy, precision and detection limit of the system is reported. At a pH of 1.55, the system was linear over a range of serum fluoride concentrations up to 100 mumol l(-1), with a lower limit of detection of 0.3 mumol l(-1). Recoveries at this pH were 94-105% in the range 2.6-100 mumol l(-1). Within-run CVs ranged from 4.2% at a level of 2.3 mumol l(-1) to 1.2% at a level of 55.7 mumol l(-1), while day-to-day CVs ranged from 12.8% at a level of 2.2 mumol l(-1) to 4.6% at a level of 51.7 mumol l(-1). The system demonstrated a rapid response time and has the potential for a smaller sample size requirement with alternative electrode shape. Continued development of this unit into an automated fluoride ion selective electrode system is recommended, since the measurement of serial serum fluoride samples is of greatest importance in assessing the impact of new anaesthetic agents on renal function. PMID- 18925051 TI - The evaluation kit for clinical chemistry: a practical guide for the evaluation of methods, instruments and reagent kits. PMID- 18925052 TI - Automation in monitoring gases and particulates in the pulp and paper industry. PMID- 18925053 TI - A microprocessor data-capture and data-base package for the IL508 analyser. PMID- 18925054 TI - Automated enzymatic determination of plasma free fatty acids by centrifugal analysis. PMID- 18925055 TI - A computer program for intra-laboratory quality control. PMID- 18925056 TI - Experiences with a system for signal- and data-processing, together with on-line variance reduction, in continuous-flow analysis. PMID- 18925059 TI - Editorial. PMID- 18925057 TI - Erythrocyte transketolase activity measured on the Gemstar discrete analyser. PMID- 18925060 TI - Announcement of merger with journal of Clinical Labortory Automation. PMID- 18925062 TI - Automatic analyser/computer system for adaptive control of phosphate concentration during fermentation. PMID- 18925064 TI - Critical discussion on a method for derivation of reference limits in clinical chemistry from a patient population. PMID- 18925066 TI - The clinical biochemistry laboratory computer system as a simple calculator: a program in MUMPS. PMID- 18925065 TI - A fully automatic apparatus for chemical reactions on the laboratory scale. PMID- 18925067 TI - Use of N-(l-naphthyl)-ethylendiamine-dihydrochloride (NEDD) as secondary calibrator for conjugated bilirubin on the DuPont aca. PMID- 18925068 TI - 'Instant' cusums from a discrete analyser. PMID- 18925070 TI - Commentary: The changing role of computers in the laboratory. PMID- 18925072 TI - An inexpensive fast memory module for rapid acquisition of digital data. PMID- 18925074 TI - Application of statistical procedures in analytical instrument testing. PMID- 18925073 TI - The use of a microprocessor for flexible automation of an experimental procedure. PMID- 18925075 TI - A comprehensive laboratory automation system. PMID- 18925076 TI - X-ray photon attenuation measurement as a technique for monitoring liquid composition. PMID- 18925077 TI - Assessment of the Eppendorf ERIS analyser. PMID- 18925078 TI - Calculation error following sample dilution: a proposal for processing such specimens using a MUMPS program. PMID- 18925079 TI - Evaluation of an automated haemolytic method for the determination of anti streptolysin O antibodies. PMID- 18925082 TI - Logarithms and exponentiation in MUMPS: routines for the clinical biochemistry laboratory computer system. PMID- 18925083 TI - Automation in multi-dimensional gas chromatography. PMID- 18925084 TI - Laboratory Information Management Systems- a survey. PMID- 18925085 TI - The design of dilution loops for continuous-flow analysis. PMID- 18925086 TI - Continuous-flow analysis: the Auto-Analyzer. PMID- 18925087 TI - A modification of the Hilger Analytical Chemispek multichannel electrolyte analyser for the direct measurement of urine concentrations of sodium, potassium, urea and creatinine. PMID- 18925088 TI - An automated determination of beta-glucuronidase activity in human serum with the Abbot VP bichromatic analyzer. PMID- 18925089 TI - A microscope stage controlled by a BBC Model B microcomputer. PMID- 18925091 TI - Editorial: 'To err is human, it takes a computer to really foul things up!'*. PMID- 18925093 TI - A laboratory and in-ward evaluation of cholesterol assays on the Ames Seralyzer. PMID- 18925094 TI - Automated preparation of biological samples prior to high pressure liquid chromatography: Part I- The use of dialysis for deproteinizing serum for amino acid analysis. PMID- 18925095 TI - Automated preparation of biological samples prior to high pressure liquid chromatography: Part II- The combined use of dialysis and trace enrichment for analysing biological material. PMID- 18925096 TI - Laboratory information- management the CALS approach. PMID- 18925097 TI - Microcomputers in a water authority laboratory. PMID- 18925098 TI - Haemoglobin analysis on whole blood by reflectance photometry. PMID- 18925099 TI - High performance, ion-exchange chromatography of amino-acids in biological fluids using Chromakon 500- performance of the apparatus. PMID- 18925100 TI - Measurement of serum AST activity using the Seralyzer system. PMID- 18925101 TI - Conversion of a potentiometric analyser to control by the ZX Spectrum microcomputer. PMID- 18925104 TI - The introduction of microcomputers into the undergraduate teaching laboratory. PMID- 18925107 TI - Multicentre evaluation of the IL Densiscan. PMID- 18925106 TI - Design and evaluation of an image-dissector-based derivative spectrophotometer. PMID- 18925108 TI - Automatic detection of the autocorrelation-type measurement error component. PMID- 18925109 TI - Treatment of super oxide dismutase assay by a regression method. PMID- 18925110 TI - Interfacing a Cary 210 spectrophotometer to a Commodore PET 2001 microcomputer. PMID- 18925113 TI - Computer acquisition and analysis of data in enzymatic-fluorimetric-continuous flow methods for the measurement of glucose, lactate, pyruvate, alanine, glycerol and 3-hydroxybutyrate in human blood. PMID- 18925114 TI - Flow Injection Analysis: a new tool to automate extraction processes. PMID- 18925115 TI - An evaluation of the Coulter DACOS analyser. PMID- 18925116 TI - Automation of a flow-injection system for multispeciation. PMID- 18925117 TI - Evaluation of derivative spectra for the selective determination of drugs: quantitation of theophylline with phenobarbital and light-scattering components. PMID- 18925119 TI - The influences of the between- and within-run components of variation on the mean rule. PMID- 18925118 TI - Evaluation of fluorescence excitation transfer immunoassay for the measurement of plasma cortisol. PMID- 18925123 TI - Automated chemical synthesis. Part 4: Batch-type reactor automation and real-time software design. PMID- 18925124 TI - Computer-aided chemistry. Part I: Control of the PAR 273 electrochemical instrument using the IBM 9001 laboratory computer. PMID- 18925126 TI - Pipette cleaning in automated systems. PMID- 18925127 TI - Automation in urinalysis: sample and data management, and quality control. PMID- 18925128 TI - A procedure for estimating bias between quantitative analytical methods. PMID- 18925129 TI - A concurrent process for the automatic preparation of biological samples combined with high pressure liquid chromatographic analysis. PMID- 18925132 TI - An evaluation of the Waters Pico-Tag system for the amino-acid analysis of food materials. PMID- 18925134 TI - A model for cost analysis-application to clinical laboratory test economics using computer facilities. PMID- 18925135 TI - Kinetic-based determinations in continuous-flow analysis. PMID- 18925136 TI - Evaluation of a new semi-automated high-performance liquid chromatography method for glycosylated haemoglobins. PMID- 18925137 TI - Serum ionized calcium: evaluation of the Analyte +2 calcium analyser in a clinical chemistry laboratory. PMID- 18925138 TI - Time utilities: programs in MUMPS for calculating intervals of time and for timing events. PMID- 18925139 TI - Comparative evaluation of a Technicon SMAC2/RA1000 System with an American Monitor Parallel during normal service work. PMID- 18925140 TI - Biochemical laboratory management with a microcomputer. PMID- 18925143 TI - Element-specific detectors for high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC): a computerized, automated HPLC-graphite furnace atomic absorption system. PMID- 18925145 TI - A versatile computerized polarograph, polarographic sample changer and data acquisition system: applications in electrode mechanism studies. PMID- 18925146 TI - The systematic error caused by random errors through data reduction. PMID- 18925147 TI - Role of valves in non-segmented flow systems. PMID- 18925148 TI - Analysing the effects of hardware upgrades on the performance of a LABCOM+ clinical laboratory computer system. PMID- 18925149 TI - Artifactually elevated BUN values on the Boehringer Mannheim-Hitachi 737 and 705 automated chemistry analysers and the development of a kinetic BUN method. PMID- 18925150 TI - An aid to interfacing analytical instrumentation to laboratory computer systems. PMID- 18925151 TI - Amperometric determination of nitrogen dioxide in air samples by flow injection and reaction at a gas-liquid interface. PMID- 18925154 TI - An evaluation of the EPOS selective chemistry analyser. PMID- 18925155 TI - Real-time spectral evaluation for gas chromatography-Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. PMID- 18925156 TI - A method for determining total nitrogen in Kjeldahl digestion solution using a centrifugal analyser. PMID- 18925157 TI - An evaluation of the Eppendorf EPOS 5060 biochemistry autoanalyser. PMID- 18925158 TI - The effect of instrumental and environmental factors on the thermal regulation of the temperature of incubation - IFCC Document (1986). PMID- 18925159 TI - The use of queueing theory for planning automated analytical systems. PMID- 18925160 TI - Automated, quantitative, low-pressure, cation-exchange chromatography of haemoglobin variants on midget columns. PMID- 18925161 TI - Performance characteristics of a light-scattering immunoassay for thyroxine on a discretionary analyser. PMID- 18925162 TI - Comparative precision of laboratory methods. PMID- 18925163 TI - Guidelines (1987) for classification, calculation and validation of conversion rates in clinical chemistry - International Federation of Clinical Chemistry, Scientific Committee, Analytical Section: Expert Panel on Analytical Systems, Expert Panel on Enzymes; IFCC Document Stage 2, Draft 4. PMID- 18925164 TI - Evaluation of the Olympus Demand random access chemistry analyser. PMID- 18925165 TI - Evaluation of the Kodak Ektachem DT60 analyser for sodium, potassium, glucose and urea. PMID- 18925166 TI - Design of an automatic titrator. PMID- 18925167 TI - Comparison of a time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay with a solid phase immunoradiometric assay the measurement of alphafetoprotein in amniotic fluid. PMID- 18925168 TI - A simple and versatile interface to feed analogue data from the output of analytical instruments to a BBC microcomputer. PMID- 18925169 TI - On-line reductive cyclic voltammetric analysis of the anticancer agents mitomycin C, some of its degradation products and profiromycin. PMID- 18925170 TI - IBM-XT processing of selected ion monitoring, data files from a Hewlett-Packard 5970 mass selective detector. PMID- 18925171 TI - The 'Automated Versatile Modular Reactor': construction and use. PMID- 18925173 TI - A novel approach to non-segmented flow analysis. Part 1: An experimental system. PMID- 18925172 TI - A comparison of the performance and clinical utility of mid-molecular and C terminal parathyroid hormone assays. PMID- 18925174 TI - A model for lifetime analysis - application to clinical laboratory instruments using computer facilities. PMID- 18925175 TI - Automated calculation of coagulation activity and International Normalized Ratio in oral anticoagulant control. PMID- 18925176 TI - Laboratory evaluation of the Greiner G450 discrete analyser. PMID- 18925177 TI - Correspondence: A method for determining total nitrogen... PMID- 18925178 TI - 'Journal of Automatic Chemistry'-the first 10 years. PMID- 18925179 TI - Instrument selection and evaluation. PMID- 18925180 TI - Robots in the clinical laboratory. PMID- 18925181 TI - Automated processing of whole blood samples into microliter aliquots of plasma. AB - A rotor that accepts and automatically processes a bulk aliquot of a single blood sample into multiple aliquots of plasma has been designed and built. The rotor consists of a central processing unit, which includes a disk containing eight precision-bore capillaries. By varying the internal diameters of the capillaries, aliquot volumes ranging 1 to 10 mul can be prepared. In practice, an unmeasured volume of blood is placed in a centre well, and, as the rotor begins to spin, is moved radially into a central annular ring where it is distributed into a series of processing chambers. The rotor is then spun at 3000 rpm for 10 min. When the centrifugal field is removed by slowly decreasing the rotor speed, an aliquot of plasma is withdrawn by capillary action into each of the capillary tubes. The disk containing the eight measured aliquots of plasma is subsequently removed and placed in a modifed rotor for conventional centrifugal analysis. Initial evaluation of the new rotor indicates that it is capable of producing discrete, microliter volumes of plasma with a degree of accuracy and precision approaching that of mechanical pipettes. PMID- 18925182 TI - Automated serum chloride analysis using the Apple computer. AB - Chloride analysis employing a coulometric technique is a wellestablished method. However, the equipment needed is specialized and somewhat expensive. The purpose of this paper is to report the development of the hardware and software to perform this analysis using an Apple computer to control the coulometric titration, as well as to automate it and to print out the results.The Apple computer is used to control the flow of current in a circuit, which includes silver and platinum electrodes where the following reactions take place:Ag- >Ag++le- (at silver anode)2H2O+2e--->2OH-+H2 (at platinum cathode)The generated silver ions then react with the chloride ion in the sample to form AgCl.Ag++Cl-- >AgCl(s)When all of the chloride ion has been titrated, the concentration of silver ions in solution increases rapidly, which causes an increase in the current between two silver microelectrodes. This current is converted to a voltage and amplified by a simple circuit. This voltage is read by the analogue to-digital converter. The computer stops the titration and calculates the chloride ion content of the sample. Thus, the computer controls the apparatus, records the data, and reacts to the data to terminate the analyses and prints out the results and messages to the analyst.Analysis of standards and reference sera indicate the method is rapid, accurate and precise. Application of this apparatus as a teaching aidfor electronics to chemistry and medical students is also described. PMID- 18925183 TI - Immobilized enzymes in flow-injection analysis: present and trends. AB - An overview of the use of immobilized enzymes in flow-injection analysis (FIA) is presented. The joint use of FIA and immobilized enzymes means that analytical procedures are easily automated, analytical costs are reduced and methods are faster. The future possibilities for this combination are discussed. PMID- 18925184 TI - Computerization of a routine clinical chemistry laboratory using a Sig/net 3B series multi-user computer system. PMID- 18925185 TI - A novel approach to non-segmented flow analysis. Part 2. A prototype high performance analyser. AB - A high-performance continuous flow analyser is described, based on gas pressure driven carrier and reagents controlled by computer switched solenoid valves. The principal characteristics of the analyser are discussed and examples of its performance are provided in the form of results obtained using a standard procedure for the determination of Cr(VI). The system was also tested in use with real samples using an ammonium ion analysis on potable and effluent water samples, and the results compared with those obtained using a segmented continuous flow method operated at the Laboratory of the Government Chemist. PMID- 18925186 TI - Evaluation of the Coulter Counter S-Plus VI. AB - This article reports an evaluation of the Coulter Counter model S-Plus VI automatic analyser for haematology, and data are presented on linearity, carry over, precision, accuracy and stability of the instrument, when compared with a model S-Plus IV/D.The three-part differential count provided by Coulter S-Plus VI has been compared with manual eye counting. The results show a good agreement with only 2.5% of discrepancies in 2271 routine samples.ADVANTAGES OF THE NEW INSTRUMENT INCLUDE: reduction of running costs, largely due to manpower saving; simple and easy use, and improved operator safety, there being no need for human contact with blood. PMID- 18925187 TI - An evaluation of the Kemtek 1000 sample processor. AB - The Kemtek 1000 Sample Processor has been evaluated for precision, accuracy, speed and reliability. Precision was better than 1.0% at all volumes tested and accuracy within +/-5%. A l00-tube assay could be set up within 15 min when patient specimens plus two reagents were sampled using a two probe system. Carry over could be reduced to <0.01% by using a sufficient number of wash steps, the latter being related to the assay requirements. Evidence was found for adsorption of protein to the probe tubing but inaccuracies due to this could be reduced by introducing wash steps between samples. Problems over 12 months have been minor and quickly resolved. The authors were pleased with the way the processor performed and their staffhave confidence in leaving it to set up their assays. PMID- 18925188 TI - A review of large biochemistry analysers. PMID- 18925189 TI - Editorial: Education and training for laboratory automation. PMID- 18925191 TI - Exploring multivariate clinical chemical routine data concerning three major disease groups. AB - In preparation for multivariate analysis, an exploratory study has been undertaken to investigate the relative position, separability, homogeneity and shape of three major disease groups, using data from a clinical chemical routine package.The data set consists of 46 hepatology patients, 50 nephrology patients and 46 cardiology patients, and the measured blood levels include 20 common clinical chemical routine assays. Missing value problems were avoided by deleting some of the variables and objects.A univariate analysis was used as the basis ofa rescaling of the data.Bivariate (pairwise) plots of some major assays each show limited separation. The set of three such plots of the three major principal components reveals more distinction between the groups than was offered by univariate analysis. Three-dimensional extensions of these techniques allow better insight than any of the two-dimensional plots, but these three-dimensional versions require more plots for complete interpretation.Non-linear mapping of the data is the best way of retaining the distances and a fairly good separation is achieved in the plot. The plot is less informative about shape and relative position of the classes.Representation of the data as pictures of faces does not offer additional information and visual clustering is worse than in any of the techniques mentioned.During the analysis many assumed properties of the data are confirmed and a good starting pointfor multivariate classification is attained. Easy visual detection of outliers is offered by all techniques. Unfortunately, valuable information is lost in this data set by deleting some incomplete variables. PMID- 18925192 TI - A systematic evaluation of the Olympus AU5061 as an effective replacement for the SMAC II analyser. PMID- 18925193 TI - Analytical sonochemistry: a review. PMID- 18925194 TI - A computer-controlled potentiometric/spectrophotometric titrator. AB - A laboratory computer controlled potentiometric titrator interfaced to a diode array spectrophotometer is described. The titrator consists of widely used, commercially available components; therefore, major attention is given to modes of interconnection and software implementation in data format and system control. Replicate potentiometric titrations of glycines gave a relative standard deviation in titre of 1.035% and a relative standard deviation in pH of 0.745%. Replicate spectrophotometric titrations of bromophenol blue were analysed at three wavelengths to yield pKa= 3.898 +/- 0.075 (1.9% rsd).Methods of data presentation and manipulation are presented. PMID- 18925195 TI - Investigation of the steady state measurement process. AB - Based on the role of steady state concept in the model of analytical chemical measurement and deduction, the definition of 'practically sleady slate' (PSS) has been inlroduced. The defnition does not require the process to be in steady state in a strictly mathematical sense. In order to fulfil the requiremenls of 'practically steady state' the random error and the syslematic error must vary within a suitable limit, and the expected fgure for the measured value must be within a specified range.The goal of the present investigation was to detect the steady state of the measurement process with respect to the analytical information (peak area ratio) based on the measured values. The method proposed proved to be useful for the determination of the simultaneously present systematic error and random error. Control based on the measured values of the internal standard is useful, but additional information is necessary. There are several advantages to the method described: the results for the internal standard indicate possible sources of disturbances and allow the end of the steady state measurement process to be predicted. PMID- 18925196 TI - Automation of a Beckman liquid scintillation counter for data capture and data base management. PMID- 18925198 TI - Automation in urinalysis: evaluation of three urine test strip analysers. AB - A clinical laboratory evaluation was conducted on the Clinitek Auto 2000, the Super Aution Analyzer and the Urotron RL9 for the determination of glucose, protein, pH, blood, ketone-bodies and bilirubin.Precision of the systems was tested using three commercial control urine materials, and reported as the percentage of times the instrument repeats a certain value. Good repeatability was obtained with all the instruments.Accuracy of the systems was evaluated by comparison with quantitative procedures, and to check agreement between methods yielding semi-quantitative and quantitative results, ranges of acceptability were defined, based on the criteria reported in a previous paper [2]. It was then found that 87.5 to 98.9% of results from the Urotron RL9 and the Clinitek Auto 2000 were acceptable. With the Super Aution Analyzer the level of agreement was apparently lower because of the higher number of concentration steps used by this instrument. PMID- 18925199 TI - Acquisition and analysis of GFAAS data. AB - Since its inception as an analytical technique some 30 years ago atomic absorption spectrometry has become a firmly established method for the analysis of trace metals. Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry provides the analyst with the capability of analysis of solutions containing mug l(-1) levels of the analyte, but, because of the transient nature of the signals, a sophisticated approach to the data aquisition and handling of data is required. Most modern commercial graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometers have built in microprocessors for this purpose but they often have limited capability for extensible user programs and limited data storage facilities. In this communication we describe the use of an Apple IIe microcomputer for the acquisition of data from a Pye Unicam SP9 graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer. Details of the interface which utilizes an in-house designed AD converter, and an overview of the Pascal and assembler programs employed are given. The system allows the user to record, store and dump the graphical display of the furnace signalsfor all analyses performed. Files containing details of peak height, and area are formatted on an eight-column spreadsheet. Details of sample type, concentrations of standards, dilutions and replication are entered from the keyboard. The calibration graph is constructed using a moving quadratic fit routine and the concentrations of the analyte in unknown solutions calculated. In addition to this, greater processing power and integration of the data into other analytical schemes can be achieved by exporting the data to other software packages and computers. Details of data transfer between the Apple IIe and an Amstrad PC 1512 are given. Some examples of the use of the system in the development of an analytical methodfor silver in plant material are given. PMID- 18925200 TI - Post-column coulometric generation and cyclic voltammetric identification of the free radical of the antineoplastic agent etoposide (VP 16-213). AB - It has been suggested that etoposide can be transformed 'in vivo' into a radical intermediate, which may be involved in the irreversible binding of etoposide to microsomal proteins and in DNA damage. To investigate some physico-chemical properties, the on-line coulometric production of this free radical and its subsequent cyclic voltammetric detection is described. For the synthesis, a coulometric ESA Coulochem 5100A module, equipped with an ESA 5010 analytical cell, has been used. For its detection the computerized cyclic voltammetric detection system after HPLC controlled by an Apple IIe computer, using home-made software and a home-made glassy-carbon wall-jet detector, has been used. Application of a ramdisk allows storage of 68 cyclic voltammograms. In a methanol phosphate buffer (pH=8) (40:60 w/w) containing mobile phase, the forward scan of the on-line cyclic voltammogram of etoposide shows two oxidation steps, caused by a double one-electron transfer. Post-column electrolysis at +500 mV versus the H(+)/H2 reference electrode results into total disappearance of the first oxidation step, whereas a reduction wave arises. The limiting current of this wave, and the remaining second oxidation wave, are of equal heights, indicating one-electron processes. Under these conditions, the half-life time of the product, and consequently the free radical, is 100 s, determined by stopped-flow analysis. Decreasing the pH of the buffer in the mobile phase to pH 2.2 results in merging of the two oxidation steps to a single two-electron transfer, disabling radical formation. Under physiological conditions ('in vivo') the established half-life time of the radical enables participation of the intermediate in metabolic processes. PMID- 18925201 TI - Automated continuous monitoring of inorganic and total mercury in wastewater and other waters by flow-injection analysis and cold-vapour atomic absorption spectrometry. AB - An automated continuous monitoring system for the determination of inorganic and total mercury by flow-injection analysis followed by cold-vapour atomic absorption spectrometry is described. The method uses a typical flow-injection manifold where digestion and reduction of the injected sample takes place. Mercury is removed by aeration from the flowing stream in a specially designed air-liquid separator and swept into a silica cell for absorption measurement at a wavelength of 253.7 nm. A calibration curve up to 10 mug Hg ml(-1) using three different path length cells is obtained with a detection limit of 0.02 mug Hg ml( 1). The sampling rate of an injection every 3 min produces 20 results per hour from a flowing stream. PMID- 18925202 TI - Confidence interval approach for evaluating bias in laboratory methods. AB - A statistically significant difference in mean values between two laboratory quantitation methods is interpreted as a bias. Sometimes such a difference is so minute that it does not constitute any practical concern. An alternative approach is to test statistically whether the two methods are close enough, not for equality. This is to look at the confidence interval of the mean method difference and does not entail any additional statistical tests. PMID- 18925203 TI - Pittsburgh conference, new orleans, USA, 1988. PMID- 18925206 TI - Understanding analytical systems technology for selective analysis. PMID- 18925207 TI - General principles for the classification of analysers. AB - The IUPAC Commission on Automation and New Technologies has developed a scheme for the classification of analytical systems. The classification scheme is reported in this paper. PMID- 18925208 TI - Selectivity and random-access in automatic analysers. PMID- 18925209 TI - Temperature control and volume measurement in clinical analysers. PMID- 18925210 TI - Control of optics in random access analysers. AB - The technology behind random access analysers involves flexible optical systems which can measure absorbances for one reaction at different scheduled times, and for several reactions performed simultaneously at different wavelengths. Optics control involves light sources (continuous and flash mode), indexing of monochromatic filters, injection-moulded plastic cuvettes, optical fibres, and polychromatic analysis. PMID- 18925211 TI - Electronic control in random access analysers. PMID- 18925212 TI - Recommendations for definition and determination of carry-over effects. PMID- 18925213 TI - Organizational aspects of selective analysers. PMID- 18925214 TI - Adaptation of a cold vapour mercury analyser to flow injection analysis. AB - Minor modifications to a Coleman MAS-50A Mercury Analyser System allowed the determination of mercury by flow injection analysis. Using sample volumes of 600 mul it was possible to analyse up to 120 samples per hour, with a detection limit of 0.2 mug. l(-1) (120 pg) of mercury. The authors also report on a simple digestion procedure which replaces the time- and reagent-consuming EPA procedure, when the sample content permits. PMID- 18925215 TI - A novel approach to non-segmented flow analysis: Part 3. Nitrate, nitrite and ammonium in waters. AB - A high-performance continuous-flow analyser is used for the analysis of nitrate, nitrite and ammonium ion in potable waters. The results demonstrate that (1) the analyser allows the sequential determination of a number of analytes without requiring modification to the manifold; (2) the use of programmed slicing of the reaction mixture allows a wide range of analyte concentrations to be handled; and (3) that the sensitivity achieved compares favourably with the best available from conventional flow-injection analysis. The limits of detection were found to be 5 ppb for NH(4) (+), 30 ppb for NO(3) (-), and 4 ppb for NO(2) (-). PMID- 18925216 TI - Howard Malmstadt: an inspiration. PMID- 18925217 TI - Guidelines (1988) for training in clinical laboratory management. AB - Trainees in laboratory medicine must develop skills in laboratory management. Guidelines are detailed for laboratory staff in training, directors responsible for staff development and professional bodies wishing to generate material appropriate to their needs. The syllabus delineates the knowledge base required and includes laboratory planning and organization, control of operations, methodology and instrumentation, data management and statistics, financial management, clinical use of tests, communication, personnel management and training and research and development. Methods for achievement of the skills required are suggested. A bibliography of IFCC publications and other material is provided to assist in training in laboratory management. PMID- 18925218 TI - Computerized cyclic voltammetric detection after HPLC of the antineoplastic agents etoposide, teniposide, adriamycin and its metabolite adriamycinol in urine samples. AB - A computerized electrochemical detection system for application after HPLC, provided with a cyclic voltammetric oxidative and reductive module, is described for the on-line qualitative determination of electroactive antineoplastic agents and metabolites in urine samples, collected from cancer patients, following intravenous administration.The application of two cyclic voltammetric detection modes provides an insight into both oxidative and reductive electrode reactions of compounds, passing the detector and the occurrence of (it)reversible chemical and electrochemical processes at the electrode surface. In this way, redox properties of drugs and metabolites characteristic of their molecular structure, can be established, which may provide information related to their (enzymatic) bioactivation.In the cyclic voltammetric mode, the system permits automatic detection of a compound in the cell, recording, storage and plotting of voltammograms and calculation of the retention times, the half-wave potentials and the peak potentials of each scan of all individual compounds. For routine use, storage of 68 voltammograms on-line is sufficient for the analysis of biological samples in clinical-pharmacological research. Special attention has been paid to automatic, multi-reference-point component detection.Based on their concentrations in urine, the oxidative cyclic voltammetric mode, using a glassy carbon electrode, permits the determination of etoposide and teniposide, whereas the reductive cyclic voltammetric mode, with a static mercury drop electrode, permits the determination of adriamycin and its metabolite adriamycinol. PMID- 18925219 TI - Data acquisition system for chemical kinetic studies. AB - A microcomputer-interfaced data acquisition system for chemical kinetics (interfacing with laboratory analogue instruments) has been developed. Analogue signals from instruments used in kinetics experiments are amplifed by a wide range adjustable high-gain operational amplifier and smoothed by an op-based filter, and then digitized at rates of up to 10(4) samples per channel by an ADC 0816 digitizer. The ADC data transfer and manipulation routine was written in Assembler code and in high-level language; the graphics package and data treatment package is in Basic. For the various sampling speeds, all of the program can be written using Basic-Assembler or completely in Assembler if a high sampling rate is needed. Several numerical treatment methods for chemical kinetics have been utilized to smooth the data from experiments.The computer interfaced system for second-order chemical kinetic studies was applied to the determination of the rate constant of the saponification of ethyl acetate at 35 degrees C. For this specific problem, an averaging treatment was used which can be called an interval method. The use of this method avoids the diffcully of measuring the starting time of the reaction. Two groups of experimental data and results were used to evaluate the systems performance. All of the results obtained are in agreement with the reference value. PMID- 18925220 TI - Effects of system tuning and RAM disk on the performance of a clinical laboratory information system. AB - Improvements in the performance of a laboratory computer system do not necessarily require the replacement of major portions of the system and may not require the acquisition of any hardware at all. Major bottlenecks may exist in the ways that the operating system manages its resources and the algorithm used for timesharing decisions. Moreover, significant throughput improvements may be attainable by switching to a faster storage device if substantial disk activity is performed. In this study the fractions of time used for each of the types of tasks a laboratory computer system performs (e.g. applications programs, disk transfer, queue cycler) are defined and measured. Methods for reducing the time fractions of the various types of overhead are evaluated by doing before and after studies. The combined results of the three studies indicated that a 50% improvement could be gained through system tuning and faster storage without replacement of the computer itself. PMID- 18925221 TI - Comparison of seven serum assays on four automatic analysers. AB - Serum enzyme assays used on four different analysers (Hitachi 737, Hitachi 705, Cobas-bio and RA-2X) were compared by determining the activity of seven different enzymes (AST, ALT, LD, ALP, GGT, CK and AMS). Performance checks (quality control procedure) and replications (the study of the total analytic imprecision and of its components) were conducted and the methods were compared by linear regression analysis with statistical inference on the curves following the protocols of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS: PSEP- 2, PSEP-3, PSEP-4). The correlation coefficients between the methods (r = 0.991-0.999), together with the other statistical parameters, indicated that the methods are well correlated on all the instruments. The total imprecision was good for all analytes, except ALT. Among the instruments tested, the RA-2X gave more variable results, although the total imprecision was acceptable. There was no relevant carry-over effect. The evaluation of performance claims indicated that the expected error did not substantially affect the results at the level of clinical decisions. PMID- 18925222 TI - Computer-based automation of concentration measurements with ion-selective electrodes. AB - An integrated computer system consisting of an expandable ionanalyzer and a PC has been used to automate concentration measurements with ion-selective electrodes (ISEs). The ionanalyzer determines ionic concentrations using a reference electrode coupled with an ISE. The measurements and calibrations are carried out in a thermostated sample changer equipped with a flow cell. The data obtained by the ionanalyzer are sent via a standard RS 232-C interface to a microcomputer. In this paper, we describe the automatic data acquisition system and the subsequent processing of the measurements. One program (Transorion) automatically collects the measurements carried out by the ionanalyzer, giving a real-time graphic representation of the measurement on the computer screen. A second program (Graforion) facilitates the management of the data stored by the first program, and listing and graphics of these can be obtained on the printer/plotter. The method has been used to study continuous concentration changes in an aqueous solution of potassium iodide. PMID- 18925224 TI - Performance of a reflectometric technique for serum alanine aminotransferase determinations. AB - The Ames Seralyzer uses solid phase chemistry coupled with reflectance spectroscopy to measure levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (serum ALT). The study reported here was carried out to evaluate the performance of the Seralyzer method compared to conventional analyses carried out on a Coulter Dacos discrete random access analyser using Boehringer (BCL) reagents conforming to SCE specications at 37 degrees C. Clinically acceptable accuracy and precision were obtained. The effect of bilirubin and haemoglobin on the test was investigated. Increased levels of bilirubin in sera did not affect the estimation but the presence of high haemoglobin levels produced significant interference. The overall practicality of the Seralyzer was assessed and the method was found to be particularly suitable for the estimation of urgent or high risk samples in the laboratory or for use by suitably trained personnel in other clinical areas. PMID- 18925226 TI - Short courses. PMID- 18925225 TI - A simple, automated device for the precise addition of liquids. AB - Metering liquid reagents into reaction mixtures in a controlled and reproducible manner has often been a problem in synthetic chemistry. Carrying out the real simultaneous addition of two or more liquid reagents (concurrent additions) is even more inconvenient. Difficulties increase when addition volumes become small, when addition times become long, or when the reagents are corrosive or air sensitive. We have constructed and tested an inexpensive, automated device for the slow, precise delivery of liquid reagents into laboratory-scale reaction mixtures. Controlled by a standard personal computer, this slow adder can accommodate liquid volumes from hundreds of microlitres to litres and addition times from minutes to days. Its glass and Teflon construction makes it useful for nearly all reagents. By using multiple slow adders, true concurrent addition of several liquids can be easily achieved. PMID- 18925227 TI - An evaluation of the Monarch chemistry analyser. AB - The Monarch Chemistry system, a centrifugal analyser incorporating sophisticated robotics for analytical rotor transfer and flexible software for workload scheduling, has been evaluated. The optical system is capable of monitoring absorbance, fluorescence and light scattering reactions. In addition, an ion selective electrode unit may be incorporated for the measurement of sodium, potassium and chloride.The precision, accuracy, linearity, calibration stability and carry-over were investigated for 19 routine chemistries. The within-batch and between-day precision data were good in the majority of cases; some chemistries demonstrated poor performance at low analyte concentrations. Method comparison studies showed good agreement, with small discrepancies being due to different calibration material and methodological differences. Major discrepancies were found with CK and LD; linearity studies were good in all cases, except calcium. No significant sample or reagent carry-over was found.Assessment of throughput for a variety of test profiles varied between 300 and 605 tests per hour.The instrument was easy to operate, very flexible and capable of handling a large and varied workload. PMID- 18925228 TI - Evaluation of a new instrument offering sodium, potassium, and ionized calcium in combination with haematocrit, pH and blood gas analysis; the performance of the Nova Stat Profile 1. AB - The Nova Stat Profile 1 analyser, a combined sodium, potassium, ionized calcium, haematocrit and conventional blood gas analyser, was evaluated over a four month period. In addition to assessing and demonstrating that the instrument met analytical requirements, an appreciation of the use of ionised calcium (iCa) was made. Prospective costs were characterised and practical problems of iCa measurement addressed. PMID- 18925230 TI - Guidelines (1988) for listing specifications of centrifuges. PMID- 18925231 TI - Guidelines (1988) for preparation of laboratory procedure manuals for clinical chemistry. PMID- 18925232 TI - Design and operation of an autosampler controlled flow-injection preconcentration system for lead determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. AB - Flow-injection manifolds are described which allow the preconcentration of lead for flame atomic absorption determinations, using columns contained within the sample loop of an injection valve. An interface was designed which allowed the valves and pump in the system to be controlled by an autosampler which enabled precise timing of preconcentration and elution steps. The effects of sample flow rate, buffer pH and buffer type for preconcentration and eluent concentration and flow rate were investigated in order to obtain optimum performance of the system. A 50-times improvement in detection limits over conventional sample introduction was obtained for a sample volume of approximately 12 ml, preconcentrated for 150 s. The injection of eluent, as opposed to the use of a continuously flowing eluent stream, enabled this reagent to be conserved. PMID- 18925233 TI - Immunoturbidimetric determination of serum transferrin on a Kone Progress autoanalyser. AB - The Kone Progress, a multiparametric discrete analyser, was used to determine serum transferrin with a kit supplied by Kone. Assays recommended by the French Society of Clinical Chemistry were performed in order to assess the suitability of the test. Repeatability was assessed using serum pools with low (L), medium (M) and high (H) concentrations of transferrin. The coeffcients of variation (CV) were 5.4, 3.2 and 2.0% respectively for 30 determinations (within-batch). Reproducibility on 15 consecutive days (between-batch) was also satisfactory (CV for L = 7.3%, M = 6.3% and H = 3.8%). There was no serum-to-serum contamination. Results correlated closely with those obtained using radial immunodiffusion (RID) (r = 0.942) and total iron-binding capacity (r = 0.954)for 90 determinations.Transferrin measurement by immunoturbidimetry on the Kone Progress emerges as a well-suited, rapid and inexpensive alternative to other time consuming (RID) and sophisticated (laser immunonephelemeter) techniques. PMID- 18925234 TI - Computer-Aided Chemistry at Surrey - the way ahead. AB - This article describes the objectives and rationale of the degree course in Computer-Aided Chemistry at the University of Surrey. The course, which is the first of its kind, represents a sharp break with the past in that industry was intimately involved in the early stages of the planning as well as providing subsequent support; furthermore, much of the teaching is done via a workshop approach. The course aims to produce high-calibre chemists, particularly of the analytical kind, with a firm foundation in computing and having benefited from the close collaboration and cooperation of industry. PMID- 18925235 TI - Patterns in clinical chemistry requests. AB - For each patient sample that is presented to the clinical chemistry laboratory a combination of various tests can be requested. This combination or profile will depend on the condition of the patient, and hence also on the requesting hospital department. Several techniques were applied to detect and describe patterns in tests requested by the cardiology, hepatology and nephrology sections of the out patient's Department for Internal Medicine. Comparison of the frequencies of ordering the tests showed significant differences between these sections. Cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling were used to show similarities and differences in the test profiles that were used by the sections. These techniques are useful for generating hypotheses, but the statistical significance of the clustering found is difficult to assess. PMID- 18925236 TI - Application of robotics In the clinical laboratory. AB - The basic types of robot are explained, and the performances and costs of some commercial examples are given. The potential advantages and problems of introducing robots into clinical laboratories are identified and the specifcation of a suitable robot is developed. None of the commercially available robots meets all aspects of the specificalion, and currently the purchase of a robot is considered premature for most clinical laboratories. PMID- 18925237 TI - Decision-theoretical formulation of the calibration problem. AB - The choice of calibration policy is of basic importance in analytical chemistry. A prototype of the practical calibration problem is formulated as a mathematical task and a Bayesian solution of the resulting decision problem is presented. The optimum feedback calibration policy can then be found by dynamic programming. The underlying parameter estimation and filtering are solved by updating relevant conditional distributions. In this way: the necessary information is specified (for instance, the need for knowledge of the probability distribution of unknown samples is clearly recognized as the conceptually unavoidable informational source); the relationship of the information gained from a calibration experiment to the ultimate goal of calibration, i.e., to the estimation of unknown samples, is explained; an ideal solution is given which can serve for comparing various ways of calibration; and a consistent and conceptually simple guideline is given for using decision theory when solving problems of analytical chemistry containing uncertain data. The abstract formulation is systematically illustrated by an example taken from gas chromatography. PMID- 18925238 TI - Towards properly controlled analytical measurement methods. AB - It is of great practical importance to develop simple methods for the automatic detection ofthe controlled state of the analytical method being applied. The key point is to find quantities that greatly affect the quality of the analytical results and that can be easily estimated during the measurement process from the measured data. The signal-to-noise ratio has proved to be such a quantity in gas chromatographic methods. The statistical properties of the estimation of the signal-to-noise ratio from gas chromatographic data have been investigated. The suggested practical method for estimating the signal-to-noise ratio proved to be biased from a mathematical statistical point of view, but the bias is usually not greater than 10%. It has been shown by practical examples that the signal-to noise ratio affects the quality of the analytical results and it is easy to estimate its value from practical data. PMID- 18925239 TI - An evaluation of osmolality measurement by freezing point depression using micro amounts of sample. AB - An evaluation of the Advanced micro-osmometer is presented. This instrument has been shown to have an excellent analytical precision (within-run CV = 0.59%, between-day CV = 0.58%). It is accurate over an analytical range of 0-2000 mmol/kg of osmolality shown by linearity studies and split sample correlations against vapour pressure osmometry, freezing point osmometry and an external quality assurance programme. Analytical errors due to operator technique are almost eliminated because of good instrument design. Preliminary results on whole blood osmolality are included. The required sample size of 20 mul permits osmolality measurements on most clinical samples. It is concluded that the Advanced micro-osmometer satisfies laboratory requirements. PMID- 18925240 TI - Sample introduction valve used in ICP-AES for faster analysis. AB - A twin six-port valve with two sample loops was installed between the autosampler and the nebuliser of a simultaneous inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometer. The valve was mounted close to the nebuliser inlet so that the time required for the sample to enter from the loop to the nebulizer was less than 0.5 s. The content of one loop was introduced to the nebulizer using a peristalic pump, whilst a second loop was filed with the next sample using a second peristaltic pump. The washout time was in this manner reduced by 20 s per analysis and the hourly sampling rate was increased from 90 to 180 in the measurements described. PMID- 18925242 TI - A simple flow-injection method for the determination of blood glucose using a Technicon immobilized enzyme coil. AB - The applicability of a single-channel flow-injection system with immobilized enzyme coil (Technicon) and UV detection to the determination of glucose is described. The method was used for a pure glucose solution and for serum. The detection limit was 0.10 mM, the rate of determination was 20-40 per hour and the precision was satisfactory. The system is very simple and practical when many analysis are to be determined periodically. PMID- 18925243 TI - Short courses. PMID- 18925244 TI - Letter to the Editor: The effects of hyperlipidaemia, hyperbilirubinaemia and haemolysis on tests performed by the Olympus AU 5000 multiple analyser. PMID- 18925245 TI - Calibration and measurement control based on Bayes statistics. AB - The Bayesian methodology described in this paper has the inherent capability of choosing, from calibration-type curves, candidates which are plausible with respect to measured data, expert knowledge and theoretical models (including the nature of the measurement errors). The basic steps of Bayesian calibration are reviewed and possible applications of the results are described in this paper. A calibration related to head-space gas chromatographic data is used as an example of the proposed method. The linear calibration case has been treated with a log normal distributed measurement error. Such a treatment of noise stresses the importance of modelling the random constituents of any problem. PMID- 18925246 TI - Generation of selenium hydride from alkaline solutions: a new concept of the hydride generation-atomic absorption technique. AB - The use of hydride generation is often useful in environmental analysis. The normal acid sodium tetrahydroborate reaction provides exceptional sensitivity with continuous flow hydride generators. In some situations there are interferences which will mask the sensitivity. An alternative chemistry system is described here and is shown to offer similar sensitivity to that normally used. A commercial continuous flow analyser is used in this work. PMID- 18925247 TI - Evaluation of the Hitachi 717 analyser. AB - The selective multitest Boehringer Mannheim Hitachi 717 analyser was evaluated according to the guidelines of the Comision de Instrumentacion de la Sociedad Espanola de Quimica Clinica and the European Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. The evaluation was performed in two steps: examination of the analytical units and evaluation in routine operation.THE EVALUATION OF THE ANALYTICAL UNITS INCLUDED A PHOTOMETRIC STUDY: the inaccuracy is acceptable for 340 and 405 nm; the imprecision ranges from 0.12 to 0.95% at 340 nm and from 0.30 to 0.73 at 405 nm, the linearity shows some dispersion at low absorbance for NADH at 340 nm, the drift is negligible, the imprecision of the pipette delivery system increases when the sample pipette operates with 3 mul, the reagent pipette imprecision is acceptable and the temperature control system is good.UNDER ROUTINE WORKING CONDITIONS, SEVEN DETERMINATIONS WERE STUDIED: glucose, creatinine, iron, total protein, AST, ALP and calcium. The within-run imprecision (CV) ranged from 0.6% for total protein and AST to 6.9% for iron. The between run imprecision ranged from 2.4% for glucose to 9.7% for iron. Some contamination was found in the carry-over study. The relative inaccuracy is good for all the constituents assayed. PMID- 18925249 TI - Automated medium-pressure modular liquid-gas reactor. PMID- 18925248 TI - Determination of inorganic phosphorus in serum: Evaluation of three methods applied to the Technicon RA-1000 analyzer. AB - We have evaluated three analytical methods for determining inorganic phosphorus in serum applied to the Technicon RA-I000 analyzer: a fully enzymatic colorimetric method based on the specific system purine nucleoside phosphorylase/xanthine oxidase coupled to an indicator colorimetric reaction similar to the Trinder reaction; a chemical method involving the direct UV measurement of the phosphomolybdate complex; and a chemical method with reduction of the phosphomolybdate complex to molybdenum blue. Experiments were performed to assess within-run and between-day precision, linearity, interference and correlation. The best performance characteristics were shown by the enzymatic colorimetric method and the phosphomolybdate UV method. PMID- 18925250 TI - The significance of indirect costs-application to clinical laboratory test economics using computer facilities. AB - The significance of indirect costs in the cost price calculation of clinical chemistry laboratory tests by way of the production centres method has been investigated. A cost structure model based on the 'production centres' method, the Academisch Ziekenhuis Groningen (AZG) 1-2-3 model, is used for the calculation of cost and cost prices as an add-in tool to the spreadsheet program Lotus 1-2-3. The system specifications of the AZG 1-2-3 cost structure model have been extended with facilities to impute all relevant indirect costs to cost centres by aid of allocation rules, which can be chosen freely. The inference is made that as indirect costs play a more important part in decision-making processes concerning planning and control, the specification of the relation to the cost centres should be determined in a more detailed way. The AZG 1-2-3 cost structure model has therefore been extended in order to increase the significance as a management tool for laboratory management. PMID- 18925251 TI - Application of a computer-controlled adsorber/desorber system to monitor mercury in air or gas samples: Part 1. Calibration and system description. PMID- 18925252 TI - Comparative interference by haemolysis in automated assays for bilirubin at multiple analyte concentrations. AB - The negative interference caused by haemolysis in manual bilirubin assays contrasts with the positive interference reported for some automated methods utilizing the same basic chemistry. A comparison was therefore made of the haemolysis interference associated with several automated bilirubin methodologies: multilayer film (Kodak Ektachem- total bilirubin (TBil), direct bilirubin (DBil), conjugated bilirubin (Bc), unconjugated bilirubin (Bu),; tableted reagents (Baxter Paramax- TBil, DBil); continuous flow (Technicon SMAC - TBil). Thirty serum pools were analysed (five concentrations of bilirubin, 2-229 mumol/l; six concentrations of haemoglobin, 0.00002-0.052 mmol/1). All methods, except one (Bc), exhibited both positive and negative interference, depending upon the relative haemoglobin and bilirubin concentrations. This interference, at any given haemoglobin concentration, was neither constant nor proportional with increasing bilirubin concentration. These complex patterns of interference suggest that the best characterization of interference is obtained when (1) both percentage-difference and absolute-difference 'interferographs' are plotted; and (2) the interference is determined at multiple analyte concentrations. PMID- 18925253 TI - Calibration in process monitoring by using unsegmented continuous-flow systems. AB - An overview is presented of the different aspects of the role of analytical chemistry in process monitoring and control. On-line monitoring is currently the most attractive option in this area, especially with unsegmented-flow techniques. In addition to allowing automation of these systems, the variety of ways in which calibration and recalibration can be performed allows their adaptation to any situation by using extremely simple, home-made manifolds. The most relevant designs are presented and critically discussed in this paper. PMID- 18925254 TI - Assessment of recently developed blood gas analysers: a multicentre evaluation. AB - Providing guidelines for testing expected inaccuracy and imprecision is still a matter under debate. The Expert Panel of the French Society of Clinical Chemistry has developed a protocol, which was based on a comparative multi-centre evaluation of four instruments: the Ciba-Corning 278, the Instrumentation Laboratory 1306, the Nova SP 5 and the ABL 330. The purpose was to evaluate the analytical performance and efficiency of the analysers. Another aim was to design a valid approach for evaluating any new system. As buffered aqueous solutions and fluorocarbon emulsions give only partial information, tonometered blood was used at different levels of gas mixture, even though it is both difficult and time consuming. Comparisons have been established on patients' blood samples with the analysers currently used in the evaluation sites. The tests showed that the four analysers have the same degree of precision, and interinstrument comparisons demonstrated a very high degree of reliability.This analysis emphasizes that the evaluation of instruments for pH and blood gas analysis is neither easy nor is it often done, mainly due to the choice of a quality-control material and the lability of the measured parameters. PMID- 18925255 TI - An evaluation of the Diamat HPLC analyser for simultaneous determination of haemoglobins A(2) and F. AB - The authors describe a modification of the instrumental parameters of the Diamat fully automated HPLC system for Hb A(2) assay (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Milan, Italy) in order to obtain simultaneous determination of Hb A(2) and Hb F.Hb A(2) and Hb F measurements are reproducible (within-run CV 2.6%, with Hb A(2)2.7%; 5.1%, with Hb F 1.3%) and accurate (from a comparison with two microchromatographic techniques for Hb A(2): r = 0.9639 and 0.9755; with two alkali denaturation procedures for Hb F: r = 0.9990 and 0.9952; with radial immunodiffusion, r = 0.9877). Assay linearity has been confirmed for Hb A(2) concentrations between 0 and 6.0%, and for Hb F between 0 and 60%. The data obtained from the analysis of some pathological samples for Hb Bart's, Hb H, Hb J Sardegna, Hb Lepore and Hb S are in agreement with cellulose acetate electrophoresis analysis.The Hb A(2) reference intervals for normals (N = 597) and Beta-thalassemia carriers (N = 200) are respectively (95% limits) 2.02-3.27 and 3.92-5.90 in % units. Hb F values measured in normals (N = 968), in beta-thal carriers (N = 302) and in deltabeta-thal carriers (N =3) have been found to be consistent with the usual diagnostic parameters.SOME MINOR LIMITATIONS EMERGED: the most relevant concerns Hb A(1c), which is overestimated with respect to a reference method (y = 1.217x + 0.16; N = 79; r = 0.9235). A probable interference from labile fractions is responsible for this Hb A(1c) inaccuracy. PMID- 18925257 TI - Journal of automatic chemistry: editorial board. PMID- 18925256 TI - Automated HPLC monitoring of broth components on bioreactors. AB - Under proper operating conditions, a low dead volume continuous filtration module operated on biological broths (yeast and bacteria suspensions in stirred reactors) still fulfills the flow-rate requirements of an analytical apparatus (for example HPLC or FIA) without membrane regeneration. The filtrate stream has been successfully connected to a bioreactor in order to perform the automated HPLC analysis of broth components. The monitoring of the carbon source (lactose), and minor products (glycerol, acetate and succinate) during a yeast culture (Kluyveromyces marxianus) is shown. PMID- 18925258 TI - Analytical performance of the selective, automatic multianalyser Olympus AU 5031. AB - The analytical performance of the selective, automatic multianalyser Olympus AU 5031 was evaluated over four months and assessed for practicability for another eight months. The evaluation followed the ECCLS guidelines. Twenty routine parameters were measured. In addition, sodium and potassium were determined on an attached flame photometric unit. Both the agreement between the eights photometers per unit and the temperature behaviour in the cuvettes was satisfactory. The imprecisions were very good. The within-run imprecision was below 1.5% for the majority of the parameters. The imprecision between days was below 5%, with the exception of creatine phosphokinase (7.4%). Glutamate dehydrogenase gave an imprecision of between 4.0% and 15.9%, which, however, is more likely due to the low activities measured rather than the fault of analyser. The recovery of the assigned values in 12 control sera was between 95% and 105% for 14 tests. Three of the remaining eight tests yielded recoveries with deviations between 10% and 18% (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and bilirubin). No drift effects were observed and neither a sample carry-over nor a reagent carry-over were detected. Most tests were linear over a very wide range. Only afew tests (mainly lipase and glutamate dehydrogenase) required measurement repetitions with diluted samples. The correlation with routine instruments and tests was close. However, corrections were necessary for 14 of the 22 tests. This was not due to the performance of the analyser but, rather, to the different methodologies of compared tests, or different working temperatures on the comparison instruments, or a lack of accuracy for some of the AU tests. PMID- 18925259 TI - Correlation of fasting blood glucose and haemoglobin A(1c) measured with an automated analyser. AB - A subtype of glycohaemoglobin, haemoglobin (Hb) A(1c), in specimens of whole blood was assayed on a new automated analyser that makes use of high-pressure liquid chromatography. The analyser provided precise and reproducible values. The mean of the HbA(1c) values was lower than that with an older instrument. The mean tended to increase with the age of the subjects, who were undergoing routine health examinations. No sex difference was found. When measurement was made 1 h after the subjects drank 50g of glucose, the value of HbA(1c) was unaffected. Correlation was strong between the HbA(1c) value and the fasting blood glucose value, which suggested that fasting blood glucose could be estimated from the HbA(1c) value. PMID- 18925260 TI - International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC): Scientific Division, Committee on Enzymes. IFCC methods for the measurement of catalytic concentration of enzymes. Part 7. IFCC method for creatine kinase (ATP: creatine (N phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.3.2). IFCC Recommendation. PMID- 18925261 TI - Journal of automatic chemistry: editorial board. PMID- 18925262 TI - The role of flow injection analysis within the framework of an automated laboratory. AB - Flow Injection Analysis (FIA) was invented at roughly the same time by two quite dissimilar research groups [1,2]. FIA was patented by both groups in 1974; a year also marked by the publication of the first book on automatic chemical analysis [3]. This book was a major undertaking for its authors and it is hoped that it has added to the knowledge of those analysts attempting to automate their work or to increase the level of computerization/automation and thus reduce staffing commitments. This review discusses the role of FIA in laboratory automation, the advantages and disadvantages of the FIA approach, and the part it could play in future developments.It is important to stress at the outset that the FIA approach is all too often closely paralleled with convention al continuous flow analysis (CFA). This is a mistake for many reasons, none the least of which because of the considerable success of the CFA approach in contrast to the present lack of penetration in the commercial market-place of FIA instrumentation. PMID- 18925263 TI - Comparison of two data interpretation programs in automated blood cell counters. AB - Two data interpretation programs incorporated into two different automated blood cell counters were evaluated. The programs analysed size distribution histograms for screening for abnormal specimens. The messages given by the programs were 'normal', 'abnormal' and 'suspect'. 'Abnormal' messages meant abnormalities in the values of the measured parameters. 'Suspect' messages were given when the histograms showed either a possibility of the existence of abnormal blood cells, or an abnormal level of such cells; re-examination by a manual method was necessary for such specimens. For reference, the manual differential was done. The false-negative rate for each kind of message was less than 10% and efficiency was about 90%. These programs were helpful in avoiding unnecessary manual observations in reducing the workload in a routine clinical laboratory. PMID- 18925265 TI - Consortium on Automated Analytical Laboratory Systems (CAALS). PMID- 18925264 TI - Automatic system for the determination of metals by anodic stripping potentiometry in non-deaerated samples. AB - An automatic system for the determination of Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu by anodic stripping potentiometry using the oxygen dissolved in the sample as oxidant is reported. The system relies on the use of a PC-compatible computer for instrumental control and data acquisition and processing. PMID- 18925266 TI - Evaluation of the Jokoo-ION 150 AC: Guidelines for the evaluation of analysers by ion-selective electrodes. AB - The Jokoo-ION 150 AC is an automatic sodium, potassium and chloride analyser which uses ion-selective electrodes.The sample mode can be whole-blood, serum or urine. To evaluate a urine sample, a previous dilution (1:6) with the standard 1 solution is required. For three concentrations of control materials, the total precision (CV) ranged from 0.17 to 1.22% for sodium, 0.22 to 1.69% for potassium and 0.16 to 0.74% for chloride.The system demonstrated acceptable performance in detection limit, linearity, drift and carry-over. Patients' results from ION 150 AC correlated well with those from a SMAC II and an IL 943. In a study on potential interferences, a slightly negative interference with potassium was found with increases in lithium; and only high ammonium ion concentrations caused a positive interference on the potassium ion. A slightly positive interference of bromide on the chloride ion was also found.The electrode slope, electrode response, sample temperature and pH effect, effects of high concentrations of proteins or lipids, and haematocrit influence on the sodium, potassium and chloride ion concentration were also evaluated. The strategy adopted in this study provides an ideal framework for future evaluations of ionselective electrode analysers. PMID- 18925267 TI - Comment: Applications of robotics in the clinical laboratory. AB - The implementation of a robotic workstation in the clinical laboratory involves considerations and compromises common to any instrument design and development activity. The trade-off between speed and flexibility not only affects the way the instrument interacts with human operators and other devices (the 'real-world interface'), but also places limitations on the adaptation of chemistries to the given instrument. Mechanical optimization for speed and reproducibility places restrictions on the imprecision of consumables. Attempts to adapt a robot to a constrained system may entail compromises that either degrades the theoretically attainable quality of results, or requires human interaction to compensate for physical or mechanical limitations. The general considerations of function and workflow, programming and support, and reliability place practical limits on the implementation of robotic workstations in the clinical laboratory. PMID- 18925268 TI - Potential of flow injection analysis for dissolution tests: application to on line monitoring of tablets with different dissolution rates. PMID- 18925269 TI - The use of spreadsheets with analytical instrumentation for laboratory automation. PMID- 18925270 TI - Evaluation of the Dacos 3.0 analyser. AB - The selective multitest Coulter Dacos 3.0 analyser was evaluated according to the guidelines of the Comision de Instrumentacion de la Sociedad Espanola de Quimica Clinica and of the European Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards.THE EVALUATION WAS PERFORMED IN FOUR STEPS: examination of the analytical units; evaluation of routine working; study of interferences; and assessment of practicability.The evaluation included a photometric study. The inaccuracy is acceptable for 340 nm and 420 nm, and the imprecision at absorbances from 0.05 to 2.00 ranged from 0.06 to 0.28% at 340 nm and from 0.06 to 0.08% at 420 nm. The linearity showed some dispersion at low absorbance for PNP at 420 nm and the drift was negligible.The imprecision of the pipette delivery system, the temperature control system and the washing system were satisfactory.IN ROUTINE WORK CONDITIONS, SEVEN ANALYTICAL METHODS WERE STUDIED: glucose, creatinine, iron, total protein, AST, ALP and calcium. Within-run imprecision ranged, at low concentrations, from 0.9% (CV) for glucose, to 7.6% (CV) for iron; at medium concentrations, from 0.7% (CV) for total protein to 5.2% (CV) to creatinine; and at high concentrations, it ranged from 0.6% (CV) for glucose to 3.9% (CV) for ALP.Between-run imprecision at low concentrations ranged from 1.4% (CV) for glucose to 15.1% (CV) for iron; at medium concentrations it ranged from 1.2% (CV) for protein to 6.7% (CV) for iron; and at high concentrations the range is from l.2for AST to 5.7% (CV) for iron.No contamination was found in the sample carry over study. Some contamination was found in the reagent carry-over study (total protein due to iron and calcium reagents). Relative inaccuracy is good for all the constituents assayed. Only LDH (high and low levels) and urate (low level) showed weak and negative interference caused by turbidity, and gamma-GT (high level) and amylase, bilirubin and ALP (two levels) showed a negative interference caused by haemolysis. PMID- 18925271 TI - State of the art in on-line techniques coupled to flow injection analysis FIA/on line- a critical review. AB - Flow injection analysis (FIA) has emerged as an increasingly used laboratory tool in chemical analysis. Employment of the technique for on-line sample treatment and on-line measurement in chemical process control is a growing trend. This article reviews the recent applications of FlA. Most papers refer to on-line sample treatment. Although FIA is very well suited to continuous on-line process monitoring, few examples have been found in this areamost of them have been applied to water treatment or fermentation processes. PMID- 18925272 TI - A computer-assisted metal analyser using flow injection coupled with direct current plasma-optical emission spectroscopy. AB - An automated routine method was developed for the determination of trace metals using a flow injection system into a direct current plasma spectrometer. The characteristic emission in the 'Spectra- Metrics' three-electrode jet is channelled through an echelle grating to the detector of the instrument. The emission signal is continuously recorded, and, after digitalization, calculated and recorded by a Touchstone software package and interface card. The software has facilities for recording peaks, generating calibration curves, calculating and printing results, enhancing line sensitivities, monitoring signal response and for filter noise, recalibration, background correction, status monitoring and general diagnostics. Up to 70 elements can be determined both in aqueous and non aqueous media. PMID- 18925273 TI - Technical note: Evaluation of three autoanalysers for use in chemical pathology. AB - Three autoanalysers, the EPOS 5060, ERIS 6170 and the Analyst, were evaluated for their adequacy for use in laboratories attached to Saudi 'polyclinics'. All the analysers showed comparable within-batch imprecision. The Analyst was found to be the most useful because it was simple and practical and because its throughput time was faster than the other two analysers. The EPOS 5060 would be more suitable for screening large numbers of samples for single parameters; and the ERIS 6170 essentially suits normal routine chemical laboratory work. PMID- 18925274 TI - International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC): Scientific Division, Committee on Apolipoproteins; Working Group of Antibody Reagents: Selection and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies for Measuring Plasma Levels of Apolipoproteins A-I and B. PMID- 18925275 TI - Device for data-acquisition from transient signals: kinetic considerations. AB - This paper reports on the evaluation and testing of a home-made device. Data acquisition, treatment of transient signals and the hardware and software involved are discussed. Some practical aspects are developed in order to power the autonomy of procedures using the device. Kinetic and multi-signal calculations are considered in order to cover the actual tendencies in continuous flow analysis. Somepractical advantages versus the use of classical chart recorders or commercial computerized-instrument devices are pointed out. PMID- 18925276 TI - An evaluation of the Technicon DPA*1 specific protein analyser. PMID- 18925277 TI - Optimized methods to measure acetoacetate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, glycerol, alanine, pyruvate, lactate and glucose in human blood using a centrifugal analyser with a fluorimetric attachment. AB - Optimized methods are described for the analysis of glucose, lactate, pyruvate, alanine, glycerol, D-3-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate in perchloric acid extracts of human blood using the Cobas Bio centrifugal analyser. Glucose and lactate are measured using the photometric mode and other metabolites using the fluorimetric mode. The intra-assay coefficients of variation ranged from 0.7 to 4.1%, except with very low levels of pyruvate and acetoacetate where the coefficients of variation were 7.1 and 12% respectively. All seven metabolites can be measured in a perchloric acid extract of 20 mul of blood. The methods have been optimized with regard to variation in the perchloric acid content of the samples. These variations arise from the method of sample preparation used to minimize changes occurring in metabolite concentration after venepuncture. PMID- 18925278 TI - Automatic determination of malate dehydrogenase activity with a flow-injection multidetection system. AB - An automatic flow-injection method for the determination of malate dehydrogenase activity is proposed. The manifold used includes a selecting valve for closing the circuit along which the reacting plug is continuously circulated, and passed through the flow-cell of a conventional spectrophotometer, inserted into the closed circuit. A multipeak recording is obtained, each peak corresponding to one passage of the plug through the flow-cell. This recording allows the sensitivity to be modified, as required, using different types of measurements (for example, absorbance of the maxima or minima and absorbance differences between maxima or minima or their sums). The activity of the analyte can be determined in the range 0.02-2.00 U/l, with an r.s.d, of less than 0.90% at a sampling rate between 11 and 65 samples/h. The applicability of the method was checked by applying it to human serum samples. Analyte recoveries between 96 and 103% were obtained. PMID- 18925279 TI - Determination of specific proteins by the FIA principle. AB - THE FOLLOWING ANALYTES HAVE BEEN INVESTIGATED: urine albumin (u-albumin), plasma transferrin (p-transferrin), p-haptoglobin, p-IgG, p-IgA, p-IgM, and p orosomucoid. An unmodified commercial analytical system FIA Star (Tecator) with a two-channel injector (40 mul) was used. The prediluted plasma samples and antibodies are allowed to react for 33 s before the change in turbidity is measured as a Peak maximum at 405 nm. The optimal concentrations of calibrators and antibodies have been determined to secure antibody excess. Response time (i.e. delay between aspiration of a sample and presentation of the result in absorption units) is 75 s. Automatic print-out of the absorbance profile and movement of the sample rack further accounted for 21 s per sample, so the throughput is reduced to 75 determinations per 2 h. Results are available within an hour, compared to two-12 days with the present methods (electroimmunoassays). Parallel analyses with established methods/analysers show excellent agreement for u-albumin, p-transferrin and p-haptoglobin. For p-IgG, p-IgA and p-IgM the reaction time of 33 s is insufficient because their relative molecular masses (i.e. the size of the molecules) are so high, 150.000-971.000. Five minutes is a more adequate reaction time, which makes a serial analyser such as FIA Star unsuitable for larger workloads of samples of immunoglobulins. The plasma concentration of Orosomucoid is low, resulting in high sample blanks. It is therefore recommended that the reaction is followed kinetically if a serial analyser is used. PMID- 18925280 TI - The 1990 Pittsburgh Conference: Scientific and commercial report. PMID- 18925281 TI - The 1990 international symposium on laboratory automation and robotics. PMID- 18925282 TI - Evaluation of the Technicon Axon analyser. AB - An evaluation of the Technicon Axon analyser was carried out following the guidelines of the 'Sociedad Espanola de Quimica Clinica' and the European Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards.A photometric study revealed acceptable results at both 340 nm and 404 nm. Inaccuracy and imprecision were lower at 404 nm than at 340 nm, although poor dispersion was found at both wavelengths, even at low absorbances. Drift was negligible, the imprecision of the sample pipette delivery system was greater for small sample volumes, the reagent pipette delivery system imprecision was acceptable and the sample diluting system study showed good precision and accuracy.Twelve analytes were studied for evaluation of the analyser under routine working conditions. Satisfactory results were obtained for within-run imprecision, while coefficients of variation for betweenrun imprecision were much greater than expected. Neither specimenrelated nor specimen-independent contamination was found in the carry over study. For all analytes assayed, when comparing patient sample results with those obtained in a Hitachi 737 analyser, acceptable relative inaccuracy was observed. PMID- 18925283 TI - A fully automatic system for acid-base coulometric titrations. AB - An automatic system for acid-base titrations by electrogeneration of H(+) and OH( ) ions, with potentiometric end-point detection, was developed. The system includes a PC-compatible computer for instrumental control, data acquisition and processing, which allows up to 13 samples to be analysed sequentially with no human intervention.The system performance was tested on the titration of standard solutions, which it carried out with low errors and RSD. It was subsequently applied to the analysis of various samples of environmental and nutritional interest, specifically waters, soft drinks and wines. PMID- 18925284 TI - Automatic continuous on-line monitoring of salicylic acid and acetylsalicylic acid in pharmaceuticals. AB - An asymmetrical FIA merging-zones manifold based on the dual injection of two sample microvolumes was developed for the simultaneous determination of salicylic acid and acetylsalicylic acid in pharmaceutical preparations at a sampling frequency of 30/h. The complex formed between the Fe(III) reagent continuously introduced in the system and salicylic acid was monitored photometrically at 520 nm. One of the sample plugs was prehydrolysed on injection into an NaOH stream and was circulated through a longer channel than the other plug. This yielded two FIA peaks corresponding to salicylic acid and the overall content, respectively. The proposed manifold was successfully used to control the dissolution test of a pharmaceutical preparation. PMID- 18925285 TI - Lyophilization: a useful approach to the automation of analytical processes? AB - An overview of the state-of-the-art in the use of lyophilization for the pretreatment of samples and standards prior to their storage and/or preconcentration is presented. The different analytical applications of this process are dealt with according to the type of material (reagent, standard, samples) and matrix involved. PMID- 18925286 TI - Introduction. PMID- 18925287 TI - Robotics fulfil a strategic need. PMID- 18925288 TI - Robotic applications: lessons on what constitutes success. PMID- 18925289 TI - Managing robotics in the bioanalytical/metabolic environment of a pharmaceutical company. PMID- 18925290 TI - Challenges facing modern automated laboratories' robotic applications. PMID- 18925291 TI - Managing an automation development group. PMID- 18925292 TI - Six years of robots. PMID- 18925293 TI - Vision of the 80s-reality of the 90s! PMID- 18925294 TI - Introduction. PMID- 18925295 TI - Detection, signal processing, and calibration In lmmunoassay systems. AB - The new trends in immunochemistry related to the replacement of radioisotopic labels with non-radioactive labels are presented. Immunoenzymatic, fluorescent and chemiluminescent techniques are described in terms of their basic principles and their most common applications. The advantages of computer-controlled calibration are also discussed. PMID- 18925296 TI - Automated separation for heterogeneous immunoassays. AB - Beside general requirements for modern automated systems, immunoassay automation involves specific requirements as a separation step for heterogeneous immunoassays. Systems are designed according to the solid phase selected: dedicated or open robots for coated tubes and wells, systems nearly similar to chemistry analysers in the case of magnetic particles, and a completely original design for those using porous and film materials. PMID- 18925297 TI - Specific requirements for automation of immunoassays in 1990. PMID- 18925298 TI - Sample preparation and processing. AB - Errors made during the sample preparative process contribute significantly to the total analytical error of immunoassays. Reduction in the magnitude of these errors have been made by improvements in the manualfluid handling systems and mechanization of the individual steps in the process. The mechanization has been stimulated by developments in both computing hardware and software. A laboratory's workflow and workload will indicate the degree of mechanization required. PMID- 18925299 TI - Pittcon abstracts (1991). PMID- 18925301 TI - Review of food bolus management. PMID- 18925302 TI - Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours: established role of endoscopic ultrasound in high-risk populations. PMID- 18925303 TI - Soft drink consumption linked with fatty liver in the absence of traditional risk factors. AB - BACKGROUND: Little is known about dietary habits and their relationships with liver disease in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients, particularly in the absence of obesity, diabetes or hyperlipidemia. OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between soft drink consumption and the presence of fatty liver in NAFLD patients who do not have classic risk factors. METHODS: Three hundred ten patients with NAFLD diagnosed by ultrasound were assessed for 36 months in a cross-sectional manner. Thirty-one patients (10%) who had NAFLD without classic risk factors were compared with 30 healthy controls. Physical activity was assessed during the preceding week and year, and every six months for 36 months. Data on daily dietary intake of food and soft drink, and the source of added sugar were collected during two seven-day periods, at the beginning of the study, and within two weeks after the metabolic tests by using a validated food questionnaire given by a trained dietician. Insulin resistance and lipid peroxidation were assessed by homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance index (HOMA-IRI) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, respectively. RESULTS: Eighty per cent of patients (25 of 31) consumed an excessive amount of soft drink beverages (more than 50 g/day of added sugar) for 36 months, compared with 20% in healthy controls (P<0.001). Twenty per cent of patients consumed one drink per day, 40% consumed two to three drinks per day, and 40% consumed more than four drinks per day for most days during 36 months. The most common soft drinks consumed were regular Coca-Cola (40% of patients), Diet Coke (40%) and flavoured fruit juices (20%). Ultrasound findings revealed mild fatty liver in 44% of cases (n=14), moderate fatty liver in 38% (n=12), and severe fatty liver in 18% (n=5). HOMA-IRI and MDA levels were significantly higher in patients with NAFLD than in healthy controls (HOMA-IRI, 3.7 versus 1.7, P<0.001; and MDA, 420+/-300 micromol/mL versus 200+/-100 micromol/mL; P<0.001). When controlled for other factors, including dietary composition and physical activity, soft drink beverage consumption was the only independent variable that was able to predict the presence of fatty liver in 82.5% of cases with a sensitivity of 100%, a specificity of 76%, a positive predictive value of 57% and a negative predictive value of 100%. CONCLUSION: The present study may add important insight into the role of sugar-sweetened beverage consumption as a cause of fatty liver in patients without risk factors. Patients are encouraged to change their long standing drinking behaviour. PMID- 18925304 TI - The impact of preoperative endoscopic ultrasound on the surgical management of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours. AB - BACKGROUND: Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is accurate in diagnosing pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (PNETs), but its impact on surgical management is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether preoperative EUS findings altered the decision for, and extent of, surgery in patients with PNETs. METHODS: A retrospective review of patients referred for EUS because of suspected PNETs was conducted. The diagnosis of PNETs was confirmed by EUS-guided fine needle aspiration cytology, where indicated, or by surgical histology. EUS findings were compared with computed tomography (CT) findings to determine whether there was an impact on the decision for surgical management. RESULTS: Fourteen patients (10 women), with a mean age of 44 years, underwent EUS for suspected PNETs. PNETs were seen with CT in 10 of 13 patients (77%) and with EUS in 14 of 14 patients (100%). One obese patient could not fit into the CT scanner. This patient had five PNETs on EUS. Three patients with a normal CT scan were determined to have one or two PNETs on EUS. Three patients with one or two PNETs on CT were found to have five to eight PNETs on EUS. EUS altered the decision for possible surgical management in five of 14 patients (36%), either by identifying a PNET or by finding multiple and multifocal PNETs that were not visualized on CT scans. CONCLUSION: EUS is useful in the preoperative assessment of PNETs by providing information that significantly influences the decision for surgical intervention or changes the extent of the planned surgery. PMID- 18925305 TI - Liver transplantation for hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma: the Canadian multicentre experience. AB - INTRODUCTION: Hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (HEHE) is a rare entity. At the present time, there is no standardized effective therapy. Liver transplantation (LT) has emerged as a treatment for this rare tumour. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the outcome of liver transplantation for HEHE at eight centres across Canada. METHODS: The charts of patients who were transplanted for HEHE at eight centres across Canada were reviewed. RESULTS: A total of 11 individuals (eight women and three men) received a LT for HEHE. All LTs were performed between 1991 and 2005. The mean (+/- SD) age at LT was 38.7+/-13 years. One patient had one large liver lesion (17 cm x 14 cm x 13 cm), one had three lesions, one had four lesions and eight had extensive (five or more) liver lesions. One patient had spleen involvement and two had involved lymph nodes at the time of transplantation. The mean duration of follow-up was 78+/-63 months (median 81 months). Four patients (36.4%) developed recurrence of HEHE with a mean time to recurrence of 25+/-25 months (median 15.6 months) following LT. The calculated survival rate following LT for HEHE was 82% at five years. CONCLUSIONS: The results of LT for HEHE are encouraging, with a recurrence rate of 36.4% and a five-year survival rate of 82%. Further studies are needed to help identify patients who would benefit most from LT for this rare tumour. PMID- 18925306 TI - Platelet count to spleen diameter ratio for the diagnosis of esophageal varices: Is it feasible? AB - AIM: To study the value of platelet count to spleen diameter ratio as a noninvasive parameter for diagnosing esophageal varices (EVs) in liver cirrhosis. METHODS: The laboratory and ultrasonographic variables were prospectively evaluated in 150 patients with liver cirrhosis. Only stable patients were included in the study. Patients with active gastrointestinal bleeding at the time of admission were excluded. All patients underwent screening upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. RESULTS: The platelet count, spleen diameter and platelet count to spleen diameter ratio in patients with EVs were significantly different from patients without EVs. The platelet count to spleen diameter ratio had the highest accuracy among the three parameters. By applying receiver operating characteristic curves, a platelet count to spleen diameter ratio cut off value of 1014 was obtained, which gave positive and negative predictive values of 95.4% and 95.1%, respectively. The accuracy of this cut-off value as evaluated by applying receiver operating characteristic curves was 0.942 (95% CI 0.890 to 0.995). CONCLUSION: Among the noninvasive parameters studied, platelet count to spleen diameter ratio had the highest accuracy for diagnosing EVs. However, the evidence for the noninvasive diagnosis is not yet sufficient to replace endoscopy as a diagnostic screening tool for EVs in all cirrhotic patients. The platelet count to spleen diameter ratio may be a useful tool for diagnosing EVs in liver cirrhosis noninvasively when endoscopy facilities are not available. PMID- 18925307 TI - Autoimmune hepatitis in a North American Aboriginal/First Nations population. AB - North American Aboriginal populations are at increased risk for developing immune mediated disorders, including autoimmune hepatitis. In the present study, the demographic, clinical, biochemical, serological, radiological and histological features of autoimmune hepatitis were compared in 33 First Nations (FN) and 150 predominantly Caucasian, non-FN patients referred to an urban tertiary care centre. FN patients were more often female (91% versus 71%; P=0.04), and more likely to have low serum albumin (69% versus 36%; P=0.0006) and elevated bilirubin (57% versus 35%; P=0.01) levels on presentation compared with non-FN patients. They also had lower hemoglobin, and complement levels, more cholestasis and higher serum immunoglobulin A levels than non-FN patients (P=0.05 respectively). Higher histological grades of inflammation and stages of fibrosis, and more clinical and radiological evidence of advanced liver disease were observed in FN patients, but the differences failed to reach statistical significance. The results of the present study suggest that in addition to being more common, autoimmune hepatitis may be more severe in FN populations, compared with predominantly Caucasian, non-FN populations. PMID- 18925308 TI - Prognosis of gastric cancer patients with node-negative metastasis following curative resection: outcomes of the survival and recurrence. AB - BACKGROUND: The purpose of the present study was to provide valuable prognostic information on lymph node-negative gastric cancer patients following curative resection. METHODS: Data from 112 lymph node-negative gastric cancer patients who underwent curative resection were reviewed to identify the independent factors of overall survival and recurrence. RESULTS: The five-year survival rate of lymph node-negative gastric cancer patients was 85.7%, and recurrence was identified in 25 patients after curative surgery. The five-year survival rate of lymph node negative gastric cancer patients was higher than that of lymph node-positive gastric cancer patients (P<0.001). Recurrence in lymph node-negative gastric cancer patients was less than that of lymph node-positive gastric cancer patients (P=0.001). The median survival after recurrence of lymph node-negative gastric cancer patients was longer than that of lymph node-positive gastric cancer patients (P=0.021). Using multivariate analyses, the following results were determined for lymph node-negative gastric cancer patients: sex, operative type and the presence of serosal involvement were independent factors of overall survival; and lymphadenectomy, number of dissected nodes and the presence of serosal involvement were independent factors of recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: The prognosis of lymph node-negative gastric cancer patients was better than that of lymph node-positive gastric cancer patients. Male sex, subtotal gastrectomy and nonserosal involvement should be considered to be the favourable predictors of postoperative long-term survival of lymph node-negative gastric cancer patients. Conversely, limited lymphadenectomy, few dissected nodes and serosal involvement should be considered to be risk factors of postoperative recurrence of lymph node negative gastric cancer patients. PMID- 18925310 TI - Pneumatosis intestinalis in a patient with chronic bronchiectasis. AB - Pneumatosis intestinalis has been described in association with many gastrointestinal tract disorders including infection, ischemia and obstruction. It has also been described in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, connective tissue disorders, organ transplantation, leukemia and various states of immunodeficiency. In the present paper, the case of a 66-year-old woman with chronic bronchiectasis who subsequently developed pneumatosis intestinalis is described. PMID- 18925309 TI - Recognizing immunoglobulin G4 related overlap syndromes in patients with pancreatic and hepatobiliary diseases. AB - The first description of autoimmune pancreatitis and elevated serum immunoglobulin-G4 (IgG4) in 2001 heralded further reports of several related autoimmune diseases with raised IgG4 levels. It is now recognized that a spectrum of overlap syndromes associated with increased IgG4 and biopsy evidence of IgG4 producing plasma cells, which has now been convincingly linked with cholangitis, autoimmune hepatitis, Sjogren's syndrome, nephritis and retroperitoneal fibrosis. Collectively, this disease cluster is referred to as IgG4-related systemic disease. The importance of making the correct diagnosis is underscored by the management of individuals with IgG4-related systemic disease. In the first instance, patients generally have a dramatic response to immunosuppressive therapy, whereas patients with other forms of cholangitis and pancreatitis do not. Also, surgical management of pancreatic malignancy can be avoided once the correct diagnosis of IgG4-related disease has been made. In the present review, an overview of the current information regarding the role of IgG4 and IgG4 positive cells affecting the biliary system, pancreas and liver is provided. PMID- 18925311 TI - Is serum hepcidin causative in hemochromatosis? Novel analysis from a liver transplant with hemochromatosis. AB - BACKGROUND: Hepcidin is a circulating hepatic hormone that regulates iron balance. It has been speculated that hepcidin insufficiency or dysregulation may be the primary defect in genetic hemochromatosis. METHODS: A 62-year-old woman underwent elective liver transplantation for chronic hepatitis C cirrhosis. Genetic testing for hemochromatosis was subsequently performed on the donor and recipient. Liver iron concentration was measured in the donated liver at the time of transplantation, and at day 2 and day 652 post-transplant. Serum hepcidin was measured at day 935 in the recipient and in three other liver transplant recipients. RESULTS: The donor was discovered to have significant iron overload without fibrosis, with a liver iron concentration of 326 micromol/g (normal is 0 micromol/g to 35 micromol/g). Genetic testing confirmed that the 89-year-old female donor was a typical C282Y homozygote for hemochromatosis. The recipient did not carry either the C282Y or the H63D mutation of the HFE gene for hemochromatosis. Liver biopsy was performed on the recipient on day 2 and day 652 post-transplant; the liver iron concentrations were 333 micromol/g and 253 micromol/g, respectively. Serum hepcidin in the recipient was elevated at 111 ng/mL compared with that of the three other ambulatory liver transplant recipients (66 ng/mL, 76 ng/mL and 81 ng/mL). CONCLUSION: The liver transplant recipient described in the present report demonstrated a slight decrease in liver iron concentration over a 1.8-year follow-up period without specific therapy. Hepcidin insufficiency as a primary cause of genetic hemochromatosis seems unlikely based on the clinical profile of the present patient and the hepcidin measurements. PMID- 18925312 TI - Distribution of the human leukocyte antigen class II alleles in Brazilian patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. AB - Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a global medical problem. The current standard of treatment consists of the combination of peginterferon plus ribavirin. This regimen eradicates HCV in 55% of cases. The immune response to HCV is an important determinant of disease evolution and can be influenced by various host factors. HLA class II may play an important role in immune response against HCV. The objective of the present study was to determine the distribution of HLA class II (DRB1 and DQB1) alleles, their association with chronic HCV infection and their response to interferon therapy. One hundred and two unrelated white Brazilian patients with chronic HCV infection, 52 responders (45 males and 7 females) and 50 non-responders (43 males and 7 females) to antiviral treatment, were included in the study. Healthy Brazilian bone marrow donors of Caucasian origin from the same geographic area constituted the control group (HLA-DRB1, N = 99 and HLA-DQB1, N = 222 individuals). HLA class II genotyping was performed using a low-resolution DRB1, DQB1 sequence-specific primer amplification. There were higher frequencies of HLA-DRB1*13 (26.5 vs 14.1%) and HLA-DQB1*02 (52.9 vs 38.7%) in patients compared with controls; however, these were not significantly different after P correction (Pc = 0.39 and Pc = 0.082, respectively). There was no significant difference between the phenotypic frequencies of HLA-DRB1 (17.3 vs 14.0%) and HLA-DQB1 alleles in responder and non-responder HCV patients. The HLA DRB1*07 allele was significantly more common in HCV patients (33.3 vs 12.1%) than in controls (Pc = 0.0039), suggesting that the HLA-DRB1*07 allele is associated with chronic HCV infection. PMID- 18925314 TI - Metabolic syndrome patient compliance with drug treatment. AB - OBJECTIVES: 1) To evaluate the compliance with drug treatment in patients with metabolic syndrome. 2) To determine association between access to and use of medicines, as well as the level of knowledge of cardiovascular risk factors and compliance. INTRODUCTION: Low compliance has been one of the greatest challenges for the successful treatment of chronic diseases. Although this issue has been widely studied in patients with isolated hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia, compliance studies involving patients with these concomitant diseases or with metabolic syndrome diagnosis are scarce. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study involving patients who have been diagnosed with metabolic syndrome according to the IDF criteria. Patients were being treated in a Health-Medical School Center bound to the Public Brazilian Healthcare System. This study was conducted in two phases. Phase I was characterized by analyzing medical records and Phase II involved interviewing the patients. A variation of the Morisky-Green Test was used to evaluate compliance. Compliance was the dependent variable and the independent variables included access to medicines, the use of medicines and the level of knowledge concerning cardiovascular risk factors. RESULTS: Two hundred and forty-three patients were identified as being eligible for Phase II, and 75 were included in the study. The average level of compliance was 5.44 points (standard deviation of 0.68), on a scale ranging from 1.00 to 6.00 points. There was no statistically meaningful association between independent variables and compliance. The level of patient knowledge of diet and dyslipidemia was considered to be low. CONCLUSIONS: Patients involved in this study exhibited a high level of compliance with drug treatment. Further research is needed to better elucidate the compliance behavior of patients who have been diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. PMID- 18925315 TI - Clinico-pathological discrepancies in a general university hospital in Sao Paulo, Brazil. AB - INTRODUCTION: The autopsy rate has continuously diminished over the past few decades, reducing the quality of medical care and the accuracy of statistical health data. OBJECTIVE: To assess the accuracy of clinical diagnoses by comparing pre- and postmortem findings, and to identify potential risk factors for misdiagnoses. METHODS: Retrospective evaluations performed between June 2001 and June 2003 in a 2,500-bed tertiary university hospital in Sao Paulo, Brazil, including 288 patients who died at that institution and had a postmortem examination. RESULTS: Clinical and autopsy records were reviewed and compared for categorization using the adapted Goldman criteria. The overall major and minor discrepancy rates were 16.3% and 28.1%, respectively. The most common missed diagnoses were pulmonary embolism, pneumonia, and myocardial infarction, and the most prevalent underlying diseases were infectious diseases, cerebro cardiovascular conditions, and malignancies. Patients age 60 or older had an increased risk of diagnostic disagreement, as did female patients. The period of hospitalization, last admission unit at the hospital and underlying disease were not significantly related to the pre-mortem diagnostic accuracy. DISCUSSION: The discrepancy rate found in this study is similar to those reported globally. The factors influencing diagnostic accuracy as well as the most commonly missed diagnoses are also consistent with the literature. CONCLUSION: Autopsy remains a crucial tool for improving medical care, and effort must be focused on increasing its practice worldwide. PMID- 18925316 TI - Vascular and metabolic response to statin in the mildly hypertensive hypercholesterolemic elderly. AB - INTRODUCTION: Much evidence indicates the importance of the endothelium and hypercholesterolemia in atherosclerosis, as well as the decline in endothelial function with aging. However, it is unclear if treating dyslipidemia in elderly patients improves endothelial function and reduces C-reactive protein levels. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate vasomotor function, lipids and C-reactive protein in mildly hypertensive and hypercholesterolemic elderly patients treated with atorvastatin. METHODS: Forty-seven elderly Brazilian subjects (> or = 65 years old) with LDL cholesterol (LDL-c) > or = 130 mg/dL were randomly assigned, in a double-blinded manner, to receive either placebo (n = 23) or 20 mg/day of atorvastatin (n = 24) for 4 weeks. Exclusion criteria included diabetes, serious hypertension, obesity, steroid use, hormone replacement, and statin use within the previous six months. All patients underwent clinical examinations, laboratory tests (glucose, lipids, liver enzymes, creatine phosphokinase and high sensitivity C-reactive protein) and assessment of vasomotor function by high resolution ultrasound examination of the brachial artery (flow-mediated dilation and sublingual nitrate), both before and after treatment. RESULTS: The patients were 65 to 91 years old; there was no significant difference between basal flow mediated dilation of placebo (7.3 +/- 6.1%) and atorvastatin (4.5 +/- 5.1%; p = 0.20). The same was observed after treatment (6.6 +/- 6.2 vs. 5.0 +/- 5.6; p = 0.55). The initial nitrate dilatation (8.1 +/- 5.4% vs. 10.8 +/- 7.5%; p = 0.24) and that after 4 week treatment (7.1 +/- 4.7% vs. 8.6 +/- 5.0%; p = 0.37) were similar. Atorvastatin produced a reduction of 20% of the C-reactive protein and 42% in the LDL-c; however, there were no changes in the flow-mediated dilation. CONCLUSIONS: Atorvastatin produced a significant change of lipids and C-reactive protein; however, there were no changes in vasomotor function, suggesting the existence of intrinsic age-related vessel alterations. PMID- 18925317 TI - Brazilian version of the foot health status questionnaire (FHSQ-BR): cross cultural adaptation and evaluation of measurement properties. AB - OBJECTIVE: To conduct a cross-cultural adaptation of the Foot Health Status Questionnaire into Brazilian-Portuguese and to assess its measurement properties. INTRODUCTION: This instrument is an outcome measure with 10 domains with scores ranging from 0-100, worst to best, respectively. The translated instrument will improve the examinations and foot care of rheumatoid arthritis patients. METHODS: The questions were translated, back-translated, evaluated by a multidisciplinary committee and pre-tested (n = 40 rheumatoid arthritis subjects). The new version was submitted to a field test (n = 65) to evaluate measurement properties such as test-retest reliability, internal consistency and construct validity. The Health Assessment Questionnaire, Numeric Rating Scale for foot pain and Sharp/van der Heijde scores for foot X-rays were used to test the construct validity. RESULTS: The cross-cultural adaptation was completed with minor wording adaptations from the original instrument. The evaluation of measurement properties showed high reliability with low variation coefficients between interviews. The alpha Cronbach coefficients varied from 0.468 to 0.855, while correlation to the Health Assessment Questionnaire and Numeric Rating Scale was statistically significant for five out of eight domains. DISCUSSION: Intra- and inter-observer correlations showed high reliability. Internal consistency coefficients were high for all domains, revealing higher values for less subjective domains. As for construct validity, each domain revealed correlations with a specific group of parameters according to what the domains intended to measure. CONCLUSION: The FHSQ was cross culturally adapted, generating a reliable, consistent, and valid instrument that is useful for evaluating foot health in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 18925318 TI - Comparative study of skin folding of dominant and nondominant hemibodies in spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy. AB - OBJECTIVE: To compare skin folds in the dominant and nondominant halves of the body in a group (A) of 20 individuals with cerebral palsy and spastic hemiplegia and a group (B) of 30 normal volunteers. METHOD: Body mass, height and skin folds were measured, and the percentage of body fat was estimated by adipose tissue measurement and densitometry. The mean age in group (A) was 24.6 +/- 5.6 years (ranging from 16.1 to 38.1 years). The mean age in group (B) was 25.3 +/- 3.8 years (ranging from 19.0 to 34.11 years). RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were observed between the dominant and nondominant halves of the body for biceps, triceps, thoracic, suprailiac, thigh and midcalf skin folds in group A; the biceps, subscapular, midaxillary, suprailiac, abdominal, thigh and midcalf skin folds in group B; and the percentage fat obtained by adipose tissue measurement in both groups. Statistically significant differences were observed for the triceps skin fold when the dominant halves of the body in groups A and B were compared. Statistically significant differences were also observed for the biceps, triceps, thigh and midcalf skin folds as well as the adipose tissue measurements between the dominant and nondominant halves of the body in the two groups. The percentage fat as estimated by densitometry was significantly correlated with the adipose tissue measurement. CONCLUSION: There were statistically significant differences between the skin folds in the dominant and nondominant halves of the body, both in group A and in group B (greater in group A). There was a statistically significant correlation in the percentage fat as estimated by densitometry and as measured by adipose tissue in groups A and B. PMID- 18925319 TI - Evaluation of the health-related quality of life in elderly patients according to the type of hip fracture: femoral neck or trochanteric. AB - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect the type of hip fracture (femoral neck or trochanteric) has on the Health-Related Quality of Life of elderly subjects. METHODS: Forty-five patients with hip fractures (mean 74.30 +/- 7.12 years), 24 with a femoral neck fracture and 21 with a trochanteric fracture, completed the 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) at baseline and four months after fracture. The Health-Related Quality of Life scores were compared according to fracture type, undisplaced and displaced femoral neck fractures, and stable and unstable trochanteric fractures. RESULTS: Compared to baseline, all patients scored lower in the physical functioning, role limitation-physical, bodily pain and vitality categories four months after the fracture had occurred. The SF-36 scores for all the scales did not differ significantly between patients with femoral neck versus trochanteric fractures, or between patients with displaced versus undisplaced femoral neck fractures and stable versus unstable trochanteric fractures. CONCLUSIONS: The mental and physical quality of life of elderly patients with a hip fracture is severely impaired one month after fracture, with partial recovery by the end of the fourth month. The negative impact on the Health-Related Quality of Life did not differ significantly according to fracture type. PMID- 18925321 TI - Progressive resistance training in elderly HIV-positive patients: does it work? AB - BACKGROUND: Elderly people present alterations in body composition and physical fitness, compromising their quality of life. Chronic diseases, including HIV/AIDS, worsen this situation. Resistance exercises are prescribed to improve fitness and promote healthier and independent aging. Recovery of strength and physical fitness is the goal of exercise in AIDS wasting syndrome. OBJECTIVE: This study describes a case series of HIV-positive elderly patients who participated in a progressive resistance training program and evaluates their body composition, muscular strength, physical fitness and the evolution of CD4+ and CD8+ cell counts. METHODS: Subjects were prospectively recruited for nine months. The training program consisted of three sets of 8-12 repetitions of leg press, seated row, lumbar extension and chest press, performed with free weight machines hts, twice/week for one year. Infectious disease physicians followed patients and reported all relevant clinical data. Body composition was assessed by anthropometric measures and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry before and after the training program. RESULTS: Fourteen patients, aged 62-71 years old, of both genders, without regular physical activity who had an average of nine years of HIV/AIDS history were enrolled. The strengths of major muscle groups increased (74%-122%, p=0.003-0.021) with a corresponding improvement in sit-standing and walking 2.4 m tests (p=0.003). There were no changes in clinical conditions and body composition measures, but triceps and thigh skinfolds were significantly reduced (p=0.037). In addition, there were significant increases in the CD4+ counts (N=151 cells; p=0.008) and the CD4+/CD8+ ratio (0.63 to 0.81, p=0.009). CONCLUSION: Resistance training increased strength, improved physical fitness, reduced upper and lower limb skinfolds, and were associated with an improvement in the CD4+ and CD4+/CD8+ counts in HIV positive elderly patients without significant side effects. PMID- 18925320 TI - Treatment of essential hypertension does not normalize capillary rarefaction. AB - OBJECTIVES: To determine if capillary rarefaction persists when hypertension is treated with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, thiazidic diuretic and/or beta-blocker, and to identify which microcirculatory alterations (structural and functional) persist after anti-hypertensive treatment. METHODS: We evaluated 28 well-controlled essential hypertensive patients and 19 normotensive subjects. Nailfold videocapillaroscopy examination of the fourth finger of the left hand was used to determine the functional capillary densities at baseline, during post occlusive hyperemia, and after venous congestion. Capillary loop diameters (afferent, apical and efferent) and red blood cell velocity were also quantified. RESULTS: Compared with normotensive subjects, hypertensive patients showed lower mean functional capillary density at baseline (25.1 +/- 1.4 vs. 33.9 +/- 1.9 cap/mm(2), p<0.01), during post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (29.3 +/- 1.9 vs. 38.2 +/- 2.2 cap/mm(2), p<0.01) and during venous congestion responses (31.4 +/- 1.9 vs. 41.1 +/- 2.3 cap/mm(2), p<0.01). Based on the density during venous congestion, the estimated structural capillary deficit was 25.1%. Mean capillary diameters were not different at the three local points, but red blood cell velocity at baseline was significantly lower in the hypertensive group (0.98 +/- 0.05 vs. 1.17 +/- 0.04 mm/s, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Patients treated for essential hypertension showed microvascular rarefaction, regardless of the type of therapy used. In addition, the reduced red blood cell velocity associated with capillary rarefaction might reflect the increased systemic vascular resistance, which is a hallmark of hypertension. PMID- 18925322 TI - Obstructive sleep apnea in ischemic stroke patients. AB - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in patients with ischemic stroke and to evaluate the effectiveness of nasal continuous positive airway pressure treatment. METHODS: Overnight polysomnography was performed by a computerized system in 19 subjects with ischemic stroke. Patients with an apnea-hypopnea index > or = 5 were considered to have obstructive sleep apnea. The appropriate level of continuous positive airway pressure for each patient was determined during an all-night continuous positive airway pressure determination study. Attended continuous positive airway pressure titration was performed with a continuous positive airway pressure auto-titrating device. RESULTS: Obstructive sleep apnea prevalence among patients with ischemic stroke was 73.7%. The minimum SaO(2) was significantly lower, and the percent of total sleep time in the wake stage and stage 1 sleep was significantly longer in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. In two patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea, we observed a decrease in the apnea-hypopnea index, an increase in mean wake time, mean SaO(2), and minimum SaO(2), and alterations in sleep structures with continuous positive airway pressure treatment. CONCLUSION: As the diagnosis and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea is of particular importance in secondary stroke prevention, we suggest that the clinical assessment of obstructive sleep apnea be part of the evaluation of stroke patients in rehabilitation units, and early treatment should be started. PMID- 18925323 TI - Laparoscopic dismembered pyeloplasty in 47 cases. AB - PURPOSE: To evaluate the results of a sequence of 47 laparoscopic Anderson-Hynes pyeloplasties for the treatment of patients with ureteropelvic junction obstruction, independently of the etiology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty male and 27 female patients diagnosed with ureteropelvic junction obstruction were treated by Anderson-Hynes transperitoneal laparoscopic dismembered pyeloplasty from April 2002 to January 2006. The age of the patients ranged from four to 75 years, with a mean age of 32.3 years. The follow-up ranged between six and 30 months, with a mean follow-up time of 24 months. The outcomes were evaluated through the assessment of symptoms and imaging studies. RESULTS: In 44 (93.6%) of the 47 patients, resolution of the pain and a reduction in ureteropelvic dilation were observed. The mean operative time was 157 minutes (ranging from 90 to 270 minutes). Neither blood transfusion nor conversion to open surgery was required. The mean hospital stay was 2.2 days. The presence of crossing vessels over the ureteropelvic junction was verified in 26 patients (55%), and vessel transposition in relation to the urinary tract was performed in 25 of these cases. In one patient, the crossing vessel was mobilized out of the ureteropelvic junction with a perivascular suture to the renal capsule associated with the pyeloplasty. CONCLUSIONS: The outcome of transperitoneal Anderson-Hynes laparoscopic pyeloplasty used for different causes of pyeloureteral obstruction presented a success rate similar to a previously-published open procedure, with the advantage of being less invasive. This procedure may be considered the first option for the treatment of ureteropelvic junction obstruction. PMID- 18925324 TI - Malignant and tuberculous pleural effusions: immunophenotypic cellular characterization. AB - INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Tuberculosis and cancer are the main causes of pleural effusion. Pleural involvement is associated with migration of immune cells to the pleural cavity. We sought to characterize the immunophenotype of leukocytes in the pleural effusion and peripheral blood of patients with tuberculosis or malignancy. METHODS: Thirty patients with tuberculosis (14) or malignancy (16) were studied. A control group included 20 healthy blood donors. RESULTS: Malignant phycoerythrin pleural effusions showed higher percentages of CD3, CD4, CD3CD45RO, and CD20CD25 lymphocytes and lower percentages of CD3CD25 and CD20HLA-DR when compared to PB lymphocytes. Compared to PB, tuberculous effusions had a higher percentage of lymphocytes that co-expressed CD3, CD4, CD3CD45RO, CD3TCRalphabeta, CD3CD28, and CD20 and a lower percentage of CD14, CD8 and CD3TCRgammadelta-positive lymphocytes. Malignant effusions presented higher expression of CD14 whereas tuberculous effusions had higher expression of CD3 and CD3CD95L. Peripheral blood cells from tuberculosis patients showed higher expression of CD14, CD20CD25 and CD3CD95L. Compared with the control cells, tuberculosis and cancer peripheral blood cells presented a lower percentage of CD3CD4 and CD3CD28-positive cells as well as a higher percentage of CD3CD8, CD3CD25 and CD3CD80-positive cells. CONCLUSIONS: Tuberculous and malignant peripheral blood is enriched with lymphocytes with a helper/inducer T cell phenotype, which are mainly of memory cells. CD14-positive cells were more frequently found in malignant effusions, while CD3-positive cells expressing Fas ligand were more frequently found in tuberculous effusions. PMID- 18925325 TI - Hip fracture risk and different gene polymorphisms in the Turkish population. AB - BACKGROUND: We aimed to discuss the risk assessments for both patients with hip fractures due to fall-related, low energy traumas and non-fractured control patients by examining bone mineral density and genetic data, two features associated with femoral strength and hip fracture risk. METHODS: Twenty-one osteoporotic patients with proximal femur fractures and non-fractured, osteoporotic, age- and gender-matched controls were included in the study. Bone mineral density measurements were performed with a Lunar DXA. The COL1A1, ESR, VDR, IL-6, and OPG genes were amplified, and labeling of specific gene sequences was performed in a multiplex polymerase chain reaction using the osteo/check PCR kit from the whole blood of all subjects. RESULTS: The bone mineral density (trochanteric and total bone mineral density values) of the fracture group was significantly decreased relative to the control group. We were not able to conduct statistical tests for the polymorphisms of the COL1A1, ESR, and VDR genes because our results were expressed in terms of frequency. Although they were not significant, we did examine differences in the IL-6 and OPG genes polymorphisms between the two groups. We concluded that increasing the number of cases will allow us to evaluate racial differences in femoral hip fracture risk by genotypes. PMID- 18925326 TI - The relationships of leptin, adiponectin levels and paraoxonase activity with metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors in females treated with psychiatric drugs. AB - OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate serum leptin, adiponectin and paraoxonase1 levels in adult females receiving pharmacotherapy for various psychiatric disorders. METHODS: The study group consisted of 32 obese females (mean age 40.53 +/- 11.00 years, mean body mass index 35.44 +/- 5.33 kg/m(2)) who were receiving treatment for psychiatric disorders, and the control group included 22 obese females (mean age 35.95 +/- 9.16 years, mean body mass index 30.78 +/- 3.33 kg/m(2)) who were free of psychiatric disorders. Analyses were performed using a bioelectrical impedance device. Fasting blood samples were obtained for complete blood count and various biochemical tests, including determination of leptin, adiponectin and paraoxonase1 activity. RESULTS: Body mass index, waist and hip circumference, body fat percentage, fasting blood glucose, insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin, homeostasis model assesement of insulin resistance, alanine transaminase, aspartate tarnsaminase, and leptin levels were significantly higher in the study group than in controls. Although body weight was positively correlated with leptin levels in both groups, body weight was negatively correlated with adiponectin levels in the control group and positively correlated with adiponectin levels in the study group. In the study group, body mass index and hip circumference correlated positively with leptin levels, hip circumference correlated positively with adiponectin levels, and waist to hip ratio correlated positively with paraoxonase levels. In the control group, body mass index as well as waist and hip circumferences were positively correlated with leptin levels. Weight, body mass index, and hip circumference were also negatively correlated with the adiponectin/leptin ratio in the control group. CONCLUSION: This study indicates a higher risk for obesity-related disorders, particularly metabolic syndrome, diabetes and cardiovascular disease, in patients treated with psychiatric drugs. PMID- 18925327 TI - A therapeutic maneuver for oropharyngeal dysphagia in patients with Parkinson's disease. AB - OBJECTIVE: This study investigates resources to provide better conditions for oropharyngeal swallowing for improvement in the quality of life of Parkinson's disease patients. METHOD: Three men and one woman with an average age of 70.25 years had been afflicted with Parkinson's disease for an average of 9.25 years. The patients were submitted to a rehabilitation program for oropharyngeal dysphagia after a clinical evaluation of swallowing. The rehabilitation program consisted of daily sessions for two consecutive weeks during which a biofeedback resource adapted especially for this study was used. The patients were then reevaluated for swallowing ability at follow-up. RESULTS: The patients presenting difficulties with swallowing water displayed no such problems after rehabilitation. Only one patient exhibited slow oral transit of food and other discrete oropharyngeal food remnants when swallowing a biscuit. The sample variance was used to analyze the pressure measurements, demonstrating a numerical similarity of the results obtained with the swallowing of saliva or of biscuits (VAR = 4.41). A statistical difference was observed between the swallowing of saliva and biscuits, showing a significant pressure increase at the end of the rehabilitation program (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The effortful swallow maneuver reinforced by using biofeedback appears to be a therapeutic resource in the rehabilitation of oropharyngeal dysphagia in Parkinson's disease patients. PMID- 18925328 TI - Impact of cytomegalovirus and grafts versus host disease on the dynamics of CD57+CD28-CD8+ T cells after bone marrow transplant. AB - OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to evaluate the dynamics of CD28 and CD57 expression in CD8+ T lymphocytes during cytomegalovirus viremia in bone marrow transplant recipients. METHODS: In a prospective study, blood samples were obtained once weekly once from 33 healthy volunteers and weekly from 33 patients. To evaluate the expression of CD57 and CD28 on CD8+ T lymphocytes, flow cytometry analysis was performed on blood samples for four months after bone marrow transplant, together with cytomegalovirus antigenemia assays. RESULTS: Compared to cytomegalovirus-seronegative healthy subjects, seropositive healthy subjects demonstrated a higher percentage of CD57+ and a lower percentage of CD28+ cells (p<0.05). A linear regression model demonstrated a continuous decrease in CD28+ expression and a continuous increase in CD57+ expression after bone marrow transplant. The occurrence of cytomegalovirus antigenemia was associated with a steep drop in the percentage of CD28+ cells (5.94%, p<0.01) and an increase in CD57+ lymphocytes (5.60%, p<0.01). This cytomegalovirus-dependent effect was for the most part concentrated in the allogeneic bone marrow transplant patients. The development of acute graft versus host disease, which occurred at an earlier time than antigenemia (day 26 vs. day 56 post- bone marrow transplant), also had an impact on the CD57+ subset, triggering an increase of 4.9% in CD57+ lymphocytes (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: We found continuous relative changes in the CD28+ and CD57+ subsets during the first 120 days post- bone marrow transplant, as part of immune system reconstitution and maturation. A clear correlation was observed between the expansion of the CD57+CD28-CD8+ T lymphocyte subpopulation and the occurrence of graft versus host disease and cytomegalovirus viremia. PMID- 18925329 TI - Bradykinin or acetylcholine as vasodilators to test endothelial venous function in healthy subjects. AB - INTRODUCTION: The evaluation of endothelial function has been performed in the arterial bed, but recently evaluation within the venous system has also been explored. Endothelial function studies employ different drugs that act as endothelium-dependent vasodilatory response inductors. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to compare the endothelium-dependent venous vasodilator response mediated by either acetylcholine or bradykinin in healthy volunteers. METHODS AND RESULTS: Changes in vein diameter after phenylephrine-induced venoconstriction were measured to compare venodilation induced by acetylcholine or bradykinin (linear variable differential transformer dorsal hand vein technique). We studied 23 healthy volunteers; 31% were male, and the subject had a mean age of 33 +/- 8 years and a mean body mass index of 23 +/- 2 kg/m(2). The maximum endothelium dependent venodilation was similar for both drugs (p = 0.13), as well as the mean responses for each dose of both drugs (r = 0.96). The maximum responses to acetylcholine and bradykinin also had good agreement. CONCLUSION: There were no differences between acetylcholine and bradykinin as venodilators in this endothelial venous function investigation. PMID- 18925330 TI - Human saphenous vein organ culture under controlled hemodynamic conditions. AB - INTRODUCTION: Saphenous vein grafting is still widely used to revascularize ischemic myocardium. The effectiveness of this procedure is limited by neointima formation and accelerated atherosclerosis, which frequently leads to graft occlusion. A better understanding of this process is important to clarify the mechanisms of vein graft disease and to aid in the formulation of strategies for prevention and/or therapeutics. OBJECTIVE: To develop an ex vivo flow system that allows for controlled hemodynamics in order to mimic arterial and venous conditions. METHODS: Human saphenous veins were cultured either under venous (flow: 5 ml/min) or arterial hemodynamic conditions (flow: 50 ml/min, pressure: 80 mmHg) for 1-, 2- and 4-day periods. Cell viability, cell density and apoptosis were compared before and after these intervals using MTT, Hoeschst 33258 stain, and TUNEL assays, respectively. RESULTS: Fresh excised tissue segments were well preserved prior to the study. Hoechst 33258 and MTT stains showed progressive losses in cell density and cell viability in veins cultured under arterial hemodynamic conditions from 1 to 4 days, while no alterations were observed in veins cultured under venous conditions. Although the cell density from 1-day cultured veins under arterial conditions was similar to that of freshly excised veins, the TUNEL assay indicated that most of these cells were undergoing apoptosis. CONCLUSION: The results observed resemble the events taking place during early in vivo arterial-vein grafting and provide evidence that an ex vivo perfusion system may be useful for the identification of new therapeutic targets that ameliorate vein graft remodeling and increase graft patency over time. PMID- 18925331 TI - Immunohistochemical studies of stellate cells in experimental cholestasis in newborn and adult rats. AB - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Although there is much known about liver diseases, some aspects remain unclear, such as the nature of the differences between the diseases observed in newborn infants and those in adults. For example, how do newborns respond to duct epithelial cell injury? Do the stellate cells in newborns respond similarly to those in adults during biliary obstruction? METHODS: Ninety newborn Wistar rats aged six days, weighing 8.0 - 13.9 g each, and 90 adult rats weighing 199.7 - 357.0 g each, were submitted to bile duct ligation. After surgery, they were randomly divided and sacrificed on the 3rd, 5th, 7th, 14th, 21st or 28th day post-bile duct ligation. Hepatic biopsies were obtained and immunohistochemical semi-quantification of desmin and alpha-SMA expression was performed in hepatic stellate cells and in myofibroblasts in the portal space, and between the portal space and the liver lobule. RESULTS: Desmin expression in the myofibroblast cells post-bile duct ligation was higher in young rats, reaching its peak level in a shorter time when compared to the adult animals. The differences between the groups for alpha-SMA expression were less significant than for desmin. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that there is an increase in the number of collagen-producing myofibroblast cells in young animals, suggesting that there is more intense fibrosis in this population. This finding may explain why young animals with bile duct obstruction experience more intense portal fibrosis that is similar to the pathology observed in the livers of newborns with biliary atresia. PMID- 18925332 TI - Controversies in the management of asymptomatic patients sustaining penetrating thoracoabdominal wounds. AB - The most challenging diagnostic issue in the management of thoracoabdominal wounds concerns the assessment of asymptomatic patients. In almost one-third of such cases, diaphragmatic injuries are present even in the absence of any clear clinical signs. The sensitivity of noninvasive diagnostic tests is very low in this situation, and acceptable methods for diagnosis are limited to videolaparoscopy or videothoracoscopy. However, these procedures are performed under general anesthesia and present real, and potentially unnecessary, risks for the patient. On the other hand, diaphragmatic hernias, which can result from unsutured diaphragmatic lesions, are associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. In this paper, the management of asymptomatic patients sustaining wounds to the lower chest is discussed, with a focus on the diagnosis of diaphragmatic injuries and the necessity of suturing them. PMID- 18925334 TI - Double lip surgical correction in Ascher's syndrome: diagnosis and treatment of a rare condition. PMID- 18925333 TI - Serum markers in the diagnosis of tubal pregnancy. AB - The introduction of highly sensitive methods, such as transvaginal sonography and measurement of serum b-human chorionic gonadotropin, has dramatically improved ectopic pregnancy diagnosis in recent years. Early diagnosis is the key to successful and conservative management of women with ectopic pregnancy; however, approximately 50 percent of such women are initially misdiagnosed, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. In order to improve diagnosis, several serum markers are being investigated including progesterone, CA 125, pregnancy associated plasma protein-A, vascular endothelial growth factor, and maternal creatine kinase. Measurement of serum vascular endothelial growth factor, alone or together with other markers, could be a promising method for earlier and more accurate differential diagnosis. However, the clinical applicability of these findings remains to be evaluated in larger prospective studies. PMID- 18925335 TI - Cystoprostatectomy with ileal neobladder for treatment of severe cystitis glandularis in an AIDS patient. PMID- 18925336 TI - Violations of the usual sequence of drug initiation: prevalence and associations with the development of dependence in the New Zealand Mental Health Survey. AB - OBJECTIVE: For 3 decades, studies have reported that the usual sequence of drug initiation is licit drugs, then cannabis, and then other illicit drugs. This article describes the prevalence of violations of this sequence, the predictors of violations, and the relationship between violations and the onset of alcohol or drug dependence. METHOD: The New Zealand Mental Health Survey is a nationally representative sample with 12,992 face-to-face interviews carried out in 2003 2004. The response rate was 73.3%. The World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0) was used in the survey. Reports of the age at first use were obtained for alcohol and drugs but not for smoking. RESULTS: Violations of the usual sequence of drug initiation were uncommon in the population (2.6%). Use of other illicit drugs before cannabis was the main violation, found in 2.3% of alcohol users, 3.0% of cannabis users, 8.6% of cocaine users, and 16.7% of those who had used other illicit drugs. Use of other illicit drugs before cannabis was more predominant in younger cohorts and those with more early-onset internalizing disorders. Violations had little association with the development of dependence in users when other important predictors such as age at onset of use and the number of illicit drugs used were taken into account. Internalizing disorders and early-onset bipolar disorder also predicted dependence. CONCLUSIONS: In New Zealand, violations of the gateway sequence are not common and they are not markers of progression to dependence. PMID- 18925337 TI - Saying no to marijuana: why American youth report quitting or abstaining. AB - OBJECTIVE: This article aims to contribute to the literature by reporting on a nationally representative study of U.S. youths regarding their self-reported reasons for abstaining from or quitting marijuana use and the relationships between such reasons and individual sociodemographic characteristics of gender and race/ethnicity. METHOD: This article uses data from in-school surveys obtained from nationally representative cross-sectional samples of U.S. high school seniors from 1977 to 2005 (N = 82,106). RESULTS: Results indicate the following: (1) 50% of those reporting past-12-month marijuana use felt they should either stop or reduce their use; (2) among those saying they would not use marijuana in the coming year, the most frequently reported reasons cited were psychological and physical damage and not wanting to get high (reported by more than 60%), whereas the least frequently reported reasons included expense, concerns of having a bad trip, and availability (reported by fewer than 25%); and (3) clear differences existed in reported reasons by gender and race/ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS: A significant percentage of U.S. high school seniors who are recent marijuana users wish to either reduce or stop their marijuana use and are basing such desires on a wide variety of reasons that show significant gender and racial/ethnic variation. Marijuana prevention and cessation policy and programming could potentially be strengthened by incorporating the findings from these analyses. PMID- 18925338 TI - A longitudinal investigation of powder cocaine use among club-drug using gay and bisexual men. AB - OBJECTIVE: Few studies have analyzed the use of powder cocaine over time and its relation to psychosocial states. The purpose of the present analysis was to examine trajectories of powder cocaine use among club-drug using gay and bisexual men in New York City. METHOD: A purposive sample of 355 powder cocaine using men was surveyed four times over a period of 12 months. We analyzed natural trajectories of cocaine use and examined use in relation to demographic and psychosocial variables. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to examine associations of use at baseline and over time. RESULTS: Frequency of use at baseline was negatively related to sexual sensation seeking and positively related to triggers of unpleasant emotions, physical discomfort, and the desire for pleasant times with others. Men who reported using cocaine to avoid physical discomfort or to enhance pleasant times with others were also more likely to decrease their frequency of use during the year long investigation. CONCLUSIONS: The antecedents that explained cocaine use in this sample indicate the need for treatment and prevention programs that consider the interplay between emotions and behaviors related to use of this drug. PMID- 18925339 TI - A serotonin transporter gene polymorphism (5-HTTLPR), drinking-to-cope motivation, and negative life events among college students. AB - OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to examine whether a polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) in the serotonin transporter gene was related to college students' reports of relief drinking (drinking-to-cope motives) and whether it moderated the associations between negative life events and drinking to cope. We examined reward drinking (drinking-to-enhance motives) as a comparison and to see whether these effects varied across gender. METHOD: Using an Internet-based survey, college students (N = 360; 192 women) self-reported on drinking motives and negative life events for up to 4 years. Study participants provided saliva for genotyping the triallelic (LA vs LG or S) variants of 5-HTTLPR. RESULTS: Among men, individuals with two risk alleles (LG or S), compared with individuals with the LA/LA allele, displayed lower drinking-to-cope motives. Among women, individuals with one risk allele (either LG or S), compared with individuals with the LA/LA allele, displayed stronger drinking-to-enhance motives. The association between yearly changes in negative life events and drinking-to-cope motives varied across 5-HTTLPR genotype and gender and was strongest in the positive direction for women with the LA/LA variant. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings are not consistent with prior speculation that stronger positive associations between life stress and alcohol use among individuals with the LG or S allele are the result of increased use of alcohol as a method for coping with stress. The importance of examining gender differences in the relations between 5-HTTLPR, substance use, and related constructs is also noted. PMID- 18925341 TI - The clinical course of alcoholism in Trinidad and Tobago. AB - OBJECTIVE: The clinical course of alcoholism has been described as a series of distinct, alcohol-related life events that occur in an orderly sequence. However, whether that sequence differs, depending on ethnicity and country of origin, is less clear. The purposes of this study were to investigate the sequence and progression of alcohol-related life events in individuals of East Indian (Indo) and African (Afro) heritage on the islands of Trinidad and Tobago, and compare those results with data reported previously by the Collaborative study for the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA). METHOD: Participants who were alcohol dependent (based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition, Revised, criteria) and of Afro-Trinidadian and Tobagonian ancestry or Indo Trinidadian ancestry were recruited from inpatient treatment facilities. A total of 148 alcohol-dependent men and women completed the Semi-Structured Assessment of the Genetics of Alcoholism, which assessed the physical, psychological, and social manifestations of alcohol dependence and other psychiatric disorders. RESULTS: A high degree of similarity in the sequence of alcohol-related life events was found between Indo-Trinidadian, Afro-Trinidadian and Tobagonian, and COGA participants. However, Trinidadian and Tobagonian alcoholics were more likely to endorse severe alcohol drinking in the form of binges (2 or more days of intoxication), blackouts, withdrawal, and medical consequences; however, they were less likely to endorse aggressive acts associated with drinking. Progression to alcohol dependence was significantly slower in Trinidadian and Tobagonian alcoholics than in the U.S. population of alcoholics, but severe alcohol symptoms were more commonly endorsed in Trinidadian and Tobagonians. CONCLUSIONS: Identifying ethnic and country of origin differences in the clinical course of alcohol dependence may assist in the development of culturally sensitive intervention and prevention programs. PMID- 18925340 TI - Social disadvantage, stress, and alcohol use among black, Hispanic, and white Americans: findings from the 2005 U.S. National Alcohol Survey. AB - OBJECTIVE: Despite growing evidence of the adverse health effects of social disadvantage on minority populations, few studies have investigated whether such effects extend to alcohol problems. This study examines social disadvantage as a source of stress and analyzes its association with alcohol use and problems in the three largest racial/ethnic groups in the United States. METHOD: Data on white, black, and Hispanic Americans (n = 6,631) were obtained from the 2005 U.S. National Alcohol Survey, a nationally representative telephone-based survey of adults ages 18 and older. Social disadvantage was measured by poverty level, frequency of unfair treatment, racial/ethnic stigma consciousness, and cumulative disadvantage. Outcomes included drinking status, at-risk drinking, and problem drinking. RESULTS: Blacks and Hispanics reported greater exposure to social disadvantage than whites, including greater poverty, unfair treatment, racial/ethnic stigma, and cumulative disadvantage. In all three racial/ethnic groups, exposure to disadvantage was associated with problem drinking. Frequent unfair treatment, high racial stigma (among minorities), and multiple sources of extreme disadvantage corresponded to a twofold to sixfold greater risk of alcohol problems, partially explained by psychological distress. CONCLUSIONS: These results are consistent with other studies of stress and adverse health consequences associated with social disadvantage. Although there is a clear disparity in exposure to such hardship, experiences of disadvantage appear to have similar effects on problem drinking among both racial/ethnic minorities and whites. Future research should attempt to assess causal directions in the relationships among social and economic hardship, stress, and alcohol problems. PMID- 18925342 TI - Substance use among Druze adolescent students in Israel: identifying predictors and patterns of use. AB - OBJECTIVE: The current study examines the rates of legal and illegal psychoactive substance use among Druze secondary school students, as well as the correlations between use rates and sociodemographic, interpersonal, cognitive, and personality characteristics. This is the fi rst comprehensive study to focus exclusively on substance use in the Druze population. METHOD: Druze secondary school students (n = 519), Grades 7-12, participated in the study in late 2004. Participants were sampled using a cluster method from 15 schools in northern Israel and completed self-report questionnaires assessing substance use and other variables. RESULTS: The results indicate that 20% of the Druze students consumed alcohol in the past year, and 10% used illegal substances of various types. Also, male students had much higher use rates than female students; low religiosity was related to higher levels of use, and positive attitudes and behavioral intentions were both linked to higher levels of substance use. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide an indication of the extent of substance use among Druze students and enable us to identify unique characteristics and patterns as well as similarities to the other populations, particularly Arab students in Israel. PMID- 18925343 TI - Teenage alcohol use and educational attainment. AB - OBJECTIVE: Using data from the National Child Development Study, an ongoing longitudinal birth cohort study of British youth born in 1958 (N = 9,107), we investigated the long-term impact of heavy alcohol use at age 16 years on educational qualifications in adulthood. METHOD: We used a propensity score matching approach to examine whether and for whom heavy alcohol use predicted reduced adult educational attainment. Because of gender differences in both heavy drinking and adult socioeconomic attainment, we examined the effects of heavy drinking on educational outcomes separately for females and males. RESULTS: Heavy drinking in adolescence (measured in 1974) had a direct negative effect on the receipt of postsecondary educational credentials by age 42 years among males but not females, independent of child and adolescent risk factors correlated with both heavy drinking and educational attainment. In particular, males from working class backgrounds were most affected by heavy drinking. CONCLUSIONS: Drawing on a life span developmental contextual approach, we find that heavy teenage alcohol use and disadvantaged social origins combined to diminish male educational attainment. In contrast, heavy alcohol use had little effect on female educational attainment. PMID- 18925344 TI - College students' norm perception predicts reported use of protective behavioral strategies for alcohol consumption. AB - OBJECTIVE: This study examined whether college students' descriptive norm perceptions of protective behavioral drinking strategies explain variance in use of such strategies, controlling for covariates of students' gender, typical number of drinks, and negative drinking consequences. METHOD: Derivation (n = 7,960; 55.2% women) and replication (n = 8,534; 54.5% women) samples of undergraduate students completed the Campus Alcohol Survey in classroom settings. Students estimated how frequently other students used each of nine protective behavioral strategies (PBS) and how frequently they themselves used each strategy. RESULTS: All items assessing norm perception of PBS (NPPBS) had pattern matrix coefficients exceeding .50 on a single factor, and all contributed to the overall scale reliability (Cronbach's alpha = .81). Hierarchical regression analyses indicated NPPBS explained significant variance in PBS, controlling for covariates, and explained an additional 7% of variance (p < .001). A Gender x Scale (PBS, NPPBS) repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed students believed peers used PBS less frequently than they themselves did (eta(p) (2) = .091, p < .001). Such social distancing was greater in women (omega(effect) (2) = .151, p < .001) than in men (omega(effect) (2) = .001, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Consistent with the principle of false uniqueness, whereby individuals regard their own positive characteristics as rare, college students-especially women underestimate how frequently other students use PBS. Such norm misperception may enhance students' feelings of competence and self-esteem. The positive relationship between NPPBS and PBS indicates students with high NPPBS are more likely to use the strategies themselves. PMID- 18925345 TI - Three-year changes in adult risk drinking behavior in relation to the course of alcohol-use disorders. AB - OBJECTIVE: This study examines the associations between the course of alcohol-use disorder (AUD) and changes in average daily volume of ethanol intake, frequency of risk drinking, and maximum quantity of drinks consumed per day over a 3-year follow-up interval in a sample of U.S. adults. METHOD: Data were taken from a longitudinal study of a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults, who were 18 years of age and older (mean age = 46.4) when initially interviewed in 2001 2002 and successfully reinterviewed approximately 3 years later (n = 22,245 baseline drinkers). The time reference period for the drinking measures was the 12 months preceding the interview. Changes in consumption reflect differences between Wave 1 and Wave 2 measures for individuals with nonmissing values at both Waves (n = 22,003 for volume of intake, 22,132 for frequency of risk drinking and 21,942 for maximum quantity of drinks). RESULTS: There were positive changes in all consumption measures associated with developing an AUD and negative changes associated with remission of an AUD, even among individuals who continued to drink. Increases and decreases associated with onset and offset of dependence exceeded those associated with onset/ offset of abuse only, and the decreases associated with full remission from dependence exceeded those associated with partial remission. There were few changes in consumption among individuals whose AUD status did not change. Interactions of AUD transitions with other factors indicate that development of an AUD is associated with a greater increase in consumption among men, possibly reflecting their greater total body water and lower blood alcohol concentration in response to a given dose of ethanol, and among individuals with high baseline levels of consumption. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in consumption associated with onset and offset of AUD are substantial enough to have important implications for the risk of associated physical and psychological harm. PMID- 18925346 TI - Do patients with alcohol dependence respond to placebo? Results from the COMBINE Study. AB - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the nature of the effect of placebo medication plus accompanying medical management in the treatment of alcohol dependence. METHOD: The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism COMBINE (Combining Medications and Behavioral Interventions) study, a randomized controlled double-blind trial of 1,383 alcohol-dependent patients, compared combinations of medications (acamprosate [Campral] and naltrexone [ReVia]) and behavioral therapy (medical management and specialist-delivered behavioral therapy) for alcohol dependence. This report focuses on a subset of that study population (n = 466) receiving (1) specialized behavioral therapy alone (without pills), (2) specialized behavioral therapy + placebo medication + medical management, or (3) placebo + medical management. RESULTS: During 16 weeks of treatment, participants receiving behavioral therapy alone had a lower percentage of days abstinent (66.6%) than did the participants receiving placebo and medical management (73.1%) or those receiving specialized behavioral therapy + placebo + medical management (79.4%). The group receiving behavioral therapy alone relapsed to heavy drinking more often (79.0%) than those receiving behavioral therapy + placebo + medical management (71.2%). This report focuses on potential explanations for this finding. The two groups of participants receiving placebo + medical management were more likely to attend Alcoholics Anonymous meetings during treatment (32.7% and 32.0% vs 20.4%) and were less likely to withdraw from treatment (14.1% and 22.9% vs 29.3%). CONCLUSIONS: There appeared to be a significant "placebo effect" in the COMBINE Study, consisting of pill taking and seeing a health care professional. Contributing factors to the placebo response may have included pill taking itself, the benefits of meeting with a medical professional, repeated advice to attend Alcoholics Anonymous, and optimism about a medication effect. PMID- 18925347 TI - Characteristics of first-time alcohol treatment seekers: the COMBINE Study. AB - OBJECTIVE: The current study compared alcoholics who entered treatment for the first time with those who had reported one or more prior treatment experiences using a large sample (N = 1,362) of alcoholics who entered the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism-sponsored COMBINE (Combining Medications and Behavioral Interventions) Study of pharmacological and behavioral treatment efficacy. METHOD: Participants were categorized into three prior-treatment groups: (1) treatment naive (n = 691, 50.73%), (2) one to two prior treatments (n = 380, 27.90%), or (3) three or more prior treatments (n = 291, 21.37%). Groups were compared at baseline on multiple drinking and psychosocial variables. RESULTS: The treatment-naive group was more likely to be female, educated, married, and employed. They reported the lowest levels of drinks per drinking day, average drinks per day, alcohol dependence, craving, and alcohol-related consequences; but, they had the oldest age at onset of alcohol problems. Both the treatment-naive group and the one-to-two prior-treatment group had lower percentage days abstinent within the prior 30 days, compared with the three-or more group (22% and 25% vs 32%, respectively). The treatment-naive group reported the least commitment to an abstinence goal (43% vs 70% and 80%, respectively) and the lowest mean number of Alcoholics Anonymous meetings attended (0.86 vs 3.10 vs 6.91, respectively). They also reported fewer psychological symptoms, less distress, and higher levels of quality of life on physical, emotional, and environmental domains, as well as social relationships. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that a greater understanding of treatment-naive versus treatment experienced clients may provide a better profile of help-seeking behavior and may suggest different approaches to treatment. PMID- 18925348 TI - Psychological aggression, physical aggression, and injury in nonpartner relationships among men and women in treatment for substance-use disorders. AB - OBJECTIVE: This study focused on the prevalence and predictors of psychological aggression, physical aggression, and injury rates in nonintimate partner relationships in a substance-use disorder treatment sample. METHOD: The sample included 489 (76% men, 24% women) participants who completed screening measures for inclusion in a randomized control trial for an aggression-prevention treatment. Primary outcome measures included rates of past-year psychological aggression, physical aggression, and injury (both from the participant to nonpartners and from nonpartners to the participant). Potential predictors included individual factors (e.g., age, gender), developmental factors (e.g., family history of drug use, childhood physical abuse), and recent factors (e.g., depression, cocaine use). RESULTS: Rates of participant-to nonpartner psychological aggression (83%), physical aggression (61%), and injury (47%) were high, as were rates of nonpartner-to-participant aggression. Bivariate analyses revealed significant relationships between the aggression outcomes and most of the individual, developmental, and recent factors. However, multivariate analyses (zero-inflated Poisson regression) revealed that age, treatment status, current symptoms of depression, heavy periods of drinking, and cocaine use were related most frequently to the occurrence of aggression to and from nonpartners. CONCLUSIONS: Nonpartner aggression may be as common within a substance-use disorder sample as partner aggression, and it is associated with heavy drinking episodes, cocaine use, and depressive symptoms. The findings highlight the need for the development of effective violence interventions addressing violence in nonpartner relationship types. PMID- 18925349 TI - The social network and alcohol use. AB - OBJECTIVE: Previous research has found that a drinking-supportive social network has a strong influence on heavy drinking and alcohol-related problems over time. The objective of this work was to understand the individual difference and interpersonal factors that predict changes in the social network relevant to alcohol use. METHOD: Data are from a large, ongoing prospective sample of 634 newly married couples in the United States. The current study examined the association between individual, relationship, and partner factors as they relate to changes in the number of drinking buddies in the social network during the first 7 years of marriage. RESULTS: After controlling for the number of drinking buddies before marriage, as well as the frequency of heavy drinking, several individual, relationship, and partner factors were associated with changes in the social network over time. For both husbands and wives, alcohol expectancies and a partner's social network related to changes in the number of drinking buddies over time. Additionally, husbands with higher levels of extroversion and agreeableness had a greater number of drinking buddies over time. Among wives, personality factors were not related to changes in the number of drinking buddies over time. CONCLUSIONS: This work extends previous research by examining factors that predict changes in the social network that are most influential in alcohol use. Identifying these factors is important for informing prevention and treatment efforts. PMID- 18925350 TI - Substance-use problems: are uninsured workers at greater risk? AB - OBJECTIVE: This study examined how problem drinking and drug use and their related treatment received by workers varied by health insurance coverage and employment characteristics. METHOD: We used National Survey on Drug Use and Health data on civilian workers ages 18 years and older from the 2002 and 2003 public-use files. Multivariate logistic regressions estimated the relationship between workers' uninsured status and problem use, dependence, and treatment while controlling for worker demographics, education, income, and job characteristics. RESULTS: Controlling for differences in worker and workplace characteristics, uninsured workers were significantly more likely than privately insured workers to be illicit drug users or heavy drinkers. Among dependent workers, the lack of insurance was associated with a reduction in treatment received for problem drinkers (odds ratio = 0.31, p = .13). By contrast, a large, positive-albeit statistically nonsignificant-association between being uninsured and receiving treatment prevailed among uninsured workers using illicit drugs. Workplace substance-use policies were associated with a significant reduction in the odds of treatment received or treatment needed among problem drinkers without insurance coverage. Employee assistance programs were not good predictors of treatment received among uninsured workers. CONCLUSIONS: Uninsured workers were more likely to be heavy drinkers or illicit drug users than were workers with health insurance. Health insurance coverage was not significantly associated with treatment received among workers reporting problem use. Uninsured workers may be unable to benefit fully from employee assistance programs' treatment and referral services, whose utility depends on adequate behavioral health coverage for workers. PMID- 18925352 TI - Let's drink and be merry: the framing of alcohol in the prime-time American youth series The OC. AB - OBJECTIVE: This study analyzed the framing of alcohol consumption in the American adolescent drama series The OC. METHOD: All 51 episodes of Seasons 1 and 2 of The OC were coded for visual and verbal references to beverage use on the level of the scene (n = 1,895) and on the level of the drinking act (n = 1,033). Subsequently, all episodes were analyzed qualitatively through an inductive frame analysis. RESULTS: Although the public's perception of The OC is that alcohol was overrepresented in this series, the quantitative results show the opposite. The focus was on active consumption and solitary drinking of alcohol, but in absolute terms there were more nonalcoholic drinking acts. The OC represents a trend break, compared with earlier analyses of alcohol consumption in television fiction: More than half of all alcoholic drinking acts involved women, and almost one third involved adolescents. The qualitative frame analysis revealed two commonly used frames (alcohol consumption as an "obligatory outlet" and alcohol consumption as "escapism") and two less frequently applied frames ("celebrate without the sauce" and alcohol addiction as "sickness"). CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that the concept of framing might contribute to this field of study by analyzing the underlying cultural frames that suggest how the receiver may interpret the consumption of alcohol in fictional television programs. PMID- 18925351 TI - Drug users seeking emergency care for soft tissue infection at high risk for subsequent hospitalization and death. AB - OBJECTIVE: Although soft tissue infections are common among injection drug users (IDUs), little is known about the health outcomes among those who seek care for these infections. Emergency department visits are an important point-of-health care contact for IDUs. In this prospective cohort study, we aimed to determine the hospitalization and mortality rates and factors associated with hospitalization or death among IDUs seeking emergency care for soft tissue infection. METHOD: Participants were English-speaking IDUs, 18 years of age and older, who sought initial care for soft tissue infection in an urban emergency department. We conducted semistructured interviews, identified hospitalizations from hospital records, and identified deaths using the National Death Index. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to investigate associations between baseline characteristics and hospitalizations or death. RESULTS: Of 211 eligible patients, 156 (74%) participated (mean age = 42 years). There were 255 subsequent hospitalizations over a mean of 3.9 years follow-up. The hospitalization rate was 42 hospitalizations per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval [CI]: 38-48). The mortality rate was 2.0 per 100 person-years (95% CI: 1.1-3.7). Factors associated with increased risk for hospitalization or death included living on the street or in a shelter (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.75, 95% CI: 1.10-2.79), being recently incarcerated (AOR = 1.90, 95% CI: 1.05-3.44), and having insurance (AOR: 1.98, 95% CI: 1.22-3.23). CONCLUSIONS: IDUs who sought care in the emergency department for soft tissue infections were at high risk for subsequent hospitalization and death. Visits for soft tissue infections represent missed opportunities for preventive care. PMID- 18925353 TI - Relationship functioning among adult children of alcoholics. AB - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the current research was to examine the impact of both maternal and paternal alcoholism on the relationship functioning of husbands and wives over the early years of marriage. METHOD: Couples (N = 634) were assessed at the time of marriage, and again at their first, second, and fourth anniversaries. Husbands and wives completed separate, self-administered questionnaires at home. RESULTS: Results of separate repeated measures analyses of covariance revealed that, for both husbands and wives, the appraisal of their marital relationship was associated with alcoholism in the opposite gender parent. That is, for husbands, alcoholism in the mother was associated with lower marital satisfaction across the 4 years of marriage. For wives, alcoholism in the father was related to lower marital intimacy. Husbands' physical aggression was influenced by mother's and father's alcoholism; high levels of physical aggression were present among men with alcoholic mothers and nonalcoholic fathers. Interestingly, wives' experience of husband's aggression was also highest among women with alcoholic mothers and nonalcoholic fathers. Wives also reported engaging in high levels of physical aggression when they had an alcoholic mother and a nonalcoholic father, but this effect was restricted to the early part of the marriage. Finally, parental alcoholism was associated with both husbands' and wives' attachment representations. CONCLUSIONS: The present findings suggest that children raised in alcoholic families may carry the problematic effects of their early family environment into their adult romantic relationships. PMID- 18925354 TI - Anatomic double-bundle ACL reconstruction with femoral cortical bone bridge support using hamstrings. AB - While ACL reconstruction using single-tunnel and single-bundle techniques generally yields good clinical results, more and more studies are now reporting results that are not entirely satisfactory, as this type of reconstruction only exerts control over forward tibial shifting, not tibial rotation, when activities that exert high functional demands are undertaken. As a result, recent years have seen the appearance of numerous techniques for anatomic ACL reconstruction that reproduce both the anteromedial and posterolateral bundles of the ligament and therefore offer potentially improved rotational control. This article outlines a technique for anatomic ACL reconstruction. Said technique uses central and anteromedial portals, which afford a better perspective of the intercondylar notch. The main features of this technique are: (1) Double bone tunnels in the femur and tibia. The femoral tunnels are created using the out-in technique. (2) Double bundles with hamstring tendon grafts. (3) Tibial fixation by means of interference screws. (4) Femoral fixation in which the graft is supported by a cortical bone bridge and an interference screw in one of the tunnels. We feel that the main advantage of this technique is precisely that it introduces a new feature (a cortical femoral bone bridge) and is not necessarily dependent on specific double-bundle instrumentation, using only regular drill guides to create out-in femoral tunnels. This enables said tunnels to be located with ease and precision. The femoral fixation model itself, with the support provided by the cortical bone bridge, potentially guarantees a level of resistance that can be further increased with the aid of one or two interference screws, thus avoiding the need for post fixation techniques that require the use of screws or buttons. PMID- 18925356 TI - The future of surgical training in the field of urogynecology and female pelvic floor surgery. PMID- 18925355 TI - Clinical studies on posterior cruciate ligament tears have weak design. AB - Very few studies in the literature focus on isolated PCL injury. Recent studies are in general more optimistic with regard to the results than previous reports. There are few randomized controlled trials and few prospective comparative studies, which may limit the value of the reported results. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the methodology of published studies according to a well-established scoring system. Studies with a high success rate have a low score on methodology design. This study was based on systematic review and level 3 evidence. We performed a literature search and included studies in which the primary aim was to report the outcome after management of isolated PCL injury. The quality of the studies was evaluated using a modified Coleman methodology score, which results in a score between 0 and 100. Studies were also assessed with use of level-of-evidence rating. We collected data on the year of publication, reported results after surgery and conservative treatment, and the outcome scales used to assess the results. Forty studies were included. The average methodology score was 52. No significant difference in outcome was detected between conservative and surgical management. Our hypothesis that a low Coleman score would yield a good clinical result was not verified. This could be caused by the fact that there were very few studies with a high Coleman score. The Coleman methodology score correlated positively with the year of publication and with the level-of-evidence rating. In the 40 reported studies, 12 different outcome scales were used. In conclusion, the generally low methodological quality shows that caution is required when interpreting results after management of injury to the PCL. Firm recommendations on what treatment to choose cannot be given at this time on the basis of these studies. More attention should be paid to methodological quality when designing, conducting and reporting trials. PMID- 18925357 TI - [Age-associated interactions of sensorimotor and cognitive functions]. AB - Research on cross-domain couplings between sensorimotor and cognitive functions in older adults has gained momentum during recent years. Results of most studies point to increasing interdependencies between the two functional domains with advancing adult age. The causes of this increase are complex and show dynamic interactions across adult development. This review integrates experimental, correlational, and neurophysiological evidence, with an eye on implications for maintaining an independent and mobile lifestyle in old age. PMID- 18925358 TI - The therapeutic modulation of atherogenic dyslipidemia and inflammatory markers in the metabolic syndrome: what is the clinical relevance? AB - The metabolic syndrome consists of a constellation of clinical and biochemical risk factors that cluster together and heighten the risk for atherogenesis, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes. Established risk cardiovascular factors like hypertension, atherogenic dyslipidaemia, and glucose intolerance occur in the setting of insulin resistance and central adiposity, with genetic and environmental influences modulating the ultimate risk. Chronic insults to the endothelium take its toll in the form of silent as well as clinically evident cardiovascular events. The cellular and vascular accompaniments have shed some light into the underlying pathophysiology. Heightened, low-grade inflammatory processes as well as a continuum of vascular insults ranging from early endothelial derangements to advanced atherosclerosis have been examined. In recent years there has been an explosion of basic and clinical knowledge related to the metabolic syndrome. Although dyslipidaemia is considered a traditional risk component for the syndrome, its qualitative aspects, genetically determined subfractions, and variation in proatherogenic tendency have generated renewed interest and debate. New targets within the dyslipidaemic spectrum that have differing clinical relevance are being evaluated. The effect of heredity, lifestyle changes, pharmacotherapeutic agents, and supplements is being investigated. Further research into the impact of dyslipidemia and inflammation as both pathophysiologic risk factors and objects for targeted therapy in the metabolic syndrome should deepen our understanding and unravel answers to the underlying dynamics in this global epidemic. PMID- 18925359 TI - Nickel and copper ion-induced stress signaling in human hepatoma cells: analysis of phosphoinositide 3'-kinase/Akt signaling. AB - Nickel compounds may act as carcinogens, affecting both initiation and promotion stages of carcinogenesis due, in large parts, to their capability of inducing DNA damage and of modulating cellular signaling cascades known to affect cellular proliferation, respectively. We have previously demonstrated that the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling cascade is stimulated in cells exposed to copper ions, resulting in phosphorylation and nuclear exclusion of FoxO transcription factors. Here, human hepatoma cells were exposed to nickel or copper ions, followed by comparative analysis of PI3K/Akt-dependent signaling. Exposure of hepatoma cells to copper ions resulted in extensive oxidation of cellular glutathione, while no such effect was detected with nickel ions. Similarly, copper ions were more than 100-fold more toxic to cells than nickel, as deduced from analyses of colony forming abilities. Despite this lack of oxidative and cytotoxic action, exposure of hepatoma cells to Ni(2+) resulted in a significant activation of Akt that was abrogated by inhibitors of PI3K. Interestingly, activation of Akt--although coincident with a phosphorylation of Akt substrates, such as glycogen synthase kinase-3--did not result in significant nuclear exclusion of FoxO1a. In line with this finding, no significant modulation of the activity of a FoxO-responsive promoter construct was observed in cells exposed to nickel ions. In summary, exposure of HepG2 human hepatoma cells to nickel ions results in stimulation of the Ser/Thr kinase Akt in a PI3K-dependent fashion, activation most likely being independent of oxidative processes. In sharp contrast to copper ions, nickel-induced Akt activation is not propagated further downstream to FoxO-dependent signaling beyond the phosphorylation of FoxO1a and 3a. PMID- 18925360 TI - Introduction to special issue on 'epigenetic and physiological regulation of metastasis'. PMID- 18925362 TI - A biodegradable and biocompatible PVA-citric acid polyester with potential applications as matrix for vascular tissue engineering. AB - Unique elastomeric and biocompatible scaffolds were produced by the polyesterification of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and citric acid via a simple polycondensation reaction. The physicochemical characterization of the materials was done by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), mechanical and surface property analyses. The materials are hydrophilic and have viscoelastic nature. Biodegradable, non-cytotoxic materials that can be tailored into 3D scaffolds could be prepared in an inexpensive manner. This polyester has potential implications in vascular tissue engineering application as a biodegradable elastomeric scaffold. PMID- 18925363 TI - Interactions between human neutrophils and mucin-coated surfaces. AB - Recently, we showed microscopically that bovine (BSM), porcine (PGM) and human (MG1) mucin coatings could suppress the adhesion of neutrophils to a polyethylene terephthalate-based model biomaterial (Thermanox). Here, using the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a marker of material-induced neutrophil activation, the strong surface-passivating effects of these mucin coatings were corroborated. Under optimal adsorption conditions, all mucin species performed equally well, thus indicating a high degree of functional homology between the mucins. Cell adhesion and morphology correlated well with the release of ROS. Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM-D) analysis linked low neutrophil activation to efficient mucin surface-shielding. Interestingly, the shielding power appeared equal for thick expanded and thin compact mucin coatings. Combined mucin-serum coatings were found to be highly surface-passivating. Particularly, since our data suggested partly synergistic mucin-serum action, we highlight the possibility that pre-adsorbed mucins could provide favorable support for adsorbing host components. PMID- 18925364 TI - Improvement on citric acid production in solid-state fermentation by Aspergillus niger LPB BC mutant using citric pulp. AB - Citric acid (CA) production has been conducted through a careful strain selection, physical-chemical optimization and mutation. The aim of this work was to optimize the physical-chemical conditions of CA production by solid-state fermentation (SSF) using the Aspergillus niger LPB BC strain, which was isolated in our laboratory. The parental and mutant strain showed a good production of CA using citric pulp (CP) as a substrate. The physical-chemical parameters were optimized and the best production was reached at 65% moisture, 30 degrees C and pH 5.5. The influence of the addition of commercial and alternative sugars, nitrogen sources, salts, and alcohols was also studied. The best results (445.4 g of CA/kg of CP) were obtained with sugarcane molasses and 4% methanol (v/w). The mutagenesis induction of LPB BC was performed with UV irradiation. Eleven mutant strains were tested in SSF where two mutants showed a higher CA production when compared to the parental strain. A. niger LPB B3 produced 537.6 g of CA/kg of CP on the sixth day of fermentation, while A. niger LPB B6 produced 616.5 g of CA/kg of CP on the fourth day of fermentation, representing a 19.5% and 37% gain, respectively. PMID- 18925365 TI - Feasibility of a continuous computerized monitoring of cerebral autoregulation in neurointensive care. AB - OBJECT: In order to monitor cerebral autoregulation status, a software package was developed to calculate a cerebral autoregulation index (pressure reactivity index, PRx). The aim of this study is to evaluate whether the application of this methodology is feasible and useful in the clinical setting. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: NeuroIntensive Care Unit (NICU) of a university affiliated teaching hospital. PATIENTS AND PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-six consecutive patients admitted to NICU requiring intracranial pressure (ICP) and invasive arterial pressure (AP) monitoring. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Patient's data were collected for a total of 902 h. Mean PRx was calculated utilizing 2 h time window. CPP-PRx distribution graphs were calculated from CPP of 20 to 110 mmHg using 10 mmHg intervals. Autoregulation was preserved in 18% observations (83/451) and deranged in 49% observations (220/451). In 33% observations (148/451), autoregulation could not be clearly defined (0 < PRx < 0.2). Even if no clinical protocol was developed, autoregulation status information inserted in clinical decision pathway influenced clinical management. Mean CPP, calculated at maximum and minimum ICP every 2 h interval, resulted different between groups with good and poor reactivity (67 +/- 17.6 and 85 +/- 20.0 mmHg, respectively, for autoregulating observations and 60 +/- 19.1 and 67 +/- 19.4 mmHg, respectively, for nonautoregulating observations, P < 0.001, independent samples t-test). PRx values were normally distributed. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that a daily bedside measure of cerebral autoregulation is feasible. PRx values can support clinicians in the identification of a targeted CPP in patients suffering from different intracranial pathologies and requiring an intensive monitoring. PMID- 18925366 TI - The coronin family of proteins. AB - The coronins, first described in Dictyostelium discoideum in 1991, have meanwhile been detected in all eukaryotes except plants. They belong to the superfamily of WD40-repeat proteins and represent a large family of proteins, which are often involved in cytoskeletal functions. Phylogenetic studies clearly distinguish 12 subfamilies of which six exclusively occur in vertebrates. In the present book we have made a sincere attempt to provide a comprehensive overview on all aspects of coronin proteins including history, structure, subcellular localization and function in different organisms. In addition, we also included a general overview on the WD40 family of proteins and the structurally related Kelch family. The book should be of interest for scientists outside the field, but is more importantly intended as a fast and competent guide for newcomers as well as doctoral and postdoctoral scientists to coronin research in all its facets. PMID- 18925367 TI - Phylogenetic, structural and functional relationships between WD- and Kelch repeat proteins. AB - The beta-propeller domain is a widespread protein organizational motif. Typically, beta-propeller proteins are encoded by repeated sequences where each repeat unit corresponds to a twisted beta-sheet structural motif; these beta sheets are arranged in a circle around a central axis to generate the beta propeller structure. Two superfamilies of beta-propeller proteins, the WD-repeat and Kelch-repeat families, exhibit similarities not only in structure, but, remarkably, also in the types of molecular functions they perform. While it is unlikely that WD and Kelch repeats evolved from a common ancestor, their evolution into diverse families of similar function may reflect the evolutionary advantages of the stable core beta-propeller fold. In this chapter, we examine the relationships between these two widespread protein families, emphasizing recently published work relating to the structure and function of both Kelch and WD-repeat proteins. PMID- 18925368 TI - Diversity of WD-repeat proteins. AB - The WD-repeat-containing proteins form a very large family that is diverse in both its function and domain structure. Within all these proteins the WD-repeat domains are thought to have two common features: the domain folds into a beta propeller; and the domains form a platform without any catalytic activity on which multiple protein complexes assemble reversibly. The fact that these proteins play such key roles in the formation of protein-protein complexes in nearly all the major pathways and organelles unique to eukaryotic cells has two important implications. It supports both their ancient and proto eukaryotic origins and supports a likely association with many genetic diseases. PMID- 18925369 TI - A brief history of the coronin family. AB - What I'd like to do in this chapter is to share with you my recollections from the earliest days of coronin research and then to provide an overview of the still-developing story of this fascinating family of proteins. PMID- 18925370 TI - Molecular phylogeny and evolution of the coronin gene family. AB - The coronin gene family comprises seven vertebrate paralogs and at least five unclassified subfamilies in nonvertebrate metazoa, fungi and protozoa, but no representatives in plants or distant protists. All known members exhibit elevated structural conservation in two unique domains of unknown function (DUF1899 and DUF1900) interspaced by three canonical WD40 domains (plus additional pseudo domains) that form part of a 7-bladed beta-propeller scaffold, plus a C-terminal variable "coiled coil domain" responsible for oligomerization. Phylogenetic analysis of the N-terminal conserved region in known members (i.e.420 aa in 250 taxa) established the origin of the founding monomeric unit and a dimeric paralog in unicellular eukaryotes. The monomeric ancestor duplicated to two distinct lineages in basal metazoa and later propagated during the whole genome duplications in primitive chordates 450-550 million years ago to form six vertebrate-specific genes. The delineation of 12 subfamily clades in distinct phyla provided a rational basis for proposing a simplified, universal nomenclature for the coronin family in accordance with evolutionary history, structural relationships and functional divergence.Comparative genomic analysis of coronin subfamily locus maps and gene organization provided corroboratory evidence for their chromosomal dispersal and structural relatedness. Statistical analysis of evolutionary sequence conservation by profile hidden Markov models (pHMM) and the prediction of Specificity Determining Positions (SDPpred) helped to characterize coronin domains by highlighting structurally conserved sites relevant to coronin function and subfamily divergence. The incorporation of such evolutionary information into 3D models facilitated the distinction between candidate sites with a structural role versus those implicated in dynamic, actin related cytoskeletal interactions. A highly conserved "KGD" motif identified in the coronin DUF1900 domain has been observed in other actin-binding proteins such as annexins and is a potential ligand for integrins and C2 domains known to be associated with structural and signalling roles in the membrane cytoskeleton. Molecular evolution studies provide a comprehensive overview of the structural history of the coronin gene family and a systematic methodology to gain deeper insight into the function(s) of individual members. PMID- 18925371 TI - Coronin structure and implications. AB - Until recently, structural information about coronins was scarce and the earlier identification of five WD40 repeats gave rise to a structural prediction of a five-bladed beta propeller for the N-terminal domain of these proteins. More detailed analyses revealed the presence of seven WD40 repeats and the hypothesis of a seven-bladed beta propeller structure. This model has recently been validated due to structural information from crystal structures of C-terminally truncated coronin 1 (1A), as well as its C-terminal coiled coil domain. Further structural information is available only indirectly from binding and functional studies.Phosphorylation at distinct serine and tyrosine residues seems to be a common theme for various coronins. There are indications that this modification regulates the quaternary structure of coronin 3 (1C) and thus has implications for the cellular localisation and the general link between signalling and cytoskeletal remodelling. Similarly, phosphorylation-dependent sorting sequences recently discovered on coronin 7 might prove important for the molecular mechanisms of the longer coronins.A matter that will require further clarification is the localisation of protein binding sites on coronins. While earlier reports presented a rather diverse map of actin binding sites, more recent studies, including the crystal structure of the coronin 1 N-terminal domain, deliver more detailed information in this respect. Interaction sites for other target proteins, such as Arp2/3, remain to be identified. Also, while membrane binding is a known feature of coronins, further details as to the binding sites and molecular level events remain to be elucidated. The N-terminal WD40 repeat domain seems to be the membrane-interacting domain, but other domains might provide regulatory effects, most likely by posttranslational modification, in a fashion that is specific for each coronin.In this chapter, we provide a structural overview of coronins 1 (1A), 2 (1B), 3 (1C) and 7 and also present results of our recent efforts to obtain structural models of coronins 3 and 7. Possible implications of these models on the function of these proteins are discussed. PMID- 18925372 TI - Coronin: the double-edged sword of actin dynamics. AB - Coronin is a conserved actin binding protein that promotes cellular processes that rely on rapid remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton, including endocytosis and cell motility. However, the exact mechanism by which coronin contributes to actin dynamics has remained elusive for many years. Here, we integrate observations from many groups and propose a unified model to explain how coronin controls actin dynamics through coordinated effects on Arp2/3 complex and cofilin. At the front end of actin networks, coronin protects new (ATP-rich) filaments from premature disassembly by cofilin and recruits Arp2/3 complex to filament sides, leading to nucleation, branching and network expansion. At the rear of networks, coronin has strikingly different activities, synergizing with cofilin to dismantle old (ADP-rich) filaments. Thus, coronin spatially targets Arp2/3 complex and cofilin to opposite ends of actin networks. The net effect of coronin's activities is acceleration of polarized actin subunit flux through filamentous arrays. This increases actin network plasticity and replenishes the actin monomer pool required for new filament growth. PMID- 18925373 TI - Invertebrate coronins. AB - Coronins are highly conserved among species, but their function is far from being understood in detail. Here we will introduce members of the family of coronin like proteins from Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans and the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum. Genetic data from D. discoideum and D. melanogaster revealed that coronins in general are important regulators of many actin-dependent processes. PMID- 18925374 TI - Evolutionary and functional diversity of coronin proteins. AB - This chapter discusses various aspects of coronin phylogeny, structure and function that are of specific interest. Two subfamilies of ancient coronins of unicellular pathogens such as Entamoeba, Trypanosoma, Leishmania and Acanthamoeba as well as of Plasmodium, Babesia, and Trichomonas are presented in the first two sections. Their coronins generally bind to F-actin and apparently are involved in proliferation, locomotion and phagocytosis. However, there are so far no studies addressing a putative role of coronin in the virulence of these pathogens. The following section delineates genetic anomalies like the chimeric coronin-fusion products with pelckstrin homology and gelsolin domains that are found in amoeba. Moreover, most nonvertebrate metazoa appear to encode CRN8, CRN9 and CRN7 representatives (for these coronin symbols see Chapter 2), but in e.g., Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans a CRN9 is missing. The forth section deals with the evolutionary expansion of vertebrate coronins. Experimental data on the F-actin binding CRN2 of Xenopus (Xcoronin) including a Cdc42/Rac interactive binding (CRIB) motif that is also present in other members of the coronin protein family are discussed. Xenopus laevis represents a case for the expansion of the seven vertebrate coronins due to tetraploidization events. Other examples for a change in the number of coronin paralogs are zebrafish and birds, but (coronin) gene duplication events also occurred in unicellular protozoa. The fifth section of this chapter briefly summarizes three different cellular processes in which CRN4/CORO1A is involved, namely actin-binding, superoxide generation and Ca(2+)-signaling and refers to the largely unexplored mammalian coronins CRN5/CORO2A and CRN6/CORO2B, the latter binding to vinculin. The final section discusses how, by unveiling the aspects of coronin function in organisms reported so far, one can trace a remarkable evolution and diversity in their individual roles anticipating a rather complex and intricate involvement of coronins in a variety of cellular processes. PMID- 18925375 TI - Role of Mammalian coronin 7 in the biosynthetic pathway. AB - Most coronin proteins rely on interaction with actin in their functions. Mammalian coronin 7 has not been shown to interact with actin, but rather to bind to the outer side of Golgi complex membranes. Targeting of coronin 7 to Golgi membranes requires the activity of Src kinase and integrity of AP-1 adaptor protein complex. Coronin 7 further physically interacts with both AP-1 and Src in vivo and in vitro and is phosphorylated by Src. Depletion of coronin 7 by RNAi results in Golgi breakdown and accumulation of arrested cargo proteins, suggesting the protein functions in the later stages of cargo sorting and export from the Golgi complex. We suggest that coronin 7 acts as a mediator of cargo vesicle formation at the trans-Golgi network (TGN) downstream of AP-1 interaction with cargo but upstream of protein kinase D dependent membrane fission. PMID- 18925376 TI - Coronin 1 in innate immunity. AB - The WD repeat containing family of coronin proteins is generally referred to as F actin-interacting proteins. While in lower eukaryotes such as Dictyostelium discoideum, the single short coronin protein regulates several F-actin dependent processes such as motility, phagocytosis and macropinocytosis, the function of any of the seven coronin isoforms in mammals is far less understood. This chapter describes the current knowledge on mammalian coronin 1 (coronin 1A), the closest homologue to Dictyostelium short coronin that is exclusively expressed in leukocytes. Recent work based on biochemical, molecular biological and genetic analysis suggest that coronin 1 has evolved a function that is quite different from the F-actin regulatory function of Dictyostelium short coronin. Rather, mammalian coronin 1 is involved in the regulation of leukocyte specific signaling events. PMID- 18925377 TI - The role of mammalian coronins in development and disease. AB - Coronins have maintained a high degree of conservation over the roughly 800 million years of eukaryotic evolution.1,2 From its origins as a single gene in simpler eukaryotes, the mammalian Coronin gene family has expanded to include at least six members (see Chapter 4). Increasing evidence indicates that Coronins play critical roles as regulators of actin dependent processes such as cell motility and vesicle trafficking3,4 (see Chapters 6-9). Considering the importance of these processes, it is not surprising that recent findings have implicated the involvement of Coronins in multiple diseases. This review primarily focuses on Coronin 1C (HGNC symbol: CORO1C, also known as Coronin 3) which is a transcriptionally dynamic gene that is up-regulated in multiple types of clinically aggressive cancer. In addition to reviewing the molecular signals and events that lead to Coronin 1C transcription, we summarize the results of several studies describing the possible functional roles of Coronin 1C in development as well as disease progression. Here, the main focus is on brain development and on the progression of melanoma and glioma. Finally, we will also review the role of other mammalian Coronin genes in clinically relevant processes such as neural regeneration and pathogenic bacterial infections (see Chapter 10). PMID- 18925378 TI - Protective effects of zinc on testes of cadmium-treated rats. AB - In this microscopic study, the toxic effects of cadmium (Cd) and the protective role of a zinc (Zn) co-treatment were investigated in the testes of the rats treated with Cd. At the dose and duration used, Cd severely damaged the seminiferous tubules and caused the degeneration and disintegration of spermatogenic cells. Leydig cells were also lost after Cd treatment. The present study showed that zinc co-treatment protected testes against toxic effects of cadmium. PMID- 18925379 TI - Envelope-like retrotransposons in the plant kingdom: evidence of their presence in gymnosperms (Pinus pinaster). AB - Retroviruses differ from retrotransposons due to their infective capacity, which depends critically on the encoded envelope. Some plant retroelements contain domains reminiscent of the env of animal retroviruses but the number of such elements described to date is restricted to angiosperms. We show here the first evidence of the presence of putative env-like gene sequences in a gymnosperm species, Pinus pinaster (maritime pine). Using a degenerate primer approach for conserved domains of RNaseH gene, three clones from putative envelope-like retrotransposons (PpRT2, PpRT3, and PpRT4) were identified. The env-like sequences of P. pinaster clones are predicted to encode proteins with transmembrane domains. These sequences showed identity scores of up to 30% with env-like sequences belonging to different organisms. A phylogenetic analysis based on protein alignment of deduced aminoacid sequences revealed that these clones clustered with env-containing plant retrotransposons, as well as with retrotransposons from invertebrate organisms. The differences found among the sequences of maritime pine clones isolated here suggest the existence of different putative classes of env-like retroelements. The identification for the first time of env-like genes in a gymnosperm species may support the ancestrality of retroviruses among plants shedding light on their role in plant evolution. PMID- 18925380 TI - Long simple sequence repeats in host-adapted pathogens localize near genes encoding antigens, housekeeping genes, and pseudogenes. AB - Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) in DNA sequences are tandem iterations of a single nucleotide or a short oligonucleotide. SSRs are subject to slipped-strand mutations and a common source of phase variation in bacteria and antigenic variation in pathogens. Significantly long SSRs are generally rare in prokaryotic genomes, and long SSRs composed of iterations of mono-, di-, tri-, and tetranucleotides are mostly restricted to host-adapted pathogens. We present new results concerning associations between long SSRs and genes related to different cellular functions in genomes of host-adapted pathogens. We found that in the majority of the analyzed genomes, at least some of the genes associated with SSRs encode potential antigens, which is expected if the primary function of SSRs is their contribution to antigenic variation. However, we also found a number of long SSRs associated with housekeeping genes, including rRNA and tRNA genes, genes encoding ribosomal proteins, amino acyl-tRNA synthetases, chaperones, and important metabolic enzymes. Many of these genes are probably essential and it is unlikely that they are phase-variable. Few statistically significant associations between SSRs and gene functional classifications were detected, suggesting that most long SSRs are not related to a particular cellular function or process. Long SSRs in Mycobacterium leprae are mostly associated with pseudogenes and may be contributing to gene loss following the adaptation to an obligate pathogenic lifestyle. We speculate that LSSRs may have played a similar role in genome reduction of other host-adapted pathogens. PMID- 18925381 TI - Loss of GABAB receptors in cochlear neurons: threshold elevation suggests modulation of outer hair cell function by type II afferent fibers. AB - Despite pharmacological and immunohistochemical evidence for GABA as a neurotransmitter in the olivocochlear efferent bundle, a clear functional role of GABA in the inner ear has not emerged. To explore the role of metabotropic GABA(B) receptors, we characterized the cochlear phenotype of mice with targeted deletion of the GABA(B1) subunit and determined its tissue localization using a mouse line expressing a GFP-tagged GABA(B1) subunit under the endogenous promoter. Immunostaining revealed GABA(B1) expression in both type I and type II ganglion cells and in their synaptic terminals under inner and outer hair cells, respectively. No GABA(B1) expression was observed in hair cells. Mean cochlear thresholds, measured via both auditory brainstem responses and distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs), were elevated by approximately 10 dB in GABA(B1) deficient mice, consistent with outer hair cell dysfunction. Olivocochlear efferent function, assessed via DPOAE suppression during efferent electrical stimulation, was unaffected by GABA(B1) deletion. GABA(B1)-deficient mice showed increased resistance to permanent acoustic injury, with mean threshold shifts approximately 25 dB smaller than wild-types after exposure to 8-16-kHz noise at 100 dB for 2 h. In contrast, there was no vulnerability difference to temporary acoustic injury following exposure to the same noise at 94 dB for 15 min. Our results suggest that GABAergic signaling in type II afferent neurons may be required for normal outer hair cell amplifier function at low sound levels and may also modulate outer hair cell responses to high-level sound. PMID- 18925382 TI - Effects of methyl jasmonate and an endophytic fungus on plant resistance to insect herbivores. AB - Tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum) forms a mutualistic relationship with the fungal endophyte Neotyphodium coenophialum. The endophyte provides constitutive resistance to herbivores through its production of alkaloid compounds. Moreover, herbivore attack induces elevated synthesis of loline alkaloids, that is, the fungus also provides wound-inducible resistance for its host. Jasmonic acid and its conjugates are key signaling compounds in many plant species and play a role systemically in the upregulation of defensive compounds within plants following attack by herbivores. The purpose of our study was to determine if and how the plant and fungus respond to methyl jasmonate (MJ) exposure and if these responses interact in antagonistic or synergistic ways. Plants were exposed to MJ via gaseous diffusion within a controlled environment chamber. Response to MJ was assessed with an herbivore bioassay, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to quantify alkaloids, and real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction to quantify mRNA from a loline alkaloid biosynthesis gene. We found that MJ hindered endophyte-infected tall fescue's resistance against aphids by downregulating transcription of the LolC gene. The opposite pattern was observed for endophyte-free tall fescue; its exposure to MJ resulted in a significant increase in resistance to aphids, apparently through stimulating defense compounds produced by the plant. These results indicate that, when tall fescue lacks fungal infection, MJ induces the plant to produce its own defensive compounds. In contrast, while endophyte-infected plants are defended from herbivores by fungally produced lolines, this defense is compromised by MJ. PMID- 18925383 TI - Defense on the rocks: low monoterpenoid levels in plants on pillars without mammalian herbivores. AB - This study addresses the adaptive dynamics of plant toxins that ward off herbivores, an aspect of chemical warfare in ecosystems. Thyme basil (Acinos suaveolens) growing in an area regularly grazed by mammals contains double the concentration of monoterpenoids (15.61 vs. 8.18 mg/g dry matter, P = 0.001) when contrasted with plants growing on inaccessible rock pillars and not exposed to mammalian herbivores. Thyme basil produces two monoterpenoids-menthone and R-(+) pulegone-that show contrasting toxicity. The more toxic R-(+)-pulegone shows an increase in relative abundance (66.3% vs. 47.5%, P < 0.001) in plants exposed to browsing The results demonstrate how plant chemistry responds to both abiotic and biotic environmental conditions. PMID- 18925384 TI - Postoperative nausea and vomiting with application of postoperative continuous positive airway pressure after laparoscopic gastric bypass. AB - BACKGROUND: This study was performed to assess postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) with application of postoperative continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for patients undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). METHODS: The anesthesia database was searched for patients who underwent RYGB for 5 years. Three hundred fifty-six patients met the inclusive criteria. Wilcoxon two-sample rank test, Fisher's exact test, and multivariate logistic regression were used to analyze the data and identify the potential factors. A p value less than 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: The overall incidence of the PONV (nausea or emesis or both) was 42%during the first 24 h postoperatively. Thirty-six percent and 35% in CPAP and no-CPAP groups respectively had reported nausea in postanesthesia care unit (PACU). There was no difference between groups (p > 0.05). There was a less frequent occurrence of emesis in both groups. The incidence of emesis in PACU was 19% in CPAP group and 17% in no-CPAP group (p > 0.05). No statistically significant differences of PONV in postoperative 24 h could be shown between the groups (p > 0.05). The postoperative hypertension occurred more often and intravenous antihypertensive medications were required more in no-CPAP patients (p = 0.013). More patients in no-CPAP group developed oxygenation disturbances (p = 0.012).The mean length of PACU stay was significantly longer in this group (p = 0.029). Reintubation and intensive care unit admission occurred more frequently in no-CPAP patients; however, the difference did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: There was no significantly increased risk of PONV with the use of postoperative CPAP. We recommend the routine use of postoperative CPAP for patients with obstructive sleep apnea undergoing RYGB to optimize their respiratory function. PMID- 18925386 TI - Comparison of the diuretic effects of chemically diverse kappa opioid agonists in rats: nalfurafine, U50,488H, and salvinorin A. AB - Kappa opioid receptor agonists induce water diuresis in animals and humans. We investigated the effects of s.c. nalfurafine, U50,488H, salvinorin A, and its longer-acting analog, 2-methoxymethyl-salvinorin B (MOM-sal B), on urinary output and sodium excretion over 5 h in euvolemic rats. Nalfurafine (0.005-0.02 mg/kg), U50,488H (0.1-10 mg/kg), and MOM-sal B (0.625-5 mg/kg) induced diuresis dose dependently. Systemically (0.1-10 mg/kg) or centrally (50 microg, i.c.v.) administered salvinorin A was ineffective. 5'-Guanidinonaltrindole, a kappa receptor antagonist, inhibited nalfurafine- and MOM-sal B-induced diuresis. Nalfurafine and MOM-sal B had no effect on arginine vasopressin levels, measured at 2 h. Tolerance did not develop to the diuresis accompanying subchronic administration of nalfurafine (0.02 mg/kg). On the basis of our work, we (a) promote nalfurafine as a candidate diuretic to relieve water retention and (b) highlight salvinorin A as a kappa agonist that does not cause diuresis, probably because of its short duration of action. PMID- 18925387 TI - Latent structure of facets of alcohol reinforcement from a behavioral economic demand curve. AB - RATIONALE: Behavioral economic demand curves are quantitative representations of the relationship between consumption of a drug and its cost. Demand curves provide a multidimensional assessment of reinforcement, but the relationships among the various indices of reinforcement have been largely unstudied. OBJECTIVES: The objective of the study is to use exploratory factor analysis to examine the underlying factor structure of the facets of alcohol reinforcement generated from an alcohol demand curve. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Participants were 267 weekly drinkers [76% female; age M = 20.11 (SD = .1.51); drinks/week M = 14.33 (SD = 11.82)] who underwent a single group assessment session. Alcohol demand curves were generated via an alcohol purchase task, which assessed consumption at 14 levels of prices from $0 to $9. Five facets of demand were generated from the measure [intensity, elasticity, P (max) (maximum inelastic price), O (max) (maximum alcohol expenditure), and breakpoint], using both observed and derived calculations. Principal components analysis was used to examine the latent structure among the variables. RESULTS: The results revealed a clear two-factor solution, which were interpreted as "Persistence," reflecting sensitivity to escalating price, and "Amplitude," reflecting the amount consumed and spent. The two factors were generally quantitatively distinct, although O (max) loaded on both. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that alcohol reinforcement as measured via a demand curve is binary in nature, with separate dimensions of price-sensitivity and volumetric consumption. If supported, these findings may contribute theoretically and experimentally to a reinforcement-based approach to alcohol use and misuse. PMID- 18925388 TI - Asenapine restores cognitive flexibility in rats with medial prefrontal cortex lesions. AB - RATIONALE: Cognitive inflexibility in schizophrenia is treatment-resistant and predictive of poor outcome. This study examined the effect of asenapine, a novel psychopharmacologic agent being developed for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, on cognitive dysfunction in the rat. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this paper was to establish whether asenapine has a beneficial effect on the performance of rats with ibotenic acid-induced lesion of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in an intradimensional/extradimensional (ID/ED) test of cognitive flexibility. METHODS: The effect of subcutaneously administered asenapine (0.75, 7.5, 75 microg/kg) on ID/ED performance of controls or mPFC-lesioned rats was examined using a within subjects, repeated-measures design. In a second experiment, lesioned and control rats were tested with or without asenapine in a modified version of the task, with multiple set-shifts, before brains were processed for Fos-immunoreactivity in the mPFC. RESULTS: The mPFC lesion-induced deficit in the ID/ED task was stable with repeated testing over more than two months. Asenapine (75 microg/kg s.c., p < 0.05) completely restored the performance of lesioned rats. Experiment 2 replicated both lesion and asenapine effects and demonstrated that it is possible to measure set-shifting multiple times within a test session. Asenapine (75 microg/kg s.c.) was associated with differential activation of the neurons in the anterior mPFC of lesioned animals, but was without effect in controls. CONCLUSION: Asenapine can ameliorate mPFC lesion-induced impairment in attentional set-shifting, and is associated with a greater activation of the spared neurons in the anterior mPFC. These data suggest that asenapine may benefit impaired cognitive flexibility in disorders such as schizophrenia. PMID- 18925389 TI - Language-induced motor activity in bi-manual object lifting. AB - Language comprehension requires a simulation process that taps perception and action systems. How specific is this simulation? To address this question, participants listened to sentences referring to the lifting of light or heavy objects (e.g., pillow or chest, respectively). Then they lifted one of two boxes that were visually identical, but one was light and the other heavy. We focused on the kinematics of the initial lift (rather than reaching) because it is mostly shaped by proprioceptive features derived from weight that cannot be visually determined. Participants were slower when the weight suggested by the sentence and the weight of the box corresponded. This effect indicates that language can activate a simulation which is sensitive to intrinsic properties such as weight. PMID- 18925390 TI - Influence of gaze elevation on estimating the possibility of passing under high obstacles during body tilt. AB - We investigated the influence of gaze elevation on judging the possibility of passing under high obstacles during pitch body tilts, while stationary, in absence of allocentric cues. Specifically, we aimed at studying the influence of egocentric references upon geocentric judgements. Seated subjects, orientated at various body orientations, were asked to perceptually estimate the possibility of passing under a projected horizontal line while keeping their gaze on a fixation target and imagining a horizontal body displacement. The results showed a global overestimation of the possibility of passing under the line, and confirmed the influence of body orientation reported by Bringoux et al. (Exp Brain Res 185(4):673-680, 2008). More strikingly, a linear influence of gaze elevation was found on perceptual estimates. Precisely, downward eye elevation yielded increased overestimations, and conversely upward gaze elevation yielded decreased overestimations. Furthermore, body and gaze orientation effects were independent and combined additively to yield a global egocentric influence with a weight of 45 and 54%, respectively. Overall, our data suggest that multiple egocentric references can jointly affect the estimated possibility of passing under high obstacles. These results are discussed in terms of "interpenetrability" between geocentric and egocentric reference frames and clearly demonstrate that gaze elevation is involved, as body orientation, in geocentric spatial localization. PMID- 18925391 TI - Relative potency of proton-pump inhibitors-comparison of effects on intragastric pH. AB - AIM: Comparative potency of proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) is an important clinical issue. Most available trials have compared the different PPIs at one or a few selected specific dosages, making it difficult to derive quantitative equivalence dosages. Here we derived PPI dose equivalents based on a comprehensive assessment of dose-dependent effects on intragastric pH. METHODS: All available clinical studies reporting the effects of PPIs on mean 24-h intragastric pH were sought from electronic databases including Medline. Studies included were restricted to those targeting the Caucasian population, and healthy volunteers or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) patients. The dose-effect relationships for mean 24-h intragastric pH and for percentage of time with pH > 4 in 24 h were analyzed for each PPI using pharmacodynamic modeling with NONMEM and a model integrating all available data. RESULTS: Fifty-seven studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Based on the mean 24-h gastric pH, the relative potencies of the five PPIs compared to omeprazole were 0.23, 0.90, 1.00, 1.60, and 1.82 for pantoprazole, lansoprazole, omeprazole, esomeprazole, and rabeprazole, respectively. Compared with healthy volunteers, patients with GERD needed a 1.9-fold higher dose and Helicobacter pylori-positive individuals needed only about 20% of the dose to achieve a given increase in mean 24-h intragastric pH. CONCLUSION: The present meta-analysis provides quantitative estimates on clinical potency of individual PPIs that may be helpful when switching between PPIs and for assessing the cost-effectiveness of specific PPIs. However, our estimates must be viewed with caution because only a limited dose range has been tested and not exactly the same study conditions were applied for the different substances. PMID- 18925392 TI - Immune activation in advanced cancer patients treated with recombinant IL-21: multianalyte profiling of serum proteins. AB - PURPOSE: Recombinant interleukin-21 (rIL-21) is an immune stimulating cytokine recently tested in two Phase 1 trials for immune responsive cancers. A secondary objective of these trials was to characterize pharmacodynamic responses to rIL-21 in patients. Here, we report the effects of systemic rIL-21 on serum markers of immune stimulation. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Recombinant IL-21 was administered by intravenous bolus injection at dose levels from 1 to 100 microg/kg using two distinct treatment regimens: thrice weekly ('3/w') for 6 weeks; or once daily for five consecutive days followed by nine dose-free days ('5 + 9'). In the absence of dose limiting toxicity, additional cycles of dosing were initiated immediately following the nine dose-free days. An array of 70 different proteins was profiled in subject serum samples from several time points during the course of the study. Hierarchical clustering analysis was performed on a normalized subset of these data. RESULTS: Systemic administration of rIL-21 affected the serum levels of several cytokines, chemokines, acute-phase proteins and cell adhesion proteins. The magnitude and duration of response were dose dependent for a subset of these biomarkers. The 5 + 9 dosing regimen generally produced cyclic changes that were of greater magnitude, as compared to a more chronic stimulation with the 3/w dosing regimen. Despite these differences, rIL-21 effects on many analytes were similar between regimens when averaged over the time of treatment. Based on similar temporal, between-subject and dose response changes, groups of analytes were identified that exhibited distinct components of the rIL-21-mediated immune activation. Biomarkers indicative of lymphocyte activation (increased IL-16, decreased RANTES), acute phase response (increased CRP, ferritin), myeloid activation (increased MDC, MIP-1 alpha), and leukocyte chemotaxis/trafficking (increased sCAMs, MCP-1) were strongly modulated in subjects treated with rIL-21. CONCLUSIONS: Administration of rIL-21 resulted in activation of multiple cell types and immune response pathways. The changes observed in serum proteins were consistent with coincident processes of lymphoid and myeloid cell activation and trafficking, and acute phase response. PMID- 18925394 TI - Conventional drainage versus four hour clamping drainage after total knee arthroplasty in severe osteoarthritis: a prospective, randomised trial. AB - Total knee replacement in severe osteoarthritis usually requires extensive soft tissue releases often associated with considerable bleeding. In a prospective, randomised trial we compared postoperative conventional suction drainage versus four hour clamping drainage in 60 patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty for severe osteoarthritis. We compared blood loss, number of transfusions, postoperative complications and knee function and found significantly less postoperative blood loss through the drains (p < 0.001), and fewer blood transfusions (p = 0.09) were needed in the clamped group. We conclude that clamping drainage after total knee arthroplasty in severe osteoarthritis reduces blood loss through the drains and the need for blood transfusions. PMID- 18925393 TI - Combination of active specific immunotherapy or adoptive antibody or lymphocyte immunotherapy with chemotherapy in the treatment of cancer. AB - Successful treatment of cancer patients with a combination of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) and chemotherapeutic drugs has spawned various other forms of additional combination therapies, including vaccines or adoptive lymphocyte transfer combined with chemotherapeutics. These therapies were effective against established tumors in animal models and showed promising results in initial clinical trials in cancer patients, awaiting testing in larger randomized controlled studies. Although combination between immunotherapy and chemotherapy has long been viewed as incompatible as chemotherapy, especially in high doses meant to increase anti-tumor efficacy, has induced immunosuppression, various mechanisms may explain the reported synergistic effects of the two types of therapies. Thus direct effects of chemotherapy on tumor or host environment, such as induction of tumor cell death, elimination of regulatory T cells, and/or enhancement of tumor cell sensitivity to lysis by CTL may account for enhancement of immunotherapy by chemotherapy. Furthermore, induction of lymphopenia by chemotherapy has increased the efficacy of adoptive lymphocyte transfer in cancer patients. On the other hand, immunotherapy may directly modulate the tumor's sensitivity to chemotherapy. Thus, anti-tumor mAb can increase the sensitivity of tumor cells to chemotherapeutic drugs and patients treated first with immunotherapy followed by chemotherapy showed higher clinical response rates than patients that had received chemotherapy alone. In conclusion, combination of active specific immunotherapy or adoptive mAb or lymphocyte immunotherapy with chemotherapy has great potential for the treatment of cancer patients which needs to be confirmed in larger controlled and randomized Phase III trials. PMID- 18925395 TI - Risk factors for pulmonary embolism after hip and knee arthroplasty: a population based study. AB - Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a cause of death after total hip and knee arthroplasty (THA, TKA). We characterised the patient population suffering from in-hospital PE and identified perioperative risk factors associated with PE using nationally representative data. Data from the National Hospital Discharge Survey between 1990 and 2004 on patients who underwent primary or revision THA/TKA in the United States were analysed. Multivariate regression analysis was performed to determine if perioperative factors were associated with increased risk of in-hospital PE. An estimated 6,901,324 procedures were identified. The incidence of in-hospital PE was 0.36%. Factors associated with an increased risk for the diagnosis of PE included: revision THA, female gender, dementia, obesity, renal and cerebrovascular disease. An increased association with PE was found among patients with diagnosis of Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), psychosis (confusion), and peripheral thrombotic events. Our findings may be useful in stratifying the individual patient's risk of PE after surgery. PMID- 18925396 TI - Human intrathymic development: a selective approach. AB - Human T lymphocytes can be generated from CD34 progenitor cells from different sources. This can be obtained in an in vivo model wherein human thymic tissue and fetal liver is transplanted in an immunodeficient mouse. However, human T cells are also generated in immunodeficient mice without co-transplantation of human thymus or in in vitro hybrid human-mouse fetal thymus organ culture. This shows that xenogeneic mouse thymus tissue supports human T cell differentiation. Finally, human T cells are generated on co-culture with murine stromal cells that express the Delta-like1 ligand for the Notch receptor. How these different environments influence the human T cell repertoire is reviewed and discussed. PMID- 18925397 TI - Molecular mechanisms that control mouse and human TCR-alphabeta and TCR gammadelta T cell development. AB - Following specification of hematopoietic precursor cells into the T cell lineage, several developmental options remain available to the immature thymocytes. The paradigm is that the outcome of the T cell receptor rearrangements and the corresponding T cell receptor signaling events will be predominant to determine the first of these choices: the alphabeta versus gammadelta T cell pathways. Here, we review the thymus-derived environmental signals, the transcriptional mediators, and other molecular mechanisms that are also involved in this decision in both the mouse and human. We discuss the differences in cellular events between the alphabeta and gammadelta developmental pathways and try to correlate these with a corresponding complexity of the molecular mechanisms that support them. PMID- 18925399 TI - The use of thrombin in the radiology department. AB - Thrombin is a naturally occurring coagulation protein that converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin and plays a vital role in the coagulation cascade and in turn haemostasis. Thrombin also promotes platelet activation. In the last few years, there has been a rapid increase in the use of thrombin by radiologists in a variety of clinical circumstances. It is best known for its use in the treatment of pseudoaneurysms following angiography. However, there are now a variety of cases in the literature describing the treatment of traumatic, inflammatory and infected aneurysms with thrombin in a variety of locations within the human body. There have even been recent reports describing the use of thrombin in conventional aneurysms as well as ruptured aneurysms. Its use has also been described in the treatment of endoleaks (type II) following aneurysm repair. In nearly all of these cases, treatment with thrombin requires imaging guidance. Recently, thrombin has also been used as a topical treatment post percutaneous intervention to reduce or stop bleeding. Most radiologists have only a limited knowledge of the pharmacodynamics of thrombin, its wide range of utilisation and its limitations. Apart from a few case reports and case series, there is little in the radiological literature encompassing the wide range of applications that thrombin may have in the radiology department. In this review article, we comprehensively describe the role and pathophysiology of thrombin, describing with examples many of its potential uses. Techniques of usage as well as pitfalls and limitations are also described. PMID- 18925398 TI - The long road to the thymus: the generation, mobilization, and circulation of T cell progenitors in mouse and man. AB - The majority of T cells develop in the thymus. T-cell progenitors in the thymus do not self-renew and so progenitor cells must be continuously imported from the blood into the thymus to maintain T-cell production. Recent work has shed light on both the identity of the cells that home to the thymus and the molecular mechanisms involved. This review will discuss the cells in the bone marrow and blood that are involved in early thymopoiesis in mouse and man. Understanding the pre-thymic steps in T-cell development may translate into new therapeutics, especially in the field of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. PMID- 18925400 TI - Extra-cardiac findings at cardiac CT: experience with 1,764 patients. AB - To investigate incidental extra-cardiac findings (ECF) at cardiac CT based on indication and impact on patient management. We retrospectively reviewed the reports of 1,764 patients who underwent a cardiac CT study between January 1, 2004 and December 31, 2006, including 463 calcium scorings (CS), 737 coronary CT angiograms (CTA), 341 pulmonary vein stenoses (PVS), and 223 bypass grafts (CABG). ECFs were categorized by type of examination, anatomical location and clinical significance. Comparisons were made between examination types to determine if incidental findings varied by indication. There were 507 ECFs with at least one ECF in 441 patients (25.0%). By examination, there was at least 1 ECF in 79/463 CS studies (17.1%), 196/737 CTAs (26.6%), 80/341 PVSs (23.4%) and 86/223 CABGs (38.6%). In 325 patients (18.4%), the findings were considered clinically important and occurred in 60/463 (12.9%) CSs, 149/737 (20.2%) CTAs, 56/341 (16.4%) PVSs and 60/223 (26.9%) CABGs. Differences between CABG and other indications and CTA vs. CS for incidental and clinically important findings were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Extra-cardiac findings requiring follow-up occur in 18% of patients and are significantly more frequent in coronary artery CTA and coronary artery bypass studies than in calcium scoring studies. PMID- 18925401 TI - Combined FDG-PET/CT for the detection of unknown primary tumors: systematic review and meta-analysis. AB - The aim of this study was to systematically review and meta-analyze published data on the diagnostic performance of combined 18F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) in the detection of primary tumors in patients with cancer of unknown primary (CUP). A systematic search for relevant studies was performed of the PubMed/MEDLINE and Embase databases. Methodological quality of the included studies was assessed. Reported detection rates, sensitivities and specificities were meta-analyzed. Subgroup analyses were performed if results of individual studies were heterogeneous. The 11 included studies, comprising a total sample size of 433 patients with CUP, had moderate methodological quality. Overall primary tumor detection rate, pooled sensitivity and specificity of FDG-PET/CT were 37%, 84% (95% CI 78-88%) and 84% (95% CI 78 89%), respectively. Sensitivity was heterogeneous across studies (P = 0.0001), whereas specificity was homogeneous across studies (P = 0.2114). Completeness of diagnostic workup before FDG-PET/CT, location of metastases of unknown primary, administration of CT contrast agents, type of FDG-PET/CT images evaluated and way of FDG-PET/CT review did not significantly influence diagnostic performance. In conclusion, FDG-PET/CT can be a useful method for unknown primary tumor detection. Future studies are required to prove the assumed advantage of FDG PET/CT over FDG-PET alone and to further explore causes of heterogeneity. PMID- 18925402 TI - Reliability of tumor volume estimation from MR images in patients with malignant glioma. Results from the American College of Radiology Imaging Network (ACRIN) 6662 Trial. AB - Reliable assessment of tumor growth in malignant glioma poses a common problem both clinically and when studying novel therapeutic agents. We aimed to evaluate two software-systems in their ability to estimate volume change of tumor and/or edema on magnetic resonance (MR) images of malignant gliomas. Twenty patients with malignant glioma were included from different sites. Serial post-operative MR images were assessed with two software systems representative of the two fundamental segmentation methods, single-image fuzzy analysis (3DVIEWNIX-TV) and multi-spectral-image analysis (Eigentool), and with a manual method by 16 independent readers (eight MR-certified technologists, four neuroradiology fellows, four neuroradiologists). Enhancing tumor volume and tumor volume plus edema were assessed independently by each reader. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), variance components, and prediction intervals were estimated. There were no significant differences in the average tumor volume change over time between the software systems (p > 0.05). Both software systems were much more reliable and yielded smaller prediction intervals than manual measurements. No significant differences were observed between the volume changes determined by fellows/neuroradiologists or technologists.Semi-automated software systems are reliable tools to serve as outcome parameters in clinical studies and the basis for therapeutic decision-making for malignant gliomas, whereas manual measurements are less reliable and should not be the basis for clinical or research outcome studies. PMID- 18925403 TI - Evaluation of T2-weighted and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI in localizing prostate cancer before repeat biopsy. AB - We assessed the accuracy of T2-weighted (T2w) and dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) 1.5-T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in localizing prostate cancer before transrectal ultrasound-guided repeat biopsy. Ninety-three patients with abnormal PSA level and negative prostate biopsy underwent T2w and DCE prostate MRI using pelvic coil before repeat biopsy. T2w and DCE images were interpreted using visual criteria only. MR results were correlated with repeat biopsy findings in ten prostate sectors. Repeat biopsy found prostate cancer in 23 patients (24.7%) and 44 sectors (6.6%). At per patient analysis, the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were 47.8%, 44.3%, 20.4% and 79.5% for T2w imaging and 82.6%, 20%, 24.4% and 93.3% for DCE imaging. When all suspicious areas (on T2w or DCE imaging) were taken into account, a sensitivity of 82.6% and a negative predictive value of 100% could be achieved. At per sector analysis, DCE imaging was significantly less specific (83.5% vs. 89.7%, p < 0.002) than T2w imaging; it was more sensitive (52.4% vs. 32.1%), but the difference was hardly significant (p = 0.09). T2w and DCE MRI using pelvic coil and visual diagnostic criteria can guide prostate repeat biopsy, with a good sensitivity and NPV. PMID- 18925404 TI - Predictive CT findings of malignancy in ground-glass nodules on thin-section chest CT: the effects on radiologist performance. AB - Our purpose was to identify thin-section chest computed tomography (CT) findings of malignancy other than the presence of a solid portion within ground-glass nodules (GGNs) and to evaluate whether the radiologists' performance in determining malignancy can be enhanced with this information. The predictive CT findings of malignancy extracted from the CT findings of 80 GGNs (47 malignant, 33 benign) were a size of >8 mm [odds ratio (OR), 10.930; P = 0.045] and a lobulated border (OR, 13.769; P = 0.016) for pure GGNs and a lobulated border (OR, 10.200; P = 0.024) for mixed GGNs. Four chest radiologists and five radiology residents participated in the observer performance study with CT of 130 GGNs (67 malignant, 63 benign). Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to compare radiologists' performances before and after providing these predictive findings. For pure GGNs, mean areas under the curve (A(z)) of all readers without and with CT predictive information were significantly different (0.621 +/- 0.052 and 0.766 +/- 0.055, P < 0.05). For mixed GGNs, the A(z) values achieved without and with predictive information were not significantly different (0.727 +/- 0.064 and 0.764 +/- 0.056, P > 0.05). Information about lesion size and morphological characteristics can enhance radiologists' performance in determining malignancy of pure GGNs. PMID- 18925405 TI - Chromatin: linking structure and function in the nucleolus. AB - The nucleolus is an informative model structure for studying how chromatin regulated transcription relates to nuclear organisation. In this review, we describe how chromatin controls nucleolar structure through both the modulation of rDNA activity by convergently-evolved remodelling complexes and by direct effects upon rDNA packaging. This packaging not only regulates transcription but may also be important for suppressing internal recombination between tandem rDNA repeats. The identification of nucleolar histone chaperones and novel chromatin proteins by mass spectrometry suggests that structure-specific chromatin components remain to be characterised and may regulate the nucleolus in novel ways. However, it also suggests that there is considerable overlap between nucleolar and non-nucleolar-chromatin components. We conclude that a fuller understanding of nucleolar chromatin will be essential for understanding how gene organisation is linked with nuclear architecture. PMID- 18925406 TI - Chemical submission: results of 4-year French inquiry. AB - Psychoactive substances may be administered without the knowledge of a victim in order to induce incapacitation and thus facilitate criminal actions. The characteristics of the victims and the drugs used in such suspected chemical submissions (CS) were analyzed in 309 cases collected from October 2003 to December 2007 through a national survey. Out of 309 cases, 158 met all criteria of CS. The victims were mostly female (n = 89, 56%). The type of aggression was mostly sexual assault (in 79 cases 50%). Benzodiazepines and related drugs were detected in 129 victims (82%) and were mostly clonazepam, zolpidem, and bromazepam whereas flunitrazepam and gamma hydroxybutyrate, well known for their use in CS, were identified in 11 (7%) and five (3%) of the 158 victims. CS is not an anecdotal phenomenon in France. Information for health professionals and workers in forensic structures as well as education of the general population associated with preventive measures such as drug dosage form changes should contribute to improved care management of victims and decreased risk. PMID- 18925407 TI - Marfan syndrome: clinical consequences resulting from a medicolegal autopsy of a case of sudden death due to aortic rupture. AB - To investigate the sudden death of a 31-year-old man, a medicolegal autopsy was performed. Major findings were a dilated aortic root with a longitudinal rupture of the intima and dissection of aorta and right coronary artery and consequent tamponade of the pericardial sac. Moreover, arachnodactyly and other skeletal deformities in combination with the histological finding of a pseudocystic medionecrosis of the aortic wall were noted. By sequencing of the FBN1 gene, a mutation (1622G>A) leading to the diagnosis of Marfan syndrome was found. Genetic counseling was recommended to the relatives who reported that the father of the deceased had died at the same age from aortic rupture. While fortunately the child of the deceased lacked this mutation, it was found in his younger sister. The results of the autopsy thus enabled early diagnosis and beginning of treatment in the sister and thus a considerable statistical increase in lifespan. With this report, we want to show that medicolegal autopsies can also have medical consequences for relatives. We argue that in all sudden and unexpected deaths in young persons up to 35 years an autopsy should be performed, not only to detect unnatural causes of death but also to identify heritable diseases and thus aid the relatives. PMID- 18925408 TI - Diabetic retinopathy and health-related quality of life. AB - OBJECTIVE: To describe the impact of co-morbidities, visual acuity, diabetic retinopathy (DR) grade, and macular edema (ME) on the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among patients with diabetic retinopathy. METHODS: Analysis of data of 207 patients with diabetic retinopathy from Germany in 2003. HRQOL assessment was done using the generic (SF-12) questionnaire. It was hypothesized that exogenous variables (co-morbidities, visual acuity impairment, DR, and ME) would have an impact on HRQOL. Using a structural equation modelling procedure, the effects of exogenous variables on endogenous variables physical component summaries (PSC) and mental component summaries (MCS) reflecting HRQOL were tested. RESULTS: The number of co-morbidities had a negative effect on visual acuity (b = -0.26, standardized) and a similar negative effect on PCS (b = 0.27). DR grade had a negative effect on visual acuity (b = -0.19) and a positive effect on the variable ME (b = 0.44). ME displayed a negative effect on visual acuity (b = -0.58) and also on MCS (b = -0.29). Visual acuity had a positive effect (b = 0.48) on PCS. CONCLUSIONS: Presence of DR and ME, visual acuity impairment and patient co-morbidities lead to significant impairment of both the physical and mental components of HRQOL. PMID- 18925409 TI - Atopic dermatitis as a risk factor for graft rejection following normal-risk keratoplasty. PMID- 18925410 TI - Perfluorocarbon liquid assisted large retinal epithelium patching in sub-macular hemorrhage secondary to age related macular degeneration. AB - BACKGROUND: We investigate the safety and feasibility of large retinal pigmentary epithelium (RPE)-Choroid-free graft after surgical drainage of massive sub macular hemorrhage (SMH) due to age-related macular degeneration (ARMD). METHODS: Four previously untreated patients (three females and one male) underwent to three port pars plana vitrectomy, induction of retinal detachment and peripheral temporal 180 degrees retinotomy. The retina was then folded nasally, to allow access for removal of sub-macular Hg and CNV complex. A full-thickness-large autologous Chorio-RPE patch was grafted. Silicone oil was used as endotemponade for approximately 12 weeks. After removal of silicone oil, the patients were followed-up for 6 months. RESULTS: SMH was completely removed in all cases. It was possible to graft a large RPE patch safely that is sufficiently large to cover the entire defect of macular RPE. At last follow-up, improvement in visual acuity (from 3 +/- 0.9 to 55 +/- 9 ETDRS letters) and recovery of central fixation was observed in all patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our surgical technique for large elevated SMH seems to be feasible and efficacious approach to harvest and relocate large RPE patch and to save limited vision in selected patients. PMID- 18925411 TI - Osteoblasts participate in the innate immunity of the bone by producing human beta defensin-3. AB - Gram-positive bacterial bone infections are an important cause of morbidity particularly in immunocompromised patients. Antimicrobial peptides (AP) are effectors of the innate immune system and directly kill microorganisms in the first hours after microbial infection. The aim of the present investigation was to study the expression and regulation of gram-positive specialized human beta defensin-3 (HBD-3) in bone. Samples of healthy and osteomyelitic human bone were assessed for the expression of HBD-3. Using primary and immortalized osteoblasts (SAOS-2 cells), release and regulation of HBD-3 was evaluated after exposure to Staphylococcus aureus supernatant and/or corticosteroids using PCR, immunohistochemistry, Western blot and ELISA. To determine the role of toll-like receptors-2 and -4 (TLR-2/-4), shRNA was used to downregulate TLRs. An osteomyelitis mouse model was created performed to investigate the release of murine beta-defensins using immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. Cultured osteoblasts and human bone produce HBD-3 under standard conditions. The release increases within hours of bacterial supernatant exposure in cultured osteoblasts. This observation was not made in chronically infected bone samples. The shRNA technology revealed the necessity of TLR-2 and -4 in HBD-3 induction in osteoblasts. Blocking protein synthesis with cycloheximide showed that the rapid release of HBD-3 is not dependent on a translational de novo synthesis and is not affected by glucocorticoids. The murine osteomyelitis model confirmed the in vivo release uptake of mouse beta-defensins-4 (MBD-4) in bone. This report shows the bacterial induction of HBD-3 via TLR-2 and -4 in osteoblasts and suggests a central role of antimicrobial peptides in the prevention of bacterial bone infection. The rapid and effective induction of HBD-3 in osteoblasts incubated with conditioned media from bacteria is more likely a result of a rapid secretion of preformed HBD-3 by osteoblasts rather than a result of enhanced biosynthesis. The increased incidence of gram-positive bacterial bone infection in patients with regular intake of glucocorticoids does not seem to be caused by a deranged HBD-3 release in osteoblasts. PMID- 18925412 TI - Xenobiotic action on steroid hormone synthesis and sulfonation the example of lead and polychlorinated biphenyls. AB - OBJECTIVES: In the present study, the metabolism of steroid hormones has been investigated to determine whether and how xenobiotics like lead (Pb) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) interfere with steroid hormone biotransformation in humans. METHODS: Three groups of subjects were tested for concentration of urinary total steroids, 17-ketosteroids (n = 5), pregnane derivates (n = 6), 17 hydroxycorticosteroids (n = 11) and their sulfonated compounds: 14 workers exposed to lead, with a mean Pb blood concentration (PbB) of 29.21 microg/dl; 15 subjects exposed to PCBs, with a mean PCB blood concentration (PCBB) of 61.69 microg/l; a control group (n = 25). RESULTS: The urinary concentrations of 17 ketosteroids and 17-hydroxycorticosteroids were significantly lower in the PCB exposed groups. There were significantly fewer sulfonated 17 hydroxycorticosteroids in the subjects exposed to PCBs as compared to the controls, while the percentage of sulfonated steroids was lower for both 17 ketosteroids and 17-hydroxycorticosteroids in the PCB-exposed subjects, but only for the 17-hydroxycorticosteroids in the group of subjects exposed to Pb (P < 0.05). Pregnane derivate urinary concentrations did not differ between the three groups. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that PCBs and Pb act on steroid hormone metabolism with different effects and only partially using the same hormone pathways; they may cause changes in endogenous hormone homeostasis and interfere with the xenobiotic phase II of detoxification. PCBs interfere on a larger number of steroids and cause more significant effects than Pb. It is likely that different mechanisms are involved in steroid hormone metabolism interference. PMID- 18925414 TI - Enhanced stretch reflex excitability of the soleus muscle in experienced swimmers. AB - The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of long-term participation to swimming on adaptations of spinal reflex excitability. To this end, mechanically induced stretch reflex (SR) and electrically induced Hoffmann (H-) reflex of the soleus muscle were investigated between swimmers with experience of more than 10 years and non-trained individuals while sitting at rest. The amplitude and the gain (stretch velocity vs. amplitude of the reflex response) of the SR were significantly greater in the swimming group than in the non-trained control group. Similarly, the responses of the H-reflex were also significantly greater in the swimming group than in the non-trained control group. Results of this study demonstrated that the spinal reflex excitability in experienced swimmers was far more enhanced than in non-trained individuals. PMID- 18925413 TI - Salbutamol intake and substrate oxidation during submaximal exercise. AB - In order to test the hypothesis that salbutamol would change substrate oxidation during submaximal exercise, eight recreationally trained men twice performed 1 h at 60% VO(2) peak after ingestion of placebo or 4 mg of salbutamol. Gas exchange was monitored and blood samples were collected during exercise for GH, ACTH, insulin, and blood glucose and lactate determination. With salbutamol versus placebo, there was no significant difference in total energy expenditure and substrate oxidation, but the substrate oxidation balance was significantly modified after 40 min of exercise. ACTH was significantly decreased with salbutamol during the last 10 min of exercise, whereas no difference was found between the two treatments in the other hormonal and metabolic parameters. The theory that the ergogenic effect of salbutamol results from a change in substrate oxidation has little support during relatively short term endurance exercise, but it is conceivable that longer exercise duration can generate positive findings. PMID- 18925415 TI - The contribution of mechanoreceptive sensation on stability and adaptation in the young and elderly. AB - The aim was to determine the contributions of foot mechanoreceptive sensation, vision and their interaction on postural stability during quiet stance, balance perturbations and adaptive adjustments. Postural stability was measured as anteroposterior torque variance in Young (n = 25, average age = 25.1 years) and Elderly subjects (n = 16, average age = 71.5 years) during repeated calf vibrations while standing with eyes open and closed. Sensation, recorded using vibration perception and tactile sensitivity, was poorer in elderly than young subjects. Sensation was of low importance for stability during quiet stance and the first 50 s of repeated vibrations, but was associated with stability during the last three 50 s periods of balance perturbations, suggesting that the mechanoreceptive sensation affected how well postural control could adapt to repeated balance perturbations. The findings suggest that clinicians should investigate whether patients with balance problems and poor adaptation have mechanoreceptive sensation deficits. PMID- 18925416 TI - Object-based selection in the Baylis and Driver (1993) paradigm is subject to space-based attentional modulation. AB - Three experiments re-examined Baylis and Driver's (1993) strong evidence for object-based selection, that making relative apex location judgments is harder between two objects than within a single object, with object (figure-ground) segmentation determined solely by color-based perceptual set. Using variations of the Baylis and Driver paradigm, the experiments replicated a two-object cost. However, they also showed a large part of the two-object cost to be attributable to space-based factors, though there remained an irreducible cost consistent with 'true' object-based selection. PMID- 18925418 TI - Dental therapy before and after radiotherapy--an evaluation on patients with head and neck malignancies. AB - The present investigation evaluates the dental care situation of patients with head and neck cancer before and after radiotherapy. The situations of these patients in 1993 and 2005 were compared to detect similarities, differences and developments. In the years 1993 and 2005, 37 and 36 patients, respectively, with head and neck cancer treated by the local departments of otorhinolaryngology and of radiotherapy were examined consecutively according to their aftercare appointments. Time points of radiotherapy treatment of the patients evaluated in 1993 varied from 1984 to 1993. The patients evaluated in 2005 had received radiotherapy between 1998 and 2005. Therefore the applied radiotherapeutic regimen differed not only between the two groups of patients, but also within each group. The information for these investigations was provided anonymously. It was evaluated with descriptive statistics. The evaluation of the data shows distinct differences with respect to preventive and therapeutic dental care measures. In 2005, 35 out of 36 patients (97.2%) had a dental consultation before radiotherapy (1993, 65%). All 27 dentate patients (100%) obtained a splint for fluoride application (1993, none). 29% fewer edentulous patients were seen than in 1993. The number of teeth destroyed decreased from 19.2% (1993) to 7.8% in 2005. Mycoses due to Candida spp. and chronic failures in wound healing were rare (5.5%). In the course of the 12 years, prophylactic measures, such as the application of splints for fluoride treatment, were intensified. However, concepts for the dental care of patients undergoing radiotherapy, especially following the radiation, should be widened to avoid ruined teeth and long delayed wound healings. PMID- 18925419 TI - Gorillas' (Gorilla gorilla) use of experimenter-given manual and facial cues in an object-choice task. AB - Several experiments have been performed to examine the great apes' use of experimenter-given manual and visual cues in object-choice tasks. Considering their use of referential gestures in gaze-following paradigms, great apes perform surprisingly unsuccessfully in object-choice tasks. However, the large majority of object-choice experiments have been conducted with chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) with very few experiments including other great ape species, making it difficult to generalize about the great apes. Interestingly, the only object choice task conducted with gorillas (Gorilla gorilla) has indicated successful use of both manual and visual cues. It was the aim of the present study to gather more data on gorillas' use of human manual and facial cues on the object-choice task. Gorilla subjects in this study did not show consistent use of three types of referential cues. PMID- 18925417 TI - Identification and characterization of a serine protease inhibitor of Paragonimus westermani. AB - Paragonimus westermani is a trematode parasite that causes pulmonary and/or extrapulmonary granulomatous disease in humans. In this study, we identified a full-length gene encoding a novel serine protease inhibitor of P. westermani (PwSERPIN) and characterized the biochemical properties of the recombinant protein. PwSERPIN had an open reading frame of 1,164 bp, which encoded 387 amino acid residues. Sequence analysis of the primary structure of PwSERPIN revealed that it had the essential structural motifs which were well conserved among the serine protease inhibitor (serpin) superfamily and had shown 16.5-29.6% sequence identities with previously reported serpins from other helminthic parasites. No signal peptide or N-glycosylation site was found in the sequence. Genomic DNA structure analysis showed that PwSERPIN comprised six exons separated by five introns. The bacterially expressed recombinant PwSERPIN effectively inhibited the activities of trypsin, thrombin, and chymotrypsin in a dose-dependent manner, but showed lower inhibitory capacity on cathepsin G and elastases. Expression of PwSERPIN was detected throughout various developmental stages of the parasite, from metacercariae to adult worms, and the transcription level gradually increased with the maturation of the parasite. PwSERPIN was identified in the soluble extract of the parasite, but not in the excretory and secretory products (ESP) and in the insoluble extract of the parasite. These results collectively suggest that the PwSERPIN is an intracellular serpin of P. westermani and that might play primary roles in regulating the activities of intracellular serine proteases of the parasite. PMID- 18925420 TI - Left gaze bias in humans, rhesus monkeys and domestic dogs. AB - While viewing faces, human adults often demonstrate a natural gaze bias towards the left visual field, that is, the right side of the viewee's face is often inspected first and for longer periods. Using a preferential looking paradigm, we demonstrate that this bias is neither uniquely human nor limited to primates, and provide evidence to help elucidate its biological function within a broader social cognitive framework. We observed that 6-month-old infants showed a wider tendency for left gaze preference towards objects and faces of different species and orientation, while in adults the bias appears only towards upright human faces. Rhesus monkeys showed a left gaze bias towards upright human and monkey faces, but not towards inverted faces. Domestic dogs, however, only demonstrated a left gaze bias towards human faces, but not towards monkey or dog faces, nor to inanimate object images. Our findings suggest that face- and species-sensitive gaze asymmetry is more widespread in the animal kingdom than previously recognised, is not constrained by attentional or scanning bias, and could be shaped by experience to develop adaptive behavioural significance. PMID- 18925421 TI - Concept of uprightness in baboons: assessment with pictures of realistic scenes. AB - How nonhuman primates process pictures of natural scenes or objects remains a matter of debates. This issue was addressed in the current research by questioning the processing of the canonical orientation of pictures in baboons. Two adult guinea baboons were trained to use an interactive key (IK) on a touch screen to change the orientation of target pictures showing humans or quadruped mammals until upright. In experiment 1, both baboons successfully learned to use the IK when that key induced a 90 degrees rightward rotation of the picture, but post-training transfer of performance did not occur to novel pictures of natural scenes due to potential motor biases. In Experiment 2, a touch on IK randomly displayed the pictures in any of the four cardinal orientations. Baboons successfully learned the task, but transfer to novel pictures could only be demonstrated after they had been exposed to 360-480 pictures in that condition. Experiment 3 confirmed positive transfers to novel pictures, and showed that both the figure and background information controlled the behavior. Our research on baboons therefore demonstrates the development and use of an "upright" concept, and indicates that picture processing modes strongly depend on the subject's past experience with naturalistic pictorial stimuli. PMID- 18925422 TI - Humans (Homo sapiens) fail to show an inequity effect in an "up-linkage" analog of the monkey inequity test. AB - Brosnan and de Waal (Nature 425:297-299, 2003) claimed that if a capuchin sees another capuchin receiving a superior food, she tends to reject an inferior, previously acceptable food. They related this phenomenon to human inequity aversion. This phyletic extension is "down linkage," because nonhuman research is interpreted in terms of human research. The present experiment makes an "up linkage" test of this claimed connection by attempting to reproduce the capuchin inequity effect in humans. In Experiment 1's equity condition, a subject and an adjacent confederate each clicked a computer mouse to mark the number "7" from a random numbers table, earning 0.5 yen per mark. In the inequity condition, the confederate's pay rate was twice that of the subject. There was no between condition difference in quitting times or likelihoods. Experiment 2 replicated Experiment 1 except, before beginning, the subject and confederate clicked a mouse over a rapidly switching message that said they would earn either 0.5 or 1 yen per marked seven. For the equity condition in this rigged test, subject and confederate stopped the message at 0.5 yen, while in the inequity condition, these values were 0.5 and 1 yen, respectively. Now, inequity-condition subjects quit sooner than equity-condition subjects. Experiment 1 found no inequity effect, but Experiment 2 did. These results show that: (a) a sense of control/responsibility may be critical to an inequity effect and (b) the inequity effect putatively present in capuchins cannot be reproduced in an up-linkage human analog of that research, thereby calling this linkage into question. This report exemplifies that up- and down-linkage tests are often requisite to establish commonality of psychological process between nonhuman primates and humans. PMID- 18925423 TI - An incidence of large foodborne outbreak associated with Vibrio mimicus. PMID- 18925424 TI - Circulating and imaging markers for angiogenesis. AB - Abundant preclinical and indirect clinical data have for several decades convincingly supported the notion that anti-angiogenesis is an effective strategy for the inhibition of tumor growth. The recent success achieved in patients with metastatic colon carcinoma using a neutralizing antibody directed against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has translated preclinical optimism into a clinical reality.With this transformation in the field of angiogenesis has come a need for reliable surrogate markers. A surrogate marker by definition serves as a substitute for the underlying process in question, and in the case of angiogenesis, microvessel density (usually in so-called "hot-spots") has until now been the most widely used parameter. However, this parameter is more akin to a static "snap-shot" and does not lend itself either to the dynamic in situ assessment of the status of the tumor microvasculature or to the molecular factors that regulate its growth and involution. This has led to an acute need for developing circulating and imaging markers of angiogenesis that can be monitored in vivo at repeated intervals in large number of patients with a variety of tumors in a non-invasive manner. Such markers of angiogenesis are the subject of this review. PMID- 18925426 TI - Arginine supplementation in four patients with X-linked creatine transporter defect. AB - BACKGROUND: Treatment with oral creatine monohydrate has not shown efficacy in patients with creatine transporter deficiency (CRTR-D). Another therapeutic option proposed is L-arginine, the substrate for the enzyme L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT). We evaluate clinical characteristics and cerebral creatine replenishment after L-arginine therapy in four patients with CRTR-D. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Four boys with genetically confirmed diagnosis of CRTR-D (ages 9-16 years) were supplemented with L-arginine (0.4 g/kg per day) for a period of 9 months. Treatment efficacy was evaluated by clinical and neuropsychological assessment and determination of creatine signals by brain proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS). RESULTS: Epileptic seizures remained well controlled with antiepileptic drugs in three cases, both before and after L-arginine supplementation. Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scale did not show any change in communication, daily living skills, socialization or motor skills, and a lack of improvement in brain (1)H-MRS follow-up was observed. L-Arginine was discontinued at the end of the observation period. CONCLUSIONS: Nine months of L-arginine supplementation did not show effectiveness in the four patients affected with CRTR-D in this protocol. PMID- 18925425 TI - Which amino acids should be used in prebiotic chemistry studies? AB - The adsorption of amino acids on minerals and their condensation under conditions that resemble those of prebiotic earth is a well studied subject. However, which amino acids should be used in these experiments is still an open question. The main goal of this review is to attempt to answer this question. There were two sources of amino acids for the prebiotic earth: (1) exogenous -- meaning that the amino acids were synthesized outside the earth and delivered to our planet by interplanetary dust particles (IDPs), meteorites, comets, etc. and (2) endogenous -- meaning that they were synthesized on earth in atmospheric mixtures, hydrothermal vents, etc. For prebiotic chemistry studies, the use of a mixture of amino acids from both endogenous and exogenous sources is suggested. The exogenous contribution of amino acids to this mixture is very different from the average composition of proteins, and contains several non-protein amino acids. On the other hand, the mixture of amino acids from endogenous sources is seems to more closely resemble the amino acid composition of terrestrial proteins. PMID- 18925427 TI - Effects of humoral immunity and calreticulin overexpression on postoperative course in breast cancer. AB - The aim was to investigate whether the humoral immunity and overexpression of calreticulin in tumor tissue determined before surgery, correlate with incidence of metastases in breast cancer patients within two years after operation. Before operation, their humoral immunity and overexpression of caleticulin and Her-2/neu in tumor tissue were analyzed by immunohystochemistry. In 23 patients with metastases in regionally lymph nodes, seven had Her-2/neu overexpression. Among those seven patients, three developed distant metastasis (two women one year and in one woman two years after surgery) and all of them showed the presence of stromal IgG immunoreactivity and overexpression of calreticulin in their tumors tissue. Preliminary data showed that serum IgG immunoreactivity to tumor stroma in combination with overexpression of calreticulin in tumor cells correlate with postoperative appearance of metastases, particularly in the group of patients with Her-2/neu overexpressed tumors and metastases in axillary lymph nodes. PMID- 18925428 TI - MALT type lymphoma demonstrating prominent plasma cell differentiation resembling fibrous variant of Hashimoto's thyroiditis: a three case report. AB - Fibrous variant of Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is characterized by marked fibrous replacement of one third or more of the thyroid parenchyma. We present here three cases of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) type lymphoma demonstrating prominent plasma cell differentiation resembling fibrous variant of HT. Histologically, thyroid structures were disturbed by a diffuse and focally nodular infiltration by mature plasma cells and cells with plasma cell differentiation against a background of prominent hyalinosis. In addition, scattered centrocyte-like (CCL) cells and lymphoepithelial lesions were observed in all three lesions. A portion of the resected specimens in all three cases exhibited HT. However, immunohistochemical study demonstrated that the plasma cells and CCL-cells of these three lesions had monotypic intracytoplasmic kappa light chain. Moreover, these three lesions demonstrated a clonal band on polymerase chain reaction assay for the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene. To avoid underdiagnosis, we emphasize that careful attention should be paid to these immunological features as well as to morphological findings. PMID- 18925429 TI - Should hebephilia be a mental disorder? A reply to Blanchard et al. (2008). PMID- 18925430 TI - Recombinant HCG for triggering ovulation increases the rate of mature oocytes in women treated for ICSI. AB - PURPOSE: To conduct a prospective randomized study in order to investigate the effect of recombinant HCG (rHCG) on oocyte nuclear and cytoplasm maturity compared to urinary HCG (uHCG), for inducing ovulation in women treated with ICSI for male factor infertility. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We compared 89 patients randomly assigned to one of the two study groups. Group A consisted of 42 women who received a subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of 250 microg rHCG and group B consisted of 47 patients receiving an intramuscular (i.m.) injection of 10,000 IU uHCG. RESULTS: Patients treated with rHCG showed a rate of metaphase II oocytes, a number of metaphase II oocytes with mature cytoplasm and a rate of metaphase II oocytes with mature cytoplasm calculated from total MII oocytes statistically higher than in patients treated with uHCG. However this differences were not associated with a significantly better clinical outcome. CONCLUSION: Our data show that in women treated with ICSI for male factor infertility, rHCG increases the rate of metaphase II oocytes, the number and the rate of MII oocytes with mature cytoplasm compared to uHCG. A larger study comparing transfer cycles of embryos all derived from oocytes with mature cytoplasm and transfer cycles of embryos all derived from oocytes with immature cytoplasm may be needed to clarify clinical correlations. PMID- 18925431 TI - Nicotine-induced Ca2+-myristoyl switch of neuronal Ca2+ sensor VILIP-1 in hippocampal neurons: a possible crosstalk mechanism for nicotinic receptors. AB - Visinin-like protein (VILIP-1) belongs to the neuronal Ca2+ sensor family of EF hand Ca2+-binding proteins that regulate a variety of Ca2+-dependent signal transduction processes in neurons. It is an interaction partner of alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and increases surface expression level and agonist sensitivity of the receptor in oocytes. Nicotine stimulation of nicotinic receptors has been reported to lead to an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration by Ca2+-permeable nAChRs, which in turn might lead to activation of VILIP-1, by a mechanism described as the Ca2+-myristoyl switch. It has been postulated that this will lead to co-localization of the proteins at cell membranes, where VILIP-1 can influence functional activity of alpha4 containing nAChRs. In order to test this hypothesis we have investigated whether a nicotine-induced and reversible Ca2+-myristoyl switch of VILIP-1 exists in primary hippocampal neurons and whether pharmacological agents, such as antagonist specific for distinct nAChRs, can interfere with the Ca2+-dependent membrane localization of VILIP-1. Here we report, that only alpha7- but not alpha4-containing nAChRs are able to elicit a Ca2+-dependent and reversible membrane-translocation of VILIP-1 in interneurons as revealed by employing the specific receptor antagonists dihydro-beta-erythroidine and methylallylaconitine. The nAChRs are associated with processes of synaptic plasticity in hippocampal neurons and they have been implicated in the pathology of CNS disorders, including Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. VILIP-1 might provide a novel functional crosstalk between alpha4- and alpha7-containing nAChRs. PMID- 18925432 TI - The molecular cloning of platelet-derived growth factor-C (PDGF-C) gene of Gekko japonicus and its expression change in the spinal cord after tail amputation. AB - The platelet-derived growth factor-C (PDGF-C) gene of Gekko japonicus was obtained from a brain and spinal cord cDNA library. The results of Northern blot showed that transcript of PDGF-C gene of gecko is 2.8 kb in length, and it was abundantly expressed in tissues of heart, lung, kidney, and ovary. In situ hybridization (ISH) revealed that positive hybridization signals were present in both gray matter and white matter of the spinal cord. The change of PDGF-C expression in the spinal cord after tail amputation was examined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot. The expression of PDGF-C in the spinal cord showed highest level at 1 day after tail amputation, and gradually decreased until 2 weeks, which indicated that the expression level of PDGF-C might be associated with the process of spinal cord injury and regeneration. PMID- 18925433 TI - Expression profiling identifies genes that predict recurrence of breast cancer after adjuvant CMF-based chemotherapy. AB - Cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracile (CMF)-based chemotherapy for adjuvant treatment of breast cancer reduces the risk of relapse. In this exploratory study, we tested the feasibility of identifying molecular markers of recurrence in CMF-treated patients. Using Affymetrix U133A GeneChips, RNA samples from 19 patients with primary breast cancer who had been uniformly treated with adjuvant CMF chemotherapy were analyzed. Two supervised class prediction approaches were used to identify gene markers that can best discriminate between patients who would experience relapse and patients who would remain disease-free. An additional independent validation set of 51 patients and 21 genes were analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR. Applying different algorithms to evaluate our microarray data, we identified two gene expression signatures of 21 and 12 genes containing eight overlapping genes, that predict recurrence in 19 cases with high accuracy (94%). Quantitative RT-PCR demonstrated that six genes from the combined signatures (CXCL9, ITSN2, GNAI2, H2AFX, INDO, and MGC10986) were significantly differentially expressed in the recurrence versus the non-recurrence group of the 19 cases and the independent breast cancer patient cohort (n = 51) treated with CMF. High expression levels of CXCL9, ITSN2, and GNAI2 were associated with prolonged disease-free survival (DFS) (P = 0.029, 0.018 and 0.032, respectively). When patients were stratified by combined CXCL9/ITSN2 or CXCL9/FLJ22028 tumor levels, they exhibited significantly different disease-free survival curves (P = 0.0073 and P = 0.005, respectively). Finally, the CXCL9/ITSN2 and CXCL9/FLJ22028 ratio was an independent prognostic factor (P = 0.034 and P = 0.003, respectively) for DFS by multivariate Cox analysis in the 70-patient cohort. Our data highlight the feasibility of a prognostic assay that is applicable to therapeutic decision-making for breast cancer. Whether the biomarker profile is chemotherapy-specific or whether it is a more general indicator of bad prognosis of breast cancer patients remains to be explored. PMID- 18925434 TI - Comparing patients' and clinicians' assessment of outcomes in a randomised trial of sentinel node biopsy for breast cancer (the RACS SNAC trial). AB - The RACS sentinel node biopsy versus axillary clearance (SNAC) trial compared sentinel-node-based management (SNBM) and axillary lymph-node dissection (ALND) for breast cancer. In this sub study, we sought to determine whether patient ratings of arm swelling, symptoms, function and disability or clinicians' measurements were most efficient at detecting differences between randomized groups, and therefore, which of these outcome measures would minimise the required sample sizes in future clinical trials. 324 women randomised to SNBM and 319 randomised to ALND were included. The primary endpoint of the trial was percentage increase in arm volume calculated from clinicians' measurements of arm circumference at 10 cm intervals. Secondary endpoints included reductions in range of motion and sensation (both measured by clinicians); and, patients' ratings of arm swelling, symptoms and quality of life, using the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Breast Cancer Module (EORTC QLM BR23), the body image after breast cancer questionnaire (BIBC) and the SNAC study specific scales (SSSS). The relative efficiency (RE, the squared ratio of the test statistics, with 95% confidence intervals calculated by bootstrapping) was used to compare these measures in detecting differences between the treatment groups. Patients' self-ratings of arm swelling were generally more efficient than clinicians' measurements of arm volume in detecting differences between treatment groups. The SSSS arm symptoms scale was the most efficient (RE = 7.1) The entire SSSS was slightly less so (RE = 4.6). Patients' ratings on single items were 3-5 times more efficient than clinicians' measurements. Primary endpoints based on patient-rated outcome measures could reduce the required sample size in future surgical trials. PMID- 18925435 TI - Model fidelity of assertive community treatment for clients with first-episode psychosis: a target group-specific application. AB - Assertive community treatment (ACT) is described as a team treatment model designed to provide assertive, outreaching, comprehensive, community-based, rehabilitation-oriented and supportive psychiatric services for people with severe mental illness as reported by Drake et al. (Psychiatr Serv 52: 179-182, 2001) and Teague et al. (Psychiatr Serv 68: 216-232, 1998). This study explores variations in the way the original components of ACT are implemented for the target group of clients with a first-episode psychosis, and establishes whether these variations lead the treatment model to a higher, more valuable, outcome level. The study also describes how to achieve this optimally effective application of target group-specific treatment services. PMID- 18925436 TI - Examining racial/ethnic minority treatment experiences with specialty behavioral health service providers. AB - This study investigated whether satisfaction and helpfulness of treatment by mental health service provider is related to race/ethnicity and psychosocial factors. Data from the National Co morbidity Survey-Replication study, which administered mental health service use questions for the past 12-months (1332), was analyzed. Data were stratified by service provider and analyzed with multiple logistic regressions. Racial/ethnic minorities were generally more likely to be satisfied with services provided by specialty mental health providers compared to white respondents. Racial/ethnic minorities generally perceived the services provided by specialty mental health providers as more helpful than did other racial/ethnic groups. Those who reported high cultural identity were more likely to find their treatment experience less satisfying and less helpful. Greater attention to specialty referrals for racial/ethnic minority groups may fruitfully contribute to improve help-seeking for these groups. The role culture plays in shaping the mental health treatment experience needs to be further investigated. PMID- 18925437 TI - Sister Mary Joseph's nodule as the sole presenting feature of disseminated squamous cell cancer of the esophagus: a rare case. AB - Umbilical nodule due to tumor metastasis is a rare presentation which is known as Sister Joseph's nodule. This is usually due to disseminated intra abdominal malignancies which are mostly adenocarcinomas. Esophageal squamous cell cancer commonly presents with progressive dysphagia, and it usually metastasizes to liver, lungs, bones, and regional lymph nodes; however, spreading to the umbilicus is an extremely rare occurrence. In this paper, we report a 77-year-old man presenting with a painful umbilical nodule as the only presenting feature of disseminated, poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. PMID- 18925438 TI - [Translational research in multiple sclerosis]. AB - Translational research has become a challenge for the health care administration and Neurology Departments. The need to incorporate the results of basic research into the clinical setting and, vice versa, the orientation of basic research from the knowledge arising from clinical research, implies a new way of looking at the research concept. It also makes it necessary to reconsider the clinical health care and research infrastructures together with a need to define the functions health care neurologists and their involvement in the research tasks. Multiple sclerosis, due to its heterogeneous character, that is, clinical, pathogenic and pathological, is a paradigm of how translational research should help to improve knowledge of the clinical phenomena and to elaborate the therapeutic proposals based on said knowledge. PMID- 18925439 TI - [Diagnosis of vascular parkinsonism: correlation of the symptoms with neuroimaging and utility of SPECT with 123I-ioflupane]. AB - INTRODUCTION: The concept of vascular parkinsonism (VP) has evolved since it was introduced by Critchley. The relationships between the clinical manifestations and neuroimagining of patients with VP to determine the utility of SPECT in its diagnosis have been established. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective study of patients with suspicion of VP according to Ziljmans 2004 criteria. RESULTS: A total of 22 patients were included. The most frequent risk factor was AHT. The most frequent manifestations were: bradykinesis, followed by gait disorder. Response to L-dopa was related with symptoms in lower limbs (p=0.014). The most frequent alterations on the magnetic resonance imaging were: atrophy with ventricular dilation followed by white matter lesions. The Hachinski scale was related with acute onset (p=0.022) and territorial infarction (p=0.039), and the Winikates with subcortical- paraventricular white matter lesions (p=0.036), and both with gender (male) (p=0.031), and stroke background (p=0.022). Alteration in gait was associated with paraventricular white matter lesions (p = 0.043), and other manifestations with lesions in the medulla (p=0,020). Tremor was associated with bilateral involvement of putamens in SPECT (p=0.039), strategic lesion with putamen involvement (p = 0.028) and lesions of periventricular white matter lesions with SPECT type 1 and 2 (p=0.045). There were no significant relationships of the SPECT with response to L-dopa or with the scales. Discussion. The different relationships between symptoms, scales and neuroimagin show the complexity of the subject and the need to use all of them in the diagnosis of VP. PMID- 18925440 TI - [Silent microhemorrhages in patients with symptomatic cerebrovascular disease]. AB - INTRODUCTION: T2*-weighted gradient echo MRI sequences (T2*-MRI) have made it possible to detect cerebral microhemorrhages (MH) that have been considered as subclinical but whose clinical significance is largely unknown. OBJECTIVE: To establish the frequency of MH in a sample of consecutive symptomatic cerebrovascular disease (SCD) patients, analyzing its associations with different vascular risk factors (VRF) and its clinical significance. METHODS: A total of 198 patients with SCD were consecutively examined using T2*-MRI. Preferential location of MH and associations between MH presence and MH number with VRF, previous antithrombotic treatment and SCD subtypes were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 52.5% of our patients had MH. The highest frequency of MH was found in hemorrhagic strokes (72.2%), Transitory ischemic attack (TIA) (42.9%) being the group with the lowest frequency. According to the bivariate analysis, the factors associated with the presence of MH were elderly age (72.4+/-10.5 vs 67.7+/-12.7; p 0.004), hypertension (65.4 vs 51.1%; p 0.041), diabetes (35.6 vs 22.3 %; p 0.041) and being under antithrombotic treatment (45.2 vs 28.7 %; p 0.017). According to the multivariate analysis, elderly age (p 0.019; OR: 1.03 [1.01- 1.06]), hypertension (p 0.032; OR: 1.97 [1.06-3.65]), use of antithrombotic treatment (p 0.038; OR: 1.95 [1.04-3.65]) and having a hemorrhagic stroke (p 0.028; OR: 3.63 [1.15- 11.46]) were predictors of MH presence. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of MH is frequent among patients with SCD, this being especially elevated in patients with hemorrhagic stroke. Cerebral MHs are classically associated with VRF classically related with small vessel disease and previously taking antithrombotic treatment. PMID- 18925441 TI - [Is fibromyalgia a neurological disease?]. AB - The key feature of fibromyalgia is a chronic pain picture located in different structures of the musculoskeletal system, but without any evidence of disease in them. Besides pain, patients with fibromyalgia often describe tiredness, sleep disorders, headache, and emotional problems, as well as many other psychosomatic complaints. Genetic and environmental factors have been implied in the pathogenesis of fibromyalgia, its perpetuation being explained by an alteration of the nociceptive system, thus leading to a neuroendocrine syndrome of chronic stress. Although research has provided a significant amount of data, there is no definite biomarker for fibromyalgia so far. The disease can appear alone or associated, among other diseases, with rheumatoid arthritis, erythematous systemic lupus, myopathies and multiple sclerosis. Fibromyalgia generally has very important repercussions on family, social and professional life of the patient, especially considering that therapeutics (aerobic exercise, antidepressants and antiepileptic drugs) have hardly shown any effectiveness. However, achieving a precise diagnosis, being able to transmit it to patients in a realistic way, along with attaining an optimally personalized treatment, are of primary importance, among other things, in order to reduce possible iatrogenesis caused from an individual viewpoint in a problem with multiple aspects. PMID- 18925442 TI - [Color duplex and giant cell arteritis]. PMID- 18925443 TI - [Group C streptococcus meningitis: a very uncommon condition]. AB - INTRODUCTION: Group C streptococci (GCS) are pathogens that often cause disease in domestic animals. However, infection in the human being is uncommon and generally occurs in those who are in contact with animals or who are immunocompromised. CASE REPORT: A 30 year old woman, cocaine and cannabis abuser and in contact with horses was admitted to intensive care unit due to coma secondary to GCS meningitis. The infection resulted in intracranial hypertension and tetraparesis. Its etiology was determined by means of cerebrospinal fluid culture. Treatment with cefotaxime was successful and she made a full recovery. CONCLUSION: There are few case reports of GCS meningitis. In our case, although the disease course was torpid, treatment response and recovery were excellent. Drug abuse and horse contact were key factors in the development of the infection. PMID- 18925444 TI - [Cytomegalovirus ascending myelitis in an immunocompetent adult]. PMID- 18925445 TI - [Sudden death to fourth ventricular subependymoma]. PMID- 18925446 TI - [Cerebral venous thrombosis due to cerebrospinal fluid hypotension]. PMID- 18925448 TI - [Postural tachycardia syndrome]. PMID- 18925447 TI - [Copper deficiency myelopathy]. PMID- 18925449 TI - Crohn's disease evaluated with magnetic resonance enteroclysis: diagnostic performance of experienced and inexperienced readers before and after training. AB - BACKGROUND: Magnetic resonance enteroclysis (MRE) is suggested to become the preferred radiological method in small-bowel Crohn's disease (CD). However, the performance of inexperienced readers may influence the diagnostic value of the method and has not been previously investigated. PURPOSE: To compare readings of MRE in small-bowel CD performed by experienced and inexperienced readers before and after training. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One experienced radiologist (observer 1) and two trainees (observers 2 and 3) reviewed 60 MRE examinations. A second reading was performed after training. Bowel wall thickness (BWT), ulcers (BWU), stenosis (BWS), fistulas (FIS), and abscesses (ABS) were evaluated. A reference standard based on clinical records was established. RESULTS: BWT in the terminal ileum was evaluated with high diagnostic performance (sensitivity: observer 1, 83%; observer 2, 72%; observer 3, 78%). Only BWU was diagnosed with a higher sensitivity by observer 1 (78% vs. 33% and 39%, respectively; P=0.02). False positive findings for BWT in the jejunum (observer 2: 7; observer 3: 4) and fistulas and abscesses (observer 2: 11/5; observer 3: 5/4) were made by the trainees. Interobserver agreement in the jejunum was poor (observer 1/observer 2: kappa=0.23; observer 1/observer 3: kappa=-0.03) and in the ileum good (observer 1/observer 2: kappa=0.78; observer 1/observer 3: kappa=0.73). After training, evaluation of BWU (observer 2: 56%, P=0.22; observer 3: 44%, P=0.03), BWT (observer 2: 2; observer 3: 2), and interobserver agreement in the jejunum improved (observer 1/observer 2: kappa=0.66; observer 1/observer 3: kappa=0.66). However, the number of diagnosed fistulas and abscesses remained high. CONCLUSION: Before training, most findings of Crohn's disease in the terminal ileum were evaluated with high diagnostic performance by all readers. However, the inexperienced readers evaluated BWU with a low sensitivity and overestimated the number of FIS, number of ABS, and increased BWT in the jejunum. After training, evaluation by inexperienced readers of BWU and increased BWT in the jejunum improved. PMID- 18925450 TI - Computed tomography and magnetic resonance features of renal Ewing sarcoma. AB - Ewing sarcoma (ES) is a rare malignant tumor that primarily involves long and flat bones but can develop in almost any bone or soft tissue. ES accounts for 2.3 3.5% of tumors in patients under the age of 19, and is rarely found in the adult population. Sarcomas, in general, account for less than 1% of tumors in adults. Several reports of renal ES have been described in the pediatric population, but only a few cases have been described in the adult population. To the best of our knowledge, fewer than 10 cases of renal Ewing sarcoma in adults have been described in the English literature. None of these cases described the computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features. We report a case of a 46-year-old woman, including CT and MRI characteristics. PMID- 18925452 TI - Lung fiber burden in the Nottingham gas mask cohort. AB - A cohort of 1,154 employees, mainly women, who had worked 1940-1945 on the manufacture of military gas masks using filter pads containing 20% crocidolite, was traced through 2003, by which time 65 were known to have died from mesothelioma. The last known death with mesothelioma was in 1994, whereas a further 5 cases would have been expected in those with known duration of exposure. Lung tissue samples, from 50 deaths from mesothelioma and 20 other causes, had been analyzed for mineral fiber content. For ten of the mesothelioma cases data on fiber size were collected. Crocidolite fiber concentrations were analyzed in relation to exposure by time and duration. Fiber concentrations overall fell fairly steadily by decade of death, and increased with length of exposure up to 36 months and then fell sharply. The annual rate of elimination estimated by regression was 7.5% corresponding to a half life of 9.2 years. The proportion of fibers longer than 6 mum increased over time implying that the shorter fibers were eliminated more rapidly than the longer ones. The decline in concentrations with time confirms the hypothesis that crocidolite and, by inference, other amphibole fibers are slowly removed from the lung, but since the longer more carcinogenic fibers were cleared more slowly it is unclear to what extent this clearance explains the slowing down of the increase in mesothelioma mortality from about 40 years from the most recent exposure. The exact biostatistical models which most closely conform with the data remain open to question. PMID- 18925451 TI - Encapsulation of human islets in novel inhomogeneous alginate-ca2+/ba2+ microbeads: in vitro and in vivo function. AB - Microencapsulation may allow for immunosuppression-free islet transplantation. Herein we investigated whether human islets can be shipped safely to a remote encapsulation core facility and maintain in vitro and in vivo functionality. In non-encapsulated islets before and encapsulated islets after shipment, viability was 88.3+/-2.5 and 87.5+/-2.7% (n=6, p=0.30). Stimulation index after static glucose incubation was 5.4+/-0.5 and 6.3+/-0.4 (n=6, p=0.18), respectively. After intraperitoneal transplantation, long-term normoglycemia was consistently achieved with 3,000, 5,000, and 10,000 IEQ encapsulated human islets. When transplanting 1,000 IEQ, mice returned to hyperglycemia after 30-55 (n=4/7) and 160 days (n=3/7). Transplanted mice showed human oral glucose tolerance with lower glucose levels than non-diabetic control mice. Capsules retrieved after transplantation were intact, with only minimal overgrowth. This study shows that human islets maintained the viability and in vitro function after encapsulation and the inhomogeneous alginate-Ca(2+)/Ba(2+) microbeads allow for long-term in vivo human islet graft function, despite long-distance shipment. PMID- 18925453 TI - Size and morphology of toxic oligomers of amyloidogenic proteins: a case study of human stefin B. AB - Amyloid-induced toxicity is a well-known phenomenon but the molecular background remains unclear. One hypothesis relates toxicity to amyloid-membrane interactions, predicting that amyloid oligomers make pores into membranes. Therefore, the toxicity and membrane interaction of prefibrillar aggregates and individual oligomers of a non-pathological yet highly amyloidogenic protein human stefin B (cystatin B) was examined. By monitoring caspase-3 activity and by testing cell viability, we showed that the lag phase aggregates obtained at pH 5 and 3 were toxic to neuroblastoma cells. Of equal toxicity were the higher-order oligomers prepared at pH 7 by freeze-thaw cycles. The higher-order oligomers eluted on size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) as a broad peak comprising hexamers, octamers, 12- and 16-mers, well separated from monomers, dimers and tetramers. Only oligomers higher than the tetramers (Rh >3.5 nm) proved toxic, in contrast to dimers and tetramers. In accordance with data from SEC, dynamic light scattering and atomic force microscopy data indicate that the toxic oligomers have diameters larger than 4 nm. Critical pressure measurements showed that the toxic higher-order oligomers inserted more effectively into model lipid monolayers than dimers and tetramers. They also bound, similarly to prefibrillar aggregates, to the plasma membrane and became internalized. Taken together, our results confirm the importance of membrane interaction and perforation in the phenomenon of cytotoxicity. PMID- 18925454 TI - Do amyloid oligomers act as traps for misfolded proteins? A hypothesis. AB - Mounting evidence points to soluble peptide oligomers as the primary agents in various amyloid and prion diseases. Multiple mechanisms appear to contribute to the cytotoxic effects of these oligomers. Here, an additional, general mechanism is proposed - that soluble amyloid peptide oligomers serve as "all-purpose"beta strands that can interact with transiently unfolded or nascent proteins where interior beta-sheet edges are exposed. The proteins, trapped in misfolded states through this interaction, become substrates for ubiquitination, targeting them for proteasomal degradation. The increased load of ubiquitinated proteins could contribute to the impairment of the ubiquitin/proteasome system (UPS) seen in many amyloid-related diseases. This "misfolding trap" mechanism could be especially stressful in the endoplasmic reticulum, where the amyloid oligomers would compete with chaperones for nascent beta-sheet proteins. If the bound amyloid oligomer dissociates at some point after the misfolded protein is committed to the UPS pathway, the oligomer could then repeat the process, adding a catalytic aspect to the misfolding mechanism. Direct proof of this proposed mechanism requires detection of amyloid oligomer-beta-sheet protein complexes, and a co-immunoprecipitation experiment is proposed. This hypothesis supports therapies that increase amyloid oligomer degradation or sequestration, as well as therapies that upregulate chaperone activity, for combating amyloid-related diseases. PMID- 18925455 TI - Identification of fibronectin type I domains as amyloid-binding modules on tissue type plasminogen activator and three homologs. AB - The serine protease tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), a key enzyme in hemostasis, is activated by protein aggregates with amyloid-like properties. tPA is implicated in various pathologies, including amyloidoses. A major task is to further elucidate the mechanisms of amyloid pathology. We here show that the fibronectin type I domain of tPA mediates the interaction with amyloid protein aggregates. We found that in contrast to full-length tPA, a deletion-mutant of tPA, lacking the first three N-terminal domains (including the fibronectin type I domain), fails to activate in response to amyloid protein aggregates. Using recombinantly produced domains of tPA in direct binding assays, we subsequently mapped the amyloid-binding region to the fibronectin type I domain. This domain co-localized with congophilic plaques in brain sections from patients with Alzheimer's disease. Fibronectin type I domains from homologous proteases factor XII, hepatocyte growth factor activator and from the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin also bound to aggregated amyloidogenic peptides. Finally, we demonstrated that the isolated fibronectin type I domain inhibits amyloid-induced aggregation of blood platelets. The identification of the fibronectin type I domain as an amyloid-binding module provides new insights into the (patho-) physiological role of tPA and the homologous proteins which may offer new targets for intervention in amyloid pathology. PMID- 18925457 TI - Outcome of heart rate variability and ventricular late potentials after liver transplantation for familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy. AB - Reduced heart rate variability (HRV) is common in familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP), as well as cardiac arrhythmias. We examined the effects of liver transplantation (LTx) on 24-h HRV and ventricular late potentials. Twenty one liver-transplanted FAP patients underwent Holter-ECG recordings and signal average electrocardiography recordings (SAECG) before and after LTx. Mean follow up time after LTx was 21.7 months. Three patients had marked increased HRV after LTx, but this was in all cases caused by the development of subtle atrial arrhythmia and did not reflect an improvement in the cardiac autonomic control. In total, ten patients were excluded from analysis of HRV because of arrhythmia. Spectral analysis of HRV showed no significant differences before and after LTx in the remaining 11 patients. Positive late potentials were found in 33% of patients before LTx and this proportion was unchanged after LTx. Reduced HRV and positive late potentials are common in Swedish FAP patients, and remain stable, at least within the short term after transplantation. If an increase of HRV after transplantation is observed, it should raise the suspicion that the patient has developed subtle atrial arrhythmia. PMID- 18925456 TI - Heterogeneity of penetrance in familial amyloid polyneuropathy, ATTR Val30Met, in the Swedish population. AB - Transthyretin (TTR) familial amyloid polyneuropathies (FAP) are autosomal dominant devastating afflictions. They were first described in Portugal, later in Japan and Sweden and are now recognized worldwide. The TTR Val30Met mutation is the most common, and depending on the geographic origin, a wide variation in age at onset of the disease is observed. In Europe, northern Sweden is the second most prevalent area of the disease, and a late age of onset of 56 years has been reported. The present study aims to estimate the penetrance in TTR Val30Met Swedish families. Genealogical investigations, clinical data and genotyping were obtained in 77 TTR-Val30Met Swedish families. The penetrance in Val30Met carriers and variation within the endemic area, according to gender and transmitting parents were calculated by a newly developed bias-free method. The penetrance estimates were low, i.e. 1.7% and 22% at age 30 and 60 years, respectively, and far from complete (69%) by age 90 years. Differences between Pitea and Skelleftea regions were observed. Moreover, penetrance was significantly higher when the mutation was inherited from the mother than from the father. The low penetrance observed in TTR FAP kindreds and its variations is important information for the genetic counseling and treatment of Swedish FAP patients and their families. PMID- 18925458 TI - Late enhancement in cardiac amyloidosis: correlation of MRI enhancement pattern with histopathological findings. AB - Late enhancement (LE) in cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a characteristic finding in patients with cardiac amyloidosis (CA) but the histomorphological explanation has not been clarified yet. Five patients with CA were evaluated by MRI prior to heart transplantation. This consisted of morphological, volumetric, and functional data, including LE analysis. For LE analysis, left ventricular (LV) short-axis sections from basal, midventricular, and apical positions were divided into 12 segments resulting in a 36-segment model. Each segment was differentiated by subendocardial, midmural, and subepicardial localization. Histological amyloid and collagenous fiber deposition was correlated with LE in corresponding MRI slides. LE was visualized in 103/180 (57.2%) predominantly subendocardial segments. Histological analysis of amyloid deposition was (peri-)vascular (n = 5), diffuse interstitial (n = 3) and/or nodular (n = 4). Extent of fibrosis was moderate to severe. Cytoplasmatic vacuolization and decline of myofibrils was seen in all patients. Fibrosis was significantly associated with LE in subendocardial and midmural localizations (p<0.05), whereas the extent of amyloid deposition was not associated with LE findings in any region. LE seems to be associated with fibrosis due to ischemia of cardiomyocytes by small vessel amyloid deposition rather than with amyloid deposition in CA, suggesting that amyloid deposition might be present prior to LE detection. PMID- 18925459 TI - Long-term treatment of anemia with recombinant human erythropoietin in familial amyloidosis TTR V30M. AB - Familial amyloidosis or familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP) TTR V30M is a hereditary disease presented, in most cases, as a sensorimotor and autonomic neuropathy. Normocytic and normochromic anaemia was found in 24.8% of symptomatic FAP patients associated to lower serum erythropoietin (Epo) levels. Erythropoietin has been reported as efficient in anaemia correction in this disease. To evaluate the tolerance and efficacy of this treatment, a retrospective longitudinal study with 24 patients was undertaken. Patients were followed for at least 6 months. Haemoglobin, hematocrit, iron status, serum creatinine and urea and r-HuEPO doses were monitored, at 0, 3 months, 6 months and at the end of the follow-up. Long-term use of r-HuEPO proved to be efficient in the treatment of anaemia in familial amyloidosis TTR V30M and, despite the disease progression, no resistance cases to this treatment were observed. Positive side effects, like improvement on orthostatic hypotension symptoms and well-being sensation, contributing to confirm erythropoietin as a drug of choice to treat anaemia in amyloidosis TTR V30M. PMID- 18925460 TI - Bullous lesions of the vulvar region revealing both AL amyloidosis and vulvar carcinoma. AB - We report a patient with a bullous disorder which revealed both AL amyloidosis and a vulvar squamous cell carcinoma. Bullous amyloidosis is the rarest clinical manifestation of the amyloidoses, and is usually accompanied by systemic amyloid deposition with multiorgan involvement. This case illustrates that a localized disorder can trigger the diagnosis of a systemic disease. PMID- 18925461 TI - Spontaneous atraumatic rupture of a normal-sized spleen due to AL amyloid angiopathy. AB - We report an unusual cause of hemoperitoneum in an AL amyloid patient on peritoneal dialysis due to spontaneous rupture of a normal-sized spleen not related to any trauma. The rupture was not due to amyloid deposition within the spleen pulp but rather due to amyloid angiopathy causing hemorrhage within the spleen and capsular tear. PMID- 18925462 TI - Thesis report. PMID- 18925465 TI - Assessment of nerve regeneration across nerve allografts treated with tacrolimus. AB - Although regeneration of nerve allotransplant is a major concern in the clinic, there have been few papers quantitatively assessing functional recovery of animals' nerve allografts in the long term. In this study, functional recovery, histopathological study, and immunohistochemistry changes of rat nerve allograft with FK506 were investigated up to 12 weeks without slaughtering. C57 and SD rats were used for transplantation. The donor's nerve was sliced and transplanted into the recipient. The sciatic nerve was epineurally sutured with 10-0 nylon. In total, 30 models of transplantation were performed and divided into 3 groups that were either treated with FK506 or not. Functional recovery of the grafted nerve was serially assessed by the pin click test, walking track analysis and electrophysiological evaluations. A histopathological study and immunohistochemistry study were done in the all of the models. Nerve allografts treated with FK506 have no immune rejection through 12 weeks. Sensibility had similarly improved in both isografts and allografts. There has been no difference in each graft. Walk track analysis demonstrates significant recovery of motor function of the nerve graft. No histological results of difference were found up to 12 weeks in each graft. In the rodent nerve graft model, FK506 prevented nerve allograft rejection across a major histocompatibility barrier. Sensory recovery seems to be superior to motor function. Nerve isograft and allograft treated with FK506 have no significant difference in function recovery, histopathological result, and immunohistochemistry changes. PMID- 18925466 TI - Effect of artificial oxygen carrier with chemotherapy on tumor hypoxia and neovascularization. AB - In addition to transfusion alternatives, artificial oxygen carriers are a benefit in ischemia disorders. This study aimed at evaluating the possible effects of PEG conjugated hemoglobin (PEG-Hb) plus cisplatin on tumor hypoxia and neovasculature. METHODS: HeLa cells were injected into submucosa of golden hamster cheek pouch to build tumor model. Animals were randomly assigned to 4 groups (n=10) and treated respectively: group 1, saline; group 2, cisplatin (5mg/kg); group 3, cisplatin (5mg/kg) plus PEG-Hb (0.3g/kg); group 4, cisplatin (5mg/kg) plus PEG-Hb (0.6g/kg). Tumor neovascularization morphological variation and tissue hypoxia were detected by intravital microscopy and immunostaining, respectively. RESULTS: Microvessel tortuosity and area capillary density in peritumoral areas were notably depressed in group 4 compared with group 2 (p<0.05). Hypoxia markers pimonidazole and HIF-1alpha expression were decreased significantly in group 4. CONCLUSION: PEG-Hb in high concentration can notably improve tumor tissue oxygenation and normalize neovasculature; it may be a potential adjuvant to chemotherapy in cancer. PMID- 18925469 TI - HB-EGF stimulates eNOS expression and nitric oxide production and promotes eNOS dependent angiogenesis. AB - Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family of ligands that is expressed by many cell types including endothelial cells. We have previously shown that HB-EGF stimulates angiogenesis in vitro in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Nitric oxide (NO) derived from endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is an important regulator of angiogenesis. However, the role of HB-EGF in regulation of eNOS has not yet been investigated. Whether HB-EGF-induced endothelial cell migration and vascular network formation are mediated via production of NO from eNOS is also unknown. To address these questions, we stimulated HUVEC with HB-EGF and evaluated the expression of eNOS at the mRNA and protein levels. HB-EGF significantly upregulated expression of eNOS mRNA, stimulated eNOS protein production, and increased NO release from HUVEC. HB-EGF phosphorylated eNOS in a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) dependent fashion, and stimulated in vitro angiogenesis. eNOS siRNA inhibited HB-EGF-stimulated HUVEC migration in a scratch assay. NG-nitro-L-arginine-methyl-ester (L-NAME) and L-N5-(1 lminoethyl)ornithine,dihydochloride (L-NIO) (specific inhibitors of eNOS) also abolished HB-EGF-induced HUVEC migration and angiogenesis. More importantly, we found that HB-EGF also promotes angiogenesis in vivo in the Marigel plug assay. Lastly, inhibition of the p38 MAPK pathway enhanced HB-EGF-induced EC migration and angiogenesis. We conclude that HB-EGF, through its interaction with EGF receptors (EGFR), stimulates eNOS activation and NO production via a PI3K dependent pathway. Thus, activation of eNOS appears to be one of the key signaling pathways necessary for HB-EGF mediated angiogenesis. These novel findings highlight an important role for HB-EGF as a regulator of endothelial cell function. PMID- 18925468 TI - The electrophysiology analysis of biological conduit sleeve bridging rhesus monkey median nerve injury with small gap. AB - Based on the research on small gap bridging peripheral nerve injury in SD rats, we propose to investigate the possibility of bridging peripheral nerve injury with small gap using a de-acetyl chitin conduit in primates. The median nerves of 8 rhesus monkeys were cut at 2 cm above the elbow; the right sides were subjected to small gap (2 mm) bridging to repair the nerve with chitin conduit (conduit inner diameter 4 mm; length 10 mm); the left sides were subjected to traditionary epineurium suture. The electrophysiology analysis was conducted after the 3rd month and 6th month, respectively. The adhesions condition of biological conduit was only a little after the 15 3rd month; the conduit can remain cast contour; vessels can be seen on the conduit 16 surface and nerve intumescentia was not obvious. The adhesion and intumescentia condition can display better biocompatibilities than traditional suture methods. The motor nerve conduction velocity was only 1/2 of the control group. Although the motor nerve conduction velocity of the conduit group was a little higher than the epineurium suture group, there was no statistically significant difference (P>0.05) at the 3rd month (Table 1). The conduit cast contour disappeared after 6 months. The motor nerve conduction velocity was only 4/5 of the control group. The motor nerve conduction velocity of the conduit group was higher than the epineurium suture group; there were statistically significant differences (P<0.05) at 6 months. The nerve trunk conduction velocity of biological conduit was higher than the epineurium suture group at the 6th month, and there were statistically significant differences (P<0.05) (Table 2). The biocompatibility of the biological chitin conduit in primate rhesus monkeys was quite good. The electrophysiological results of biological conduit in primate rhesus monkeys were better than the traditional epineurium suture. The biological conduit can be used in primate rhesus monkeys to substitute for the traditional epineurium suture methods. PMID- 18925470 TI - Regulation and its impact on clinical practice. PMID- 18925471 TI - Embryo cryopreservation: evidence for practice. PMID- 18925472 TI - Health-related quality of life in PCOS and related infertility: how can we assess this? AB - In recent years there has been an increasing demand for the design, development and use of questionnaires that can assess patients' experiences of health and illness or their health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The application of these questionnaires in research and clinical practice provides information from the patient's perspective on the ways in which symptoms and treatments can affect their daily well-being and functioning. The aim of this paper is to report on the ways in which information on the HRQoL of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) can be collected. With particular reference to PCOS-associated infertility, this paper will discuss the types of questionnaires that are currently available. It will discuss the benefits and limitations of the disease specific PCOS questionnaire, and the other generic and condition-specific tools that have been used in the existing PCOS literature. Recommendations for future researchers interested in measuring HRQoL outcomes in women with PCOS-associated infertility are also made. PMID- 18925473 TI - Young women's experience of termination and miscarriage: a qualitative study. AB - In Britain, teenage pregnancy is seen as both a cause and a consequence of social exclusion. The emphasis on 'prevention' of teenage pregnancy and a limited conception of 'support' within the Teenage Pregnancy Strategy (Social Exclusion Unit, 1999) positions parenthood for young people as a negative choice; this dominant discourse is likely to influence young people's reproductive decisions and experiences. With this in mind, this article focuses on a key finding from a multidisciplinary empirical research study, conducted in a city in the West Midlands of England, which considered and explored young people's experience of support before and following termination and miscarriage. Data were collected via in-depth interviews with professionals and practitioners (n = 15), young mothers (n = 4) and one young father. Although termination and miscarriage are generally perceived as distinct and different issues, the data suggest that the issues become more blurred where younger women are concerned. The experiences of young, 'inappropriately pregnant teenagers' often remain unacknowledged and devalued. This analysis highlights the social and political context in which young women experience termination and miscarriage, and suggests that termination and miscarriage should be acknowledged as significant medical, social and emotional events in the lives of young people. PMID- 18925476 TI - Influence of ALDH2 polymorphism on ethanol kinetics and pulmonary effects in male and female rats exposed to ethanol vapors. AB - Ethanol is being added in various proportions to fuel in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This is likely to result in involuntary exposure to ethanol vapors. Whether or not such exposure might cause health effects is still unknown. Acetaldehyde, an important metabolite of ethanol detoxified by aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) is more toxic that ethanol. This study assessed the impact of genetic ALDH2 polymorphism in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats on ethanol kinetics and pulmonary effects following sub-chronic exposure to ethanol vapors. Homozygote rats ALDH2(Q)/2(Q) (fast ALDH2 activity) and ALDH2(R)/2(R) (ALDH2 deficiency) were exposed to 1000 or 3000 ppm, 6 h/day, 5 days/week for 13 weeks. Blood ethanol concentrations (BEC) were measured at various post-exposure times. Cellularity in bronchoalveolar lavages (BAL) and lung histological evaluation were performed at week 13. Results showed that BEC in males were systematically lower than in females, e.g. BEC in ALDH2(Q)/2(Q) males (2 min, 1,000 ppm, day 1) was significantly (p < 0.05) lower (66.8 +/- 10.7 microM) compared to females (87.6 +/- 15.3 microM). BEC for ALDH2(Q)/2(Q) rats were different from ALDH2(R)/2(R) only for males exposed for more than 64 days. Repeated exposures resulted in a significant decrease of BEC, e.g. for ALDH2(Q)/2(Q) males (3,000 ppm) BEC on day 1 and day 85 were 324.6 +/- 102.6 microM and 187.5 +/- 32.1 microM, respectively. BAL and histological evaluation revealed no pulmonary toxicity for all groups. Overall, results showed that 3,000 ppm of ethanol vapors represents no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for pulmonary toxicity in the rat. PMID- 18925475 TI - Toxicogenomic analysis of mainstream tobacco smoke-exposed mice reveals repression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene in heart. AB - Tobacco smoking is associated with cardiovascular pathology. However, the molecular mechanisms of tobacco smoke exposure that lead to initiation or exacerbation of cardiovascular disease are unclear. In this study, the effects of mainstream tobacco smoke (MTS) on global transcription in the heart were investigated. Male C57B1/CBA mice were exposed to MTS from 2 cigarettes daily, 5 days/wk for 6 or 12 wk. Mice were sacrificed immediately, or 6 wk following the last cigarette. High-density DNA microarrays were used to characterize global gene expression changes in whole heart. Fifteen genes were significantly differentially expressed following exposure to MTS. Among these genes, cytochrome P-450 1A1 (Cyp1A1) was upregulated by 12-fold, and Serpine-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, PAI-1) was downregulated by 1.7-fold. Concomitant increase in Cyp1A1 protein levels and decrease in total and active PAI-1 protein was observed in tissue extracts by Western blot assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. Observed changes were transient and were partially reversed during break periods. Thus, gene expression profiling of heart tissue revealed a novel cardiovascular mechanism operating in response to MTS. Our results suggest a potential role for PAI-1 in MTS-induced cardiovascular pathology. PMID- 18925477 TI - Short-term inhalation exposure to mild steel welding fume had no effect on lung inflammation and injury but did alter defense responses to bacteria in rats. AB - Many workers worldwide are continually exposed to complex aerosols generated from welding processes. The objective was to assess the effect of inhalation exposure to mild steel (MS) welding fume on lung injury, inflammation, and defense responses. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to MS fume at a concentration of 40 mg/m(3) x 3 h/day x 3 or 10 days using a robotic welding fume generator. Controls were exposed to filtered air. To assess lung defense responses, a group of animals were intratracheally inoculated with 5 x 10(4) Listeria monocytogenes 1 day after the last daily exposure. Welding particles were collected during exposure, and chemical composition and particle size were determined. After exposure, lung injury, inflammation, and host defense (bacterial clearance) were measured. The particles were composed of iron (80.6 %) and manganese (14.7 %) with a mass median aerodynamic diameter of 0.31 microm. No significant difference was observed in lung injury or inflammation after MS fume inhalation at 1, 4, and 11 days after the last exposure. However, there were significantly more bacteria at 3 days after infection in the lungs of the animals exposed to MS fume compared to air controls. Acute exposure of rats to MS fume had no effect on injury and inflammation, but suppressed lung defense responses after infection. More chronic inhalation studies are needed to further examine the immune effects and to elucidate the possible mechanisms of the suppressed lung defense response to infection associated with the inhalation of MS welding fume. PMID- 18925478 TI - Seasonal variations in the macronutrient mineral and proximate composition of two clams (Chamelea gallina and Donax trunculus). AB - Two bivalve's species (Chamelea gallina and Donax trunculus) were investigated in terms of proximate and mineral compositions (sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, iodine and selenium) throughout the year. The concentrations of minerals were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Ranges of moisture, protein, fat, ash and carbohydrate contents were 82.70-86.57%, 6.86 8.99%, 0.58-1.20%, 2.44-2.95% and 2.70-4.50% for C. gallina, and were 81.09 85.55%, 8.13-10.61%, 0.69-1.33%, 3.19-4.06% and 2.31-3.18% for D. trunculus, respectively. The highest sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, iodine and selenium contents for two species were found in the summer, followed by spring, autumn and winter. The concentrations of metals in two tissues exceeded the acceptable levels for a food source for human consumption. PMID- 18925479 TI - Nutritional quality evaluation of eighteen date pit varieties. AB - The pits from date palm fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L.) are nutrient dense but the nutrient composition across varieties has not been extensively studied. In the present study, 18 leading varieties of date pits from date fruits cultivated in the United Arab Emirates (Khalas, Barhe, Lulu, Shikat alkahlas, Sokkery, Bomaan, Sagay, Shishi, Maghool, Sultana, Fard, Maktoomi, Naptit Saif, Jabri, Kodary, Dabbas, Raziz and Shabebe) were analyzed and compared for their chemical and physical properties. Dietary fiber, proximate analysis, micronutrients, and physical properties (weight, length, and density) were determined. Significant differences (P<0.05) in the measured parameters were observed among the different varieties. The results show that date pits, depending on the variety, contain significant but quite variable amounts of macronutrients and micronutrients, but all varieties are excellent sources of dietary fiber and may therefore serve as important constituents of functional foods. PMID- 18925480 TI - Changes in quality attributes of intermediate-moisture raisins during storage. AB - The aim of this research was to determine the changes in chemical and microbiological qualities of ready-to-eat intermediate-moisture raisins during storage. Raisins were immersed into hot (98+/-1 degrees C) glucose solutions (10% w/v and 20% w/v) containing 1% (w/v) potassium sorbate to inhibit mould and yeast growth. Raisins were kept in glucose solutions until the moisture content became 20%, 25% and 30%, respectively. The reconstituted raisins were then stored at ambient temperature (23+/-3 degrees C) and 50-60% relative humidity for 8 months in polyethylene/polyamide (PE/PA) packaging material. The changes of moisture content, water activity, pH values, total titratable acidity, total sugar contents, Hunter L, a and b color values, total mesophylic aerobic bacteria counts, and mould and yeast counts were determined during storage at 2-month intervals. The results of chemical analysis showed that changes in the total titratable acidity, total mesophylic aerobic bacteria, and mould and yeast counts of the products were increased significantly (P<0.05). However, the pH values, total sugar contents, and Hunter L, a, and b color values were decreased during the storage period (P<0.05). PMID- 18925481 TI - Introduction to the special issue on controversies in dementia. PMID- 18925482 TI - Ageing and dementia in low and middle income countries-Using research to engage with public and policy makers. AB - While two thirds of the 24 million people with dementia worldwide live in low and middle income countries, very little research has been conducted to support policy making in these regions. Among the non-communicable diseases, dementia (in common with other chronic NCDs linked more to long-term disability than to mortality) has been relatively under-prioritized. International agreements, plans and policy guidelines have called for an end to ageist discrimination and a focus upon reducing disadvantage arising from poverty and the consequences of ill health. Social protection, access to good quality age-appropriate healthcare and addressing the problem of disability are all key issues. However, as yet, little progress has been made in addressing these concerns. In this review we outline the current international policy agenda for older individuals, and its specific relevance to those with dementia and other disabling non-communicable diseases. We consider the potential for epidemiological research to raise awareness, refine the policy agenda, and promote action, using the example of the dissemination strategy developed by the 10/66 Dementia Research Group. PMID- 18925483 TI - Vascular factors and prevention of dementia. AB - The identification of modifiable risk factors that prevent dementia or slow its progression is a major public health priority. Vascular disease and its risk factors have been linked with cognitive decline and dementia, although the degree of association varies depending on differences in vulnerability related to age, ethnicity, disease co-morbidity and possibly brain reserve. Here we review current dementia prevention strategies linked to vascular modification to identify whether any approach exists that will reduce the population burden of dementia, and whether any exist that show evidence of being cost effective and safe for populations. As yet, there is no compelling evidence that dementia can be prevented through vascular manipulation by pharmacological or non pharmacological trials. To date, no intervention can be recommended for dementia prevention at the population level including Alzheimer's Disease or Vascular Dementia. Advances in the prevention of dementia will be gained, it is argued, from a more complete understanding of the pathophysiology of disease and its causes, particularly in early life, within and across different populations and age groups. Furthermore, a more complete understanding of the earliest pre clinical stage of disease is required for effective risk factor modification. Although the current state of knowledge cannot support public health policy for vascular manipulation for dementia prevention at the population level, this does not undermine the importance of vascular manipulation in its own right to promote healthier ageing. PMID- 18925484 TI - Mild cognitive impairment: believe it or not? AB - Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) was previously defined as a transitional state that can precede dementia, but the condition and the rates of conversion remain controversial. MCI is now the focus of natural history studies, along with Alzheimer's disease (AD) prevention. The objective of our review will be to consider the question of whether MCI is a well enough established entity that it can be a diagnosis in medical practice and a valid target of Alzheimer's prevention therapy. MCI was originally defined by Petersen et al. (1999) as progressive memory loss, prodrome of Alzheimer's disease. More recently MCI has been expanded to other cognitive domains with other potential causes like normal aging, fronto-temporal dementia, and vascular dementia. Despite many consensus conferences, experts cannot agree on critical aspects of the MCI, particularly with respect to its clinical utility. Based on neuropsychological studies, a hippocampal memory profile has been proposed for MCI as prodromal AD. Further research is needed to advance these criteria. We have no doubt, however, that in the future, the diagnosis of AD as disease (not only a dementia syndrome) will be made in the early pre-dementia stage and will be drawn from a combination of neuropsychological, neuro-imaging and CSF biomarkers. PMID- 18925485 TI - Cognitive and behavioural impairment in Parkinson's disease. AB - Although Parkinson's disease (PD) has been considered to primarily affect motor abilities, increasing emphasis is being placed on cognitive and behavioural impairment in this disorder. Depression, dementia, psychosis and impulse control disorders have a major impact on quality of life for both patients and families. This article reviews cognitive and behavioural disturbances in PD and their relation to affective and motor symptoms, treatment of dementia associated with PD, and treatment approaches to psychosis in PD. We also discuss similarities between the dementia of PD and dementia with Lewy bodies. PMID- 18925486 TI - Separating mood disturbance from mild cognitive impairment in geriatric depression. AB - Disentangling depression from dementia remains one of the most difficult clinical challenges for psychiatrists caring for older adults. The relationship between geriatric depression and dementia is complex for several reasons. First, cognitive impairment is often a prominent feature of depression in the elderly. Cognition may improve with successful treatment of depression but it may not normalize. Indeed, marked memory impairment in older depressed individuals may indicate a prodromal state of dementia. This review will examine issues related to depression and cognitive disorder in the elderly. The author will provide an evidence-based approach to separate mood disorder from cognitive disorder among older adults. PMID- 18925487 TI - Depression in Alzheimer's disease: phenomenology, clinical correlates and treatment. AB - Depression is one of the most frequent comorbid psychiatric disorders in Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, and is associated with worse quality of life, greater disability in activities of daily living, a faster cognitive decline, a high rate of nursing home placement, relatively higher mortality, and a higher frequency of depression and burden in caregivers. Depression in Alzheimer's disease is markedly under-diagnosed, and most patients with depression are either not treated or are on subclinical doses of antidepressants. This is related to the lack of validated diagnostic criteria and specific instruments to assess depression in dementia. Apathy and pathological affect crying are the main differential diagnoses of depression in Alzheimer's disease. Left untreated, major depression in Alzheimer's disease may last for about 12 months. Recent randomized controlled trials demonstrated the efficacy of sertraline and moclobemide to treat depression in Alzheimer's disease. Other psychoactive compounds may be useful as well, but careful consideration must be given to potentially serious side-effects. PMID- 18925488 TI - Controversies in Alzheimer's disease drug development. AB - Understanding of the pathophysiological basis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is increasing rapidly and a variety of potential treatment modalities have emerged based on these improved mechanistic insights. The optimal way of proceeding with disease-modifying drug development remains to be clarified and controversies have emerged regarding the definition of Alzheimer's disease, the participation of mild cognitive impairment patients in clinical trials, the definition of disease modification, the potential impediments to satisfaction from patients receiving disease-modifying therapy, the importance of add-on therapy with symptomatic agents, the optimal clinical trial design to demonstrate disease modification, the best means of minimizing time spent in Phase II of drug development, the potential role of adaptive designs in clinical trials, the use of enrichment designs in clinical trials, the role of biomarkers in clinical trials, the treatment of advanced patients with disease-modifying agents, and distinctions between disease modification and disease prevention. The questions surrounding these issues must be resolved as disease-modifying therapies for AD are advanced. These controversies are framed and potential directions towards resolution described. PMID- 18925489 TI - Neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia: importance and treatment considerations. AB - Neuropsychiatric symptoms are frequent in people with dementia, result in distress for the people experiencing them and their caregivers, and are a common precipitant of institutional care. The safe and effective treatment of these symptoms is a key clinical priority, but is a long way from being achieved. Psychological interventions are recommended as the first line treatment strategy in most good practice guidelines, and there is emerging evidence of efficacy for agitation and depression. Neuroleptics remain the mainstay of pharmacological treatment, although meta-analyses indicate that they are mainly of benefit for the short-term (up to 12 weeks) treatment of aggression in people with Alzheimer's disease, and there have been increasing concerns about serious adverse effects including mortality. The evidence is limited for other pharmacological approaches for the treatment of agitation, and psychosis in people with Alzheimer's disease is limited, but post-hoc analyses do indicate that memantine may be a promising therapy and aromatherapy may be a useful alternative. Autopsy studies indicate that the adrenergic system may be an important therapeutic target. Clinical experience suggests that antidepressants are effective in people with severe depression in the context of dementia, but the evidence base regarding the broader value of antidepressants is far from clear. There are very few trials specifically focusing upon the treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms in common non-Alzheimer dementias, which is a major limitation and urgently needs to be addressed to provide an evidence base to enable the safe and effective treatment of these individuals. PMID- 18925490 TI - Delivery of rSLPI in a liposomal carrier for inhalation provides protection against cathepsin L degradation. AB - Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) is an endogenous serine protease inhibitor that protects the lungs from excessive tissue damage caused by leukocyte proteases released during inflammation. Recombinant SLPI (rSLPI) has shown potential as a treatment for inflammatory lung conditions. To date, its clinical application has been limited by rapid enzymatic cleavage by cathepsins and rapid clearance from the lungs after inhalation. In this study, rSLPI was encapsulated in 1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-Glycero-3-[Phospho-L-Serine] : Cholesterol (DOPS : Chol) liposomes for inhalation. Incubation of rSLPI with cathepsin L leads to complete loss of activity while encapsulation of rSLPI in DOPS : Chol liposomes retained 92.6% of its activity after challenge with cathepsin L. rSLPI-loaded liposomes were aerosolized efficiently using a standard nebulizer with a minimal loss of activity and stability. This formulation was biocompatible and encapsulation did not appear to diminish access to intracellular sites of action in in vitro cell culture studies. Liposome encapsulation of rSLPI therefore improves stability and potentially reduces the level and frequency of dosing required for therapeutic effect after inhalation. PMID- 18925491 TI - The bone marrow, B cells, and JC virus. PMID- 18925493 TI - A Rorschach journey with Bruno Klopfer: clinical application and teaching. AB - This article is a draft of a speech given as the recipient of the 2008 Bruno Klopfer Memorial award. I review some important details of the life of Bruno Klopfer, his contributions to the scoring and interpretation of the Rorschach (Exner, 2003), and his emphasis on the use of phenomenology in the process. I then focused on Klopfer's flexible scoring method and his use of Testing of the Limits techniques on the Rorschach, emphasizing their application to therapeutic and collaborative assessment. I illustrate my own application of Testing of the Limits using case vignettes. Finally, I present selected parts of two 1959 radio interviews of Bruno Klopfer. PMID- 18925494 TI - Measuring patterns of change in personality assessments: an annotated application of latent growth curve modeling. AB - Latent growth curve (LGC) modeling within the framework of structural equation modeling (SEM) is now highly regarded as one of the most powerful and informative approaches to the analysis of longitudinal data (see, e.g., Curran & Hussong, 2003). Whereas LGC modeling enables researchers to test for differences in developmental trajectories across time, conventional repeated measures analyses do not provide this opportunity. Nonetheless, a review of studies reported in most psychology journals reveals scant application of this methodological approach. One possible explanation for this limited use of LGC modeling is a lack of knowledge related to its application. The intent of this article, then, is to address this deficiency by presenting an annotated application of LGC modeling to health psychology data. Based on a sample of 405 Hong Kong Chinese women who recently underwent breast cancer surgery, we walk the readers through SEM modeling procedures that test for differences in both the initial status and rate of change in Psychological Morbidity and Social Adjustment at 1, 4, and 8 months postsurgery. We interpret findings from both a methodological and a substantive perspective. PMID- 18925495 TI - Family sessions as part of child psychological assessment: goals, techniques, clinical utility, and therapeutic value. AB - Including a family session in a child assessment can significantly advance the assessor's and parents' understanding of the child's problems and enhance the likelihood that parents will follow through on recommendations after the assessment. A family session allows the assessor to observe the child in the family context, test systemic hypotheses, better understand the meaning of individual test results, and try out possible interventions. A family session may also help parents see systemic aspects of their child's problems, help the child feel less blamed, foster positive experiences among family members, and offer the family a glimpse of family therapy. We describe methods and techniques for structuring family sessions and offer guidance on preparing for and conducting such sessions depending on one's case conceptualization. Detailed case examples illustrate each technique and demonstrate the immediate and subsequent impact of family sessions as well as their therapeutic value. We also address common clinical and pragmatic issues. PMID- 18925496 TI - Clarifying the linguistic signature: measuring personality from natural speech. AB - In this study, we examined the viability of measuring personality using computerized lexical analysis of natural speech. Two well-validated models of personality were measured, one involving trait positive affectivity (PA) and negative affectivity (NA) dimensions and the other involving a separate behavioral inhibition motivational system (BIS) and a behavioral activation motivational system (BAS). Individuals with high levels of trait PA and sensitive BAS expressed high levels of positive emotion in their natural speech, whereas individuals with high levels of trait NA and sensitive BIS tended to express high levels of negative emotion. The personality variables accounted for almost a quarter of the variance in emotional expressivity. PMID- 18925497 TI - Construct validity of the Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank with clinic-referred and nonreferred adolescents. AB - We examined the construct validity of the Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank (RISB; Rotter, Lah, & Rafferty, 1992) as a measure of psychological maladjustment in adolescents. In Study 1, we investigated the reliability and convergent and discriminant validity of the RISB with adolescents referred to treatment. In Studies 2 and 3, we examined the RISB's ability to differentiate referred and nonreferred adolescents. The RISB showed adequate interrater reliability and converged with self-reported, parent-reported, and teacher-reported social emotional and behavioral problems. Criterion-related evidence suggests that the RISB may be useful as a screening measure for adolescents using a 135 or 140 cut score. We provide normative data to facilitate the test's use with adolescents in clinical and research settings. PMID- 18925498 TI - Extratest validity of selected personality assessment inventory scales and indicators in an inpatient substance abuse setting. AB - The purpose of this study was to extend previous findings regarding the extratest validity of the Personality Assessment Inventory (Morey, 1991, 2007) scales and indicators in forensic contexts to an inpatient substance abuse setting. The Aggression Scale, and particularly the Physical Aggression subscale, related to assault history; the Suicide Scale and Suicide Probability Index related to history of suicide attempts; Antisocial Features, and particularly the Antisocial Behaviors subscale, predicted rule infractions; and the Treatment Process Index predicted treatment completion. We discuss clinical implications in the context of extant findings. PMID- 18925499 TI - Extending the Rorschach trauma content index and aggression indexes to dream narratives of children exposed to enduring violence: an exploratory study. AB - In this study, we compared dream narratives of children and adolescents living under conditions of enduring interpersonal violence (n = 220) versus those living in peaceful surroundings (n = 99) on content variables that have been associated with traumatic experiences in Rorschach (Exner, 1995) imagery. As predicted, children and adolescents living in circumstances of enduring violence reported a higher proportion of content scorable by Armstrong and Loewenstein's (1990) Trauma Content Index and a much higher proportion of aggressive objects in their dreams (AgC; Gacono & Meloy, 1994). In support of discriminant validity, no consistent group differences were observed for the relative frequencies of Animal (A), Clothing (Cg), or Cooperative movement (COP) content. The modest association between manifest dream content and psychological symptom scales suggests that the former may alternatively reflect adaptive or psychopathological processes. Our findings suggest that content analysis of dreams may be a valuable adjunct in tapping the psychological state of children traumatized by violence. PMID- 18925500 TI - Recovery and replication of internalizing and externalizing dimensions within the personality assessment inventory. AB - In this study, we examined the internal structure of 13 Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI; Morey, 1991, 2007) scales in a corrections sample (N = 1,099). Previous findings regarding the PAI internal structure have been somewhat inconsistent. We investigated the utility of a 2-dimensional model comprised of internalization and externalization to organize the 11 PAI clinical scales and 2 additional scales, Suicidal Ideation and Aggression. We randomly divided the sample, and a factor analysis revealed a 2-dimensional model representing internalization and externalization. Confirmatory factor analyses conducted with an independent subsample revealed acceptable fit when the model was revised to include correlated error terms between mood and anxiety disorder scales. The revised model exhibited acceptable fit when cross-validated, had better fit than a 1-dimension model, and demonstrated preliminary construct validity in relation to extratest variables. PMID- 18925501 TI - The factor structure of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory. AB - In the first study, we administered the 40-item Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI; Raskin & Terry, 1988) to 843 female and 843 male college students, most of whom were Euro-American, to comprehensively assess the NPI factor structure using confirmatory factor analysis. Initial exploratory common factor analyses (N = 724) revealed a 2-factor model (Leadership/Authority and Exhibitionism/Entitlement). Subsequently, we used confirmatory factor analysis in a separate sample (N = 724) to evaluate the Emmons (1987) 4-factor model, the Raskin and Terry (1988) 7-factor model, the Kubarych, Deary, and Austin (2004) 2- and 3-factor models, and our 2-factor model. Finally, we assessed construct validity by correlating the scale scores with the Five-factor model of personality in an independent sample (N = 238). The 2-factor models for the NPI we obtained in this study and by Kubarych et al. (2004) appeared to be the most parsimonious models, with both a good fit to the data and satisfactory internal consistency values; so they are recommended for use. However, additional NPI research is needed to rescale, modify, or omit several NPI items and develop gender-equivalent items. PMID- 18925502 TI - A reliability generalization study of coefficient alpha for the UCLA loneliness scale. AB - Loneliness is a psychological construct that has been reported in a variety of populations and associated with a number of other negative psychological problems. This study was an examination of coefficient alpha of a prominent measure of loneliness: the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Loneliness Scale (Russell, Peplau, & Cutrona, 1980; Russell, 1996). We utilized reliability generalization to provide an aggregate estimate of the reliability of the scale over time and in a variety of populations as well as to assess and identify sampling and demographic characteristics associated with variability in coefficient alpha. Of the 213 studies examined, 80 had reported alpha estimates, and we used them in this analysis. We discuss conditions associated with variability in coefficient alpha along with pertinent implications for practice and future research. PMID- 18925503 TI - Behavioral correlates of selected MMPI-2 clinical, content, and restructured clinical scales. AB - In this study, we evaluated the validity of the Restructured Clinical (RC; Tellegen et al., 2003) scales by identifying and comparing behavioral correlates of selected RC scales (RCd, RC2, RC4), their original Clinical scale counterparts (Scale 2, Scale 4), and conceptually related Content scales (DEP, ASP, CYN) in an outpatient clinical sample (N = 150). The results of this study indicate that RC4 is a stronger predictor of several antisocial behaviors than Clinical Scale 4 or the Content Scales ASP and CYN. In contrast, RC2 demonstrated significantly lower correlations with several behaviors conceptually related to depression than its Clinical scale counterpart or DEP. DEP was highly correlated with RCd (r = .91, p < .0001), suggesting that the 2 scales may be measuring similar constructs. Overall, the results of this study demonstrate relatively few differences among the scales selected in their ability to predict extratest behaviors. PMID- 18925504 TI - Psychometric characteristics of the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems-Short Circumplex (IIP-SC) with college students. AB - The Inventory of Interpersonal Problems-Circumplex (IIP-C; Alden, Wiggins, & Pincus, 1990) is a commonly used measure, and the Short Circumplex Version (IIP SC; Soldz, Budman, Demby, & Merry, 1995) provides a potentially valuable and economical method for personality assessment researchers. However, despite the common use of the IIP-C with college students, the psychometric characteristics of the IIP-SC have not been established in a college student sample. This study provides reliability, structural validity, concurrent validity, and descriptive data for the IIP-SC in two samples of undergraduate students. PMID- 18925506 TI - "Message in the platelet"--more than just vestigial mRNA! AB - Although mammalian platelets are anucleated cells, a number of studies have shown that they retain a pool of messenger RNA (mRNA) carried over from the megakaryocyte during thrombopoiesis. Platelet mRNA was originally thought to be relatively unstable and short-lived within the youngest cells and has been used as a potential marker of platelet turnover. In this article we will discuss both theoretical and methodological issues related to the measurement of these younger, "reticulated platelets". A key question relating to platelet mRNA is also whether it has any functional relevance other than a marker of platelet immaturity. Evidence going back more than 30 years suggests that platelets can biosynthesize proteins. However, it is only very recently that the nature and specificity of platelet mRNA has been examined in any detail. Difficulties in obtaining pure platelet mRNA, free of contamination from other cells has added to the complexity of unravelling this story. However, there is now clear evidence that platelets contain small but significant levels of message for a variety of proteins. The platelet mRNA pool is much richer and more diverse than previously thought and recent data suggests that regulated synthesis of a selected number of proteins can be induced on platelet activation. The full complexity of the platelet genome is now just being revealed and may open the possibility for improved diagnosis and therapy of many haemostatic and thrombotic disorders. PMID- 18925507 TI - Platelet activation in patients with Familial Mediterranean Fever. AB - Increased platelet activation and aggregation are central processes in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. Increased platelet activity is associated with increased platelet volume. Mean platelet volume (MPV), a determinant of platelet function, is a newly emerging risk factor for atherothrombosis. Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by recurrent inflammatory febrile attacks of serosal and synovial membranes. Recently few studies have shown that FMF is associated with increased atherosclerosis risk. The present study was designed to evaluate levels of MPV in FMF patients compared with healthy subjects. We selected 35 FMF patients and 35 healthy control subjects matched for age, gender, and body mass index. Metabolic parameters and MPV levels were measured in all groups. Metabolic parameters were not different among the study groups (p > 0.05). The levels of MPV were significantly higher in the FMF group than in the control group (8.6 +/- 0.9 fl vs 7.8 +/- 0.5 fl, p = 0.001). The MPV levels were negatively correlated with duration of colchicine treatment (r = -0.40, p = 0.017). Also MPV levels showed positive correlation with delay of diagnosis (r = 0.58, p = 0.001). In conclusion, our results suggest that patients with FMF tend to have an increased platelet activation. Increased platelet activity could contribute to increasing the atherosclerotic risk in FMF patients. PMID- 18925508 TI - Incidence and clinical significance of reactive thrombocytosis in children aged 1 to 24 months, hospitalized for community-acquired infections. AB - The aims of this study were to identify demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics associated with reactive thrombocytosis useful for clinical management and to evaluate potential complications of this condition in a cohort of children selected for they young age as at high risk of reactive thrombocytosis. Retrospective analysis of medical records of 239 children among 902 aged 1-24 months, hospitalized during a 12-month period, and discharged with a diagnosis of infectious disease was performed. One hundred and nineteen children out of 239 (49.8%) presented thrombocytosis (>500 platelets x 10(9)/L; normal range 150-499 x 10(9)/L), 81/119 (68%) on admission. The incidences of thrombocytosis or extreme thrombocytosis (>1,000 x 10(9)/L) were 13.2% (119/902) and 0.8% (7/902). Thrombocytotic children had higher counts of white blood cells and had been treated more frequently with steroids (36/82, 43.9% vs. 5/53, 9.4%; p = 5 x 10(-5); relative risk 7.51, 95% confidence intervals 2.71-20.82). No significant difference was found in relation to sex, age, fever, C reactive protein level, diagnoses and antibiotic therapy. Two out of 239 (0.8%) enrolled children, both thrombocytotic and with other acquired risk factors, developed thrombosis. In conclusion, reactive thrombocytosis in children aged 1 up to 24 months is frequent and unrelated to markers of disease activity or degree of inflammation. PMID- 18925510 TI - Thrombopoietin following transfusion of platelets in preterm neonates. AB - Thrombocytopenia is common in the neonatal intensive care unit. Transfusion of platelets is often required. The purpose of our study was to determine changes in thrombopoietin (Tpo) following transfusion of platelets in preterm neonates. Preterm neonates undergoing platelet transfusion were randomized to receive a transfusion volume of either 10 or 15 ml/kg. Blood was obtained for Tpo measurement pre-transfusion, one and 24 hours post-transfusion. Platelet Factor 4 (PF4) was also measured to quantify platelet activation. Statistical analysis was performed using repeated measures ANOVA, and Mann-Whitney U test as appropriate. Ten infants were enrolled in each group. Gestational age, birth weight, etiology of thrombocytopenia, and timing of transfusion did not differ between the 10 and 15 ml/kg groups. There were no differences between the groups in platelet count prior to and/or following transfusion. Both transfusion volumes were equally well tolerated. Tpo and PF4 did not differ between groups at any of the study time points. When both groups were analysed together, Tpo dropped 43% (95% confidence 37-49%, p = 0.01) 1-hour post compared to pre-transfusion. In conclusion the observed decrease in Tpo following platelet transfusion suggests that Tpo kinetics in neonates is similar to adults following transfusion. PF4 was not affected by transfusion. There was not an increase in platelet count following transfusion volume of 15 ml/kg compared to 10 ml/kg. PMID- 18925509 TI - Lysophosphatidic acid-induced platelet shape change revealed through LPA(1-5) receptor-selective probes and albumin. AB - Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a component of mildly-oxidized LDL and the lipid rich core of atherosclerotic plaques, elicits platelet activation. LPA is the ligand of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) of the EDG family (LPA(1-3)) and the newly identified LPA(4-7) subcluster. LPA(4), LPA(5) and LPA(7) increase cellular cAMP levels that would induce platelet inhibition rather than activation. In the present study we quantified the mRNA levels of the LPA(1-7) GPCR in human platelets and found a rank order LPA(4) = LPA(5) > LPA(7) > LPA(6) = LPA(2) >> LPA(1) > LPA(3). We examined platelet shape change using a panel of LPA receptor subtype-selective agonists and antagonists and compared them with their pharmacological profiles obtained in heterologous LPA(1-5) receptor expression systems. Responses to different natural acyl and alkyl species of LPA, and octyl phosphatidic acid analogs, alpha-substituted phosphonate analogs, N-palmitoyl tyrosine phosphoric acid, N-palmitoyl-serine phosphoric acid were tested. All of these compounds elicited platelet activation and also inhibited LPA-induced platelet shape change after pre-incubation, suggesting that receptor desensitization is likely responsible for the inhibition of this response. Fatty acid free albumin (10 microM) lacking platelet activity completely inhibited platelet shape change induced by LPA with an IC(50) of 1.1 microM but had no effect on the activation of LPA(1,2,3,&5) expressed in endogenously non-LPA responsive RH7777 cells. However, albumin reduced LPA(4) activation and shifted the dose-response curve to the right. LPA(5) transiently expressed in RH7777 cells showed preference to alkyl-LPA over acyl-LPA that is similar to that in platelets. LPA did not increase cAMP levels in platelets. In conclusion, our results with the pharmacological compounds and albumin demonstrate that LPA does not induce platelet shape change simply through activation of LPA(1-5), and the receptor(s) mediating LPA-induced platelet activation remains elusive. PMID- 18925511 TI - Inhibitory effects of staphylococcal enterotoxin type B on human platelet adhesion in vitro. AB - Septic shock was formerly recognized as a consequence of Gram-negative bacteraemia, but at present the incidence of Gram-positive sepsis seems to be more relevant, contributing for more than 50% of cases. Staphylococcal aureus can induce toxic shock in humans through the production of potent toxins termed Staphylococcal enterotoxins, from which Staphylococcal enterotoxin type B (SEB) is one of most studied. Platelets are reported to participate in pathogenesis of severe sepsis, but the exact role of platelets in this event is poorly investigated, particularly that caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Therefore, we have used the model of platelet adhesion to fibrinogen-coated plates to investigate the actions of SEB on human platelets. Ninety-six-well microtiter plates were coated with human fibrinogen (50 microg/mL), and human washed platelet suspension (6 x 10(6) platelets) was added to each well. Adherent platelets were quantified through measurement of acid phosphatase activity. Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (0.0001-30 microg/mL, incubated for 5 to 60 min) time- and dose-dependently inhibited platelet adhesion. This response was modified neither by the protein synthesis inhibitor puromycin (0.01 and 0.1 mM) nor by the superoxide scavengers superoxide dismutase (SOD, 100 units/mL) and polyethylene glycol-SOD (30 U/mL). The peroxide hydrogen (H(2)O(2)) scavenger catalase polyethylene glycol (1000 U/mL) significantly attenuated the platelet adhesion inhibition by SEB. The cAMP and cGMP levels were not changed by SEB (0.0001-30 microg/mL, 60 min). Our findings suggest that H(2)O(2) at least partly contributes to the inhibitory responses of human platelet adhesion by SEB. PMID- 18925512 TI - Testing agonist-induced platelet aggregation by the Impact-R [Cone and plate(let) analyzer (CPA)]. AB - The Impact-R [Cone and plate(let) analyzer (CPA)] is useful to assess platelet adhesion in different diseases and to monitor antiplatelet therapy. The purpose of the present study was to adapt this system to test agonist-induced platelet aggregation. Blood samples were tested by light transmission platelet aggregometry (LTA), Impact-R regular test and Impact-R agonist-response test. In the latter, samples were pre-incubated for 1 min with an agonist leading to platelet activation, micro-aggregates formation and reduced adhesion. Impact-R regular test of ten healthy volunteers demonstrated platelet adhesion (surface coverage, SC) of 11.2 +/- 2.6% while LTA induced by ADP, ristocetin, epinephrine, collagen and arachidonic acid (AA) yielded maximal aggregation (81% to 93%). In the Impact-R agonist-response test, SC was reduced to 2.2 +/- 1.0%, 1.2 +/- 0.9%, 2.3 +/- 1.0%, 2.2 +/- 0.8% and 2.4 +/- 0.4%, respectively. Prostaglandin E(1) treatment weakened SC reduction in response to ADP and epinephrine (SC of 8.8 +/- 1.8% and 9.5 +/- 2.0%, respectively). Inhibition of P2Y(12) receptor with 2MeSAMP resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in maximal aggregation in the ADP-induced test, which inversely correlated to SC in the Impact-R ADP-response test. The Impact-R agonist-response tests detected aggregation defects in patients with storage pool disease, severe von Willebrand disease and epinephrine response deficiency, and may be useful to assess the effect of different agonists on platelet aggregation. PMID- 18925513 TI - Oxidative stress in severe dengue viral infection: association of thrombocytopenia with lipid peroxidation. AB - Oxidative stress in viral infections has been suggested. The study was carried out to assess the oxidative stress in the different clinical spectrums of dengue infection and to evaluate if thrombocytopenia is associated with lipid and protein oxidative injury. Twenty-seven dengue fever (DF), 32 dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and 21 dengue shock syndrome (DSS) cases were studied at 3, 5 and 7 days of illness. Sixty-three healthy subjects were selected as controls. Serum protein carbonyls (PCOs), malendialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant status (TAS) were estimated in blood. Dengue infected individuals had significantly high levels of PCOs and MDA on the three days tested in comparison to controls. In DF cases, no significant changes in the levels of MDA and PCOs were found in course of time. However, among DHF and DSS, significant increase in MDA levels was found in the fifth and seventh day samples in comparison to their respective third day sample (P < 0.05). Using one way ANOVA, high PCOs levels were found in DSS in comparison to DF and DHF cases on all the three days tested (P < 0.001). TAS levels were found to be low among DSS on days 5 and 7 and day 7 in DHF when compared with DF cases. Correlation analysis between MDA and hematocrit revealed a significant positive association between them in DHF and DSS on day 5 (DHF r = 0.372; p = 0.024 and DSS r = 0.535; p = 0.0-01) and day 7 (DHF r = 0.412; p = 0.003 and DSS r = 0.765; p < 0.0001). There was an important negative correlation between platelet count and plasma lipid peroxidation levels among DHF and DSS on all three days tested [day 3 (DHF r = -0.392; p = 0.012 and DSS r = -0.453; p = 0.004), day 5 (DHF r = -0.592; p < 0.001 and DSS r = -0.581; p < 0.001) and day 7 (DHF r = -0.418; p = 0.001 and DSS r = -0.515; p = 0.002)]. This study concludes that an increase in oxidative stress was found in dengue viral infection. The level of oxidative stress was maximal in DSS followed by DHF and its severity was minimal in DF. The thrombocytopenia of dengue infection was associated with the extent of lipid peroxidation. Future studies might be carried out to find the role of oxidative damage in the ethiopathogenesis of thrombocytopenia and vascular leakage in dengue infection. PMID- 18925514 TI - Electron opaque structures in human platelets: which are or are not dense bodies? AB - The dense bodies, also referred to as delta (delta) granules, present in human platelets are the storage sites for adenine nucleotides and serotonin. Stored products released following activation are important for platelet aggregation during hemostasis. Dense bodies are easily detected in thin sections of properly fixed platelets and in unfixed, unstained whole mount preparations. It is important to determine their presence and frequency with accuracy because they are absent or markedly reduced in platelet storage pool deficiency disorders. The present study has demonstrated that identification of dense bodies as not a simple matter. There are electron dense structures, including dense rings, glycosomes, "fuzzy" balls, chains, clusters and other dense elements, that may confuse the determination of true dense bodies. Even some alpha granules are sufficiently electron dense to be confused with delta granules when using densitometric techniques. The present work may prevent investigators from making diagnostic errors. PMID- 18925515 TI - Effects of fibroblast extracellular matrix calcification on platelet adhesion in vitro. AB - Calcified atherosclerotic lesions are more prone to rupture during angioplasty than non-calcified lesions and are associated with an increased risk of thrombotic complications following angioplasty. This study investigates the possible role of extracellular matrix (ECM) calcification for platelet adhesion. Human cultured fibroblasts (CRL-1635) were subjected to beta-glycerophosphate (10 mM) for 10 to 16 days. Calcification was visualized by von Kossa staining and quantified by the O-cresolphthalein complexone method. Adhesion of calcein labelled platelets was measured by fluorescence microscopy at static conditions and in a parallel-flow chamber at a shear rate of 1000 s(-1). beta glycerophosphate treatment resulted in a marked calcification of the ECM. In parallel, a small, albeit significant increase in platelet adhesion under static conditions was observed. In contrast, at flow conditions, the area covered by thrombi was significantly lower when calcified ECM was used. The number of thrombi was not significantly different which is compatible with a smaller thrombus size. Taken together, it appears unlikely that calcification of atherosclerotic lesions contributes to thrombotic complications by an increased platelet adhesion. PMID- 18925516 TI - High-resolution melting analysis for detection of MYH9 mutations. AB - May-Hegglin anomaly (MHA), Sebastian (SBS), Fechtner (FTNS) and Epstein (EPS) syndromes are rare autosomal dominant disorders with giant platelets and thrombocytopenia. Other manifestations of these disorders are combinations of the presence of granulocyte inclusions and deafness, cataracts and renal failure. Currently, MHA, SBS, FTNS and EPS are considered to be distinct clinical manifestation of a single illness caused by mutations of the MYH9 gene encoding the heavy chain of non-muscle myosin IIA (NMMHC-IIA). As the MYH9 gene has a high number of exons, it takes much time and material to use this method for the detection of MYH9 mutations. Recently, a new method has been introduced for scanning DNA mutations without the need for direct sequencing: high-resolution melting analysis (HRMA). Mutation detection with HRMA relies on the intercalation of the specific dye (LC Green plus) in double-strand DNA and fluorescence monitoring of PCR product melting profiles. In our study, we optimized the conditions and used HRMA for rapid screening of mutations in all MYH9 exons in seven affected individuals from four unrelated families with suspected MYH9 disorders. Samples identified by HRMA as positive for the mutation were analysed by direct sequencing. HRMA saved us over 85% of redundant sequencing. PMID- 18925517 TI - Correlations between platelet-derived microvesicles and thrombin generation in patients with coronary artery disease. PMID- 18925518 TI - Fabry disease in hemodialysis patients in southern Brazil: prevalence study and clinical report. AB - BACKGROUND: Fabry disease (FD) is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by a deficiency of alpha-Galactosidase A (alpha-Gal A). Fabry nephropathy typically progresses throughout the fifth decade to end-stage renal disease (ESRD), requiring hemodialysis and/or kidney transplantation. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of FD among ESRD males on hemodialysis treatment in Rio Grande do Sul, the southernmost state of Brazil. METHODS: Screening for alpha-Gal A activity was performed by a dried blood spot (normal reference value: >1.5 nmoles/hour/mL). Positive screening results were confirmed by plasma alpha-Gal A activity assay (reference value: >3.3 nmoles/hour/mL). RESULTS: Five hundred fifty-eight male patients on hemodialysis were evaluated. Of these, only two had low alpha-Gal A activity and were diagnosed with Fabry disease (0.36%). One of these, age 42, had left ventricular hypertrophy and renal manifestations of Fabry disease without the classic symptoms. The other, age 46, had the classical manifestations of angiokeratomas, acroparesthesias, hypohidrosis, and ocular opacities. CONCLUSIONS: Although the prevalence of Fabry disease was very low in our study (0.36%), routine screening of male hemodialysis patients would enable earlier identification of many other affected relatives in their families who might benefit from specific clinical treatment. PMID- 18925519 TI - Effect of fluid therapy on prevention of acute renal failure in Bam earthquake crush victims. AB - BACKGROUND: At 5:28 a.m. (local time) on December 26, 2003, an earthquake measuring 6.51 on the Richter scale struck the city of Bam in the Kerman Province in southeastern Iran. Among the most important morbid events in survivors were acute renal problems. Clinical findings, laboratory data, and management of the renal victims, all of whom were transferred to Shiraz Hospitals, have been the subject of this analysis. METHOD: Medical records of twenty patients with acute renal failure admitted to three university hospitals and one community hospital were reviewed. RESULTS: Overall, 801 patients were transferred to Shiraz hospitals, of whom 20 (mean age 36.2 +/- 14.8 years, 15 males) developed acute renal failure with mean duration of 14.5 +/- 9.6 days. Total mortality was 21 (2.6%) and acute renal failure mortality was 3 (15%). Seven patients received standard fluid therapy and 13 patients received variable volume treatment. In total, 79 dialysis sessions were performed in 15 patients (mean 5.2, 3.3 +/- 1 sessions per patients). There was a positive correlation between time spent under rubble and peak serum CK (creatine phosphokinase) level (p = 0.035), acute renal failure duration (p = 0.047), and admission potassium levels (p = 0.033). Serum CK level was positively correlated with acute renal failure duration (p = 0.008). Patients who had received standard treatment had significantly shorter duration of acute renal failure (7.1 versus 9.4 days, p = 0.008) and less need for dialysis (1 versus 6, p = 0.007) than patients who were treated variably. CONCLUSION: In victims of earthquake, time spent under rubble and peak serum CK level can serve to estimate morbidity, and early standard treatment may decrease renal morbidity. PMID- 18925520 TI - Endothelin-1 and nitric oxide in patients on chronic hemodialysis. AB - AIM: To establish the role of endothelin-1 and nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of hypertension in patients on chronic hemodialysis by correlating endothelin-1 and NO plasma concentrations to the level of arterial hypertension with respect to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor therapy. METHODS: We determined plasma concentrations of endothelin-1 and NO in patients on chronic hemodialysis (CHD) before and after hemodialysis treatment. The study included 30 CHD patients and 20 healthy participants as controls. Correlation to blood pressure was determined, as well as the effect of ACE inhibitors on the relationship between both endothelin-1 and NO in correlation with arterial hypertension. MAIN FINDINGS: Endothelin-1 plasma concentration was significantly higher in CHD patients before hemodialysis treatment than in healthy controls. Endothelin-1 plasma concentration was also significantly higher in CHD patients after hemodialysis than in healthy controls. There was a significant decrease in endothelin-1 plasma concentration after hemodialysis in comparison with its values before hemodialysis. In CHD patients, a positive correlation was found between endothelin-1 plasma concentration and systolic blood pressure after hemodialysis, irrespective of ACE inhibitors therapy. In CHD patients taking ACE inhibitors, systolic blood pressure increased with increasing endothelin-1 plasma concentration before as well as after hemodialysis. In patients taking ACE inhibitors, there was a tendency for diastolic blood pressure to increase with an increase in endothelin-1 plasma concentration after hemodialysis and to decrease with an increase in NO plasma concentration. CONCLUSION: NO and endothelin-1 play a significant role in etiology of the hemodynamic changes of blood pressure during the dialysis. PMID- 18925521 TI - Chemiluminescent analysis of plasma antioxidant capacity in uremic patients undergoing hemodialysis. AB - OBJECTIVE: Hemodialysis is a common therapeutic strategy for patients with end stage renal failure. During the hemodialytic process, the neutrophils are activated (neutrophil burst) due to the hemoincompatibility induced by hemodialysis. As a result, the activated neutrophils release reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen, and hypochlorite, into the bloodstream and cause oxidative damage. METHODS: This study investigated the antioxidant alteration of plasma in uremic patients undergoing hemodialysis by chemiluminescent analysis. The antioxidant capacities of plasma in scavenging hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen, and hypochlorite were investigated in this experiment. In addition, investigation of the ferric-reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) would be covered in this study as well. RESULTS: This study found that after hemodialysis, the antioxidant capacities of plasma in scavenging hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen, and hypochlorite decreases 7.9%, 18.8%, and 18.9%, respectively. Moreover, the FRAP is reduced by 56%. We speculate that the loss of dialyzable solutes (such as uremic solutes and antioxidants with small molecular weight) in plasma resulted in its decrease in antioxidant capacity. CONCLUSION: We therefore suggest that the supplement of antioxidants with small molecular weight is capable of regaining antioxidant defense in plasma and preventing oxidative damage induced by hemodialysis. PMID- 18925523 TI - AST-120 treatment in pre-dialysis period affects the prognosis in patients on hemodialysis. AB - BACKGROUND/AIMS: An oral adsorbent, AST-120, has been shown to retard the deterioration of renal function in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) by decreasing serum nephrotoxic substances such as indoxyl sulfate. Recent studies have suggested that a high level of serum indoxyl sulfate may be one of the mechanisms underlying the progression of atherosclerotic lesion, which is the leading cause of cardiovascular event or death in dialysis patients. In this study, we examined retrospectively whether AST-120 given to patients in the pre dialysis period influences the prognosis after the initiation of dialysis. METHODS: One hundred and ninety-two CKD patients on dialysis were studied. The survival and causes of death after the initiation of dialysis were compared between patients who were administrated AST-120 (AST-120 group, n = 101) and those not administrated AST-120 (non-AST-120 group, n = 91) prior to the initiation of dialysis. RESULTS: The five-year survival rate was 72.6% in the AST 120 group and 52.6% in the non-AST-120 group, and was significantly higher in the AST-120 group (p = 0.018). The risk of death was increased 1.91-fold in the non AST-120 group. However, no difference in the causes of death was observed between two groups. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that AST-120 given prior to the initiation of dialysis improves the prognosis of CKD patients under dialysis, although there is no association between AST-120 treatment and death caused by cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure, myocardial infarction, and cerebral hemorrhage. Further studies are needed to elucidate the effect of AST 120 on cardiovascular events and the prognosis in dialysis patients. PMID- 18925522 TI - Predicting hospital-acquired acute kidney injury--a case-controlled study. AB - Acute kidney injury is a major complication of hospitalization, occurring in 5-7 percent of hospitalized patients. The patient characteristics and prognostic variables that help predict acute kidney injury have not been studied in the general hospitalized population. The objectives of this study are to derive and validate a predictive score for hospital-acquired acute kidney injury (HAKI). We conducted a case-controlled study of HAKI involving 180 cases and 360 controls. A multivariate logistic regression model was developed in two-thirds of the subjects and validated in the other third. Upon admission, cases in the developmental sample were older (67 vs. 63 yrs, p = .008) and more likely to have diabetes (51% vs. 35%; p = .003), hypertension (77% vs. 60%, p = .001), heart failure (34% vs. 20%, p = .004), blood urea nitrogen >or=25 mg/dL (38% vs. 20%, p = <.001), creatinine >or=1.1 mg/dL (65% vs. 39%; p <.001), albumin 30 mEq/L (42% vs. 29%; p = .05) compared to controls. The final risk score included pulse, bicarbonate, creatinine, and specific medications (NSAIDs, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and/or diuretics). The c-statistic for the risk score in the developmental sample was 0.69. In the validation sample, an increasing number of risk factors was associated with increased risk of HAKI (16% and 62% in the low and high-risk groups, respectively). In conclusion, a simple model based on readily available data stratifies patients according to their risk of developing HAKI and may guide clinical decision making and provide a basis for further research into HAKI. PMID- 18925524 TI - Elevated hepatocyte growth factor levels at the beginning of high-flux hemodialysis are due to heparin administration. AB - BACKGROUND: It has been reported that hemodialysis (HD) stimulates hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) release, but it is not clear if this stimulation is due to HD itself or to heparin used during HD. To clarify this issue, we undertook the present study. METHODS: We studied 18 HD patients using high-flux dialyzers, during a single 4-hr hemodialysis session (session A). The dialyzers were pre rinse with normal saline without heparin, and HD was started with zero ultrafiltration and without anticoagulation. Anticoagulation was administered as IV injection (80 IU/kg of LMWH enoxaparin sodium) 10 min after the beginning of HD. HD was continued for 10 more minutes and then as prescribed. HGF serum levels were measured before the beginning of the HD session (sample t0) as well as 10 and 20 minutes after the beginning of the session (samples t10 and t20). In six more patients (controls), the same study was repeated but without the administration of LMWH during the first 20 min of HD initiation (session B). RESULTS: In comparison with t0, t10 HGF serum levels changed significantly in neither session A nor in session B. However, at t20, HGF levels increased significantly in session A compared with t0 (increment 666.3 +/- 211.0%, p < 0.0001) and t10 (increment 894.2 +/- 506.0%, p < 0.0001), but not in session B. No differences were found between sessions A and B at samples t0 and t10 (p = NS). HGF serum levels at t20 in session A were found to be higher compared with corresponding levels in session B (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Elevated HGF serum levels at the beginning of high-flux HD session are due to LMWH administration. PMID- 18925525 TI - Mycophenolate mofetil versus azathioprine in the maintenance therapy of lupus nephritis. AB - BACKGROUND: Renal involvement is one of the major determinants of the outcome in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Renal involvement contributes to both morbidity and mortality of the patients as well as indirectly through side effects of therapy directed at the renal lesions. The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and azathioprine (AZA) in the maintenance therapy of lupus nephritis. METHODS: Thirty-two patients from our center with diagnosed lupus nephritis World Health Organization Class III, IV, V were treated with IVC (0.75-1g/month) for six months in addition to steroid therapy, and then with AZA (n = 15) or MMF (n = 17) as a maintenance therapy. The efficacy of two drugs was compared with changes in serum creatinine, creatinine clearance, 24 hour urine protein excretion, cholesterol, anti-dsDNA antibody, and urine sediment. RESULTS: Mean follow-up time was 41.5 + 7 months. The total remission occurred in 84% of patients (82% with MMF and 87% with AZA), with a complete remission rate of 59.3% (58% with MMF and 60% with AZA) and a partial remission rate of 25% (22% with MMF and 27% with AZA). The urinary protein excretion before MMF treatment was 1.9 + 1 g/dL and decreased significantly to 0.91 + 0.6 g/dL (p = 0.028) after treatment, and decreased from 1.58 + 0.7 g/dL to 0.4 + 0.23 g/dL in the AZA group (p = 0.04). The serum creatinine level decreased from 1.32 + 0.7 mg/dL to 1.12 + 0.68 mg/dL in the MMF group (p = 0.23), and decreased from 0.91 + 0.23 mg/dL to 0.88 + 0.23 mg/dL in the AZA group (p = 0.49). There was no significant change between two groups (p = 0.1). The serum cholesterol decreased from 229 + 57 mg/dL to 171 + 9 mg/dL (p = 0.002), and serum triglyceride level decreased from 228 + 116 mg/dL to 98 + 35 mg/dL (p = 0.004) in the MMF treatment, but no significant change was seen in AZA group. There was no significant difference between the two groups considering the rates of doubling of serum creatinine, progression to end-stage renal failure, relapses, and documented side effects, as well. CONCLUSION: Both therapeutic approaches with MMF or AZA, in combination with corticosteroids, are effective as a maintenance therapy for lupus nephritis. PMID- 18925526 TI - Arteriovenous fistula puncture: an essential factor for hemodialysis efficiency. AB - OBJECTIVE: To determine the blood recirculation ratio in the vascular access of patients on hemodialysis, and to calculate the Kt/Vs obtained with the different techniques of arteriovenous fistula punctures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 174 patients were divided according to the technique used for arteriovenous fistula puncture: group 1, needles in opposite directions and with a distance of 5 cm or more between them; group 2, needles in opposite directions but with a distance of less than 5 cm; group 3, unidirectional needles with both directed to the heart and with a distance of 5 cm or more; group 4, unidirectional needles but separated by a distance of less than 5 cm between needles; and group 5, patients carrying a temporary venous catheter. Blood samples were collected for urea analysis, pre and post-dialysis for Kt/V rate, and other samples for calculation of the access recirculation. RESULTS: Group 1 presented the lowest rate of access recirculation (8.51 +/- 4.90%) and the best Kt/V (1.71 +/- 0.36), while group 4 presented the worst access recirculation (20.68 +/- 4.92%) and Kt/V (1.16 +/- 0.26). All groups differed significantly from group 4 (p < 0.05), except group 5 with regard for Kt/V parameter. DISCUSSION: The technique of arteriovenous fistula puncture is an essential factor to decrease the access recirculation and assure better results of measurement of hemodialysis adequacy. On the basis of the results obtained, insertion of the needles in the same direction and with a distance of less than 5 cm between them should be avoided. PMID- 18925527 TI - Relation between asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and hearing loss in patients with renal impairment. AB - BACKGROUND: Hearing loss is common in patients with CRF. The exact etiology of this complication is not known, and little can be done to ameliorate the disorder. ADMA is found to be high in CRF patients. We studied the relation between ADMA and hearing loss in patients with CRF under conservative treatment. METHODS: The study was carried out on 40 patients with renal impairment under conservative treatment (group 1) and 30 normal control subjects (group 2). For both groups' medical history and examination, biochemical tests, otological examination, pure tone audiometry, high sensitivity CRP, and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) were completed. RESULTS: High-frequency hearing impairment was the predominant auditory dysfunction in CRF patients who showed worse high-tone hearing level on pure tone audiometry as compared with the controls (p < .001). Multiple regression analysis for hearing level at high frequency in group 1 shows that significant determinants of hearing level are ADMA (p = 0.002), high sensitivity CRP (p = 0.02), duration of renal disease (p = 0.01), diabetes mellitus (p < 0.001), and serum creatinine (p = 0.008). No correlation was found between hearing loss with age, gender, smoking, hematocrit, or lipid parameters. CONCLUSION: Patients with CRF under conservative treatment often experience a significant frequency hearing loss. Such a hearing disorder is mainly affected by duration and degree of renal disease, presence of DM, and level of hsCRP and ADMA. There is a close correlation between ADMA and hearing loss. Thus, ADMA could be an important factor causing hearing loss in those patients. Modifying this factor can be of value to ameliorate this common complication. PMID- 18925528 TI - Beneficial hematologic effects of daily oral ascorbic acid therapy in ESRD patients with anemia and abnormal iron homeostasis: a preliminary study. AB - AIM: To determine the efficacy and effects of the oral administration of ascorbic acid on anemia management in ESRD patients with hyperferritinemia. METHODS: Twenty-one anemic hemodialysis patients with ferritin levels greater than 350 ng/mL had received oral daily ascorbic acid at a dose of 500 mg/day and were retrospectively studied. Hemoglobin, hematocrit, EPO dose, ferritin, and transferrin saturation were recorded at baseline and after three months of treatment. EPO dose/hematocrit was calculated. Serum oxalate levels were also measured. RESULTS: Hb increased 9% from 11.4 to 12.2 gm/dL (p = 0.05), HCT increased 10% from 33.3 to 36.7% (p = 0.05), but EPO dose requirement decreased 33% from 26,229 to 17,559 U/week (p = 0.03). Ferritin levels decreased 21% from 873 to 691 ng/mL (p = 0.004). Mean oxalate level during therapy was 87 micromol/L (normal <27). Patients with oxalate levels >27 micromol/L were instructed to stop ascorbic acid treatment, and mean levels decreased from 107 to 19 micromol/L (p = 0.01) over a mean time of 71 days. CONCLUSION: In this study, daily oral ascorbic therapy decreased ferritin levels and EPO dose requirements while raising hemoglobin and hematocrit level. This beneficial profile of effects of ascorbic acid therapy is consistent with improvement of EPO resistance and cost savings in this population. PMID- 18925529 TI - Outcome of thirty patients with ANCA-associated renal vasculitis admitted to the intensive care unit. AB - The natural course of as-yet-untreated ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) or complications of immunosuppressive treatment may result in rapid clinical deterioration with the need of admission to an intensive care unit (ICU). The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the outcome of patients with renal AAV admitted to the ICU in a single center. We reviewed the medical records of all 218 patients with AAV followed in our department between January 2001 and December 2006 and selected those admitted to the ICU. To assess the severity of critical illness, the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score on the first ICU day were calculated. Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (BVAS) was calculated to represent the total disease activity. Thirty patients with AAV (11 women, 19 men; mean age 61.5 +/- 13.2 years; 20 x cANCA, 10 x pANCA positive) were included. The most common reasons for ICU admission were as follows: active vasculitis (13 patients, 43.3 %), infections (7 patients, 23.3%), and other causes (10 patients, 33.3%). The in-ICU mortality was 33.3% (10 patients). The most common cause of death was septic shock (in 5 patients). The APACHE II (33.5 vs. 23.8) and SOFA scores (11.9 vs. 6.6), but not BVAS (11.5 vs. 16.1), were statistically significantly higher in non-survivors than in survivors (p < 0.01). In conclusion, the in-ICU mortality in AAV patients may be predicted by APACHE II and SOFA scores. While active vasculitis is the most frequent reason for ICU admission, the mortality rate is highest in patients with infectious complications. PMID- 18925530 TI - Diagnostic value of the aminopeptidase N, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and dipeptidylpeptidase IV in evaluating tubular dysfunction in patients with glomerulopathies. AB - AIM: The aim of the present study was to investigate the value of the urine cell glycoprotein 1 (PC-1), aminopeptidase N (APN), N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAGA), and dipeptidylpeptidase IV (DPP IV) in the evaluation of tubular damage in patients with primary glomerulonephritis, diabetic nephropathy, and lupus nephritis. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: PC-1, APN, NAGA, and DPP IV activities were determined in serum, urine, and lymphocytes of 178 subjects, including 10 patients with membranous nephropathy, 38 with IgA nephropathy, 29 with lupus nephritis, 51 with diabetic nephropathy, and 50 control subjects. RESULTS: Urinary PC-1 excretion in IgA nephropathy group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than in controls. Urinary NAGA excretion was markedly (p < 0.01) higher in membranous nephropathy group, and APN excretion in diabetic nephropathy group was significantly higher (p < 0.01) than in healthy controls. Urinary APN activity was significantly (p < 0.01) higher in both type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria, as well as urinary NAGA and DPP IV activities in type 2 diabetics with microalbuminuria (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively) compared to controls. Serum PC-1 and APN activities were significantly higher than the control level in membranous nephropathy group, as well as serum PC-1 and DPP IV activities in IgA nephropathy patients (p < 0.05). However, significantly lower serum DPP IV and APN activity was observed in type 2 diabetics with microalbuminuria compared to controls (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Damage of tubules in primary glomerulonephritis, lupus nephritis, and diabetic nephropathy is accompanied by a release of several tubular enzymes, with possible diagnostic and prognostic significance. Increased serum PC-1, APN, and DPP IV activities could be also of diagnostic significance. PMID- 18925531 TI - Urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and interleukin-18 predict acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery. AB - BACKGROUND: About 30-50% patients develop acute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiac surgery, which is still diagnosed by serum creatinine on clinic. However, the increase of serum creatinine is insensitive and delayed. The aim of this study is to test the hypothesis that neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and interleukin-18 (IL-18) are early biomarkers for AKI in patients after cardiac surgery. METHODS: Thirty-three cases undergoing cardiac surgery were classified into an AKI group and non-AKI group, according to the AKI definition (> 26.5 micromol/L increase of serum creatinine, more than or equal to 50% increase of serum creatinine within 48 h, or a reduction in urine output < 0.5 mL/Kg per hour for more than six hours). The concentrations of serum NGAL, urine NGAL, and urine IL-18 at different time-points were measured. RESULTS: Nine cases (27.27%) developed postoperative AKI, but diagnosis with serum creatinine was 12-48 h postoperation. The concentrations of serum NGAL were not significantly increased postoperation. The concentrations of urine NGAL and IL-18 were significantly increased in the AKI group, which reached the peak at 2-4 h postoperation, and a more significant difference could be seen after correction for urine creatinine. The concentrations of urine NGAL and IL-18 2 h postoperation, either corrected for urine creatinine or not, showed good sensitivity and specificity. Increased levels of urine NGAL and IL-18 2 h postoperation were significantly correlated with increased level of serum creatinine 12 h postoperation. Logistic regression analysis showed that urine NGAL corrected for urine creatinine 2 h postoperation and urine IL-18 2 h postoperation emerged as powerful independent predictors of AKI after cardiac surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The concentrations of urine NGAL and IL 18 could be useful biomarkers for AKI in patients after cardiac surgery, especially after correction for urine creatinine. PMID- 18925532 TI - Reduced coronary flow reserve and early diastolic filling abnormalities in patients with nephrotic syndrome. AB - BACKGROUND: Increased cardiovascular disease risk is very well known in nephrotic syndrome. Coronary flow reserve measurement by trans-thoracic echocardiography reflects coronary microvascular and endothelial function. However, diastolic filling abnormalities by echocardiography may indicate diastolic dysfunction. Our aim was to evaluate endothelial and diastolic functions by trans-thoracic echocardiography in nephrotic syndrome. METHODS: Eighteen patients with nephrotic syndrome (five females, 34 +/- 17 years) and 30 controls (10 females, 35 +/- 10 years) were evaluated in this cross-sectional observational study. Age, weight, lipid profile, glucose, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, serum albumin, total protein, C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, blood pressures, 24 hour urine volume, and protein were recorded. Glomerular filtration rate was estimated by Cockcroft-Gault Formula. Doppler flow and other echocardiographic parameters were measured by Vivid 7 echocardiography. RESULTS: Coronary flow reserve was significantly lower in patients than controls (p < 0.001) and was negatively correlated with proteinuria (p < 0. 001), creatinine levels (p = 0.03), total cholesterol (p = 0.02), C-reactive protein (p = 0.02), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (p = 0.005). E/A ratio was significantly lower in patients than in controls (p = 0.005). DT was significantly higher in patients than in controls (p = 0.01) and isovolumic relaxation time was similar in both groups. CONCLUSION: Coronary flow reserve and left ventricular diastolic filling are significantly impaired in nephrotic syndrome. Proteinuria, serum creatinine, total cholesterol and inflammation may have all contributory effects on endothelial dysfunction. Early evaluation of patients with nephrotic syndrome should include coronary flow and diastolic function by echocardiography. PMID- 18925533 TI - Nebivolol reduces experimentally induced warm renal ischemia reperfusion injury in rats. AB - Ischemia/reperfusion injury, which is commonly seen in the field of renal surgery or transplantation, is a major cause of acute renal failure. The objective of the present study was to examine the role of nebivolol in modulating peroxynitrite species-induced inflammation and apoptosis after renal warm ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of nebivolol on the renal warm ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats treated with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester. After right nephrectomy, nebivolol was administered for 15 days. On the 16(th) day, ischemia was induced in contra lateral kidney for 45 min, followed by reperfusion for 24 hr. Renal function, inflammation, and apoptosis were estimated at the end of 24 hr reperfusion. Nebivolol improved the renal dysfunction and reduced inflammation and apoptosis after renal ischemia/reperfusion injury. In conclusion, nebivolol shows potent anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory properties due to its NO-releasing property. These findings may have major implications in the treatment of human ischemic acute renal failure. PMID- 18925534 TI - Ameliorative effects of proanthocyanidin on renal ischemia/reperfusion injury. AB - INTRODUCTION: Several natural products have been reported to have beneficial effects on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, particularly from a preventative perspective. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the efficiency of proanthocyanidin (PA), a natural product derived from grape seed, on renal dysfunction and injury induced by I/R of rat kidney. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: sham operated, I/R, I/R+PA. Rats were given PA (100 mg/kg/day peroral) 7 days prior to I/R. All rats except sham-operated underwent 60 min of bilateral renal ischemia followed by 6 h of reperfusion. After reperfusion, kidneys and blood were obtained for evaluation. Superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl content, and nitrite/nitrate level (NO(x)) were determined in the renal tissue. Serum creatinine (S(Cr)), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were determined in the blood. Additionally, renal sections were used for histological grade of renal injury. RESULTS: PA significantly reduced the I/R-induced increases in S(Cr), BUN, and AST. In addition, PA markedly reduced elevated oxidative stress product, restored decreased antioxidant enzymes, and attenuated histological alterations. Moreover, PA attenuated the tissue NO(x), levels indicating reduced NO production. CONCLUSIONS: The pretreatment of rats with PA reduced the renal dysfunction and morphological changes, ameliorated cellular injury, and restored renal antioxidant enzymes caused by renal I/R. PMID- 18925536 TI - Neural processes underlying self- and other-related lies: an individual difference approach using fMRI. AB - Two hypotheses were tested using a novel individual differences approach, which identifies rate-limiting brain regions, that is, brain regions in which variations in neural activity predict variations in behavioral performance. The first hypothesis is that the rate-limiting regions that support the production of lies about oneself (self-related) are partially distinct from those underlying the production of lies about other individuals (other-related). The second hypothesis is that a cingulate-insular-prefrontal network found to be rate limiting for interference tasks is involved in both types of lies. The results confirmed both hypotheses and supported the utility of this individual differences approach in the study of deception in particular, as well in the study of complex cognitive phenomena more generally. PMID- 18925535 TI - Paraneoplastic polymyositis associated with crescentic glomerulonephritis. AB - A female concurrently developed polymyositis (PM), lung cancer, and nephrotic range proteinuria. Renal biopsy revealed crescentic glomerulonephritis. Pathology of lung cancer was proved to be adenocarcinoma. After surgical treatment of lung cancer, the symptoms of PM-associated crescentic glomerulonephritis disappeared. PM is associated with a higher risk of malignancy, though renal involvement in patients with PM is thought to be uncommon. In patients with PM, there have been few reports concerning the coexistence of glomerular disease, including crescent glomerulonephritis. Herein we report a case of crescentic glomerulonephritis associated PM that was successfully treated after the surgical removal of lung cancer. We consider that such association of PM and crescent glomerulonephritis is rare in adults. Careful evaluation of underlying malignancy is important. The definite treatment is adequate management of underlying malignancy. PMID- 18925538 TI - Letter to editor: the ganglionic cysts of the proximal tibiofibular joints: mystery unfolded. PMID- 18925539 TI - [Neuroendocrine tumors of the gastro-pancreatic system--also extraluminal]. PMID- 18925540 TI - Protein tyrosine phosphatase regulation in fibroblasts from patients with an insulin receptor gene mutation. AB - Tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor is the initial event following receptor binding to insulin, and it induces further tyrosine phosphorylation of various intracellular molecules. This signaling is countered by protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases), which reportedly are associated with insulin resistance that can be reduced by regulation of PTPases. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) and leukocyte antigen-related PTPase (LAR) are the PTPases implicated most frequently in insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus. Here, we show that PTP1B and LAR are expressed in human fibroblasts, and we examine the regulation of PTPase activity in fibroblasts from patients with an insulin receptor gene mutation as an in vitro model of insulin resistance. Total PTPase activity was significantly lower in the cytosolic and membrane fractions of fibroblasts with mutations compared with controls (p<0.05). Insulin stimulation of fibroblasts with mutations resulted in a significantly smaller increase in PTP1B activity compared with stimulation of wild-type fibroblasts (p<0.05). This indicates that insulin receptor gene mutations blunt increases in PTPase activity in response to insulin, possibly via a negative feedback mechanism. Our data suggest that the PTPase activity in patients with insulin receptor gene mutation and severe insulin resistance may differ from that in ordinary type 2 diabetes. PMID- 18925541 TI - On "patency of radial arteries reconstructed after radial forearm flap harvest (J Reconstr Microsurg 2007;23:347-350)". PMID- 18925542 TI - A novel model for supermicrosurgery training: the superficial inferior epigastric artery flap in rats. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the usefulness of a new flap model, the superficial inferior epigastric artery (SIEA) flap for supermicrosurgical training. Experimental groups were randomly divided into three groups of 10 rats each. In each group SIEA flaps were elevated and then returned to their original locations with or without vascular anastomosis of the superficial inferior epigastric vessels. Group 1: free SIEA flap, group 2: free SIEA flap with 1 hour ischemia time, group 3: free SIEA flap with 4 hours ischemia time, group 4: SIEA flap without vascular anastomosis. The viability rate was 80% with group 1, 50% with group 2, and 40% with group 3. All nonvascularized flaps (group 4) underwent complete necrosis. These findings suggest that preservation of blood flow in a flap has a beneficial effect on the prevention of microthrombosis in the subcutaneous capillary network of the skin and increases the flap survival rate. The SIEA flap with preserved circulation is an ideal model for developing supermicrosurgical skills. PMID- 18925543 TI - Vascularized proximal fibular autograft for treatment of post-traumatic segmental bony defects in the distal radius. AB - Vascularized proximal fibular autograft is reported as one of the reconstructive procedures for the wrists following tumor resection in the distal end of the radius. However, it is rarely performed for the treatment of segmental bony defects in the distal radius after trauma. A 19-year-old man who had traumatic bony defects in the distal radius involving the articular surface underwent vascularized proximal fibular grafting for reconstruction of the wrist. After surgery, he regained wrist functions, with 40 degrees of flexion, 45 degrees of extension, 90 degrees of pronation, and 45 degrees of supination. No evidence of instability or degenerative changes was noted in the reconstructed wrist at 3 years after surgery. Vascularized proximal fibular autograft appears a useful procedure both for reconstruction of the wrist in cases with segmental bony defects in the distal radius after trauma, as well as for after tumor resection. PMID- 18925544 TI - A case of latissimus dorsi pedicle arising from the lateral thoracic vessels. AB - The thoracodorsal system represents a versatile, yet reliable system for the harvest of tissues for microsurgical transplantation. Also, the donor vessel anatomy is generally thought to be highly predictable in terms of topography and branching patterns. In this article we describe for the first time the occurrence of a branching pattern during a clinical harvest of the latissimus dorsi muscle flap, previously encountered only in cadaver dissections. We compare our intraoperative findings with published anatomical investigations and discuss the implications of this particular variation of the blood supply to the latissimus dorsi muscle for clinical practice. PMID- 18925545 TI - Double-barrel free fibula flap for treatment of infected nonunion of both forearm bones. AB - Free vascularized bone transfer is a viable treatment option for extensive bony defects greater than 6 to 8 cm involving scarred, poorly vascularized, or infected recipient beds, such as in chronically infected nonunion of the radius and ulna treated with a double-barrel free fibula flap. Both patients reported here experienced bony union with significant resolution of their symptoms. Although range of motion improved following an aggressive physical therapy regimen, pronation was adversely affected. Chronic infected nonunions or nonunions from radionecrosis involving large segmental defects of both forearm bones are a truly unique challenge and must be treated aggressively to ensure any useful long term function of the injured limb. PMID- 18925546 TI - The free vascularized fibular epiphyseal transfer: long-term results of wrist reconstruction in young patients. AB - To date, the dominant blood supply to the head of the fibula and to the growth plate is known to be the anterior tibial artery. The peroneal artery had been used before, among other donor pedicles, for microvascular transfers of this epiphyseal region. This study presents the long-term results of this now obsolete pedicle and compares them to other reports in the literature. Follow-up was performed in 1996 and in 2003 with six patients who underwent wrist reconstruction in the 1980s. Procedures were performed following one resection of a malignant synovialoma, two traumatic hand amputations, and three radial aplasias. Evaluation was performed with functional and radiographic examinations. Three cases that were examined in 2003 are presented in detail. The study shows that if growth plates are closed at the time of procedure or the transplanted fibula is long enough to ensure anastomotic flow between metaphyseal and epiphyseal vessels, results are good. If any of these two conditions is not fulfilled, vascular supply to the epiphysis is insufficient. Long bone deviation or bone necrosis will result. These results confirm clinically current knowledge about the epiphyseal and metaphyseal blood supply to the fibula. PMID- 18925547 TI - The application of laser-assisted indocyanine green fluorescent dye angiography in microsurgical breast reconstruction. AB - The benefits of laser-assisted indocyanine green fluorescence angiography have previously been demonstrated in cardiac surgery. The purpose of this study was to determine the value of this technology in microsurgical breast reconstruction. Intraoperative laser-assisted indocyanine green fluorescence angiography was performed on all microsurgical breast reconstruction cases (deep inferior epigastric perforator flap or free transverse rectus abdominus muscle flap) during the study period. Ten consecutive free tissue transfer autologous breast reconstructions were performed on 8 women. In four cases, imaging demonstrated flow or perfusion deemed "marginal" or "poor" by the operating surgeons. In three of these cases, one involving poor arterial inflow, one of poor venous outflow, and one of poor perfusion of a mastectomy flap, the intraoperative plan was adjusted accordingly and follow-up imaging demonstrated improvement. In the fourth case, no adjustment was made at operation. However this patient required a return to the operating room for venous congestion of the flap, which was corrected without sequela. Overall flap survival was 100%. We concluded that laser-assisted indocyanine green fluorescence angiography appears to provide important information that has helped guide intraoperative decision making in our series. PMID- 18925548 TI - Intracranial microvascular free flaps. AB - Large acquired intracranial defects can result from trauma or surgery. When reoperation is required because of infection or tumor recurrence, management of the intracranial dead space can be challenging. By providing well-vascularized bulky tissue, intracranial microvascular free flaps offer potential solutions to these life-threatening complications. A multi-institutional retrospective chart and radiographic review was performed of all patients who underwent microvascular free-flap surgery for salvage treatment of postoperative intracranial infections between 1998 and 2006. A total of six patients were identified with large intracranial defects and postoperative intracranial infections. Four patients had parenchymal resections for tumor or seizure and two patients had posttraumatic encephalomalacia. All patients underwent operative debridement and intracranial free-flap reconstruction using the latissimus dorsi muscle (N=2), rectus abdominis muscle (N=2), or omentum (N=2). All patients had titanium (N=4) or Medpor (N=2) cranioplasties. We concluded that surgery or trauma can result in significant intracranial dead space. Treatment of postoperative intracranial infection can be challenging. Vascularized free tissue transfer not only fills the void, but also provides a delivery system for immune cells, antibodies, and systemically administered antibiotics. The early use of this technique when intracranial dead space and infection coexist is beneficial. PMID- 18925549 TI - New fibrin conduit for peripheral nerve repair. AB - An ideal substitute to treat a nerve gap has not been found. Initially, silicone conduits were employed. Later, conduits were fabricated from collagen or polyesters carbonates. More recently, it has been shown that a bioresorbable material, poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), can enhance nerve repair. The present investigation shows the use of fibrin as a conduit to guide nerve regeneration and bridge nerve defects. In this study we prepared and investigated a novel nerve conduit made from fibrin glue. Using a rodent sciatic nerve injury model (10-mm gap), we compared the extent of nerve regeneration through the new fibrin conduits versus established PHB conduits. After 2 and 4 weeks, conduits containing proximal and distal stumps were harvested. We evaluated the initial axon and Schwann cell stimulation using immunohistochemistry. The conduits presented full tissue integration and were completely intact. Axons crossed the gap after 1 month. Immunohistochemistry using the axonal marker PGP 9.5 showed a superior nerve regeneration distance in the fibrin conduit compared with PHB (4.1 mm versus 1.9 mm). Schwann cell intrusion (S100 staining) was similarly enhanced in the fibrin conduits, both from the proximal (4.2 mm versus 2.1 mm) and distal ends (3.2 mm versus 1.7 mm). These findings suggest an advantage of the new fibrin conduit for the important initial phase of peripheral nerve regeneration. The use of fibrin glue as a conduit is a step toward a usable graft to bridge peripheral nerve lesions. This might be clinically interesting, given the widespread acceptance of fibrin glue among the surgical community. PMID- 18925550 TI - Management of radial nerve injury associated with humeral shaft fractures: an evidence-based approach. AB - Injury to the radial nerve is not uncommonly associated with fractures of the humerus. Despite a considerable amount of information and literature regarding management of these associated injuries, a universally accepted algorithm for treatment remains elusive. This article assimilates the data and provides evidence-based recommendations regarding treatment. PMID- 18925551 TI - Treatment of chronic nonunions of the humerus with free vascularized fibula transfer: a report of thirteen cases. AB - Chronic nonunions of the humerus remain a challenging problem. We reviewed 13 cases of chronic nonunion of the humerus resulting from trauma or osteomyelitis treated with vascularized fibula transfer after failure of conventional treatment. Patient averages were 35 years of age, follow-up of 19 months, and 4.2 prior operations. Healing was obtained in 12 of 13 (92%) patients with an average healing time of 18 weeks and graft length of 12.5 cm. In total, 11 of 12 (91%) patients who united had good to excellent range of motion of their shoulder and elbow. There were eight complications in 7 of 13 patients (54%). Two patients developed fractures of the graft, and three had superficial infections at the harvest site requiring operative debridement. Two patients had median neurapraxia that resolved by 4 months. Two patients complained of intermittent pain at the donor site. No significant correlations were found between time to heal and other covariates. PMID- 18925552 TI - The behavioral and immunological effect of GM-1 ganglioside on nerve root regeneration following C5 nerve root avulsion in a rat model. AB - Preganglionic nerve root avulsion precludes sensory return, but motor regeneration is possible with sparing of motoneurons. The effect of GM-1 ganglioside treatment was studied with parallel evaluation of the autoimmune response. Rats (N=64) received injections of either GM-1 ganglioside or saline for 30 days following either C5 root avulsion or a hemilaminectomy control. The Bertelli grooming test assessed functional return. Before sacrifice at 5 months, serum was collected for enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay testing. Only 44% of the rats treated with ganglioside had a good functional outcome compared with 50% for controls. Although 17% of the rats developed anti GM-1 antibodies, there was no functional or histological evidence of neuropathy in any of the rats. We conclude that ganglioside treatment did not enhance recovery from peripheral nerve injury. Although an immune response was present in some rats, no overt signs of neuropathy were observed. PMID- 18925553 TI - [30 years animal welfare legislation: what has been achieved?]. AB - The contribution deals with history and effects of the Swiss animal welfare legislation of 1978. Special descriptions concern the development and increasing dissemination of animal friendly housing systems for cattle, swine, rabbits and poultry, the realization of the prohibition of the usual cages for laying hens until the end of 1991 and the development of aviary systems, the examination and improvement of many housing systems and equipment for farm animals, adaptations of many enclosures for wild animals in zoos and circuses, improvements in animal experimentation and also in housing of companion animals. The new animal welfare law of 2005 and the animal welfare ordinance of 2008 filled loopholes in the legislation. Animal friendly housing forms may also have economic advantages. PMID- 18925554 TI - [30 years animal welfare legislation: where are the problems of application?]. AB - The contribution deals with legal structure, organization and problems of application of the Swiss animal welfare legislation of 1978. Besides positive effects considerable problems with the application of the legislation occurred, in particular in housing of bovines, swine and laying hens. Punishable acts of animal protection in companion and pet animals were markedly increasing in the last years, particularly in dogs. There were also loopholes in the legislation, which could be filled by the new animal welfare law of 2005 and the animal welfare ordinance of 2008 with only a few exceptions. PMID- 18925555 TI - [Cattle farmers' perception of the nuisances caused by insects and ticks to cattle in the Canton Jura]. AB - During summer 2005, a survey of 172 farmers from the Canton Jura was carried out to determine their perception of the nuisances caused by insects and ticks to cattle. The presence of ticks was significantly more often spontaneously mentioned by farmers in the Clos-du-Doubs and in the district of Delemont (95% and 72%, respectively) than in Ajoie and in the Franches-Montagnes (29% and 19%, respectively, p < 0.0001). 20% of the farmers perceived the tick populations to be increasing. The following diseases were spontaneously listed: keratoconjunctivitis (59%), mastitis related to flies (31%), hypodermosis (15%), ehrlichiosis (12%) and babesiosis (10%). Suspicion of ehrlichiosis was significantly more often mentioned in the district of Delemont than in the rest of the canton (p < 0.001) which was associated with the presence of ticks observed by farmers (p < 0.001). Cases of clinical babesiosis, which is common in the Clos_du_Doubs, were mentioned by farmers outside this area: Delemont (3/57) and Ajoie (1/26). In this study babesiosis depends on the production area, on the presence of ticks observed by farmers and on the presence of water in the pasture (p < 0.05). This study shows that cattle farmers are well aware of the presence of the diseases linked to insects and ticks and that the perception of their distribution is in accordance with the epidemiological data. An overview of the epidemiology of tick- and insect-related diseases can therefore be established by surveying farmers' perception, but should then be confirmed by a biomedical study. Due to their accurate observations, farmers are key participants at the first level of surveillance systems of animal diseases. PMID- 18925557 TI - [Labor regulation questions: work prevention not the workers' fault and its consequences]. PMID- 18925558 TI - [Time and self management: call it a day: at the end of the day, there are still cases remaining]. PMID- 18925560 TI - Ileal atresia after fetoscopic laser photocoagulation for twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome--a case report. PMID- 18925563 TI - Needs assessment of runaway females in Iran from an occupational therapy perspective. AB - The purpose of this descriptive study was to assess, from an occupational therapy perspective, the occupational performance needs of runaway females between 15 and 33 years old, residing in the state-run shelters in Mashhad, Iran. The inclusion criteria were: (1) participants who were 15 years old or above; (2) participants who resided in one of the state-run shelters in Mashhad; and (3) participants who could read, comprehend and write in Farsi. A written survey was completed by 44 runaway females (response rate: 36.6%). The findings revealed the occupational needs of this population to be as follows: vocational needs to find a meaningful job, emotional needs to manage depression and hopelessness, social participation needs to manage family and peer/friend relationships and peer interactions with the opposite sex to find an appropriate mate and educational needs to continue their education. Participants were from one area of Iran, so the results of the study cannot be generalized to runaway females residing in shelters in other areas of the country. Future research could include a qualitative design to explore more in-depth needs of this population. Also, a larger population of runaway females nationwide should be included in a study to increase generalizability. PMID- 18925562 TI - Descending brain-spinal cord projections in a primitive vertebrate, the lamprey: cerebrospinal fluid-contacting and dopaminergic neurons. AB - We used Neurobiotin as a retrograde tract tracer in both larval and adult sea lampreys and observed a number of neuronal brainstem populations (mainly reticular and octaval populations and some diencephalic nuclei) that project to the spinal cord, in agreement with the results of previous tracer studies. We also observed small labeled neurons in the ventral hypothalamus, the mammillary region, and the paratubercular nucleus, nuclei that were not reported as spinal projecting. Notably, most of the labeled cells of the mammillary region and some of the ventral hypothalamus were cerebrospinal fluid-contacting (CSF-c) neurons. Combined tract tracing and immunocytochemistry showed that some of the labeled neurons of the mammillary and paratubercular nuclei were dopamine immunoreactive. In addition, some CSF-c cells were labeled in the caudal rhombencephalon and rostral spinal cord, and many were also dopamine immunoreactive. Results with other tracers (biotinylated dextran amines, horseradish peroxidase, and the carbocyanine dye DiI) also demonstrated that the molecular weight or the molecular nature of the tracer was determinant in revealing diencephalic cells with very thin axons. The results show that descending systems afferent to the spinal cord in lampreys are more varied than previously reported, and reveal a descending projection from CSF-c cells, which is unknown in vertebrates. The present results also reveal the existence of large differences between agnathans and gnathostomes in the organization of the dopaminergic cells that project to the spinal cord. PMID- 18925564 TI - The emergence of segmental accuracy in young cochlear implant recipients. AB - In the first steps toward intelligible speech, children must match sounds they can produce with salient word targets from their environment. Differences in auditory history between normal-hearing children (NH) and children receiving cochlear implants (CI) before the age of 24 months afford examination of the production system and auditory perceptual effects on the emergence of early segmental accuracy. Consonant and vowel inventories, accuracy and error patterns during the single-word period were examined in four NH and four CI children. NH and CI groups differed significantly on consonant accuracy, shifting from omissions to correct productions. Vowel productions improved from partially correct to correct. Both groups improved over time and showed similar patterns for segmental accuracy. Results suggest resilience of the production system to differences in auditory history. PMID- 18925565 TI - Types of taste circuits synaptically linked to a few geniculate ganglion neurons. AB - The present study evaluates the central circuits that are synaptically engaged by very small subsets of the total population of geniculate ganglion cells to test the hypothesis that taste ganglion cells are heterogeneous in terms of their central connections. We used transsynaptic anterograde pseudorabies virus labeling of fungiform taste papillae to infect single or small numbers of geniculate ganglion cells, together with the central neurons with which they connect, to define differential patterns of synaptically linked neurons in the taste pathway. Labeled brain cells were localized within known gustatory regions, including the rostral central subdivision (RC) of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST), the principal site where geniculate axons synapse, and the site containing most of the cells that project to the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) of the pons. Cells were also located in the rostral lateral NST subdivision (RL), a site of trigeminal and sparse geniculate input, and the ventral NST (V) and medullary reticular formation (RF), a caudal brainstem pathway leading to reflexive oromotor functions. Comparisons among cases, each with a random, very small subset of labeled geniculate neurons, revealed "types" of central neural circuits consistent with a differential engagement of either the ascending or the local, intramedullary pathway by different classes of ganglion cells. We conclude that taste ganglion cells are heterogeneous in terms of their central connectivity, some engaging, predominantly, the ascending "lemniscal," taste pathway, a circuit associated with higher order discriminative and homeostatic functions, others engaging the "local," intramedullary "reflex" circuit that mediates ingestion and rejection oromotor behaviors. PMID- 18925566 TI - Limited intravascular coupling in the rodent brainstem and retina supports a role for glia in regional blood flow. AB - Regional synaptic activity induces local increases in perfusion that are coupled to upstream vasodilation and improved blood flow. In the cerebral circulation, it has been proposed that astrocytes mediate the link between the initiating stimulus and local vasodilation through propagated intracellular calcium waves. In the systemic circulation the mechanism by which local vasodilation triggers upstream alterations in blood flow involves electrotonic propagation of hyperpolarization via endothelial gap junctions, although less is known concerning the cerebral circulation. The present study aimed to investigate the extent of coupling in microvessels of the rodent brainstem and retina and the subtypes of intracellular calcium stores that might mediate astrocytic signaling. Within the brainstem, connexins (Cxs) 37 and 40 were restricted to the endothelium of pial vessels and larger penetrating arterioles, whereas astrocytic Cxs30 and 43 were found closely associated with pre- and postsynaptic neurons and nearby microvessels. Within the rat retina, Cxs37 and 40 were expressed in large radiating arterioles, but were not found in smaller vessels on the retinal surface or in the deeper retinal layers. These Cxs were absent from all retinal vessels in mice. Astrocytes, expressing Cxs30 and 43 in the rat, but only Cx43 in the mouse, were found closely associated with superficial, but not deeper blood vessels. Inositol-trisphosphate receptors (IP(3)R) 1 and 2 were expressed within brainstem astrocytes, whereas IP(3)R1 and 3 were expressed within retinal astrocytes. Limited intravascular coupling and the proximity of astrocytic networks to blood vessels supports a role for glia in activity-dependent alterations in central blood flow. PMID- 18925567 TI - Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules as a possible source for molecular studies: analysis of RNA obtained from routine cases. AB - Thyroid nodules are frequent in clinical practice and fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is widely used for its evaluation, but approximately 20% of the cases are diagnosed as indeterminate for malignancy. Aspirates from thyroid nodules can be used for ancillary methods, but molecular techniques are not routinely applied to these specimens. Forty-six consecutive, routinely performed, FNAB of thyroid nodules were evaluated for the feasibility of applying RT-PCR method. RNA was extracted from 1 of 3 fresh residual samples and analyzed to determine its pureness, integrity, and concentration. Cellularity was adequate in all 46, except one, specimens analyzed, scored as 0, 1+, 2+, 3+, and 4+ in 1, 10, 14, 9, and 8 cases, respectively. Thirty-three nodules measured less than 1.5 cm. Cytological diagnosis was positive for malignancy in 3 cases, indeterminate for malignancy in 3, most probably benign follicular lesion in 7, negative for malignancy in 32, and suggestive of benign follicular lesion in 1. Good quality RNA was successfully isolated in 45/46 (97.8%) samples, with an average RNA concentration of 14 ng/microl and detection of B2M mRNA in 97.7% (44/45). There was no significant correlation between RNA concentration and nodule size or specimen cellularity. In conclusion, molecular analysis using individual, residual samples of thyroid nodules aspirates is feasible and could be employed for molecular preoperative studies in the future, adding elements for final cytological diagnosis of indeterminate cases, without altering the routine procedure. PMID- 18925569 TI - Ovarian carcinoma presenting with axillary lymph node metastasis: a case diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration and brief review of the literature. AB - Ovarian carcinoma is a lethal disease and a main cause of morbidity and mortality among gynecological malignancies. Metastatic ovarian carcinoma to the axillary node is an exceptionally infrequent pathological entity. We report a case of ovarian carcinoma, which presented with axillary lymph node metastasis and review the previously documented cases. A 63-year-old woman with a medical history of stage IIIb ovarian carcinoma was admitted to our hospital complaining of a mass in her right axilla. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy was performed. Cytological examination revealed a poorly differentiated carcinoma with immunocytochemical features consistent with metastatic ovarian carcinoma. This case illustrates a rare presentation of ovarian carcinoma and underlines the need to consider it in the differential diagnosis of axillary lesions. PMID- 18925568 TI - Spectrum of cytomorphological features, including literature review, of an extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma with t(9;22)(q22;q12) (TEC/EWS) results in one case. AB - Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma (EMC) is an uncommon soft tissue sarcoma with evolving literature on its cytomorphological features and limited documentation of its molecular analysis. Herein, we present cytological features, including review, of four cases of an EMC. Smears were predominantly hypercellular, comprising tumor cells arranged in clusters, traberculae, and cords against a variable chondromyxoid background. Cells were mainly polygonal shaped with round to indented nuclei, uniform chromatin, displaying intranuclear inclusions, grooves, and eosinophilic to finely vacuolated cytoplasm. Three cases revealed presence of "rhabdoid" cells. All cases had histopathologic confirmation. One case displayed t(9;22)(q22;q12) translocation by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), on smears. PMID- 18925570 TI - Cytological diagnosis of a presacral myelolipoma: a case report diagnosed by fine needle aspiration. PMID- 18925571 TI - Developmental plasticity in a biocultural context. PMID- 18925572 TI - Low birth weight of contemporary African Americans: an intergenerational effect of slavery? AB - The average birth weight in the contemporary African-American population is about 250 g lower than the average birth weight of European Americans. Differences in genetic and socioeconomic factors present between these two groups can explain only part of birth weight variation. I propose a hypothesis that the low birth weight of contemporary African Americans not only results from the difference in present exposure to lifestyle factors known to affect fetal development but also from conditions experienced during the period of slavery. Slaves had poor nutritional status during all stages of life because of the inadequate dietary intake accompanied by high energetic costs of physical work and infectious diseases. The concept of "fetal programming" suggests that physiology and metabolism including growth and fat accumulation of the developing fetus, and, thus its birth weight, depend on intergenerational signal of environmental quality passed through generations of matrilinear ancestors. I suggest that several generations that have passed since the abolition of slavery in the United States (1865) has not been enough to obliterate the impact of slavery on the current biological and health condition of the African-American population. PMID- 18925573 TI - Epigenetics and the embodiment of race: developmental origins of US racial disparities in cardiovascular health. AB - The relative contribution of genetic and environmental influences to the US black white disparity in cardiovascular disease (CVD) is hotly debated within the public health, anthropology, and medical communities. In this article, we review evidence for developmental and epigenetic pathways linking early life environments with CVD, and critically evaluate their possible role in the origins of these racial health disparities. African Americans not only suffer from a disproportionate burden of CVD relative to whites, but also have higher rates of the perinatal health disparities now known to be the antecedents of these conditions. There is extensive evidence for a social origin to prematurity and low birth weight in African Americans, reflecting pathways such as the effects of discrimination on maternal stress physiology. In light of the inverse relationship between birth weight and adult CVD, there is now a strong rationale to consider developmental and epigenetic mechanisms as links between early life environmental factors like maternal stress during pregnancy and adult race-based health disparities in diseases like hypertension, diabetes, stroke, and coronary heart disease. The model outlined here builds upon social constructivist perspectives to highlight an important set of mechanisms by which social influences can become embodied, having durable and even transgenerational influences on the most pressing US health disparities. We conclude that environmentally responsive phenotypic plasticity, in combination with the better studied acute and chronic effects of social-environmental exposures, provides a more parsimonious explanation than genetics for the persistence of CVD disparities between members of socially imposed racial categories. PMID- 18925575 TI - Resolution of mirror syndrome after successful fetoscopic laser photocoagulation of communicating placental vessels in severe twin-twin transfusion syndrome. PMID- 18925576 TI - Increased diabetes development and decreased function of CD4+CD25+ Treg in the absence of a functional DAP12 adaptor protein. AB - Prior to the development of type 1 diabetes, T cells are primed in the pancreatic lymph nodes (PLN) where they interact with APC displaying beta cell-derived peptides. The details concerning the regulation of autoreactive T cell responses in the PLN are unclear. BDC2.5/B6g7 TCR transgenic mice represent a simplified model of type 1 diabetes, in which beta cell-specific CD4+ T cells expressing a diabetogenic transgenic TCR are first activated in the PLN and subsequently home to the pancreas where they mediate killing of beta cells. DNAX-activating protein of 12 kDa (DAP12) is an adaptor molecule carrying an ITAM motif. It associates with receptors on lymphoid and myeloid cells, including APC. We here show that introduction of a DAP12 null mutation in BDC2.5/B6g7 mice accelerated diabetes development and promoted an augmented activation state of PLN T cells expressing the transgenic TCR. Transferred BDC2.5 T cells proliferated more efficiently in the PLN of DAP12-deficient B6g7 recipients, which correlated with a decreased impact of co-transferred BDC2.5+CD4+CD25+ T cells. We propose that signaling through a DAP12-associated receptor on APC facilitates activation of Treg in the PLN and by this contributes to the maintenance of peripheral tolerance to beta cell-derived antigens. PMID- 18925574 TI - Sustained delivery of NT-3 from lens fiber cells in transgenic mice reveals specificity of neuroprotection in retinal degenerations. AB - Several neurotrophic factors (NTFs) are effective in protecting retinal photoreceptor cells from the damaging effects of constant light and slowing the rate of inherited photoreceptor degenerations. It is currently unclear whether, if continuously available, all NTFs can be protective for many or most retinal degenerations (RDs). We used transgenic mice that continuously overexpress the neurotrophin NT-3 from lens fibers under the control of the alphaA-crystallin promoter to test for neuroprotection in light-damage experiments and in four naturally occurring or transgenically induced RDs in mice. Lens-specific expression of NT-3 mRNA was demonstrated both by in situ hybridization in embryos and by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in adult mice. Furthermore, NT-3 protein was found in abundance in the lens, ocular fluids, and retina by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunocytochemistry. Overexpression of NT-3 had no adverse effects on the structure or function of the retina for up to at least 14 months of age. Mice expressing the NT-3 transgene were protected from the damaging effects of constant light to a much greater degree than those receiving bolus injections of NT-3. When the NT-3 transgene was transferred into rd/rd, Rds/+, Q344ter mutant rhodopsin or Mertk knockout mice, overexpression of NT-3 had no protective effect on the RDs in these mice. Thus, specificity of the neuroprotective effect of NT-3 is clearly demonstrated, and different molecular mechanisms are inferred to mediate the protective effect in light-induced and inherited RDs. PMID- 18925578 TI - Treatment of restless legs syndrome: an evidence-based review and implications for clinical practice. AB - Only in the last three decades, the restless legs syndrome (RLS) has been examined in randomized controlled trials. The Movement Disorder Society (MDS) commissioned a task force to perform an evidence-based review of the medical literature on treatment modalities used to manage patients with RLS. The task force performed a search of the published literature using electronic databases. The therapeutic efficacy of each drug was classified as being either efficacious, likely efficacious, investigational, nonefficacious, or lacking sufficient evidence to classify. Implications for clinical practice were generated based on the levels of evidence and particular features of each modality, such as adverse events. All studies were classed according to three levels of evidence. All Level I trials were included in the efficacy tables; if no Level-I trials were available then Level-II trials were included or, in the absence of Level-II trials, Level-III studies or case series were included. Only studies published in print or online before December 31, 2006 were included. All studies published after 1996, which attempted to assess RLS augmentation, were reviewed in a separate section. The following drugs are considered efficacious for the treatment of RLS: levodopa, ropinirole, pramipexole, cabergoline, pergolide, and gabapentin. Drugs considered likely efficacious are rotigotine, bromocriptine, oxycodone, carbamazepine, valproic acid, and clonidine. Drugs that are considered investigational are dihydroergocriptine, lisuride, methadone, tramadol, clonazepam, zolpidem, amantadine, and topiramate. Magnesium, folic acid, and exercise are also considered to be investigational. Sumanirole is nonefficacious. Intravenous iron dextran is likely efficacious for the treatment of RLS secondary to end-stage renal disease and investigational in RLS subjects with normal renal function. The efficacy of oral iron is considered investigational; however, its efficacy appears to depend on the iron status of subjects. Cabergoline and pergolide (and possibly lisuride) require special monitoring due to fibrotic complications including cardiac valvulopathy. Special monitoring is required for several other medications based on clinical concerns: opioids (including, but not limited to, oxycodone, methadone and tramadol), due to possible addiction and respiratory depression, and some anticonvulsants (particularly, carbamazepine and valproic acid), due to systemic toxicities. PMID- 18925577 TI - Migration of antibody secreting cells towards CXCL12 depends on the isotype that forms the BCR. AB - Truncation of the cytoplasmic tail of membrane-bound IgE in vivo results in lower serum IgE levels, decreased numbers of IgE-secreting plasma cells and the abrogation of specific secondary immune responses. Here we present mouse strain KN1 that expresses a chimeric epsilon-gamma1 BCR, consisting of the extracellular domains of the epsilon gene and the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of the gamma1 gene. Thus, differences in the IgE immune response of KN1 mice reflect the influence of the "gamma1-mediated signalling" of mIgE bearing B cells. KN1 mice show an increased serum IgE level, resulting from an elevated number of IgE secreting cells. Although the primary IgE immune response in KN1 mice is inconspicuous, the secondary response is far more robust. Most strikingly, IgE antibody secreting cells with "gamma1-signalling history" migrate more efficiently towards the chemokine CXCL12, which guides plasmablasts to plasma cell niches, than IgE-antibody secreting cells with WT "epsilon-signalling history". We conclude that IgE plasmablasts have an intrinsic, lower chance to contribute to the long-lived plasma cell pool than IgG1 plasmablasts. PMID- 18925579 TI - Influence of ultrasonographers training on prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart diseases: a 12-year population-based study. AB - OBJECTIVE: Since 1998, French multidisciplinary prenatal diagnosis centers (CPDPN) offer a training opportunity to first-level screening sonographers. This study measures the impact of this training on prenatal detection rates of congenital heart diseases (CHDs). METHODS: We analyzed the sensitivity of screening sonographers by comparing CHD prenatal diagnoses and CHDs observed after birth in the area of Angers from 1994 to 2006. Two groups of sonographers were compared, those who attended the training (n=19) and those who did not (control group. n=21). The evolution of CHD detection rate was compared between two successive periods of 6 years each. RESULTS: Of 947 CHDs, 438 (46%) were detected prenatally. The control group sensitivity was 16 versus 37% for the sonographers who had attended the training course (p<0.001).Between the two study periods, detection rates for all CHDs and significant CHDs remained unchanged in the control group, whereas they improved significantly in the other group (respectively 54% vs 33% and 75% vs 38%, p<0.05). CONCLUSION: This study supports the hypothesis of a beneficial effect of CPDPN on prenatal diagnosis of CHDs. These centers not only fulfill their primary purpose but also operate as learning centers in which screening sonographers may improve their practice. PMID- 18925580 TI - The utility of detailed first trimester ultrasound examination in abnormal fetal nuchal translucency. AB - OBJECTIVE: To determine the value of a first trimester fetal ultrasound examination in cases of an increased nuchal translucency (NT). METHOD: A detailed fetal ultrasound examination was performed within 4 days of a detection of a first trimester increased NT. RESULTS: As many as 23 fetuses were evaluated. Severe anomalies were detected in eight and mild anomalies were detected in six fetuses. Two fetuses had trisomy 13, one had trisomy 21, and 16 fetuses had a normal karyotype. A chromosomal analysis was not available in four fetuses with major anomalies due to parental decision. In one fetus, craniosynostosis was detected only at 24 weeks' gestation. CONCLUSIONS: The current study shows that a first trimester targeted scan of fetuses with an increased NT in an experienced center can shorten the parental decision-making process and spare parents a prolonged period of diagnostic uncertainty and anxiety, particularly when a structural anomaly is clearly diagnosed in the first trimester. PMID- 18925581 TI - Ring-opening polymerization of DD-lactide catalyzed by Novozyme 435. AB - In contrast to LLA, DLA is converted in toluene solution under mild reaction conditions (50-70 degrees C) using Novozyme 435 (immobilized CALB) to form the corresponding polymer. The influence of several parameters, such as enzyme concentration, temperature and monomer concentration, on the polymerization rate and the monomer conversion was studied. In contrast to the Novozyme 435 catalyzed polymerization of epsilon-caprolactone, enzyme deactivation occurs. It is attributed to the deprivation of water from the enzyme. This work points out that by careful selection of the reaction conditions, it is possible to obtain poly(D lactide) in reasonable molecular weights and in high yields using Novozyme 435 catalysis. PMID- 18925582 TI - N-glycan analysis by CGE-LIF: profiling influenza A virus hemagglutinin N glycosylation during vaccine production. AB - Glycoproteins, such as monoclonal antibodies as well as recombinant and viral proteins produced in mammalian cell culture play an important role in manufacturing of many biopharmaceuticals. To ensure consisting quality of the corresponding products, glycosylation profiles have to be tightly controlled, as glycosylation affects important properties of the corresponding proteins, including bioactivity and antigenicity. This study describes the establishment of a method for analyzing N-glycosylation patterns of mammalian cell culture-derived influenza A virus glycoproteins used in vaccine manufacturing. It comprises virus purification directly from cell culture supernatant, protein isolation, deglycosylation, and clean-up steps as well as "fingerprint" analysis of N-glycan pools by CGE-LIF, using a capillary DNA-sequencer. Reproducibility studies of CGE LIF, virus purification, and sample preparation have been performed. For demonstrating its applicability, the method was exemplarily used for monitoring batch-to-batch reproducibility in vaccine production, with respect to the glycosylation pattern of the membrane protein hemagglutinin of influenza A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) virus. This method allows characterization of variations in protein glycosylation patterns, directly by N-glycan "fingerprint" alignment. PMID- 18925583 TI - Boronate affinity saccharide electrophoresis: a novel carbohydrate analysis tool. AB - The incorporation of specialised carbohydrate affinity ligand methacrylamido phenylboronic acid in polyacrylamide gels for fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis greatly improved the effective separation of saccharides that show similar mobilities in standard electrophoresis. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using methacrylamido phenylboronic acid in low loading (typically 0.5-1% dry weight) was unequivocally shown to alter retention of labelled saccharides depending on their boronate affinity. While conventional fluorophore assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis of 2-aminoacridone labelled glucose oligomers showed an inverted parabolic migration, an undesired trait of small oligosaccharides labelled with this neutral fluorophore, boron affinity saccharide electrophoresis separation of these carbohydrates completely restored their predicted running order, based on their charge/mass ratio, and resulted in improved separation of the analyte saccharides. These results exemplify boron affinity saccharide electrophoresis as an important new technique for analysing carbohydrates and sugar-containing molecules. PMID- 18925584 TI - Low levels of maternal serum PAPP-A in early pregnancy and the risk of adverse outcomes. AB - OBJECTIVES: To determine if low maternal serum level of pregnancy associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) measured in early pregnancy can predict adverse pregnancy outcomes and to examine the gestational age (GA) sampling interval for these outcomes. METHODS: This was a nested case-control study from a prospective cohort of women recruited at <20 weeks of gestation in Halifax, NS. Cases (n=248) were defined as women who had a fetal loss or developed preeclampsia, severe pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), or small for gestational age infant (SGA). Controls (n=244) were frequency matched to cases by GA at the time of serum sampling (6 to <20 weeks GA). Participant information was obtained from questionnaires and medical chart reviews. RESULTS: Women with a low PAPP-A measure [0.4 MoM). However, performance as a screening test was poor [sensitivity=38.7%; specificity=81.6%; positive likelihood ratio (LR)=2.1; negative LR=0.75]. In the adjusted model, the 10- to 14-week GA period was the only time period where low PAPP-A was significantly associated with adverse outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Women with a low PAPP-A early in their pregnancy have twice the risk of an adverse outcome, though PAPP-A as a one-time single marker test has limited value. PMID- 18925585 TI - How to improve on the analysis and presentation of research data submitted to our Journal. PMID- 18925586 TI - Restructuring-induced activity of SiO(2)-supported large au nanoparticles in low temperature CO oxidation. AB - Large Au nanoparticles with an average size of approximately 10 nm supported on inert SiO(2) become active in low-temperature CO oxidation after the addition of NaNO(3). The catalyst structures have been characterized in detail by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The NaNO(3) additive in Au/SiO(2) catalysts does not lead to the formation of fine Au nanoparticles, which are generally considered to be inevitable in low-temperature CO oxidation catalyzed by gold, nor does it alter the electronic structure of Au. The NaNO(3)-induced restructuring of large Au nanoparticles was proposed to create low-coordinated Au sites on the surface capable of catalyzing low-temperature CO oxidation. These results experimentally prove that the activity of supported Au nanoparticles in low-temperature CO oxidation could solely arise from their geometric structure, which greatly deepens the fundamental understandings of Au nanocatalysis. PMID- 18925587 TI - Attachment of different donor groups to a cryptand for modulation of two-photon absorption cross-section. AB - Two-photon absorption (TPA) properties of a laterally nonsymmetric aza cryptand with attached side arms have been investigated. This series of Schiff base derivatives supports the mechanistic approach for enhancing the TPA process, which is usually dictated by molecular geometry, pi-bridging, delocalization length, and corresponding charge-transfer possibilities. The results described here suggest that on increasing the branching units, the TPA cross-section, sigma((2)), can be tuned to a larger value. The TPA activity is "switched on" when a metal atom enters the cavity and serves as a conduit of electronic delocalization. The sigma((2)) value increases as the donor strength increases. The maximum value is obtained on moving from the single-branched system to the nearly threefold symmetry. This serves as a useful synthetic strategy for designing novel octupolar molecules with high sigma((2)) values. Theoretical calculations at the B3LYP functional with the 6-31G* basis set under DFT formalism provide supporting evidence that the communication between the side arms through the metal d orbital and more ordered geometry of chromophores leads to a smaller HOMO-LUMO gap, which has a great influence upon the electronic properties of the molecules. PMID- 18925588 TI - Construction of giant porphyrin macrorings self-assembled from thiophenylene linked bisporphyrins for light-harvesting antennae. AB - As a model of bacterial photosynthetic light-harvesting antenna, a large number of porphyrin units were organized into barrel-shaped macrorings. Two imidazolylporphyrinatozinc(II) molecules were linked through either unsubstituted thiophenes or 3,4-dioctylthiophenes 1 a and 1 b, respectively. These structures were spontaneously organized by complementary coordination of the imidazolyl to zinc and produced a series of self-assembled fluorescent polygonal macrorings under high dilution conditions. The ring size increased compared with previous m phenylene examples. The size distribution was also controlled by the presence of octyl substituents. A wide distribution of macrorings from 7- to >15-mer was obtained from 1 a, whereas macrorings ranging from 7- to 11-mer with a maximum population focused at the 8-mer were formed with 1 b. The size distribution was governed by competition between entropy-favored, smaller-ring formation and the enthalpy-favored, less-strained larger macroring. The UV/Vis spectra showed a gradual redshift for the larger rings reflecting an increase in the transition dipole interactions. PMID- 18925589 TI - Chemical signatures of fossilized resins and recent plant exudates. AB - Amber is one of the few gemstones based on an organic structure. Found over most of the world, it is the fossil form of sticky plant exudates called resins. Investigation of amber by modern analytical techniques provides structural information and insight into the identity of the ancient plants that produced the source resin. Mass spectrometric analysis of materials separated by gas chromatography has identified specific compounds that are the basis of a reliable classification of the different types of amber. NMR spectroscopy of bulk, solid amber provides a complementary classification. NMR spectroscopy also can be used to characterize modern resins as well as other types of plant exudates such as gums, gum resins, and kinos, which strongly resemble resins in appearance but have very different molecular constitutions. PMID- 18925590 TI - Synthesis and characterization of the metal(I) dimers [Ar'MMAr']: comparisons with quintuple-bonded [Ar'CrCrAr']. PMID- 18925591 TI - Photoregulated wormlike motion of a gel. PMID- 18925592 TI - Shape-controlled synthesis of gold nanoparticles in deep eutectic solvents for studies of structure-functionality relationships in electrocatalysis. PMID- 18925593 TI - Total synthesis of thuggacin B. PMID- 18925594 TI - Bismacrocyclic inhibitors of hepatitis C NS3/4a protease. PMID- 18925596 TI - Lewis base assisted Bronsted base catalysis: bidentate phosphine oxides as activators and modulators of Bronsted basic lanthanum-aryloxides. PMID- 18925597 TI - Regiodivergent 1,4 versus 1,6 asymmetric copper-catalyzed conjugate addition. PMID- 18925595 TI - Ping-pong electron transfer through DNA. PMID- 18925599 TI - Stable adducts of a dimeric magnesium(I) compound. PMID- 18925600 TI - Core-satellite nanocomposite catalysts protected by a porous silica shell: controllable reactivity, high stability, and magnetic recyclability. PMID- 18925598 TI - A combined NRVS and DFT study of Fe(IV)=O model complexes: a diagnostic method for the elucidation of non-heme iron enzyme intermediates. PMID- 18925602 TI - Monolithic polymers for cell cultivation, differentiation, and tissue engineering. PMID- 18925603 TI - Direct organocatalytic mannich reaction of acetaldehyde: an improved catalyst and mechanistic insight from a computational study. PMID- 18925601 TI - Poly(methyl methacrylate)s with pendant calixpyrroles and crown ethers: polymeric extractants for potassium halides. PMID- 18925604 TI - Colloidally prepared nanoparticles for the synthesis of structurally well-defined and highly active heterogeneous catalysts. PMID- 18925605 TI - [Ni{N(SiMe2CH2PtBu2)2}]+: direct observation of transannular Si-C(sp3) bond coordination. PMID- 18925606 TI - Real-time ultrasound vs. evaluation of static images in the preoperative assessment of adnexal masses. AB - OBJECTIVE: To determine if the prediction of the malignancy of an adnexal mass using pattern recognition, i.e. subjective evaluation of gray-scale and Doppler ultrasound findings, is as accurate when based on static images as it is when based on a real-time ultrasound examination. METHODS: The static images of 166 non-consecutive patients with 'difficult' adnexal masses, who all underwent surgery and for whom a histopathological diagnosis was available, were evaluated by three experts in gynecological ultrasound ('image experts'). All ultrasound examinations had been performed and the static images saved by a fourth expert sonologist ('real-time' sonologist). All four sonologists classified the adnexal masses as benign or malignant based on their subjective impression and stated with what degree of confidence their diagnosis was made. The diagnostic performance of the real-time sonologist was compared with that of each of the three image experts and with that of the 'consensus opinion' of the image experts (i.e. the diagnosis suggested by at least two of the latter). RESULTS: The real time sonologist correctly predicted the diagnosis with an accuracy of 89% (148/166) vs. 85% (141/166) for the consensus opinion of static images (P = 0.0707). Equivalent values for sensitivity and specificity were 80% (56/70) vs. 83% (58/70) (P = 0.4142) and 96% (92/96) vs. 86% (83/96) (P = 0.0027), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The preoperative diagnosis of an adnexal mass made on the basis of a real-time ultrasound examination is more precise than a diagnosis made on the basis of saved static ultrasound images. Evaluation of static images is associated with lower diagnostic specificity. PMID- 18925607 TI - Results of in utero atrial septoplasty in fetuses with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. AB - OBJECTIVES: Neonates with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and intact or highly restrictive atrial septum have a high rate of mortality. We sought to assess the effect of prenatal intervention intended to create atrial septal defects in fetuses with this diagnosis. METHODS: We reviewed the medical records and imaging of all fetuses undergoing intervention for atrial septal defect creation in the setting of hypoplastic left heart syndrome and intact atrial septum. The procedures were performed with a percutaneous cardiac puncture under the guidance of ultrasonography. For the 21 interventions, patient and procedural characteristics were analyzed to identify predictors of neonatal outcome. RESULTS: Of 21 procedures attempted between 24 and 34 weeks' gestation, 19 were technically successful. Fetal demise occurred in two cases. The size of the created defect varied and measured at least 3 mm in six fetuses. Among 19 neonates, a larger atrial septal defect was associated with higher oxygen saturation and less need for intervention prior to surgical single-ventricle palliation. CONCLUSIONS: Technically successful atrial septal defect creation in fetuses with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and intact atrial septum results in atrial septal defects of varying size; defects of at least 3 mm in diameter appear to confer postnatal benefit. PMID- 18925608 TI - Leptin induces phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies by hepatic stellate cells via a Rho guanosine triphosphatase-dependent mechanism. AB - Leptin, a profibrogenic cytokine, plays an important role in the development of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Leptin also regulates immune responses, including macrophage phagocytic activity. Stellate cells are key elements in liver fibrogenesis, and previously we have demonstrated that phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies by stellate cells is profibrogenic. To study the effects of leptin on the phagocytic activity of hepatic stellate cells, we exposed both LX-2 cells and primary stellate cells to leptin, and we have observed increased phagocytic activity. In stellate cells isolated from Zucker (fa/fa) rats, the rate of phagocytosis was significantly decreased. To investigate the mechanism by which leptin induces phagocytosis, we focused on the role of Rho-guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-ases. We found that leptin induced the PI3K-dependent activation of Rac1, and that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced form (NADPH) oxidase activation was also implicated in this process. Leptin also induced RhoA activation and translocation to the phagosomes. Expression of the constitutive active Rac1 and RhoA both increased the phagocytic rate, whereas inhibition of the Rho-dependent kinase decreased the phagocytic activity. CONCLUSION: We describe a novel role of leptin in the fibrogenic process, the induction of phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies by hepatic stellate cells. The data provide strong evidence of a Rho-GTPase-mediated regulation of the cytoskeleton during stellate cell phagocytosis. Leptin-mediated phagocytic activity of stellate cells therefore could be an important mechanism responsible for progression of fibrosis in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. PMID- 18925610 TI - Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) as a stand-alone test for rapid aneuploidy detection in amniotic fluid cells. AB - OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the diagnostic application of multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) as a stand-alone test for targeted detection of common chromosomal aneuploidies (i.e. 13, 18, 21, X and Y) in amniotic fluid cells in routine prenatal clinical practice. METHODS: In this evaluation study, the MLPA test using kit P095 was performed on 1000 consecutive amniotic fluid samples and the results obtained were compared with traditional karyotyping (TK), the gold standard. RESULTS: The absolute specificity and sensitivity of the MLPA test were 100%. The test yielded a rapid reporting time: 94% within three working days and 5% within seven working days. The test failure rate was 0.8%. The percentage of abnormalities undetectable using this specific test was 2.4%: abnormal foetal ultrasound (N=9), increased risk first trimester screening (N=2), advanced maternal age (N=3) or other reason for referral (N=10). These abnormalities can be categorised in clinically significant (N=8), clinically uncertain (N=4) and clinically nonsignificant (N=12). CONCLUSIONS: MLPA P095 is suitable as a stand-alone test for the rapid and efficient detection of the most common chromosomal aneuploidies in routine prenatal clinical practice. A flow chart for integrating the MLPA test into the cytogenetic laboratory workflow is presented. PMID- 18925609 TI - Diamniotic twin pregnancies with a single placental mass; prediction of chorionicity at 11 to 14 weeks of gestation. AB - OBJECTIVE: To assess the accuracy of transvaginal ultrasound (US) in the prediction of the chorionicity of diamniotic twin pregnancies with a single placental mass at 11 to 14 weeks of gestation. METHOD: From June 2006 to April 2007, we determined chorionicities by depiction of the amnion and chorion at the membrane-to-placental interface using transvaginal US. Pregnancies were classified as monochorionic when two layers of the amnion were identified as dichorionic when either one layer of the chorion and two layers of the amnion or one layer of the chorion and one layer of the amnion were seen. RESULTS: In 65 out of 70 (92.9%) diamniotic twin pregnancies with a single placental mass, we were able to determine the chorionicity by depiction of the amnion and chorion at the membrane-to-placental interface using transvaginal US. The predictive accuracy was 100% (95% confidence interval: 92-100%) for 52 twin pregnancies considered to be dichorionic by transvaginal US and 100% (95% CI: 73-100%) for 13 twin pregnancies considered to be monochorionic. CONCLUSION: The chorionicity of diamniotic twin pregnancies with a single placental mass can be reliably predicted by transvaginal US depiction of the amnion and chorion at 11 to 14 weeks of gestation. PMID- 18925612 TI - Starch-entrapped microspheres extend in vitro fecal fermentation, increase butyrate production, and influence microbiota pattern. AB - Previous research has revealed that waxy corn starch which has been entrapped in a matrix of electrostatically cross-linked alginate, shows a slow digestion rate such that much of the starch may reach the colon; thus making this a new type of resistant starch. The purpose of this research was to test the fermentative properties of starch-entrapped microspheres using a batch fecal fermentation method. Fermentation of starch-entrapped microspheres showed significantly lower rates of gas production compared to waxy corn starch, and showed significant increases in total SCFAs during the latter stages of fermentation (24-48 h), whereas waxy corn starch did not. Cooking the starch-entrapped microspheres increased the amount of SCFAs and the molar fraction of butyrate produced during fermentation. Bacterial fingerprinting revealed that uncooked starch-entrapped microspheres have a unique effect on the microbiota that is different from waxy corn starch alone, but cooking causes a shift toward a pattern more closely resembling that of the starch. Starch-entrapped microspheres may deliver slowly fermentable carbohydrate to the colon, with the ability to influence the microbiota. Further human studies are required to determine whether these characteristics occur in vivo. PMID- 18925611 TI - Influence of a cocoa-enriched diet on specific immune response in ovalbumin sensitized rats. AB - Previous studies in young rats have reported the impact of 3 weeks of high cocoa intake on healthy immune status. The present article describes the effects of a longer-term cocoa-enriched diet (9 weeks) on the specific immune response to ovalbumin (OVA) in adult Wistar rats. At 4 weeks after immunization, control rats produced anti-OVA antibodies, which, according their amount and isotype, were arranged as follows: IgG1 > IgG2a > IgM > IgG2b > IgG2c. Both cocoa diets studied (4% and 10%) down-modulated OVA-specific antibody levels of IgG1 (main subclass associated with the Th2 immune response in rats), IgG2a, IgG2c and IgM isotypes. Conversely, cocoa-fed rats presented equal or higher levels of anti-OVA IgG2b antibodies (subclass linked to the Th1 response). Spleen and lymph node cells from OVA-immunized control and cocoa-fed animals proliferated similarly under OVA stimulation. However, spleen cells from cocoa-fed animals showed decreased interleukin-4 secretion (main Th2 cytokine), and lymph node cells from the same rats displayed higher interferon-gamma secretion (main Th1 cytokine). These changes were accompanied by a reduction in the number of anti-OVA IgG-secreting cells in spleen. In conclusion, cocoa diets induced attenuation of antibody synthesis that may be attributable to specific down-regulation of the Th2 immune response. PMID- 18925613 TI - Quantification of heterocyclic amines from thermally processed meats selected from a small-scale population-based study. AB - Heterocyclic amines (HAs) are potent mutagens that form at high temperatures in cooked, protein-rich food. Due to their frequent intake, these compounds are considered a risk factor for human cancer. Cooking conditions and eating habits strongly influence the level of HA exposure. Thus, it is difficult to assess the intake of HAs in a large population. Food-frequency questionnaires (FFQs), designed to provide data on parameters that affect HA formation, were used to survey a small population (459 persons) from Barcelona (NE Spain). Subsequently, the most-consumed food items named were cooked according to the preferences of the population surveyed and analyzed for HAs using SPE and LC-MS/MS. In the population studied, the estimated intake via consumption of 13 meat dishes was 285.6 ng of mutagenic HAs per capita and day. PhIP (2-amino-1-methyl-6 phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine) was the HA to which the population was most exposed, mainly from fried chicken and griddled beef. When the co-mutagens norharman and harman are included, the mean daily intake of HAs rises to 475.6 ng per capita and day. A novel putative DMIP regioisomer was detected in the cooked meats, which was analyzed in the present study by multistage MS. PMID- 18925614 TI - Daily intake of thiamine correlates with the circulating level of endothelial progenitor cells and the endothelial function in patients with type II diabetes. AB - Our objective was to determine the relationships between levels of different dietary nutrients intake with circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) and vascular endothelial function in type II diabetic patients. We studied the daily dietary nutrients intake, the numbers of circulating CD34(+)/KDR(+) EPC and CD133(+)/KDR(+) EPC and brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in 88 diabetic patients without prior cardiovascular diseases and 91 sex- and age matched controls. Compared with controls, diabetic patients had lower CD133(+)/KDR(+) EPC count (48.3 +/- 5.2 vs. 84.6 +/- 7.6/microL, p < 0.001), CD34(+)/KDR(+) EPC count (311 +/- 41 vs. 412 +/- 36/microL, p = 0.045), and FMD (2.54 +/- 0.37% vs. 5.46 +/- 0.47%, p < 0.001). After adjusted for age, sex, smoking history, body weight, hemoglobin A1c level, total calorie intake, other dietary vitamin intake, use of antihypertensives, and lipid lowering agents, a higher intake of thiamine was significantly associated with a higher level of circulating CD34(+)/KDR(+) EPC (beta = 0.49, p = 0.028) and CD133(+)/KDR(+) EPC (beta = 0.45, p = 0.037) in diabetic patients, but not in controls. Furthermore, an increased intake of thiamine from 1st to 4th quartile in diabetic patients independently predicted an absolute increase in FMD by 1.29% (p = 0.026, relative increase = 63.5%). This study demonstrated that daily thiamine intake was positively correlated with the circulating number of EPCs and FMD in patients with type II diabetes, independent of other dietary nutrients intake. PMID- 18925615 TI - Characterization of Bet v 1-related allergens from kiwifruit relevant for patients with combined kiwifruit and birch pollen allergy. AB - Allergy to kiwifruit appears to have become more common in Europe and elsewhere during the past several years. Seven allergens have been identified from kiwifruit so far, with actinidin, kiwellin and the thaumatin-like protein as the most relevant ones. In contrast to other fruits, no Bet v 1 homologues were characterized from kiwifruit so far. We cloned, purified, and characterized recombinant Bet v 1-homologous allergens from green (Actinidia deliciosa, Act d 8) and gold (Actinidia chinensis, Act c 8) kiwifruit, and confirmed the presence of its natural counterpart by inhibition assays. Well-characterized recombinant Act d 8 and Act c 8 were recognized by birch pollen/kiwifruit (confirmed by double-blind placebo-controlled food challenge) allergic patients in IgE immunoblots and ELISA experiments. The present data point out that Bet v 1 homologues are allergens in kiwifruit and of relevance for patients sensitized to tree pollen and kiwifruit, and might have been neglected so far due to low abundance in the conventional extracts used for diagnosis. PMID- 18925616 TI - Intra- and interobserver reliability of umbilical vein blood flow. AB - OBJECTIVES: To assess the intra- and interobserver reliability of the umbilical vein (UV) diameter, time-averaged maximum velocity (TAMX) and umbilical vein blood flow (BF). METHODS: Sixty-three consecutive singleton pregnancies between 24 and 42 weeks were evaluated by two independent operators. UV diameter and TAMX were measured. UV flow was calculated as UV area x 60 x TAMX x 0.5. Reliability analyses were performed by means of the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for agreement. Differences between and within observers were explored and agreement limits calculated by means of the Bland-Altman test. RESULTS: Satisfactory Doppler parameters were successfully obtained from all fetuses. The intraobserver ICCs for UV diameter, TAMX, and BF were 0.7, 0.59, and 0.55, respectively, whereas the interobserver ICCs were 0.65, 0.46, and 0.60, respectively. The 95% confidence intervals of the intraobserver differences were (+0.15, -0.14), (+8.0, -7.9), and (+150, -138.7), respectively. The 95% confidence intervals of the interobserver differences were (+0.16, -0.16), (+8.5, -8.2), and (+138.8, -141.9), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Noninvasive Doppler calculation of umbilical vein blood flow and its components are reliable enough for clinical use. PMID- 18925617 TI - Prenatal diagnosis and prenatal imaging of a de novo 46,X,der(Y)t(X;Y)(p22.13;q11.23) leading to functional disomy for the distal end of the X chromosome short arm from Xp22.13 in a phenotypically male fetus with posterior fossa abnormalities. PMID- 18925618 TI - Hypophosphatasia: molecular testing of 19 prenatal cases and discussion about genetic counseling. AB - OBJECTIVE: We studied hypophosphatasia (HP) mutations in 19 cases prenatally detected by ultrasonography without familial history of HP. We correlated the mutations with the reported ultrasound signs, and discussed genetic counseling with regard to the particular dominantly inherited prenatal benign form of HP. METHOD: The coding sequence of the tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP) gene was analyzed by DNA sequencing, and 3D modeling was used to locate the mutated amino acids with regard to the functional domains of TNSALP. RESULTS: Although reported ultrasound signs were heterogeneous, two mutated alleles were found in 18 of the 19 cases studied, indicating recessive transmission of the disease. Functional domains of TNSALP were affected by 74% of missense mutations. In all the cases, including one with only a heterozygous mutation, molecular, biological, and familial data do not corroborate the hypothesis of prenatal benign HP. The mutation c.1133A>T observed in the prenatal benign form of HP and common in USA was not found in this series. CONCLUSION: The results point out the prenatally detectable allelic heterogeneity of HP. The nature of the detected mutations and the evidence of recessive inheritance do not support these cases being affected with prenatal benign HP. PMID- 18925619 TI - Speciation of metal-EDTA complexes by flow injection analysis with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and ion chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. AB - Flow injection analysis (FIA) with ESI-MS and ion chromatography (IC) with inductively coupled plasma-MS (ICP-MS) as the complementary technique have been explored for the determination of metal ions as their metal-EDTA complexes. ESI MS enabled the identification of metal-EDTA complexes such as [Mn(EDTA)](2-), [Co(EDTA)](2-), [Ni(EDTA)](2-), [Cu(EDTA)](2-), [Zn(EDTA)](2-), [Pb(EDTA)](2-), and [Fe(EDTA)](1-) and their MS spectral showed that these metal-EDTA complexes were present in solution. Based on the ESI-MS, ion chromatographic separation and ICP-MS detection of these complexes are possible because IC-ICP-MS requires stable metal-EDTA complex during the chromatographic separation. The separation of these metal-EDTA complexes was achieved on an anion-exchange column with a mobile phase containing 30 mM NH(4)(HPO(4))(2) at pH 7.5 within 7 min with ICP-MS providing element specific detection. The ICP-MS LODs for the metal-EDTA were in the range of 0.1-0.5 microg/L with the exception of Fe (15 microg/L). The proposed method was a simple procedure for sample processing, using direct injection of sample without removal of sample matrix and was successfully applied to the determination of metal-EDTA complexes in real samples. PMID- 18925620 TI - Selective adsorption of D- and L-phenylalanine on molecularly-imprinted polymerized organogels formed using polymerizable gelator N-octadecyl maleamic acid. AB - The polymerizable gelator N-octadecyl maleamic acid (ODMA) can self-assemble in selected polymerizable organic solvents, such as 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and methylacrylic acid (MAA) to form thermally stable polymerizable organogels. A mixture consisting of HEMA and MAA as the monomer and functional monomer, PEG dimethacrylates (PEG200DMA) as the crosslinker, BOC-L-phenylalanine (BPA) or L-phenylalanine ethyl ester (PEE) as the chiral templates, was gelatinized by ODMA firstly and subsequently polymerized by in situ UV irradiation or thermal initiation. The molecularly imprinted polymerized organogels were obtained after the removal of the templates through ethanol extraction. Selective adsorption of D- and L-phenylalanine was performed on the polymerized organogels. The results indicate rather high adsorption efficiency obtained for L-phenylalanine compared with that for D-phenylalanine, which was found to be dependent on the concentrations of ODMA, content of template, and the method of polymerization. Herein, the concentration of ODMA in the organogels played an important role for the adsorption efficiency of D- and L-phenylalanine. PMID- 18925621 TI - Simple and rapid extraction, separation, and detection of alkaloids in beverages. AB - Implementation of an uncomplicated SPE process for the rapid extraction and preconcentration of the alkaloids, colchicine, strychnine, aconitine, and nicotine, from water, apple juice, and nonfat milk samples is presented. When coupled to analysis via micellar EKC (MEKC), the total analysis time per sample was less than 15 min for the water and juice samples and less than 20 min for the milk. The SPE process allowed for anywhere from a three to a fourteen-fold improvement in the LOD for each alkaloid when compared to detecting the alkaloids in a nontreated water sample matrix. Following SPE, the LODs for colchicine, strychnine, and nicotine were sufficient to meet levels from 150 to 5000 times more dilute than the LD(50) for a 50 kg individual drinking 12 oz of a contaminated beverage. Aconitine, on the other hand, was detected at approximately the LD(50) level. The percent recoveries for the SPE ranged from 37% to as high as 99%. Nicotine attained the highest recovery efficiencies, followed by colchicine, and finally, aconitine and strychnine, which were nearly identical. The greatest recovery efficiencies were achieved from apple juice and water, whereas nonfat milk yielded the lowest. PMID- 18925622 TI - Sub-2 microm HPLC coupled with sub-ppm mass accuracy for analysis of pharmaceutical compound libraries. AB - Recent advances in accurate mass analysis are poised to allow the high-throughput production of accurate mass data on many more compounds than was previously available. It is shown that sub-ppm mass accuracy (producing elemental compositions) can be obtained on a simple TOF mass spectrometer operating in the manufacturer's standard mode. Concomitantly, there have been important technological advances in LC with respect to speed of analysis using sub-2 microm particle columns. Much of the sub-2 microm work in the literature has been under the label ultra performance LC (UPLC), however, we show that very high-speed results can be obtained using other manufacturer's pumps by using elevated column temperatures. Using elevated temperatures, HPLC peak widths on the order of 1 s can be obtained. We report the coupling of these two technologies (sub-ppm mass accuracy MS with high-speed HPLC) for the rapid analysis of compounds entering pharmaceutical libraries. PMID- 18925623 TI - Prospective experience with integrated prenatal screening and first trimester combined screening for trisomy 21 in a large Canadian urban center. AB - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the performance of integrated prenatal screening (IPS) and first trimester combined screening (FTS) for trisomy 21 in a large Canadian urban center. METHOD: Prospective data collection on women having FTS at one center from 1 November 2003 to 31 December 2005, or IPS at another from 1 January 2003 to 31 December 2005. A positive screen was defined as adjusted risk for trisomy 21 >or= 1/200 at term or nuchal translucency >or= 3.5 mm. RESULTS: 32 227 and 14 487 women were screened in the IPS and FTS programs, respectively. Detection rates (DRs) and positive rates (PRs) for trisomy 21 were 88.4% (95% CI: 81.6-91.5) and 3.3% (95% CI: 3.1-3.5) for IPS, and 83.9% (95% CI: 74.7-93.0) and 4.0% (95% CI: 3.7-4.3) for FTS. DR adjusted for viability bias was 85.2% for IPS and 78.6% for FTS. Applying both the screens to the 78 134 women who submitted prenatal screens in Ontario in 2005, thereby eliminating the effect of differences in the distribution of maternal age between screens, gave a DR (corrected for viability bias) and PR of 81 and 3.1% for IPS, and 76 and 3.4% for FTS. CONCLUSIONS: Both IPS and FTS perform well and are feasible in a practical clinical setting. PMID- 18925624 TI - Comprehensive chromatography methods. PMID- 18925626 TI - Linear peak capacity of a comprehensive multi-dimensional separation. AB - In order to resolve (quantifiably and identifiably separate) the same number of peaks in the analysis of the same mixture yielding statistically uniform peak distribution, a comprehensive 2-D separation needs a two times larger peak capacity than a 1-D separation does. Each additional dimension further reduces the utilization of the peak capacity of comprehensive multi-dimensional (MD) separation by a factor of two per dimension. As a result, the same peak capacity means different things for separations with different dimensionalities. This complicates the use of the peak capacity for comparison of the potential separation performance of the separations with different dimensionalities. To facilitate the comparison, a concept of a linear peak capacity has been proposed. The linear peak capacity of an MD separation is the peak capacity of a 1-D separation that, in the analysis of the same mixture, is statistically expected to resolve the same number of peaks as the MD separation is. There are other factors that differently affect the performance of the separations that have different dimensionalities. Peak capacity of a 2-D separation with a rectangular separation space is 27% larger than the product of the peak capacities of its first and second dimension. This advantage of a 2-D separation is essentially nullified by the fact that the peak capacity of the first dimension of an optimized 2-D separation cannot be higher than 80% of the peak capacity of its first dimension standing alone. All in all, the incremental peak capacity gained from addition of a second dimension will not exceed 50% of the peak capacity of the added second dimension. All results are valid for arbitrarily shaped (not necessarily Gaussian) peaks. PMID- 18925627 TI - Application of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry and different types of data analysis for the investigation of cigarette particulate matter. AB - In tobacco research, the comparison of different tobacco blends as well as the puff-dependent behaviour of cigarettes is a matter of particular interest. For the investigation of smoke characteristics, GC x GC offers different ways for data analysis, namely, compound target analysis, automated peak-based compound classification and comprehensive pixel-based data analysis. This study will show the application as well as the pros and cons of these types of data analysis for very complex matrices like cigarette particulate matter. In addition, new aspects about the recently discovered puff-dependent behaviour of compounds in cigarette smoke will be presented. Automated peak-based compound classification including mass spectrometric pattern recognition is used for the classification of tobacco particulate matter samples and the puff-dependent investigation of different compound classes. This compound group specific analysis is further reinforced by applying an even more comprehensive pixel-based analysis. This kind of analysis is used to generate fingerprints of different types of cigarettes. The combination of fast feature reduction methods like analysis of variance (ANOVA) and t-test with multivariate feature transformation methods like partial least squares discriminate analysis (PLSDA) for feature selection provides a powerful tool for a detailed inspection of different types of cigarettes. PMID- 18925628 TI - Dual NPD/ECD detection in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography for multiclass pesticide analysis. AB - A comprehensive 2-D GC (GC x GC) dual detection system, coupled to nitrogen phosphorus detection (NPD) and electron capture detection (ECD) has been developed for multiclass pesticide analysis in vegetable sample matrices. The second dimension column was connected to the parallel detectors via a microfluidic splitting device. The sample set comprised 17 organochlorine pesticides, 15 organophosphorus insecticides and 9 N-containing fungicides. Selective detection of vegetable sample extracts provides increased information content through simultaneous, correlated GC x GC plots for both ECD and NPD, which demonstrated improved separation of pesticide standards from each other, and from the sample matrix. The efficiency of NPD and ECD modes was investigated and compared; the ECD produced broader peaks, with the ECD generating greater response as measured by S/N ratio. Accuracy and precision of the approach were determined as repeatability and reproducibility for selected pesticides. The RSDs of the intraday (n = 5) and interday (3 days) analyses of the selected pesticides are less than 2.5 and 10%, respectively. The relative ratio of the ECD/NPD response is proposed to offer additional identification of individual pesticides, in addition to the (1)t(R) and (2)t(R) retention coordinates; ratios vary from 19 to over 1000 for selected pesticides that also exhibit ECD and NPD activities. PMID- 18925629 TI - Evaluation of different internal-diameter column combinations in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography in flavour and fragrance analysis. AB - A series of OV1-OV1701 column sets, in which the two dimensions differ in id and/or film thickness, were adopted to separate components of the volatile and semivolatile fraction of samples of plant origin. In particular two applications are presented: a target analysis approach to determine volatile suspected allergens in a medium-complexity fragrance and in sandalwood essential oil, and a fingerprint analysis approach to compare herbal extracts. Some basic chromatographic parameters of these combinations, i. e. net separation measure (S(GC x GC)), degree of orthogonality and a suitable number of modulations per peak, were also estimated by analysing two test mixtures: FAME (C4:0-C24:0) and suspected volatile allergens. Experimental results show that 0.25 mm homologous id column combination, despite their lower separation power, have good capacity to separate and resolve medium-to-complex fractions from samples of plant origin, demonstrating: (i) good system orthogonality, maximized through proper exploitation of stationary-phase selectivity and (ii) reduced 2-D column overloading effects due to the increased 2-D mass loadability, thus facilitating the analysis of mixtures whose components differ significantly in relative abundance. PMID- 18925631 TI - Differentiation therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma in mice with recombinant adenovirus carrying hepatocyte nuclear factor-4alpha gene. AB - Previous studies have shown that hepatocyte nuclear factor-4alpha (HNF4alpha) is a central regulator of differentiated hepatocyte phenotype and forced expression of HNF4alpha could promote reversion of tumors toward a less invasive phenotype. However, the effect of HNF4alpha on cancer stem cells (CSCs) and the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with HNF4alpha have not been reported. In this study, an adenovirus-mediated gene delivery system, which could efficiently transfer and express HNF4alpha, was generated to determine its effect on hepatoma cells (Hep3B and HepG2) in vitro and investigate the anti-tumor effect of HNF4alpha in mice. Our results demonstrated that forced re-expression of HNF4alpha induced the differentiation of hepatoma cells into hepatocytes, dramatically decreased "stemness" gene expression and the percentage of CD133(+) and CD90(+) cells, which are considered as cancer stem cells in HCC. Meanwhile, HNF4alpha reduced cell viability through inducing apparent apoptosis in Hep3B, while it induced cell cycle arrest and cellular senescence in HepG2. Moreover, infection of hepatoma cells by HNF4alpha abolished their tumorigenesis in mice. Most interestingly, systemic administration of adenovirus carrying the HNF4alpha gene protected mice from liver metastatic tumor formation, and intratumoral injection of HNF4alpha also displayed significant antitumor effects on transplanted tumor models. CONCLUSION: The striking suppression effect of HNF4alpha on tumorigenesis and tumor development is attained by inducing the differentiation of hepatoma cells--especially CSCs--into mature hepatocytes, suggesting that differentiation therapy with HNF4alpha may be an effective treatment for HCC patients. Our study also implies that differentiation therapy may present as one of the best strategies for cancer treatment through the induction of cell differentiation by key transcription factors. PMID- 18925633 TI - A 20-year single-center experience with acute liver failure during pregnancy: is the prognosis really worse? AB - Pregnant patients with acute liver failure (ALF) are believed to have a worse outcome than nonpregnant women and men with ALF. However objective data supporting this supposition are scant. Therefore, the current study compared the outcome, complications, and causes of ALF among pregnant women and girls with age matched nonpregnant women and girls and men and boys with ALF. One thousand fifteen consecutive ALF patients in the reproductive age group, admitted at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, from January 1986 to December 2006, were included in the study. A total of 249 (38.5%) women were pregnant. They were compared with 341 nonpregnant women and girls and 425 men and boys, aged 15 to 45 years. The mortality rate of pregnant women and girls (53.8%) was similar to age-matched nonpregnant women and girls (57.2%), and men and boys (57.9%); P = 0.572. The clinical and biochemical features, disease severity, and complications were also similar in the three groups. A significantly higher proportion of ALF was attributable to hepatitis E virus (HEV) among women and girls who were pregnant (59.4%), as compared with both nonpregnant women and girls (30.4%), and men and boys (23.1%); P < 0.001. However, the outcome of HEV related ALF was independent of the sex and pregnancy status of the patients (P = 0.103). Mortality in HEV-ALF and non-HEV-ALF patients in pregnant women and girls was 51% (74/145) and 54.7% (52/95)(P > 0.1), respectively. The outcome of pregnant ALF patients was also unrelated to the trimester of pregnancy. The mortality of non-HEV-related ALF among the pregnant women and girls (54.7%), age matched nonpregnant women and girls (61.7%), and men and boys (62.8%) were also similar (P > 0.1). CONCLUSION: The mortality of pregnant patients with ALF is similar to that of nonpregnant women and girls and men and boys and is independent of the cause or trimester. Pregnancy per se should not be regarded as a poor prognostic factor for a patient with ALF. PMID- 18925632 TI - Differential expression of canonical (classical) transient receptor potential channels in guinea pig enteric nervous system. AB - The canonical transient receptor potential (TRPC) family of ion channels is implicated in many neuronal processes including calcium homeostasis, membrane excitability, synaptic transmission, and axon guidance. TRPC channels are postulated to be important in the functional neurobiology of the enteric nervous system (ENS); nevertheless, details for expression in the ENS are lacking. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry were used to study the expression and localization of TRPC channels. We found mRNA transcripts, protein on Western blots, and immunoreactivity (IR) for TRPC1/3/4/6 expressed in the small intestinal ENS of adult guinea pigs. TRPC1/3/4/6-IR was localized to distinct subpopulations of enteric neurons and was differentially distributed between the myenteric and submucosal divisions of the ENS. TRPC1-IR was widely distributed and localized to neurons with cholinergic, calretinin, and nitrergic neuronal immunochemical codes in the myenteric plexus. It was localized to both cholinergic and noncholinergic secretomotor neurons in the submucosal plexus. TRPC3-IR was found only in the submucosal plexus and was expressed exclusively by neuropeptide Y-IR neurons. TRPC4/6-IR was expressed in only a small population of myenteric neurons, but was abundantly expressed in the submucosal plexus. TRPC4/6-IR was coexpressed with both cholinergic and nitrergic neurochemical codes in the myenteric plexus. In the submucosal plexus, TRPC4/6-IR was expressed exclusively in noncholinergic secretomotor neurons. No TRPC1/3/4/6-IR was found in calbindin-IR neurons. TRPC3/4/6-IR was widely expressed along varicose nerve fibers and colocalized with synaptophysin-IR at putative neurotransmitter release sites. Our results suggest important roles for TRPC channels in ENS physiology and neuronal regulation of gut function. PMID- 18925634 TI - Social status and shaming experiences related to adolescent overt aggression at school. AB - Feelings of rejection and humiliation in interpersonal interaction are strongly related to aggressive behavior. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between social status, shaming experiences, gender and adolescent aggressive behavior by using a status-shaming model. A population-based sample of 5,396 adolescents aged from 15 to 18 completed a questionnaire that asked questions regarding psychosocial background, shaming experiences, social status of family, peer group and school and involvement in physical or verbal aggression at school. Shaming experiences, i.e. being ridiculed or humiliated by others, were strongly related to aggressive behavior. Social status and shaming were related in the prediction of aggressive behavior, suggesting that a person's social status may influence the risk for taking aggressive action when subjected to shaming experiences. Medium social status seemed to have a protective function in the association between shaming experiences and aggression. This study confirms the importance of further evaluation of the role of perceived social status and shaming experiences in the understanding of aggressive behavior. Moreover, the results indicate the need for different kinds of status measures when investigating the associations between status and behavior in adolescent populations. The results may have important implications for the prevention of bullying at school as well as other deviant aggressive behavior among adolescents. PMID- 18925635 TI - Empirical test of bullies' status goals: assessing direct goals, aggression, and prestige. AB - The literature suggests that status goals are one of the driving motivations behind bullying behavior, yet this conjecture has rarely if ever been examined empirically. This study assessed status goals in three ways, using dyadic network analysis to analyze the relations and goals among 10-11 and 14-15 year olds in 22 school classes (N boys=225; N girls=277). As a validation bullies were contrasted with victims. Bullies had direct status goals (measured with the Interpersonal Goal Inventory for Children) and showed dominance as measured with proactive aggression. Moreover, as predicted from a goal perspective, bullying behavior was related to prestige in terms of perceived popularity. In contrast, victims lacked status goals, were only reactively aggressive, and low on prestige. That being popular is not the same as being liked could be shown by the fact that bullies were just as rejected as victims by their classmates. Eighth-grade bullies had more direct status goals than fourth-grade bullies, possibly indicating that striving for the popularity component of status increases in early adolescence. PMID- 18925636 TI - Functional alterations of liver innate immunity of mice with aging in response to CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide. AB - Immune functions of liver natural killer T (NKT) cells induced by the synthetic ligand alpha-galactosylceramide enhanced age-dependently; hepatic injury and multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (MODS) induced by ligand-activated NKT cells were also enhanced. This study investigated how aging affects liver innate immunity after common bacteria DNA stimulation. Young (6 weeks) and old (50-60 weeks) C57BL/6 mice were injected with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODN), and the functions of liver leukocytes were assessed. A CpG-ODN injection into the old mice remarkably increased tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production in Kupffer cells, and MODS and lethal shock were induced, both of which are rarely seen in young mice. Old Kupffer cells showed increased Toll-like receptor-9 expression, and CpG-ODN challenge augmented TNF receptor and Fas-L expression in liver NKT cells. Experiments using mice depleted of natural killer (NK) cells by anti asialoGM1 antibody (Ab), perforin knockout mice, and mice pretreated with neutralizing interferon (IFN)-gamma Ab demonstrated the important role of liver NK cells in antitumor immunity. The production capacities of old mice for IFN gamma, IFN-alpha, and perforin were much lower than those of young mice, and the CpG-induced antitumor cytotoxicity of liver NK cells lessened. Lethal shock and MODS greatly decreased in old mice depleted/deficient in TNF, FasL, or NKT cells. However, depletion of NK cells also decreased serum TNF levels and FasL expression of NKT cells, which resulted in improved hepatic injury and survival, suggesting that NK cells are indirectly involved in MODS/lethal shock induced by NKT cells. Neutralization of TNF did not reduce the CpG-induced antitumor effect in the liver. CONCLUSION: Hepatic injury and MODS mediated by NKT cells via the TNF and FasL-mediated pathway after CpG injection increased, but the antitumor activity of liver NK cells decreased with aging. PMID- 18925637 TI - Tau isoform regulation is region- and cell-specific in mouse brain. AB - Tau is a microtubule-associated protein implicated in neurodegenerative tauopathies. Alternative splicing of the tau gene (MAPT) generates six tau isoforms, distinguishable by the exclusion or inclusion of a repeat region of exon 10, which are referred to as 3-repeat (3R) and 4-repeat (4R) tau, respectively. We developed transgenic mouse models that express the entire human MAPT gene in the presence and absence of the mouse Mapt gene and compared the expression and regulation of mouse and human tau isoforms during development and in the young adult. We found differences between mouse and human tau in the regulation of exon 10 inclusion. Despite these differences, the isoform splicing pattern seen in normal human brain is replicated in our mouse models. In addition, we found that all tau, both in the neonate and young adult, is phosphorylated. We also examined the normal anatomic distribution of mouse and human tau isoforms in mouse brain. We observed developmental and species-specific variations in the expression of 3R- and 4R-tau within the frontal cortex and hippocampus. In addition, there were differences in the cellular distribution of the isoforms. Mice transgenic for the human MAPT gene exhibited higher levels of neuronal cell body expression of tau compared to wildtype mice. This neuronal cell body expression of tau was limited to the 3R isoform, whereas expression of 4R-tau was more "synaptic like," with granular staining of neuropil rather than in neuronal cell bodies. These developmental and species-specific differences in the regulation and distribution of tau isoforms may be important to the understanding of normal and pathologic tau isoform expression. PMID- 18925638 TI - 3rd International Workshop on Crocodylian Genetics and Genomics. PMID- 18925640 TI - Cell fusion is a physiological process in mouse liver. AB - A large portion of hepatocytes are polyploid cells, thought to arise through endoduplication followed by aborted cytokinesis. However, several recent reports describing liver cell fusion with exogenously derived bone marrow cells have been published. The exact significance of this finding is unclear, because the adopted protocols involve ablation regimens, damaged livers and artificial injections of adult cells. By creating chimeric mice bearing distinct reporter genes (LacZ and GFP), we show that in an unperturbed setting, hepatocytes carrying both markers can be detected via immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction analysis. To further corroborate these findings with a direct visualization of the chromosome content at the single-cell level, we performed genotype analysis via fluorescence in situ hybridization on XY/XX chimeric mice with a Y chromosome specific paint and an X chromosome-specific bacterial artificial chromosome clone probes. CONCLUSION: This technique confirmed the occurrence of cell fusion in adult mouse liver. PMID- 18925639 TI - Histological changes in HCV antibody-positive, HCV RNA-negative subjects suggest persistent virus infection. AB - It is unclear whether hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been eradicated or persists at a low level in HCV antibody-positive HCV RNA-negative individuals. The natural history and liver histology are not well characterized. One hundred seventy-two HCV antibody-positive, serum HCV RNA-negative patients underwent diagnostic liver biopsy between 1992 and 2000 and were followed a median 7 years (range, 5-12). Patients with any possible cause of liver injury other than HCV were excluded. A single histopathologist scored sections using Ishak criteria. Characterization of the inflammatory infiltrate in selected cases used a novel semiquantitative technique and compared with HCV RNA-positive patients and healthy controls. One hundred two patients were excluded because of a risk factor for liver injury other than HCV. Seventy patients met the study criteria; four (5.7%) became HCV RNA-positive during follow-up. Sixty-six cases remained HCV RNA-negative; five (7.5%) had a normal liver biopsy; 54 (82%) had fibrosis (stage 2 or 3 in 16 (24%)). Nonviremic cases revealed expanded portal tracts (P < 0.05), with fewer CD4+ (P < 0.05) and more CD8+ cells (P < 0.05) than healthy controls, but were indistinguishable from HCV RNA-positive cases for these parameters. Lobular CD4 staining, absent in healthy controls, was noted in both HCV RNA-negative and positive cases and was more marked in the latter (P < 0.05) with a sinusoidal lining cell distribution. CONCLUSION: Nonviremic HCV antibody-positive patients have a liver biopsy that is usually abnormal. Fibrosis was present in most with similar inflammatory infiltrate to viremic cases. The presence of a CD8+ rich inflammatory infiltrate suggests an ongoing immune response in the liver, supporting the view that HCV may persist in the liver in the majority of HCV RNA negative cases. PMID- 18925641 TI - A randomized study of adefovir dipivoxil in place of HBIG in combination with lamivudine as post-liver transplantation hepatitis B prophylaxis. AB - Prior to effective prophylaxis, liver transplantation for hepatitis B virus (HBV) related disease was frequently complicated by recurrence, which could be severe and rapidly progressive. Combination hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) and lamivudine prophylaxis reduces this rate of recurrence to <5% at 5 years; however, HBIG administration is costly and inconvenient. We conducted a multicenter randomized study of adefovir dipivoxil substitution for low-dose intramuscular (IM) HBIG in patients without HBV recurrence at least 12 months posttransplantation for HBV-related disease. Thirty-four patients were randomized, 16 to adefovir (1 patient withdrew consent at 3 months and is not considered in the results) and 18 to continue HBIG. All continued lamivudine. Groups were well matched by age, sex, and time since transplantation (median, 4.5 years), and background virological risk for HBV recurrence (30% of patients in the adefovir group, 24% in the HBIG group having detectable HBV DNA at transplantation). All patients were alive at study completion without recurrence. One patient in the adefovir group became hepatitis B surface antigen-positive at 5 months but was persistently HBV DNA undetectable via polymerase chain reaction (sensitivity 14 IU/mL) over the following 20 months. Median creatinine was not significantly changed over the course of the study in either group. One patient in the adefovir group with a background of diabetic and hypertensive nephropathy (baseline creatinine 150 micromol/L) developed increased creatinine leading to dose reduction and ultimately cessation of adefovir at 15 months. Yearly cost of combination adefovir/lamivudine prophylaxis was $8,290 versus $13,718 IM HBIG/lamivudine. CONCLUSION: Compared with combination HBIG plus lamivudine prophylaxis, combination adefovir plus lamivudine provides equivalent protection against recurrent HBV infection but with better tolerability and less cost. PMID- 18925642 TI - Alterations in hepatic glucose and energy metabolism as a result of calorie and carbohydrate restriction. AB - Carbohydrate restriction is a common weight-loss approach that modifies hepatic metabolism by increasing gluconeogenesis (GNG) and ketosis. Because little is known about the effect of carbohydrate restriction on the origin of gluconeogenic precursors (GNG from glycerol [GNG(glycerol)] and GNG from lactate/amino acids [GNG(phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP))]) or its consequence to hepatic energy homeostasis, we studied these parameters in a group of overweight/obese subjects undergoing weight-loss via dietary restriction. We used (2)H and (13)C tracers and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure the sources of hepatic glucose and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle flux in weight-stable subjects (n = 7) and subjects following carbohydrate restriction (n = 7) or calorie restriction (n = 7). The majority of hepatic glucose production in carbohydrate restricted subjects came from GNG(PEP). The contribution of glycerol to GNG was similar in all groups despite evidence of increased fat oxidation in carbohydrate restricted subjects. A strong correlation between TCA cycle flux and GNG(PEP) was found, though the reliance on TCA cycle energy production for GNG was attenuated in subjects undergoing carbohydrate restriction. Together, these data imply that the TCA cycle is the energetic patron of GNG. However, the relationship between these two pathways is modified by carbohydrate restriction, suggesting an increased reliance of the hepatocyte on energy generated outside of the TCA cycle when GNG(PEP) is maximal. CONCLUSION: Carbohydrate restriction modifies hepatic GNG by increasing reliance on substrates like lactate or amino acids but not glycerol. This modification is associated with a reorganization of hepatic energy metabolism suggestive of enhanced hepatic beta-oxidation. PMID- 18925643 TI - Pretreatment prediction of virological response to peginterferon plus ribavirin therapy in chronic hepatitis C patients using viral and host factors. AB - The interferon sensitivity determining region (ISDR) of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) and T-helper type 1 and type 2 (Th1/Th2) ratio were analyzed along with other host and viral factors for their ability to predict the response of patients with chronic hepatitis C to pegylated interferon alpha-2b (Peg-IFN) and ribavirin (RBV) combination therapy. A total of 120 chronic hepatitis C patients with genotype 1 HCV and high baseline viral loads who were to undergo combination therapy scheduled for 48 weeks were enrolled. Sustained virologic response (SVR) was achieved in 54 (45%) of the 120 patients. The pretreatment factors significantly associated with SVR by logistic regression analysis were ISDR mutant [odds ratio (OR) = 86.0, P = 0.0008], Th1/Th2 ratio 0.05), 22.82% and 14.72% at 8th week, and 31.08% and 20.66% at 12th week (p < 0.05) in MSCs-transplanted group and control group, respectively; new trabeculae bone in MSCs-transplanted group was significantly increased as compared to that of control group at 8th and 12th week. The results demonstrated that the transplanted MSCs could survive, proliferate, and differentiate into osteoblasts directly, which contributed to the accelerated repair process. The possible mechanism is site-dependant differentiation. PMID- 18925662 TI - A small and active ring X chromosome in a female with features of Kabuki syndrome. AB - A ring X chromosome is found in about 6% of patients with Turner syndrome (TS), often with mosaicism for a 45,X cell line. Patients with this karyotype are reported to have a higher incidence of a more severe phenotype including mental retardation. In fact, some studies have shown a correlation between this severity and the presence or absence of an intact and functional X inactivation center (XIST). However, the phenotype of the individuals with r(X) cannot be entirely defined in terms of their X-inactivation patterns. Nevertheless, a small group of these patients have been described to manifest clinical features reminiscent of the Kabuki syndrome. Here we present a female patient with clinical features resembling Kabuki syndrome and a mos 45,X/46,X,r(X) karyotype. Methylation analyses of polymorphic alleles of the androgen receptor gene showed that both alleles were unmethylated suggesting an active ring chromosome. A specific X chromosome array CGH was performed estimating the size of the ring to be 17 Mb, lacking the XIST gene, and including some genes with possible implications in the phenotype of the patient. PMID- 18925663 TI - Poikiloderma with neutropenia, Clericuzio type, in a family from Morocco. AB - Three siblings from Morocco consanguineous family presented with cutaneous poikiloderma following postnatal ichthyosiform lesions, associated with papillomatous lesions, palmoplantar keratoderma, pachyonychia of toenails, fragile carious teeth, and lachrymal duct obstruction. Photosensitivity and blistering improved with age. Atrophic scars were prominent on the limbs. Neutropenia developed in the first year secondary to dysmyelopoiesis affecting the granulocyte lineage, associated with a polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia. Several broncho-pulmonary infectious episodes complicated the evolution, and cystic fibrosis was first considered on the basis of repeated abnormal sweat chloride tests but not confirmed by molecular analyses. This autosomal recessive disorder matches that described originally as poikiloderma with neutropenia Clericuzio type in Navajo Indians (OMIM 604173). It is discussed within the group of the major hereditary poikiloderma disorders, that is, Rothmund-Thomson syndrome, dyskeratosis congenita, and Kindler syndrome. PMID- 18925664 TI - Heterozygous deletion at 14q22.1-q22.3 including the BMP4 gene in a patient with psychomotor retardation, congenital corneal opacity and feet polysyndactyly. AB - Here we report on a 1-year-old Japanese girl with psychomotor retardation, bilateral congenital corneal opacity and bilateral postaxial polysyndactyly of the feet. Although she had a normal female karyotype, our in-house bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-based array-CGH analysis successfully detected at least a 2.7-Mb heterozygous deletion at 14q22.1-q22.3 harboring 18 protein-coding genes. Among the genes, BMP4 was a candidate for the gene causing the abnormalities of both the eye and digits. It was previously reported that the BMP family was correlated with the morphogenesis of digits and ocular development, and Bmp4 heterozygous null mice revealed skeletal abnormalities including polydactyly and ocular anterior segment abnormalities. Patients with a deletion including BMP4 also hadabnormalities of the eye and digits. These previous reports support that a haplo-insufficiency of the BMP4 gene likely caused the congenital ocular and digit abnormalities. Moreover, among the other genes contained in the deletion, GMFB is a candidate for the gene responsible for the psychomotor retardation. PMID- 18925665 TI - Supernumerary marker chromosomes management in prenatal diagnosis. AB - To assess the practical usefulness of array-comparative genomic hybridization (a CGH) when supernumerary marker chromosomes (SMCs) are detected during prenatal diagnosis, we retrospectively studied SMC management in our laboratory before a CGH availability. In this 11-year study, SMCs were observed in 20/16,810 routine karyotypes (0.12%). Their chromosomal origin, ascertained in 13 cases, remained elusive in seven using conventional cytogenetics and FISH. In the literature, most of SMCs (2/3) are easily identified through conventional cytogenetics and targeted FISH, and in these cases a-CGH would have been unneeded. This technique would have been less helpful in nine cases, that is, bisatellited SMC, isochromosomes and translocation derivatives. On the other hand, a-CGH would have been helpful for the 11 remaining cases. It would have improved diagnostic accuracy of six SMC whom chromosomal origin was ascertained by cytogenetics and FISH and for which prognosis was only based on literature and ultrasonographic data. Among five unidentified SMCs, a-CGH would have been more reassuring for four heterochromatic SMCs than normal ultrasonography alone and would have characterized the unidentified case associated with malformations that was interrupted. However potential pitfalls should be outlined. Using high level resolution chip expose to polymorphism detection and misinterpretation, a very sensitive problem in prenatal diagnosis. Moreover, low grade mosaicism could remain undetectable with this technique, leading to erroneous conclusions. Wisest use of a-CGH should be a complementary approach in prenatal management of SMC. It is specifically appropriate when SMC interpretation remains equivocal and only indirectly based on mode of inheritance, literature data and ultrasonography. PMID- 18925667 TI - Pigmented villonodular synovitis in a patient with Noonan syndrome and SOS1 gene mutation. PMID- 18925666 TI - Neuroimaging aspects of Aicardi syndrome. AB - Aicardi syndrome is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by congenital chorioretinal lacunae, corpus callosum dysgenesis, seizures, polymicrogyria, cerebral heterotopias, intracranial cysts, and costovertebral defects. Cerebellar abnormalities have been described occasionally. Aicardi syndrome is sporadic and has been observed only in females and 47,XXY males. Therefore, it is thought to result from a mutation in an X-linked gene. Improved definition of the clinical phenotype should focus the selection of functional candidate genes for mutation analysis. Because central nervous system abnormalities are the most prominent component of the phenotype, we performed a detailed characterization of abnormalities identified on magnetic resonance neuroimaging studies from 23 girls with Aicardi syndrome, the largest cohort to undergo such review by a single group of investigators. All patients had polymicrogyria that was predominantly frontal and perisylvian and often associated with underopercularization. Periventricular nodular heterotopias, present in all patients, were more frequent than previously reported; 10 had single and 11 had multiple intracranial cysts. Posterior fossa abnormalities were also more frequent than previously described. Cerebellar abnormalities were noted in 95% of studies where they could be evaluated. As a novel finding, we noted tectal enlargement in 10 patients. Since mildly affected girls with variable callosal dysgenesis have now been reported, the constellation of frontal-dominant and perisylvian polymicrogyria, periventricular nodular heterotopias, intracranial cysts, and posterior fossa abnormalities, including tectal enlargement, should prompt consideration of the diagnosis of Aicardi syndrome. We further propose that improved characterization of the neurological phenotype will benefit the selection of candidate genes for mutation analysis. PMID- 18925668 TI - A new hypothesis of OCA1B. PMID- 18925669 TI - Sib pair with previously unreported skeletal dysplasia. AB - We report on a consanguineous Lebanese family in which a sister and brother had developmental delay, dysmorphic facial appearance, narrow chest, prominent abdomen, and short limbs. Neonatal radiographs disclosed a bell-shaped thorax, short ribs, some with a cupped end, severe platyspondyly, square iliac bones, horizontal acetabula with medial and lateral spurs, hypoplastic ischia, short long bones, slight widening of the distal femoral metaphyses, and absence of epiphyseal ossification of the knees. The girl died at age 9 months as a result of respiratory insufficiency. A clinical and radiological follow-up of the boy showed that the axial hypotonia, minor anomalies, and short stature were still present, whereas the bone abnormalities had improved. Differential diagnosis suggests that this is a new type of chondrodysplasia. PMID- 18925670 TI - A phenotype intermediate between Desbuquois dysplasia and diastrophic dysplasia secondary to mutations in DTDST. AB - We describe a child whose original clinical and radiologic manifestations led to a diagnosis of Desbuquois dysplasia. Subsequent development of features including cervical kyphosis and cystic ears caused us to reconsider the original diagnosis. The new complement of features in this patient fell in a range between Desbuquois dysplasia and diastrophic dysplasia. Molecular testing showed that she is a compound heterozygote for mutations in the diastrophic dysplasia sulfate transporter gene (DTDST). This finding confirms that there is locus heterogeneity in apparent Desbuquois dysplasia. It also expands the phenotypic spectrum of disorders caused by mutations in DTDST. PMID- 18925671 TI - Carnitine-palmitoyltransferase 2 deficiency: novel mutations and relevance of newborn screening. AB - We report on a newborn male, born at term after an uneventful pregnancy presenting with a pathological acylcarnitine profile in routine newborn screening on the third day of life. The profile showed characteristic elevations of C14:0-, C16:0-, C16:1- and C18:1-acylcarnitines, while the ratio of (C16 + C18:1)/C2 was increased, suggesting CPT2- or carnitine-acylcarnitine-translocase- deficiency. The acylcarnitine profile in blood taken on day 9 was normal with breast milk feeding. No dicarboxylic aciduria was found. In fibroblasts, the activity of CPT2 was decreased to 25%, overall oxidation of the long-chain fatty acids was reduced to 10% of control values. Sequence analysis of the CPT2 gene showed heterozygosity for two previously undescribed mutations in exon 4: c.748-749delAA (truncating), and c.1436A > G (p.Tyr479Cys; missense) mutations. The asymptomatic parents were found to be heterozygous, the mother carries the c.748-749delAA and the father the c.1436A > G mutation. The boy is now 2.5 years old; no clinical symptoms associated with the marked impairment of long-chain fatty acid oxidation have occurred. Confirmation of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation defects from an initial abnormal newborn-screening by tandem mass spectrometry should include enzyme and, if possible, molecular genetic analysis despite a normal 2nd screening. Biochemical testing of urine (organic acids) may be unrevealing. PMID- 18925672 TI - Comment on prevalence of hereditary prosopagnosia (HPA) in Hong Kong Chinese population. AB - Kennerknecht et al. [Kennerknecht et al. (2008); Am J Med Genet Part A 146A] estimate that 1.9% of the Chinese population are hereditary prosopagnosics. I discuss concerns about their assumption that the great majority of prosopagnosia resulting from developmental problems are heritable and present data from my laboratory that suggests that a considerable proportion of developmental prosopagnosics do not have relatives who share their face recognition deficits. PMID- 18925673 TI - Microcephaly, malformation of brain development and intracranial calcification in sibs: pseudo-TORCH or a new syndrome. AB - We report on five sibs affected by congenital microcephaly, growth retardation, sloping forehead, bitemporal grooving and micrognathia. Generalized tonic-clonic seizures started very early in life. Postnatal brain computerized tomography (CT) presented cortical band-like calcification, calcification of basal ganglia and brain stem while brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed abnormal gyral pattern, marked loss of white matter, dysplastic ventricles, polymicrogyria, hypogenesis of corpus callosum and cerebellar hypoplasia. No abnormalities of the internal organs, eye, or skeleton were found to be associated with this syndrome. Fetal Magnetic resonance imaging helped reaching the diagnosis in utero in one patient. Three patients died in the first years of life while the others within days after birth preceded by high fever and status epilepticus. These patients present many overlapping features with pseudo TORCH syndrome, however, the imaging findings are quite different. We propose that the distinct pattern in these sibs constitutes genetic disorder of microcephaly, developmental brain malformation and intracranial calcification of likely autosomal recessive inheritance. PMID- 18925674 TI - Strong linkage disequilibrium for the frequent GJB2 35delG mutation in the Greek population. AB - Approximately one in 1,000 children is affected by severe or profound hearing loss at birth or during early childhood (prelingual deafness). Up to 40% of congenital, autosomal recessive, severe to profound hearing impairment cases result from mutations in a single gene, GJB2, that encodes the connexin 26 protein. One specific mutation in this gene, 35delG, accounts for the majority of GJB2 mutations detected in Caucasian populations. Some previous studies have assumed that the high frequency of the 35delG mutation reflects the presence of a mutational hot spot, while other studies support the theory of a common founder. Greece is among the countries with the highest carrier frequency of the 35delG mutation (3.5%), and a recent study raised the hypothesis of the origin of this mutation in ancient Greece. We genotyped 60 Greek deafness patients homozygous for the 35delG mutation for six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and two microsatellite markers inside or flanking the GJB2 gene. The allele distribution in the patients was compared to 60 Greek normal hearing controls. A strong linkage disequilibrium was found between the 35delG mutation and markers inside or flanking the GJB2 gene. Furthermore, we found a common haplotype with a previous study, suggesting a common founder for the 35delG mutation. PMID- 18925675 TI - Molecular characterization of a patient with an interstitial 1q deletion [del(1)(q24.1q25.3)] and distinctive skeletal abnormalities. AB - Here we report on a patient with an interstitial deletion on the long(q) arm of chromosome 1 who presents with a unique constellation of anomalies including brachydactyly type E, Mullerian agenesis, growth hormone deficiency, as well as other abnormalities. We present the clinical details of this patient's presentation, the skeletal findings, and provide characterization of the deletion at the molecular level. We postulate that these skeletal anomalies are distinctive to 1q deletions involving the 1q24q25 region. PMID- 18925677 TI - First cryptic balanced reciprocal translocation mosaicism and familial transmission. PMID- 18925676 TI - Contiguous gene syndrome due to a maternally inherited 8.41 Mb distal deletion of chromosome band Xp22.3 in a boy with short stature, ichthyosis, epilepsy, mental retardation, cerebral cortical heterotopias and Dandy-Walker malformation. AB - Microdeletions of Xp22.3 are associated with contiguous gene syndromes, the extent and nature of which depend on the genes encompassed by the deletion. Common symptoms include ichthyosis, mental retardation and hypogonadism. We report on a boy with short stature, ichthyosis, severe mental retardation, cortical heterotopias and Dandy-Walker malformation. The latter two abnormalities have so far not been reported in terminal Xp deletions. MLPA showed deletion of SHOX and subsequent analysis using FISH and SNP-arrays revealed that the patient had an 8.41 Mb distal deletion of chromosome region Xp22.31 --> Xpter. This interval contains several genes whose deletion can partly explain our patient's phenotype. His cortical heterotopias and DWM suggest that a gene involved in brain development may be in the deleted interval, but we found no immediately obvious candidates. Interestingly, further analysis of the family revealed that the patient had inherited his deletion from his mother, who has a mos 46,X,del(X)(p22)/45,X/46, XX karyotype. PMID- 18925678 TI - Prevalence of hereditary prosopagnosia (HPA) in Hong Kong Chinese population. AB - Prosopagnosia (PA), or the inability to recognize a familiar person by the face alone, had been considered to be a rare dysfunction mainly acquired by trauma to the brain. Recently we have shown that the congenital form of PA, which was considered to be even rarer, is common in Caucasians, with a prevalence of 2.5%. As these cases were familial we coined the term Hereditary Prosopagnosia (HPA). The present study is the first systematic screening for HPA in a defined population of ethnic Chinese. In 2004-2005, 533 out of around 750 medical students of The University of Hong Kong took part in a questionnaire-based screening. The responses of 133 students indicated that they were likely to be candidates for PA. One hundred twenty agreed for diagnostic interview. Finally we made the clinical diagnosis of PA in 10 subjects. A prevalence of 1.88% (95% CI, 1.05-2.71) is established which is in the same range as in Caucasians. We took a detailed family history of four index prosopagnosic persons and were able to further investigate the families of four probands. Each had other first-degree relatives with the same visual cognitive dysfunction. Thus, as in the Caucasians, regular autosomal dominant inheritance might best explain the segregation pattern. PMID- 18925679 TI - The role of molecular testing and enzyme analysis in the management of hypomorphic citrullinemia. AB - Expanded newborn screening detects patients with modest elevations in citrulline; however it is currently unclear how to treat these patients and how to counsel their parents. In order to begin to address these issues, we compared the clinical, biochemical, and molecular features of 10 patients with mildly elevated citrulline levels. Three patients presented with clinical illness whereas seven came to attention as a result of expanded newborn screening. One patient presented during pregnancy and responded promptly to IV sodium phenylacetate/sodium benzoate and arginine therapy with no long-term adverse effects on mother or fetus. Two children presented with neurocognitive dysfunction, one of these responded dramatically to dietary protein reduction. ASS enzyme activity was not deficient in all patients with biallelic mutations suggesting this test cannot exclude the ASS1 locus in patients with mildly elevated plasma citrulline. Conversely, all symptomatic patients who were tested had deficient activity. We describe four unreported mutations (p.Y291S, p.R272H, p.F72L, and p.L88I), as well as the common p.W179R mutation. In silico algorithms were inconsistent in predicting the pathogenicity of mutations. The cognitive benefit in one patient of protein restriction and the lack of adverse outcome in seven others restricted from birth, suggest a role for protein restriction and continued monitoring to prevent neurocognitive dysfunction. PMID- 18925680 TI - A 5-Mb microdeletion at 6q16.1-q16.3 with SIM gene deletion and obesity. PMID- 18925681 TI - Bilateral perisylvian polymicrogyria, periventricular nodular heterotopia, and left ventricular noncompaction in a girl with 10.5-11.1 Mb terminal deletion of 1p36. AB - Monosomy 1p36 is a common subtelomeric microdeletion syndrome, characterized by craniofacial dysmorphisms, developmental delay, mental retardation, hypotonia, epilepsy, cardiovascular complications, and hearing impairment; deleted regions have been mapped within 10.0 Mb from the telomere in most documented cases. We report on a girl with a 10.5-11.1 Mb terminal deletion of 1p36 shown by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). She had three distinct structural abnormalities: bilateral perisylvian polymicrogyria, periventricular nodular heterotopia, and left ventricular noncompaction. She died in early infancy with intractable epilepsy, progressive congestive heart failure and pulmonary hypertension. To date, this is the first case with monosomy 1p36, complicated by this combination of manifestations; she is also the first who had possibly a simple terminal deletion of 1p36 and died in early infancy. An atypically large deletion in this patient might be the basis for the development of these features and the severe clinical course. PMID- 18925682 TI - The current state of musculoskeletal clinical skills teaching for preclerkship medical students. AB - OBJECTIVE: Musculoskeletal (MSK) complaints have high prevalence in primary care practice (12%-20% of visits), yet many trainees and physicians identify themselves as weak in MSK physical examination (PE) skills. As recruitment to MSK specialties lags behind retirement rates, there is a shortage of physicians able to effectively teach this subject. We investigated current practices of Canadian undergraduate medical programs regarding the nature, amount, and source of preclerkship MSK PE clinical skills teaching; and documented the frequency and extent that Patient Partners in Arthritis (PPIA) are used in this educational setting. METHODS: A 2-page self-administered electronic questionnaire combining open- and close-ended questions was developed and piloted. It was distributed by e-mail to all Canadian undergraduate associate-deans and to 16/17 undergraduate MSK course organizers. RESULTS: Supervised practice in small groups and the PPIA are the most prevalent teaching methods. Objective structured clinical examinations are the most prevalent evaluation methods. The average number of hours devoted to teaching these skills is very small compared to the prevalence of MSK complaints in the population. Canadian schools' preclerkship MSK PE clinical skills teaching is heavily dependent on the contributions of non-MSK specialists. CONCLUSION: The weak link in the Canadian MSK PE educational cycle appears to be the amount of time available for students' deliberate practice with expert feedback. There is a need for methods to evaluate and further develop MSK PE teaching by non-MSK specialists. This and increased use of PPIA at the preclerkship level may provide students more time for practice with feedback. PMID- 18925683 TI - Predictors of adherence to an integrated multimodal program for fibromyalgia. AB - OBJECTIVE: To describe treatment adherence to a multimodal integrated program for patients with fibromyalgia (FM), identify predictors of adherence to treatment recommendations, and examine the relationship between adherence and patient outcomes. METHODS: Sixty-three patients with FM were followed while participating in a 3-month outpatient program including physiotherapy, occupational therapy, nursing, and cognitive-behavior therapy. Patients completed a battery of psychosocial questionnaires pre- and post-treatment. At the end of each month of the treatment, patients completed 2 adherence questionnaires (for general and specific adherence) and 1 questionnaire about barriers to adherence to treatment. Generalized estimating equations extension of multivariable linear regression analyses for repeated measures examined predictors of general and specific adherence. Conventional linear regression analyses examined the relationships of general adherence with post-treatment FM disability and pain intensity. RESULTS: In general, adherence to treatment recommendations was good (mean general adherence score of 62 points, on a 0 to 100 scale), with no significant changes in mean level of general or specific adherence over the 3-month period. The main predictor for both general and specific adherence was barriers to adherence to treatment. Increased general adherence was significantly associated with lower pain at post-treatment. CONCLUSION: The items described in the questionnaire for barriers to treatment are the main problem when it comes to adhering to a multimodal treatment program for FM. Healthcare professionals are advised to discuss these barriers directly with patients and assist in overcoming them. PMID- 18925684 TI - The interleukin 1beta pathway in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. AB - Osteoarthritis (OA) is a major disabling disease and is ranked as a major cause of chronic pain in adults. The pathology of the illness is characterized by a loss of articular cartilage leading to narrowing of joint space, increased joint friction, potential structural remodeling, persistent pain, and functional impairment. The proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) has several chemical and bioactive characteristics allowing this catabolic protein to be involved in initiation and progression of OA. We review the current understanding of the pathogenesis of OA, and how upregulation of IL-1beta initiates a cascade of intracellular events that can culminate in activation of proteinases, creation of a pro-destructive articular milieu, suppression of anabolic pathways, and a decrease in the synthesis of cartilage extracellular matrix. Therapeutic approaches to block the action of IL-1beta and overcome its signal transduction to curtail disease progression are discussed. PMID- 18925685 TI - Evaluation of an instrument assessing influence of Gout on health-related quality of life. AB - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the reliability and validity of an instrument assessing the influence of gout (acute and chronic) on health-related quality of life (HRQOL). METHODS: Focus groups were used to examine the content of an existing Gout Assessment Questionnaire (GAQ1.0). GAQ2.0 was developed, consisting of a section describing the impact of gout on HRQOL [Gout Impact (GI)] and 4 sections describing subjects' gout overall and demographic data. The GAQ2.0 and the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 Version 2 (SF-36v2) were completed by gout patients in 3 US cities. GI scales were examined using clinical judgment, review of item statistics, Rasch analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis. RESULTS: Subjects (n = 308) were predominantly male (90.2%), Caucasian (75.9%), with a mean age 62.2 +/- 11.8 years. Half the subjects (49.7%) reported > or = 3 attacks in the past year. Two-week test-retest reliability for each scale was good (0.77 to 0.89) for all 5 GI scales. All scales achieved high sufficient (0.86 to 0.89) or excellent (0.93 to 0.97) ratings based on 10-item adjusted alpha coefficients. Correlations and tests among known groups indicated subjects with more severe gout had higher GI scores (i.e., greater gout impact). GI scores correlated more highly with patient-reported measures of gout severity than the SF-36v2 and several traditional measures of gout severity. CONCLUSION: The GAQ2.0 is an instrument for measuring the impact of gout on HRQOL. The GI section exhibited acceptable reliability and validity characteristics. Future studies should assess GI responsiveness, minimally important differences, and psychometric properties in other patient populations. PMID- 18925686 TI - Influence of HLA-B*5703 and HLA-B*1403 on susceptibility to spondyloarthropathies in the Zambian population. AB - OBJECTIVE: To analyze the distribution of HLA-B alleles and to investigate their contribution in the susceptibility to spondyloarthropathies (SpA) in a sample population from Zambia, in order to determine a relationship between some HLA-B alleles and development of ankylosing spondylitis (AS), reactive arthritis (ReA), or undifferentiated SpA (uSpA). METHODS: . We selected 72 patients with SpA and found that 46 had uSpA, 23 ReA, and 3 AS. We also selected 92 matched controls; 55 of these had human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-I) infection. RESULTS: We found a significant increase in the rate of uSpA and ReA with features of Reiter's syndrome (RS) in HIV-positive individuals who carried the HLA-B*5703 allele (pc < 0.0001 and pc < 0.001, respectively). Among the significant new findings identified were the presence of B*1403 in 2 of the 3 AS patients (pc < 0.05, OR 47), confirming previous data in the Togolese population. CONCLUSION: The presence of B*5703 and HIV infection may not affect susceptibility to AS and ReA, but they do show an important influence in uSpA and RS. Our findings confirm that HLA-B*1403 is the only factor to increase the risk of AS in a sub-Saharan African population, whereas HLA-B27 was virtually absent in patients with AS. PMID- 18925687 TI - Role of polymorphisms in Adamantiades-Behcet's disease. AB - OBJECTIVE: We previously showed that Adamantiades-Behcet's disease (A-BD) is associated with a lower incidence of malignancy compared with the general population. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) has been shown to play a role in cartilage regeneration and is increased in patients with A-BD. We also found 2 functional polymorphisms of the TGF-beta pathway, TGFBR1*6A and TGFB1*CC, that are associated with risk of malignancy. We tested whether incidence of these polymorphisms would differ in patients with A-BD compared with healthy controls of similar age and geographic location. METHODS: We performed a case-control study including 139 cases and 128 controls from Greece. Cases and controls were genotyped for TGFBR1*6A and TGFB1*CC. RESULTS: We found that cases had lower incidence of TGFBR1*6A compared with controls (11.3% vs 13.3%, respectively). Also, the incidence of TGFB1*CC was lower in cases than controls (24.6% vs 27.0%, respectively). These differences were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Although there is a suggestion that the lower incidence of TGFBR1*6A in A-BD patients may play a protective role against development of malignancy, larger studies would be needed to fully evaluate the role of TGF-beta and its polymorphisms in A-BD. PMID- 18925689 TI - Antiphospholipid antibody-associated chorea. AB - OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical features, treatment, and outcomes of patients with antiphospholipid antibody (aPL)-associated chorea. METHODS: The study cohort consisted of consecutive patients with chorea evaluated between 1990 and 2005 with documented aPL at time of their neurologic diagnosis. RESULTS: Eighteen patients were identified, 4 with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The 14 non SLE patients experienced 1.6 vascular thromboses/pregnancy losses per person, while patients with SLE experienced 0.5 events/person. Four non-SLE patients (29%) and no SLE patients met criteria for antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS). None of these 4 tested positive for IgM anticardiolipin antibody (aCL). In contrast, 10 (71%) non-APS patients tested positive for IgM aCL. Chorea was most often bilateral, mild to moderate, and occurred once with a median age at onset of 44 and 33 years in non-SLE and SLE patients, respectively. Therapy included immunosuppression in 3 (21%) non-SLE patients and in all SLE patients. Antidopaminergic agents were used in 7 (39%). All patients responded to treatment. Five patients received anticoagulation for thrombosis and 2 died of bleeding complications, both non-SLE patients. CONCLUSION: aPL-associated chorea occurs most often in women and severity is mild to moderate. Clinical expression of chorea does not differ between those with and without SLE. Anticoagulation should be reserved for thrombosis treatment and not simply for chorea in the presence of aPL, as 2 patients died of bleeding. The absence of IgM aCL in patients with APS supports prior evidence that IgG aCL and lupus anticoagulant may be the more clinically relevant antibodies for thrombosis. However, IgM aCL may be important in patients with chorea. PMID- 18925690 TI - Rare diseases in Croatia--lesson learned from Anderson-Fabry disease. PMID- 18925691 TI - Registration of clinical trials still moving ahead--September 2008 update to Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals. PMID- 18925692 TI - Genetically hypertensive Brown Norway congenic rat strains suggest intermediate traits underlying genetic hypertension. AB - AIM: To determine the independent and combined effects of three quantitative trait loci (QTL) for blood pressure in the Genetically Hypertensive (GH/Omr) rat by generating and characterizing single and combined congenic strains that have QTL on rat chromosomes (RNO) 2, 6, and 18 from the GH rat introduced into a hypertension resistant Brown Norway (BN) background. METHODS: Linkage analysis and QTL identification (genome wide QTL scan) were performed with MapMaker/EXP to build the genetic maps and MapMaker/QTL for linking the phenotypes to the genetic map. The congenic strains were derived using marker-assisted selection strategy from a single male F1 offspring of an intercross between the male GH/Omr and female BN/Elh, followed by 10 generations of selective backcrossing to the female BN progenitor strain. Single congenic strains generated were BN.GH-(D2Rat22 D2Mgh11)/Mcwi (BN.GH2); BN.GH-(D6Mit12-D6Rat15)/Mcwi (BN.GH6); and BN.GH (D18Rat41-D18Mgh4)/Mcwi (BN.GH18). Blood pressure measurements were obtained either via a catheter placed in the femoral artery or by radiotelemetry. Responses to angiotensin II (ANGII), norepinephrine (NE), and baroreceptor sensitivity were measured in the single congenics. RESULTS: Transferring one or more QTL from the hypertensive GH into normotensive BN strain was not sufficient to cause hypertension in any of the developed congenic strains. There were no differences between the parental and congenic strains in their response to NE. However, BN.GH18 rats revealed significantly lower baroreceptor sensitivity (beta=-1.25-/+0.17), whereas BN.GH2 (beta=0.66-/+0.09) and BN.GH18 (beta=0.71 /+0.07) had significantly decreased responses to ANGII from those observed in the BN (beta=0.88-/+0.08). CONCLUSION: The failure to alter blood pressure levels by introducing the hypertensive QTL from the GH into the hypertension resistant BN background suggests that the QTL effects are genome background-dependent in the GH rat. BN.GH2 and BN.GH18 rats reveal significant differences in response to ANGII and impaired baroreflex sensitivity, suggesting that we may have captured a locus responsible for the genetic control of baroreceptor sensitivity, which would be considered an intermediate phenotype of blood pressure. PMID- 18925693 TI - Effect of unilateral ureteral obstruction and anti-angiotensin II treatment on renal tubule and interstitial cell apoptosis in rats. AB - AIM: To investigate the effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (cilazapril) and angiotensin II type I receptor antagonist (losartan) on tubular and interstitial cell apoptosis and caspase-3 activity in rats with obstructive nephropathy after unilateral ureteral obstruction. METHODS: Rats with unilateral obstructive nephropathy and sham-operated rats were treated with cilazapril, losartan, or the vehicle (water). Tubular and interstitial cell apoptosis was detected morphologically on hematoxylin and eosin-stained renal specimens and by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end-labeling. Caspase-3 activity in whole-kidney tissue homogenates was measured colorimetrically. RESULTS: After unilateral ureter ligation, there was a significant increase in the number of apoptotic tubular and interstitial cells in the obstructed kidney (P=0.049 and P=0.036, respectively, vs sham-operated rats, 10 days after ligation). In rats with unilateral obstructive nephropathy, neither cilazapril nor losartan had an effect on tubular cell apoptosis. However, cilazapril caused a significant increase in the number of renal apoptotic interstitial cells (P=0.019). Caspase-3 activity was not significantly different in rats with unilateral obstructive nephropathy than in sham-operated rats. CONCLUSION: Rats with unilateral obstructive nephropathy had increased apoptosis of tubular and interstitial cells in comparison with sham-operated rats. Neither cilazapril nor losartan had an effect on tubular cell apoptosis, and cilazapril even increased interstitial cell apoptosis. PMID- 18925694 TI - Relationship between vascular endothelial growth factor and nuclear factor-kappaB in renal cell tumors. AB - AIM: To assess the relationship between protein and messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and subcellular localization of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB), proliferation rate of tumor cells, and clinicopathological characteristics of renal cell tumors. METHODS: We analyzed 31 one renal cell tumors - 22 clear cell renal cell carcinomas (CCRCC) and 9 other histologic types (non-CCRCC). VEGF expression and subcellular localization of p65 member of NF-kappaB and Ki67 were immunohistochemically evaluated for the proliferation rate of tumor cells. Expression of VEGF mRNA was assessed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction after total RNA extraction from snap-frozen tumor tissue samples. RESULTS: Cytoplasmic localization of VEGF protein in renal cell tumors showed a perimembranous and diffuse pattern, the former being more evident in CCRCC (27.1 -/+ 18.9 vs 3.3 -/+ 10 % tumors, P<0.001) and the latter in non-CCRCC type (71.7 -/+ 23.2 vs 31.1 -/+ 22.1 % tumors, P<0.001). Heterogeneity in VEGF gene expression was more pronounced in CCRCC type than in non-CCRCC type (P=0.004). In addition, perimembranous VEGF pattern was associated with higher VEGF mRNA levels (P=0.006) and diffuse VEGF pattern with lower VEGF mRNA levels (P<0.001). Nuclear and cytoplasmic staining of NF-kappaB/p65 was observed in the majority of tumor cells. A significant association was recorded between cytoplasmic NK-kappaB/65 staining and VEGF staining of diffuse pattern (P=0.026). Association between NF-kappaB/65 and proliferation rate of tumor cells was significant for cytoplasmic staining (P=0.039) but not for nuclear NFkB/p65 staining (P=0.099). CONCLUSION: Higher but inhomogeneous expression of VEGF in tumor cells, especially in CCRCCs, is associated with NF-kappaB/65 activity. This indicates that both VEGF and NF kappaB/65 may be important in renal carcinogenesis, representing a possible molecular target in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma. PMID- 18925695 TI - Prognostic markers and gene abnormalities in subgroups of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: single center experience. AB - AIM: To explore the association between FOXP1, BCL2, and BCL6 gene expression in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma tumor cells and their association with the presence of FOXP3 lymphocytes. METHODS: Samples of lymph nodes from 53 patients with newly diagnosed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma were taken at the time of the diagnosis and immunostained for CD10, MUM1, BCL6, BCL2, FOXP1, and FOXP3. Fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis was used for the detection of FOXP1, BCL2, and BCL6 gene abnormalities. The chi(2) test was used for data analysis. RESULTS: FOXP1 protein was detected in 28 cases, genetic abnormalities involving the FOXP1 locus were found in 19 cases, and both were present in 13 cases (chi(2)=7.157; P=0.028). FOXP3 positive cells were detected in 37 cases. There was a significant relationship between BCL2 expression and FOXP1 genetic abnormalities (chi(2)= 5.858; P=0.016) and between BCL2 expression and BCL2 genetic abnormalities (chi(2)= 6.349; P=0.012). There was also an association between BCL6 and FOXP1 genetic abnormalities (chi(2)=8.497;P=0.004). CONCLUSION: There was an association between FOXP1 and BCL2. The presence of FOXP3 positive cells had no influence on any of the analyzed markers. PMID- 18925696 TI - Prognostic significance of B-cell differentiation genes encoding proteins in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma grade 3. AB - AIM: To define prognostic significance of B-cell differentiation genes encoding proteins and BCL2 and BCL6 gene abnormalities in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma grade 3 with >75% follicular growth pattern. METHODS: In 53 patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and 20 patients with follicular lymphoma grade 3 with >75% follicular growth pattern the following was performed: 1) determination of protein expression of BCL6, CD10, MUM1/IRF4, CD138, and BCL2 by immunohistochemistry; 2) subclassification into germinal center B-cell-like (GCB) and activated B-cell-like (ABC) groups according to the results of protein expression; 3) detection of t(14;18)(q32;q21)/IgH-BCL2 and BCL6 abnormalities by fluorescent in situ hybridization in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma grade 3 with >75% follicular growth pattern as well as in GCB and ABC groups; and 4) assessment of the influence of the analyzed characteristics and clinical prognostic factors on overall survival. RESULTS: Only BCL6 expression was more frequently found in follicular lymphoma grade 3 with >75% follicular growth pattern than in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (P=0.030). There were no differences in BCL2 and BCL6 gene abnormalities between diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma grade 3 with >75% follicular growth pattern. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma grade 3 with >75% follicular growth pattern patients were equally distributed in GCB and ABC groups. t(14;18)(q32;q21) was more frequently recorded in GCB group, and t(14;18)(q32;q21) with BCL2 additional signals or only BCL2 and IgH additional signals in ABC group (P=0.004). The GCB and ABC groups showed no difference in BCL6 gene abnormalities. There was no overall survival difference between the diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma grade 3 with >75% follicular growth pattern patients, however, GCB group had longer overall survival than ABC group (P=0.047). Multivariate analysis showed that BCL6, CD10, and BCL2 expression, BCL2 and BCL6 abnormalities, and International Prognostic Index were not significantly related to overall survival. CONCLUSION: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma grade 3 with >75% follicular growth pattern patients have very similar characteristics and their prognosis is more influenced by protein expression of B-cell differentiation stage genes than by tumor cells growth pattern, BCL2 and BCL6 abnormalities, and International Prognostic Index. PMID- 18925697 TI - Immunohistochemically detected high expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 as predictor of poor prognosis in Duke's B colon cancer. AB - AIM: To demonstrate immunohistochemical expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) protein in Duke's B colon cancer and determine its correlation with age, sex, grade, presence of vascular invasion, and patients' overall survival. METHOD: The study took place from January 1995 to December 1997. We determined the expression of MMP-2 in 152 formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded specimens of Duke's B colon carcinomas by immunohistochemical analysis using MMP-2 monoclonal antibody. Immunohistochemical expression was scored semiquantitatively. Carcinomas were graded as low or high grade. Survival time was analyzed with Kaplan-Meier method, and the log-rank test was used to assess the differences between groups. Cox proportional hazard regression model was used for multivariate survival analysis. RESULT: Univariate analysis showed that positive staining for MMP-2, high histological grade, vascular invasion, male sex, and age>60 years were associated with shorter survival in patients with Duke's B colon cancer (P range from 0.023 to <0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that only MMP-2 overexpression (P<0.001; hazard ratio [HR]=3.64) and vascular invasion (P<0.001; HR=4.27) were associated with shorter overall survival. CONCLUSION: Expression of MMP-2 is an important independent indicator of shorter survival in patients with Duke's B colon cancer and should be taken into consideration in decision-making on the use of adjuvant systemic therapy in patients with Duke's B colon cancer. PMID- 18925698 TI - Cyclin D1 and p27 expression as prognostic factor in papillary carcinoma of thyroid: association with clinicopathological parameters. AB - AIM: To determine the prognostic value of cell cycle regulators cyclin D1 and p27 for papillary thyroid carcinomas. METHODS: Analysis included 180 patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma who underwent surgery at Split University Hospital Center between 1999 and 2001. Clinical data were obtained from clinical charts and histopathology reports. Immunohistochemistry was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue by antibody p27 and cyclin D1. Quantification was based on the intensity and distribution of nuclear staining. RESULTS: Univariate analysis showed that sex (P=0.019) and capsular invasion (P=0.010) were significant predictors of lymph node metastases, whereas age (P=0.96), histopathological variant (P=0.075), size (P=0.556) and multifocality (P=0.131) were not. Univariate analysis also showed that overexpression of cyclin D1 (P<0.001) and underexpression of p27 (P<0.001) predicted lymph node metastases in papillary thyroid carcinomas. There was a significant correlation between cyclin D1 (P=0.024) and p27 (P=0.029) expression in two prognostic groups of low and high risk. Low risk group was cyclin D1 negative and p27 positive, while high risk group was cyclin D1 positive and p27 negative. Multivariate analysis confirmed that sex (P=0.041), capsular invasion (P=0.027), and p27 (P<0.001) were strong independent predictors of lymph node metastases in the high-risk group. CONCLUSIONS: Immunohistochemical analysis of p27 expression may be a valuable tool for identifying risk of lymph node metastases and more aggressive behavior of papillary thyroid carcinoma. PMID- 18925699 TI - Fms-like tyrosine kinase (FLT) 3 and FLT3 internal tandem duplication in different types of adult leukemia: analysis of 147 patients. AB - AIM: To assess the expression level of fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3), the incidence of FLT3/internal tandem duplications (ITD) mutation, and prognostic value of FLT3 changes in different types of adult leukemia. METHODS: Bone marrow mononuclear cells were isolated from 147 adult patients with leukemia. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to screen FLT3/ITD mutation and quantitative PCR was performed to evaluate the expression of the FLT3 transcript. Flow cytometry was used for detection of FLT3 receptor protein expression on bone marrow mononuclear cells. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to estimate the significance of FLT3. RESULTS: FLT3 expression was higher in acute myeloid leukemia and B-acute lymphoid leukemia than in T-acute lymphoid leukemia (P=0.006, P=0.001) and chronic myelogenous leukemia (P<0.001). In chronic myelogenous leukemia, FLT3 expression in blast transformation phase was higher than in acceleration phase (P=0.023). Surface expression of FLT3 protein was correlated with high percentage of bone marrow blasts and with FLT3 mRNA expression (r=0.366, P<0.001) in acute leukemia. FLT3/ITDs in the juxtamembrane domain were found in 25% of patients with acute myeloid leukemia and 7% of patients with acute lymphoid leukemia. FLT3/ITD positive sequences had 36, 42, and 57 nucleotides. FLT3/ITD mutation was associated with a higher white blood cell count, higher marrow blast percentage, and elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase (P=0.045, P=0.014, P<0.001, respectively) and not associated with a higher FLT3 mRNA and FLT3 protein expression, and lower complete remission (P=0.091, P=0.060, P=0.270, respectively). CONCLUSION: FLT3 expression levels differed in different types of adult leukemia. Overexpression of FLT3 and presence of a positive FLT3/ITD mutation in acute leukemia were associated with unfavorable clinical characteristics and poor prognosis. PMID- 18925701 TI - Low grade peritoneal mucinous carcinomatosis associated with human papilloma virus infection: case report. AB - Pseudomyxoma peritonei is a clinical syndrome characterized by peritoneal dissemination of a mucinous tumor with mucinous ascites. The vast majority of the pseudomyxoma peritonei are associated with mucinous neoplasms of the appendix. We describe a case of pseudomyxoma peritonei associated with mucinous adenocarcinoma of the cervix in a 60-year-old woman. The patient developed low grade mucinous peritoneal carcinomatosis 8 years after hysterectomy for cervical adenocarcinoma. No other primary mucinous tumor was identified and peritoneal carcinomatosis tested positive for high-risk human papilloma virus (HPV), showing both integrated and episomal pattern. HPV has been previously associated with development of cervical carcinomas (both squamous and mucinous) but neither has cervical adenocarcinoma nor HPV been implicated in development of pseudomyxoma peritonei. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first description of HPV associated malignancy presenting as pseudomyxoma peritonei. PMID- 18925700 TI - Unusual presentation of anaplastic large cell lymphoma with clinical course mimicking fever of unknown origin and sepsis: autopsy study of five cases. AB - AIM: To describe a subset of cases with the unusual clinical and histomorphological presentation of anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) mimicking fever of unknown origin (FUO) and sepsis. METHODS: A pathology database was searched using full term Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine codes for ALCL to identify 23ALCL cases from the period 1999-2006. Of those, five cases that did not have a correct premortem diagnosis were further analyzed to elucidate the reasons for delayed and incorrect pre-mortem diagnosis. The analyzed data included clinical presentation, duration of symptoms, duration of hospital stay, premortem presumed cause of death, white blood cell count, platelet count, anion gap and blood pH, liver enzymes (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase), lactate, coagulation tests (prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen, D dimers), microbiology cultures, and radiology and surgical pathology reports. Autopsy reports were reviewed for description of major gross findings, initial clinical diagnosis, and cause of death. RESULTS: Five fatal and pre-mortem unrecognized ALCL cases were characterized by rapid decline, with histologic findings showing predominantly extranodal involvement, intravascular lymphomatosis, and hemophagocytosis. The cases were also characterized by unusual clinical manifestations including a FUO, sepsis, and disseminated intravascular coagulation-like picture, lactic acidosis, hepatosplenomegaly, and absence of significant peripheral adenopathy. CONCLUSIONS: There is a distinct group of ALCLs with unique and specific clinical, gross autopsy, and histopathologic findings. Recognition of this clinical variant may facilitate early detection and potentially timely diagnosis and therapy. PMID- 18925703 TI - Medical journalism and authorship in low income countries. PMID- 18925704 TI - Career opportunities for me? PMID- 18925706 TI - [Translational medicine: from theory to practice]. PMID- 18925705 TI - Health of the Health System. Pilot, Swiss cheese, and cash machine. PMID- 18925707 TI - [Strategies for research on neuromental diseases]. PMID- 18925708 TI - [Effect of hyperbaric oxygen treatment on mitochondrial free radicals after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of hyperbaric oxygen(HBO)therapy on mitochondrial free radicals after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. METHODS: The male SD rats were randomly assigned into two groups, control and HBO groups. All animals were subjected to 90 min intra-luminal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) with the regional cerebral blood flow monitored in vivo by laser Doppler flowmetry. HBO treatment was performed in a pressure chamber with 100% O(2)(3 ATM 1 h) 3 h after ischemia. Twenty-four hours after ischemia, mitochondria in the ischemic core and penumbra were isolated and the contents of H(2)O(2), O(2)(*-), MDA, SOD, GSH-PX and GSH in mitochondria were measured respectively. RESULT: After cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, contents of mitochondrial H(2)O(2), O(2)(*-), MDA increased, while the SOD, GSH-PX and GSH in the mitochondria decreased significantly both in the ischemic core and the ischemic penumbra, compared with those in the normal controls(P<0.05). In the ischemic penumbra, HBO therapy increased significantly the content of O(2)(* )(P<0.05), enhanced the activity of SOD, and decreased the level of MDA (P<0.05). However, HBO therapy did not change the level of MDA, though it also increased the content of O(2)(*-) and the activity of SOD in the ischemic core. HBO therapy had no significant effect on the contents of H(2)O(2), GSH-PX and GSH in the ischemic mitochondria. CONCLUSION: HBO therapy initiated early after acute transient cerebral ischemia in rats can increase the mitochondrial free radicals level, but also increase the activity of the anti-radical enzymes. HBO treatment inhibits the lipid peroxidation damage of mitochondria in the ischemic penumbra, but not in the ischemic core, which indicates that the mitochondrial function plays a role in the reaction of the free radical in the ischemic area after HBO therapy. PMID- 18925709 TI - [LRIG3 gene regulates biological activity of GL15 cell line]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin like domains 3 (LRIG3) on the biological activity of glioblastoma cell line GL15. METHODS: Glioblastoma GL15 cells were cultured and transfected with LRIG3-EGFP plasmid. The location of LRIG3 in GL15 cells was observed with confocal microscopy. The proliferation and invasiveness of GL15 cells were detected with methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) and Transwell methods respectively; the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and LRIG3 mRNA and protein were detected with reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot respectively. RESULT: After transfection with the plasmid LRIG-EGFP, LRIG3 fusion protein was found in cytoplasm of GL15 cells and cell proliferative and invasiveness were reduced. The expression of EGFR and LRIG3 varied with the duration of EGF treatment (100 ng/ml): the expression of EGFR decreased while the expression of LRIG3 increased as time prolonged. CONCLUSION: LRIG3 can inhibit the proliferation and invasiveness of glioblastoma cells and may be used as a target gene in gene therapy of glioblastoma. PMID- 18925710 TI - [Cortical neuron apoptosis induced by beta-amyloid peptide and protective effect of panoxadiol in mice]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the apoptosis of cortical neurons induced by beta amyloid peptide (Abeta(1-40)) and the protective effect of panoxadiol. METHODS: The Abeta(1-40) induced damage of primarily cultured mouse cortical neurons was examined with morphological observation, MTT assay, DNA agarose gel electrophoresis and Western-blot. RESULT: After 48 h treated with 12 mumol/L Abeta(1-40), the cortical neurons showed apoptotic characteristics: including decreased OD570 value in MTT assay, DNA cleavage fragment in electrophoresis and increased apoptotic cells. Western-blot showed that the expression of bcl-2 reduced significantly (P<0.05). Cell apoptosis was significantly attenuated in 40 mg/L panoxadiol treated group. CONCLUSION: Panoxadiol can protect cultured cortical neurons from apoptosis induced by Abeta(1-40) in mice. PMID- 18925711 TI - [5-Lipoxygenase/cysteinyl leukotriene pathway is not involved in injury of rat C6 glioma cells induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To determine whether oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) induces C6 cell injury, and whether 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX)/cysteinyl leukotriene (CysLT) pathway is involved in OGD-induced injury. METHODS: After OGD treatment and recovery for various durations, the viability of C6 cells was determined, and the effects of 5 LOX inhibitors and CysLT receptor antagonists were investigated. Intracellular distribution of 5-LOX protein was detected by immunocytochemistry, and the mRNA expressions of CysLT1 and CysLT2 receptors were detected by RT-PCR. The effect of leukotriene D(4) (LTD(4)) on C6 cells was also investigated. RESULT: OGD for 4-8 h followed by recovery for 24-72 h significantly induced C6 cell injury. Neither 5-LOX inhibitors nor CysLT receptor antagonists inhibited OGD-induced injury. OGD did not induce 5-LOX translocation into the nuclear membrane. C6 cells highly expressed CysLT(2) receptor, but the expression of CysLT1receptor was much weaker; the expression was not affected by OGD. In addition, LTD(4) did not affect C6 cells significantly. CONCLUSION: OGD can induce C6 cell injury, but 5 LOX/CysLT pathway might be not involved in OGD-induced injury. PMID- 18925712 TI - [Effects of amygdala kindled seizures on memory retention of passive-avoidance test in rats]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of amygdala kindled seizures on memory retention of passive-avoidance test in rats. METHODS: Chronic kindled seizures were achieved by daily application of electric stimulations on amygdala until the occurrence of 3 consecutive convulsive seizures. Then a passive-avoidance test was performed to measure memory retention ability in rats; another group of rats received an electric stimulation on amygdala 5 min before the training trail to observe the effects of acute seizure attack on memory retention ability. RESULT: In the training trail and the 1st day of the test trail, there was no difference in the latency to enter dark compartment between chronic kindled seizure group and its corresponding control group. However, the latency significantly increased at the 5 th day of test trail. In addition, the latency of acute seizure attack group rats significantly decreased at the 1 st day and 5 th day of test trail. CONCLUSION: Chronic amygdala kindled seizures increase memory retention of passive-avoidance test in rats, and acute seizure attack impairs this action. PMID- 18925713 TI - [Changes of encephalic contents of neuropeptides in rats with vascular dementia]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the changes of encephalic contents of somatostatin (SS) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) in rats with vascular dementia. METHODS: Twenty four male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: vascular dementia group (VDMG), sham operation group (SOG) and control group (CG). The vascular dementia model was established by permanent bilateral vertebral artery occlusion through electric coagulation and shut-off the bilateral carotid arteries. The remember behavior of animals was tested and the contents of SS and AVP in various encephalic region (frontal cortex, temporal lobe, hippocampus, cerebral ganglion and corpora striatum) were determined with radioimmunoassay. RESULT: During the 15-day-long remembering test, the frequency of making mistakes in the VDMG was higher remarkably than that in SOG and CG (P<0.05); and the relative contents of SS were decreased in frontal area cortex, temporal lobe, hippocampus, cerebral ganglion and corpora striatum (P<0.01), while decrease of AVP contents was only detected in temporal lobe and corpora striatum (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The disturbance of learning and memory function might be associated with SS and AVP after multiple cerebral infarction in the animals. PMID- 18925714 TI - [Asymmetry in internal capsule detected with magnetic diffusion tensor imaging]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the asymmetry of fibers in the posterior limb of the internal capsule with diffusion tensor imaging. METHODS: Twenty-nine volunteers (right-handers: 20, left-handers: 9) were enrolled in this study. All the data were obtained using a 1.5 tesla scanner (Signa EXCITE II. GE Medical Systems). The parameters including apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), fractional anisotropy (FA) and eigenvalue lambda1, lambda2, lambda3 were acquired from the posterior limb of the internal capsule in both hemisphere of brain, and paired t test was used for statistical differences between the hemisphere. RESULTS: No differences of ADC and lambda1 were found among the right-handers, but FA in the internal capsule of left hemisphere was larger than that in the right (0.72+/ 0.03 compared with 0.70 +/-0.04, P=0.001), and lambda2, lambda3 in the left was lower than that in the right [(4.39+/-0.32 compared with 4.50+/-0.33)x10(-3) mm(2)/s, P=0.016 and (2.19 +/-0.34 compared with 2.29 +/-0.40)x10(-3) mm(2)/s, P=0.024, respectively]. In contrast to the results among the right-handers, all parameters in the left-handers showed no statistical differences. CONCLUSION: The fibers in the posterior limb of the internal capsule of left hemisphere might be well sheathed with myelin among right-handers. PMID- 18925715 TI - [Are there gender differences in iron contents of adult brain: an in vivo susceptibility weighted imaging study]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the gender-related difference in the iron contents of the human brain. METHODS: The brain iron levels were evaluated in vivo in 78 healthy adult volunteers using a noninvasive magnetic resonance method termed susceptibility weighted phase imaging. The subjects consisted of 40 males and 38 females, with the mean age of 41.5+/-11.9 and 45.2+/-15.9, respectively. The phase values were measured on the corrected phase images in the globus pallidus, putamen, caudate, substantia nigra, red nucleus, thalamus and frontal white matter. Phase values of these regions measured from the subjects aged over 30 were correlated with published values of brain iron contents in normal adults to check the validity of the data. Covariance models were used to evaluate the gender effect on the brain iron concentration, with age as the covariate, controlling for the linear effects of age. RESULTS: A strongly negative correlation was showed between the phase values of this study and the reference values (r=-0.796, P=0.032). No significant gender-related difference in the brain iron concentration was found in any regions of interest (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: Gender differences in the iron contents of the adult human brain are not found in this study. PMID- 18925716 TI - [Effect of exogenous androgen on structures of sexually dimorphism nucleus in preoptic area and anteroventral periventricular nucleus before sexual differentiation in female rats]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of androgen on sexually dimorphism nucleus in preoptic area (SDN-POA) and anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) before sexual differentiation of the brain in female rats. METHODS: Neonatal female SD rats (n=12) were randomly divided into two groups: androgen group and control group. Twenty-four hours after birth animals were subjected to intraperitoneal injection of 50 microl of testosterone propionate (TP,10.0 g/L) or aseptic oil as control. The rats were sacrificed 60 days after the injection and the brains were collected for crystal violet staining. LEICA Q Win system was applied in detecting the boundaries of SDN-POA and AVPV, then the volumes of SDN POA and AVPV were calculated. RESULTS: The volumes of SDN-POA in androgen group were significantly larger than those in control group [(16.77+/-2.68) vs (8.99+/ 1.42)mm(3)x10(-3), P<0.01], while the volumes of AVPV in androgen group were significantly smaller than those in control group [(9.14+/-1.16) vs (14.62+/ 2.80)mm(3)x10(-3), P<0.01]. CONCLUSION: Exogenous androgen rendered before sexual differentiation in female rats results in enlargement of SDN-POA volumes and reduction of AVPV. PMID- 18925717 TI - [Different patterns of aversive emotion regulation in homosexual and heterosexual men]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To compare the differences between homosexual and heterosexual men in the pattern of induced aversive emotion regulation. METHODS: Ten healthy homosexual men and 10 heterosexual men were investigated by functional magnetic resonance imaging under three types of visual sexual stimuli designed by Block. SPM2 software was used for data analysis. RESULTS: Same levels of negative emotions of homosexual men and heterosexual were induced by female-female and male-male erotic stimuli respectively. Activations of same brain regions including prefrontal gyrus, temporal gyrus, occipital gyrus and cerebellum were observed in two groups. However, there were significant differences in the side of hippocampus and precuneus. Activations of right cingulate cortex were observed in homosexual men, but not in heterosexual men. CONCLUSION: There are some differences in the patterns of aversive emotion regulation between homosexual and heterosexual men. PMID- 18925718 TI - [Clinical and genetic analysis of a pedigree of myotonic dystrophy disease]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical manifestations and to make genetic analysis in a pedigree with myotonic dystrophy disease. METHODS: The proband and available family members were identified by neurological examination. The clinical manifestation of 8 patients (including the proband) was analyzed; the electromyographic data of 5 patients were compared with 6 other family members. Blood samples were obtained from the 7 patients of the family (excepting II6). DM(1) and DM(2) gene were amplified by PCR, tested by agarose electrophoresis, then analyzed by genetic analyzer. RESULTS: Myotonia and muscle weakness were the main manifestations associated with heart block (7/8) and cataract(6/7). Electromyologram showed myopathic abnormalities not only in patients but also in other members of the family (5/6). The CTG repeats in DM1 and CCTG repeats in DM2 were all in normal range. CONCLUSION: There likely to be new mutants in this DM pedigree and further study is needed. PMID- 18925719 TI - [Construction and identification of recombinant adenoviral vector encoding B7-H4 gene]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To construct the recombinant adenovirus containing B7-H4 gene with AdEasy XL system and to identify its biological activities. METHODS: The full length mouse B7-H4 gene was amplified by RT-PCR from C57 mouse lung and put into T vector, then verified by sequencing. Digested with Xhol I and EcoR V the B7-H4 gene was inserted into pshuttle-CMW(PSC). Pme I linearized shuttle plasmid was transformed into E.coli BJ5183-AD-1 to obtain the recombinant adenoviral plasmid pAd-mB7-H4 by efficient homologous recombination. Then the recombinant adenovirus mB7-H4/Ad was obtained by packaging Pac I linearized in D-293 cells. The mRNA and protein expression of B7-H4 in mB7-H4/Ad infected AD-293 cells were detected by RT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. mB7-H4/Ad was used to infect L929 cells, the bioactivity of expressed B7-H4 in stimulation of T lymphocytes proliferation and cytokine production were tested. RESULTS: The full-length of mB7-H4 was cloned from mouse lung tissue cDNA and verified by sequencing. The recombinant plasmid pAd-m B7-H4 was successfully generated by homologous recombination, and the primary mB7-H4/Ad was obtained by packaging pAd-B7-H4 in AD-293 cells. Compared with the negative control, L929 cells infected with mB7-H4/Ad effectively inhibited the proliferation of T lymphocytes and cytokines production. CONCLUSION: The bioactive recombinant adenovirus mB7-H4/Ad has been successfully constructed. PMID- 18925720 TI - [Relationship of plasma ghrelin and adenohypophyseal hormone levels in female precocious puberty]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship of plasma ghrelin and adenohypophyseal hormone levels in female precocious puberty. METHODS: A total of 84 patients aged from 6 to 9 years were enrolled in this study. They were divided into idiopathic central precocious puberty (ICPP) and premature thelarche(PT)groups according to their secondary sexual characteristics, bone age, volumes of uterus and ovary, and results of GnRH test. Plasma ghrelin levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. ACTH, TSH, PRL, GH, LH and FSH were measured by chemoluminescence technique. RESULTS: Ghrelin levels in ICPP group were Log (2.42+/-0.26) ng/L, which were significantly lower than those in PT group and controls [Log (2.62+/-0.21) ng/L and Log (2.58+/-0.44) ng/L, respectively, P<0.05]. However there was no significant difference between PT group and controls(P>0.05). Ghrelin levels of ICPP girls with Tanner III were Log (2.31+/ 0.24) ng/L, significantly lower than those of ICPP girls with Tanner II [Log (2.53+/-0.24) ng/L, P<0.05]. By bivariate correlation analysis, ghrelin levels in precocious puberty girls were negatively correlated with ACTH, PRL and LH15, LH30 and LH60 in GnRH test(r=-0.248, -0.235, -0.445, 0.405, 0.398, respectively, P<0.05). No significant correlation was found between ghrelin and GH, LH0(-2), FSH0(-2), and FSH15, FSH30 and FSH60 in GnRH test. CONCLUSION: ICPP girls have lower plasma ghrelin levels, which are decreased with the development of Tanner stage. The plasma ghrelin levels are negatively correlated with ACTH, PRL and LH. PMID- 18925721 TI - [Establishment of animal model with B lineage acute leukemia in nude mice for evaluation of new therapeutic agents]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To establish an acute leukemia animal model for testing new therapeutic agents in vivo. METHODS: Nude mice were intraperitoneally injected with 2 mg cyclophosphamide, 24 h later 5 x 10(6) acute B-cell leukemia Nalm-6 cells was inoculated via the tail vein, then monitored daily. When animals were paralyzed or dying, the organs including the liver, spleen, lung, heart, kidney, brain, bone marrow, pancreas, testes were removed and fixed with formalin, examined by routine histopathology. RESULTS: After Nalm-6 cells were inoculated the mean survival of mice were( 19.4+/-0.55)d (n=6). The paralysis of mice was followed by weight loss, bent spines, hogback, cachexia and death. Histopathological examination showed that the tumor cells infiltrated liver, spleen, kidney, lung, meninges, interior cerebrum, the liver and kidney were the most affected organs. CONCLUSION: B lineage acute leukemia animal model has been successfully established in the nude mice, which is suitable for testing new therapeutic agents. PMID- 18925722 TI - [Qualitative evaluation of thyroid nodules with gray-scale contrast-enhanced ultrasound]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibility of gray-scale contrast-enhanced ultrasound for characterizing thyroid nodules. METHODS: Forty thyroid nodules from 35 patients were studied both by conventional techniques and gray-scale contrast enhanced ultrasound. Of the nodules examined, 15 were benign and 25 malignant. The enhancement of echogenicity was evaluated. The diagnosis was confirmed by surgical biopsy and histopathological examination. RESULTS: The study using gray scale contrast-enhanced ultrasound showed absent contrast-enhancement in 9 of 25 malignant nodules and 1 of 11 benign solitary nodules; intense enhancement in 6 of 25 malignant nodules, with perfusion defect in the center; diffuse faint enhancement in 10 of 25 malignant nodules and 10 of 11 benign solitary nodules. Benign cystic nodules all showed absent enhancement in the cystic components and 2 of 4 intense enhancement in the solitary components. CONCLUSIONS: Gray-scale contrast-enhanced ultrasonography imaging may be a useful tool for evaluating the perfusion of thyroid nodules. Solitary nodules showing absent enhancement or intense enhancement with absent enhancement in the nodular center may suggest malignant. PMID- 18925723 TI - [Application of lateral lag screw with sagittal condylar fracture and management of articular disk]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the application of lateral lag screw and reduction of articular disk in management of intracapsular sagittle fractures of the condylar process. METHODS: The study group consisted of 16 cases (19 joints), including 10 males (12 joints) and 6 females (7 joints). Condylar sagittal fracture and displaced articular disk were detected in all patients. The condylar segments were repositioned and fixed by using lateral lag screw and the displaced articular disk were repositioned at the same time. The mean postoperative follow up was 16 months (range 6-28 months). During the follow up, facial nerve function was monitored and radiologic re-examinations were performed to evaluate reposition of condylar process fractures and articular disk, while the mouth opening and occlusion were registered. RESULTS: The reduction of the displaced condylar fragments and articular disks in all patients were excellent on 3D CT and MRI. No severe complications were observed (including permanent facial nerve palsies, malocclusion, ankylosis). Three months after surgery, all patients showed their better mobility with condylar and disk, and mouth opening reached 43 mm on maximum, 32 mm on minimum, with a mean of 37 mm. CONCLUSION: The results by application of lateral lag screw and reduction of articular disk are helpful in anatomical and functional recovery of temporomandibular joint for patients with displaced sagittal condylar process fractures. PMID- 18925724 TI - [Alpha-synuclein interacted proteins: the relevance with the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease]. AB - Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized pathologically by the relatively preferential loss of dopaminergic neurons with resultant depletion of striatal dopamine and presence of Lewy bodies mainly composed by alpha-synuclein (alpha SYN) in the remaining neurons in the substantia nigra. A lot of evidence suggests that the aggregation of alpha-SYN play an essential role in the pathogenesis of PD and formation of Lewy body. Increasing findings have implicated that some proteins, including parkin, synphilin-1,14-3-3, agrin and tau, interact with alpha-SYN and are involved in the abnormal aggregation of alpha-SYN. PMID- 18925725 TI - [Research progress--the role of astrocyte in neuronal functions]. AB - Astrocytes can regulate synaptic transmission by releasing gliotransmitter, and also can promote synaptogenesis and neurogenesis by releasing estrogen, thrombospondins, IL-1beta and IL-6. Astrocytes may play critical roles in neural nutrition and neuroprotection, so that it might be a new target for treatment of certain central nervous system diseases. PMID- 18925726 TI - Role of the geometry, restricted rotations and solvents on the computed 2,2' diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl hyperfine tensors. AB - The nuclear hyperfine tensor (A) components of the 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl neutral radical are computed using the UB1LYP hybrid density functional method. Solvent interactions via hydrogen bonding are found to play a crucial role in the position of the two phenyl rings relative to the picryl moiety. Under these conditions, the calculated isotropic hyperfine tensor components of the N 1 and N 2 hydrazyl backbone are within approximately 1.3 Gauss (G) of the experimental values determined by EPR and ENDOR spectroscopy. Just as important are the effects of restricted rotations of the phenyl rings on these tensors. Rotational averaging using a Maxwell-Boltzmann type distribution improves the agreement between theory and experiment to less than 1.0 G. In addition, rotational averaging of the twelve isotropic proton coupling constants has also been performed. They come within 0.3 G of the experimental values. Thus, for the first time, all the nuclear hyperfine tensor components of this large class of molecules are accurately calculated without resorting to post Hartree-Fock techniques. PMID- 18925727 TI - Cryptophane-xenon complexes in organic solvents observed through NMR spectroscopy. AB - The interaction of xenon with cryptophane derivatives is analyzed by NMR by using either thermal or hyperpolarized noble gas. Twelve hosts differing by their stereochemistry, cavity size, and the nature and the number of the substituents on the aromatic rings have been included in the study, in the aim of extracting some clues for the optimization of (129)Xe-NMR based biosensors derived from these cage molecules. Four important properties have been examined: xenon-host binding constant, in-out exchange rate of the noble gas, chemical shift, and relaxation of caged xenon. This work aims at understanding the main characteristics of the host-guest interaction in order to choose the best candidate for the biosensing approach. Moreover, rationalizing xenon chemical shift as a function of structural parameters would also help for setting up multiplexing applications. Xenon exhibits the highest affinity for the smallest cryptophane, namely cryptophane-111, and a long relaxation time inside it, convenient for conservation of its hyperpolarization. However, very slow in-out xenon exchange could represent a limitation for its future applicability for the biosensing approach, because the replenishment of the cage in laser-polarized xenon, enabling a further gain in sensitivity, cannot be fully exploited. PMID- 18925728 TI - Indirect photolysis of organic compounds: prediction of OH reaction rate constants through molecular orbital calculations. AB - The MOOH approach is a perturbational molecular orbital method to predict rate constants of indirect photolysis of organic compounds through reaction with OH radicals. It employs the semiempirical AM1 scheme as the underlying quantum chemical model. The original method introduced by Klamt has been reparametrized using an up-to-date set of 675 compounds with experimental rate constants and outperforms the prominent Atkinson increment scheme for this training set as well as for an extended set of 805 compounds, yielding an overall root-mean-square error of 0.32 log units. The discussion includes detailed comparative analyses of the model performances for individual compound classes. The present model calibration refers mainly to monofunctional compounds but performs already reasonably well for multifunctional compounds. For predictive applications, both the Atkinson scheme and the alternative, independent AM1-MOOH model can be used as components of a consensus modeling approach, arriving at increased confidence in cases where the different models agree. PMID- 18925729 TI - Empirical corrections to density functional theory highlight the importance of nonbonded intramolecular interactions in alkanes. AB - Energies of alkanes computed with many popular and even newer density functionals are flawed by systematic errors, which become considerable with larger molecules. The same energies, however, are well described by post-Hartree-Fock methods. Similar DFT shortcomings are well documented for cases involving descriptions of intermolecular van der Waals complexes. One solution to the density functional problem is the addition of an empirical correction term, which more accurately models the known R (-6) dependence of van der Waals energies. Here, we present the first empirical correction to DFT parametrized to reproduce experimental energies associated with intramolecular interactions in alkanes. Our training set used only three reactions involving simple linear and branched alkanes and provides a remarkable improvement over conventional DFT methods and empirical corrections optimized for intermolecular interactions. In contrast to many standard density functionals, the intramolecular empirical correction correctly predicts the lowest energy alkane isomer in addition to performing satisfactorily for describing the interaction energies of intermolecular complexes. PMID- 18925730 TI - Aromaticity: an ab initio evaluation of the properly cyclic delocalization energy and the pi-delocalization energy distortivity of benzene. AB - A complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) calculation of the pi system of a conjugated molecule enables one to define optimal valence pi and pi* molecular orbitals (MOs). One may define from them a set of atom-centered orthogonal pi orbitals, one per carbon atom, and the resulting upper multiplet is used to define the pi-electron delocalization energy. This quantity is confirmed to be slightly distortive, i.e., to prefer bond-alternated geometries. One may also define strongly localized bond MOs corresponding to a Kekule structure and then perturb the associated strongly localized single determinant under the effect of the delocalization between the bonds and of the electronic correlation. The third order of perturbation introduces the contribution of the cyclic circulation of the electrons around the benzene ring, i.e. the aromatic energy contribution. Its value is about 1.5 eV. It is antidistortive, but remains important under bond alternation. The cyclic correlation effects are of minor importance. PMID- 18925731 TI - ReaxFF reactive force field for the Y-doped BaZrO3 proton conductor with applications to diffusion rates for multigranular systems. AB - Proton-conducting perovskites such as Y-doped BaZrO 3 (BYZ) are promising candidates as electrolytes for a proton ceramic fuel cell (PCFC) that might permit much lower temperatures (from 400 to 600 degrees C). However, these materials lead to relatively poor total conductivity ( approximately 10 (-4) S/cm) because of extremely high grain boundary resistance. In order to provide the basis for improving these materials, we developed the ReaxFF reactive force field to enable molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of proton diffusion in the bulk phase and across grain boundaries of BYZ. This allows us to elucidate the atomistic structural details underlying the origin of this poor grain boundary conductivity and how it is related to the orientation of the grains. The parameters in ReaxFF were based entirely on the results of quantum mechanics (QM) calculations for systems related to BYZ. We apply here the ReaxFF to describe the proton diffusion in crystalline BYZ and across grain boundaries in BYZ. The results are in excellent agreement with experiment, validating the use of ReaxFF for studying the transport properties of these membranes. Having atomistic structures for the grain boundaries from simulations that explain the overall effect of the grain boundaries on diffusion opens the door to in silico optimization of these materials. That is, we can now use theory and simulation to examine the effect of alloying on both the interfacial structures and on the overall diffusion. As an example, these calculations suggest that the reduced diffusion of protons across the grain boundary results from the increased average distances between oxygen atoms in the interface, which necessarily leads to larger barriers for proton hopping. Assuming that this is the critical issue in grain boundary diffusion, the performance of BYZ for multigranular systems might be improved using additives that would tend to precipitate to the grain boundary and which would tend to pull the oxygens atoms together. Possibilities might be to use a small amount of larger trivalent ions, such as La or Lu or of tetravalent ions such as Hf or Th. Since ReaxFF can also be used to describe the chemical processes on the anode and cathode and the migration of ions across the electrode-membrane interface, ReaxFF opens the door to the possibility of atomistic first principles predictions on models of a complete fuel cell. PMID- 18925732 TI - Lithium salt electride with an excess electron pair--a class of nonlinear optical molecules for extraordinary first hyperpolarizability. AB - A new lithium salt electride with an excess electron pair is designed, for the first time, by means of doping two sodium atoms into the lithium salt of pyridazine. For this series of electride molecules, the structures with all real frequencies and the static first hyperpolarizability (beta 0) are obtained at the second-order Moller-Plesset theory (MP2). Pyridazine H 4C 4N 2 becomes the lithium salt of pyridazine Li-H 3C 4N 2 as one H atom is substituted by Li. The lithium salt effect on hyperpolarizability is observed as the beta 0 value is increased by about 170 times from 5 to 859 au. For the electride effect, an electride H 4C 4N 2...Na 2 formed by doping two Na atoms into pyridazine, the beta 0 value is increased by about 3000 times from 5 to 1.5 x 10 (4) au. Furthermore, combining these two effects, that is, lithium salt effect and electride effect, more significant increase in beta 0 is expected. A new lithium salt electride Li-H 3C 4N 2...Na 2 is thus designed by doping two Na atoms into Li-H 3C 4N 2. It is found that the new lithium salt electride, Li-H 3C 4N 2...Na 2, has a very large beta 0 value (1.412 x 10 (6) au). The beta 0 value is 2.8 x 10 (5) times larger than that of H 4C 4N 2, 1644 times larger than that of Li-H 3C 4N 2, and still 93 times larger than that of the electride H 4C 4N 2...Na 2. This extraordinary beta 0 value is a new record and comes from its small transition energy and large difference in the dipole moments between the ground state and the excited state. The frequency-dependent beta is also obtained, and it shows almost the same trends as H 4C 4N 2 << Li-H 3C 4N 2 << H 4C 4N 2...Na 2 << Li-H 3C 4N 2...Na 2. This work proposes a new idea to design potential candidate molecules with high-performance NLO properties. PMID- 18925733 TI - Unraveling the A(1)B1 <-- X(1)A1 spectrum of CCl2: The Renner-Teller effect, barrier to linearity, and vibrational analysis using an effective polyad Hamiltonian. AB - We report studies aimed at unraveling the complicated structure of the CCl 2 A (1)B 1 <-- X (1)A 1 system. We have remeasured the fluorescence excitation spectrum from approximately 17,500 to 24,000 cm (-1) and report the term energies and A rotational constants of many new bands for both major isotopologues (C (35)Cl 2, C (35)Cl (37)Cl). We fit the observed term energies to a polyad effective Hamiltonian model and demonstrate that a single resonance term accounts for much of the observed mixing, which begins approximately 1300 cm (-1) above the vibrationless level of the A (1)B 1 state. The derived A (1)B 1 vibrational parameters are in excellent agreement with ab initio predictions, and the mixing coefficients deduced from the polyad model fit are in close agreement with those derived from direct fits of single vibronic level (SVL) emission intensities. The approach to linearity and thus the Renner-Teller (RT) intersection is probed through the energy dependence of the A rotational constant and fluorescence lifetime measurements, which indicate a barrier height above the vibrationless level of the X (1)A 1 state of approximately 23,000-23,500 cm (-1), in excellent agreement with ab initio theory. PMID- 18925734 TI - Thermodynamics of heterogeneous crystal nucleation in contact and immersion modes. AB - One of the most intriguing problems of heterogeneous crystal nucleation in droplets is its strong enhancement in the contact mode (when the foreign particle is presumably in some kind of contact with the droplet surface) compared to the immersion mode (particle immersed in the droplet). Heterogeneous centers can have different nucleation thresholds when they act in contact or immersion modes. The underlying physical reasons for this enhancement have remained largely unclear. In this paper we present a model for the thermodynamic enhancement of heterogeneous crystal nucleation in the contact mode compared to the immersion one. To determine if and how the surface of a liquid droplet can thermodynamically stimulate its heterogeneous crystallization, we examine crystal nucleation in the immersion and contact modes by deriving and comparing with each other the reversible works of formation of crystal nuclei in these cases. The line tension of a three-phase contact gives rise to additional terms in the formation free energy of a crystal cluster and affects its Wulff (equilibrium) shape. As an illustration, the proposed model is applied to the heterogeneous nucleation of hexagonal ice crystals on generic macroscopic foreign particles in water droplets at T = 253 K. Our results show that the droplet surface does thermodynamically favor the contact mode over the immersion one. Surprisingly, the numerical evaluations suggest that the line tension contribution (from the contact of three water phases (vapor-liquid-crystal)) to this enhancement may be of the same order of magnitude as or even larger than the surface tension contribution. PMID- 18925736 TI - Structure-activity relationship studies of phenanthridine-based Bcl-XL inhibitors. AB - Despite their structural similarities, the natural products chelerythrine ( 5) and sanguinarine ( 6) target different binding sites on the pro-survival Bcl-X L protein. This paper details the synthesis of phenanthridine-based analogues of the natural products that were used to probe this difference in binding profiles. The inhibitory constants for these compounds were then measured in a fluorescence polarization assay against Bcl-X L and the tagged Bak-BH3 peptide. The results led to structure-activity relationship studies, which identified the structural motifs required for binding-site specificity as well as inhibitory activity. We also identified synthetic analogues of the natural products that display similar binding modes but with more potent IC 50 values. PMID- 18925735 TI - Spirocyclic benzopyran-based derivatives as new anti-ischemic activators of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channel. AB - Heart mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels (mito-K ATP channels) are deeply implicated in the self-defense mechanism of ischemic preconditioning. Therefore, exogenous molecules activating these channels are considered as a promising pharmacological tool to reduce the myocardial injury deriving from ischemia/reperfusion events. This paper reports the synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of original spiromorpholine- and spiromorpholone-benzopyran derivatives, with the aim to obtain selective activators of mito-K ATP channels. Some compounds of this series showed appreciable cardioprotective effects on rat isolated and perfused hearts, submitted to ischemia/reperfusion cycles. The selective mito-K ATP channel blocker 5-hydroxydecanoic acid antagonized the anti ischemic activity, indicating a clear implication of this pharmacological target. Furthermore, these effects were not associated with significant hypotensive and vasorelaxing properties, which represent one of the main limiting factors for the clinical use of nonselective K ATP-openers against myocardial ischemia. PMID- 18925737 TI - Ni(II) and hs-Fe(II) complexes of a paramagnetic thiazyl ligand, and decomposition products of the iron complex, including an Fe(III) tetramer. AB - Synthesis and structural, magnetic and electrochemical characterization of the Ni(hfac) 2(pyDTDA) and the Fe(hfac) 2(pyDTDA) complexes are reported (hfac = 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoroacetylacetonato-; pyDTDA = 4-(2'-pyridyl)-1,2,3,5 dithiadiazolyl). Unlike the previously reported Mn(II) and Cu(II) complexes, but similar to the Co(II) complex, the Ni(II) and Fe(II) complexes are not dimerized in the solid state, allowing for magnetic coupling between the metal ion and paramagnetic ligand to be readily obtained from solid state magnetic measurements: Ni complex, J/k B = +132(1) K, using H = -2 J{ S Ni. S Rad} and g Ni = 2.04(2) and g Rad = 1.99(2); Fe complex, J/k B = -60.3(3) K, using H = -2 J{ S Fe. S Rad} and g av = 2.11(2). The iron complex is unusually unstable. A thermal decomposition product is isolated wherein the coordinated pyDTDA ligand appears to have been transformed into a coordinated 2-(2'-pyridyl)-4,6 bis(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine. The iron complex also yields a solution decomposition product in the presence of air that is best described as an oxygen bridged iron(III) tetramer with two hfac ligands on each of three iron atoms and two oxidized pyDTDA ligands chelated on the fourth. PMID- 18925738 TI - Slow magnetic relaxation of a ferromagnetic Ni(II)5 cluster with an S = 5 ground state. AB - Complex [Ni 5{pyCOpyC(O)(OMe)py} 2(O 2CMe) 4(N 3) 4(MeOH) 2].2MeOH.2.6H 2O ( 1.2MeOH.2.6H 2O) was synthesized by the reaction of Ni(O 2CMe) 2.4H 2O with pyCOpyCOpy and NaN 3 in refluxing MeOH. It crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/ c space group and consists of five Ni (II) atoms in a helical arrangement. Direct current magnetic susceptibility studies reveal ferromagnetic interactions between the Ni (II) ( S = 1) ions, stabilizing an S = 5 ground state. Alternating current susceptibility experiments revealed the existence of out-of-phase signals indicative of slow magnetic relaxation. Analysis of the signals showed that they are composite, suggesting more than one relaxation process, while analysis of their magnitudes suggests not all molecules undergo slow magnetic relaxation. Magnetization field-sweep experiments revealed hysteresis at 1.8 K, and magnetization decay experiments clearly verified the appearance of slow magnetic relaxation at that temperature. PMID- 18925739 TI - Molybdenum tris(2,5-dimethylpyrrolide), a rare homoleptic molybdenum(III) monomer. AB - The monomeric, homoleptic molybdenum(III) complex molybdenum tris(2,5 dimethylpyrrolide) has been prepared. Reduction with KC 8 in THF yields the molybdenum(II) complex potassium [molybdenum tris(2,5-dimethylpyrrolide)], while protonation with [H(OEt 2) 2][BAr (F) 4] yields a cationic species that contains an eta (1)-3 H-pyrrole ligand. PMID- 18925740 TI - Changes in key aroma compounds of Criollo cocoa beans during roasting. AB - Application of a comparative aroma extraction dilution analysis on unroasted and roasted Criollo cocoa beans revealed 42 aroma compounds in the flavor dilution (FD) factor range of 1-4096 for the unroasted and 4-8192 for the roasted cocoa beans. While the same compounds were present in the unroasted and roasted cocoa beans, respectively, these clearly differed in their intensity. For example, 2- and 3-methylbutanoic acid (rancid) and acetic acid (sour) showed the highest FD factors in the unroasted beans, while 3-methylbutanal (malty), 4-hydroxy-2,5 dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone (caramel-like), and 2- and 3-methylbutanoic acid (sweaty) were detected with the highest FD factors in the roasted seeds. Quantitation of 30 odorants by means of stable isotope dilution assays followed by a calculation of odor activity values (ratio of the concentration/odor threshold) revealed concentrations above the odor threshold for 22 compounds in the unroasted and 27 compounds in the roasted cocoa beans, respectively. In particular, a strong increase in the concentrations of the Strecker aldehydes 3-methylbutanal and phenylacetaldehyde as well as 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone was measured, suggesting that these odorants should contribute most to the changes in the overall aroma after roasting. Various compounds contributing to the aroma of roasted cocoa beans, such as 3-methylbutanoic acid, ethyl 2-methylbutanoate, and 2-phenylethanol, were already present in unroasted, fermented cocoa beans and were not increased during roasting. PMID- 18925741 TI - Hydrolysis kinetics of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside oligomers from flaxseed. AB - Flaxseed is the richest dietary source of the lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) and contains the largest amount of SDG oligomers, which are often hydrolyzed to break the ester linkages for the release of SDG and the glycosidic bonds for the release of secoisolariciresinol (SECO). The alkaline hydrolysis reaction kinetics of SDG oligomers from flaxseed and the acid hydrolysis process of SDG and other glucosides were investigated. For the kinetic modeling, a pseudo-first-order reaction was assumed. The results showed that the alkaline hydrolysis of SDG oligomers followed first-order reaction kinetics under mild alkaline hydrolytic conditions and that the concentration of sodium hydroxide had a strong influence on the activation energy of the alkaline hydrolysis of SDG oligomers. The results also indicated that the main acid hydrolysates of SDG included secoisolariciresinol monoglucoside (SMG), SECO, and anhydrosecoisolariciresinol (anhydro-SECO) and that the extent and the main hydrolysates of the acid hydrolysis reaction depended on the acid concentration, hydrolysis temperature, and time. In addition, the production and change of p coumaric acid glucoside, ferulic acid glucoside and their methyl esters and p coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and their methyl esters during the process of hydrolysis was also investigated. PMID- 18925742 TI - Nutritive and antioxidative potential of fresh and stored pomegranate industrial byproduct as a novel beef cattle feed. AB - Pomegranate peel is a nutritive-rich byproduct whose amounts are extensively growing due to the exponential increase in the production of pomegranate juice and "ready to eat" arils. Pomegranate peel is a rich source for antioxidants and thus may serve in the prevention of cattle diseases and in the improvement of beef products, making it an attractive component in beef cattle diets. The present study aims to evaluate the effect of commonly used storage practices on the nutritive and antioxidative properties of pomegranate peel. In general, storage conditions preserved most antioxidant capacity. Ensiling ambivalently affected the nutritive values of the peel and promoted increased levels of antioxidative components. In addition to polyphenols, nonphenolic components, such as alpha- and gamma-tocopherols, contributed to the total antioxidative capacity, and several minerals found in the peel added to its nutritional value. Dietary supplementation with fresh peels promoted significant increases in feed intake and alpha-tocopherol concentration in the plasma, with positive tendency toward increased weight gain of bull calves. All in all, the nutritive value and the antioxidant capacity of pomegranate peel turn it into a favorable health promoting constituent of feedlot beef cattle diet. PMID- 18925744 TI - Under light limiting growth, CpcB lyase null mutants of the Cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 are capable of producing pigmented beta phycocyanin but with altered chromophore function. AB - Phycobilisomes are the major light-harvesting complexes for cyanobacteria, and phycocyanin is the primary phycobiliprotein of the phycobilisome rod. Phycocyanobilin chromophores are covalently bonded to the phycocyanin beta subunit (CpcB) by specific lyases which have been recently identified in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002. Surprisingly, we found that mutants missing the CpcB lyases were nevertheless capable of producing pigmented phycocyanin when grown under low-light conditions. Absorbance measurements at 10 K revealed the energy states of the beta phycocyanin chromophores to be slightly shifted, and 77 K steady state fluorescence emission spectroscopy showed that excitation energy transfer involving the targeted chromophores was disrupted. This evidence indicates that the position of the phycocyanobilin chromophore within the binding domain of the phycocyanin beta subunit had been modified. We hypothesize that alternate, less specific lyases are able to add chromophores, with varying effectiveness, to the beta binding sites. PMID- 18925745 TI - Solution structure of a 2:1 C2-(2-naphthyl) pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine DNA adduct: molecular basis for unexpectedly high DNA helix stabilization. AB - The naturally occurring pyrrolo[2,1- c][1,4]benzodiazepine (PBD) monomers such as sibiromycin, anthramycin, and tomaymycin form stable covalent adducts with duplex DNA at purine-guanine-purine sites. A correlative relationship between DNA binding affinity, as measured by enhanced thermal denaturation temperature of calf thymus DNA ( T m), and cytotoxicity is well documented for these naturally occurring compounds and a range of synthetic analogues with sibiromycin having the highest Delta T m value (16.3 degrees C), reflecting favorable hydrogen bonding interactions between the molecule and DNA bases. We report here that, surprisingly, the structurally simple synthetic C2-(2-naphthyl)-substituted pyrrolo[2,1- c][1,4]benzodiazepine monomer ( 5) has a Delta T m value (15.8 degrees C) similar to that of sibiromycin and significantly higher than the values for either anthramycin (13.0 degrees C) or tomaymycin (2.6 degrees C). 5 also has similar cytotoxic potency to sibiromycin which is widely regarded as the most potent naturally occurring PBD monomer. To investigate this, we have used NMR in conjunction with molecular dynamics to study the 2:1 adduct formed between 5 and the DNA duplex d(AATCTTTAAAGATT) 2. In contrast to the hydrogen-bonding interactions which predominate in the case of sibiromycin and anthramycin adducts, we have shown that the high binding affinity of 5 is due predominantly to hydrophobic (van der Waals) interactions. The high-resolution 2D NOESY, TOCSY, and COSY data obtained have also allowed unequivocal determination of the orientation of the PBD molecule (A-ring toward 3'-end of covalently bound strand), the stereochemistry at the C11 position of the PBD (C11 S), and the conformation of the C2-naphthyl ring which extends along the floor of the minor groove thus optimizing hydrophobic interactions with DNA. These results provide opportunities for future drug design in terms of extending planar hydrophobic groups at the C2 position of PBDs to maximize binding affinity. PMID- 18925747 TI - In-capillary protein enrichment and removal of nonbuffering salts using capillary electrophoresis with discontinuous buffers. AB - Salt is abundant in biological samples and can cause problems in capillary electrophoresis (CE) due to excessive Joule heating and electrodispersion. Desalting with solid phase minibeds is currently most compatible with the small sample volumes of CE. They are however difficult to prepare and suffer from poor bed-to-bed reproducibility. Alternatively, enrichment of proteins and peptides was developed using CE, by trapping them at their isoelectric points with a discontinuous buffer of mismatched pH. Ionic salts, such as sodium chloride, do not possess isoelectric points and therefore are not retained by the discontinuous buffer. In this work, the removal of ionic salt during protein enrichment using CE with discontinuous buffers was investigated. Nonbuffering ions were found to electromigrate through the pH junction without disrupting the enrichment process and were eventually removed from the capillary. Mass spectral data obtained from the enriched and desalted sample confirmed a significant signal enhancement. Finally, a strong acid was introduced to remove the pH junction and thus facilitated a subsequent capillary zone electrophoresis separation. An integrated procedure of enrichment, desalting, and separation was demonstrated on a mixture of three protein standards. PMID- 18925748 TI - Production of 230U/226Th for targeted alpha therapy via proton irradiation of 231Pa. AB - (230)U and its daughter nuclide (226)Th are novel therapeutic nuclides for application in targeted alpha-therapy of cancer. We have investigated the feasibility of producing (230)U/(226)Th via proton irradiation of (231)Pa according to the reaction (231)Pa(p,2n)(230)U. The experimental excitation function for this reaction is reported for the first time. Cross sections were measured using thin targets of (231)Pa prepared by electrodeposition and (230)U yields were analyzed using alpha-spectrometry. Beam parameters (energy and intensity) were determined both by calculation using a mathematical model based on measured beam orbits and beam current integrator and by parallel monitor reactions on copper foils using high-resolution gamma-spectrometry and IAEA recommended cross-section data. The measured cross sections are in good agreement with model calculations using the EMPIRE-II code and are sufficiently high for the production of (230)U/(226)Th in clinically relevant amounts. A highly effective separation process was developed to isolate clinical grade (230)U from irradiated protactinium oxide targets. Product purity was assessed using alpha- and gamma-spectrometry as well as ICPMS. PMID- 18925746 TI - MS/MS methodology to improve subcellular mapping of cholesterol using TOF-SIMS. AB - Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) can be utilized to map the distribution of various molecules on a surface with submicrometer resolution. Much of its biological application has been in the study of membrane lipids, such as phospholipids and cholesterol. Cholesterol is a particularly interesting molecule due to its involvement in numerous biological processes. For many studies, the effectiveness of chemical mapping is limited by low signal intensity from various biomolecules. Because of the high energy nature of the SIMS ionization process, many molecules are identified by detection of characteristic fragments. Commonly, fragments of a molecule are identified using standard samples, and those fragments are used to map the location of the molecule. In this work, MS/MS data obtained from a prototype C60(+)/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer was used in conjunction with indium LMIG imaging to map previously unrecognized cholesterol fragments in single cells. A model system of J774 macrophages doped with cholesterol was used to show that these fragments are derived from cholesterol in cell imaging experiments. Examination of relative quantification experiments reveals that m/z 147 is the most specific diagnostic fragment and offers a 3-fold signal enhancement. These findings greatly increase the prospects for cholesterol mapping experiments in biological samples, particularly with single cell experiments. In addition, these findings demonstrate the wealth of information that is hidden in the traditional TOF-SIMS spectrum. PMID- 18925751 TI - Computed crystal energy landscapes for understanding and predicting organic crystal structures and polymorphism. AB - The phenomenon of polymorphism, the ability of a molecule to adopt more than one crystal structure, is a well-established property of crystalline solids. The possible variations in physical properties between polymorphs make the reliable reproduction of a crystalline form essential for all research using organic materials, as well as quality control in manufacture. Thus, the last two decades have seen both an increase in interest in polymorphism and the availability of the computer power needed to make the computational prediction of organic crystal structures a practical possibility. In the past decade, researchers have made considerable improvements in the theoretical basis for calculating the sets of structures that are within the energy range of possible polymorphism, called crystal energy landscapes. It is common to find that a molecule has a wide variety of ways of packing with lattice energy within a few kilojoules per mole of the most stable structure. However, as we develop methods to search for and characterize "all" solid forms, it is also now usual for polymorphs and solvates to be found. Thus, the computed crystal energy landscape reflects and to an increasing extent "predicts" the emerging complexity of the solid state observed for many organic molecules. This Account will discuss the ways in which the calculation of the crystal energy landscape of a molecule can be used as a complementary technique to solid form screening for polymorphs. Current methods can predict the known crystal structure, even under "blind test" conditions, but such successes are generally restricted to those structures that are the most stable over a wide range of thermodynamic conditions. The other low-energy structures can be alternative polymorphs, which have sometimes been found in later experimental studies. Examining the computed structures reveals the various compromises between close packing, hydrogen bonding, and pi-pi stacking that can result in energetically feasible structures. Indeed, we have observed that systems with many almost equi-energetic structures that contain a common interchangeable motif correlate with a tendency to disorder and problems with control of the crystallization product. Thus, contrasting the computed crystal energy landscape with the known crystal structures of a given molecule provides a valuable complement to solid form screening, and the examination of the low energy structures often leads to a rationalization of the forms found. PMID- 18925752 TI - GIUSAXS and AFM studies on surface reconstruction of latex thin films during thermal treatment. AB - The structural evolution of a single-layer latex film during annealing was studied via grazing incidence ultrasmall-angle X-ray scattering (GIUSAXS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The latex particles were composed of a low-Tg (-54 degrees C) core (n-butylacrylate, 30 wt %) and a high-Tg (41 degrees C) shell (t butylacrylate, 70 wt %) and had an overall diameter of about 500 nm. GIUSAXS data indicate that the q(y) scan at q(z) = 0.27 nm(-1) (out-of-plane scan) contains information about both the structure factor and the form factor. The GIUSAXS data on latex films annealed at various temperatures ranging from room temperature to 140 degrees C indicate that the structure of the latex thin film beneath the surface changed significantly. The evolution of the out-of-plane scan plot reveals the surface reconstruction of the film. Furthermore, we also followed the time-dependent behavior of structural evolution when the latex film was annealed at a relatively low temperature (60 degrees C) where restructuring within the film can be followed that cannot be detected by AFM, which detects only surface morphology. Moreover, compared to AFM studies GIUSAXS provides averaged information covering larger areas. PMID- 18925754 TI - Reversible supramolecular functionalization of surfaces: terpyridine ligands as versatile building blocks for noncovalent architectures. AB - We report on the reversible and selective functionalization of surfaces by utilizing supramolecular building blocks. The reversible formation of terpyridine bis-complexes, based on a terpyridine ligand-functionalized monolayer, is used as a versatile supramolecular binding motif. Thereby, click chemistry was applied to covalently bind an acetylene functionalized Fe(II) bis-complex onto azide terminated self-assembled monolayers. By decomplexation of the formed supramolecular complex, the ligand modified monolayer could be obtained. These monolayers were subsequently used for additional complexation reactions, resulting in the reversible functionalization of the substrates. The proper choice of the coordinating transition metal ions allows the tuning of the binding strength, as well as the physicochemical properties of the formed complexes and thus an engineering of the surface properties. PMID- 18925753 TI - Properties of pH-responsive mixed aggregates of polystyrene-block-poly(L-lysine) and nonionic surfactant in solution and adsorbed at a solid surface. AB - Poly(styrene) 388- block-poly( l-lysine) 138 could be dispersed in water with the aid of the nonionic surfactant C 12E 6. Light scattering and direct imaging techniques show that the copolymer/surfactant aggregates are polydisperse spherical micelles. The rather broad size distribution can be attributed to the glassy state of the polystyrene core of the micelles hampering equilibration. Nevertheless, the poly( l-lysine) block remains pH sensitive in these mixed aggregates and circular dichroism measurements show that poly( l-lysine) block adopts a random coil conformation at low pH and an beta-sheet conformation at pH > or = 11 without any change in the micellar shape. Samples prepared by evaporation of drops of the solutions on graphite wafers exhibit different wetting patterns depending on the polypeptide conformation as indicated by atomic force microscopy. PMID- 18925755 TI - Block copolymer-mediated synthesis of size-tunable gold nanospheres and nanoplates. AB - We have successfully controlled the size and shape of isotropic and anisotropic gold nanocrystals through a one-step reaction by using amphiphilic polyethylene oxide-polystyrene oxide block copolymers as both reductant and stabilizing agents in water solution. Spherical or quasispherical nanoparticles were obtained at room temperature with tunable mean sizes and polydispersities depending on reaction conditions, that is, on copolymer block length, and copolymer and gold salt concentrations. By moderate increases of reaction temperature up to 65 degrees C, progressive formation of single-crystalline gold nanoplates in good yields takes place (up to 70%) without the necessity of additional reactants or growing solutions. These nanoplates are characterized by lateral mean sizes between 0.1-1.2 microm depending on copolymer concentration and reaction temperature, with mainly truncated or rounded triangular shapes with {111} planes as two basal surfaces. This allows us to tune the surface plasmon band of the nanoplates from ca. 850 nm to more than 1100 nm, well inside the near-infrared region (NIR), which enables the use of these type of nanostructures as a very promsing materials in applications such as optical coatings, SERS, and cancer cell hyperthermia. We proposed that the growth of these nanostructures can stem from a decrease in the reaction rate as temperature increases due to an enhanced copolymer hydrophobicity, which gives rise to a structure of interacting micelles formed from the fluid via a percolation transition (known as "soft gel") at elevated temperatures. In this way, reduction becomes slow enough to allow kinetic control of the reaction, and preferential adsorption of the copolymer molecules/micelles on certain crystallographic planes can favor the growth of certain nanocrystal facets to give the final structure. This alternative water based system provides a more convenient and environmentally benign route to the synthesis of shape-controlled noble-metal nanocrystals in high yield because it does not involve toxic organic solvents or reagents and serves as a bridge between two frontline discipline: the block copolymeric science and anisotropic nanoparticles. PMID- 18925756 TI - Adsorption of well-defined fluorine-containing polymers onto poly(tetrafluoroethylene). AB - Adsorption of well-defined fluorinated polymers onto clinically relevant poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) substrates offers an attractive method for modifying the surface properties of chemically inert PTFE. Reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) was successfully used for synthesis of the polymers in this study: the homopolymers poly(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorostyrene) (PFS), poly(2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl acrylate) (PTFPA), and poly(2,2,3,3 tetrafluoropropyl methacrylate) (PTFPMA) as well as their block copolymers with tert-butyl acrylate ( (t)BA). Water-soluble blocks were synthesized through the hydrolysis of the t-butyl side groups of P( (t)BA) to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Adsorption of selected polymers onto PTFE from a series of solvents (methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), dimethylformamide (DMF), fluorobenzene (FB), dichloromethane (DCM)) was investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and sessile water drop measurements. The three homopolymers studied all adsorbed irreversibly (i.e., were not removed by washing) from organic solvents at ambient temperature. PFS displayed the highest adsorption, and was attributed to strong hydrophobic interactions. From angle-resolved XPS it was concluded that PFS became impregnated into the PTFE substrate down to depths of 100 A when using FB as a solvent. The carboxylic acid-containing block copolymers adsorbed more effectively from DMF (a good solvent for the poly(acrylic acid) block) compared to MEK. The resulting modified PTFE substrates displayed high stability with respect to desorption in aqueous solution, yet conformational changes of the adsorbed polymer resulted in a switchable hydrophobic-hydrophilic surface (in air or water, respectively). These results highlight the success of a facile and simple approach to irreversibly adsorb functional polymers to a nonfunctional fluorinated surface. PMID- 18925757 TI - Investigation of non-nucleophilic additives for the reduction of morphological anomalies in protein arrays. AB - Uniform spot morphology is of critical importance in the fabrication and successful use of protein arrays, and solution additives are often needed to ensure good spot quality. Whereas hydroxyl-bearing molecules such as glycerol have found wide use, in our experience these reduce the efficiency of probe immobilization (particularly in the context of aldehyde-terminated surfaces). Here, we report a series of non-nucleophilic molecules that can be used as additives to improve spot homogeneity in protein arrays. Arrayed imaging reflectometry, a label-free optical biosensing technique, has been used along with spectroscopic ellipsometry to test the spot homogeneity, antibody immobilization efficiency, and activity of antihuman IgG arrays prepared with these non-nucleophilic additives on glutaraldehyde surfaces. It has been determined that 0.1% v/v 12-crown-4 performs optimally in MPBS buffer. PMID- 18925758 TI - Engineering inorganic hybrid nanoparticles: tuning combination fashions of gold, platinum, and iron oxide. AB - Multistep colloidal chemical routes were employed to synthesize Pt/Au, Pt/iron oxide (IO), and Au/Pt/IO hybrid nanoparticles (NPs). The starting templates, Pt NPs, were synthesized by controlling the decomposition kinetics of platinum acetylacetonate in oleylamine. The morphologies of binary metal Pt/Au hybrid NPs were modulated by controllable attachment of Au nanoscale domains to Pt templates. Similarly, Pt/IO and Au/Pt/IO hybrid NPs were fabricated by the controllable attachment of Fe to the Pt or Pt/Au template NPs. The noble metal domains of as-prepared hybrid NPs had face center cubic crystal structures and did not alloy, as verified by high resolution transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction spectrometry. X-ray diffraction spectrometry study indicates that the IO domains in the as-prepared NPs have a spinel structure. UV vis study of binary metal Pt/Au hybrid NPs revealed that they have a characteristic plasmon resonance around 525 nm, while dumbbell-like Au/Pt/IO NPs had a plasmon resonance around 600 nm. Furthermore, magnetism study of the binary Pt-IO NPs clearly indicated that the interfacial interactions between Pt and IO domains could result in a shift of the blocking temperature. PMID- 18925759 TI - Three-dimensional molecular packing of thin organic films of PTCDI-C8 determined by surface X-ray diffraction. AB - We have determined the full molecular 3D packing of thin organic films of the archetypical organic n-type semiconductor N, N'-dioctyl-3,4:9,10-perylene tetracarboxylic diimide (PTCDI-C 8) by surface X-ray crystallography. We show that PTCDI-C 8 forms smooth layered films on Al 2O 3 (11-20) with an outstanding degree of molecular order. The thin-film structure is found to consist of a triclinic unit cell with the plane of the aromatic core tilted by 67 +/- 2 degrees with respect to the surface plane, which differs significantly from the bulk structure. The 3D crystallites extend with vertical coherent order across the entire film thickness. PMID- 18925760 TI - Interaction of polymer and surfactant at the air-water interface: poly(2 (dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) and sodium dodecyl sulfate. AB - The interactions between the weak polyelectrolyte, poly(2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate) or PDMAEMA, and the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at the air-water interface have been investigated at pH = 3 and 9 using a combination of neutron reflectivity and surface tension measurements. By using deuterated PDMAEMA in combination with h-SDS and d-SDS, we have been able to directly determine the distribution of both the polymer and the surfactant at the air-water interface. At pH = 3, the polyelectrolyte is positively charged while at pH = 9 it is essentially uncharged. The enhancement in the adsorption of SDS at low coverage suggests that surface active polymer surfactant complexes are forming and adsorbing at the interface. This leads to close to monolayer adsorption of SDS, suggesting that it is surfactant monomers that are complexing with polymers that are in extended conformations parallel to the surface. As the concentration of SDS in the mixtures changes so does the surfactant content of the complexes, which affects the surface activity and hence the coverage of the complexes. Multilayer structures are formed at SDS concentrations of 0.1 and 1 mM, for pH = 3 and 9, respectively. PMID- 18925761 TI - Vertical alignment of single-walled carbon nanotube films formed by electrophoretic deposition. AB - Films of chemically shortened and functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have been formed on a gold electrode by electrophoretic deposition. Applying ultrasonic energy resulted in dramatic changes of the film morphology; the deposited SWNT bundles reassembled and oriented normal to the electrode. Oriented SWNT bundles with high density (more than 250 bundles/microm (2)) not only presented narrow size distributions, but uniformly spread on the electrode. We discuss the mechanism of SWNT orientation by analyzing the variation in the film morphology with ultrasonication time. In addition, we suggest that the 3D displays of AFM images can lead to misjudgment of nanotube alignment. The method for aligning SWNTs normal to the electrode may be competitive with chemical vapor deposition or screen printing, the predominant methods by which vertically aligned SWNT films have been fabricated to date. PMID- 18925762 TI - Langmuir-Blodgett film of hydrophobin protein from Pleurotus ostreatus at the air water interface. AB - We present results concerning the formation of Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films of a class I hydrophobin from Pleurotus ostreatus at the air-water interface, and their structure as Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films when deposited on silicon substrates. LB films of the hydrophobin were investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM). We observed that the compressed film at the air-water interface exhibits a molecular depletion even at low surface pressure. In order to estimate the surface molecular concentration, we fit the experimental isotherm with Volmer's equation describing the equation of state for molecular monolayers. We found that about (1)/ 10 of the molecules contribute to the surface film formation. When transferred on silicon substrates, compact and uniform monomolecular layers about 2.5 nm thick, comparable to a typical molecular size, were observed. The monolayers coexist with protein aggregates, under the typical rodlet form with a uniform thickness of about 5.0 nm. The observed rodlets appear to be a hydrophilic bilayer and can then be responsible for the surface molecular depletion. PMID- 18925763 TI - Arraying heterotypic single cells on photoactivatable cell-culturing substrates. AB - This article describes a photochemical method for the site-selective assembly of heterotypic cells on a glass substrate modified with a silane coupling agent having a caged functional group. Silane coupling agents having a carboxyl (COOH), amino (NH 2), hydroxyl (OH), or thiol (SH) group protected by a photocleavable 2 nitrobenzyl group were synthesized to modify the surfaces of glass coverslips. The caged substrates were first coated by the adsorption of a blocking agent, bovine serum albumin (BSA), to make the entire surface non-cell-adhesive and then irradiated at 365 nm under a standard fluorescence microscope. The photocleavage reaction on the surface was followed by contact angle measurements and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. When COS7, NIH3T3, and HEK293 cells were seeded onto these substrates in a serum-free medium, the cells adhered selectively and efficiently to the irradiated regions on the caged NH 2 substrate, whereas the other caged COOH, SH, and OH substrates were nonphotoactivatable for cell adhesion. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of BSA adsorbed to the uncaged substrates revealed that this highly efficient photoactivation on the caged NH 2 substrate arose because of the following reasons: (i) upon photoactivation, BSA adsorbed in advance on the 2-nitrobenzyl groups was readsorbed onto the uncaged functional groups and (ii) BSA readsorbed onto the NH 2 groups became unable to passivate the surface against cell adhesion whereas BSA on the other groups still had normal passivating activity. It was also demonstrated that heterotypic single COS7, NIH3T3, and HEK293 cells were positioned at any desired arrangement on the caged NH 2 substrate by repeating the UV irradiation at optimized array spot sizes and cell seeding in optimized cell concentrations. The present method will be particularly useful in studying the dynamic processes of cell-cell interactions at a single-cell level. PMID- 18925764 TI - Probing surface charge potentials of clay basal planes and edges by direct force measurements. AB - The dispersion and gelation of clay suspensions have major impact on a number of industries, such as ceramic and composite materials processing, paper making, cement production, and consumer product formulation. To fundamentally understand controlling mechanisms of clay dispersion and gelation, it is necessary to study anisotropic surface charge properties and colloidal interactions of clay particles. In this study, a colloidal probe technique was employed to study the interaction forces between a silica probe and clay basal plane/edge surfaces. A muscovite mica was used as a representative of 2:1 phyllosilicate clay minerals. The muscovite basal plane was prepared by cleavage, while the edge surface was obtained by a microtome cutting technique. Direct force measurements demonstrated the anisotropic surface charge properties of the basal plane and edge surface. For the basal plane, the long-range forces were monotonically repulsive within pH 6-10 and the measured forces were pH-independent, thereby confirming that clay basal planes have permanent surface charge from isomorphic substitution of lattice elements. The measured interaction forces were fitted well with the classical DLVO theory. The surface potentials of muscovite basal plane derived from the measured force profiles were in good agreement with those reported in the literature. In the case of edge surfaces, the measured forces were monotonically repulsive at pH 10, decreasing with pH, and changed to be attractive at pH 5.6, strongly suggesting that the charge on the clay edge surfaces is pH-dependent. The measured force profiles could not be reasonably fitted with the classical DLVO theory, even with very small surface potential values, unless the surface roughness was considered. The surface element integration (SEI) method was used to calculate the DLVO forces to account for the surface roughness. The surface potentials of the muscovite edges were derived by fitting the measured force profiles with the surface element integrated DLVO model. The point of zero charge of the muscovite edge surface was estimated to be pH 7-8. PMID- 18925765 TI - Novel high-resolution micropatterning for neuron culture using polylysine adsorption on a cell repellant, plasma-polymerized background. AB - The ability to organize individual neurons and their processes in culture provides important benefits to both basic neuroscience research applications and the development of biomedical microdevices. While numerous methods have been used to produce such micropatterning of neurons and cells in general, there has yet been no method to simultaneously provide high-resolution patterns with high compliance of cells to desired patterns and good manufacturability. To develop such a process, this work used a plasma polymerized, nonfouling poly ethylene oxide (PEO)-like film to provide a cell repellant substrate on which cell adhesive micropatterns can be selectively laid down. While the use of plasma polymerized, organic films have been used for cell micropatterning, this process exploits the often-overlooked tendency for the surface of this PEO-like material to adsorb polylysine from aqueous solution while remaining nonfouling with respect to other species, such as bovine serum albumin (BSA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG). When the adsorption of polylysine was enhanced by brief plasma oxidation, which slightly alters the surface chemistry of the material, simple photolithographic liftoff could be used to micropattern stable, cell adhesive areas on an otherwise cell repellant background. We showed that the application of photolithography itself on the PEO-like material did not alter its chemical properties, nor did it result in the erosion of the micropatterned polylysine on its surface. Hippocampal neurons from embryonic mice flourished on these micropatterned substrates and exhibited viability comparable to neurons cultured on polylysine coated glass. Furthermore, the compliance of cell bodies and outgrowing neurites to the micropatterns was nearly perfect. In addition to providing cell adhesive regions, the micropatterned polylysine coating also served as a template mediating the immobilization of other bioactive species such as IgG and laminin. Using this "piggybacking" of laminin on polylysine, we were also able to culture and micropattern retinal ganglion cells (RGC). PMID- 18925766 TI - Formation of surfactant-stabilized silica organosols. AB - Organosols comprising silica nanoparticles, stabilized by adsorbed surfactant layers in low dielectric organic solvents were formulated, and their properties studied. A range of different methods for organosol formation starting from aqueous sols were evaluated and compared, in order to determine the most reliable and reproducible approach. To understand the influence of surfactant type and solvent on stability, samples were prepared with a range of surfactants and in different solvents and solvent blends. Structural properties and interparticle interactions were probed using dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potentials were determined, and the surfactant layers were investigated with contrast variation SANS. SANS data suggest that for systems stabilized by ionic surfactants, the nanoparticles are in equilibrium with a population of reverse micelles, but this is apparently not the case for those stabilized by nonionic surfactants. Low zeta potentials show evidence of a small amount of surface charging in these nonaqueous systems, although it is unlikely to have any significant effect on their overall stability. PMID- 18925767 TI - Electrochemical and PM-IRRAS a glycolipid-containing biomimetic membrane prepared using Langmuir-Blodgett/Langmuir-Schaefer deposition. AB - Differential capacitance, chronocoulometry, and polarization modulation infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS) measurements were used to characterize the structure and orientation of a DMPC + cholesterol + GM 1 (60:30:10 mol %) bilayer supported at a Au(111) electrode surface prepared using combined Langmuir-Blodgett/Langmuir-Schaefer (LB/LS) deposition. The electrochemical measurements indicate that the incorporation of ganglioside GM 1 into the membrane significantly improves the quality of the bilayer, reflected in the very low capacitance value of approximately 0.8 microF cm (-2). An analysis of the infrared data suggests that the incorporation of the glycolipid into the membrane changes both the orientation of the lipid acyl chains in the membrane and the hydration of the membrane, particularly with respect to the interfacial region of the lipids. PMID- 18925768 TI - Temperature scanning ultrasonic velocity study of complex thermal transformations in solid lipid nanoparticles. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine whether temperature scanning ultrasonic velocity measurements could be used to monitor the complex thermal transitions that occur during the crystallization and melting of triglyceride solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs). Ultrasonic velocity ( u) measurements were compared with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements on tripalmitin emulsions that were cooled (from 75 to 5 degrees C) and then heated (from 5 to 75 degrees C) at 0.3 degrees C min (-1). There was an excellent correspondence between the thermal transitions observed in deltaDelta u/delta T versus temperature curves determined by ultrasound and heat flow versus temperature curves determined by DSC. In particular, both techniques were sensitive to the complex melting behavior of the solidified tripalmitin, which was attributed to the dependence of the melting point of the SLNs on particle size. These studies suggest that temperature scanning ultrasonic velocity measurements may prove to be a useful alternative to conventional DSC techniques for monitoring phase transitions in colloidal systems. PMID- 18925769 TI - Dual function labeling of biomolecules based on DsRed-Monomer. AB - Unavailability of fusion tags that possess both affinity and visualization properties is a hurdle for biomolecular research. Typically, either a choice is made between an affinity tag and a reporter tag or both are employed in tandem if a fusion can be made at both termini of the target biomolecule. In this work, we have developed a site-specific genetic fusion approach employing DsRed-Monomer, a red fluorescent protein, that provides for both affinity and reporter functionality in a single tag. As a proof-of-concept, two fusion proteins, bradykinin-DsRed-Monomer and calmodulin-DsRed-Monomer, were prepared for the study. These fusion proteins were purified using a copper-immobilized column based on the inherent copper-binding property of DsRed-Monomer. Spectroscopic characterization of fusion proteins and comparison with native DsRed-Monomer showed no effect of fusion on the properties of DsRed-Monomer. Further, bradykinin-DsRed-Monomer was employed in the development of a competitive fluorescence immunoassay for the peptide bradykinin. Calmodulin-DsRed-Monomer was used to detect binding of the calmodulin ligand chlorpromazine, based on a change in the fluorescence of DsRed-Monomer upon binding of chlorpromazine to calmodulin. The studies performed demonstrate the application of DsRed-Monomer as a dual function tag indicating the potential usefulness of DsRed-monomer in proteomics and biomolecular research. PMID- 18925770 TI - Peptide-mediated cellular uptake of cryptophane. AB - Cryptophane-A has generated considerable interest based on its high affinity for xenon and potential for creating biosensors for (129)Xe nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Here, we report the cellular delivery of three peptide-functionalized cryptophane biosensors. Cryptophanes were delivered using two cationic cell penetrating peptides into several human cancer and normal cell lines. An RGD peptide targeting alpha(v)beta(3) integrin receptor was shown to increase specificity of cryptophane cell uptake. Labeling the peptides with Cy3 made it possible to monitor cellular delivery using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The peptido-cryptophanes were determined to be relatively nontoxic by MTT assay at the micromolar cryptophane concentrations that are required for (129)Xe NMR biosensing experiments. PMID- 18925771 TI - Site-selective glycosylation of hemoglobin on Cys beta93. AB - In this work, we describe the synthesis and characterization of a novel glycosylated hemoglobin (Hb) with high oxygen affinity as a potential Hb-based oxygen carrier. Site-selective glycosylation of bovine Hb was achieved by conjugating a lactose derivative to Cys 93 on the beta subunit of Hb. LC-MS analysis indicates that the reaction was quantitative, with no unmodified Hb present in the reaction product. The glycosylation site was identified by chymotrypsin digestion of the glycosylated bovine Hb followed with LC-MS/MS and from the X-ray crystal structure of the glycosylated Hb. The chemical conjugation of the lactose derivative at Cys beta93 yields an oxygen carrier with a high oxygen affinity (P(50) of 4.94 mmHg) and low cooperativity coefficient (n) of 1.20. Asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (AFFFF) coupled with multiangle static light scattering (MASLS) was used to measure the absolute molecular weight of the glycosylated Hb. AFFFF-MASLS analysis indicates that glycosylation of Hb significantly altered the alpha(2)beta(2)-alphabeta equilibrium compared to native Hb. Subsequent X-ray analysis of the glycosylated Hb crystal showed that the covalently linked lactose derivative is sandwiched between the beta(1) and alpha(2) (and hence by symmetry the beta(2) and alpha(1)) subunits of the tetramer, and the interaction between the saccharide and amino acid residues located at the interface is apparently stabilized by hydrogen bonding interactions. The resultant structural analysis of the glycosylated Hb helps to explain the shift in the alpha(2)beta(2)-alphabeta equilibrium in terms of the hydrogen bonding interactions at the beta(1)alpha(2)/beta(2)alpha(1) interface. Taken together, all of these results indicate that it is feasible to site specifically glycosylate Hb. This work has great potential in developing an oxygen carrier with defined chemistry that can target oxygen delivery to low pO(2) tissues and organs. PMID- 18925773 TI - An optimized MALDI mass spectrometry method for improved detection of lysine/arginine/histidine free peptides. AB - Transcription factors and their regulators possess "basic amino acid free domains" which modulate transcriptional gene activation. We aimed at optimizing a MALDI mass spectrometry (MS) analytical method for the characterization of such domains after protein enzymatic digestion. A panel of recombinant transcription factors with different basic residue contents was proteolytically digested with the Asp-N endoprotease and resulting peptide mixtures were analyzed by MALDI-MS with alpha-cyano-4-hydroxy-cinnamic acid (CHCA) and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) as matrix. We found that peptides without lysine, arginine, histidine (Lys/Arg/His free peptides) were efficiently detected in the positive ion mode only when using DHB. These findings proved to be very useful for two different targeted proteomic applications. Indeed, the MALDI-MS/MS identification of the CARM1 proteolytic cleavage site, which happens in a Lys/Arg/His free domain, could only be achieved using the DHB matrix. Moreover, in routine proteomic analyses, the detection efficiency of Lys/Arg/His free C-terminal peptides of two dimensional gel separated proteins was strongly enhanced when DHB was used instead of CHCA. PMID- 18925774 TI - Stochastic Liouville equations for coherent multidimensional spectroscopy of excitons. AB - Signatures of chemical exchange and spectral diffusion in 2D photon-echo line shapes of molecular aggregates are studied using model calculations for a dimer whose Hamiltonian parameters are stochastically modulated. Cross peaks induced by chemical exchange and by exciton transport have different dynamics and distinguish two models which have the same absorption spectrum (a two-state jump bath modulation model of a dimer and a four-state jump bath model of a single chromophore). Slow Gaussian-Markovian spectral diffusion of a symmetric dimer induces new peaks which are damped as the dipole moment is equilibrated. These effects require an explicit treatment of the bath and may not be described by lower-level theories such as the Redfield equations, which eliminate the bath. PMID- 18925772 TI - Quantification of isotope encoded proteins in 2-D gels using surface enhanced resonance Raman. AB - A strategy for quantification of multiple protein isoforms from a complex sample background is demonstrated, combining isotopomeric rhodamine 6G (R6G) labels and surface-enhanced Raman in polyacrylamide matrix. The procedure involves isotope encoding by lysine-labeling with (R6G) active ester reagents, isoform separation by 2-DGE, fluorescence quantification using internal standardization to water, and silver nanoparticle deposition followed by surface-enhanced Raman detection. R6G sample encoding and standardization enabled the determination of total protein concentration and the distribution of specific isoforms using the combined detection approach of water-referenced fluorescence spectral imaging and ratiometric quantification. A detection limit of approximately 13.5 picomolar R6G labeled protein was determined for the surface-enhanced Raman in a gel matrix (15 fold lower than fluorescence). High quantification accuracies for small differences in protein populations at low nanogram abundance were demonstrated for human GMP synthetase (hGMPS) either as purified protein samples in a single point determination mode (3% relative standard deviation, RSD%) or as HCT116 human cancer cellular lysate in an imaging application (with 16% RSD%). These results represent a prototype for future applications of isotopic surface enhanced resonance Raman scatter to quantification of protein distributions. PMID- 18925775 TI - Rationalization of the difference in lifetime of two covalent sialosyl-enzyme intermediates of Trypanosoma rangeli sialidase. AB - The difference in lifetime with respect to hydrolysis of two covalent syalosyl enzyme intermediates of two difluorinated sialic acid analogues ( 1 and 2) bound to Trypanosoma rangeli sialidase is rationalized based on quantum mechanical calculations. The two intermediates differ only in a single functional group, acetamide in the sialidase- 1 complex and hydroxyl in the sialidase- 2 complex. It is shown that the acetamide group, which is also present in the natural substrate, increases the pKa of a catalytic base (Asp60) through electrostatic repulsion with the carbonyl oxygen on the ligand. This oxygen is absent in 2, resulting in a less basic Asp60 residue and, hence, a longer lifetime of the silaidase- 2 complex. Presumably, the lifetime of a sialidase inhibitor complex could be increased further by substituents that stabilize the negative charge on (and lowers the pKa value of) Asp60 in T. rangeli sialidase. PMID- 18925776 TI - Coupling of titania inverse opals to nanocrystalline titania layers in dye sensitized solar cells. AB - We report a quantitative comparison of the photoaction spectra, short circuit current densities, and power conversion efficiencies of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) that contain bilayers of nanocrystalline TiO2 (nc-TiO2) and titania inverse opal photonic crystals (PCs). Cells were fabricated with PC/nc-TiO2 and nc-TiO2/PC bilayer films on glass/tin oxide anode of the cell, as well as in a split configuration in which the nc-TiO2 and PC layers were deposited on the anode and cathode sides of the cell, respectively. Incident photon current efficiencies at single wavelengths and current-voltage curves in white light were obtained with both cathode and anode side illumination. The results obtained support a model proposed by Miguez and co-workers, in which coupling of the low refractive index PC layer to the higher index nc-TiO2 layer creates a standing wave in the nc-TiO2 layer, enhancing the response of the DSSC in the red region of the spectrum. This enhancement is very sensitive to the degree of physical contact between the two layers. A gap on the order of 200 nm thick, created by a polymer templating technique, is sufficient to decouple the two layers optically. The coupling of the nc-TiO2 and PC layers across the gap could be improved slightly by treatment with TiCl4 vapor. In the bilayer configuration, there is an enhancement in the IPCE across the visible spectrum, which is primarily caused by defect scattering in the PC layer. There is also an increase of 20-50 mV in the open circuit photovoltage of the cell. With anode side illumination, the addition of a PC layer to the nc-TiO2 layer increased the efficiency of DSSCs from 6.5 to 8.3% at a constant N719 dye loading of 155-160 nmol/cm2. PMID- 18925778 TI - Molecular weight dependence of hybrid shish kebab structure in injection molded bar of polyethylene/inorganic whisker composites. AB - In our previous work, a hybrid shish kebab structure, with polyethylene (PE) crystal lamellae periodically decorated on the surface of an inorganic whisker (SMCW) and aligned approximately perpendicular to the long axis of the whisker, has been observed in the injection molded bar of PE/SMCW composites. To investigate the effect of the molecular weight of the PE matrix on the formation of the hybrid shish kebab structure and the corresponding physical properties of HDPE/SMCW composites, in this work, three types of PE with different molecular weights were used to prepare the composites. They were first melt blended and then subjected to dynamic packing injection molding (DPIM), in which the prolonged shear was exerted on the melt during the solidification stage. An obvious hybrid shish kebab (HSK) structure, with PE crystal lamellae closely packed on the surface of the SMCW, was found in the samples with a low molecular weight PE (LMW-PE) matrix and a medium molecular weight PE (MMW-PE) matrix. However, in samples with a high molecular weight PE (HMW-PE) matrix, an incomplete HSK structure with PE crystal lamellae loosely decorated on the surface of the SMCW was observed. Furthermore, DSC results indicated that SMCW served as a good nucleating agent only for the composite with a LMW-PE matrix and the nucleation efficiency decreased with increasing PE molecular weight. Correspondingly, the tensile strength of the PE/SMCW composites was significantly improved by adding SMCW for the samples with a LMW-PE or MMW-PE matrix. Especially for samples with a LMW-PE matrix, the tensile strength was remarkably enhanced by the presence of only 1 wt % SMCW. For the composites with a HMW-PE matrix, the addition of SMCW had almost no reinforcing effect on the composites. The molecular weight dependence of the formation of HSK and property enhancement was discussed on the basis of the chain mobility and crystallization capability of the PE matrix. PMID- 18925779 TI - The use of formamidine protection for the derivatization of aminobenzoic acids. AB - N,N-Dimethylformamidine and novel N,N-diisopropylformamidine protecting groups were used to carry out a one-pot conversion of aminobenzoic acids into the corresponding amides. General conditions for an in situ transformation of aminobenzoic acids and their heterocyclic analogues into the corresponding formamidine-protected acid chlorides were developed. These chlorides were used in reactions with amines, including poorly reactive anilines. The protected amides were then smoothly deprotected by heating with ethylenediamine derivatives, resulting in a general procedure for the one-pot transformation of aminobenzoic acids into their amides. Our one-pot procedure was successfully applied to the preparation of several compounds of pharmaceutical interest. PMID- 18925780 TI - Synthesis and self-assembly of glycal-based bolaforms. AB - Glycal-based bolaforms serve as synthetically flexible components of molecular self-assembly. The compounds are prepared in good yield by a Ferrier reaction between triacetylglucal or -galactal or diacetylxylal and a long chain alpha,omega-diol, followed by deacetylation under Zemplen conditions. The reactions are stereoselective and preferentially afford the alpha-diastereomer. The bolaforms undergo self-assembly in water or water/dioxane solution to give a variety of nanostructures. In solution, bolaforms with C8 or C10 chains between glucal headgroups form nanoscale vesicles. In contrast, bolaforms with C12 chains exhibit lower solubility and a dynamic self-assembly, forming several different nanoscale structures. However, the solid-state structures of C12 bolaform isomers adopt shapes very similar to those of bolaforms possessing more extensive hydrogen-bonding networks, indicating that multiple hydrogen bonds in solution are important to formation of stable, discrete nanostructures but that only a few key intermolecular interactions between bolaform headgroups are necessary to determine the structure in the solid state. The diversity and differentiation of the functional groups present in glycal-based bolaforms suggest that they could be useful probes of the various noncovalent forces controlling the structure of new nanomaterials. PMID- 18925781 TI - Tuning the chiral cavity of macrocyclic receptor for chiral recognition and discrimination. AB - The size and shape of the chiral cavity of a macrocyclic receptor were tuned by the alteration of the binaphthyl moiety to improve the chiral recognition/discrimination ability. For example, host 3 with the 3,5 bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group at the 3,3'-positions showed improved enantioselectivity for small molecules such as 2-chloropropionic acid and methyl lactate as evaluated by the binding constants. This host 3 also had an excellent ability as an NMR chiral solvating agent. PMID- 18925782 TI - Stereoselective C(2)-vinylation of 1-substituted imidazoles with 3-phenyl-2 propynenitrile. AB - First examples of direct vinylation of 1-substituted imidazoles at the 2-position of the imidazole nucleus are described. 1-Substituted imidazoles 1a-e are C(2) vinylated with 3-phenyl-2-propynenitrile (2) at room temperature without catalyst and solvent to afford 3-(1-organyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-3-phenyl-2-propenenitriles 3a-e, mainly (c.a. 95%) as (Z)-isomers, in 56-88% yield. The reaction is likely to involve the zwitterionic intermediates, which prototropically isomerizes to imidazole carbene and eventually undergoes the selective 3,2-shift of the functionalized vinyl substituent. PMID- 18925783 TI - Electrophilic ipso-cyclization of N-(p-methoxyaryl)propiolamides involving an electrophile-exchange process. AB - A novel electrophilic ipso-cyclization involving an electrophile-exchange process has been developed. In the presence of CuX (X = I, Br, SCN) and electrophilic fluoride reagents, a variety of N-(p-methoxyaryl)propiolamides and 4 methoxyphenyl 3-phenylpropiolate were cyclized to selectively afford the corresponding spiro[4.5]decenones in moderate to good yields. It is noteworthy that two azaquaternary tricyclic products were synthesized through a two-step pathway involving an electrophilic ipso-cyclization and then an intramolecular Heck reaction. PMID- 18925784 TI - A new acyl radical-based route to the 1,5-methanoazocino[4,3-b]indole framework of uleine and Strychnos alkaloids. AB - C-4 or C-12 ethyl substituted 1,5-methanoazocino[4,3-b]indoles, which constitute the tetracyclic framework of uleine alkaloids as well as the ABDE substructure of the Strychnos alkaloid family, have been synthesized by novel 6-exo and 6-endo cyclizations of selenoester-derived 2-indolylacyl radicals upon 5-ethyl-1,2,3,6- and 3-ethyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridines, respectively. PMID- 18925785 TI - Density functional theory calculation of 13C NMR shifts of diazaphenanthrene alkaloids: reinvestigation of the structure of samoquasine A. AB - The (13)C NMR shifts of 48 diazaphenanthrene-type alkaloids have been calculated at the B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,p) level of theory. The results support the structural reassignment of samoquasine A as 2. PMID- 18925786 TI - Copper-catalyzed addition reactions of aromatics and ketones to 2-aza-2,4 cyclopentadienone: facile and efficient transformation of carbonyl-ene-nitriles to 1H-pyrrolin-2(5H)-ones. AB - Copper-catalyzed reactions of carbonyl-ene-nitriles with carbon nucleophiles, such as aromatics and ketones, afforded pyrrolin-2-ones (gamma-lactam) in excellent yield. The reaction mechanism involves addition reactions with a ketimine moiety of the 2-aza-2,4-cyclopentadienone intermediate, which is formed via hydration of a nitrile moiety followed by dehydrative cyclization. PMID- 18925787 TI - Asymmetric hydrogenation of aromatic ketones catalyzed by the TolBINAP/DMAPEN ruthenium(II) complex: a significant effect of N-substituents of chiral 1,2 diamine ligands on enantioselectivity. AB - Asymmetric hydrogenation of acetophenone in the presence of Ru(II) catalysts coordinated by TolBINAP and a series of chiral 1,2-diamines was studied. The sense and degree of enantioselectivity were highly dependent on the N substituents of the diamine ligands. The N-substituent effect was discussed in detail. Among these catalysts, the (S)-TolBINAP/(R)-DMAPEN-Ru(II) complex showed the highest enantioselectivity. The mode of enantioface selection was interpreted by using transition state models based on the X-ray structure of the catalyst precursor. The chiral catalyst effected the hydrogenation of alkyl aryl ketones and arylglyoxal dialkyl acetals to afford the chiral alcohol in >99% ee in the best cases. Hydrogenation of racemic benzoin methyl ether with the chiral catalyst through dynamic kinetic resolution gave the anti-alcohol (syn:anti = 3:97) in 98% ee, while the reaction of alpha-amidopropiophenones resulted in the syn-alcohols (syn:anti = 96:4 to >99:1) in >98% ee. PMID- 18925789 TI - Between-population similarity in intestinal parasite community structure of pike (Esox lucius)--effects of distance and historical connections. AB - The effect of geographical distance on similarity in parasite communities of freshwater fish has received considerable attention in recent years, and it has become evident that these apparently simple relationships are influenced by, among other things, colonization ability of parasites and degree of connectivity between the populations. In the present paper, we explored qualitative and quantitative similarity in the intestinal parasite communities of pike (Esox lucius) in a particular system where previously interconnected groups of lakes became isolated ca. 8,400 yr ago. Contrary to our expectations, we did not find differences in similarity between the lake groups or a negative effect of distance among the populations. This supports the role of common ancestral colonization events and shows that no significant loss of species has occurred during the past 8,000 yr. However, the communities were dominated by a single parasite species, the cestode Triaenophorus nodulosus. The exclusion of this species from the data had a significant negative impact on the community similarities and also revealed a negative relationship between distance and quantitative similarity. This suggests that patterns of community organization may be obscured by a single dominant species. We also highlight the need for further studies in different systems and host species, as well as detailed reanalysis of existing data sets, to unravel the controversy in the relationship between distance and similarity in parasite communities. PMID- 18925788 TI - Structure revision of spiroleucettadine, a sponge alkaloid with a bicyclic core meager in H-atoms. AB - Our 2004 disclosure of the amino hemiketal-containing spiroleucettadine was met with keen interest by the natural products and synthetic communities. As repeated efforts to synthesize spiroleucettadine failed and questions regarding the original structure elucidation process arose, evidence mounted against the validity of the proposed structure. The low ratio of H/C in the core of spiroleucattadine complicated the original structure elucidation process. Speculation prompted a reisolation of spiroleucettadine from an untouched portion of the original Luecetta collection and a thorough analysis of analytical data. In addition, a systematic analysis of candidate structures was performed via density functional theory (DFT) calculations; a favored high scoring structure 1b was ultimately confirmed to be spiroleucettadine via X-ray analysis of crystalline spiroleucettadine and reinforced the validity of DFT calculations in structure elucidation. We present the revised structure of spiroleucettadine, a bicyclic sponge alkaloid with a scarcity of H-atoms in its core. PMID- 18925790 TI - Isolation of Toxoplasma gondii from animals in Durango, Mexico. AB - Little is known concerning the epidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii infection in people and animals in rural Mexico. Serum samples and tissues from 150 dogs (Canis familaris), 150 cats (Felis catus), 65 opossums (Didelphis virginianus), 249 rats (Rattus spp.), 127 mice (Mus musculus), and 69 squirrels (Spermophilus variegatus) from the Durango area were evaluated for T. gondii infection. Using a modified agglutination test and a serum dilution of 1:25, antibodies to this parasite were found in 68 (45.3%) of 150 dogs, 14 (9.3%) of 150 cats, 11 (16.6%) of 66 opossums, 2 (0.8%) of 249 rats, 4 (3.1%) of 127 mice, and 0 of 69 squirrels. Tissues (brain and heart) of dogs, cats, opossums, rats, mice, and squirrels were bioassayed in mice for the presence of T. gondii. Viable T. gondii was isolated in tissues from 3 of 28 seropositive dogs and 5 of 8 seropositive cats, but not from the other animals. The DNA obtained from the 3 T. gondii isolates from dogs, 6 isolates from 5 cats, and 4 isolates from free-range chickens from Mexico, previously isolated, were genotyped. The PCR-RFLP typing, which used 11 markers (B 1, SAGI, SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, and Apico), identified 5 genotypes. One genotype (the 4 chicken isolates) belongs to the clonal Type III lineage, three genotypes were reported in previous reports, and 1 genotype is unique. PMID- 18925807 TI - Home care devices: a new challenge for the profession. PMID- 18925812 TI - All about test equipment. PMID- 18925813 TI - Troubleshooting hypo/hyperthermia units. PMID- 18925814 TI - Pulmonary function analyzers. PMID- 18925815 TI - Revamping in-house clinical engineering services...in 90 days. PMID- 18925816 TI - 25 things every biomed should know. PMID- 18925817 TI - Databases, Tuples, and SQL. PMID- 18925818 TI - If not water quality, what? Problem-solving, step by step. PMID- 18925819 TI - Construction of healthcare facilities: requirements and lessons learned. PMID- 18925820 TI - Wet packs: improved communication leads to improved response time. PMID- 18925821 TI - Controlling the dynamics of change in a regulated environment. PMID- 18925822 TI - Ethylene oxide sterilization: safety and effectiveness. PMID- 18925823 TI - Applying risk management principles to medical devices performance assurance program-defining the process. PMID- 18925824 TI - Waveforms of high-frequency chest compression systems change with jacket, body. PMID- 18925825 TI - Don'T hit send! PMID- 18925828 TI - Relevance and potential of sphingosine-1-phosphate in vascular inflammatory disease. AB - The typical pathological feature of atherosclerosis is inflammation. In the last years, it has become evident that inhibition of inflammation is one important therapeutic option in atherosclerosis. Recently, sphingolipid sphingosine-1 phosphate (S1P) was identified as a crucial molecule with potent anti inflammatory properties. Indeed, S1P activates various G protein-coupled receptors, namely S1P1-S1P5. In the vasculature, mainly S1P1-3 receptors are present. FTY720, after phosphorylation to FTY720-P, is an orally active S1P mimetic. FTY720 has been developed for therapy in the field of autoimmune diseases and organ transplantation. In analogy to S1P, FTY720 shows potent anti inflammatory effects and several groups have tested the in vivo effects of FTY720 on the progression of inflammatory vascular diseases. They could show that S1P receptor activation might lead to a partial inhibition of the progression of atherosclerotic lesions. S1P receptor activation therefore might be a concept for anti-inflammatory drug treatment. However, it is not clear how S1P and FTY720 exactly act on vascular inflammation. This review article gives a brief overview over the known actions of S1P in vascular inflammatory disease. PMID- 18925829 TI - Ductal injection of JNK inhibitors before pancreas preservation prevents islet apoptosis and improves islet graft function. AB - Human islet isolation to obtain high-quality islets is still challenging. This study investigates how c-Jun NH2- terminal kinase (JNK ) is activated during human and porcine islet isolation. We also investigated whether ductal injection of preservation solution with JNK inhibitors improves islet isolation results by preventing apoptosis of islet cells. A low molecular weight inhibitor (SP600125) and a cell-permeable peptide inhibitor, the latter introduced by protein transduction technology, were used in porcine and human studies, respectively. JNK activity progressively increased during the isolation procedure. The addition of 10 microM JNK inhibitors into the ductal preservation solution prevented JNK activation during the isolation procedure and prevented islet apoptosis immediately after isolation. We incubated islets (2000 islet equivalents) for 24 48 hr and then transplanted them below the kidney capsule of streptozotocin induced diabetic mice. The blood glucose levels reached normoglycemia in more than 80% of the JNK inhibitor-positive group, whereas less than 20% of the JNK inhibitor-negative group achieved normoglycemia. These findings suggest that the JNK pathway is the major mediator of islet deterioration during/immediately after isolation and that JNK inhibition before islet isolation could improve outcomes after pancreatic islet transplantation. PMID- 18925830 TI - The effect of pulse-released nerve growth factor from genipin-crosslinked gelatin in schwann cell-seeded polycaprolactone conduits on large-gap peripheral nerve regeneration. AB - Different lag-time of pulse-released nerve growth factor (NGF) from genipin crosslinked gelatin within polycaprolactone (PCL) conduits was evaluated in large gap peripheral nerve repair. In this study, 10% (w/v) gelatin was mixed with NGF, crosslinked with 0%, 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1% (w/v) genipin, and then sucked into the wall of PCL conduits. These controlled-release nerve conduits were named NCL (non crosslink), LCL (low crosslink), MCL (medium crosslink), and HCL (high crosslink), respectively. The NGF releasing character showed four distinctive curves, including initial burst within 5 days, pulse releasing at 5-20 days, pulse releasing at 10-25 days, and steadily releasing. The bioactivity of the released NGF was shown by neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells after culturing in all groups. Finally, the controlled-release conduits were seeded with 9 x 10(3) Schwann cells. Conduits were used to bridge a 15-mm rat sciatic nerve defect, and the results were compared with the isografts (control group). Eight weeks after implantation, morphological analysis revealed that LCL, MCL, and HCL groups were similar to autograft treatment in the numbers and area of myelinated axons. The LCL group, although insignificant, showed a trend to have the highest myelinated axon counts of the conduit-treated groups. Thus, comparing the different NGF release characteristics among NCL, MCL, and LCL groups, we concluded that a high concentration of NGF at 5-10 days in LCL groups is needed in bridging a 15-mm peripheral nerve injury. PMID- 18925832 TI - Use of human mesenchymal cells to improve vascularization in a mouse model for scaffold-based dermal regeneration. AB - All engineered bioartificial structures developed for tissue regeneration require oxygen and nutrients to establish proper physiological functions. Aiming to improve vascularization during dermal regeneration, we combined the use of a bioartificial collagen scaffold and a defined human mesenchymal cell (MC) line. This cell line, termed V54/2, exhibits typical morphologic and immunohistochemical characteristics of MC. V54/2 cells seeded in the scaffold were able to survive, proliferate, and secrete significant amounts of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) during 2 weeks in vitro. To induce dermal regeneration, scaffolds with or without cells were transplanted in a nude mice full skin defect model. After 2 weeks of transplantation, scaffolds seeded with V54/2 cells showed more vascularization during the dermal regeneration process than controls, and the presence of human cells in the regenerating tissue was detected by immunohistochemistry. To confirm if local presence of angiogenic growth factors is sufficient to induce neovascularization, scaffolds were loaded with VEGF and bFGF and used to induce dermal regeneration in vivo. Results showed that scaffolds supplemented with growth factors were significantly more vascularized than control scaffolds (scaffolds without growth factors). The present work suggests that combined use of MC and bioartificial scaffolds induces therapeutic angiogenesis during the scaffold-based dermal regeneration process. PMID- 18925831 TI - Effect of autologous bone marrow stromal cell seeding and bone morphogenetic protein-2 delivery on ectopic bone formation in a microsphere/poly(propylene fumarate) composite. AB - A biodegradable microsphere/scaffold composite based on the synthetic polymer poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF) holds promise as a scaffold for cell growth and sustained delivery vehicle for growth factors for bone regeneration. The objective of the current work was to investigate the in vitro release and in vivo bone forming capacity of this microsphere/scaffold composite containing bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) in combination with autologous bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) in a goat ectopic implantation model. Three composites consisting of 0, 0.08, or 8 microg BMP-2 per mg of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres, embedded in a porous PPF scaffold, were combined with either plasma (no cells) or culture-expanded BMSCs. PPF scaffolds impregnated with a BMP-2 solution and combined with BMSCs as well as empty PPF scaffolds were also tested. The eight different composites were implanted subcutaneously in the dorsal thoracolumbar area of goats. Incorporation of BMP-2-loaded microspheres in the PPF scaffold resulted in a more sustained in vitro release with a lower burst phase, as compared to BMP-2-impregnated scaffolds. Histological analysis after 9 weeks of implantation showed bone formation in the pores of 11/16 composites containing 8 microg/mg BMP-2-loaded microspheres with no significant difference between composites with or without BMSCs (6/8 and 5/8, respectively). Bone formation was also observed in 1/8 of the BMP-2-impregnated scaffolds. No bone formation was observed in the other conditions. Overall, this study shows the feasibility of bone induction by BMP-2 release from microspheres/scaffold composites. PMID- 18925833 TI - Applications of human tissue-engineered blood vessel models to study the effects of shed membrane microparticles from T-lymphocytes on vascular function. AB - Microparticles (MPs) are membrane vesicles harboring cell surface proteins and containing cytoplasmic components of the original cell. High levels of circulating MPs have been detected in pathological states associated with vascular dysfunction. We took advantage of the self-assembly method of tissue engineering to produce in vitro three vascular constructs from human vascular smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts to investigate the role of the adventitia in the modulation of vascular tone by MPs, comparing the contractile response of each of these constructs to histamine. The first two were composed of an adventitia (tissue-engineered vascular adventitia (TEVA)) or a media (tissue engineered vascular media (TEVM)) solely, and the third one contained a media and an adventitia (tissue-engineered vascular media and adventitia (TEVMA)). In the three constructs, the results show that histamine induces contraction insensitive to blockade of inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and not affected by MP treatment. MPs decreased NO production and nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB expression but did not affect superoxide anion (O(2)(-)) release in TEVA. MPs enhanced NF-kappaB expression but did not affect iNOS and COX-2 expression or NO or O(2)(-) release in TEVM. In TEVMA, MPs did not enhance NF-kappaB expression, but COX-2 expression was higher, and O(2)(-) release was lower. Thus, MPs affected NO, O(2)(-), NF-kappaB, and COX-2 in a subtle fashion to maintain the contractile response to histamine. The use of tissue-engineered vascular constructs results in a better understanding of the effect of MPs on human adventitia and media. PMID- 18925834 TI - The relationship between serum TSH and bone mineral density in men and postmenopausal women: the Tromso study. AB - BACKGROUND: Hyperthyroidism is associated with osteoporosis, and it has recently been suggested that thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) has bone protective properties. We wanted to explore the relationship between serum TSH and bone mineral density (BMD) in a healthy population. METHODS: This study included 993 postmenopausal females and 968 males with valid measurements of BMD at the hip and forearm in the fifth Tromso study conducted in 2001. Participants with major diseases or medication affecting BMD or thyroid function were excluded. The subjects were divided into six different groups based on the 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles of serum TSH and the quartiles in between. Multiple linear regression adjusting for age; weight; height; smoking status; physical activity level; and for women, use of hormonal replacement therapy was used in the analyses. RESULTS: After multivariate adjustment, the 28 men and 18 women with serum TSH below the 2.5 percentile had significantly lower BMD at the ultradistal (women) and distal (both sexes) forearm than the 921 men and 950 women with serum TSH in the normal range. Also, the 25 postmenopausal women with serum TSH above the 97.5 percentile had significantly higher BMD at the femoral neck than women with serum TSH in the normal range. Across the normal range of serum TSH, there was no association between TSH and BMD, and serum TSH as a continuous variable had no effect on BMD in the multiple linear regression model. CONCLUSIONS: Within the normal range of serum TSH, serum TSH was not associated with BMD. The small groups of men and women with serum TSH consistent with hyperthyroidism had lower BMD at the forearm than those with serum TSH in the normal range. PMID- 18925835 TI - Recurrent severe painless thyroiditis requiring multiple treatments with radioactive iodine. PMID- 18925836 TI - Complete heart block in a patient with Graves' disease. PMID- 18925837 TI - HLA-DR expressing peripheral T regulatory cells in newly diagnosed patients with different forms of autoimmune thyroid disease. AB - BACKGROUND: Several reports have claimed a role for T regulatory cells (Tregs) in the pathogenesis of various autoimmune diseases, including autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD). The aim of the present study was to examine whether changes in the number of peripheral CD4 + CD25highHLA-DR + lymphocytes, a subpopulation of Tregs, occur in patients with AITD. METHODS: Three-color flow cytometry was used to detect the proportion of CD4 cells expressing CD25, CD25high, and HLA-DR in 70 newly diagnosed and untreated AITD patients and 20 controls. The intensity of CD25 expression on these cells was also examined. RESULTS: The proportion of CD4 + CD25 + cells as well as the proportion of CD4 + CD25high cells among the population of CD4 lymphocytes was not different in AITD patients relative to controls. However, a significant increase in the proportion of CD4 + CD25highHLA DR + cells among the population of CD4 lymphocytes was found in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS: In HT patients there is a quantitative increase of CD4 + CD25highHLA-DR + cells that may indicate a compensatory expansion of this subpopulation of Tregs in an attempt to suppress the immune response. PMID- 18925839 TI - Papillary carcinoma obscured by complication with subacute thyroiditis: sequential ultrasonographic and histopathological findings in five cases. AB - BACKGROUND: Subacute thyroiditis (SAT) has been rarely reported to coexist with thyroid carcinomas. The objective of the study was to assess sequential ultrasonographic and histopathological findings of SAT in the context of complicating thyroid carcinomas. METHODS: Of 1152 patients with SAT who visited our thyroid clinic at Kuma Hospital from 1996 through 2006, 5 cases complicated by papillary carcinoma underwent surgical resection 3-16 months after SAT onset. Ultrasonographic examinations and thyroid function tests were performed in all patients at onset of SAT and just before surgery. Sequential histopathological features of regenerated thyroid and carcinoma involvement were evaluated. RESULTS: Heterogenous areas with microcalcifications in the thyroid or lymphadenopathy in three patients were clues for the nodular involvement with papillary carcinoma on the initial ultrasonographic examination. In contrast, diffuse hypoechoic change in the thyroid in two patients made it impossible to differentiate nodular involvement from inflammatory lesion. Histopathological examination of surgical specimens showed granulomatous and fibrotic changes. These were present about 3 months from SAT onset, and residual fibrosis remained several additional months, in the condition of no inflammatory hypoechoic lesions. In the areas of papillary carcinoma overlapping with transient inflammatory involvement, some lymphocytes and fibrotic changes were present in the stroma of papillary foci, but no granulomatous formation was present in any sections. Continuity with fibrosis around regenerated follicular cells was absent. The degree of lymphoid infiltrate and fibrotic change in the papillary carcinoma was not dependent on periods between SAT onset and the resection. CONCLUSIONS: SAT may produce ultrasound changes that obscure the coexistence of papillary carcinoma, but affects no lymphoid infiltrate and fibrotic changes involved in carcinoma throughout the clinical course. We recommend that patients with SAT have ultrasonography after they recover. Further workup, including cytological examination of hypoechoic regions, should be performed if they are present as measuring 1 cm or larger. PMID- 18925838 TI - Influence of the TSH receptor gene on susceptibility to Graves' disease and Graves' ophthalmopathy. AB - BACKGROUND: A large gene region, called GD-1, was first described by this laboratory as linked to Graves' disease (GD) and included the gene for the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR). Recent studies have now suggested an association of TSHR intronic polymorphisms with GD. We have taken the opportunity to examine a population of well-characterized patients with autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) typed for an additional thyroid susceptibility gene, the immunoregulatory gene for cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), to examine its relationship with the susceptibility to GD endowed by TSHR gene polymorphisms. METHODS: We used TSHR-SNP-rs2268458, located in intron 1 of the TSHR gene, measured using standard PCR-RFLP procedures, as our marker for the TSHR gene association. We genotyped 200 patients with GD, 83 patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), and 118 healthy controls (all female Caucasians). RESULTS: The allele and genotype frequencies from GD patients, but not HT patients, were significantly different from controls. The frequency of the combined genotype (allele) CC + TC was significantly higher in GD patients versus controls, suggesting that the C-containing genotype increased the risk for GD in a dominant manner (p = 0.018, odds ratio [OR] = 1.8). When compared with CTLA-4 (A/G)(49) single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), we were unable to demonstrate additive risk in patients with established AITD. Further, subsetting the patients (n = 120) into those with clinically significant Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) showed no association with the TSHR SNP. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrated that the intronic TSHR-SNP-rs2268458 was associated with GD, but not with HT, thus indicating that the TSHR gene has the potential to increase susceptibility to GD. However, we were not able to demonstrate any additive risk with the CTLA-4 (A/G)(49) SNP, which is, therefore, an independent risk factor for AITD. This suggested that, within the limits of the study population, each of these two genes provided a small contribution to GD susceptibility and that neither was essential. In addition, there was no evidence for the TSHR gene association adding to the risk of developing GO. Direct functional analyses are now needed to help explain the mechanisms of this TSHR gene susceptibility to GD. PMID- 18925841 TI - Metastasis of neuroendocrine colon carcinoma mimicking Graves' ophthalmopathy. PMID- 18925842 TI - Papillary thyroid carcinoma tall cell variant. AB - BACKGROUND: The most common of the aggressive variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the tall cell variant (TCV). Because there are serious prognostic and management implications to a diagnosis of TCV, we review the entity to inform clinicians about the many facets of TCV. SUMMARY: The TCV of PTC is characterized by cells having the nuclear features of PTC and whose height is at least twice or thrice their width. There is disagreement regarding the proportion of tall cells and the cell height required to diagnose TCV. In view of its blurred definition and rarity, studies have shown that TCV is still underdiagnosed. We propose that PTC be diagnosed as TCV if it is composed of > or =50% tall cells. The latter should have a height that is at least twice their width, an eosinophilic cytoplasm, and the nuclear features of PTC. Whatever its definition, there is a consensus that TCV has a higher recurrence and death rate than classical PTC. Most authorities believe that TCV's worse prognosis is related to its older age at presentation, larger tumor size, and high frequency of extrathyroid extension (ETE). However, in a recent article, TCV without ETE was shown to have a more aggressive behavior than classical PTC without ETE independent of age, gender, and tumor size. The aggressive behavior of TCV could be related to the high expression of Muc1 and matrix metalloproteinase and to the higher prevalence of B-RAF mutations when compared to classical PTC. The importance of TCV is accentuated by the fact that it is overrepresented in those fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomogram (FDG-PET)-positive thyroid carcinomas that are refractory to radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy constituting 20% of these incurable tumors. CONCLUSION: TCV is a biologically and clinically aggressive form of PTC that is still underdiagnosed. TCV is overrepresented in patients with RAI refractory disease. It has a high prevalence of B-RAF mutations making the latter an attractive target in RAI refractory cases. Imaging modalities that can detect RAI refractory disease such as FDG-PET scanning are needed in many patients and a requirement in those with extensive ETE. More studies are needed to identify those TCV that become RAI refractory and develop effective target therapies against these incurable carcinomas. PMID- 18925844 TI - Screening and early diagnosis in lung cancer. PMID- 18925843 TI - Frequent compartmentalization of hepatitis C virus with leukocyte-related amino acids in the setting of liver transplantation. AB - BACKGROUND: Nonrandom distribution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) quasispecies (compartmentalization between blood plasma and leukocytes) suggests the presence of HCV leukotropic variants. HCV compartmentalization in the setting of liver transplantation (LT) is poorly understood. To study HCV leukotropic variants, we investigated the evolution of HCV compartmentalization after immunosuppression in liver transplant recipients. METHODS: Plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples were collected from 5 liver transplant recipients before and after LT. We used clone sequencing to analyze the hypervariable region 1 (HVR1) E2(384-419) region, which plays a key role in HCV entry and the induction of neutralizing responses, and assessed compartmentalization through phylogenetic analyses and Mantel's test. RESULTS: Compartmentalization was frequent in the LT setting. HCV quasispecies were more homogeneous after LT in both the plasma and PBMC compartments, with a significant decrease in quasispecies complexity (P = .003) and genetic distances (P = .004) after transplantation. Our analysis identified 8 PBMC-related amino acid residues in HVR1. CONCLUSIONS: HCV compartmentalization between plasma and PBMCs and the emergence of leukotropic variants could be potentiated by immunosuppression in liver transplant recipients. The identification of defined leukotropic variants may contribute to the understanding of virus-host interactions after transplantation. PMID- 18925845 TI - Optimal approach to potentially resectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer. PMID- 18925847 TI - Bevacizumab: direct anti-VEGF therapy in renal cell carcinoma. AB - Bevacizumab, in combination with IFN, is approved in the EU as first-line therapy for advanced and/or metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Data from Avastin and Roferon in Renal Cell Carcinoma [BO17705] (AVOREN), a Phase III trial, demonstrated that bevacizumab plus IFN significantly improves progression-free survival and response rate in patients with previously untreated mRCC compared with IFN plus placebo. Furthermore, bevacizumab plus IFN is well tolerated and has a predictable and well-established tolerability profile; reducing the dose of IFN, when necessary, can effectively manage IFN-related side effects without compromising efficacy. The rapid evolution of options for RCC therapy means that the optimal use of available agents to maximize patient benefit is not currently well defined. Combination regimens and sequencing of agents are both being investigated to maximize future outcomes, with bevacizumab playing a key role in first-line regimens. Trials over the next 5 years will guide clinical practice, but bevacizumab plus IFN is currently a standard first-line option for mRCC. PMID- 18925848 TI - Bevacizumab in the treatment of breast cancer. AB - The monoclonal antibody bevacizumab, targeted against the angiogenesis factor VEGF has clinical activity against several common cancers. In metastatic breast cancer it improves response rate and time to progression in combination with paclitaxel/docetaxel compared with paclitaxel/docetaxel alone; the drug is currently being investigated in other combination regimens and as adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapy in early breast cancer. It is generally well tolerated. Side effects, including hypertension, proteinuria, thrombosis and bleeding, are uncommon and usually managed easily. Based on the clinical efficacy of bevacizumab, other small-molecule oral antiangiogenesis agents are now also under development. PMID- 18925849 TI - Role of thalidomide in previously untreated patients with multiple myeloma. AB - Thalidomide represents one of the most relevant therapeutic advances for patients with multiple myeloma over the last 10 years. Despite some toxicities, it has demonstrated significant efficacy in elderly patients, as well as in the setting of younger subjects receiving autologous stem cell transplantation. Here, we report and discuss the clinical results achieved with thalidomide alone or in combination with dexamethasone or other drugs, such as melphalan, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin and bortezomib, in previously untreated myeloma patients. PMID- 18925851 TI - Management of reproductive needs in cancer patients: clinical perspectives. AB - Over the last few decades, a growing number of cancer survivors cured or in long term remission following successful cancer treatment, have particular reproductive health needs. Achieving or preventing pregnancies, as well as replacement of sex hormone deficiency are three main reproductive issues. Managing such reproductive needs requires a close collaboration between specialists in oncology, reproductive endocrinology and andrology. Currently, there are few collaborative efforts to bridge the gaps between these three subspecialties. Patients are often lost between oncologists who lack the interest in addressing reproductive issues, and reproductive endocrinologists and andrologists, who do not have the clinical practice model to provide emergency consultations for cancer patients or adequate follow-up. On the other hand, there is severe deficiency in patients' education and knowledge regarding the consequences of cancer treatment on their reproductive life and the available modern technologies in reproductive medicine. Perhaps the time has come to build a new medical subspecialty that can address and manage the long-term health needs of cancer survivors, including reproductive needs. PMID- 18925850 TI - Oncolytic viruses: a novel form of immunotherapy. AB - Oncolytic viruses are novel anticancer agents, currently under investigation in Phase I-III clinical trials. Until recently, most studies have focused on the direct antitumor properties of these viruses, although there is now an increasing body of evidence that the host immune response may be critical to the efficacy of oncolytic virotherapy. This may be mediated via innate immune effectors, adaptive antiviral immune responses eliminating infected cells or adaptive antitumor immune responses. This report summarizes preclinical and clinical evidence for the importance of immune interactions, which may be finely balanced between viral and tumor elimination. On this basis, oncolytic viruses represent a promising novel immunotherapy strategy, which may be optimally combined with existing therapeutic modalities. PMID- 18925852 TI - Laparoscopic pancreatic resection for cancer. AB - Laparoscopic (lap) organ resection is now commonly performed for the management of solid tumors of the kidney, colon, adrenal glands and prostate. Surgeons have been slower to adopt minimally invasive approaches to the pancreas owing to operative complexity and complication potential. The majority of existing reports concerning lap pancreatectomy are single-center studies that describe experience with fewer than 20 cases. Only recently have larger experiences surfaced demonstrating the safety and efficacy of lap tumor enucleation and lap left pancreatectomy. As neoplastic disease is the most common indication for pancreatic resection, understanding the effects of the lap approach to pancreatectomy on cancer outcome is crucial. In addition to concerns of port-site tumor recurrence and tumor dissemination due to lap manipulation in the setting of pneumoperitoneum, adequacy of resection as defined by margin status and nodal assessment must be considered. This review covers the development and current state-of-the-art of lap pancreatic surgery for cancer. Existing data are reviewed for both open and lap pancreatic resections, with particular attention to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Projections of future advances in the field of lap pancreatic surgery are provided. PMID- 18925853 TI - Multidisciplinary management of resectable adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head. AB - Although surgery is considered the only treatment to offer patients with localized pancreatic adenocarcinoma a chance of cure, resection alone is rarely sufficient for long-term survival. High rates of postoperative recurrence and subsequent disease-related mortality have, over the past two decades, encouraged the study and use of multimodality strategies that include adjuvant systemic chemotherapy and radiation. These modalities have been utilized both preoperatively and postoperatively with encouraging results. Moreover, their use has led increasingly to the development of institutional multidisciplinary groups with a focused interest in the care of patients with pancreatic malignancy, which have become responsible for the diagnosis, staging, treatment, follow-up and study of these patients. We review the rationale for the use of and the outcomes that may be achieved through the use of a multidisciplinary approach to patients with resectable adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head. PMID- 18925854 TI - TACE versus TAE as therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. AB - Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) improves survival in cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The optimal schedule, best anticancer agent and best technique are still unclear. TACE may not be better than transarterial embolization (TAE). HCC is very chemoresistant, thus embolization may be more important than chemotherapy. Lipiodol cannot be considered as an embolic agent and there are no data to show that it can release chemotherapeutic agents slowly. It can mask residual vascularity on CT imaging and its use is not recommended. Both TACE and TAE result in hypoxia, which stimulates angiogenesis, promoting tumor growth; thus combination of TACE with antiangiogenic agents may improve current results. To date, there is no evidence that TACE pre-liver transplantation or resection helps to expand current selection criteria for patients with HCC, nor results in less recurrence after surgery. Combination with other techniques, such as radiofrequency ablation and drugs, may enhance the effect of TACE. New trials are being conducted to clarify these issues. PMID- 18925855 TI - Drug-eluting particles in the treatment of HCC: chemoembolization with doxorubicin-loaded DC Bead. AB - The advantage of chemoembolization of the liver as an antineoplastic treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma is that it achieves high intratumoral concentrations of the chemotherapeutic agent locally that cannot be reached with systemic chemotherapy in nontoxic doses. However, chemotherapeutic release and local concentrations cannot be standardized by this technique. Drug-eluting beads have predictable pharmacokinetics and can achieve higher doses of the chemotherapeutic and prolonged contact time with cancer cells. The DC Bead is a drug-eluting bead that has proven favorable kinetics and clinical characteristics. This review describes the features of the DC Bead loaded with doxorubicin for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. PMID- 18925856 TI - Evolution of R-CHOP therapy for older patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. AB - Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is the fifth most common malignancy in adults in the USA. This disorder is especially relevant in the elderly patient population, as the median age of patients with this disorder is 65 years. Almost half of these disorders in older patients are of a diffuse large B-cell (DLBCL) subtype. The therapy of DLBCL has undergone a renaissance in the past decade, with the addition of rituximab to standard regimens, such as cyclophosphamide- doxorubicin vincristine-prednisone (CHOP). Over this time, there have been several large Phase III treatment trials in which the CHOP and rituximab-CHOP (R-CHOP) regimens have been prospectively compared, including three trials confined to the elderly patient population. In these trials, it has been demonstrated repeatedly that the addition of rituximab results in an improved outcome, with higher response rates and prolongation in parameters including progression-free, event-free, disease free and overall survival. In addition, this regimen has been well tolerated, even in older patients. Based upon these data, the R-CHOP regimen has now been established as the standard for initial therapy of DLBCL in older patients with DLBCL. However, issues still remain with regard to the ideal schedule of R-CHOP administration, specifically the optimal number of cycles of therapy (six vs eight), as well as cycle length (14 vs 21 days). PMID- 18925857 TI - Biology of testicular germ cell tumors. AB - Germ cell tumors are derived from cells of the germ cell lineage and are the most common solid malignancies to affect young Caucasian men between the ages of 15 and 40 years. All testicular germ cell tumors develop from the same precursor lesion, intratubular germ cell neoplasia unclassified, which in turn is thought to arise from malignant transformation of a primordial germ cell or gonocyte. These tumors are characterized by extreme chemosensitivity and are considered a model for curative disease. In spite of this, a small subset of patients with metastatic disease fail to achieve a complete response with cisplatin-based chemotherapy or relapse from complete remission. Understanding the molecular biology may help the design of new therapies for those patients with a poor prognosis and could also improve the treatment of cancer in general. Current understanding of the role of genetic and epigenetic factors in the etiology of germ cell tumors and the biochemical mechanisms underlying chemotherapy sensitivity and resistance is discussed in detail in this review. PMID- 18925858 TI - Molecular abnormalities in Ewing's sarcoma. AB - Ewing's sarcoma is one of the few solid tumors for which the underlying molecular genetic abnormality has been described: rearrangement of the EWS gene on chromosome 22q12 with an ETS gene family member. These translocations define the Ewing's sarcoma family of tumors (ESFT) and provide a valuable tool for their accurate and unequivocal diagnosis. They also represent ideal targets for the development of tumor-specific therapeutics. Although secondary abnormalities occur in over 80% of primary ESFT the clinical utility of these is currently unclear. However, abnormalities in genes that regulate the G(1)/S checkpoint are frequently described and may be important in predicting outcome and response. Increased understanding of the molecular events that arise in ESFT and their role in the development and maintenance of the malignant phenotype will inform the improved stratification of patients for therapy and identify targets and pathways for the design of more effective cancer therapeutics. PMID- 18925861 TI - Connexin43 modulation of osteoblast/osteocyte apoptosis: a potential therapeutic target? PMID- 18925859 TI - MYC in breast tumor progression. AB - Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths and is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women of industrialized nations. Breast cancer progression is a multistep process involving genetic and epigenetic alterations that drive normal breast cells into highly malignant derivatives with metastatic potential. MYC is a proto-oncogene whose protein product contains a basic helix loop-helix domain. MYC functions as a transcription factor regulating up to 15% of all human genes. MYC is regulated at multiple levels, and the protein is a downstream effector of several signaling pathways. In breast cancer cells, MYC target genes are involved in cell growth, transformation, angiogenesis and cell cycle control. BRCA1 is linked to transcriptional regulation through interaction with MYC. Although the relationship between amplification and overexpression is not clearly delineated, MYC amplification is significantly correlated with aggressive tumor phenotypes and poor clinical outcomes. MYC amplification is emerging as an important predictor of response to HER2-targeted therapies and its role in BRCA1-associated breast cancer makes it an important target in basal like/triple-negative breast cancers. PMID- 18925862 TI - Heteroscedastic regression analysis of factors affecting BMD monitoring. AB - Identifying factors affecting BMD precision and interindividual heterogeneity in BMD change can help optimize BMD monitoring. BMD change for the lumbar spine and total hip for short-term reproducibility (n = 328) and long-term clinical monitoring (n = 2720) populations were analyzed with heteroscedastic regression using linear prediction for mean (monitoring population only) and log-linear prediction for SD (both populations). For clinical monitoring, male sex, baseline body mass index (BMI), and systemic corticosteroid use were associated with greater SD of BMD change. Weight gain was negatively associated with SD for the hip, whereas height change was positively associated with SD for the spine. Each additional year of monitoring increased the SD by 6.5-9.2%. Osteoporosis treatment affected mean change but did not increase dispersion. For short-term reproducibility, performing scans on a different day increased the SD of measurement error by 38-44%. Baseline BMD, difference in bone area, and a repeat scan performed by different technologists were associated with higher measurement error only for the hip. For both samples, heteroscedastic regression outperformed models that assumed homogeneous variance. Heteroscedastic regression techniques are powerful yet underused tools in analyzing longitudinal BMD data and can be used to generate individualized predictions of BMD change and measurement error. PMID- 18925863 TI - Ambient temperature influences diet selection and physiology of an herbivorous mammal, Neotoma albigula. AB - The whitethroat woodrat (Neotoma albigula) eats juniper (Juniperus monosperma), but the amount of juniper in its diet varies seasonally. We tested whether changes in juniper consumption are due to changes in ambient temperature and what the physiological consequences of consuming plant secondary compounds (PSCs) at different ambient temperatures might be. Woodrats were acclimated to either 20 degrees C or 28 degrees C. Later, they were given two diets to choose from (50% juniper and a nontoxic control) for 7 d. Food intake, resting metabolic rate (RMR), and body temperature (T(b)) were measured over the last 2 d. Woodrats at 28 degrees C ate significantly less juniper, both proportionally and absolutely, than woodrats at 20 degrees C. RMRs were higher for woodrats consuming juniper regardless of ambient temperature, and T(b) was higher for woodrats consuming juniper at 28 degrees C than for woodrats eating control diet at 28 degrees C. Thus, juniper consumption by N. albigula is influenced by ambient temperature. We conclude that juniper may influence thermoregulation in N. albigula in ways that are helpful at low temperatures but harmful at warmer temperatures in that juniper PSCs may be more toxic at warmer temperatures. The results suggest that increases in ambient temperature associated with climate change could significantly influence foraging behavior of mammalian herbivores. PMID- 18925864 TI - Coffee as an anti-parkinsonian agent: a case report. PMID- 18925866 TI - Cupping: an alternative surgical procedure used by Hippocratic physicians. PMID- 18925865 TI - Prayer and self-reported health among cancer survivors in the United States, National Health Interview Survey, 2002. AB - OBJECTIVES: At least 10.8 million living Americans have been diagnosed with cancer, and about 1.5 million new cancer cases are expected to be diagnosed in 2008. The purpose of this study was to examine prayer for health and self reported health among a sample of men and women with a personal history of cancer. METHODS: We used data from the 2002 National Health Interview Survey, which collected information on complementary and alternative medicine practices. RESULTS: Among 2262 men and women with a history of cancer, 68.5% reported having prayed for their own health and 72% reported good or better health status. Among cancer survivors, praying for one's own health was associated with several sociodemographic variables including being female, non-Hispanic black, and married. Compared to persons with a history of skin cancer, persons with a history of breast cancer, colorectal cancer, a cancer with a short survival period (e.g., pancreatic cancer), or other cancers were more likely to pray for their health. Persons who reported good or better health were more likely to be female, younger, have higher levels of education and income, and have no history of additional chronic disease. Overall, praying for one's own health was inversely associated with good or better health status. CONCLUSIONS: Data from this nationally representative sample indicate that prayer for health is commonly used among people with a history of cancer and that use of prayer varies by cancer site. The findings should add to the current body of literature that debates issues around spirituality, decision-making about treatment, and physician care. PMID- 18925869 TI - Content validity of an acupuncture sensation questionnaire. AB - OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study are to collect acupuncture sensations reflecting real-life patients' experiences using qualitative methods and to test the content validity whether their sensations are proper candidates for de qi. METHODS: The items for the Acupuncture Sensation Questionnaire (ASQ) were developed through in-depth interview, focus group discussion, and expert panel judgment for content validity. Descriptions of sensations were collected and categorized according to the three stages of acupuncture: insertion, manipulation, and retention of the needle. Those expressions chosen after review by a focus group were tested for the content validity by 10 expert panel judges. The content validity index (CVI) on each item was calculated, and the items that showed over 0.8 of CVI, representing 80% of consent by experts, were constituted for the ASQ. RESULTS: Sixty-one (61) in-depth interviews from 48 patients in the acupuncture clinic were analyzed. Thirty-three (33) expressions for the needle insertion, 59 for the manipulation, and 29 for the retention were collected. After the discussion by a focus group, the expressions were consolidated into 57 items (15 for insertion, 26 for manipulation, and 16 for retention) and they were tested for the content validity. In the final version, 19 items (3, 9, and 7, respectively) were listed. The items were found to be reflecting real-life experiences and expanded from the traditional acupuncture sensations. CONCLUSIONS: The newly developed ASQ incorporated real acupuncture experiences and has sufficient content validity for de qi. PMID- 18925870 TI - Slow medicine. PMID- 18925871 TI - Health effects of combat: a life-course perspective. AB - Armed combat (also termed war or armed conflict) has profound direct and indirect impacts on the long-term physical and mental health of both military personnel and noncombatant civilians. Although most research has focused on immediate and short-term health consequences of war, an increasing number of studies have focused on the long-term health consequences for both veterans of military service and noncombatant civilians. However, these long-term studies focus almost entirely on posttraumatic stress disorder and other mental health problems; relatively few long-term studies have focused on physical injuries due to war and the impact of those injuries on relationships, work, and other aspects of life. This article reviews illustrative examples of the existing literature on these long-term health consequences of war, focusing not only on military veterans of several different armed conflicts but also on noncombatant civilian populations, including spouses and children of military veterans as well as refugees and internally displaced persons. Public health professionals can help address these problems. PMID- 18925872 TI - Untangling practice redesign from disease management: how do we best care for the chronically ill? AB - In the past 10 years, a wide spectrum of chronic care improvement interventions has been tried and evaluated to improve health outcomes and reduce costs for chronically ill individuals. On one end of the spectrum are disease-management interventions--often organized by commercial vendors--that work with patients but do little to engage medical practice. On the other end are quality-improvement efforts aimed at redesigning the organization and delivery of primary care and better supporting patient self-management. This qualitative review finds that carve-out disease management interventions that target only patients may be less effective than those that also work to redesign care delivery. Imprecise nomenclature and poor study design methodology limit quantitative analysis. More innovation and research are needed to understand how disease-management components can be more meaningfully embedded within practice to improve patient care. PMID- 18925873 TI - Activation of a nuclear-localized SIPK in tobacco cells challenged by cryptogein, an elicitor of plant defence reactions. AB - When a plant cell is challenged by a well-defined stimulus, complex signal transduction pathways are activated to promote the modulation of specific sets of genes and eventually to develop adaptive responses. In this context, protein phosphorylation plays a fundamental role through the activation of multiple protein kinase families. Although the involvement of protein kinases at the plasma membrane and cytosolic levels are now well-documented, their nuclear counterparts are still poorly investigated. In the field of plant defence reactions, no known study has yet reported the activation of a nuclear protein kinase and/or its nuclear activity in plant cells, although some protein kinases, e.g. MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase), are known to be translocated into the nucleus. In the present study, we investigated the ability of cryptogein, a proteinaceous elicitor of tobacco defence reactions, to induce different nuclear protein kinase activities. We found that at least four nuclear protein kinases are activated in response to cryptogein treatment in a time-dependent manner, some of them exhibiting Ca(2+)-dependent activity. The present study focused on one 47 kDa protein kinase with a Ca(2+)-independent activity, closely related to the MAPK family. After purification and microsequencing, this protein kinase was formally identified as SIPK (salicyclic acid-induced protein kinase), a biotic and abiotic stress-activated MAPK of tobacco. We also showed that cytosolic activation of SIPK is not sufficient to promote a nuclear SIPK activity, the latter being correlated with cell death. In that way, the present study provides evidence of a functional nuclear MAPK activity involved in response to an elicitor treatment. PMID- 18925874 TI - The lack of rhodanese RhdA affects the sensitivity of Azotobacter vinelandii to oxidative events. AB - The rhdA gene of Azotobacter vinelandii codes for RhdA, a rhodanese-domain protein with an active-site loop structure which has not currently been found in proteins of the rhodanese-homology superfamily. Considering the lack of information on the functional role of the ubiquitous rhodaneses, in the present study we examined the in vivo functions of RhdA by using an A. vinelandii mutant strain (MV474), in which the rhdA gene was disrupted by deletion. Preliminary phenotypic characterization of the rhdA mutant suggested that RhdA could exert protection over Fe-S enzymes, which are easy targets for oxidative damage. To highlight the role of RhdA in preserving sensitive Fe-S clusters, in the present study we analysed the defects of the rhdA-null strain by exploiting growth conditions which resulted in enhancing the catalytic deficiency of enzymes with vulnerable Fe-S clusters. We found that a lack of RhdA impaired A. vinelandii growth in the presence of gluconate, a carbon source that activates the Entner Doudoroff pathway in which the first enzyme, 6-phosphogluconate dehydratase, employs a 4Fe-4S cluster as an active-site catalyst. By combining proteomics, enzymatic profiles and model systems to generate oxidative stress, evidence is provided that to rescue the effects of a lack of RhdA, A. vinelandii needed to activate defensive activities against oxidative damage. The possible functionality of RhdA as a redox switch which helps A. vinelandii in maintaining the cellular redox balance was investigated by using an in vitro model system that demonstrated reversible chemical modifications in the highly reactive RhdA Cys(230) thiol. PMID- 18925875 TI - mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) controls hydrophobic motif phosphorylation and activation of serum- and glucocorticoid-induced protein kinase 1 (SGK1). AB - SGK1 (serum- and glucocorticoid-induced protein kinase 1) is a member of the AGC (protein kinase A/protein kinase G/protein kinase C) family of protein kinases and is activated by agonists including growth factors. SGK1 regulates diverse effects of extracellular agonists by phosphorylating regulatory proteins that control cellular processes such as ion transport and growth. Like other AGC family kinases, activation of SGK1 is triggered by phosphorylation of a threonine residue within the T-loop of the kinase domain and a serine residue lying within the C-terminal hydrophobic motif (Ser(422) in SGK1). PDK1 (phosphoinositide dependent kinase 1) phosphorylates the T-loop of SGK1. The identity of the hydrophobic motif kinase is unclear. Recent work has established that mTORC1 [mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) complex 1] phosphorylates the hydrophobic motif of S6K (S6 kinase), whereas mTORC2 (mTOR complex 2) phosphorylates the hydrophobic motif of Akt (also known as protein kinase B). In the present study we demonstrate that SGK1 hydrophobic motif phosphorylation and activity is ablated in knockout fibroblasts possessing mTORC1 activity, but lacking the mTORC2 subunits rictor (rapamycin-insensitive companion of mTOR), Sin1 (stress activated-protein-kinase-interacting protein 1) or mLST8 (mammalian lethal with SEC13 protein 8). Furthermore, phosphorylation of NDRG1 (N-myc downstream regulated gene 1), a physiological substrate of SGK1, was also abolished in rictor-, Sin1- or mLST8-deficient fibroblasts. mTORC2 immunoprecipitated from wild-type, but not from mLST8- or rictor-knockout cells, phosphorylated SGK1 at Ser(422). Consistent with mTORC1 not regulating SGK1, immunoprecipitated mTORC1 failed to phosphorylate SGK1 at Ser(422), under conditions which it phosphorylated the hydrophobic motif of S6K. Moreover, rapamycin treatment of HEK (human embryonic kidney)-293, MCF-7 or HeLa cells suppressed phosphorylation of S6K, without affecting SGK1 phosphorylation or activation. The findings of the present study indicate that mTORC2, but not mTORC1, plays a vital role in controlling the hydrophobic motif phosphorylation and activity of SGK1. Our findings may explain why in previous studies phosphorylation of substrates, such as FOXO (forkhead box O), that could be regulated by SGK, are reduced in mTORC2 deficient cells. The results of the present study indicate that NDRG1 phosphorylation represents an excellent biomarker for mTORC2 activity. PMID- 18925876 TI - Ligation of tumour-produced mucins to CD22 dramatically impairs splenic marginal zone B-cells. AB - CD22 [Siglec-2 (sialic acid-binding, immunoglobulin-like lectin-2)], a negative regulator of B-cell signalling, binds to alpha2,6- sialic acid-linked glycoconjugates, including a sialyl-Tn antigen that is one of the typical tumour associated carbohydrate antigens expressed on various mucins. Many epithelial tumours secrete mucins into tissues and/or the bloodstream. Mouse mammary adenocarcinoma cells, TA3-Ha, produce a mucin named epiglycanin, but a subline of them, TA3-St, does not. Epiglycanin binds to CD22 and inhibits B-cell signalling in vitro. The in vivo effect of mucins in the tumour-bearing state was investigated using these cell lines. It should be noted that splenic MZ (marginal zone) B-cells were dramatically reduced in the mice bearing TA3-Ha cells but not in those bearing TA3-St cells, this being consistent with the finding that the thymus-independent response was reduced in these mice. When the mucins were administered to normal mice, a portion of them was detected in the splenic MZ associated with the MZ B-cells. Furthermore, administration of mucins to normal mice clearly reduced the splenic MZ B-cells, similar to tumour-bearing mice. These results indicate that mucins in the bloodstream interacted with CD22, which led to impairment of the splenic MZ B-cells in the tumour-bearing state. PMID- 18925877 TI - Does the relationship between IgE and the CD14 gene depend on ethnicity? AB - This review considers the data from studies analysing associations between the CD14C-159T single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and asthmatic phenotypes and discusses the variability of the conclusions. By searching PubMed and EMBASE for articles on CD14C-159T -related population or family-based association studies, 47 were identified up till September 2007. Collectively, the studies reviewed herein consistently showed population differences in frequencies of the alleles of the SNP, with African descent having the highest C allele frequencies, followed by Caucasians and Asians. The T allele of the SNP was associated with increased sCD14 in some studies but not in others. Inconsistently, the C allele, or even occasionally the T allele, was associated with atopic phenotypes in a population subgroup. There are several explanations for these inconsistencies, including lack of power, linkage disequilibrium, gene-gene interactions, population admixture and gene-environment interactions. If the SNP was associated with functional changes to the coded protein and thus modulating susceptibility to allergic disease, its effect may be modest and dependent on other co-existent, ethnicity-specific, genetic or environmental risk factors. PMID- 18925878 TI - Gender difference, sex hormones, and immediate type hypersensitivity reactions. AB - Gender differences in the development and prevalence of human diseases have long been recognized. Immense interest grows in the understanding of the role of sex hormones in the homeostasis of immunity. Asthma predominates in boys before puberty and this gender preference reverses after puberty and in adulthood, when adult women tend to have a more severe disease, often recalcitrant to treatment. Atopic eczema in preschool children shows insignificant gender difference or male preponderance in different studies, with more adult females suffering from atopic eczema. The limited data on the prevalence of immediate hypersensitivity to hymenoptera venom show controversial results. Discrepancy exists regarding the gender difference in food allergy, with females reporting significantly more allergic reactions in questionnaire studies. In general, adverse reactions to nonionic iodinated radiocontrast media are more commonly observed in females. The course of allergic diseases varies unpredictably during pregnancy, whereas hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women usually has a favorable influence on the course of asthma. Experiments in rodents confirm an effect of estrogens on mast cell activation and allergic sensitization, while progesterone is shown to suppress histamine release but potentiate IgE induction. Dehydroepiandrosterone may antagonize the production of Th2 cytokines but the effect of testosterone and the other androgens remains less defined. Actual data from human studies are lacking. PMID- 18925880 TI - Impairment of T helper and T regulatory cell responses at birth. AB - BACKGROUND: There is strong evidence that reduced exposures to microbial compounds triggering innate immune responses early in life are critical for the development of allergic illnesses. The underlying mechanisms remain unknown, but will include T-cell responses either along T helper type 1 (Th1)/Th2 pathways or via T regulatory and Th17 cells. Yet, little is known about innate immune responses and the function of T regulatory/Th17 cells at birth. The aim of this study was to investigate T-cell responses to innate (Lipid A/LpA, peptidoglycan/Ppg) and adaptive (phytohemagglutinin) stimuli at birth and to compare these findings with adult immune responses. METHODS: Cord and peripheral blood mononuclear cells including T regulatory and Th17 cells from 25 neonates and 25 adults were examined for proliferation, cytokine secretion, surface, mRNA expression and functional suppression assays. RESULTS: Proliferation and cytokine responses to innate stimuli were less mature at birth than in adulthood. T regulatory and Th17 cells were less expressed in cord than in adult blood (Ppg induced Foxp3, P = 0.001, LpA-induced CD4(+) CD25(+) high, P = 0.02; Th17 : P < 0.0001). Mitogen-induced suppression of T-regulatory cells on T-effector cell function was less efficient in cord than in adult blood (P = 0.01). At both ages, Th17 cells were correlated with Th1/Th2 cells (P < 0.01), but not with interleukin-10 secretion following innate-stimulation. CONCLUSION: Innate immune responses are immature at birth. Furthermore, the function of T regulatory and Th17 cells is impaired. Th17 cells in association with Th1/Th2 cells may be involved in early immuno-modulation. Potent innate immune stimulation early in life can potentially contribute to protection from allergic diseases. PMID- 18925879 TI - Complementary roles for lipid and protein allergens in triggering innate and adaptive immune systems. AB - BACKGROUND: Recent advances in allergy research mostly focussed on two major headings: improving protein allergen purification, which is aimed towards a better characterization of IgE- and T-cell reactive epitopes, and the potential new role for unconventional innate and regulatory T cells in controlling airway inflammation. These advancements could appear to be in conflict each other, as innate T cells have a poorly-defined antigen specificity that is often directed toward nonprotein substances, such as lipids. METHOD: To reconcile these contrasting findings, the model of cypress pollinosis as paradigmatic for studying allergic diseases in adults is suggested. RESULTS: The biochemical characterization of major native protein allergens from undenatured pollen grain demonstrated that the most relevant substance with IgE-binding activity is a glycohydrolase enzyme, which easily denaturizes in stored grains. Moreover, lipids from the pollen membrane are implicated in early pollen grain capture and recognition by CD1(+) dendritic cells (DC) and CD1-restricted T lymphocytes. These T cells display Th0/Th2 functional activity and are also able to produce regulatory cytokines, such as IL-10 and TGF-beta. CD1(+) immature DCs expand in the respiratory mucosa of allergic subjects and are able to process both proteins and lipids. CONCLUSION: A final scenario may suggest that expansion and functional activation of CD1(+) DCs is a key step for mounting a Th0/Th2-deviated immune response, and that such innate response does not confer long-lasting protective immunity. PMID- 18925881 TI - Serum leptin and adiponectin levels and their association with allergic sensitization. AB - BACKGROUND: Obesity and respiratory allergies have increased in parallel in industrialized countries. We have recently shown an association between obesity and allergic sensitization whereby obesity diminished the protective effect of childhood farm contact. OBJECTIVE: To assess whether taking obesity into account allergic sensitization is associated with adipokine levels in blood and whether this effect is modified by childhood farm contact. METHODS: Serum samples of 231 adult participants (age 18-45 years) of the Lower Saxony Lung Study were analysed for leptin and adiponectin by ELISA. Subjects were elected to represent equal sized groups with respect to obesity (<30 vs> or =30 kg/m(2)), childhood farm contact, specific IgE to ubiquitous allergens and sex. Multiple logistic regression models were adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS: Leptin levels were positively related to the prevalence of sensitization (highest vs lowest quartile odds ratio 6.7, 95% confidence interval 2.0-22.4). For adiponectin levels, a weak, not statistically significant inverse association with sensitization was shown (highest vs lowest quartile 0.4, 0.2-1.1). The association between leptin and sensitization appeared to be more pronounced in subjects with farm contact; however, the effect modification was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that adipokines might be involved in the causal pathway between obesity and allergic sensitization. PMID- 18925882 TI - Distinct regulation of IgE, IgG4 and IgA by T regulatory cells and toll-like receptors. AB - BACKGROUND: Allergic diseases are characterized by the activation of the immune system and formation of immunoglobulin (Ig)E antibodies against normally innocuous environmental antigens, whereas IgG4 and IgA represent noninflammatory and blocking antibody isotypes. The T helper 2 (Th2) cells induce and T regulatory (Treg) cells suppress several features of allergic inflammation. Our aim was to investigate the role of allergen-specific T regulatory type 1 (Tr1) cells and CD4(+)CD25(+) Treg cells and toll-like receptors (TLRs) on IgE, IgG4 and IgA production. METHODS: Germline or productive Ig-transcripts are determined by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, secreted Igs are measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the frequency of Ig-producing plasma cells is investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot. Circulating CD4(+)CD25(+) Treg cells and allergen-specific Tr1 cells are used. RESULTS: Both allergen-specific, interleukin-10-secreting Tr1 cells and CD4(+)CD25(+) Treg cells from healthy individuals induced IgG4 and suppressed IgE production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and purified B-cell cultures. In contrast, induction of IgA production is independent of T-cell help and the role of Tr1 or Treg cells is very limited, whereas it was highly induced by direct B-cell activation via TLR7 and 9. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that T regulatory cells may contribute to the suppression of allergic diseases by suppression of IgE and induction of IgG4, whereas IgA production is enhanced by B-cell activation via TLR7 and TLR9. PMID- 18925884 TI - Pregnancy IFN-gamma responses to foetal alloantigens are altered by maternal allergy and gravidity status. AB - BACKGROUND: During pregnancy, variations in maternal-foetal cellular interactions may influence immune programming. This study was carried out to determine if maternal responses to foetal alloantigens are altered by maternal allergic disease and/or previous pregnancies. METHODS: For this cohort study, peripheral blood was collected from allergic (n = 69) and nonallergic (n = 63) pregnant women at 20, 30, 36-week gestation and 6-week postpartum (pp). Cord blood was collected at delivery. Mixed lymphocyte reactions were used to measure maternal cytokine responses [interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-10, IL-13 and (interferon-gamma) IFN gamma] at each time point towards foetal mononuclear cells. RESULTS: Maternal cytokine responses during pregnancy (20, 30 and 36 weeks) were suppressed compared to the responses at 6-week pp. The ratio of maternal IFN-gamma/IL-13 and IFN-gamma/IL-10 responses were lower during pregnancy. Allergic mothers had lower IFN-gamma responses at each time-point during pregnancy with the greatest difference in responses observed at 36-week gestation. When allergic and nonallergic women were further stratified by gravidity group, IFN-gamma responses of allergic multigravid mothers were significantly lower than nonallergic multigravid mothers during pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: During normal pregnancy, peripheral T-cell cytokine responses to foetal alloantigens may be altered by both allergic status of the mother and previous pregnancies. These factors could influence the cytokine milieu experienced by the foetus and will be further explored in the development of allergic disease during early life. PMID- 18925885 TI - Early markers of allergic disease in a primary prevention study using probiotics: 2.5-year follow-up phase. AB - BACKGROUND: We previously reported that a Lactobacillus acidophilus probiotic strain (LAFTI) L10/LAVRI-A1) given for the first 6 months of life increased the risk of allergen sensitization at 1 year of age. METHODS: To assess the effects on subsequent allergic outcomes, 153 children from the initial prevention cohort (n = 178) were reviewed at 2.5 years of age. Clinical outcomes were assessed in relation to (i) probiotic supplementation; and (ii) immune function previously assessed at 6 months of age. RESULTS: Supplementation with this probiotic did not reduce the risk of dermatitis at 2.5 years (31/74, 42%) compared with that in placebo group (25/76, 34%). There was no significant reduction in any other allergic disease or allergen sensitization. Inhalant sensitization at 2.5 years (n = 29) was associated with higher proportions of circulating CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T-cell populations (P = 0.005) and higher allergen-induced FOXP3 levels (P = 0.003) at 6 months. This was also seen in children with dermatitis. Children with dermatitis at 2.5 years also had significantly lower toll-like receptor 4 lipopolysaccharide responses at 6 months of age (IL-12 P = 0.04, IL-6 P = 0.039) and lower polyclonal (PHA) responses (IFN-gamma P = 0.005, IL-10 P = 0.001, and IL-6 P = 0.001). Children who had previously received the probiotic had fewer gastrointestinal infections in the preceding 18 months (P = 0.023). CONCLUSION: The LAFTI L10 probiotic strain did not have any significant effect on allergy outcomes. Allergic children showed a number of early differences in immune function including altered regulatory T-cell markers and innate immune function. PMID- 18925886 TI - Specific IgE to allergens in cord blood is associated with maternal immunity to Toxoplasma gondii and rubella virus. AB - BACKGROUND: Various studies have found reduced prevalences of atopic sensitization and atopic diseases in children previously exposed to infections or living conditions with a high microbial burden, such as the farming environment. OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine the relationships of cord blood immunoglobulin E (IgE) with maternal health conditions before and during pregnancy. METHODS: Pregnant women living in rural areas in five European countries were recruited in the third trimester of pregnancy. Information on maternal health during pregnancy was collected from maternity records and by questionnaires (n = 497). Specific IgE for inhalant and food allergens was assessed in cord blood and peripheral blood samples of the mothers. RESULTS: Inverse associations of cord blood IgE to seasonal allergens with positive maternal records for Toxoplasma gondii (adjusted odds ratio = 0.37 [0.17-0.81]) and rubella virus (adjusted odds ratio = 0.35 [0.13-0.96]) were found. The previously described effect of prenatal farm exposure on IgE to seasonal allergens was partly confounded by a positive maternal record for T. gondii. The number of maternal siblings, maternal contact to cats during pregnancy or during her first year of life, predicted a positive maternal record for T. gondii. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal immunity to T. gondii and rubella may impact on atopic sensitization in the fetus. A positive T. gondii record explained the previously identified effect of prenatal farm exposure on IgE to seasonal allergens only to a minor extent. PMID- 18925887 TI - Component-resolved diagnosis in food allergy, are micro-array assays helpful to the clinician? PMID- 18925888 TI - Clinical usefulness of microarray-based IgE detection in children with suspected food allergy. AB - BACKGROUND: Component-resolved diagnostics using microarray technology has recently been introduced into clinical allergology, but its applicability in children with food allergy has hardly been investigated so far. The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of microarray-based IgE detection in the diagnostic workup of food allergy and to compare this new diagnostic tool with established methods of allergen-specific IgE detection. METHODS: We investigated 130 infants and children with suspected allergy to cow's milk (CM) or hen's egg (HE). Serum IgE measurements, skin prick tests, allergen microarray assays and controlled oral food challenges with HE and CM were performed. RESULTS: We analyzed 145 oral challenges that served as reference parameters for assay performance assessment. On this basis, the panel of microarrayed allergen components was shown to represent a comprehensive repertoire of clinically relevant CM and HE proteins. Additionally, the implemented CM and HE components respectively sufficed for equivalent test performance as compared to the corresponding fluorescence enzyme immunoassay extract and skin testing. However, component-resolved diagnostics for HE and CM allergy did not make oral food challenges superfluous. Clinical IgE decision points predicting positive oral food challenges could be calculated for both in vitro test methods. CONCLUSIONS: Allergen microarrays provide a new tool to diagnose symptomatic CM and HE allergy. They show performance characteristics comparable to the current diagnostic tests and may be indicated in small children in whom only small blood volumes are obtainable. However, they are not capable of replacing double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenges in most cases. PMID- 18925889 TI - Timeliness of diagnosis of asthma in children and its predictors. AB - BACKGROUND: There is a paucity of literature using medical records to evaluate the timeliness of asthma diagnosis in children and the predictors associated with timeliness of asthma diagnosis. METHODS: Subjects were obtained from a convenience sample of 839 children, aged 5-13 years. We conducted comprehensive medical record reviews for these children to determine their asthma status by applying predetermined criteria for asthma. Predictors were evaluated for an association with timeliness of asthma diagnosis. RESULTS: Of 839 children, 276 children met the criteria for asthma before 18 years of age. Of these subjects, 97 had timely diagnosis of asthma while 179 did not have timely diagnosis of asthma with the median delay of 3.3 years. Children with definite asthma at the time of index date was three times more timely to be diagnosed with asthma [hazard ratios (HR) 3.3, 95% CI: 2.43-4.47, P < 0.001], compared to those with probable asthma. Children with a family history of asthma were more timely to be diagnosed with asthma (HR 1.36, 95% CI: 1.03-1.8, P = 0.031). Children with exercise-induced wheezing or bronchospasm were more timely to be diagnosed with asthma (HR 1.79, 95% CI: 0.95-3.36, P = 0.07), compared to those with spasmodic (or bronchospastic) cough. CONCLUSIONS: Many asthmatic children are not diagnosed with asthma in a timely manner, especially in those without the commonly recognized factors associated with asthma. Health care providers need to be reminded that asthma can still occur in those without commonly recognized risk factors. Asthma guidelines need to emphasize this aspect. PMID- 18925890 TI - IgE antibodies to omega-5 gliadin associate with immediate symptoms on oral wheat challenge in Japanese children. AB - BACKGROUND: Gliadins have been implicated in immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergy to ingested wheat and omega-5-gliadin is known to represent a major allergen in wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis. Less known is whether omega-5-gliadin is a clinically relevant allergen in children with immediate allergy to ingested wheat. This study investigates whether specific IgE antibodies to omega-5-gliadin (sIgE-omega-5-gliadin-ab) could be used as a marker for oral wheat challenge outcome in wheat-sensitized children. A secondary objective was to study whether the level of sIgE-omega-5-gliadin was related to symptom severity in children with a positive challenge test. METHODS: Serum samples from 88 children sensitized to wheat, of whom 35 underwent wheat challenge, were collected consecutively. sIgE-omega-5-gliadin-ab was related to a physician's diagnosis of wheat allergy and challenge symptoms. RESULTS: The mean concentration of sIgE-omega-5-gliadin-ab was 7.25 kU(A)/l in patients with wheat allergy and 1.08 kU(A)/l in patients with no wheat allergy (P < 0.01). sIgE-omega 5-gliadin-ab was only detected in 12 of the non-wheat allergic children and 11 of them had a specific IgE to wheat below 1.30 kU(A)/l. Children reacting with severe symptoms upon challenge (n = 8) had increased levels of sIgE-omega-5 gliadin-ab compared to children with moderate, mild or no symptoms (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of sIgE-omega-5-gliadin-ab is related to the reaction level to wheat challenge outcome in wheat-sensitized children. The sIgE-omega-5 gliadin-ab was found to be associated with a strong convincing history of wheat allergy also in those cases when oral food challenge was avoided. The sIgE-omega 5-gliadin-ab level may serve as a marker for clinical reactivity in wheat sensitized individuals. PMID- 18925883 TI - Early atopic disease and early childhood immunization--is there a link? AB - BACKGROUND: There are frequent concerns about early immunizations among the parents of children at heightened risk for atopy. The study assessed the effect of vaccine immunization before the first birthday on eczema severity and allergic sensitization in the second year of life. METHODS: A total of 2184 infants, aged 1-2 years, with established atopic dermatitis and a family history of allergy, from 97 study centres in 10 European countries, South Africa and Australia were included. Exposure to vaccines (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, Haemophilus influenzae Type B, hepatitis B, mumps, measles, rubella, varicella, BCG, meningococci and pneumococci) and immunization dates were recorded from immunization cards. Immunoglobulin E (IgE) was determined by RAST and eczema severity was assessed by scoring atopic dermatitis (SCORAD). RESULTS: Immunization against any target was not associated with an increased risk of allergic sensitization to food or inhalant allergens. Varicella immunization (only 0.7% immunized) was inversely associated with total IgE > 30 kU/l (OR 0.27; 95% CI 0.08-0.87) and eczema severity (OR 0.34; 95% CI 0.12-0.93). Pertussis immunization (only 1.7% nonimmunized) was inversely associated with eczema severity (OR 0.30; 95% CI 0.10-0.89). Cumulative received vaccine doses were inversely associated with eczema severity (P = 0.0107). The immunization coverage of infants before and after the onset of atopic dermatitis was similar. CONCLUSION: In children at heightened risk for atopy, common childhood immunization in the first year is not associated with an increased risk of more severe eczema or allergic sensitization. Parents of atopic children should be encouraged to fully immunize their children. PMID- 18925891 TI - Array-based profiling of ragweed and mugwort pollen allergens. AB - BACKGROUND: Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) and mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) pollen is the main cause of allergic reactions in late summer and autumn. The differential diagnosis between ragweed and mugwort pollen allergy is a frequent problem encountered by allergologists in areas where both plants are present due to shared antigenic structures and overlapping flowering seasons. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the sensitization pattern of weed allergic patients towards a large panel of purified allergens in the microarray format and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). METHODS: Eight ragweed and six mugwort pollen allergens were purified from natural source or expressed as recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli. Allergens were spotted on protein microarray slides or coated onto ELISA plates. Sera from 19 ragweed and/or mugwort allergic individuals were used to determine the reactivity towards single molecules in both assays. RESULTS: All ragweed allergic individuals were sensitized to Amb a 1, among them 30% were monosensitized to the major ragweed allergen. Art v 1 and Art v 3 were recognized by 89% of mugwort pollen-allergic patients. Extensive cross-reactivity was observed for both patient groups mainly involving the pan allergens profilin and nonspecific lipid transfer proteins. Comparable IgE profiles were obtained with both allergen microarray and ELISA methods. CONCLUSIONS: Molecule-based diagnosis provides essential information for the differential diagnosis between ragweed and mugwort pollen allergy and for the selection of the appropriate allergen source for specific immunotherapy. PMID- 18925892 TI - Understanding patient sensitization profiles in complex pollen areas: a molecular epidemiological study. AB - BACKGROUND: Allergy diagnosis in patients exposed to multiple pollen species is complex and misdiagnosis is often a cause for unsuccessful specific immunotherapy. OBJECTIVE: We studied the sensitization profile of individual allergens (major, minor and pan-allergens) in pollen-sensitized patients in a region with high exposure to olive pollen by investigating the influence of minor allergens on allergic disease and the association between pan- and minor allergen sensitizations. METHODS: A panel of 13 purified allergens, which included the most relevant allergens in the area, as well as minor olive allergens and pan allergens, were screened using a high-capacity technology (ADVIA-Centaur) in 891 patients. RESULTS: Olive allergy as measured by specific IgE to Ole e 1 was the leading pollinosis in the area. The minor olive allergens Ole e 7 and Ole e 9 were markers of more severe allergic illness. Profilin sensitization was associated mainly with grass allergy, the second most prevalent pollinosis. Salsola kali pollen allergy was the third most common cause of pollinosis in the area. The prevalence of sensitization to the peach allergen Pru p 3, a nonspecific lipid-transfer protein, was notable. CONCLUSION: Epidemiological analysis by component-resolved diagnosis is a new method, which elucidates the interaction between allergen exposure gradient and patient sensitization. High exposure leads to differential sensitization profiles some of which are associated with more severe allergic conditions. Profilin sensitization, related mainly to grass pollinosis, was a marker of more severe grass pollen sensitization. PMID- 18925893 TI - The effect of multiple allergens on histamine release in vivo assessed by skin prick test. PMID- 18925894 TI - Use of topical steroids is largely restricted by irrational emotional concerns in both patients and physicians. PMID- 18925895 TI - Late side-effects during systemic immunotherapy in children. PMID- 18925896 TI - Care of anaphylaxis among practising doctors. PMID- 18925897 TI - Successful treatment of solar urticaria with anti-immunoglobulin E therapy. PMID- 18925899 TI - The promise and pitfalls of transplant centers. PMID- 18925900 TI - Posttransplantation treatment of recurrent hepatitis C: is the juice worth the squeeze? PMID- 18925901 TI - An immunomodulatory role for follistatin-like 1 in heart allograft transplantation. AB - Donor-specific tolerance to heart allografts in the rat can be achieved by donor specific blood transfusions (DST) before transplantation. We have previously reported that this tolerance is associated with strong leukocyte infiltration, and that host CD8(+) T cells and TGFbeta are required. In order to identify new molecules involved in the induction phase of tolerance, we compared tolerated and rejected heart allografts (suppressive subtractive hybridization) 5 days after transplantation. We identified overexpression of Follistatin-like 1 (FSTL1) transcript in tolerated allografts compared to rejected allografts or syngeneic grafts. We show that FSTL1 is overexpressed during both the induction and maintenance phase of tolerance, and appears to be specific to the tolerance model induced by DST. Analysis of graft-infiltrating cells revealed predominant expression of FSTL1 in CD8(+) T cells from tolerated grafts, and depletion of these cells prior to transplantation abrogated FSTL1 expression and heart allograft survival. Moreover, overexpression of FSTL1 by adenovirus gene transfer in vivo significantly prolonged allograft survival in association with inhibition of the proinflammatory cytokines, IL6, IL17 A and IFNgamma. Taken together, these results suggest that FSTL1 could be an active component of the mechanisms mediating heart allograft tolerance. PMID- 18925902 TI - Tolerance induction or sensitization in mice exposed to noninherited maternal antigens (NIMA). AB - Developmental exposure to noninherited maternal antigens (NIMA) exerts a tolerizing or sensitizing influence on clinical transplantation in humans and experimental animals. The aim of this study was to determine if strain and gender differences influence the NIMA effect. Six different mouse strain backcross matings of F(1) females with homozygous males ('NIMA backcross') and corresponding control breedings of F1 males with homozygous females were performed. H-2 homozygous offspring underwent heterotopic heart transplantation from fully allogeneic donors expressing noninherited H-2 antigens. A NIMA tolerizing effect on heart allograft outcome was found in three of six breeding models. In all three cases, the tolerizing antigens were from an H-2(d+) strain. The tolerogenic effect was greatest in male as compared with female recipients. Offspring from the three breeding models in which no tolerance was seen, appeared to be sensitized based on poorer graft survival, or enhanced T- or B-cell responses to the noninherited H-2(b or k) antigens. Significantly higher percentages of maternal antigen(+) cells were found in the peripheral blood of tolerant versus nontolerant strains of backcross mice prior to transplant. Our findings imply that transplants are predisposed to tolerance or rejection due to recipient developmental history and immunogenetic background. PMID- 18925903 TI - Impact of immunosuppressive treatment on endothelial biomarkers after kidney transplantation. AB - Endothelial dysfunction occurs in hemodialysis and kidney-transplanted patients and can be enhanced by immunosuppressive therapy. Circulating endothelial cells (CEC), endothelial microparticles (EMP) and sVCAM-1 provide information on endothelium activation and damage. We compared the impact of two immunosuppressive regimens (CsA/Aza vs. Tac/MMF) on the kinetics of CEC, EMP and sVCAM-1 levels in 52 patients, both before graft and 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after graft, in reference to 50 healthy controls. CEC, EMP and sVCAM-1 levels were significantly decreased 1 year after transplantation (M12) as compared to pretransplant values. At M12, CEC and sVCAM-1 levels were significantly higher than those of controls whereas EMP reached normal values. Nine months postgraft, lower CEC and normalized EMP levels were found in patients receiving cyclosporine microemulsion/ azathioprine (CsA/Aza) when compared to patients treated with tacrolimus/ mycophenolate mofetil (Tac/MMF). Multivariate analysis evidenced positive correlations between CEC and history of cardiovascular diseases and between EMP and cytomegalovirus infection at M12. In conclusion, our combined analysis of endothelial injury markers confirms the favorable impact of renal transplantation on endothelium, and show that CEC levels discriminate treatment associated endothelial toxicity. These results enlighten the potential of these noninvasive blood biomarkers in indexing vascular injury and optimize therapeutic options. PMID- 18925904 TI - Polyomavirus BK replication dynamics in vivo and in silico to predict cytopathology and viral clearance in kidney transplants. AB - Fast BK virus (BKV) replication in renal tubular epithelial cells drives polyomavirus-BK-associated nephropathy (PVAN) to premature kidney transplant (KT) failure. BKV also replicates in urothelial cells, but remains asymptomatic in two thirds of affected KT patients. Comparing 518 day-matched plasma-urine samples from 223 KT patients, BKV loads were approximately 3000-fold higher in urine than in plasma (p < 0.000001). Molecular and quantitative parameters indicated that >95% of urine BKV loads resulted from urothelial replication and <5% from tubular epithelial replication. Fast BKV replication dynamics in plasma and urine with half-lives of <12 h accounted for daily urothelial and tubular epithelial cell loss of 4 x 10(7) and 6 x 10(7), respectively. BKV dynamics in both sites were only partly linked, with full and partial discordance in 36% and 32%, respectively. Viral expansion was best explained by models where BKV replication started in the kidney followed by urothelial amplification and tubular epithelial cell cross-feeding reaching a dynamic equilibrium after approximately 10 weeks. Curtailing intrarenal replication by 50% was ineffective and >80% was required for clearing viremia within 7 weeks, but viruria persisted for >14 weeks. Reductions >90% cleared viremia and viruria by 3 and 10 weeks, respectively. The model was clinically validated in prospectively monitored KT patients supporting >80% curtailing for optimal interventions. PMID- 18925905 TI - Chronic kidney disease after hematopoietic cell transplantation: a systematic review. AB - Advances in hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) have broadened its indications for use and resulted in more long-term HCT survivors. Some survivors develop chronic kidney disease (CKD); however, the incidence and risk factors are unclear. We performed a systematic review of studies identified from databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Science Citation Index), conference abstracts and reference lists from selected manuscripts. From 927 manuscripts, 28 patient cohorts were identified in which 9317 adults and children underwent HCT and 7317 (79%) survived to at least 100 days, permitting inclusion of 5337 (73% of survivors) in quantitative analyses. Although definitions and measurements varied widely, approximately 16.6% of HCT patients developed CKD and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR in mL/min/1.73 m(2)) decreased by 24.5 after 24 months. This decrease was greater amongst patients undergoing allogeneic HCT (DeltaeGFR = -40.0 versus -18.6 for autologous transplants). Several commonly reported risk factors for CKD were investigated, including acute renal failure, total body irradiation, graft versus host disease and long-term cyclosporine use. In conclusion, CKD following HCT is likely to be common; however, prospective studies with uniform definitions of CKD and risk factors are needed to confirm these findings and better define the underlying mechanisms to promote therapies that prevent this complication. PMID- 18925906 TI - Association of lower costs of pulsatile machine perfusion in renal transplantation from expanded criteria donors. AB - Pulsatile machine perfusion (PMP) has been shown to reduce delayed graft function (DGF) in expanded criteria donor (ECD) kidneys. Here, we investigate whether there is a cost benefit associated with PMP utilization in ECD kidney transplants. We analyzed United States Renal Data System (USRDS) data describing Medicare-insured ECD kidney transplant recipients in 1995-2004 (N = 5840). We examined total Medicare payments for transplant hospitalization and annually for 3 years posttransplant according to PMP utilization. After adjusting for other recipient, donor and transplant factors, PMP utilization was associated with a $2130 reduction (p = 0.007) in hospitalization costs. PMP utilization was also associated with lower DGF risk (p < 0.0001). PMP utilization did not predict differences in rejection, graft survival, patient survival, or costs at 1, 2 and 3 years posttransplant. PMP utilization is correlated with lower costs for the transplant hospitalization, which is likely due to the associated reduction in DGF among recipients of PMP kidneys. However, there is no difference in long-term Medicare costs for ECD recipients by PMP utilization. A prospective trial is necessary as it will help determine if the associations seen here are due to PMP utilization and not differences in the population studied. PMID- 18925907 TI - 2202 kidney transplant recipients with 10 years of graft function: what happens next? AB - The ultimate goal of clinical transplantation is for the recipients to achieve long-term survival, with continuing graft function, that is equivalent to that of the age-matched general population. We studied subsequent outcome in kidney transplant recipients with 10 years of graft function. In all, 2202 kidney transplant recipients survived with graft function >10 years. For 10-year survivors, the actuarial 25-year patient survival rate for primary transplant living donor (LD) recipients was 57%; graft survival, 43%. For primary transplant deceased donor (DD) recipients, the actuarial 25-year patient survival rate was 39%; graft survival, 27%. The two major causes of late graft loss were death (with graft function) and chronic allograft nephropathy (tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis). The two major causes of death with function were cardiovascular disease (CVD) and malignancy. For nondiabetic recipients, the mean age at death with function from CVD was 54 +/- 13 years; for diabetic recipients, 53 +/- 7 years. By 20 years posttransplant, morbidity was common: >40% recipients had skin cancer (mean age for nondiabetic recipients, 53 +/- 13 years; for diabetics, 49 +/- 8 years), >10% had non-skin cancer (mean age for nondiabetic recipients, 53 +/- 16 years; for diabetics, 46 +/- 9 years), and >30% had CVD (mean age for nondiabetic recipients, 53 +/- 15 years; for diabetics, 47 +/- 9 years). We conclude that long-term transplant recipients have a high rate of morbidity and early mortality. As short-term results have improved, more focus is needed on long-term outcome. PMID- 18925908 TI - Donor infection and transmission to the recipient of a solid allograft. AB - Transmission of infection from donor to recipient is a potential complication of transplantation. More data on this issue are needed to expand the insufficient donor pool. This study evaluates the incidence of donor nonviral infection, transmission from infected donors and the effect of donor infection on 30-day recipient survival. Data from 211 infected donors contributing to 292 (8.8%) of 3322 consecutive transplant procedures within RESITRA (Spanish Research Network for the Study of Infection in Transplantation) were prospectively compiled and analyzed. Lung was the most likely transplanted organ carried out with an infected donor and Staphylococcus aureus was the most commonly isolated microorganism. In more than a half of donors, the lung was the site of infection. Donor-to-host transmission was documented in 5 patients out of 292 (1.71%), 2 of whom died of the acquired infection (40%). Nonetheless, there was no difference in 30-day patient survival when comparing transplant procedures performed with organs from infected or uninfected donors. In conclusion, donor infection is not an infrequent event, but transmission to the recipient is quite low. Hence, with careful microbiological surveillance and treatment, the number of organs available for transplantation may be increased. PMID- 18925910 TI - Living unrelated kidney transplantation from a donor with ureteral cancer jeopardizes survival of donor and recipient. PMID- 18925909 TI - The programmed death (PD)-1/PD-ligand 1 pathway regulates graft-versus-host reactive CD8 T cells after liver transplantation. AB - Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) is a life-threatening complication after solid-organ transplantation, which is mediated by host-reactive donor T cells emigrating from the allograft. We report on two liver transplant recipients who developed an almost complete donor chimerism in peripheral blood and bone marrow infiltrating T cells during aGVHD. By analyzing these T cells directly ex vivo, we found that they died by apoptosis over time without evidence of rejection by host T cells. The host-versus-donor reactivity was selectively impaired, as anti third-party and antiviral T cells were still detectable in the host repertoire. These findings support the acquired donor-specific allotolerance concept previously established in animal transplantation studies. We also observed that the resolution of aGVHD was not accompanied by an expansion of circulating immunosuppressive CD4/CD25/FoxP3-positive T cells. In fact, graft-versus-host reactive T cells were controlled by an alternative negative regulatory pathway, executed by the programmed death (PD)-1 receptor and its ligand PD-L1. We found high PD-1 expression on donor CD4 and CD8 T cells. In addition, blocking PD-L1 on host-derived cells significantly enhanced alloreactivity by CD8 T cells in vitro. We suggest the interference with the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway as a therapeutic strategy to control graft-versus-host-reactive T cells in allograft recipients. PMID- 18925911 TI - Topical cyclosporin: a treatment for corneal graft rejection. PMID- 18925912 TI - Anti-VEGF therapy: riding the wave of change. PMID- 18925913 TI - Gillies lecture: dissecting glaucoma: understanding the molecular risk factors. AB - WE Gillies was a major contributor to research in glaucoma, notably pseuodexfoliation (XFS), as well as strabismus, particularly in relation to axial length (AL). The latter work involved breaking down the geometry of the eye to its basic components and using the measured AL to tailor the amount of strabismus surgery required. Similarly, the search for glaucoma genes requires us to break down glaucoma into its component measures and associated risk factors. Over the last 14 years, our data from the Glaucoma Inheritance Study in Tasmania have shown the following: that a family history is present in 60% of glaucoma cases; that 27% of members of large glaucoma families were unaware of their family history of glaucoma; and that familial glaucoma is more severe than sporadic glaucoma. Myocilin mutations account for 3% of cases of primary open angle glaucoma. Some genotype-phenotype correlations have been identified. Notably, with respect to earlier age of onset, higher maximum recorded intraocular pressure and need for surgery, the Gln368Stop mutation confers mild risk, Thr377Met and Gly252Arg mutations intermediate risk, and the Pro370Leu mutation severe risk. To identify the other genes associated with glaucoma, we have examined normal twins in the Twins Eye Study to determine the heritability of parameters that are abnormal in glaucoma - intraocular pressure and cup-to-disc ratio and confounding factors for glaucoma such as central corneal thickness, disc area, refraction and AL. We have identified high heritabilities for all of these as well as a gene locus associated with AL on chromosome 5. Recently, the LOXL1 gene was associated with XFS. Identification of further genes will improve our understanding of glaucoma and allow cascade genetic screening. PMID- 18925914 TI - Macular thickness and systemic markers for diabetes in individuals with no or mild diabetic retinopathy. AB - BACKGROUND: The relationship between diabetic risk factors and macular thickness in individuals without clinically detectable diabetic macular oedema has yet to be formally explored. The purpose of this study was to assess the correlation between macular thickness and diabetes control and duration. METHODS: This was a prospective, cross-sectional study. All subjects underwent digital retinal imaging and Stratus OCT macular thickness scanning both eyes. Mean retinal thickness was determined for quadrants, rings, hemispheres, and for the central fovea (CFT), total fovea (TFT) and total macula (TMT). RESULTS: We evaluated 92 non-diabetic controls, 92 diabetic subjects with no diabetic retinopathy (DR) and 24 subjects with mild DR at the Veteran's Hospital in Jamaica Plain, MA. In subjects with diabetes, there was a significant negative correlation between retinal thickness and diabetes duration in all macular quadrants, rings and hemispheres, and for CFT, TFT and TMT (CFT: P = 0.0025, r = -0.28; TFT: P = 0.0062, r = -0.25; TMT: P = 0.0026, r = -0.28). There was no significant relationship between retinal thickness and HbA1c level (average of last three readings), systolic or diastolic blood pressure, or triglyceride levels. Additionally, no significant differences in retinal thickness were found between controls, subjects with no DR and subjects with mild DR. CONCLUSIONS: In subjects with no or mild DR, macular and foveal thickness is significantly thinner with longer duration of disease. This may reflect neurodegenerative changes in the diabetic retina. PMID- 18925915 TI - Osteolipoma of the eyelid. AB - A 50-year-old woman presented with a nodular swelling on her right upper eyelid. The tumour was diagnosed as osteolipoma histologically after resection. Osteolipoma is a very rare variant of lipoma and only a few cases affecting the head and neck are reported in literature. To the best of the author's knowledge this is the first reported case of osteolipoma of the eyelid. PMID- 18925916 TI - Lung metastases in a case of metatypical basal cell carcinoma of the eyelid: an illustrative case and literature review to heighten vigilance of its metastatic potential. AB - Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is an extremely common malignancy; however, unlike other skin cancers, they very rarely metastasize. Here we present an unusual case of metatypical BCC of the eyelid which metastasized to the lung nine years after initial surgical treatment. We include a review of the literature regarding metastatic BCC and suggest that metatypical features in primary BCC should prompt careful patient monitoring and consideration of adjuvant treatment at the time of diagnosis. PMID- 18925917 TI - Area of internal limiting membrane peeling viewed by three-dimensional imaging with optical coherence tomography. PMID- 18925918 TI - Perineural involvement of the frontal nerve by benign lymphoid hyperplasia. PMID- 18925919 TI - Palliative surgery for contralateral metastasis of orbital melanoma to prevent blindness. PMID- 18925920 TI - Characterizing ethambutol-induced optic neuropathy with a 3D computer-automated threshold Amsler grid test. PMID- 18925921 TI - Bilateral anterior optic neuropathy associated with use of terbinafine. PMID- 18925922 TI - Lateral rectus resection versus medial rectus re-recession for residual esotropia: early results of a randomized clinical trial: comment. PMID- 18925924 TI - Ophthalmology education for Australian medical students. PMID- 18925925 TI - Current state of the one-eye trial of glaucoma medications. PMID- 18925927 TI - Cilioretinal artery occlusion associated with SLE and the administration of a sub Tenons block. PMID- 18925929 TI - The YvfTU two-component system is involved in plcR expression in Bacillus cereus. AB - BACKGROUND: Most extracellular virulence factors produced by Bacillus cereus are regulated by the pleiotropic transcriptional activator PlcR. Among strains belonging to the B. cereus group, the plcR gene is always located in the vicinity of genes encoding the YvfTU two-component system. The putative role of YvfTU in the expression of the PlcR regulon was therefore investigated. RESULTS: Expression of the plcR gene was monitored using a transcriptional fusion with a lacZ reporter gene in a yvfTU mutant and in its B. cereus ATCC 14579 parental strain. Two hours after the onset of the stationary phase, a stage at which the PlcR regulon is highly expressed, the plcR expression in the yvfTU mutant was only 50% of that of its parental strain. In addition to the reduced plcR expression in the yvfTU mutant, a few members of the PlcR regulon showed a differential expression, as revealed by transcriptomic and proteomic analyses. The virulence of the yvfTU mutant in a Galleria mellonella insect model was slightly lower than that of the parental strain. CONCLUSION: The YvfTU two component system is not required for the expression of most of the virulence factors belonging to the PlcR regulon. However, YvfTU is involved in expression of plcR, a major regulator of virulence in B. cereus. PMID- 18925930 TI - Induction of Bim and Bid gene expression during accelerated apoptosis in severe sepsis. AB - INTRODUCTION: In transgenic animal models of sepsis, members of the Bcl-2 family of proteins regulate lymphocyte apoptosis and survival of sepsis. This study investigates the gene regulation of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family of proteins in patients with early stage severe sepsis. METHODS: In this prospective case-control study, patients were recruited from three intensive care units (ICUs) in a university hospital. Sixteen patients were enrolled when they fulfilled the criteria of severe sepsis. Ten critically ill but non-septic patients and 11 healthy volunteers served as controls. Blood samples were immediately obtained at inclusion. To confirm the presence of accelerated apoptosis in the patient groups, caspase-3 activation and phosphatidylserine externalisation in CD4+, CD8+ and CD19+ lymphocyte subsets were assessed using flow cytometry. Specific mRNAs of Bcl-2 family members were quantified from whole blood by real-time PCR. To test for statistical significance, Kruskal-Wallis testing with Dunn's multiple comparison test for post hoc analysis was performed. RESULTS: In all lymphocyte populations caspase-3 (p < 0.05) was activated, which was reflected in an increased phosphatidylserine externalisation (p < 0.05). Accordingly, lymphocyte counts were decreased in early severe sepsis. In CD4+ T-cells (p < 0.05) and B-cells (p < 0.001) the Bcl-2 protein was decreased in severe sepsis. Gene expression of the BH3-only Bim was massively upregulated as compared with critically ill patients (p < 0.001) and 51.6-fold as compared with healthy controls (p < 0.05). Bid was increased 12.9 fold compared with critically ill patients (p < 0.001). In the group of mitochondrial apoptosis inducers, Bak was upregulated 5.6-fold, while the expression of Bax showed no significant variations. By contrast, the pro-survival members Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl were both downregulated in severe sepsis (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In early severe sepsis a gene expression pattern with induction of the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members Bim, Bid and Bak and a downregulation of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl proteins was observed in peripheral blood. This constellation may affect cellular susceptibility to apoptosis and complex immune dysfunction in sepsis. PMID- 18925932 TI - Tumor volume in subcutaneous mouse xenografts measured by microCT is more accurate and reproducible than determined by 18F-FDG-microPET or external caliper. AB - BACKGROUND: In animal studies tumor size is used to assess responses to anticancer therapy. Current standard for volumetric measurement of xenografted tumors is by external caliper, a method often affected by error. The aim of the present study was to evaluate if microCT gives more accurate and reproducible measures of tumor size in mice compared with caliper measurements. Furthermore, we evaluated the accuracy of tumor volume determined from 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) PET. METHODS: Subcutaneously implanted human breast adenocarcinoma cells in NMRI nude mice served as tumor model. Tumor volume (n = 20) was determined in vivo by external caliper, microCT and 18F-FDG-PET and subsequently reference volume was determined ex vivo. Intra-observer reproducibility of the microCT and caliper methods were determined by acquiring 10 repeated volume measurements. Volumes of a group of tumors (n = 10) were determined independently by two observers to assess inter-observer variation. RESULTS: Tumor volume measured by microCT, PET and caliper all correlated with reference volume. No significant bias of microCT measurements compared with the reference was found, whereas both PET and caliper had systematic bias compared to reference volume. Coefficients of variation for intra-observer variation were 7% and 14% for microCT and caliper measurements, respectively. Regression coefficients between observers were 0.97 for microCT and 0.91 for caliper measurements. CONCLUSION: MicroCT was more accurate than both caliper and 18F-FDG-PET for in vivo volumetric measurements of subcutaneous tumors in mice.18F-FDG-PET was considered unsuitable for determination of tumor size. External caliper were inaccurate and encumbered with a significant and size dependent bias. MicroCT was also the most reproducible of the methods. PMID- 18925931 TI - Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification for genetic screening in autism spectrum disorders: efficient identification of known microduplications and identification of a novel microduplication in ASMT. AB - BACKGROUND: It has previously been shown that specific microdeletions and microduplications, many of which also associated with cognitive impairment (CI), can present with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) represents an efficient method to screen for such recurrent microdeletions and microduplications. METHODS: In the current study, a total of 279 unrelated subjects ascertained for ASDs were screened for genomic disorders associated with CI using MLPA. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) and/or direct DNA sequencing were used to validate potential microdeletions and microduplications. Methylation-sensitive MLPA was used to characterize individuals with duplications in the Prader-Willi/Angelman (PWA) region. RESULTS: MLPA showed two subjects with typical ASD-associated interstitial duplications of the 15q11-q13 PWA region of maternal origin. Two additional subjects showed smaller, de novo duplications of the PWA region that had not been previously characterized. Genes in these two novel duplications include GABRB3 and ATP10A in one case, and MKRN3, MAGEL2 and NDN in the other. In addition, two subjects showed duplications of the 22q11/DiGeorge syndrome region. One individual was found to carry a 12 kb deletion in one copy of the ASPA gene on 17p13, which when mutated in both alleles leads to Canavan disease. Two subjects showed partial duplication of the TM4SF2 gene on Xp11.4, previously implicated in X-linked non-specific mental retardation, but in our subsequent analyses such variants were also found in controls. A partial duplication in the ASMT gene, located in the pseudoautosomal region 1 (PAR1) of the sex chromosomes and previously suggested to be involved in ASD susceptibility, was observed in 6-7% of the cases but in only 2% of controls (P = 0.003). CONCLUSION: MLPA proves to be an efficient method to screen for chromosomal abnormalities. We identified duplications in 15q11-q13 and in 22q11, including new de novo small duplications, as likely contributing to ASD in the current sample by increasing liability and/or exacerbating symptoms. Our data indicate that duplications in TM4SF2 are not associated with the phenotype given their presence in controls. The results in PAR1/PAR2 are the first large-scale studies of gene dosage in these regions, and the findings at the ASMT locus indicate that further studies of the duplication of the ASMT gene are needed in order to gain insight into its potential involvement in ASD. Our studies also identify some limitations of MLPA, where single base changes in probe binding sequences alter results. In summary, our studies indicate that MLPA, with a focus on accepted medical genetic conditions, may be an inexpensive method for detection of microdeletions and microduplications in ASD patients for purposes of genetic counselling if MLPA-identified deletions are validated by additional methods. PMID- 18925933 TI - OntoDas - a tool for facilitating the construction of complex queries to the Gene Ontology. AB - BACKGROUND: Ontologies such as the Gene Ontology can enable the construction of complex queries over biological information in a conceptual way, however existing systems to do this are too technical. Within the biological domain there is an increasing need for software that facilitates the flexible retrieval of information. OntoDas aims to fulfil this need by allowing the definition of queries by selecting valid ontology terms. RESULTS: OntoDas is a web-based tool that uses information visualisation techniques to provide an intuitive, interactive environment for constructing ontology-based queries against the Gene Ontology Database. Both a comprehensive use case and the interface itself were designed in a participatory manner by working with biologists to ensure that the interface matches the way biologists work. OntoDas was further tested with a separate group of biologists and refined based on their suggestions. CONCLUSION: OntoDas provides a visual and intuitive means for constructing complex queries against the Gene Ontology. It was designed with the participation of biologists and compares favourably with similar tools. It is available at http://ontodas.nbn.ac.za. PMID- 18925934 TI - Peptide P5 (residues 628-683), comprising the entire membrane proximal region of HIV-1 gp41 and its calcium-binding site, is a potent inhibitor of HIV-1 infection. AB - The membrane proximal region (MPR) of the transmembrane subunit, gp41, of the HIV envelope glycoprotein plays a critical role in HIV-1 infection of CD4+ target cells and CD4-independent mucosal entry. It contains continuous epitopes recognized by neutralizing IgG antibodies 2F5, 4E10 and Z13, and is therefore considered to be a promising target for vaccine design. Moreover, some MPR derived peptides, such as T20 (enfuvirtide), are in clinical use as HIV-1 inhibitors. We have shown that an extended MPR peptide, P5, harbouring the lectin like domain of gp41 and a calcium-binding site, is implicated in the interaction of HIV with its mucosal receptor. We now investigate the potential antiviral activities of P5 and other such long MPR-derived peptides. Structural studies of gp41 MPR-derived peptides using circular dichroism showed that the peptides P5 (a.a.628-683), P1 (a.a.648-683), P5L (a.a.613-683) and P7 (a.a.613-746) displayed a well-defined alpha-helical structure. Peptides P5 inhibited HIV-1 envelope mediated cell-cell fusion and infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells by both X4- and R5-tropic HIV-1 strains, whereas peptides P5 mutated in the calcium binding site or P1 lacked antiviral activity, when P5L blocked cell fusion in contrast to P7. Strikingly, P5 inhibited CD4-dependent infection by T20-resistant R5-tropic HIV-1 variants. Cell-cell fusion studies indicated that the anti-HIV-1 activity of P5, unlike T20, could not be abrogated in the presence of the N terminal leucine zipper domain (LZ). These results suggested that P5 could serve as a potent fusion inhibitor. PMID- 18925935 TI - Whole blood assessment of antigen specific cellular immune response by real time quantitative PCR: a versatile monitoring and discovery tool. AB - BACKGROUND: Monitoring of cellular immune responses is indispensable in a number of clinical research areas, including microbiology, virology, oncology and autoimmunity. Purification and culture of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and rapid access to specialized equipment are usually required. We developed a whole blood (WB) technique monitoring antigen specific cellular immune response in vaccinated or naturally sensitized individuals. METHODS: WB (300 microl) was incubated at 37 degrees C with specific antigens, in the form of peptides or commercial vaccines for 5-16 hours. Following RNAlater addition to stabilize RNA, the mixture could be stored over one week at room temperature or at 4 degrees C. Total RNA was then extracted, reverse transcribed and amplified in quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) assays with primers and probes specific for cytokine and/or chemokine genes. RESULTS: Spiking experiments demonstrated that this technique could detect antigen specific cytokine gene expression from 50 cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) diluted in 300 microl WB. Furthermore, the high sensitivity of this method could be confirmed ex-vivo by the successful detection of CD8+ T cell responses against HCMV, EBV and influenza virus derived HLA-A0201 restricted epitopes, which was significantly correlated with specific multimer staining. Importantly, a highly significant (p = 0.000009) correlation between hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) stimulated IL-2 gene expression, as detectable in WB, and specific antibody titers was observed in donors vaccinated against hepatitis B virus (HBV) between six months and twenty years before the tests. To identify additional markers of potential clinical relevance, expression of chemokine genes was also evaluated. Indeed, HBsAg stimulated expression of MIP 1beta (CCL4) gene was highly significantly (p = 0.0006) correlated with specific antibody titers. Moreover, a longitudinal study on response to influenza vaccine demonstrated a significant increase of antigen specific IFN-gamma gene expression two weeks after immunization, declining thereafter, whereas increased IL-2 gene expression was still detectable four months after vaccination. CONCLUSION: This method, easily amenable to automation, might qualify as technology of choice for high throughput screening of immune responses to large panels of antigens from cohorts of donors. Although analysis of cytokine gene expression requires adequate laboratory infrastructure, initial antigen stimulation and storage of test probes can be performed with minimal equipment and time requirements. This might prove important in "field" studies with difficult access to laboratory facilities. PMID- 18925936 TI - Reproductive health services for refugees by refugees in Guinea I: family planning. AB - BACKGROUND: Comprehensive studies of family planning (FP) in refugee camps are relatively uncommon. This paper examines gender and age differences in family planning knowledge, attitudes, and practices among Sierra Leonean and Liberian refugees living in Guinea. METHODS: In 1999, a cross-sectional survey was conducted of 889 reproductive-age men and women refugees from 48 camps served by the refugee-organised Reproductive Health Group (RHG). Sampling was multi-stage with data collected for socio-demographics, family planning, sexual health, and antenatal care. Statistics were calculated for selected indicators. RESULTS: Women knew more about FP, although men's education reduced this difference. RHG facilitators were the primary source of reproductive health information for all respondents. However, more men then women obtained information from non-health sources, such as friends and media. Approval of FP was high, significantly higher in women than in men (90% vs. 70%). However, more than 40% reported not having discussed FP with their partner. Perceived service quality was an important determinant in choosing where to get contraceptives. Contraceptive use in the camps served by RHG was much higher than typical for either refugees' country of origin or the host country (17% vs. 3.9 and 4.1% respectively), but the risk of unwanted pregnancy remained considerable (69%). CONCLUSION: This refugee self help model appeared largely effective and could be considered for reproductive health needs in similar settings. Having any formal education appeared a major determinant of FP knowledge for men, while this was less noticeable for women. Thus, FP communication strategies for refugees should consider gender-specific messages and channels. PMID- 18925937 TI - AMMOS: Automated Molecular Mechanics Optimization tool for in silico Screening. AB - BACKGROUND: Virtual or in silico ligand screening combined with other computational methods is one of the most promising methods to search for new lead compounds, thereby greatly assisting the drug discovery process. Despite considerable progresses made in virtual screening methodologies, available computer programs do not easily address problems such as: structural optimization of compounds in a screening library, receptor flexibility/induced-fit, and accurate prediction of protein-ligand interactions. It has been shown that structural optimization of chemical compounds and that post-docking optimization in multi-step structure-based virtual screening approaches help to further improve the overall efficiency of the methods. To address some of these points, we developed the program AMMOS for refining both, the 3D structures of the small molecules present in chemical libraries and the predicted receptor-ligand complexes through allowing partial to full atom flexibility through molecular mechanics optimization. RESULTS: The program AMMOS carries out an automatic procedure that allows for the structural refinement of compound collections and energy minimization of protein-ligand complexes using the open source program AMMP. The performance of our package was evaluated by comparing the structures of small chemical entities minimized by AMMOS with those minimized with the Tripos and MMFF94s force fields. Next, AMMOS was used for full flexible minimization of protein-ligands complexes obtained from a mutli-step virtual screening. Enrichment studies of the selected pre-docked complexes containing 60% of the initially added inhibitors were carried out with or without final AMMOS minimization on two protein targets having different binding pocket properties. AMMOS was able to improve the enrichment after the pre-docking stage with 40 to 60% of the initially added active compounds found in the top 3% to 5% of the entire compound collection. CONCLUSION: The open source AMMOS program can be helpful in a broad range of in silico drug design studies such as optimization of small molecules or energy minimization of pre-docked protein-ligand complexes. Our enrichment study suggests that AMMOS, designed to minimize a large number of ligands pre-docked in a protein target, can successfully be applied in a final post-processing step and that it can take into account some receptor flexibility within the binding site area. PMID- 18925938 TI - Identification of the weevil immune genes and their expression in the bacteriome tissue. AB - BACKGROUND: Persistent infections with mutualistic intracellular bacteria (endosymbionts) are well represented in insects and are considered to be a driving force in evolution. However, while pathogenic relationships have been well studied over the last decades very little is known about the recognition of the endosymbionts by the host immune system and the mechanism that limits their infection to the bacteria-bearing host tissue (the bacteriome). RESULTS: To study bacteriome immune specificity, we first identified immune-relevant genes of the weevil Sitophilus zeamais by using suppressive subtractive hybridization (SSH) and then analyzed their full-length coding sequences obtained by RACE-PCR experiments. We then measured immune gene expression in the bacteriome, and in the aposymbiotic larvae following S. zeamais primary endosymbiont (SZPE) injection into the hemolymph, in order to consider the questions of bacteriome immune specificity and the insect humoral response to symbionts. We show that larval challenge with the endosymbiont results in a significant induction of antibacterial peptide genes, providing evidence that, outside the bacteriome, SZPE are recognized as microbial intruders by the host. In the bacteriome, gene expression analysis shows the overexpression of one antibacterial peptide from the coleoptericin family and, intriguingly, homologs to genes described as immune modulators (that is, PGRP-LB, Tollip) were also shown to be highly expressed in the bacteriome. CONCLUSION: The current data provide the first description of immune gene expression in the insect bacteriome. Compared with the insect humoral response to SZPE, the bacteriome expresses few genes among those investigated in this work. This local immune gene expression may help to maintain the endosymbiont in the bacteriome and prevent its invasion into insect tissues. Further investigations of the coleoptericin, the PGRP and the Tollip genes should elucidate the role of the host immune system in the maintenance and regulation of endosymbiosis. PMID- 18925939 TI - Fak56 functions downstream of integrin alphaPS3betanu and suppresses MAPK activation in neuromuscular junction growth. AB - BACKGROUND: Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) functions in cell migration and signaling through activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade. Neuronal function of FAK has been suggested to control axonal branching; however, the underlying mechanism in this process is not clear. RESULTS: We have generated mutants for the Drosophila FAK gene, Fak56. Null Fak56 mutants display overgrowth of larval neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). Localization of phospho-FAK and rescue experiments suggest that Fak56 is required in presynapses to restrict NMJ growth. Genetic analyses imply that FAK mediates the signaling pathway of the integrin alphaPS3betanu heterodimer and functions redundantly with Src. At NMJs, Fak56 downregulates ERK activity, as shown by diphospho-ERK accumulation in Fak56 mutants, and suppression of Fak56 mutant NMJ phenotypes by reducing ERK activity. CONCLUSION: We conclude that Fak56 is required to restrict NMJ growth during NMJ development. Fak56 mediates an extracellular signal through the integrin receptor. Unlike its conventional role in activating MAPK/ERK, Fak56 suppresses ERK activation in this process. These results suggest that Fak56 mediates a specific neuronal signaling pathway distinct from that in other cellular processes. PMID- 18925942 TI - Post-irradiation cutaneous angiosarcoma. AB - Angiosarcoma is a rare and highly malignant tumor with potential to recur despite treatment, and carries a poor prognosis. Previous radiation therapy and lymphedema are some of the known risk factors. We present a case of cutaneous angiosarcoma which occurred at lumpectomy site in a patient with a history of breast cancer and radiation to the breast. The tumor kept on recurring repetitively despite continual treatments, and the patient finally succumbed to the disease roughly four years after initial diagnosis. PMID- 18925941 TI - CMA: a comprehensive Bioconductor package for supervised classification with high dimensional data. AB - BACKGROUND: For the last eight years, microarray-based classification has been a major topic in statistics, bioinformatics and biomedicine research. Traditional methods often yield unsatisfactory results or may even be inapplicable in the so called "p >> n" setting where the number of predictors p by far exceeds the number of observations n, hence the term "ill-posed-problem". Careful model selection and evaluation satisfying accepted good-practice standards is a very complex task for statisticians without experience in this area or for scientists with limited statistical background. The multiplicity of available methods for class prediction based on high-dimensional data is an additional practical challenge for inexperienced researchers. RESULTS: In this article, we introduce a new Bioconductor package called CMA (standing for "Classification for MicroArrays") for automatically performing variable selection, parameter tuning, classifier construction, and unbiased evaluation of the constructed classifiers using a large number of usual methods. Without much time and effort, users are provided with an overview of the unbiased accuracy of most top-performing classifiers. Furthermore, the standardized evaluation framework underlying CMA can also be beneficial in statistical research for comparison purposes, for instance if a new classifier has to be compared to existing approaches. CONCLUSION: CMA is a user-friendly comprehensive package for classifier construction and evaluation implementing most usual approaches. It is freely available from the Bioconductor website at (http://bioconductor.org/packages/2.3/bioc/html/CMA.html). PMID- 18925940 TI - Could FIV zoonosis responsible of the breakdown of the pathocenosis which has reduced the European CCR5-Delta32 allele frequencies? AB - BACKGROUND: In Europe, the north-south downhill cline frequency of the chemokine receptor CCR5 allele with a 32-bp deletion (CCR5-Delta32) raises interesting questions for evolutionary biologists. We had suggested first that, in the past, the European colonizers, principally Romans, might have been instrumental of a progressively decrease of the frequencies southwards. Indeed, statistical analyses suggested strong negative correlations between the allele frequency and historical parameters including the colonization dates by Mediterranean civilisations. The gene flows from colonizers to native populations were extremely low but colonizers are responsible of the spread of several diseases suggesting that the dissemination of parasites in naive populations could have induced a breakdown rupture of the fragile pathocenosis changing the balance among diseases. The new equilibrium state has been reached through a negative selection of the null allele. RESULTS: Most of the human diseases are zoonoses and cat might have been instrumental in the decrease of the allele frequency, because its diffusion through Europe was a gradual process, due principally to Romans; and that several cat zoonoses could be transmitted to man. The possible implication of a feline lentivirus (FIV) which does not use CCR5 as co-receptor is discussed. This virus can infect primate cells in vitro and induces clinical signs in macaque. Moreover, most of the historical regions with null or low frequency of CCR5-Delta32 allele coincide with historical range of the wild felid species which harbor species-specific FIVs. CONCLUSION: We proposed the hypothesis that the actual European CCR5 allelic frequencies are the result of a negative selection due to a disease spreading. A cat zoonosis, could be the most plausible hypothesis. Future studies could provide if CCR5 can play an antimicrobial role in FIV pathogenesis. Moreover, studies of ancient DNA could provide more evidences regarding the implications of zoonoses in the actual CCR5 Delta32 distribution. PMID- 18925943 TI - Discovery and implementation of transcriptional biomarkers of synthetic LXR agonists in peripheral blood cells. AB - BACKGROUND: LXRs (Liver X Receptor alpha and beta) are nuclear receptors that act as ligand-activated transcription factors. LXR activation causes upregulation of genes involved in reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), including ABCA1 and ABCG1 transporters, in macrophage and intestine. Anti-atherosclerotic effects of synthetic LXR agonists in murine models suggest clinical utility for such compounds. OBJECTIVE: Blood markers of LXR agonist exposure/activity were sought to support clinical development of novel synthetic LXR modulators. METHODS: Transcript levels of LXR target genes ABCA1 and ABCG1 were measured using quantitative reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction assays (qRT-PCR) in peripheral blood from mice and rats (following a single oral dose) and monkeys (following 7 daily oral doses) of synthetic LXR agonists. LXRalpha, LXRbeta, ABCA1, and ABCG1 mRNA were measured by qRT-PCR in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), monocytes, T- and B-cells treated ex vivo with WAY 252623 (LXR-623), and protein levels in human PBMC were measured by Western blotting. ABCA1/G1 transcript levels in whole-blood RNA were measured using analytically validated assays in human subjects participating in a Phase 1 SAD (Single Ascending Dose) clinical study of LXR-623. RESULTS: A single oral dose of LXR agonists induced ABCA1 and ABCG1 transcription in rodent peripheral blood in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Induction of gene expression in rat peripheral blood correlated with spleen expression, suggesting LXR gene regulation in blood has the potential to function as a marker of tissue gene regulation. Transcriptional response to LXR agonist was confirmed in primates, where peripheral blood ABCA1 and ABCG1 levels increased in a dose-dependent manner following oral treatment with LXR-623. Human PBMC, monocytes, T- and B cells all expressed both LXRalpha and LXRbeta, and all cell types significantly increased ABCA1 and ABCG1 expression upon ex vivo LXR-623 treatment. Peripheral blood from a representative human subject receiving a single oral dose of LXR-623 showed significant time-dependent increases in ABCA1 and ABCG1 transcription. CONCLUSION: Peripheral blood cells express LXRalpha and LXRbeta, and respond to LXR agonist treatment by time- and dose-dependently inducing LXR target genes. Transcript levels of LXR target genes in peripheral blood are relevant and useful biological indicators for clinical development of synthetic LXR modulators. PMID- 18925944 TI - Species-specific regulation of PXR/CAR/ER-target genes in the mouse and rat liver elicited by o, p'-DDT. AB - BACKGROUND: Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) is a persistent estrogenic organochlorine pesticide that is a rodent hepatic tumor promoter, with inconclusive carcinogenicity in humans. We have previously reported that o, p' DDT elicits primarily PXR/CAR-mediated activity, rather than ER-mediated hepatic responses, and suggested that CAR-mediated effects, as opposed to ER-mediated effects, may be more important in tumor promotion in the rat liver. To further characterize species-specific hepatic responses, gene expression analysis, with complementary histopathology and tissue level analyses were investigated in immature, ovariectomized C57BL/6 mice treated with 300 mg/kg o, p'-DDT, and compared to Sprague-Dawley rat data. RESULTS: Rats and mice exhibited negligible histopathology with rapid o, p'-DDT metabolism. Gene expression profiles were also similar, exhibiting PXR/CAR regulation with the characteristic induction of Cyp2b10 and Cyp3a11. However, PXR-specific target genes such as Apoa4 or Insig2 exhibited more pronounced induction compared to CAR-specific genes in the mouse. In addition, mouse Car mRNA levels decreased, possibly contributing to the preferential activation of mouse PXR. ER-regulated genes Cyp17a1 and Cyp7b1 were also induced, suggesting o, p'-DDT also elicits ER-mediated gene expression in the mouse, while ER-mediated effects were negligible in the rat, possibly due to the inhibitory effects of CAR on ER activities. In addition, o, p'-DDT induced Gadd45a, Gadd45b and Cdkn1, suggesting DNA damage may be an additional risk factor. Furthermore, elevated blood DHEA-S levels at 12 h after treatment in the mouse may also contribute to the endocrine-related effects of o, p'-DDT. CONCLUSION: Although DDT is known to cause rodent hepatic tumors, the marked species differences in PXR/CAR structure, expression patterns and ligand preference as well as significant species-specific differences in steroidogenesis, especially CYP17A1 expression and activity, confound the extrapolation of these results to humans. Nevertheless, the identification of potential modes of action as well as species-specific responses may assist in the selection and further development of more appropriate models for assessing the toxicity of DDT to humans and wildlife. PMID- 18925945 TI - Lack of association of two common polymorphisms on 9p21 with risk of coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction; results from a prospective cohort study. AB - BACKGROUND: Recent genome wide association (GWA) studies identified two Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP) (rs10757278 and rs10757274) in the region of the CDK2NA and CDK2NB genes to be consistently associated with the risks of coronary heart disease (CHD) and myocardial infarction (MI). We examined the SNPs in relation to the risk of CHD and MI in a large population based study of elderly population. METHODS: The Rotterdam Study is a population-based, prospective cohort study among 7983 participants aged 55 years and older. Associations of the polymorphisms with CHD and MI were assessed by use of Cox proportional hazards analyses. RESULTS: In an additive model, the age and sex adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) (95% confidence interval) for CHD and MI were 1.03 (0.90, 1.18) and 0.94 (0.82, 1.08) per copy of the G allele of rs10757274. The corresponding HRs were 1.03 (0.90, 1.18) and 0.93 (0.81, 1.06) for the G allele of rs10757278. The association of the SNPs with CHD and MI was not significant in any of the subgroups of CHD risk factors. CONCLUSION: we were not able to show an association of the studied SNPs with risks of CHD and MI. This may be due to differences in genes involved in the occurrence of CHD in young and older people. PMID- 18925946 TI - Patient experiences with oily skin: the qualitative development of content for two new patient reported outcome questionnaires. AB - OBJECTIVE: To develop the content for two new patient reported outcome (PRO) measures to: a) assess the severity of symptoms; and b) the impact of facial skin oiliness on emotional wellbeing using qualitative data from face to face, and internet focus groups in Germany and the US. METHODS: Using input from initial treatment satisfaction focus groups (n = 42), a review of relevant literature and expert clinicians (n = 3), a discussion guide was developed to guide qualitative inquiry using Internet focus groups (IFGs). IFGs were conducted with German (n = 26) and US (n = 28) sufferers of oily skin. Questionnaire items were generated using coded transcript data from the focus groups. Cognitive debriefing was conducted online with 42 participants and face to face with an additional five participants to assess the comprehension of the items. RESULTS: There were equal numbers of male and female participants; mean age was 35.4 (SD 9.3) years. On average, participants had had oily skin for 15.2 years, and 74% (n = 40) reported having mild-moderate acne. Participants reported using visual, tactile and sensory (feel without touching their face) methods to evaluate the severity of facial oiliness. Oily facial skin had both an emotional and social impact, and was associated with feelings of unattractiveness, self-consciousness, embarrassment, irritation and frustration. Items were generated for a measure of oily skin severity (Oily Skin Self-Assessment Scale) and a measure of the impact of oily skin on emotional well-being (Oily Skin Impact Scale). Cognitive debriefing resulted in minor changes to the draft items and confirmed their face and content validity. CONCLUSION: The research provides insight into the experience of having oily skin and illustrates significant difficulties associated with the condition. Item content was developed for early versions of two PRO measures of the symptoms and emotional impact of oily facial skin. The psychometric validation of these measures reported elsewhere. PMID- 18925947 TI - Flanking p10 contribution and sequence bias in matrix based epitope prediction: revisiting the assumption of independent binding pockets. AB - BACKGROUND: Eluted natural peptides from major histocompatibility molecules show patterns of conserved residues. Crystallographic structures show that the bound peptide in class II major histocompatibility complex adopts a near uniform polyproline II-like conformation. This way allele-specific favoured residues are able to anchor into pockets in the binding groove leaving other peptide side chains exposed for recognition by T cells. The anchor residues form a motif. This sequence pattern can be used to screen large sequences for potential epitopes. Quantitative matrices extend the motif idea to include the contribution of non anchor peptide residues. This report examines two new matrices that extend the binding register to incorporate the polymorphic p10 pocket of human leukocyte antigen DR1. Their performance is quantified against experimental binding measurements and against the canonical nine-residue register matrix. RESULTS: One new matrix shows significant improvement over the base matrix; the other does not. The new matrices differ in the sequence of the peptide library. CONCLUSION: One of the extended quantitative matrices showed significant improvement in prediction over the original nine residue matrix and over the other extended matrix. Proline in the sequence of the peptide library of the better performing matrix presumably stabilizes the peptide conformation through neighbour interactions. Such interactions may influence epitope prediction in this test of quantitative matrices. This calls into question the assumption of the independent contribution of individual binding pockets. PMID- 18925948 TI - PlasmoDraft: a database of Plasmodium falciparum gene function predictions based on postgenomic data. AB - BACKGROUND: Of the 5,484 predicted proteins of Plasmodium falciparum, the main causative agent of malaria, about 60% do not have sufficient sequence similarity with proteins in other organisms to warrant provision of functional assignments. Non-homology methods are thus needed to obtain functional clues for these uncharacterized genes. RESULTS: We present PlasmoDraft http://atgc.lirmm.fr/PlasmoDraft/, a database of Gene Ontology (GO) annotation predictions for P. falciparum genes based on postgenomic data. Predictions of PlasmoDraft are achieved with a Guilt By Association method named Gonna. This involves (1) a predictor that proposes GO annotations for a gene based on the similarity of its profile (measured with transcriptome, proteome or interactome data) with genes already annotated by GeneDB; (2) a procedure that estimates the confidence of the predictions achieved with each data source; (3) a procedure that combines all data sources to provide a global summary and confidence estimate of the predictions. Gonna has been applied to all P. falciparum genes using most publicly available transcriptome, proteome and interactome data sources. Gonna provides predictions for numerous genes without any annotations. For example, 2,434 genes without any annotations in the Biological Process ontology are associated with specific GO terms (e.g. Rosetting, Antigenic variation), and among these, 841 have confidence values above 50%. In the Cellular Component and Molecular Function ontologies, 1,905 and 1,540 uncharacterized genes are associated with specific GO terms, respectively (740 and 329 with confidence value above 50%). CONCLUSION: All predictions along with their confidence values have been compiled in PlasmoDraft, which thus provides an extensive database of GO annotation predictions that can be achieved with these data sources. The database can be accessed in different ways. A global view allows for a quick inspection of the GO terms that are predicted with high confidence, depending on the various data sources. A gene view and a GO term view allow for the search of potential GO terms attached to a given gene, and genes that potentially belong to a given GO term. PMID- 18925949 TI - BioVenn - a web application for the comparison and visualization of biological lists using area-proportional Venn diagrams. AB - BACKGROUND: In many genomics projects, numerous lists containing biological identifiers are produced. Often it is useful to see the overlap between different lists, enabling researchers to quickly observe similarities and differences between the data sets they are analyzing. One of the most popular methods to visualize the overlap and differences between data sets is the Venn diagram: a diagram consisting of two or more circles in which each circle corresponds to a data set, and the overlap between the circles corresponds to the overlap between the data sets. Venn diagrams are especially useful when they are 'area proportional' i.e. the sizes of the circles and the overlaps correspond to the sizes of the data sets. Currently there are no programs available that can create area-proportional Venn diagrams connected to a wide range of biological databases. RESULTS: We designed a web application named BioVenn to summarize the overlap between two or three lists of identifiers, using area-proportional Venn diagrams. The user only needs to input these lists of identifiers in the textboxes and push the submit button. Parameters like colors and text size can be adjusted easily through the web interface. The position of the text can be adjusted by 'drag-and-drop' principle. The output Venn diagram can be shown as an SVG or PNG image embedded in the web application, or as a standalone SVG or PNG image. The latter option is useful for batch queries. Besides the Venn diagram, BioVenn outputs lists of identifiers for each of the resulting subsets. If an identifier is recognized as belonging to one of the supported biological databases, the output is linked to that database. Finally, BioVenn can map Affymetrix and EntrezGene identifiers to Ensembl genes. CONCLUSION: BioVenn is an easy-to-use web application to generate area-proportional Venn diagrams from lists of biological identifiers. It supports a wide range of identifiers from the most used biological databases currently available. Its implementation on the World Wide Web makes it available for use on any computer with internet connection, independent of operating system and without the need to install programs locally. BioVenn is freely accessible at http://www.cmbi.ru.nl/cdd/biovenn/. PMID- 18925950 TI - Redefining prognostic factors for breast cancer: YB-1 is a stronger predictor of relapse and disease-specific survival than estrogen receptor or HER-2 across all tumor subtypes. AB - INTRODUCTION: Gene expression analysis is used to subtype breast cancers such that the most aggressive tumors are identified, but translating this into clinical practice can be cumbersome. Our goal is to develop a universal biomarker that distinguishes patients at high risk across all breast cancer subtypes. We previously reported that Y-box binding protein-1 (YB-1), a transcription/translation factor, was a marker of poor prognosis in a cohort of 490 patients with breast cancer, but the study was not large enough to subtype the cancers. We therefore investigated whether YB-1 identifies patients at risk for either reduced relapse free survival or decreased r breast cancer specific survival (BCSS) across all tumor subtypes by evaluating 4,049 cases. METHODS: Tumor tissue microarrays, representing 4,049 cases of invasive breast cancers with 20 years of follow up, were subtyped by the expression profiles of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, or HER-2. We then addressed whether YB-1 expression identified patients at higher risk for relapse and/or lower BCSS. RESULTS: We found YB-1 to be a highly predictive biomarker of relapse (P < 2.5 x 10(-20)) and poor survival (P < 7.3 x 10(-26)) in the entire cohort and across all breast cancer subtypes. Patients with node-positive or node-negative cancer were more likely to die from the disease if YB-1 was expressed. This was further substantiated using a Cox regression model, which revealed that it was significantly associated with relapse and poor survival in a subtype independent manner (relapse patients, hazard ratio = 1.28, P < 8 x 10(-3); all patients, hazard ratio = 1.45, P < 6.7 x 10(-7)). Moreover, YB-1 was superior to estrogen receptor and HER-2 as a prognostic marker for relapse and survival. For a subset of patients who were originally considered low risk and were therefore not given chemotherapy, YB-1 was indicative of poor survival (P < 7.1 x 10 (-17)). Likewise, YB-1 was predictive of decreased BCSS in tamoxifen-treated patients (P = 0.001); in this setting a Cox regression model once again demonstrated it to be an independent biomarker indicating poor survival (hazard ratio = 1.70, P = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS: Expression of YB-1 universally identifies patients at high risk across all breast cancer subtypes and in situations where more aggressive treatment may be needed. We therefore propose that YB-1 may re-define high-risk breast cancer and thereby create opportunities for individualized therapy. PMID- 18925951 TI - Structural assembly of two-domain proteins by rigid-body docking. AB - BACKGROUND: Modelling proteins with multiple domains is one of the central challenges in Structural Biology. Although homology modelling has successfully been applied for prediction of protein structures, very often domain-domain interactions cannot be inferred from the structures of homologues and their prediction requires ab initio methods. Here we present a new structural prediction approach for modelling two-domain proteins based on rigid-body domain domain docking. RESULTS: Here we focus on interacting domain pairs that are part of the same peptide chain and thus have an inter-domain peptide region (so called linker). We have developed a method called pyDockTET (tethered-docking), which uses rigid-body docking to generate domain-domain poses that are further scored by binding energy and a pseudo-energy term based on restraints derived from linker end-to-end distances. The method has been benchmarked on a set of 77 non redundant pairs of domains with available X-ray structure. We have evaluated the docking method ZDOCK, which is able to generate acceptable domain-domain orientations in 51 out of the 77 cases. Among them, our method pyDockTET finds the correct assembly within the top 10 solutions in over 60% of the cases. As a further test, on a subset of 20 pairs where domains were built by homology modelling, ZDOCK generates acceptable orientations in 13 out of the 20 cases, among which the correct assembly is ranked lower than 10 in around 70% of the cases by our pyDockTET method. CONCLUSION: Our results show that rigid-body docking approach plus energy scoring and linker-based restraints are useful for modelling domain-domain interactions. These positive results will encourage development of new methods for structural prediction of macromolecules with multiple (more than two) domains. PMID- 18925952 TI - Sclerosing mesenteritis as a rare cause of abdominal pain and intraabdominal mass: a cases report and review of the literature. AB - Sclerosing mesenteritis is a rare, benign, and chronic fibrosing inflammation disease with unknown etiology that affects the mesentery of small bowel and colon. The disease has two well-established histological types: the acute or subacute form known as mesenteric panniculitis and the chronic form known as retractile or sclerosing mesenteritis. Because the sclerosing mesenteritis is lack of special clinical manifestation and typical signs, so the patients are very easy to be misdiagnosed. The correct diagnosis of sclerosing mesenteritis depends on pathological examination and exploratory laparotomy. We report a case of sclerosing mesenteritis in a 52-year-old male who presented with chronic abdominal pain and intraabdominal mass. This patient had a long-term and heavy drinking history. He was misdiagnosed as celiac teratoma by CT examination and then underwent an exploratory laparotomy at March 2 2004. A mass, its diameter being about 5 cm, was detected in mesentery of distal ileum. Although a few small intestines tightly adhered on the mass, the involved intestine had no obstruction. The intraoperative biopsy indicated that it was an inflammatory mass. The mass and adhered intestines were removed. He was diagnosed with sclerosing mesenteritis by histopathological examination of paraffin section. After operation, this patient went well and lives without recrudescence at the time we wrote this paper. PMID- 18925953 TI - A highly polymorphic insertion in the Y-chromosome amelogenin gene can be used for evolutionary biology, population genetics and sexing in Cetacea and Artiodactyla. AB - BACKGROUND: The early radiation of the Cetartiodactyla is complex, and unambiguous molecular characters are needed to clarify the positions of hippotamuses, camels and pigs relative to the remaining taxa (Cetacea and Ruminantia). There is also a need for informative genealogic markers for Y chromosome population genetics as well as a sexing method applicable to all species from this group. We therefore studied the sequence variation of a partial sequence of the evolutionary conserved amelogenin gene to assess its potential use in each of these fields. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: We report a large interstitial insertion in the Y amelogenin locus in most of the Cetartiodactyla lineages (cetaceans and ruminants). This sex-linked size polymorphism is the result of a 460-465 bp inserted element in intron 4 of the amelogenin gene of Ruminants and Cetaceans. Therefore, this polymorphism can easily be used in a sexing assay for these species. When taking into account this shared character in addition to nucleotide sequence, gene genealogy follows sex-chromosome divergence in Cetartiodactyla whereas it is more congruent with zoological history when ignoring these characters. This could be related to a loss of homology between chromosomal copies given the old age of the insertion. The 1 kbp Amel-Y amplified fragment is also characterized by high nucleotide diversity (64 polymorphic sites spanning over 1 kbp in seven haplotypes) which is greater than for other Y chromosome sequence markers studied so far but less than the mitochondrial control region. CONCLUSION: The gender-dependent polymorphism we have identified is relevant not only for phylogenic inference within the Cetartiodactyla but also for Y-chromosome based population genetics and gender determination in cetaceans and ruminants. One single protocol can therefore be used for studies in population and evolutionary genetics, reproductive biotechnologies, and forensic science. PMID- 18925954 TI - Discrimination and reliability: equal partners? AB - A critique of Hankins, M article: How discriminating are discriminative instruments?" Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 2008, 6:36 PMID- 18925955 TI - Understanding the role of discriminative instruments in HRQoL research: can Ferguson's Delta help? AB - A critique of Hankins, M: How discriminating are discriminative instruments?" Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 2008, 6:36. PMID- 18925957 TI - Munchausen's syndrome presenting as rectal foreign body insertion: a case report. AB - BACKGROUND: This case report shows that Munchausen's syndrome can present as rectal foreign body insertion. Although the presentation of rectal foreign bodies has frequently been described in the medical literature, the insertion of foreign bodies into the rectum for reasons other than sexual gratification has rarely been considered. CASE PRESENTATION: A 30 year old, unmarried Caucasian male presented with a history of having been sexually assaulted five days earlier in a nearby city by a group of unknown males. He reported that during the assault a glass bottle was forcibly inserted into his rectum and the bottle neck broke. On examination, there was no evidence of external injury to the patient. Further assessment lead to a diagnosis of Munchausen's syndrome. The rationale for this is explained. A description and summary of current knowledge about the condition is also provided, including appropriate treatment approaches. CONCLUSION: This case report is important because assumptions regarding the motivation for insertion of foreign bodies into the rectum may lead to the diagnosis of Munchausen's syndrome being missed. This would result in the appropriate course of action, with regard to treatment, not being followed. It is suggested that clinicians consider the specific motivation for the behaviour in all cases of rectal foreign body insertion, including the possibility of factitious disorder such as Munchausen's syndrome, and avoid any assumption that it has been carried out for the purpose of sexual gratification. Early involvement of psychiatrists is recommended. Cases of Munchausen's syndrome presenting as rectal foreign body insertion may be identified and addressed more effectively using the approach described. PMID- 18925958 TI - A quantitative estimation of the global translational activity in logarithmically growing yeast cells. AB - BACKGROUND: Translation of messenger mRNAs makes significant contributions to the control of gene expression in all eukaryotes. Because translational control often involves fractional changes in translational activity, good quantitative descriptions of translational activity will be required to achieve a comprehensive understanding of this aspect of biology. Data on translational activity are difficult to generate experimentally under physiological conditions, however, translational activity as a parameter is in principle accessible through published genome-wide datasets. RESULTS: An examination of the accuracy of genome wide expression datasets generated for Saccharomyces cerevisiae shows that the available datasets suffer from large random errors within studies as well as systematic shifts in reported values between studies, which make predictions of translational activity at the level of individual genes relatively inaccurate. In contrast, predictions of cell-wide translational activity are possible from such datasets with higher accuracy, and current datasets predict a production rate of about 13,000 proteins per haploid cell per second under fast growth conditions. This prediction is shown to be consistent with independently derived kinetic information on nucleotide exchange reactions that occur during translation, and on the ribosomal content of yeast cells. CONCLUSION: This study highlights some of the limitations in published genome-wide expression datasets, but also demonstrates a novel use for such datasets in examining global properties of cells. The global translational activity of yeast cells predicted in this study is a useful benchmark against which biochemical data on individual translation factor activities can be interpreted. PMID- 18925959 TI - Differential response of human basophil activation markers: a multi-parameter flow cytometry approach. AB - BACKGROUND: Basophils are circulating cells involved in hypersensitivity reactions and allergy but many aspects of their activation, including the sensitivity to external triggering factors and the molecular aspects of cell responses, are still to be focused. In this context, polychromatic flow cytometry (PFC) is a proper tool to investigate basophil function, as it allows to distinguish the expression of several membrane markers upon activation in multiple experimental conditions. METHODS: Cell suspensions were prepared from leukocyte buffy coat of K2-EDTA anticoagulated blood specimens; about 1500-2500 cellular events for each tested sample, gated in the lymphocyte CD45dim area and then electronically purified as HLADRnon expressing/CD123bright, were identified as basophilic cells. Basophil activation with fMLP, anti-IgE and calcium ionophore A23187 was evaluated by studying up-regulation of the indicated membrane markers with a two-laser six-color PFC protocol. RESULTS: Following stimulation, CD63, CD13, CD45 and the ectoenzyme CD203c up-regulated their membrane expression, while CD69 did not; CD63 expression occurred immediately (within 60 sec) but only in a minority of basophils, even at optimal agonist doses (in 33% and 14% of basophils, following fMLP and anti-IgE stimulation respectively). CD203c up-regulation occurred in the whole basophil population, even in CD63non expressing cells. Dose-dependence curves revealed CD203c as a more sensitive marker than CD63, in response to fMLP but not in response to anti IgE and to calcium ionophore. CONCLUSION: Use of polychromatic flow cytometry allowed efficient basophil electronic purification and identification of different behaviors of the major activation markers. The simultaneous use of two markers of activation and careful choice of activator are essential steps for reliable assessment of human basophil functions. PMID- 18925960 TI - Appropriateness of carotid plaque and intima-media thickness assessment in routine clinical practice. AB - OBJECTIVES: To describe the findings and evaluate appropriateness of a carotid artery study including the measurement of IMT, the presence of atherosclerotic plaque, and their correlation with cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS: 555 patients (220 men; 67.06 +/- 12.44 years) were included in the study. 120 patients (21.62%) presented carotid plaque: 108 (19.45%) in patients with at least one risk factor and 12 (2.1%) in patients without risk factors. With respect to appropriateness of the present studies: 65% were appropriate, 22% were uncertain and 13% were inappropriate. The IMT medians were higher in males (0.0280; 95% CI, 00.82 to 0.478; p = 0.0057) and in hypertensive patients (0.391; 95% CI, 0.0190 to 0.0592; p = 0,001). There was a linear increase in mean IMT for each year increased in age (0.0059; 95% CI; 0.0050 to 0.0067). Carotid plaque was more frequent in patients with CAD (p = 0.0002), diabetes (p = 0.024) and hypertension (p = 0.036). CONCLUSION: Assessment of carotid arteries identified increased incidence of plaque in patients with CAD, diabetes and hypertension. IMT was increased in older patients, hypertensive patients and males. Forty-five percent of the patients were studied based on uncertain and inappropriate reasons. PMID- 18925962 TI - Inflammatory fibroid polyp of the ileum causing recurrent intussusception and chronic ischaemia: a case report. AB - INTRODUCTION: Inflammatory fibroid polyp is a rare condition of the gastrointestinal tract which can lead to intestinal obstruction. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a case of a 65-year-old woman presenting with a 1-month history of intermittent generalised abdominal pain. Computerised tomography imaging demonstrated intussusception of the small bowel. Histology of the resected small bowel revealed an inflammatory fibroid polyp with evidence of chronic ischaemia related to repeated intussusception. This rare complication of inflammatory fibroid polyps is reviewed. CONCLUSION: Although computed tomography is useful in confirming an anatomical abnormality, final diagnosis requires histopathological analysis. Operative resection of the affected segment is recommended. PMID- 18925961 TI - Genome profiling of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia: frequent alterations of RAS and RUNX1 genes. AB - BACKGROUND: Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) is a hematological disease close to, but separate from both myeloproliferative disorders (MPD) and myelodysplastic syndromes and may show either myeloproliferative (MP-CMML) or myelodysplastic (MD-CMML) features. Not much is known about the molecular biology of this disease. METHODS: We studied a series of 30 CMML samples (13 MP- and 11 MD-CMMLs, and 6 acutely transformed cases) from 29 patients by using Agilent high density array-comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) and sequencing of 12 candidate genes. RESULTS: Two-thirds of samples did not show any obvious alteration of aCGH profiles. In one-third we observed chromosome abnormalities (e.g. trisomy 8, del20q) and gain or loss of genes (e.g. NF1, RB1 and CDK6). RAS mutations were detected in 4 cases (including an uncommon codon 146 mutation in KRAS) and PTPN11 mutations in 3 cases. We detected 11 RUNX1 alterations (9 mutations and 2 rearrangements). The rearrangements were a new, cryptic inversion of chromosomal region 21q21-22 leading to break and fusion of RUNX1 to USP16. RAS and RUNX1 alterations were not mutually exclusive. RAS pathway mutations occurred in MP-CMMLs (approximately 46%) but not in MD-CMMLs. RUNX1 alterations (mutations and cryptic rearrangement) occurred in both MP and MD classes (~38%). CONCLUSION: We detected RAS pathway mutations and RUNX1 alterations. The latter included a new cryptic USP16-RUNX1 fusion. In some samples, two alterations coexisted already at this early chronic stage. PMID- 18925963 TI - Nestin expression in osteosarcomas and derivation of nestin/CD133 positive osteosarcoma cell lines. AB - BACKGROUND: Nestin was originally identified as a class VI intermediate filament protein that is expressed in stem cells and progenitor cells in the mammalian CNS during development. This protein is replaced in the adult organism by other intermediate filament proteins; however, nestin may be re-expressed under certain pathological conditions such as ischemia, inflammation, brain injury, and neoplastic transformation. Nestin has been detected in many kinds of tumors, especially in tumors derived from the CNS. Co-expression of nestin and the CD133 surface molecule is considered to be a marker for cancer stem cells in neurogenic tumors. Our work was aimed at a detailed study of nestin expression in osteosarcomas and osteosarcoma-derived cell lines. METHODS: Using immunodetection methods, we examined nestin in tumor tissue samples from 18 patients with osteosarcomas. We also successfully established permanent cell lines from the tumor tissue of 4 patients and immunodetection of nestin and CD133 was performed on these cell lines. RESULTS: Nestin-positive tumor cells were immunohistochemically detected in all of the examined osteosarcomas, but the proportion of these cells that were positively stained as well as the intensity of staining varied. Nestin-positive cells were rarely observed in 2 tumor samples, and the remaining 16 tumor samples showed various nestin expression patterns ranging from very sporadic occurrence to an overwhelming proportion of cells with strong positive staining. Three of the established osteosarcoma cell lines were demonstrated to be nestin-positive, and only one cell line showed no expression of nestin; this finding corresponds with the rare occurrence of nestin positive cells in the respective tumor sample. Moreover, three of these osteosarcoma cell lines were undoubtedly proven to be Nes+/CD133+. CONCLUSION: Our results represent the first evidence of nestin expression in osteosarcomas and suggest the possible occurrence of cells with a stem-like phenotype in these tumors. PMID- 18925964 TI - Evidence for reduced lymphatic CSF absorption in the H-Tx rat hydrocephalus model. AB - BACKGROUND: There is mounting evidence that spinal fluid absorption takes place not only at the arachnoid villi, but also at several extracranial sites, which might serve as a reserve mechanism for, or be primarily involved in the absorption of CSF in hydrocephalus. METHODS: We compared the nasal lymphatic pathway in congenital Hydrocephalus-Texas (H-Tx) rats in unaffected and affected hydrocephalic (HC) siblings with that of control Sprague Dawley (SD) rat pups. The animals were examined after immediate post mortem injection of Evan's blue dye into the cisterna magna at 6 and 10 days of age. The specimens were evaluated for amount of dye penetration into the nasal passages. RESULTS: We found more dye visualization in the olfactory regions of control SD (14/16 at P6, 14/16 at P10) and unaffected H-Tx (13/17 at P6, 13/16 at P10) compared with HC animals (0/14 at P6, 3/15 at P10). This difference was more pronounced at 10 days of age. The dye was not visualized in the cervical lymph nodes or venous channels in these acute experiments. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that nasal lymphatic cerebrospinal fluid absorption is reduced in the H-Tx rat hydrocephalus model. PMID- 18925965 TI - Geographic variation and effect of area-level poverty rate on colorectal cancer screening. AB - BACKGROUND: With a secular trend of increasing colorectal cancer (CRC) screening, concerns about disparities in CRC screening also have been rising. It is unclear if CRC screening varies geographically, if area-level poverty rate affects CRC screening, and if individual-level characteristics mediate the area-level effects on CRC screening. METHODS: Using 2006 Missouri Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data, a multilevel study was conducted to examine geographic variation and the effect of area-level poverty rate on CRC screening use among persons age 50 or older. Individuals were nested within ZIP codes (ZIP5 areas), which in turn, were nested within aggregations of ZIP codes (ZIP3 areas). Six groups of individual-level covariates were considered as potential mediators. RESULTS: An estimated 51.8% of Missourians aged 50 or older adhered to CRC screening recommendations. Nearly 15% of the total variation in CRC screening lay between ZIP5 areas. Persons residing in ZIP5 areas with > or = 10% of poverty rate had lower odds of CRC screening use than those residing in ZIP5 areas with <10% poverty rate (unadjusted odds ratio [OR], 0.69; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.58-0.81; adjusted OR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.67-0.98). Persons who resided in ZIP3 areas with > or = 20% poverty rate also had lower odds of following CRC screening guidelines than those residing in ZIP3 areas with <20% poverty rate (unadjusted OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.52-0.83; adjusted OR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.50-0.83). Obesity, history of depression/anxiety and access to care were associated with CRC screening, but did not mediate the effect of area-level poverty on CRC screening. CONCLUSION: Large geographic variation of CRC screening exists in Missouri. Area-level poverty rate, independent of individual-level characteristics, is a significant predictor of CRC screening, but it only explains a small portion of the geographic heterogeneity of CRC screening. Individual-level factors we examined do not mediate the effect of the area-level poverty rate on CRC screening. Future studies should identify other area- and individual-level characteristics associated with CRC screening in Missouri. PMID- 18925966 TI - The expression and prognostic value of the guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) Trio, Vav1 and TIAM-1 in human breast cancer. AB - BACKGROUND: Development of metastasis in breast cancer is a multi-step process comprising changes in cytoskeletal structure and gene expression of tumour cells leading to changes in cell adhesion and motility. The Rho GTPase proteins, which function as guanine nucleotide regulated binary switches, govern a variety of cellular processes including cell motility and migration, changes in cell adhesion as well as actin cytoskeletal reorganisation and gene expression/transcription. One group of activators which regulate the Rho-GTPases is the guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), and this study looked at three such GEFs, Trio, Vav1 and TIAM-1. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of these GEFs, in human breast cancer and assess the affect on clinical outcome. METHODS: Specimens of fresh, frozen breast tumour tissue (n = 113) and normal background tissue (n = 30) were processed for quantitative PCR analysis. The expression and levels of expression of Trio, Vav1 and TIAM-1 were analysed using RT-PCR and real-time Q-PCR respectively. Sections were also immunostained with Trio and Tiam-1 antibodies. RESULTS: Tumour tissue exhibited high levels of all three Rho activators Trio, Vav1 and TIAM-1 compared with normal background breast tissue, reaching a level of significance for the GEF Trio (p = 0.013). Trio levels also increased significantly in patients with a poor prognostic index (p = 0.04).Levels of TIAM-1 were significantly higher in tumour tissue from patients who died from breast cancer compared with those who survived (p = 0.04). No significant correlation was found between tumour grade and histology types. CONCLUSION: High expression levels of Trio, Vav1 and TIAM-1 were seen in breast tumours, especially in those with poor prognosis. This suggests that aberrant regulation of Rho family activities by GEFs may have an important prognostic value in breast cancer. PMID- 18925967 TI - Clinical factors influencing normalization of prothrombin time after stopping warfarin: a retrospective cohort study. AB - BACKGROUND: Anticoagulation with warfarin should be stopped 4-6 days before invasive procedures to avoid bleeding complications. Despite this routine, some patients still have high International Normalized Ratio (INR) values on the day of surgery and the procedure may be cancelled. We sought to identify easily available clinical characteristics that may influence the rate of normalization of prothrombin time when warfarin is stopped before surgery or invasive procedures. METHODS: Clinical data were collected retrospectively from consecutive cases from two cohorts, who stopped warfarin 6 days before surgery. An INR value of 1.6 or higher on the day of surgery or requirement for reversal with vitamin K the day before surgery were criteria for slow return (S) to normal INR. RESULTS: Of 202 patients, 14 (7%) were classified as S. Eight of the S patients required reversal with vitamin K one day before surgery and in another case surgery was cancelled due to high INR. Baseline INR was the only variable significantly associated with classification as S in stepwise logistic regression analysis (p = 0.003). The odds ratio for being in the normal group was 0.27 (95% confidence interval 0.12-0.62) for each unit baseline INR increased. The positive predictive value of baseline INR with a cut off at > 3.0 was only 15% and for INR > 3.5 it was 33%. CONCLUSION: Baseline INR, but not the size of the maintenance dose, is associated with the rate of normalization of prothrombin time after stopping warfarin, but it has limited utility as predictor in clinical practice. Whenever normal hemostasis is considered crucial for the safety, the INR should be checked again before the invasive procedure. PMID- 18925969 TI - Human prion disease with a G114V mutation and epidemiological studies in a Chinese family: a case series. AB - INTRODUCTION: Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are a group of neurodegenerative diseases of humans and animals. Genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases, in which mutations in the PRNP gene predispose to disease by causing the expression of abnormal PrP protein, include familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome and fatal familial insomnia. CASE PRESENTATION: A 47-year-old Han-Chinese woman was hospitalized with a 2-year history of progressive dementia, tiredness, lethargy and mild difficulty in falling asleep. On neurological examination, there was severe apathy, spontaneous myoclonus of the lower limbs, generalized hyperreflexia and bilateral Babinski signs. A missense mutation (T to G) was identified at the position of nt 341 in one PRNP allele, leading to a change from glycine (Gly) to valine (Val) at codon 114. PK-resistant PrPSc was detected in brain tissues by Western blotting and immunohistochemical assays. Information on pedigree was collected notably by interviews with family members. A further four suspected patients in five consecutive generations of the family have been identified. One of them was hospitalized for progressive memory impairment at the age of 32. On examination, he had impairment of memory, calculation and comprehension, mild ataxia of the limbs, tremor and a left Babinski sign. He is still alive. CONCLUSION: This family with G114V inherited prion disease is the first to be described in China and represents the second family worldwide in which this mutation has been identified. Three other suspected cases have been retrospectively identified in this family, and a further case with suggestive clinical manifestations has been shown by gene sequencing to have the causal mutation. PMID- 18925968 TI - Use of antenatal corticosteroids prior to preterm birth in four South East Asian countries within the SEA-ORCHID project. AB - BACKGROUND: There is strong evidence supporting the use of antenatal corticosteroids in women at risk of preterm birth to promote fetal lung maturation and reduce neonatal mortality and morbidity. This audit aimed to assess the use of antenatal corticosteroids prior to preterm birth in the nine hospitals in four South East Asian countries participating in the South East Asia Optimising Reproductive Health in Developing Countries (SEA-ORCHID) Project. METHOD: We reviewed the medical records of 9550 women (9665 infants including 111 twins and two triplets) admitted to the labour wards of nine hospitals in four South East Asian countries during 2005. For women who gave birth before 34 weeks gestation we collected information on women's demographic and pregnancy background, the type, dose and use of corticosteroids, and key birth and infant outcomes. RESULTS: Administration of antenatal corticosteroids to women who gave birth before 34 weeks gestation varied widely between countries (9% to 73%) and also between hospitals within countries (0% to 86%). Antenatal corticosteroids were most commonly given when women were between 28 and 34 weeks gestation (80%). Overall 6% of women received repeat doses of corticosteroids. Dexamethasone was the only type of antenatal corticosteroid used. Women receiving antenatal corticosteroids compared with those not given antenatal corticosteroids were less likely to have had a previous pregnancy and to be booked for birth at the hospital and almost three times as likely to have a current multiple pregnancy. Exposed women were less likely to be induced and almost twice as likely to have a caesarean section, a primary postpartum haemorrhage and postpartum pyrexia. Infants exposed to antenatal corticosteroids compared with infants not exposed were less likely to die. Live born exposed infants were less likely to have Apgar scores of < 7 at five minutes and less likely to have any lung disease. CONCLUSION: In this survey the use of antenatal corticosteroids prior to preterm birth varied between countries and hospitals. Evaluation of the enablers and barriers to the uptake of this effective antenatal intervention at individual hospitals is needed. PMID- 18925970 TI - Taurine reduces the secretion of apolipoprotein B100 and lipids in HepG2 cells. AB - BACKGROUND: Higher concentrations of serum lipids and apolipoprotein B100 (apoB) are major individual risk factors of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Therefore ameliorative effects of food components against the diseases are being paid attention in the affluent countries. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of taurine on apoB secretion and lipid metabolism in human liver model HepG2 cells. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that an addition of taurine to the culture media reduces triacylglycerol (TG)-mass in the cells and the medium. Similarly, cellular cholesterol-mass was decreased. Taurine inhibited the incorporation of [14C] oleate into cellular and medium TG, suggesting the inhibition of TG synthesis. In addition, taurine reduced the synthesis of cellular cholesterol ester and its secretion, suggesting the inhibition of acyl coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase activity. Furthermore, taurine reduced the secretion of apoB, which is a major protein component of very low-density lipoprotein. CONCLUSION: This is a first report to demonstrate that taurine inhibits the secretion of apoB from HepG2 cells. PMID- 18925971 TI - Mnesic imbalance: a cognitive theory about autism spectrum disorders. AB - Autism is characterized by impairments in social interaction, communicative capacity and behavioral flexibility. Some cognitive theories can be useful for finding a relationship between these irregularities and the biological mechanisms that may give rise to this disorder. Among such theories are mentalizing deficit, weak central coherence and executive dysfunction, but none of them has been able to explain all three diagnostic symptoms of autism. These cognitive disorders may be related among themselves by faulty learning, since several research studies have shown that the brains of autistic individuals have abnormalities in the cerebellum, which plays a role in procedural learning. In keeping with this view, one may postulate the possibility that declarative memory replaces faulty procedural memory in some of its functions, which implies making conscious efforts in order to perform actions that are normally automatic. This may disturb cognitive development, resulting in autism symptoms. Furthermore, this mnesic imbalance is probably involved in all autism spectrum disorders. In the present work, this theory is expounded, including preliminary supporting evidence. PMID- 18925973 TI - Clinical evaluation of an air-capsule technique for the direct measurement of intra-abdominal pressure after elective abdominal surgery. AB - BACKGROUND: The gold standard for assessment of intraabdominal pressure (IAP) is via intravesicular pressure measurement (IVP). This accepted technique has some inherent problems, e.g. indirectness. Aim of this clinical study was to assess direct IAP measurement using an air-capsule method (ACM) regarding complications risks and agreement with IVP in patients undergoing abdominal surgery. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was performed in 30 patients undergoing elective colonic, hepatic, pancreatic and esophageal resection. For ACM a Probe 3 (Spiegelberg, Germany) was placed on the greater omentum. It was passed through the abdominal wall paralleling routine drainages. To compare ACM with IVP t testing was performed and mean difference as well as limits of agreement were calculated. RESULTS: ACM did not lead to complications particularly with regard to organ lesion or surgical site infection. Mean insertion time of ACM was 4.4 days (min-max: 1-5 days). 168 pairwise measurements were made. Mean ACM value was 7.9 +/- 2.7 mmHg while mean IVP was 8.4 +/- 3.0 mmHg (n.s). Mean difference was 0.4 mmHg +/- 2.2 mmHg. Limits of agreement were -4.1 mmHg to 5.1 mmHg. CONCLUSION: Using ACM, direct IAP measurement is feasible and uncomplicated. Associated with relatively low pressure ranges (<17 mmHg), results are comparable to bladder pressure measurement. PMID- 18925974 TI - Low-Density Lipoprotein concentration in the normal Left Coronary Artery tree. AB - BACKGROUND: The blood flow and transportation of molecules in the cardiovascular system plays a crucial role in the genesis and progression of atherosclerosis. This computational study elucidates the Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) site concentration in the entire normal human 3D tree of the LCA. METHODS: A 3D geometry model of the normal human LCA tree is constructed. Angiographic data used for geometry construction correspond to end-diastole. The resulted model includes the LMCA, LAD, LCxA and their main branches. The numerical simulation couples the flow equations with the transport equation applying realistic boundary conditions at the wall. RESULTS: High concentration of LDL values appears at bifurcation opposite to the flow dividers in the proximal regions of the Left Coronary Artery (LCA) tree, where atherosclerosis frequently occurs. The area-averaged normalized luminal surface LDL concentrations over the entire LCA tree are, 1.0348, 1.054 and 1.23, for the low, median and high water infiltration velocities, respectively. For the high, median and low molecular diffusivities, the peak values of the normalized LDL luminal surface concentration at the LMCA bifurcation reach 1.065, 1.080 and 1.205, respectively. LCA tree walls are exposed to a cholesterolemic environment although the applied mass and flow conditions refer to normal human geometry and normal mass-flow conditions. CONCLUSION: The relationship between WSS and luminal surface concentration of LDL indicates that LDL is elevated at locations where WSS is low. Concave sides of the LCA tree exhibit higher concentration of LDL than the convex sides. Decreased molecular diffusivity increases the LDL concentration. Increased water infiltration velocity increases the LDL concentration. The regional area of high luminal surface concentration is increased with increasing water infiltration velocity. Regions of high LDL luminal surface concentration do not necessarily co locate to the sites of lowest WSS. The degree of elevation in luminal surface LDL concentration is mostly affected from the water infiltration velocity at the vessel wall. The paths of the velocities in proximity to the endothelium might be the most important factor for the elevated LDL concentration. PMID- 18925972 TI - TNF signaling inhibition in the CNS: implications for normal brain function and neurodegenerative disease. AB - The role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) as an immune mediator has long been appreciated but its function in the brain is still unclear. TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) is expressed in most cell types, and can be activated by binding of either soluble TNF (solTNF) or transmembrane TNF (tmTNF), with a preference for solTNF; whereas TNFR2 is expressed primarily by microglia and endothelial cells and is preferentially activated by tmTNF. Elevation of solTNF is a hallmark of acute and chronic neuroinflammation as well as a number of neurodegenerative conditions including ischemic stroke, Alzheimer's (AD), Parkinson's (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and multiple sclerosis (MS). The presence of this potent inflammatory factor at sites of injury implicates it as a mediator of neuronal damage and disease pathogenesis, making TNF an attractive target for therapeutic development to treat acute and chronic neurodegenerative conditions. However, new and old observations from animal models and clinical trials reviewed here suggest solTNF and tmTNF exert different functions under normal and pathological conditions in the CNS. A potential role for TNF in synaptic scaling and hippocampal neurogenesis demonstrated by recent studies suggest additional in depth mechanistic studies are warranted to delineate the distinct functions of the two TNF ligands in different parts of the brain prior to large-scale development of anti-TNF therapies in the CNS. If inactivation of TNF-dependent inflammation in the brain is warranted by additional pre-clinical studies, selective targeting of TNFR1-mediated signaling while sparing TNFR2 activation may lessen adverse effects of anti-TNF therapies in the CNS. PMID- 18925975 TI - The Erlangen Test of Activities of Daily Living: first results on reliability and validity of a short performance test to measure fundamental activities of daily living in dementia patients. AB - BACKGROUND: In the absence of an easily applicable performance test for making valid measurements of fundamental activities of daily living (ADL) in dementia patients, this study reports the development of an ADL performance test which constitutes both a reliable and a valid measurement of the relevant autonomous areas of everyday activities for dementia patients. METHODS: The Erlangen Test of Activities of Daily Living (E-ADL-Test) consists of five items: pouring a drink, cutting a piece of bread, opening a small cupboard, washing hands and tying a bow. Each test item underwent standardized evaluation on a scale of 0 to 6. To determine retest reliability each assessment was repeated at two-weekly intervals. The Global Deterioration Scale, Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE) and Nurses' Observations Scale for Geriatric Patients (NOSGER) were used to assess construct validity. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was applied. Forty-six patients (42 women and 4 men) with clinically diagnosed dementia, who were resident in nursing homes, took part in the validation study. Their average age was 86. RESULTS: The E-ADL-Test revealed good inter-individual differentiation ability, particularly in cases of moderate to severe dementia. Cronbach's alpha was 0.77, retest reliability 0.73. The correlation coefficients were -0.47 with GDS, 0.60 with NOSGER and 0.72 with MMSE. CONCLUSIONS: The E-ADL Test is a suitable performance test for measuring activities of daily living as it is easy to use, reliable, valid and well accepted. PMID- 18925976 TI - Narratives in a users' and carers' group: meanings and impact. AB - BACKGROUND: Carers who wished to share their experiences with a national working group (the Consumer Group) prepared narratives as a way of identifying areas for discussion. METHODS: The narratives were submitted to one author and subjected to thematic qualitative analysis. The themes were fed back to the Group for discussion. RESULTS: Five main themes were identified: difficulties in obtaining a diagnosis; acting as an advocate; stresses of caring; practical problems with social care; and emotions experienced by carers. CONCLUSIONS: The narratives provided a means of sharing carers' experiences and creating initiatives for further action by the Group. They have an impact on the people who hear or read them but may also be therapeutic for those who produce them. Narratives can also be a powerful tool in teaching and training, and in identifying areas for service and professional improvement. PMID- 18925977 TI - Cross-cultural comparisons of the Mini-mental State Examination between Japanese and U.S. cohorts. AB - BACKGROUND: The Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE) is widely used in Japan and the U.S.A. for cognitive screening in the clinical setting and in epidemiological studies. A previous Japanese community study reported distributions of the MMSE total score very similar to that of the U.S.A. METHODS: Data were obtained from the Monongahela Valley Independent Elder's Study (MoVIES), a representative sample of community-dwelling elderly people aged 65 and older living near Pittsburgh, U.S.A., and from the Tajiri Project, with similar aims in Tajiri, Japan. We examined item-by-item distributions of the MMSE between two cohorts, comparing (1) percentage of correct answers for each item within each cohort, and (2) relative difficulty of each item measured by Item Characteristic Curve analysis (ICC), which estimates log odds of obtaining a correct answer adjusted for the remaining MMSE items, demographic variables (age, gender, education) and interactions of demographic variables and cohort. RESULTS: Median MMSE scores were very similar between the two samples within the same education groups. However, the relative difficulty of each item differed substantially between the two cohorts. Specifically, recall and auditory comprehension were easier for the Tajiri group, but reading comprehension and sentence construction were easier for the MoVIES group. CONCLUSIONS: Our results reaffirm the importance of validation and examination of thresholds in each cohort to be studied when a common instrument is used as a dementia screening tool or for defining cognitive impairment. PMID- 18925978 TI - Cognitive and psychiatric effects of vitamin B12 replacement in dementia with low serum B12 levels: a nursing home study. AB - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to determine whether B12 replacement would ameliorate cognitive and psychiatric symptoms in elderly subjects with dementia and low serum B12 levels. METHODS: A test group (n = 28) of nursing home residents with low serum B12 levels (<250 pg/mL) and a matched comparison group (n = 28) with normal serum B12 levels (>300 pg/mL) were evaluated by blinded raters while the test group received intramuscular (IM) B12 replacement therapy. All subjects were assessed at baseline, 8 weeks, and 16 weeks with the Dementia Rating Scale, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, and Geriatric Depression Scale. RESULTS: Although B12 replacement produced significant improvement in hematologic and metabolic parameters, it yielded no significant effect on cognitive or psychiatric variables. A few subjects evidenced notable individual treatment responses; however, these were not statistically more frequent than in the normal B12 group. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that B12 replacement is unlikely to benefit cognitive or psychiatric symptoms in the vast majority of elderly dementia patients with low serum B12 levels. PMID- 18925980 TI - Attempts at in vitro fertilization and culture of in vitro matured oocytes in sei ( Balaenoptera borealis) and Bryde's ( B. edeni) whales. AB - The cumulus-oocyte-complexes (COCs) recovery rates with respect to reproductive status per sei (Balaenoptera borealis) and Bryde's (B. edeni) whales were determined in Experiment 1. The number of COCs recovered ranged from 16.0 to 30.6 and from 6.7 to 26.8 per sei and Bryde's whales, respectively. The effects of COCs grades and protein supplementation in embryo culture medium on development of in vitro fertilized (IVF) embryos were evaluated in sei and Bryde's whales in Experiment 2. The COCs were classified into either Grade A (COCs with five or more layers of compact cumulus cells) or Grade B (COCs with less than five layers of compact or expanded cumulus cells) before being cultured for IVM. The cleavage (12.0 to 19.5%), 4-cell (8.0 to 12.0%) and 8-cell (4.0 to 8.0%) formation rates in sei whales did not vary significantly between embryos derived from either grade A or B oocytes and between embryos cultured in either fetal whale serum (FWS)- or bovine serum albumin (BSA)-supplemented medium. The cleavage (4.0 to 14.8%), 4-cell (0.0 to 7.5%) and 8-cell (0.0 to 2.6%) formation rates in Bryde's whales did not vary significantly between embryos derived from either grade A or B oocytes and between embryos cultured in either FWS- or BSA-supplemented medium. The grade B oocytes cultured in FWS-supplemented medium developed to morula stage (1.1%) in sei whales. In conclusion, the present study indicates that IVF in sei whales is possible to achieve cleaved embryos developing to morula stage. This is the first in vitro embryo production attempt in sei and Bryde's whales. PMID- 18925979 TI - Exogenous hyalin and sea urchin gastrulation. Part III: biological activity of hyalin isolated from Lytechinus pictus embryos. AB - Hyalin is a large glycoprotein, consisting of the hyalin repeat domain and non repeated regions, and is the major component of the hyaline layer in the early sea urchin embryo of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. The hyalin repeat domain has been identified in proteins from organisms as diverse as bacteria, sea urchins, worms, flies, mice and humans. While the specific function of hyalin and the hyalin repeat domain is incompletely understood, many studies suggest that it has a functional role in adhesive interactions. In part I of this series, we showed that hyalin isolated from the sea urchin S. purpuratus blocked archenteron elongation and attachment to the blastocoel roof occurring during gastrulation in S. purpuratus embryos, (Razinia et al., 2007). The cellular interactions that occur in the sea urchin, recognized by the U.S. National Institutes of Health as a model system, may provide insights into adhesive interactions that occur in human health and disease. In part II of this series, we showed that S. purpuratus hyalin heterospecifically blocked archenteron-ectoderm interaction in Lytechinus pictus embryos (Alvarez et al., 2007). In the current study, we have isolated hyalin from the sea urchin L. pictus and demonstrated that L. pictus hyalin homospecifically blocks archenteron-ectoderm interaction, suggesting a general role for this glycoprotein in mediating a specific set of adhesive interactions. We also found one major difference in hyalin activity in the two sea urchin species involving hyalin influence on gastrulation invagination. PMID- 18925981 TI - A combined treatment with ethanol and 6-dimethylaminopurine is effective for the activation and further embryonic development of oocytes from Sprague-Dawley and Wistar rats. AB - In nuclear-transferred or round spermatid-injected oocytes, artificial activation is required for further development in mammals. Although strontium chloride is widely used as the reagent for inducing oocyte activation in mice, the optimal method for oocyte activation remains controversial in rats because ovulated rat oocytes are spontaneously activated in vitro before artificial activation is applied. In our previous study, we found that cytostatic factor activity, which is indispensable for arrest at the MII stage, is potentially low in rats and that this activity differs greatly between two outbred rats (Slc: Sprague-Dawley (SD) and Crj: Wistar). Therefore, it is necessary to establish an optimal protocol for oocyte activation independent of strains. Given that comparative studies of the in vitro development of oocytes activated by different activation protocols are very limited, we compared four different protocols for oocyte activation (ethanol, ionomycin, strontium and electrical pulses) in two different SD and Wistar rats. Our results show that oocytes derived from SD rats have significantly higher cleavage and blastocyst formation than those from Wistar rats independent of activation regimes. In both types of rat, ethanol treatment provided significantly higher developmental ability at cleavage and blastocyst formation compared to the other activation protocols. However, the initial culture in a fertilization medium (high osmolarity mR1ECM) for 24 h showed a detrimental effect on the further in vitro development of parthenogenetic rat oocytes. Taken together, our results show that ethanol treatment is the optimal protocol for the activation of rat oocytes in SD and Wistar outbred rats. Our data also suggest that high-osmolarity media are inadequate for the in vitro development of parthenogenetically activated oocytes compared with fertilized oocytes. PMID- 18925982 TI - Multimodal functional imaging investigation before and after the onset of psychosis. PMID- 18925983 TI - Zopiclone and sleepwalking. PMID- 18925984 TI - Serotonin transporter gene variation and stressful life events impact processing of fear and anxiety. AB - Genetic variation of the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) has been associated with fear- and anxiety-related behaviours. The amygdala is considered crucial in emotional modulation and stronger amygdala reactivity in response to fearful stimuli has been found in carriers of the short (S) allele of the 5-HTT gene in imaging studies. Additionally, reactivity of amygdala-innervated effectory systems is also of particular interest. We recently reported the impact of a functional polymorphism in the transcriptional control region of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) on the acoustic startle reflex. Here, we attempted to replicate and extend these findings. Startle magnitudes to intense noise bursts as measured with the eyeblink response were recorded in 106 healthy volunteers during baseline without additional stimulation and while they viewed pictures of three valence conditions: unpleasant, pleasant and neutral. Subjects were genotyped for the tri-allelic functional polymorphism 5-HTTLPR. In replication of our previous findings we found that carriers of the low-expressing S or LG alleles exhibited stronger overall startle responses across conditions than LA/LA homozygotes, while there were no differences in emotional startle modulation between the two genetic groups. In addition, we found that the recent experience of stressful life events resulted in overall higher startle responses and less startle habituation across blocks. The results replicate and emphasize the role of 5-HTTLPR and stress on the overall startle response as a possible genetically driven endophenotype for anxiety-related behaviour. PMID- 18925985 TI - Partial clinical response to 2 weeks of 2 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to the right parietal cortex in depression. AB - The aim of this treatment study was to evaluate the therapeutic effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the right parietal cortex in depression. In a double-blind, sham-controlled design ten consecutive sessions of 2 Hz rTMS (inter-pulse interval 0.5 s) at 90% motor threshold to the right parietal cortex (2400 pulses per session) were applied to 34 patients with the primary diagnosis of DSM-IV depression and a score of > or =15 on the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD). The primary outcome measures were the percentage change from baseline on the 17-item HAMD scores after ten sessions, and the percentage of clinical (defined as > or =50% reduction in HAMD score) and partial clinical (defined as > or =30% reduction in HAMD score) responders. Reduction of HAMD scores in the real rTMS treatment (mean real+/ S.D., -19.9+/-32.5%) was not statistically different from the sham rTMS treatment (mean sham+/-S.D., -5.6+/-28.4%), and the number of clinical responders did not differ between treatments. However, a significant greater number of partial clinical responders were observed in the real (43.8%) compared to the sham rTMS treatment (6.3%). This study provides the first evidence showing that 2 Hz rTMS over the right parietal cortex may have antidepressant properties, and warrants further research. PMID- 18925986 TI - Effectiveness of influenza vaccination in the elderly in South Africa. AB - This study primarily aimed to estimate the association between influenza vaccination and the occurrence of hospitalization for acute respiratory or cardiovascular diseases, or all-cause death during the influenza season in an elderly population in South Africa. We conducted a nested case-control study using data from a cohort of 45 522 elderly members of a private medical funding organization during the moderate 2004 influenza season. In 1282 (2.8%) subjects the combined outcome occurred and the influenza vaccination rate in controls was 15.4%. After adjustments for measured confounders, vaccination was associated with a statistically significant reduction of 19% (95% confidence interval 3.1 32.9) in the combined outcome. Post-hoc sensitivity analysis of the potential impact of potential healthy user bias showed that confounding, if present, could have caused this finding. Our data were inconclusive regarding the benefits of influenza vaccination in elderly persons in South Africa and given the low vaccine uptake, long-term follow-up is warranted. PMID- 18925987 TI - Impact of reduced numbers of isolates phage-typed on the detection of Salmonella outbreaks. AB - The aim of this study was to assess the effects of reductions in the number of isolates tested by phage-typing on the recognition of outbreaks of salmonellosis. Five outbreaks (categorized as 'small', 'medium' or 'large') which occurred in England in 2005 were used as examples. The outbreaks were caused by serotypes which were subdivided by phage-typing. Results indicated that reducing the number of isolates phage-typed would have an impact on the surveillance system, with one outbreak likely to have been missed altogether. However, this does not have a great effect on the 'time-to-detection' for the other outbreaks. Assuming no testing for phage-typing was undertaken it is likely that two out of five outbreaks would not have been detected. Assessing the value of phage-type information is important not only in deciding on the efficiency of the current surveillance system but also in providing a basis upon which to assess more detailed typing methodologies such as an antibiogram of molecular profile. PMID- 18925988 TI - Socioeconomic risk factors for bacteraemic pneumococcal pneumonia in adults. AB - Demographic and clinical risk factors are important in guiding vaccination policy for pneumococcal pneumonia. We present data on these variables from a population based surveillance network covering adult bacteraemic pneumococcal pneumonia (BPP) in the Delaware Valley region from 2002 to 2004. Surveillance data were used with U.S. Census data and a community health survey to calculate stratified incidence rates. Missing data were handled using multiple imputation. Overall rates of adult BPP were 10.6 cases/100 000 person-years. Elevated rates were seen in the elderly (>65 years), Native Americans, African Americans, the less educated (less than high-school education), the poor, smokers, and individuals with histories of asthma, cancer, or diabetes. Multivariable modelling suggested that income was more robustly associated with risk than African American race. Of methodological interest, this association was not apparent if census block-group median income was used as a proxy for self-reported income. Further research on socioeconomic risk factors for BPP is needed. PMID- 18925989 TI - Human papillomavirus vaccination: what is the best choice? A comparison of 16 strategies by means of a decisional model. AB - Some European countries decided to include human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines in national immunization schedules. In order to help decision makers choose the best vaccination policy for females, a decisional model has been developed. The study was performed from the National Health Service perspective. Several hypotheses of multi-cohort vaccination policies were compared. 'Potentially avoidable infections' were chosen as the outcome. The model envisioned a short-term scenario (2008-2011). The best policy was that of vaccinating 12-year-olds and, a year later, those aged 14-16 years; the most expensive strategy was that of vaccinating 12-year-old females and, after 1 year, vaccinating those aged 15, 18 and 25 years. The sensitivity analysis showed that coverage rate has a great effect on the cost of avoidable infections. The study offers stake-holders an important datum-point for the choice of the best HPV policy vaccination in the short term. Indeed, it could generate interesting savings for the National Health Service and a rapid HPV immunization of young girls. PMID- 18925990 TI - Language skills in shy and non-shy preschoolers and the effects of assessment context. AB - Nineteen shy, twenty-three middle and twenty-five non-shy junior kindergarten children were assessed at school by an unfamiliar examiner, and at home where their parents administered a parallel form of the expressive and receptive vocabulary tests given at school. A speech sample between the child and parent was also collected at home. Shy children spoke less than non-shy and middle children at home. Additionally, the parents of shy children spoke less than parents of non-shy children. Although there were no language differences between the groups, results showed a context effect for expressive vocabulary, in that all groups of children scored higher at school. The pattern of results suggests that previously observed language differences found between shy and non-shy children are not robust, and that testing children at school does not negatively impact their performance. PMID- 18925991 TI - Maternal control strategies, maternal language usage and children's language usage at two years. AB - The present study determined whether parenting style, defined by control strategies varying in power-assertion mediated the established relation between maternal language usage (grammar and semantics) and child language (grammar, semantics and pragmatics) during toddlerhood (n=60). Based upon their use of control strategies mothers were categorized into continuum-of-control groups (i.e., high guidance (HG), high control (HC) or high negative control (HNC)). Mothers in the high negative control group, who characteristically used high levels of prohibitions and commands, had children who performed relatively poorly overall on the language measures (i.e., MLU, number of bound morphemes, number of different words and use of language functions). In contrast, children of mothers in the HG and HC groups exhibited more advanced language usage overall. The relation between maternal and child language usage was mediated by parenting style for child pragmatics and partially for child grammar. PMID- 18925992 TI - Preschoolers' word mapping: the interplay between labelling context and specificity of speaker information. AB - We assessed the effect of specificity of speaker information about an object on three-year-olds' word mappings. When children heard a novel label followed by specific information about an object at exposure, children subsequently mapped the label to that object at test. When children heard only specific information about an object at exposure, they inferred that the label applied to a different object at test. Finally, non-specific information did not assist children in mapping a word to an object. Thus, children use speaker information as a word mapping cue but this information is interpreted differently depending on how the discourse is initiated. PMID- 18925993 TI - Potential and limitation of mid-infrared attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy for real time analysis of raw milk in milking lines. AB - Real-time information about milk composition would be very useful for managing the milking process. Mid-infrared spectroscopy, which relies on fundamental modes of molecular vibrations, is routinely used for off-line analysis of milk and the purpose of the present study was to investigate the potential of attenuated total reflectance mid-infrared spectroscopy for real-time analysis of milk in milking lines. The study was conducted with 189 samples from over 70 cows that were collected during an 18 months period. Principal component analysis, wavelets and neural networks were used to develop various models for predicting protein and fat concentration. Although reasonable protein models were obtained for some seasonal sub-datasets (determination errors